Sedimentology and pedology Books

Book SynopsisBiological management of nutrient supply to plants is intrinsically more complex than the provision of nutrients as inorganic fertilizers. We need to know whether the nutrients released are retained or lost from the system, whether rates of decomposition can be manipulated to improve nutrient use efficiency, and how the various fractions of plant residues translate into pools of organic matter in soil. Only then can predictive models for nutrient release, plant uptake and soil organic matter dynamics be truly tested and validated. This book brings together contemporary ideas on the characterization and manipulation of plant quality and especially its role in soil organic matter formation and nutrient cycling. It contains work from the leading workers in both temperate and tropical systems. There are also contributions describing work outside decomposition in soil ecosystems, such as the work of plant biochemists and animal nutritionists, as research in these areas has provided many ideTable of ContentsPart 1: Review: Any Progress? 1: Plant Litter Quality and Decomposition: An Historical Overview, O W Heal, J M Anderson and M J Swift Part 2: Pathways and Processes in Litter Decomposition 2: Fungal Degradation of Lignin, K E Hammel 3: Plant Degradation by Ruminants: Parallels with Litter Decomposition in Soil, A Chesson 4: Role of Phenolic Secondary Metabolics in Plants and their Degradation in Nature, J B Harborne 5: Decomposition Induced Changes in the Chemical Structure of Fallen Red Pine, White Spruce and Tamarack Logs, J A Baldock, T Sewell and P G Hatcher 6: Solid-state NMR Investigations of Organic Transformations During the Decomposition of Plant Material in Soil, D W Hopkins and J A Chudek 7: Kinetically Defined Litter Fractions Based on Respiration Measurements, H Marstorp Part 3: Foraging, Feeding and Feedbacks 8: Linkages Between Soil Biota, Plant Litter Quality and Decomposition, D A Wardle and P Lavelle 9: Soil Fauna-mediated Decomposition of Plant Residues Under Constrained Environmental and Residue Quality Conditions, G Tian, L Brussaard, B T Kang and M J Swift 10: Relationships Between Litter Fauna and Chemical Changes of Litter During Decomposition Under Different Moisture Conditions, C Wachendorf, U Irmler and H -P Blume 11: Metabolic Interactions in Plant Litter Systems, J S Waid Part 4: Manipulation of Plant Litter Quality 12: Residue Quality and Decomposition: An Unsteady Relationship?, B Vanlauwe, J Drels, N Sangina and R Merckx 13: Effect of Multipurpose Trees, Age of Cutting and Drying Method on Pruning Quality, P Mafongoya, B H Dzowela and P K Nair 14: Regulating N Mineralization from Plant Residues by Manipulation of Quality, E Handayanto, G Cadisch and K E Giller 15: Climate Change: The Potential to Affect Ecosystem Functions Through Changes in Amount and Quality of Litter, W J Arp, P J Kuikman and A Gorissen 16: Progress and Potential for Genetic Manipulation of Plant Quality, A Bavage, I G Davies, M P Robbins and P Morris Part 5: Synchrony and Soil Organic Matter 17: Synchrony of Nutrient Release and Plant Demand: Plant Litter Quality, Soil Environment and Farmer Management Options, R J K Myers, M van Noordwijk and P Vityakon 18: Synchronizing Residue N Mineralization with Rice N Demand in Flooded Conditions, M Becker and J K Ladha 19: Management of Leguminous Leaf Residues to Improve Nutrient Use Efficiency in the Sub-humid Tropics, R B Jones, S S Snapp and H S K Phombeya Part 6: Building Soil Organic Matter 20: Characterization of Soil Organic Matter by Solid-state 13C NMR Spectroscopy, J O Skjemstad, P Clarke, A Golchin and J M Oades 21: Development and Use of a Carbon Management Index to Monitor Changes in Soil C Pool Size and Turnover Rate, G J Blair, R D B Lefroy, B P Singh and A R Till 22: Long-term Vegetation Management in Relation to Accumulation and Mineralization of Nitrogen in Soils, J Z Burket and R P Dick 23: Phosphorus Mineralization and Organic Matter Decomposition: A Critical Review, N Gressel and J G McColl Part 7: Modelling: Providing the Framework 24: Modelling Litter Quality Effects on Decomposition and Soil Organic Matter Dynamics, K Paustian, G Ågren and E Bosatta 25: Simulating the Mineralization of N from Crop Residues in Relation to Residue Quality, A P Whitmore and E Handayanto 26: Modelling the Measurable: Interpretation of Field-scale CO2 and N-Mineralization, Soil Microbial Biomass and Light Fractions as Indicators of Oilseed Rape, Maize and Barley Straw Decomposition, J Magid, T Mueller, L S Jensen and N E Nielson 27: Synthesis of Litter Quality and Enzymic Approaches to Decomposition Modelling, R L Sinsabaugh and D L Moorhead Part 8: Outlook 28: A Minimum Dataset for Characterization of Plant Quality for Decomposition, C A Palm and A P Rowland 29: Driven by Nature: A Sense of Arrival or Departure?, K E Giller and G Cadisch

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Book SynopsisPhosphorus is an essential element for plant growth and its input has long been recognised as necessary to maintain profitable crop production. However, phosphorus inputs can also increase the biological activity of surface waters and this can lead to the destruction of such aquatic ecosystems. Advanced eutrophication of surface water leads to problems with its use for fisheries, recreation, industry and drinking, due to the increased growth of undesirable algae and aquatic weeds, and oxygen shortages caused by their death and decomposition. It is therefore important to have a good understanding of the causes and mode of phosphorus loss from soil to water, to enable the problems to be controlled and managed. This book has been developed from an international workshop held in Ireland in late 1995. It is the first comprehensive consideration of the topic, and many leading researchers in the area have contributed to it. It is essential reading for all soil scientists and freshwater biologTable of Contents1: Contributors 2: Preface 3: Acknowledgements 4: Phosphorus in Agriculture and Its Environmental Implications, A Sharpley and S Rekolainen 6: Estimating the Contribution from Agriculture to the Phosphorus Load in Surface Water , S D Lennox, R H Foy, R V Smith and C Jordan 7: Phosphorus Losses from Agriculture to Surface Waters in the Nordic Countries S Rekolainen, P Ekholm, B Ulén and A Gustafson 8: Reconstructing Historical Phosphorus Concentrations in Rural Lakes Using Diatom Models N J Anderson 9: The Dynamics of Phosphorus in Freshwater and Marine Environments, C E Gibson 10: The Behaviour of Soil and Fertilizer Phosphorus, M A Morgan 11: Setting and Justifying Upper Critical Limits for Phosphorus in Soils, E Sibbesen and A N Sharpley 12: Phosphorus Fertilizer Strategies: Present and Future, H Tunney, A Breeuwsma, P Withers and P Ehlert 13: Sources and Pathways of Phosphorus Loss from Agriculture, A L Heathwaite 14: Hydrological and Chemical Controls on Phosphorus Loss from Catchments H P Pionke, W J Gburek, A N Sharpley and J A Zollweg 15: Movement of Phosphorus from Agricultural Soil to Water, B Pommel and J M Dorioz 16: Losses of Phosphorus in Drainage Water, P C Brookes, G Heckrath, J De Smet, G Hofman and J Vanderdeelen 17: Sustainable Phosphorus Management in Agriculture, G Bertilsson and C Forsberg 18: Phosphorus Requirements for Animal Production, P B Lynch and P J Caffrey 19: Nutrient Management Planning, T C Daniel, O T Carton and W L Magette 20: A European Fertilizer Industry View on Phosphorus Retention and Loss from Agricultural Soils, I Steén 21: European Perspective on Phosphorus and Agriculture, F Mariën 22: Views on Phosphorus and Agriculture - Paris Commission, S Sadowski 23: Phosphorus Loss in Runoff, Leaching and Erosion, Poster Chapter 24: Catchment Studies, Modelling and Management, Poster Chapter 25: Phosphorus Status of Soils and Fertilizer Recommendations, Poster Chapter 26: Phosphorus Loss from Agriculture to Water: Synthesis and Summary, A E Johnston, H Tunney and R H Foy 27: Index

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Book SynopsisMaintaining soil health is fundamental to successful crop production and ecosystem sustainability. To enable effective management soil health must first be measured and then monitored and so the authors review and evaluate how soil organisms can be used to fulfil this role. This book is essential for all soil scientists and consultants. It is of particular relevance to those involved in soil health monitoring and maintenance as well as those undertaking soil remediation. It is also important reading for agronomists, ecologists and environmentalists. This book is a comprehensive and effective resource for all those working to sustain healthy soils.Table of Contents1: Defining and Assessing Soil Health and Sustainable Productivity 2: Soil Health: its Relationship to Ecosystem Health D J Rapport 3: Rationale for Developing Bioindicators of Soil Health 4: Bioindicators: Perspectives and Potential Value for Landusers 5: Soil Microbial Biomass, Activity and Nutrient Cycling as Indicators of Soil Health 6: Soil Enzyme Activities as Integrative Indicators of Soil Health 7: Soil Microflora as Bioindicators of Soil Health 8: Potential Use of Plant Root Pathogens as Bioindicators of Soil Health 9: Soil Microfauna as Bioindicators of Soil Health 10: Community Structure of Soil Arthropods as a Bioindicator of Soil Health 11: Can the Abundance or Activity of Soil Macrofauna be used to Indicate the Biological Health of Soils? 12: Biodiversity of Soil Organisms as an Indicator of Soil Health 13: Biomonitoring of Soil Health by Plants 14: Bioindicators to Detect Contamination of Soils with Special Reference to Heavy Metals 15: Chemical and Molecular Approaches for Rapid Assessment of the Biological Status of Soils 16: Use of Genetically Modified Biosensors for Soil Ecotoxicity Testing 17: Biological Indicators of Soil Health: Synthesis

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Book SynopsisAgroforestry refers to land use systems in which trees or shrubs are grown in association with agricultural crops, or pastures and livestock. From its inception, it has contained a strong element of soil management. Well-designed and managed agroforestry systems have the potential to control run-off and erosion, maintain soil organic matter and physical properties, and promote nutrient cycling. By these means, agroforestry can make a major contribution to sustainable land use. The previous edition of this book, entitled Agroforestry for Soil Conservation (1989), was based on indirect evidence from agriculture, forestry and soil science. The present work provides a new synthesis, drawing on over 700 published sources dating largely from the 1990s. These include both results of field trials of agronomy systems, and research into the plant-soil processes which take place within them. Soil conservation in its narrower sense, the control of erosion, is treated alongside other equally importTable of Contents1: Preface 2: Agroforestry, soil management and sustainability 3: Effects of trees on soils 4: Soil and water conservation 5: Soil water management 6: Soil organic matter and physical properties 7: Nutrient cycling and nutrient use efficiency 8: The role of roots 9: Agroforestry systems for soil management 10: Modelling 11: Research 12: Agroforestry, land use and the environment 13: Conclusions

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Book SynopsisPlant species which can accumulate high concentrations of heavy metals have been known for over one hundred years. However, until the last twenty years their potential went largely unnoticed by scientists. The term hyperaccumulation was first introduced by the author (and colleagues) in 1977. This renewed interest, together with heightened environmental awareness and the discovery of the phenomenon in many more species has since stimulated research into a number of novel scientific and commercial uses. This book brings together for the first time in one volume all the relevant ecological information on hyperaccumulators and describes the new disciplines, methods and uses for them which continue to be explored. These include the removal of heavy metal pollutants from soils and waters (phytoremediation), the identification of ancient human settlements (phytoarchaeology), mineral exploration, the revegetation of degraded land and the exciting possibility of the commercial extraction of heTable of Contents1: General Introduction, R R Brooks 2: Phytochemistry of Hyperaccumulators, R R Brooks 3: Geobotany and Hyperaccumulators, R R Brooks 4: Biogeochemistry and Hyperaccumulators, R R Brooks 5: Seaweeds as Hyperaccumulators, C E Dunn, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Canada 6: Hyperaccumulation of Metals by Prokaryotic Microorganisms Including the Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria), T J Beveridge, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Canada 7: Phytoarchaeology and Hyperaccumulators, R R Brooks 8: Hyperaccumulation as a Plant Defensive Strategy, R S Boyd, Auburn University, USA 9: Aquatic Phytoremediation by Accumulator Plants, R R Brooks and B H Robinson, Massey University, New Zealand 10: Revegetation and Stabilisation of Mine Dumps and Other Degraded Terrain,R R Brooks, A Chiarucci, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy and T Jaffré, ORSTOM, Nouméa, New Caledonia 11: Fertilisation of Hyperaccumulators to enhance their Potential for Phytoremediation and Phytomining, F A Bennett, E K Tyler, R R Brooks, P E H Gregg, and R B Stewart, Massey University, New Zealand 12: Phytoextraction for Soil Remediation, S P McGrath, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, UK 13: Phytoremediation by Volatilisation, R R Brooks 14: A Pioneering Study of the Potential of Phytomining for Nickel, L J Nicks, Retired Researcher, Fernley, USA and M F Chambers, Retired Researcher, Reno, USA 15: The Potential Use of Hyperaccumulators and Other Plants for Phytomining, R R Brooks and B H Robinson, Massey University, New Zealand"

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Book SynopsisApproaches to research on the causes and impacts of soil erosion have changed significantly over recent years. Whereas biophysical research traditionally utilized small, carefully-managed erosion plots, models and methods are now available to study impacts of broad scale management on the hydrology and water quality of catchments and even river basins. Corresponding research tools have been developed for social and economic analysis at the household, farm and community levels. This book reviews the latest developments in such soil erosion studies. These are considered on a matrix of scales, from plot to river basin, and from farm to national policy. Some chapters review background issues while others consider specific methods. Conclusions of working groups are presented in another chapter. The book is based on papers presented at a workshop held in Indonesia in November 1997, and includes authors from Europe, America, Australia and Asia, as well as from several of the CGIAR centres.Table of Contents1: A Framework for the Economic Assessment of Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation 2: The Economics of Soil Degradation: From National Policy to Farmers' Fields 3: Bioeconomic Modelling for Analysing Soils Conservation Policy Issues 4: A Multiscale Approach for On-farm Erosion Research: Application to Northern Thailand Highlands 5: Building the Smallholder into Successful Natural Resource Management at the Watershed Scale 6: A Microeconomic Analysis of Adoption of Contour Hedgerows in the Philippine Uplands 7: Investigating Constraints to the Adoption of Recommended Soil Conservation Technology in the Philippines 8: CIAT's Strategic Research for Sustainable Land Management on the Steep Hillsides of Latin America 9: Measuring Erosion as a Component of Sustainability 10: Agronomic Consequences of Soil Erosion 11: Catchment Approach to Combating Soil Erosion in Asia - the Managing Soil Erosion Consortium 12: Latest Developments in the Design of Hydrological Studies of Watersheds 13: Off-site Impacts and Nutrient Dynamics in Catchment Research 14: On-site Nutrient Depletion: An Effect and a Cause of Soil Erosion 15: Erosion and Sedimentation as Multiscale, Fractal Processes: Implications for Models, Experiments and the Real World 16: Soil Erosion Research in Indonesia: Past Experience and Future Direction 17: Dynamic Process Modelling of Hydrology and Soil Erosion 18: The Measurement of Soil Erosion 19: The Use of GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques to Predict Erosion in the Nepal Middle Hills 20: Predicting Erosion and Sediment Yield at the Catchment Scale 21: Modelling Catchment Erosion, Sediment and Nutrient Transport in Large in Large Basins 22: Designing and Implementing Outcome-oriented Soil Conservation Research

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Book SynopsisSoils interact with the biological environment in a number of ways. Our understanding of these interactions can often be enhanced by computer modelling. The primary function of this book is to introduce basic modelling skills and to show how even complex problems in the relationship between soil and the biosphere can be solved using modelling packages. The author presents numerous examples using ModelMaker, an easily learnt software package. Only basic mathematical skills are expected of the reader. A demo of ModelMaker is available on CD from Cherwell ScientificTable of Contents1: Introduction 2: Nitrogen Transformation in Soil 3: Modelling kinetics 4: Nitrification 5: Denitrification 6: C/N transformations in soil organic matter 7: Soil Temperature 8: Dynamics in space and time 9: Volumetric heat capacity and thermal conductivity 10: Heat flow models 11: Soil Water 12: Potential concept 13: Hydraulic conductivity 14: Basic water flow model 15: Other boundary conditions 16: Infiltrability 17: Soil Energy Balance 18: Soil temperature-moisture model 19: Radiation balance 20: Water vapour movement 21: Plant Growth 22: Conceptual plant growth model 23: Photosynthesis 24: Plant growth-substrate relationships 25: Environmental factors 26: Leaching 27: Transport processes 28: Leaching models 29: Final Comments

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Book SynopsisNitrogen fixation by leguminous plants is especially important when farmers are trying to minimise fertilizer use for cost or environmental reasons. This second edition of the highly successful book, first published in 1991, contains thoroughly updated and revised material on the theory and practice of nitrogen fixation in tropical cropping systems.Table of Contents1: Tropical Environments: Climates, Soils and Cropping Systems 2: N2-fixing Organisms in the Tropics 3: The Process of Nitrogen Fixation 4: Assessment of the Role of Nitrogen Fixation 5: Cycling of Fixed N2 in Tropical Cropping Systems 6: Cereal Crops and Grasses: Free-living, Root Associated and Endophytic Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria 7: Cyanobacteria and Azolla as Green Manure for Wetland Rice 8: Grain Legumes for Food, Fodder and Soil Fertility 9: Legumes as Green Manures and Cover Crops 10: Forage Legumes in Pastures and Leys 11: Plantation Crops: Understorey Legumes and Shade Trees 12: Agroforestry: Nitrogen Fixing Trees in Integrated Agriculture 13: Environmental Constraints to Nitrogen Fixation 14: Approaches to Enhancing N2-fixation 15: Future Impacts of N2-fixation in Tropical Agriculture

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Book SynopsisThis book describes how competition between plant species, and succession in plant ecosystems, operate in grasslands and grazed pastures, both natural and sown. It discusses how competition both affects botanical structure, productivity and persistence of pastures and is itself regulated by biological, environmental and management factors, such as grazing animals. The book also examines the ways in which competition and succession are analysed, evaluated and measured, and brings to the agricultural arena the considerable progress made in understanding the principles of competition from theoretical and experimental ecology.Table of Contents1: Competition and Succession in Pastures - Some Concepts and Questions, P Tow and A Lazenby 2: Measurement of Competition and Competition Effects in Pastures, N R Sackville Hamilton 3: Genotype and Environmental Adaptation as Regulators of Competitiveness, IG M O Nurjaya and P G Tow 4: Competition Between Grasses and Legumes in Established Pastures, A Davies 5: Plant Competition in Pastures - Implications for Management, D R Kemp and W McG King 6: Diversity and Stability in Humid Temperate Pastures, E A Clark 7: The Population Dynamics of Pastures, with Particular Reference to Southern Australia, E C Wolfe and B S Dear 8: Formulation of Pasture Seeds Mixtures with Reference to Competition and Succession in Pastures, W Harris 9: Effects of Large Herbivores on Competition and Succession in Natural Savanna Rangelands, C Skarpe 10: Competition and Environmental Stress in Temperate Grasslands, D A Peltzer and S D Wilson 11: Interaction of Competition and Management in Regulating Composition and Sustainability of Native Pasture, D L Garden and T P Bolger 12: Global Climate Change Effects on Competition and Succession in Pastures, B D Campbell and D Y Hunt 13: Competition and Succession in Re-created Botanically Diverse Grassland Communities, R Chapman 14: Implications of Competition Between Plant Species for the Sustainability and Profitability of a Virtual Farm Using a Pasture-Wheat Rotation, B R Trenbath 15: Some Concluding Comments, A Lazenby and P G Tow 16: Index

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Book SynopsisThis book is based on a workshop held in Zimbabwe, May 1999, organized by the Department of Research and Specialist Services (Zimbabwe) and the International Board for Soil Research and Management (IBSRAM). Reviewing the current state of knowledge on and the practical aspects of the management of Vertisols in Africa, this book also includes comparative chapters covering other parts of the world, such as India, Australia and Texas (USA).Table of ContentsI: Contributors II: Foreword Part One: Keynote and Overview Papers 1: Vertisols: genesis, properties and soilscape management for sustainable development 2: Soil and water conservation strategies for Vertisols: Past perspectives and challenges ahead for Africa 3: Sustainable nutrient management of Vertisols 4: New tools for research and development to promote sustainable land management Part Two: Country Papers and Natural Perspectives on the Management of Vertisols 5: Vertisols management in Malawi 6: Vertisols management in South Africa 7: Vertisols management in the Sudan 8: Vertisols management in Tanzania 9: Vertisols management in Zambia 10: Vertisols management in Zimbabwe 11: Improving the productivity of Vertisols for small-holders on the Accra Plains of Ghana 12: From plot to watershed management: Experience in farmer participatory Vertisol technology generation and adoption in highland Ethiopia Part Three: International Perspectives on the Management of Vertisols 13: Low-cost animal drawn implements for Vertisol management and strategies for land use intensification 14: Indian Vertisols: ICRISAT’s research impact - past, present and future 15: Planning and facilitating a ‘negotiated learning and action system’: Participatory research to improve soil management practices on Indian Vertisols and Alfisols 16: Research approaches to developing sustainable management practices on Australian Vertisols 17: The Vertisols of Texas Part Four: Conclusions 18: Research needs and opportunities

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Book SynopsisIncludes some fifty edited and revised papers from an international conference on Sustainable Management of Soil Organic Matter, held by the British Society of Soil Science in Edinburgh in September 1999. The book explores the results of recent research studies examining how organic matter functions in soils, factors affecting organic matter quality and quantity and how management of organic matter can be optimised in order to achieve sustainable farming practices.Table of Contents1: Key thematic chapters: 2: Organic matter and sustainability, M R Carter, Agriculture and Agri-Food, Canada 3: Modelling soil organic matter dynamics - Global challenges, K Paustian, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado 4: Soil organic matter: The roles of residue quality in C sequestration and N supply, G Cadisch, Wye, Ashford Kent and K Giller, Dept of Soil Science & Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe 5: The role of soil organic matter and manures in sustainable nutrient cycling, K W T Goulding, Soil Science Department, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, et al 6: Implications of soil biodiversity for sustainable organic matter management, K Ritz and B S Griffiths, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee 7: Soil teeming with life: New frontiers for soil science, J M Tiedje, Centre for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, et al

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Book SynopsisRapid urbanization has created a major challenge with regard to waste management and environmental protection. However, the problem can be ameliorated by turning organic waste into compost for use as an agricultural fertilizer in peri-urban areas. This is especially significant in less developed countries, where food security is also a key issue. This book addresses these subjects and is based on papers presented at a workshop held in Ghana by the International Board for Soil Research and Management (IBSRAM, now part of the International Water Management Institute) and FAO. Special reference is given to Sub-Saharan Africa, with acknowledgement to experiences from other parts of the world. Contributing authors are from several European, as well as African, countries.Table of Contents1: The potential use of waste stream products for soil amelioration in peri-urban interface agricultural production systems, P J C Harris, M Allison, H G Smith, H M Kindness and J Kelley 2: Economic, sociocultural, and environmental considerations 3: The economic viability of organic waste composting, R G Niemeyer, H Litterscheidt and S Sanders 4: Assessing farmers' perceptions of organic wastes as nutrient sources, P Drechsel, C Quansah, Kwame Nkrumah and S Asante-Mensah 5: Environmental concerns of urban and peri-urban agriculture: Case studies from Accra and Kumasi, E Mensah, P Amoah, R C Abaidoo and P Drechsel 6: Turning urban waste into fertilizer for urban and peri-urban farmers: Case studies from East and West Africa 7: Turning municipal waste into compost: The case of Ibadan, T Agbola 8: Urban vegetable production in Lagos and Ibadan, M A O Oladokun 9: Turning municipal waste into compost: The case of Accra, I Etuah-Jackson, W P Klaassen and J A Awuye 10: Farming systems and farming inputs in and around Kumasi, K Nsiah-Gyabaah and M Adam 11: An integrated waste management strategy for Kumasi, L Salifu 12: Linking (peri-)urban agriculture and organic waste management in Dar es Salaam, S Kiango and J Amend 13: Urban agriculture in Lomé, M E A Schreurs and H van Reuler 14: Adding value to compost from urban household and market refuse in Lomé, A Kessler and J Helbig 15: Optimizing nutrient recycling and urban waste management - new concepts from Northern Europe, J Magid, A Dalsgaard and M Henze 16: Modelling urban and peri-urban biomass and nutrient flows 17: Assessing the potential of organic waste recycling through the analysis of rural-urban carbon fluxes, C Binder and N Patzel 18: The potential of co-composting in Kumasi - quantification of the urban and peri-urban nutrient balance, C Leitzinger 19: Estimating rural-urban nutrient flows for mega-cities, J Færge, J Magid and F Penning de Vries 20: Monitoring nutrient flows and economic performance in African farming systems: The NUTMON approach and its applicability to peri-urban agriculture, H van den Bosch, D Eaton, M S van Wijk, J Vlaming and A de Jager 21: Definition and boundaries of the peri-urban interface: Patterns in the patchwork, M G Adam 22: Urban agriculture: International support and capacity building in Africa, C J Sawio, L Spies and D Doucouré

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Book SynopsisSoil degradation and nutrient depletion have become serious threats to agricultural productivity in Africa. Soils cannot supply the quantities of nutrients required and yield levels decline rapidly once cropping commences. This book addresses these issues and includes papers from an international symposium held at Cotonou, Benin, October 9-12, 2000, organized by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria and the Department of Land Management of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium. In five main parts it marks the end of a first phase of collaborative research on "Balanced Nutrient Management Systems for the Moist Savanna and Humid Forest Zones of Africa" and concludes with recommendations, providing essential reading for crop and soil scientists.Table of ContentsPart I: General Introduction 1: Forty years of soil fertility work in sub-Saharan Africa, R Dudal 2: Soil fertility replenishment takes off in East and Southern Africa, P A Sanchez and B A Jama Part II: Variability in biophysical and socio-economic factors and its consequences for selection of representative areas for nutrient balance experiments; possibilities and techniques for extrapolation 3: A systems approach to target balanced nutrient management in soil scapes, J Deckers 4: In for a penny, in for a pound: Strategic site-selection as a key element for on-farm research that aims to trigger sustainable agricultural intensification in West Africa, M E A Schreurs, A Maatman and C Danbégnon 5: Agricultural transformation and fertilizer use in the cereal-based systems of the northern Guinea savanna, Nigeria, V M Manyong, K O Makinde and A G O Oguingbile 6: Partial macro nutrient balances of mucuna/maize rotations in the Forest Savannah Transitional Zone of Ghana, J Anthofer and J Kroschel Part III: Soil processes determining nutrient dynamics, in particular nitrogen and phosphorus; modelling nutrient fluxes in tropical farming systems 7: Process research and soil fertility in Africa: who cares? R Merckx 8: Fertilizer equivalency values of organic materials of differing quality, H K Murwira, P Mutuo, N Nhamo, A E Marandu, R Rabeson, M Mwale and C A Palm 9: Plant N uptake from plant and animal organic residues, measured using the soil pre-labelling 15N isotope dilution approach, R Hood 10: Contribution or organic residues to soil phosphorus availability in the highlands of Western Kenya, G Nziguheba, R Merckx and C A Palm 11: Resource acquisition of mixed species fallows - competition or complementarity? G Cadisch, S Gathumbi, J K Ndufa and K E Giller Part IV: Interactions between organic and inorganic nutrient sources; functions of soil organic matter 12: Targeting management of organic resources and mineral fertilizers: Can we match scientists' fantasies with farmers' realities? K E Giller 13: Direct interactions between N fertilizer and organic matter: evidence from trials with N labelled fertilizer, B Vanlauwe, J Diels, K Aihou, E N O Iwuafor, O Lyasse, N Sanginga and R Merckx 14: On-farm evaluation of the contribution of sole and mixed applications of organic matter and urea to maize grain production in the savanna, E N O Iwuafor, K Aihou, J S Jaryum, B Vanlauwe, J Diels, N Sanginga, O Lyasse, J Deckers and R Merckx 15: Yields trends and soil nitrogen and organic matter content during twenty years of continuous maize cultivation, J Gigou and S K Bredoumy Part V: Improved utilisation of rock phosphate; capitalisation of soil phosphorus 16: Meeting the phosphorus needs of the soils and crops of West Africa: The role of indigenous phosphate rocks, U Mokwunye and A Bationo 17: Options for increasing P availability from low reactive rock phosphate, O Lyasse, B K Tossah, B Vanlauwe, J Diels, N Sanginga and R Merckx 18: Phosphorus (P) uptake from sparingly available soil-P by cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes, G Haar, T S Gahoonia, and N E Nielsen 19: Improving rock-P solubility and uptake and yields of lowland rice grown on acidic soil amended with legume green manure, E A Somado, R F Kuehne, M Bvecker, K L Sahrawat, and P L G. Viek Part VI: Decision support systems to improve fertilizer use efficiency at farm level; on-farm testing of technologies improving the soil nutrient balance 20: Decision making on integrated nutrient management through the eyes of the scientist, the land user and the policy maker, E M A Smaling, J J Stoorvogel and A de Jager 21: Legumes, when and where an option? (No panacea for poor tropical West African soils and expensive fertilizers), H Breman and H van Reuler 22: Options for soil organic carbon maintenance under intensive cropping in the West-African Savanna, J Diels, K Aihou, E N O Iwuafor, R Merckx, O Lyasse, N Sanginga, B Vanlauwe and J Deckers 23: On-farm research and operational strategies in soil fertility management, P L Woomer, E J Mukhwana and J K Lynam Part VII: Recommendations 24: Recommendations

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Book SynopsisDecomposition is an ecological process that recycles dead tissues, mainly from primary production, into nutrients in the soil. The Ecology of Soil Decomposition describes trophic interactions between species that carry out the decomposition of organic matter in the soil. Key topics addressed feature functional groups, spatial stratification and succession patterns over time, involving bacteria, protists, fungi and micro-invertebrates. Emphasis is placed on the role of species diversity in functional groups.Table of Contents1: The Saprotrophes 1.1: Eukaryotic cells 1.2: Protozoa 1.3: Chromista 1.4: Fungi 1.5: Invertebrates 1.6: The Bacteria (Prokaryote Bacteria and Archea) 1.7: Roots, fine roots and root-hair cells 1.8: Summary 1.9: Suggested further reading 2: The Habitat 2.1: "Through a Ped, Darkly" 2.2: Soil and mineral composition 2.3: Soil air 2.4: Water content 2.5: Soil organic matter 2.6: Dynamics of soil physical structure 2.7: Summary 2.8: Suggested further reading 3: Sampling and Enumeration 3.1: Soil collection 3.2: Site variation and statistical patterns 3.3: Extraction and enumeration 3.4: Number of species in functional groups 3.5: Summary 3.6: Suggested further reading 4: Reconstructing the Soil Food Web 4.1: Functional categories 4.2: Primary decomposition 4.3: Secondary decomposition 4.4: Primary saprotrophes 4.5: Secondary saprotrophes 4.6: Other consumers 4.7: Omnivory 4.8: Symbionts 4.9: Opportunistic parasites and parasitism 4.10: Summary 4.11: Suggested further reading 5: Spatial and Temporal Patterns 5.1: Regulation of growth 5.2: Periods of activity 5.3: Patterns in the time and space 5.4: Primary saprotrophes 5.5: Secondary saprotrophes and other consumers 5.6: Synthesis and conclusions 5.7: Summary 5.8: Suggestions for further reading 6: Integrating the Food Web 6.1: Global impact of decomposition 6.2: How to trace nutrients 6.3: Soil food web models 6.4: Summary 6.5: Suggested further reading

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Book SynopsisLocated in a region geologically blessed with nutrient-rich black soil, DeKalb County is known for it's agricultural prosperity. This book explains how a group of farmers attempted to cope with the problems they faced as productive farming required scientific and technological advances. It is for those concerned with America's agricultural past.Trade ReviewMeticulously researched, lavishly illustrated and exceptionally well written. * Agricultural History Review *Refreshing... meticulousy researched and written in a way that allows the reader to watch the story unfold with a sense of immediacy. Native Soil is an important contribution to the history of both the Midwest and American agriculture. * Journal of illinois history *Not to take the opportunity to read Eric Mogren's Native Soil is to make a significant error, particularly for agricultural historians, historians of the Midwest, and even generalist scholars of the American experience. * THe annals of iowa *Table of ContentsTable of Contents Introduction 1 A New Era: The Roots of the Farm Bureau Movement 2 The "Soil Improvers" 3 War and Recession: Early Trials for the Soil Improvement Association 4 Hard Times: The Farm Bureau during Depression and War 5 Postwar Years: The Farm Bureau at High Tide 6 The Future Appendix: Former DeKalb County Farm Bureau Officials Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThis book will not serve as the encyclopedia of cover crop management, but itâs close. The benefits of a wide range of individual cover crops and blends/mixes for specific agronomic crop rotations and geographic locations are included. Descriptions, photographs, and illustrations show how cover crops look in the field, including plant height, leaf architecture, and rooting patterns. Long term benefits are described for soil health, soil structure, water quality, nutrient contributions, soil biodiversity, air quality and climate change. In addition to the whys of cover crop use, the book includes details on the hows: how to choose cover crops for specific applications and locations; how (and when) to plant; how to manage and maintain the cover for maximum benefit; and how and when to terminate. Planting options include: drilling/planting between rows of an agronomic crop at planting time, or when the crop is short (i.e. corn in early June); aerial seeding with an airplane or high-clearance machine shortly before the crop reaches maturity; and drilling/planting immediately after harvest of the agronomic crop. Selected cover crops (blends) can help with pest and disease management. Cover crops are an economic input with an expected return on investment, similar to pesticides and fertilizer. As part of a continuous no-till system, cover crops provide long-term biological, chemical and structural benefits. The resulting increase in soil organic matter means the agronomic crop yields benefit from better water infiltration and water holding capacity, greater availability of nitrogen and other nutrients, deeper rooting, and increased soil microbial activity in the root zone. Table of ContentsIntroduction to Cover Crops. Benefits of Cover Crops on Agronomic Crop Yield. Potential and Challenges of Growing Cover Crops in Organic Production Systems. Cover Crops in Vegetable Production and Urban Farming in Sub-Saharan Countries. Algorithms to optimize cropping diversity with cover crops. Sustainable suppression of weeds through ecological use of cover crops. Cover crops for pests and soil-borne disease control and insect diversity. Cover Crops for Forages and Livestock Grazing. Cover crops’ effect on soil quality and soil health. Cover Crops for Orchard Soil Management. Cover Crop Mixes for Diversity, Carbon, and Conservation Agriculture. Cover crops and soil nitrogen cycling. Effect of Cover Crops on Soil Biology. Cover cropping improves soil quality and physical properties. Cover Crops Effects on Soil Erosion and Water Quality. Effects of cover crops on greenhouse gas emissions. Cover crops influence soil microbial and biochemical properties. Economics of Cover Crops.

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Book SynopsisThe second edition of a bestseller, Soil and Water Chemistry: An Integrative Approach maintains the balanced perspective that made the first edition a hugely popular textbook. The second edition includes new figures and tables, new chapters, and expanded exercises in each chapter. It covers topics including soil chemical environment, soil minerals, soil organic matter, cation exchange, oxidation-reduction, mineral weathering and solubility, surface chemistry and adsorption reactions, acidity and salinity in soil materials, and chemical thermodynamics applied to soil systems.See Whatâs New in the Second Edition: Extensive section that details the sources, speciation, and the general behavior of elements in soils Expanded section on crystal structure, updated phyllosillcates classifications scheme, inclusion of sepiolite-palygorskite group, and expanded x-ray diffraction section Discussion of surface ruTrade ReviewFrom the First Edition: Overall, this book comprehensively presents the chemical and mineralogical characteristics and processes of soils. The breadth and depth of coverage … make this book one of the most thorough available. Numerous figures and tables help simplify the complex principles and reactions described. … The book will … be a comprehensive source of information for researchers and professionals [dealing with] the effect of soil-water chemistry, interactions, and processes that impact the environment. As usual, the publishers have done an excellent job of editing and preparing a high quality product.” — Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 33, No. 4, July/Aug. 2004 “I congratulate the author on producing an outstanding up-to-date book that sets a higher standard for future environmental science textbooks. I would highly recommend anyone who is interested in the area of soil and water chemistry to purchase this book.” — Vadose Zone Journal, May 2005 "Dr. Essington's book will be an outstanding choice as a textbook for those of us who teach soil chemistry, and will be an excellent resource for anyone working in the area of environmental soil science. He should be congratulated for producing a thorough, well-written book." — Dr. George F. Vance J.E. Warren Distinguished Professor of Energy and the Environment Department of Renewable Resources University of Wyoming, Laramie "I continue to be impressed by the quality of writing in this book. The author has a superb command of the subject matter and presents many difficult concepts in an easily understood manner. Material is covered in as complete a fashion as I have seen in any other soil chemistry textbook." — Dr. Gary Pierzynski, Kansas State University "I am so glad to see specific chemical reactions to describe the chemistry behind common methods. This is where I think Essington's textbook is really going to excel. … this book should also serve as an excellent 'working reference' for geochemists, environmental scientists, and consultants." — Dr. April L. Ulery New Mexico State University, Las Cruces From the First Edition: Overall, this book comprehensively presents the chemical and mineralogical characteristics and processes of soils. The breadth and depth of coverage … make this book one of the most thorough available. Numerous figures and tables help simplify the complex principles and reactions described. … The book will … be a comprehensive source of information for researchers and professionals [dealing with] the effect of soil-water chemistry, interactions, and processes that impact the environment. As usual, the publishers have done an excellent job of editing and preparing a high quality product.” — Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 33, No. 4, July/Aug. 2004 “I congratulate the author on producing an outstanding up-to-date book that sets a higher standard for future environmental science textbooks. I would highly recommend anyone who is interested in the area of soil and water chemistry to purchase this book.” — Vadose Zone Journal, May 2005 "Dr. Essington's book will be an outstanding choice as a textbook for those of us who teach soil chemistry, and will be an excellent resource for anyone working in the area of environmental soil science. He should be congratulated for producing a thorough, well-written book." — Dr. George F. Vance J.E. Warren Distinguished Professor of Energy and the Environment Department of Renewable Resources University of Wyoming, Laramie "I continue to be impressed by the quality of writing in this book. The author has a superb command of the subject matter and presents many difficult concepts in an easily understood manner. Material is covered in as complete a fashion as I have seen in any other soil chemistry textbook." — Dr. Gary Pierzynski, Kansas State University "I am so glad to see specific chemical reactions to describe the chemistry behind common methods. This is where I think Essington's textbook is really going to excel. …this book should also serve as an excellent 'working reference' for geochemists, environmental scientists, and consultants." — Dr. April L. Ulery New Mexico State University, Las Cruces Table of ContentsThe Soil Chemical Environment: An Overview. Soil Minerals. Chemical Weathering. Organic Matter in Soil. Soil Water Chemistry. Mineral Solubility. Surface Chemistry and Adsorption Reactions. Cation Exchange. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions in Soils. Acidity in Soil Materials. Soil Salinity and Sodicity.

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Book SynopsisOribatid mites, also called beetle or moss mites, include more than 10,000 named species representing 172 families worldwide. This book provides an identification key to the 96 families, 250 genera and the c.580 described species for Canada and Alaska, a fauna that encompasses more than 50% of Northern Hemisphere genera. It includes known data on the ecology of species, their distribution in the Holarctic region, and relevant literature. Oribatid mites are model arthropods in studies on development, morphology, ecology, physiology, and biomechanics. Growing recognition of the importance of soil systems for agriculture, reclamation, carbon storage and climate mitigation has spurred recent interest in the vast soil biodiversity that provide these ecosystem services. Yet the major barrier to exploring and understanding soil biodiversity is lack of comprehensive and functional taxonomic and ecological treatments of key biotic groups; groups such as the oribatid mites. OTrade ReviewIt is said that each step one takes in any natural habitat is being supported by thousands of tiny legs of soil-dwelling arthropods. A major portion of these belong to oribatid mites, yet North American biologists never have had a resource that could take them from zero knowledge to species identification. Now they do – but this book is far more than an identification guide to an underappreciated group of diverse and fascinating animals. The experienced and knowledgeable authors introduce well-referenced topics that show how oribatid mites can help us address a vast range of biological, ecological and biogeographical questions.-- Roy A. Norton, Emeritus Professor and acarologist, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, USAThis book is an amazing work – impeccably arranged, both methodologically and in terms of content. It supplies a highly reliable and interesting collection of data on the taxonomy, ecology and geographic distribution of oribatid mites in all ecosystems of Canadian and Alaskan landscapes. The authors present an original interpretation of the high diversity, ecological importance, and natural causes of occurrence of these mites across many different ecosystems throughout the world. This book is unrivalled in the worldwide scientific literature in its field, and it will certainly meet with major interest, both in and outside Canada.-- Wojciech Niedbała, Emeritus Professor, Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Adam Mickiewicz University, PolandThis is a book I wish I had had available when I started working on oribatid mites. It is unique in providing a comprehensive compendium of all aspects of acarine biology, making it an ideal introduction that will serve as a treasured reference book for a long time, fostering a holistic understanding of these fascinating, but often understudied organisms. Bringing all these informations on form, function, phylogeny and distribution together in one comprehensible and concise collection will no doubt incite the widened interest and collaborative research the oribatida deserve. Many thanks to all authors for undertaking the effort to provide us with this invaluable resource.-- Paavo Bergmann, Department of Biology, Konstanz University, GermanyIt is said that each step one takes in any natural habitat is being supported by thousands of tiny legs of soil-dwelling arthropods. A major portion of these belong to oribatid mites, yet North American biologists never have had a resource that could take them from zero knowledge to species identification. Now they do – but this book is far more than an identification guide to an underappreciated group of diverse and fascinating animals. The experienced and knowledgeable authors introduce well-referenced topics that show how oribatid mites can help us address a vast range of biological, ecological and biogeographical questions.-- Roy A. Norton, Emeritus Professor and acarologist, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, USAThis book is an amazing work – impeccably arranged, both methodologically and in terms of content. It supplies a highly reliable and interesting collection of data on the taxonomy, ecology and geographic distribution of oribatid mites in all ecosystems of Canadian and Alaskan landscapes. The authors present an original interpretation of the high diversity, ecological importance, and natural causes of occurrence of these mites across many different ecosystems throughout the world. This book is unrivalled in the worldwide scientific literature in its field, and it will certainly meet with major interest, both in and outside Canada.-- Wojciech Niedbała, Emeritus Professor, Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Adam Mickiewicz University, PolandThis is a book I wish I had had available when I started working on oribatid mites. It is unique in providing a comprehensive compendium of all aspects of acarine biology, making it an ideal introduction that will serve as a treasured reference book for a long time, fostering a holistic understanding of these fascinating, but often understudied organisms. Bringing all these informations on form, function, phylogeny and distribution together in one comprehensible and concise collection will no doubt incite the widened interest and collaborative research the oribatida deserve. Many thanks to all authors for undertaking the effort to provide us with this invaluable resource.-- Paavo Bergmann, Department of Biology, Konstanz University, GermanyTable of Contents1. Introduction. 2. Form and Function. 3. Keys to Families, Genera and Species. 4. Ecology of Oribatida. 5. Diversity of oribatid mites across the Northern North American landscape. References. Index

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Book SynopsisA changing climate is causing challenges for soil and water management in many parts of the world. Current soil management practices need to be redesigned to effectively address present and future fluctuating climates. This book explores how soil management practices impact soil hydrological characteristics, and how we can improve our understanding of soil and water management under changing conditions. This is a valuable resource for land managers, soil conservationists, researchers and others who wish to understand how different management practices affect soil and water dynamics and how these practices can be adjusted to enhance agricultural sustainability and environmental quality. Features: Explores the impact of changing climate on soil hydrology and soil water dynamics. Examines how effective soil management can improve soil health, water infiltration and soil water retention. Discusses relationships of conservation tillage systems, diversified cropping systems, crop residTable of ContentsLand use Changes and Fluctuating Climate. Climate Fluctuations and Soil Hydrology. Soil Health and Soil Water. Conservation Tillage and Soil Water. Crop Diversification and Soil Water. Crop Residue Management and Soil Water. Conservation Buffers and Soil Water. Forest Land Use and Soil Hydrology. Urban Soils and Soil Water. Maintaining Wetland Ecosystem Services in a Changing Climate. Soil Water Management and Climate Fluctuations: Modelling Approach.

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Book SynopsisDry areas suffer not only from limited rainfall but also ânatural leakageââ90% of rainwater is lost directly or indirectly, and is unavailable for agriculture or domestic use. Water harvesting is a low-cost, easy-to-use, environmentally-friendly way to recover a large part of this lost water. How does water harvesting work? Which sites or areas are best suited and how can these areas be identified? How to design, build and maintain a water harvesting system tailored to local needs? How can water harvesting contribute to combating land degradation, enhancing food security and adapting to climate change? This book provides the answers. The book is based on many years of research, training and development by three of the worldâs leading experts in water management and agriculture. It is authoritative, comprehensive, and easy to read, containing practical examples, many illustrations and little jargon. This volume will be of great interest to researchers, development worke

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Book SynopsisSand dunes are a globally important depositional landform and sedimentary system. Their origins and dynamics are important in understanding how deserts have evolved in response to climate change and changes in sand supply and mobility, and how they will continue to evolve in the future. This book provides a state-of-the-art review of the characteristics of desert dunes and their sediments, and explores their dynamics on timescales from days to millennia as they respond to changes in wind speed and direction, precipitation and sand supply. This extensively revised edition reflects the advances in our understanding of desert dunes, their dynamics and history; and covers recent developments including the luminescence dating revolution, ground penetrating radar and advances in numerical modeling. Also covering dunes on Mars and Titan, this authoritative reference is a must-have for researchers and graduate students working on desert dunes and aeolian geomorphology.Trade Review'Studying desert dunes continues to be essential to our understanding of the geomorphology and climate of Earth and other worlds in the solar system. The update to this anchoring text seamlessly merges the significant advancements in aeolian science over the past few decades with core concepts from decades prior. This book will serve as the go-to source for any scientist needing a reference for wind-blown sand dunes and as the textbook for training the next generation of aeolian scientists.' Ryan Ewing, Texas A&M University'Nick Lancaster's fifty-plus years of field research on desert dunes and his keen insights on the 'big-picture' of dune formation and change make him the best qualified person to write the definitive book on the subject. This thoroughly revised and updated second edition is a must-read for anyone seeking to understand desert sand dunes.' Jeff Lee, Department of Economics and Geography, Texas Tech University'This fully updated new edition provides a masterly synthesis of the burgeoning research into desert dunes worldwide. Whether it is current dune processes, the evolution of dune systems in the past or extra-terrestrial aeolian features, this book has it all. It is an excellent testimony to Nick Lancaster's five decades of desert dune analysis, and will be the definitive 'go-to' text for a long time.' David Thomas, University of OxfordTable of ContentsPart I. Introduction and Fundamental Concepts: 1. Desert Dune Systems; Part II. Dune Morphology and Sediments; 2. Dune Morphology; 3. Dune Sediments; Part III. Dune Processes and Dynamics; 4: Sand Transport By Wind; 5. Airflow and Sand Transport on Dunes; 6. Dune Dynamics; Part IV. Boundary Conditions for Dune Formation and Development: 7. Controls of Dune Morphology; 8. Controls on Dune Orientation; 9. Controls of Dune Size and Spacing; 10. Response of Dune Systems to Changing Boundary Conditions; Part V. Sand Seas and Dunefields; 11. Characteristics and Distribution of Sand Seas and Dunefields; 12. Dune Patterns in Sand Seas; 13. Formation of Sand Seas and Dune Fields; Part VI. Dune Systems in Time and Space; 14. Ancient Dune Systems – The Rock Record; 15. Quaternary Paleo Dune Systems; 16. Planetary Dune Systems; Part VI. Conclusions; 17. Review and Prospects; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive account of ore-forming processes, revised and updated The revised second edition of Introduction to Ore-Forming Processesoffers a guide to the multiplicity of geological processes that result in the formation of mineral deposits.The second edition has been updated to reflect the most recent developments in the study of metallogeny and earth system science. This second edition contains new information about global tectonic processes and crustal evolution that continues to influence the practice of economic geology and maintains the supply of natural resources in a responsible and sustainable way. The replenishment of depleted natural resources is becoming more difficult and environmentally challenging. There is also a change in the demand for mineral commodities and the concern around the non-sustainable supply of critical metals' is now an important consideration for planners of the future. The book puts the focus on the responsible custodianship of natural resources and the continuing need for all earth scientists to understand metallogeny and the resource cycle. This new edition: Provides an updated guide to the processes involved in the formation of mineral depositsOffers an overview of magmatic, hydrothermal and sedimentary ore-forming processesCovers the entire range of mineral deposit types, including the fossil fuels and supergene oresRelates metallogeny to global tectonics by examining the distribution of mineral deposits in space and timeContains examples of world famous ore deposits that help to provide context and relevance to the process-oriented descriptions of ore genesis Written for students and professionals alike, Introduction to Ore-Forming Processesoffers a revised second edition that puts the focus on the fact that mineral deposits are simply one of the many natural wonders of geological process and evolution.Table of ContentsPreface to the 2nd Edition xiii Preface to the 1st Edition xv Introduction: Mineral Resources xvii Part I Igneous Processes 1 1 Igneous Ore-Forming Processes 3 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Magmas and Metallogeny 4 1.2.1 Crustal Architecture and Mineral Wealth 4 1.2.2 Magma Types and Metal Contents 7 1.2.2.1 Basalt 7 1.2.2.2 Andesite 9 1.2.2.3 Rhyolite 10 1.2.2.4 Alkaline Magmas, Carbonatite and Kimberlite 12 1.3 Why Are Some Magmas More Fertile than Others? The “Inheritance Factor” 13 1.3.1 The “Late Veneer” Hypothesis of Siderophile Metal Concentration – An Extraterrestrial Origin for Au and Pt? 14 1.3.2 Diamonds and the Story They Tell 15 1.3.3 Metal Concentrations in Metasomatized Mantle and Their Transfer into the Crust 20 1.3.4 Metal Enrichment in Carbonatitic and Peralkaline Magmas 21 1.3.5 I- and S-Type Granite Magmas and Metal Specificity 27 1.4 Partial Melting and Crystal Fractionation as Ore-Forming Processes 30 1.4.1 Partial Melting 31 1.4.1.1 Trace Element Distribution During Partial Melting 32 1.4.2 Crystallization of Magma 34 1.4.2.1 The Form and Internal Zonation of Igneous Bodies 36 1.4.2.2 Trace Element Distribution During Fractional Crystallization 39 1.4.3 Fractional Crystallization and the Formation of Monomineralic Chromitite Layers 43 1.4.3.1 The Irvine Model 43 1.4.3.2 Other Mechanisms for the Formation of Chromitite Layers or Pods 47 1.4.4 Filter Pressing as a Process of Crystal Fractionation 48 1.4.4.1 Anorthosite Hosted Ti–Fe Deposits 48 1.5 Liquid Immiscibility as an Ore-Forming Process 49 1.5.1 Silicate–Oxide Immiscibility 49 1.5.2 Silicate–Sulfide Immiscibility 50 1.6 A More Detailed Consideration of Mineralization Processes in Mafic Magmas 52 1.6.1 A Closer Look at Sulfide Solubility 52 1.6.2 Sulfide–Silicate Partition Coefficients 53 1.6.3 The R Factor and Concentration of Low Abundance Trace Elements 54 1.6.4 Factors that Promote Sulfide Saturation 56 1.6.4.1 Addition of Externally Derived Sulfur 56 1.6.4.2 Fractional Crystallization 56 1.6.4.3 Injection of a New Magma and Magma Mixing 58 1.6.4.4 Magma Contamination 68 1.6.5 Other Models for Mineralization in Layered Mafic Intrusions 69 1.6.5.1 PGE Clusters 69 1.6.5.2 The Role of Chromite in PGE Concentration 71 1.6.5.3 Hiatus Models 72 1.6.5.4 Fluid-Related Infiltration of PGE 72 1.7 A Model for Mineralization in Layered Mafic Intrusions 72 1.8 Summary 75 Further Reading 75 2 Magmatic-Hydrothermal Ore-Forming Processes 77 2.1 Introduction 77 2.2 Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Water 78 2.3 Formation of a Magmatic Aqueous Phase 81 2.3.1 Magmatic Water – Where Does It Come from? 81 2.3.2 H2O Solubility in Silicate Magmas 83 2.3.3 The Burnham Model 85 2.3.3.1 A Note on the Mechanical Effects of Boiling 88 2.4 The Composition and Characteristics of Magmatic-Hydrothermal Solutions 88 2.4.1 Quartz Veins – What Do They Tell Us About Fluid Compositions? 88 2.4.2 Major Elements in Magmatic Aqueous Solutions 89 2.4.3 Other Important Components of Magmatic Aqueous Solutions 89 2.4.3.1 Magmatic Fluid Compositions from Fluid Inclusion Analysis 92 2.4.4 Carbon Dioxide in Magmatic Fluids 94 2.4.5 Other Important Features of Magmatic Fluids 95 2.5 A Note on Pegmatites and Their Significance to Granite-Related Ore-Forming Processes 97 2.5.1 Early Models of Pegmatite Genesis 98 2.5.2 More Recent Ideas on the Origin of Pegmatites 98 2.6 Fluid–Melt Trace Element Partitioning 100 2.6.1 Early Experiments on Metal Solubilities in Aqueous Solution 100 2.6.2 A More Detailed Look at Fluid–Melt Partitioning of Metals 102 2.6.2.1 Fluid–Melt Partitioning During “First Boiling” 103 2.6.2.2 Fluid–Melt Partitioning During “Second Boiling” 103 2.6.2.3 Partitioning of Metals into H2O-Vapor 104 2.6.3 Partitioning of Cu, Mo, and W Between Melt and H2O-Fluid 106 2.7 Water Content and Depth of Emplacement of Granites – Relationships to Ore-Forming Processes 107 2.8 Models for the Formation of Porphyry-Type Cu, Mo, and W Deposits 110 2.8.1 The Origin of Porphyry Cu–(Mo) and Porphyry Mo–(Cu) Type Deposits 110 2.8.2 The Origin of Porphyry W(±Sn) Type Deposits 114 2.8.3 The Role of Sulfur in the Formation of Porphyry Copper Deposits 115 2.8.3.1 The Role of Sulfur in Concentrating Metals in Porphyry Systems 115 2.8.3.2 The Role of Sulfur in Precipitating Ore Minerals in Porphyry Systems 116 2.9 Near-Surface Magmatic-Hydrothermal Processes – The “Epithermal” Family of Au–Ag–(Cu) Deposits 116 2.9.1 Gold Precipitation Mechanisms in Epithermal Deposits 119 2.10 Skarn Deposits 123 2.10.1 Prograde – Isochemical Contact Metamorphism 126 2.10.2 Prograde – Metasomatism and Replacement 126 2.10.3 Retrograde – Meteoric Fluid Influx and Main Metal Precipitation 127 2.11 Fluid Flow in and Around Granite Plutons 128 2.12 The Role of Hydrothermal Fluids in Mineralized Mafic Rocks 133 2.12.1 The Effects of a Magmatic-Hydrothermal Fluid on PGE Mineralization in the Bushveld Complex 134 2.13 Summary 135 Further Reading 136 Part II Hydrothermal Processes 139 3 Hydrothermal Ore-Forming Processes 141 3.1 Introduction 142 3.2 Other Fluids in the Earth’s Crust and Their Origins 142 3.2.1 Sea Water 144 3.2.2 Meteoric Water 144 3.2.3 Basinal (or Connate)Water 145 3.2.4 Metamorphic Water 149 3.2.5 Waters of Mixed Origin 150 3.3 The Movement of Hydrothermal Fluids in the Earth’s Crust 152 3.3.1 Factors Affecting Fluid Flow at a Crustal Scale 152 3.3.2 A Note on Hydrostatic Versus Lithostatic Pressure Gradients 154 3.3.3 Deformation and Hydrothermal Fluid Flow 155 3.3.4 Other Factors Affecting Fluid Flow and Mineral Precipitation 158 3.3.4.1 How DoWe Know that a Fluid Has Passed Through a Rock? 159 3.4 Additional Factors Affecting Metal Solubility 160 3.4.1 The Important Metal–Ligand Complexes in Hydrothermal Solutions 162 3.4.1.1 Hard Metals 162 3.4.1.2 Borderline Metals 163 3.4.1.3 Soft Metals 165 3.4.2 More on Metal Solubilities in the Aqueous Vapor Phase 167 3.4.3 A Brief Note on Metal–Organic Complexes 167 3.5 Precipitation Mechanisms for Metals in Solution 169 3.5.1 Physico-Chemical Factors Affecting Metal Precipitation 170 3.5.1.1 Temperature 171 3.5.1.2 Pressure 171 3.5.1.3 Phase Separation (Boiling and Effervescence) 172 3.5.1.4 Fluid Mixing/Dilution 173 3.5.1.5 Fluid/Rock Reactions (pH and Eh Controls) 176 3.5.2 Adsorption 176 3.5.3 Biologically Mediated Processes of Metal Precipitation 179 3.5.3.1 Biomineralization 180 3.6 Fluid–Rock Interaction – Introduction to Hydrothermal Alteration 183 3.6.1 Types of Alteration and Their Ore Associations 187 3.6.1.1 Potassic Alteration 187 3.6.1.2 Phyllic (or Sericitic) Alteration 190 3.6.1.3 Propylitic Alteration 190 3.6.1.4 Argillic Alteration 190 3.6.1.5 Silication 190 3.6.1.6 Silicification 190 3.6.1.7 Carbonatization 191 3.6.1.8 Greisenization 191 3.6.1.9 Hematitization 191 3.7 Metal Zoning and Paragenetic Sequence 191 3.7.1 Replacement Processes 194 3.8 Modern Analogues of Ore-Forming Processes – The VMS–SEDEX Continuum 195 3.8.1 “Black Smokers” – A Modern Analogue for VMS Deposit Formation 196 3.8.2 The Salton Sea and Red Sea Geothermal Systems – Modern Analogues for SEDEX Mineralization Processes 204 3.8.2.1 Salton Sea Geothermal System 204 3.8.2.2 The Red Sea and the VMS–SEDEX Continuum 206 3.9 Mineral Deposits Associated with Aqueo-Carbonic Metamorphic Fluids 209 3.9.1 Orogenic Gold Deposits 210 3.9.1.1 Archean 210 3.9.1.2 Proterozoic 211 3.9.1.3 Phanerozoic 211 3.9.2 Carlin-Type Gold Deposits 211 3.9.3 Quartz Pebble Conglomerate Hosted Gold Deposits 214 3.10 Ore Deposits Associated with Basinal Fluids 217 3.10.1 Stratiform Sediment-Hosted Copper (SSC) Deposits 218 3.10.2 Mississippi Valley Type (MVT) Pb–Zn Deposits 222 3.11 Ore Deposits Associated with Near Surface Meteoric Fluids (Groundwater) 230 3.11.1 A Brief Note on the Aqueous Transport and Deposition of Uranium 230 3.11.2 Sandstone-Hosted Uranium Deposits 231 3.11.2.1 Colorado Plateau (Tabular) Uranium–Vanadium Type 231 3.11.2.2 Roll-Front Type 233 3.12 Summary 235 Further Reading 237 Part III Sedimentary/Surficial Processes 239 4 Surficial and Supergene Ore-Forming Processes 241 4.1 Introduction 241 4.2 Principles of Chemical Weathering 242 4.2.1 Dissolution and Hydration 243 4.2.2 Hydrolysis and Acid Hydrolysis 244 4.2.3 Oxidation 244 4.2.4 Cation Exchange 245 4.3 Lateritic Deposits 245 4.3.1 Laterite Formation 245 4.3.2 Bauxite Ore Formation 246 4.3.3 Nickel Laterites 251 4.3.4 Gold in Laterites 253 4.3.5 A Note on Platinum Group Element (PGE) Enrichment in Laterites 257 4.4 Clay Deposits 258 4.4.1 The Kaolinite (China Clay) Deposits of Cornwall 259 4.4.2 “Ion-Adsorption” Rare Earth Element (REE) Deposits in Clays 261 4.5 Calcrete-Hosted Deposits 265 4.5.1 Calcrete-Hosted or Surficial Uranium Deposits 265 4.6 Supergene Enrichment of Cu and Other Metals in the Near Surface Environment 267 4.6.1 Supergene Oxidation of Copper Deposits 267 4.6.1.1 A Note on Supergene Enrichment of Other Metals 272 4.7 Summary 275 Further Reading 276 5 Sedimentary Ore-Forming Processes 277 5.1 Introduction 277 5.2 Clastic Sedimentation and Heavy Mineral Concentration – Placer Deposits 278 5.2.1 Basic Principles 279 5.2.2 Hydraulic Sorting Mechanisms Relevant to Placer Formation 281 5.2.2.1 Settling 281 5.2.2.2 Entrainment 283 5.2.2.3 Shear Sorting 285 5.2.2.4 Transport Sorting 285 5.2.3 Application of Sorting Principles to Placer Deposits 288 5.2.3.1 Small Scale 288 5.2.3.2 Intermediate Scale 288 5.2.3.3 Large Scale 288 5.2.4 A Note Concerning Sediment Sorting in Beach and Eolian Environments 290 5.2.4.1 Beaches 293 5.2.4.2 Wind-Borne Sediment Transport 295 5.2.5 Numerical Simulation of Placer Processes 296 5.3 Chemical Sedimentation – Iron-Formations, Phosphorites, and Evaporites 298 5.3.1 Iron-Formations and Ironstones 298 5.3.1.1 Bog Iron Ores 299 5.3.1.2 Phanerozoic Ooidal Ironstone (POI) Deposits 300 5.3.1.3 Banded and Granular Iron-Formation – An Enigmatic Rock Type 302 5.3.1.4 Mechanisms by Which BIFs Are Deposited 304 5.3.1.5 The Periodicity of Iron-Formation Deposition 308 5.3.1.6 Transformation of BIFs into Viable Iron Ore Deposits 309 5.3.2 Bedded Manganese Deposits 313 5.3.3 A Note on Ocean Floor Manganese Nodules 314 5.3.4 Phosphorites 316 5.3.4.1 A Model for Phosphogenesis Based on Present Day Deposition 319 5.3.5 Black Shales 322 5.3.6 Evaporites 323 5.4 Fossil Fuels – Oil/Gas Formation and Coalification 330 5.4.1 Basic Principles 330 5.4.2 Oil and Gas Formation (Conventional) 331 5.4.2.1 Source Rock Considerations and Organic Maturation 335 5.4.2.2 Petroleum Migration and Reservoir Considerations 337 5.4.2.3 Entrapment of Oil and Gas 340 5.4.3 Coalification Processes 345 5.4.3.1 Coal Characteristics 349 5.4.3.2 A Note Concerning Formation of Economically Viable Coals 352 5.4.4 Unconventional Hydrocarbons – Shale Gas, Oil Shales, and Tar Sands 354 5.4.4.1 Shale Gas and Oil Shales 354 5.4.4.2 Tar Sands (or Oil Sands) 354 5.4.5 Gas Hydrates 356 5.5 Summary 359 Further Reading 359 Sedimentology and Placer Processes 360 Chemical Sedimentation and Ore Formation 360 Fossil Fuels 360 Part IV Global Tectonics and Metallogeny 361 6 Ore Deposits in a Global Tectonic Context 363 6.1 Introduction 363 6.2 Patterns in the Distribution of Mineral Deposits 364 6.3 Continental Growth and the Supercontinent Cycle 366 6.3.1 Estimations of Continental Growth Rates 366 6.3.2 Supercontinent Cycles 369 6.3.2.1 Kenorland 370 6.3.2.2 Nuna (also referred to as Columbia) 370 6.3.2.3 Rodinia 370 6.3.2.4 Pangea 372 6.4 Geological Processes and Metallogenesis 375 6.4.1 Evolution of the Hydrosphere and Atmosphere 375 6.4.2 Secular Decrease in Global Heat Production and Mantle Temperature 376 6.4.3 Long-Term Global Tectonic Trends and Mantle Convection 377 6.4.4 Eustatic Sea Level Changes and “Continental Freeboard” 379 6.5 Metallogeny Through Time 380 6.5.1 The Archean Eon 380 6.5.1.1 The Hadean (>4000 Ma) and Eoarchean (>3600 Ma) stages 381 6.5.1.2 The Paleo-, Meso-, and Neoarchean stages (3600–2500 Ma) 381 6.5.1.3 Shield formation (pre-3100 Ma) 382 6.5.1.4 Cratonization (c. 3100–2500 Ma) 382 6.5.2 The Proterozoic Eon 384 6.5.2.1 The Paleoproterozoic Era (2500–1600 Ma) 385 6.5.2.2 The Mesoproterozoic Era (1600–1000 Ma) 386 6.5.2.3 The Neoproterozoic Era (1000–541 Ma) 386 6.5.3 The Phanerozoic Eon 388 6.5.3.1 Phanerozoic Tectonic Cycles and Metallogeny 392 6.5.3.2 Time-Bound and Regional Aspects of Phanerozoic Metallogeny 393 6.6 Plate Tectonic Settings and Ore Deposits – A Summary 396 6.6.1 Extensional Settings 396 6.6.2 Compressional Settings 396 6.7 Summary 399 Further Reading 400 References 401 Index 439

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Book SynopsisThe pneumatic flow mixing method was developed to stabilize dredged soil and surplus soil for promoting their beneficial use in 1999. The pneumatic flow mixing method is a new type of the ex-situ cement stabilization techniques, in which dredged soil and surplus soil is mixed with a relatively small amount of chemical binder without any mixing paddles and blades in a pipeline. When a relatively large amount of compressed air is injected into the pipeline, soil can be separated into small blocks. When binder is injected into the pipeline, the soil block and binder are thoroughly mixed by means of turbulent flow generated in the soil block during transporting. As this method has many benefits - rapid and large scale execution can be conducted with low cost - it has been applied to many land reclamation projects, backfilling behind earth retaining wall projects and shallow stabilization projects using dredged soils and surplus soils.The Pneumatic Flow Mixing Method is a usTable of Contents1. An overview of Admixture Stabilization – Evolution of Pneumatic Flow Mixing and Scope of the Book1 Introduction2 Cement admixture stabilization techniques3 Development, mechanism and applications of the Pneumatic Flow Mixing method 4 Scope of the textbook2. Factors Affecting Strength Increase1 Introduction2 Mechanism of cement stabilization3 Influence of various factors on stabilization effect4 Prediction of strength3. Engineering Properties of Stabilized Soils1 Introduction 2 Properties of stabilized soil mixture before hardening3 Properties of stabilized soil after hardening4 Properties of stabilized soil subjected to disturbance/compaction5 Engineering properties of cement stabilized soil produced in-situ6 Summary 4. Applications1 Introduction2 Improvement purposes and applications3 Selected case histories of the method in Japan 5. Equipment, Construction, and Quality Control and Assurance1 Introduction2 Equipment3 Construction procedure 4 Quality control6. Geotechnical Design of Stabilized Soil Ground1 Introduction2 Design strength 3 Geotechnical designAPPENDIX A Japanese Laboratory Mix Test Procedure1 Introduction2 Testing equipment3 Making and curing of specimens4 Report5 Use of Specimens

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Book SynopsisSeed conditioning is the final process that establishes the quality of a seed lot and determines its value. It is a complex process involving a significant series of machines, each of which must be used in the proper sequence of the entire process, and each machine must be carefully and properly adjusted and set up for each lot of seed. If the conditioning plant operator does not have sufficient knowledge of how to set up and adjust each of the machines, then an excessive amount of good seed is lost during conditioning and not all undesirable materials are removed. Therefore, the performance of seed conditioning depends entirely on how effectively the operator sets up and adjusts the machines. Much effort has been spent in developing seed technology so as to produce high quality seed, but performance of seed conditioning by maximizing the operatorâs knowledge of getting the best performance from each of his machines has not been carefully and completely developed. Improving Seed Conditioning focuses on teaching the conditioning plant operator details of each machine and how to get maximum performance from it in terms of operating efficiency, maximum removal of undesirable particles, and minimum loss of good seed. Organized in a manner that focuses on the specific machine models installed in each operatorâs specific plant, this manual is set up to be used as text material in training classes or as a guide for operators employed by seed companies. Table of ContentsAcknowledgmentIntroductionChapter 1 What seed conditioning is and doesChapter 2 Seed conditioning plant staff and contract growersChapter 3 Seed conditioning plant locationChapter 4 Seed conditioning plant areaChapter 5 Essential utilitiesChapter 6 Conditioning plant facilitiesChapter 7 Raw (nonconditioned) seedChapter 8 Moving raw seed into conditioningChapter 9 ConditioningChapter 10 Support operationsChapter 11 Seed conditioning principlesChapter 12 Waste productsChapter 13 Sanitation and pest/insect controlChapter 14 Conditioning equipment layoutChapter 15 Receiving pitChapter 16 Bucket elevator characteristicsChapter 17 Bucket elevator operationChapter 18 Vibrating conveyor characteristicsChapter 19 Vibrating conveyor operationChapter 20 Horizontal belt conveyor characteristicsChapter 21 Horizontal belt conveyor operationChapter 22 Inclined belt conveyor characteristicsChapter 23 Inclined belt conveyor operationChapter 24 Drag chain conveyor characteristicsChapter 25 Drag chain conveyor operationChapter 26 Airlift elevator characteristicsChapter 27 Airlift elevator operationChapter 28 Ear corn conveyor characteristicsChapter 29 Ear corn conveyor operationChapter 30 Corn (maize) sheller characteristicsChapter 31 Corn sheller operationChapter 32 Scalper (precleaner) characteristicsChapter 33 Scalper operationChapter 34 Debearder characteristicsChapter 35 Debearder operationChapter 36 Huller-scarifier characteristicsChapter 37 Huller-scarifier operationChapter 38 Air-screen cleaner characteristicsChapter 39 ScreensChapter 40 Screen selectionChapter 41 Air-screen cleaner operationChapter 42 Cylinder separator characteristicsChapter 43 CylindersChapter 44 Cylinder separator operationChapter 45 Disc separator characteristicsChapter 46 DiscsChapter 47 Disc separator operationChapter 48 Gravity separator characteristicsChapter 49 Gravity separator operationChapter 50 Stoner characteristicsChapter 51 Stoner operationChapter 52 Pneumatic separator characteristicsChapter 53 Pneumatic separator operationChapter 54 Aspirator characteristicsChapter 55 Aspirator operationChapter 56 Spiral separator characteristicsChapter 57 Spiral separator operationChapter 58 Width and thickness separator characteristicsChapter 59 Width and thickness separator operationChapter 60 Roll mill characteristicsChapter 61 Roll mill operationChapter 62 Color separator characteristicsChapter 63 Color separator operationChapter 64 Magnetic separator characteristicsChapter 65 Magnetic separator operationChapter 66 Electrostatic separator characteristicsChapter 67 Electrostatic separator operation Chapter 68 Seed treater characteristicsChapter 69 Seed treater operationChapter 70 Bagger-weigher characteristicsChapter 71 Bagger-weigher operationChapter 72 Bag closer characteristicsChapter 73 Bag closer operationChapter 74 Determining seed conditioning requirementsChapter 75 Determining conditioning requirements for a specific separation problemChapter 76 Determining sequence to set up, adjust, and operate conditioning machinesChapter 77 Selected machine adjustment sequenceChapter 78 Special packaging machinesCompletion of the study programCertificate of Master Seed Conditioner

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In this second edition of The Spirit of the Soil: Agriculture and Environmental Ethics, Paul B. Thompson reviews four worldviews that shape competing visions for agriculture. Productionists have sought increasing yieldsto make two seeds grow where only one grew beforewhile traditional visions of good farming have stressed stewardship. These traditional visions have been challenged by two more worldviews: a call for a total cost accounting for farming and an advocacy for a holistic perspective. Thompson argues that an environmentally defensible systems approach must draw upon all four worldviews, recognizing their flaws and synthesizing their strengths in a new vision of sustainable agriculture. This classic 1995 study has been thoroughly revised and significantly expanded in its second edition with up-to-date examples of agriculture's impact on the environment. These include extensive discussions of new pesticides and the effects of animal agriculture on climate and other are

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Book SynopsisRemote Sensing Technology in Forensic Investigations provides a basic understanding of concepts involved in the use of basic geophysical surveying, metal detectors, magnetics, electromagnetics and ground penetrating radar in police and forensic investigations. Such technology can be vital in locating clandestine, buried evidence which is often concealed in the subsurface underground. Crime scene investigation and evidence collection entails locating, identifying, collecting, and cataloging. Such physical evidence searches are time consuming and can often lead to searches that require excavations, which in itself that can destroy evidence. The noninvasive, nondestructive methods outlined in this book can both reduce the time spent on searches and excavations, thereby increasing the probability of locating vital physical evidence. As such, the application of remote sensing methods has gained increased acceptance, and seen increased usage, by investigators.RemotTable of ContentsIntroduction. Overview of Modern Geophysical Methods. Pre-Survey Planning and Post-Survey Reporting Requirements. Magnetic Surveying. Electromagnetic Surveying. Ground Penetrating Radar Surveying. Metal Detector Surveying. Infrared. Marine Geophysical Methods. Airborne Geophysical Methods. Quality Control. Concluding Remarks: The Ideal Survey. Appendix A. Glossary. Appendix B. Selected References.

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Book SynopsisDeals with the major terrestrial, algal, and siliceous indicators used in paleolimnology. This title is of interest to seasoned practitioners as well as newcomers to the area of paleolimnology.Trade Review"Volume 3 will be of particular interest to paleolimnologists approaching the subject from the biological or limnological standpoint; some of the most important indicators used by paleolimnologists including pollen analysis, plant macrofossils, charcoal, diatoms, chrysophytes, phytoliths, biogenic silica and pigments. These chapters will become essential citations in the methods sections of future papers." (Philip Barker, Dept. of Geography, Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Lancaster University, UK in Journal of Paleolimnology, 30:4)Table of ContentsPreface. The Editors. Aims & Scope of Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research Book Series. Editors and Board of Advisors of Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research Book Series. Contents of Volumes 1 to 4. Safety Considerations and Caution. Dedication. List of Contributors. 1. Using biology to study long-term environmental change; J.P. Smol, et al. 2. Pollen; K.D. Bennett, K.J. Willis. 3. Conifer stomata; G.M. MacDonald. 4. Plant macrofossils; H.H. Birks. 5. Charcoal as a fire proxy; C. Whitlock, C.P.S. Larsen. 6. Non-pollen palynomorphs; B. van Geel. 7. Protozoa: testate amoebae; L. Beyens, R. Meisterfeld. 8. Diatoms; R.W. Battarbee, et al. 9. Chrysophyte scales and cysts; B.A. Zeeb, J.P. Smol. 10. Ebridians; A. Korhola, J.P. Smol. 11. Phytoliths; D.R. Piperno. 12. Freshwater sponges; T.M. Frost. 13. Siliceous protozoan plates and scales; M.S.V. Douglas, J.P. Smol. 14. Biogenic silica; D.J. Conley, C.L. Schelske. 15. Sedimentary pigments; P.R. Leavitt, D.A. Hodgson. Glossary, Acronyms and Abbreviations. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive, one-volume encyclopedia covers the sedimentological aspects of sediments and sedimentary rocks. It features more than 250 entries by some 180 eminent contributors from all over the world, excellent indices, cross references, and extensive bibliographies. Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "…Like all other volumes in the "Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series," this is sure to be a classic, essential for earth science reference collections. Summing Up: Essential. Upper-division undergraduates and higher."(M. L. Larsgaard, Choice, January 2004) "Primarily for advanced undergraduates, this Encyclopedia does provide comprehensive, in-depth treatment of the processes that form sedimentary rocks. It will prove invaluable to both students of geology and professionals"(Helen Ashton, Science and Technology, Vol. 18, no 2, 2004) "This massive tome is part of the series Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences … . Most articles also give copious bibliographic references to both general texts and research articles and there is an index of authors cited, which is very useful. The illustrations are … with some good diagrams and reasonable photographs. … Primarily for advanced undergraduates, this Encyclopedia does provide comprehensive, in-depth treatment of the processes that form sedimentary rocks. It will prove invaluable to both students of geology and professionals." (Reference Reviews, Vol. 18 (2), 2004)Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. Guide to the Reader. Algal and Bacterial Carbonate Sediments; R. Riding. Allophane and Imogolite; R.L. Parfitt. Alluvial Fan; A.M. Harvey. Anabranching Rivers; G.C. Nanson, M.R. Gibling. Ancient Karst; B. Jones. Angle of Repose; P.D. Komar. Anhydrite and Gypsum; L. Hardie. Ankerite; J.P. Hendry. Armor; R. Ferguson. Atterberg Limits; M.J. Bovis. Attrition (abrasion), Fluvial; M. Church. Attrition (Abrasion), Marine; H. Ibbeken. Authigenesis; J.R. Boles. Autosuspension; H. Pantin. Avalanch and Rock Fall; M.J. Bovis. Avulsion; N.D. Smith. Bacteria in Sediments; N. Noffke. Ball-and-Pillow Structure; G. Owen. Bar, Littoral; B. Greenwood. Barrier Islands; D.M. Fitzgerald, I.V. Buynevich. Bauxite; R. Frost. Beachrock; E. Gischler. Bedding and Internal Structures; F. Ricci-Lucchi, A. Amorosi. Bedset and Laminaset; J.S. Bridge. Bentonite and Tonstein; D.A. Spears. Berthierine; F.J. Longstaffe. Bioclasts; P. Enos. Bioerosion; M. Bertling. Biogenic Sedimentary Structures; G.S. Pemberton. Black Shales; J. Schieber. Braided Channels; P. Ashmore. Caliche (Calcrete); V.P. Wright. Calcite Compensation Depth; S. Wise. Carbonate Diagenesis and Microfabrics; R.G.C. Bathurst. Carbonate Mineraloty and Geochemistry; F.T. Mackenzie. Carbonate Mud Mounds; F.-A. Bourque. Cathodoluminescence; S. Burley. Cation Exchange; B. Singh. Cave Sediments; B. Jones. Cements and Cementation; P.A. Scholle. Chalk; I. Fabricius. Charcoal in Sediments; A.C. Schott. Chlorite in Sediments; S. Hillier. Classification of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks; G.M. Friedman. Clastic (Neptunian) Dykes and Sills; A. Demoulin. Clathrates; M. Kastner. Clay Minerals; S. Hillier. Climatic Control of Sedimentation; G.M. Mack. Coal Balls; A.C. Scott. Coal; P. McCabe. Coastal Sedimentary Facies; H.E. Clifton. Colloidal Properties of Sediments; S.Chattopadhyay, D. Chattopadhyay. Color of Sedimentary Rocks; P. Myrow. Compaction (Cosolidation); K. Bjørlykke. Convolute Stratification; G.V. Middleton. Core, Coring Methods; A.H. Bouma. Cross-Stratification; D. Rubin. Cyclic Sedimentation; R.K. Goldhammer. Debris Flow; J. Major. Dedolomitization; M. Coniglio. Deformation of Sediments; J. Collinson. Deformation Structures and Growth Faults; J. Collinson. Deltas and Estuaries; J. Bhattacharya. Depositional Fabric of Mudrocks; J. Schieber. Desert Sedimentary Environments; J.P. Smoot. Dessication Structures; G. Tanner. Diagenesis; K.L. Milliken. Diagenetic Structures; P. Mozley. Diffusion, Chemical; B.P. Boudreau. Diffusion of Sediment; A.J. Hogg. Dish Structure; Z. Sylvester, D.R. Lowe. Dolomite Textures; D. Sibley. Dolomites and Dolomitization; H.G. Machel. Dune, Eolian; N. Lancaster. Earth Flows; R. Baum. Encrinite; W.I. Ausich. Eolian Transport and Deposition; C. McKenna-Neuman. Erosion and Sediment Yield; R. Stallard. Evaporites; L. Hardie, T.K. Lowenstein. Extraterrestrial Material in Sediments; C. Koeberl. Fabric, Porosity, and Permeability; G.V. Middleton. Facies Models; H.G. Reading. Fan Delta; G. Postma. Features indicating Impact and Shock Metamorphism; W.U. Reinhold. Feldspars in Sediments; S. Morad. Flame Structure; G.V. Middleton. Flaser; B.W. Flemming. Flocculation; M. Pejrup. Floodplain Sediments; A. Aslan. Floods and Other Catastrophic Events; V.R. Baker. Flow Resistance; R. Millar. Fluid Escape Structures; Z. Sylvester, D.R. Lowe. Fluid Inclusions; R.H. Goldstein. Flume; B. Gomez. Forensic Sedimentology; R.C. Murray. Gases in Sediments; C. Clayton. Geodes; K. Milliken. Geophysical Properties of Sediments; A.L. Endres. Geothermic Properties of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks; D.F. Merriam. Glacial Sediments: Processes, Environments and Facies; M.J. Hambrey, N.L. Glasser. Glaucony and Verdine; A. Amorosi. Grading, Graded Bedding; R. Hiscott. 150 additional Chapters.

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Book SynopsisEnvironmental Sedimentology provides a comprehensive introduction to this rapidly expanding field which addresses the functioning and dynamics of contemporary sediment systems and how these systems respond to a range of both natural and anthropogenically-induced disturbance events.Trade Review"This text covers a wide range of well-written and well-researched material that is presented to a high standard. The individual chapters are all well worth reading and present thorough coverage of concepts and debates relevant to the different environments in question.... Anyone who is interested in any aspect of sediment transfer will find something of interest in this book." (Geographical Journal, June 2008)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Environmental Sedimentology: Introduction: Chris Perry & Kevin Taylor (Manchester Metropolitan University). 2. Mountain Environments: Jeff Warburton (University of Durham). 3. Fluvial Environments: Karen Hudson-Edwards (Birkbeck College, London). 4. Lake Environments: Lars Hakanson (University of Uppsala). 5. Arid Environments: Anne Mather (University of Plymouth). 6. Urban Environments: Kevin Taylor (Manchester Metropolitan University). 7. Deltaic and Estuarine Environments: Peter French (Royal Holloway, University of London). 8. Temperate Coastal Environments: Andrew Cooper (University of Ulster). 9. Tropical Coastal Environments: Coral Reefs and Mangroves: Chris Perry (Manchester Metropolitan University). 10. Continental Shelf Environments: Piers Larcombe (CEFAS, UK). Index

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Book Synopsis* A comprehensive overview of the origin, regulation, analysis, chemistry, fate and management of trace metals in soils. * Presents the latest advances in the field, bringing together subject matter currently dispersed across a large variety of journals.Trade Review"This book is very suitable for soil scientists involved in soil contamination, but also for research chemists, geochemists, agronomists, environmental scientists, ecotoxicologists, and professionals who deal with contaminated soils." (Anal Bioanal Chem, February 2011) Table of Contents1. Introduction Peter S. Hooda 2.Trace Elements: General Soil Chemistry, Principles and Processes Filip M.G. Tack 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Distribution of trace elements in the soil 2.3 Chemical species 2.4 Sorption and desorption 2.5 Precipitation and dissolution 2.6 Mobilisation of trace elements 2.7 Transport 2.8 Plant uptake 2.9 Concluding remarks References 3. Soil Sampling and Sample Preparation Anthony C. Edwards 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Soil sampling 3.3 Errors associated with soil sampling and preparation 3.4. Overview of the current situation 3.5 Scale and variability 3.6 Conclusions References 4. Analysis and Fractionation of Trace Elements in Soils Gijis Du Laing 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Total Analysis 4.3. Fractionation of Trace Elements 4.4. Species-retaining and Species-selective Leaching Techniques 4.5. Equipment for Direct Speciation of Trace Elements in Soil 4.6. Conclusions References 5. Fractionation and Speciation of Trace Elements in Soil Solution Gijis Du Laing 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Soil Solution Sampling, Storage and Filtration 5.3. Particle Size Fractionation 5.4. Liquid-liquid Extraction 5.5. Ion Exchange Resins and Solid Phase Extraction 5.6. Derivatisation Techniques to Create Volatile Species 5.7. Chromatographic Separation of Trace Element Species 5.8. Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) 5.9. Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT) 5.10. Ion-selective Electrodes 5.11. Donnan Membrane Technique 5.12. Voltammetric Techniques 5.13. Microelectrodes and Microsensors 5.14. Models for Predicting Metal Speciation in Soil Solution 5.15. Conclusions References 6. Long-Term Issues, Impacts And Predictive Modelling Weiping Chen, Andrew C. Chang, Laosheng Wu, Albert L. Page and Bonjun Koo 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Biosolids-borne Trace Elements in Soils 6.3 Assessing Availability of Trace Elements in Biosolids-amended Soils 6.4 Long-Term Availability Pool Assessment through a Root Exudates-based Model 6.5 Conclusions References 7. Fertilizer-borne Trace Element Contaminants in Soils Samuel P. Stacey, Mike J. McLaughlin and Ganga Hettiarachchi 7.1 Introduction 7.2. Phosphatic Fertilisers 7.3. Micronutrient Fertilisers 7. 4. Long-term Accumulation of Fertilizer-borne Trace Element Contaminants 7.5. Trace Elemental Contaminant Transfer to Crops and Grazing Animals 7.6. Conclusions References 8. Trace Metal Exposure and Effects on Soil Dwelling Species and their Communities David J. Spurgeon 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Hazards and Consequences of Trace Metal Exposure 8.3. Routes of Exposure, Uptake and Detoxification 8.4. Conclusions References 9. Trace Element Deficient Soils Rainer Schulin, Annette Johnson, and Emmanuel Frossard 9.1 Introduction 9.2. The concept of trace element deficient soils 9.3. Methods to identify and map soil trace element deficiencies 9.4. Soil factors associated with trace element deficiencies 9.5. Treatment of soils deficient in trace elements References 10. Application of Chemical Speciation Modelling to Studies on Toxic Element Behaviour in Soils Les J. Evans, Sarah J. Barabash, David G. Lumsdon and Xueyuan Gu 10.1. Introduction 10.2. The structure of chemical speciation models 10.3. The species/component matrix 10.4. Aqueous Speciation Modeling 10.5. Surface Complexation Modeling to Mineral Surfaces 10.6. Surface Complexation Modelling to Soil Organic Matter 10.7. Discussion References Bioavailability, Risk Assessment and Remediation 11. Assessing Bioavailability of Soil Trace Elements Peter S. Hooda 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Speciation, Bioavailability and Bioaccumulation – Definitions and Concepts 11.3. Bioavailability Assessment Approaches 11.4.Discussion and Conclusions References Bioavailability: Exposure, Dose and Risk Assessment 12. Assessing Bioavailability of Soil Trace Elements Rupert L. Hough 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Hazard Identification 12.3. Exposure Assessment 12.4. Dose-Response 12.5. Risk Characterisation 12.6 Assessment of mixtures and disparate risks 12.7 Conclusions References 13. Regulatory Limits for Trace Elements in Soils Graham Merrington, Sohel Saikat and Albania Grosso 13.1. Introduction 13.2. Derivation of regulatory limits for trace elements 13.3. National and international initiatives in setting limit values 13.4. Forward look 13.5. Conclusions 14 Phytoremediation of Soil Trace ElementsRufus L. Chaney, C. Leigh Broadhurst and Tiziana Centofanti 14.1. Introduction 14.2. Nature of soil contamination where phytoextraction may be applied 14.3. Need for metal tolerant hyperaccumulators for practical phytoextraction 14.4. Phytoremediation strategies – applications and limitations 14.5. Phytostabilization of Zn-Pb, Cu, or Ni mine waste or smelter contaminated soils 14.6. Recovery of elements from phytoextraction biomass 14.7. Risks to wildlife during phytoextraction operations? 14.8 Conclusions References 15. Trace Element Immobilization in Soil Using Amendments Jurate Kumpiene 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Soil Amendments for Trace Element Immobilization 15.3 Method Acceptance 15.4 Concluding remarks References Characteristics and Behaviour of Individual Elements 16. Arsenic and Antimony Yuji Arai 16.1. Introduction 16.2. Geogenic Occurrence 16.3. Sources of Soil Contamination 16.4. Chemical Behaviour in Soils 16.5 Arsenic retention in soils 16.6 Risks from As and Sb in Soils 16.7 Conclusions and Future Research Needs References 17. Cadmium and Zinc Rufus L. Chaney 17.1. Introduction 17.2. Geogenic occurrence and sources of soil contamination 17.3. Chemical behavior in soils 17.4. Plant accumulation of soil Cd and Zn 17.5. Risk implications for Cd in soil amendments 17.6. Plant uptake of Cd and Zn in relation to food-chain Cd risk 17.7. Food-chain Zn issues References 18. Copper and Lead Rupert L. Hough 18.1 Introduction 18.2. Copper 18.3. Lead 18.4. Risks from copper and lead 18.5 Concluding remarks References 19. Chromium, Cobalt and Nickel Yibing Ma and Peter S. Hooda 19.1. Introduction 19.2. Geogenic Occurrences 19.3. Sources of Soil Contamination 19.4. Chemical Behaviour in Soils 19.5. Environmental and Human Heath Risks 19.6. Concluding Remarks References 20. Manganese and Selenium Zhenli L. He, Jiali Shentu, and Xiao E. Yang 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Concentrations and Sources of Mn and Se in soils 20.3. Chemical Behavior of Mn and Se in soils 20.4. Effects on Plant, Animal and human Health References 21. Tin and Mercury Martin J. Clifford, Gavin M. Hilson and Mark E. Hodson 20.1. Introduction 21.2. Geogenic Occurrence 21.3. Sources of Soil Contamination 21.4. Chemical Behaviour in Soils 21.5. Risks from Tin and Mercury in Soils References 22. Molybdenum, Silver, Thallium,and Vanadium Les J. Evans and Sarah J. Barabash 22.1. Introduction 22.2. Molybdenum 22.3. Silver 22.4. Thallium 22.5. Vanadium 22.6. Environmental and Human Health Risks References 23. Gold and Uranium Ian D. Pulford 23.1. Introduction 23.2. Geogenic Occurrence 23.3. Soil Contamination 23.4. Chemical Behaviour in Soils 23.5. Risks from Gold and Uranium in Soils 23.6. Concluding Comments References 24. Platinum Group Elements in Soil F. Zereini and C.L.S. Wiseman 24.1. Introduction 24.2. Sources of PGE in soils 24.3. Emissions, Depositional Behavior and Concentrations in Soils 24.4. Geochemical Behaviour in Soils 24.5. Bioavailability 24.6. Conclusions References

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Book SynopsisThe material of this book will derive its scientific under-pinning from basics of mathematics, physics, chemistry, geology, meteorology, engineering, soil science, and related disciplines and will provide sufficient breadth and depth of understanding in each sub-section of hydrology.Trade Review"The material of this book will derive its scientific under-pinning from basics of mathematics, physics, chemistry, geology, meteorology, engineering, soil science, and related disciplines and will provide sufficient breadth and depth of understanding in each sub-section of hydrology. " (Environmental Expert, 8 March 2011)Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgements. A note for students and teachers. 1 Fundamentals of hydrology. 1.1 Properties of water. 1.2 Common water quality parameters. 1.3 Hydrologic cycle and global water distribution. 1.4 Units and dimensions. 1.5 Significant figures and digits. 2 Surface water hydrology. 2.1 Lakes. 2.2 Glaciers. 2.3 Streams. 2.4 Watershed concept. 2.5 Instrumentation and monitoring. 2.6 Runoff processes and flow measurement. 2.7 Rainfall-runoff analysis and modelling. 2.8 Stream processes. 2.9 Stream characteristics. 2.10 River and reservoir routing. 2.11 Scales and scaling. 2.12 The invisible resource: groundwater. 2.13 Tutorial. 3 Groundwater hydrology. 3.1 Occurrence of groundwater. 3.2 Movement of groundwater. 3.3 Hydraulic head. 3.4 Dispersion. 3.5 Specialized flow conditions. 3.6 Groundwater measurements. 3.7 Groundwater pollution. 3.8 Composite nature of surfacewater and groundwater. 3.9 Conjunctive use of surfacewater and groundwater. 3.10 Tutorial. 4 Well hydraulics and test pumping. 4.1 Steady flow. 4.2 Superposition in space and time. 4.3 Boundaries and images in flow modelling. 4.4 Well flow under special conditions. 4.5 Well losses. 4.6 Tutorial. 5 Surface and groundwater flow modelling. 5.1 Surface water flow modelling. 5.2 Groundwater flow modelling. 5.3 Surface and groundwater interactions and coupled/integrated modelling. 6 Aqueous chemistry and human impacts on water quality. 6.1 Principles and processes controlling composition of natural waters. 6.2 Natural hydrochemical conditions in the subsurface. 6.3 Presenting inorganic chemical data. 6.4 Impact of human activities. 6.5 Geochemical modelling. 6.6 Chemical tracers. 6.7 Groundwater – numerical modelling of solute transport. 6.8 Relation between use and quality of water. 6.9 Industrial use. 6.10 Tutorial. 7 Hydrologic tracing. 7.1 Isotopes and radioactivity. 7.2 Hydrologic tracers. 7.3 Tracers and groundwater movement. 7.4 Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen. 7.5 Dissolved noble gases. 7.6 Models for interpretation of groundwater age. 7.7 Tracers for estimation of groundwater recharge. 7.8 Tutorial. 8 Statistical analyses in hydrology. 8.1 Descriptive statistics. 8.2 Probability theory. 8.3 Hydrologic frequency analysis. 8.4 Nonparametric density estimation methods. 8.5 Error analysis. 8.6 Time series analysis. 8.7 Tutorial. 9 Remote sensing and GIS in hydrology. 9.1 Principle of remote sensing. 9.2 Approaches to data/image interpretation. 9.3 Radar and microwave remote sensing. 9.4 Geographic Information Systems (GIS). 9.5 Applications in hydrology. 10 Urban hydrology. 10.1 Water balance in urban areas. 10.2 Disposal of waterborne wastes. 10.3 New approaches and technologies for sustainable urbanization. 11 Rainwater harvesting and artificial groundwater recharge. 11.1 Historical perspective. 11.2 Rainwater harvesting – some general remarks. 11.3 Watershed management and water harvesting. 11.4 Tutorial. 12 Water resource development: the human dimensions. 12.1 The global water crisis. 12.2 Global initiatives. 12.3 Water and ethics. 12.4 Global water tele-connections and virtual water. 13 Some case studies. 13.1 The Yellow River Basin, China. 13.2 The Colorado River Basin, United States. 13.3 The Murray-Darling River Basin, Australia. 13.4 The North Gujarat–Cambay region, Western India. 14 Epilogue. 14.1 Water and its properties, quality considerations, movement, and modelling of surface- and groundwater. 14.2 Distribution of water in space and time. 14.3 Water resource sustainability. Bibliography. Index. Plate section.

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Book SynopsisThis special publication Perspectives in Carbonate Geology is a collection of papers most of which were presented at a symposium to honor the 80th birthday of Bob Ginsburg at the meeting of Geological Society of America in Salt Lake City in 2005. The majority of the papers in this publication are connected with the study of modern carbonate sediments. Bob Ginsburg pioneered the concept of comparative sedimentology - that is using the modern to compare to and relate to and understand the ancient. These studies are concerned with Bob''s areas of passion: coral reefs and sea-level; submarine cementation and formation of beach rock; surface sediments on Great Bahama Bank and other platforms; origin of ooids; coastal sediments; formation of stromatolites; impact of storms on sediments; and the formation of dolomite. The remainder of the papers apply the study of modern environments and sedimentary processes to ancient sediments. Recent other publications of the InternaTable of ContentsPreface. Dedication to Robert N. Ginsburg. Depth-related and species-related patterns of Holocene reef accretion in the Caribbean and western Atlantic: a critical assessment of existing models (Dennis K. Hubbard). The mystique of beachrock (Eugene A. Shinn). A re-evaluation of facies on Great Bahama Bank I: new facies maps of western Great Bahama Bank (John J.G. Reijmer, Peter K. Swart, Thorsten Bauch, Robert Otto, Lars Reuning, Sven Roth and Susanne Zechel). A re-evaluation of facies on Great Bahama Bank II: variations in the δ13C, δ18O and mineralogy of surface sediments (Peter K. Swart, John J.G. Reijmer and Robert Otto). Stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen in modern sediments of carbonate platforms, barrier reefs, atolls and ramps: patterns and implications (Eberhard Gischler, Peter K. Swart and Anthony J. Lomando). A tale of two storms: an integrated fi eld, remote sensing and modelling study examining the impact of hurricanes Frances and Jeanne on carbonate systems, Bahamas (Stacy L. Reeder and Eugene C. Rankey). Rapid recycling of organic-rich carbonates during transgression: a complex coastal system in southwest Florida (Brigitte M. Vlaswinkel and Harold R. Wanless). The paradoxical occurrence of oolitic limestone on the eastern islands of Great Bahama Bank: where do the ooids come from? (Pascal Kindler and Albert C. Hine). Calcareous epiphyte production in cool-water carbonate seagrass depositional environments – southern Australia (Noel P. James, Yvonne Bone, Kirsty M. Brown and Anthony Cheshire). Microbes versus metazoans as dominant reef builders: insights from modern marine environments in the Exuma Cays, Bahamas (Miriam S. Andres, R. Pamela Reid, Emily Bowlin, A. Patricia Gaspar and Anton Eisenhauer). Microbial dolomite precipitation under aerobic conditions: results from Brejo do Espinho Lagoon (Brazil) and culture experiments (Mónica Sánchez-Román, Crisógono Vasconcelos, Rolf Warthmann, Marian Rivadeneyra and Judith A. McKenzie). Karst sub-basins and their relationship to the transport of Tertiary siliciclastic sediments on the Florida Platform (Albert C. Hine, Beau C. Suthard, Stanley D. Locker, Kevin J. Cunningham, David S. Duncan, Mark Evans and Robert A. Morton). Controls on facies mosaics of carbonate platforms: a case study from the Oxfordian of the Swiss Jura (André Strasser and Stéphanie Védrine). The allocyclic interpretation of the 'Latemar Cycles' (Middle Triassic, the Dolomites, Italy) and implications for high-frequency cyclostratigraphic forcing (Rob M. Forkner, Linda A. Hinnov, Robert K. Goldhammer and Laurie A. Hardie). Phylloid algal mounds in the Paradox Basin, southwestern USA: an alternative to the in situ constructional growth model? (G. Michael Grammer and Audrey L. Ritter). The Cincinnati Arch: a stationary peripheral bulge during the Late Ordovician (Michael C. Pope, Steven M. Holland and Mark E. Patzkowsky). Reinterpreting a Proterozoic enigma: Conophyton–Jacutophyton stromatolites of the Mesoproterozoic Atar Group, Mauritania (Linda C. Kah, Julie K. Bartley, and Alice F. Stagner). Layering: what does it mean? (Harold R. Wanless). Falling-stage systems tract in tropical carbonate rocks (Wolfgang Schlager and Georg M.D. Warrlich). Early load-induced fracturing in a prograding carbonate margin (Donald F. McNeill and Gregor P. Eberli). Markov models for linking environments and facies in space and time (recent Arabian Gulf, Miocene Paratethys) (Bernhard M. Riegl and Samuel J. Purkis). Evaluating validity and reliability in high-resolution stratigraphic analysis (Carl N. Drummond and Lailah A. Marlow). Index.

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Book SynopsisAn evolving, living organic/inorganic covering, soil is in dynamic equilibrium with the atmosphere above, the biosphere within, and the geology below. It acts as an anchor for roots, a purveyor of water and nutrients, a residence for a vast community of microorganisms and animals, a sanitizer of the environment, and a source of raw materials for construction and manufacturing. To develop lasting solutions to the challenges of balanced use and stewardship of the Earth, we require a fundamental understanding of soilfrom its elastic, porous three-phase system to its components, processes, and reactions.Handbook of Soil Sciences: Properties and Processes, Second Edition is the first of two volumes that form a comprehensive reference on the discipline of soil science. Completely revised and updated to reflect the current state of knowledge, this volume covers the traditional areas of soil science: soil physics, soil chemistry, soil mineralogy, soil biology and bioTable of ContentsSoil Physics. Soil Chemistry. Soil Mineralogy. Soil Biology and Biochemistry: Soil Biology in Its Second Golden Age. Pedology. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe application of multibeam and sediment transport measurement technologies and the adoption of multi-faceted research methodologies have greatly advanced our understanding of the sedimentary processes on continental shelves in the last decade. This book uniquely blends cutting-edge research and state-of-the art review articles that take stock of new advances in multibeam mapping and sediment transport technologies, spatial analysis and modelling, and the applications of these advances to the understanding of shelf sediments, morphodynamics, and sedimentary processes. Case studies are also presented to illustrate the utilization of seabed property and process knowledge in habitat mapping and ocean management With its mix of papers focusing on technological advances, integration of shelf morphology and processes, and the application of these advances to coastal and ocean management, this Special Publication volume will serve as a milestone reference for professional marine sTrade Review“The references are up-to-date and largely accessible. I must congratulate the ed­itors, authors and publisher for this excellent work and for the affordable price, although a paperback volume would possibly have been more handsome.” (Geologos, 1 September 2013)Table of ContentsPreface Part 1: Sediments and morphology in shelf and coastal systems Optimal use of multibeam technology in the study of shelf morphodynamics John E. Hughes Clarke Palaeogeographic reconstruction of Hecate Strait British Columbia: changing sea levels and sedimentary processes reshape a glaciated shelf J. Vaughn Barrie and Kim W. Conway Changes in submarine channel morphology and slope sedimentation patterns from repeat multibeam surveys in the Fraser River delta, western Canada Philip R. Hill Recent sedimentary processes in the Cap de Creus canyon head and adjacent continental shelf, NE Spain: evidence from multibeam bathymetry, sub-bottom profiles and coring A. García-García, T. Schoolmeester, D. Orange, A. Calafat, J. Fabres, E. Grossman, M. Field, T. Lorenson, M. Levey and M. Sansoucy Geology metrics for predicting shoreline change using seabed and sub-bottom observations from the surf zone and nearshore Jesse E. McNinch and Jennifer L. Miselis Re-examination of sand ridges on the middle and outer New Jersey shelf based on combined analysis of multibeam bathymetry and backscatter, seafloor grab samples and chirp seismic data John A. Goff and Catherine S. Duncan Sedimentary facies of shoreface-connected sand ridges off the East Frisian barrier-island coast, southern North Sea: climatic controls and preservation potential Chang Soo Son, Burghard W. Flemming and Tae Soo Chang Part 2: Sediment transport processes, sedimentation and modelling Recent advances in understanding continental shelf sediment transport L.D. Wright Recent advances in instrumentation used to study sediment transport Jon J. Williams Seabed disturbance and bedform distribution and mobility on the storm-dominated Sable Island Bank, Scotian Shelf Michael Z. Li, Edward L. King and Robert H. Prescott Temporal variability, migration rates and preservation potential of subaqueous dune fields generated in the Agulhas Current on the southeast African continental shelf Burghard W. Flemming and Alexander Bartholomä Measurement of bedload transport in a coastal sea using repeat swath bathymetry surveys: assessing bedload formulae using sand dune migration Garret P. Duffy and John E. Hughes-Clarke Analyzing bedforms mapped using multibeam sonar to determine regional bedload sediment transport patterns in the San Francisco Bay coastal system Patrick L. Barnard, Li Erikson, David M. Rubin, Pete Dartnell and Rikk G. Kvitek Sediment transport on continental shelves: storm bed formation and preservation in heterogeneous sediments T. R. Keen, R. L. Slingerland, S. J. Bentley, Y. Furukawa, W. J. Teague and J. D. Dykes Tidal influence on the transport of suspended matter in the southwestern Yellow Sea at 6 ka Katsuto Uehara and Yoshiki Saito Origin, transport processes and distribution pattern of modern sediments in the Yellow Sea Xuefa Shi, Yanguang Liu, Zhihua Chen, Jianwei Wei, Sulan Ge, Kunshan Wang, Guoqing Wang, Shouye Yang, Shuqing Qiao, Deling Cai, Zhenbo Cheng, Wenrui Bu and Hi-Ii Yi Seasonal and spatial variation in suspended sediment characteristics off the Changjiang estuary Guoqing Wang, Xuefa Shi, Yanguang Liu, Xisheng Fang and Gang Yang Factors controlling downward fluxes of particulate matter in glacier-contact and non-glacier contact settings in a subpolar fjord (Billefjorden, Svalbard) Witold Szczuciński and Marek Zajączkowski Part 3: Application and management On seabed disturbance, marine ecological succession and applications for environmental management: a physical sedimentological perspective Peter T. Harris Benthic habitat mapping from seabed acoustic surveys: do implicit assumptions hold? Vladimir E. Kostylev List of Reviewers Index

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Book SynopsisThe oldest records of modem human culture are the vivid cave paintings from southern France and northern Spain, which are in some cases more than 30,000 years old (Chauvet, et ai, 1996).Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "This is the first book to deal specifically with cave sediments and so is an important resource for people conducting research in caves, e.g. geoscientists, speleologists and archaeologists. The book includes a range of cave sites, applicable techniques with in-depth reviews and several case studies to provide an excellent tool for those already involved in cave research and those interested in venturing into cave-sediment studies." (Mark Stephens, Journal of Sedimentary Research, Vol 75, 2005) "The dual nature of the subject and the wide range of topics and analytical approaches might give the superficial impression of a heterogeneous group of papers cobbled together into a book. On the contrary, these topics are well integrated into a fairly coherent picture. Even the local studies provide wide-ranging concepts." (Arthur N. Palmer, and Margaret v. Palmer, Journal of Cave and Karst Sediments, Vol 67, no. 2, p. 140-141) "This book aims to provide a comprehensive treatment of cave deposits, with a particular focus on the palaeoclimate record they hold. … covering key aspects of both clastic sediments and precipitates from many karst regions around the globe. … this book serves well as an account of the state-of-art in the study of cave sediments and their value in palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. … it is likely to be of great interest to higher-level undergraduates, postgraduates and academics … ." (Stefan H. Doerr, The Holocene, Issue 15, 2005) "Cave sediments studies pose multiple problems, both with the difficult access to many underground sites and also with the correlation of the cave record with surface events … . The subject is often over-looked by hard-line surface investigators, but this book should help promote and develop this databank of geological history. … This book is attractively presented … . Its contents should be compulsory reading for anyone researching Quaternary chronology and palaeo-environments. The volume should also be read by a much wider audience … ." (Tony Waltham, Geological Magazine, Vol. 124 (4), 2005)Table of Contents1. LITHOFACIES AND TRANSPORT OF CLASTIC SEDIMENTS IN KARSTIC AQUIFERS.- 2. SEDIMENT AND SEDIMENT-ASSOCIATED CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT THROUGH KARST.- 3. PALAEOMAGNETIC ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENTS ON THE BUCHAN CAVES, SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA, PROVIDES A PRE-LATE PLEISTOCENE DATE FOR LANDSCAPE AND CLIMATE EVOLUTION.- 4. PALEOMAGNETIC ANALYSIS OF A LONG-TERM SEDIMENT TRAP, KOOKEN CAVE, HUNTINGDON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA, USA.- 5. PROVENANCE OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT DISCHARGED FROM A KARST AQUIFER DETERMINED BY CLAY MINERALOGY.- 6. READING VIRGINIA’S PALEOCLIMATE FROM THE GEOCHEMISTRY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY OF CLASTIC CAVE SEDIMENTS.- 7. GLACIALLY-INFLUENCED SEDIMENT CYCLES IN THE LIME CREEK KARST, EAGLE COUNTY, COLORADO.- 8. CAVE SEDIMENTS AND DENUDED CAVERNS IN THE LASKI RAVNIK, CLASSICAL KARST OF SLOVENIA.- 9. PALEOCLIMATE RECORDS FROM SPELEOTHEMS IN LIMESTONE CAVES.- 10. URANIUM-SERIES DATING OF SPELEOTHEMS: CURRENT TECHNIQUES, LIMITS, & APPLICATIONS.- 11. PALEOCLIMATE INFORMATION FROM SPELEOTHEMS: THE PRESENT AS A GUIDE TO THE PAST.- 12. INFLUENCE OF DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT ON DEVIL’S HOLE CALCITE MORPHOLOGY AND PETROLOGY.- 13. SPELEOTHEMS FROM THE HIGH-ALPINE SPANNAGEL CAVE, ZILLERTAL ALPS (AUSTRIA).- 14. ISOTOPE STAGE 11, THE “SUPER-INTERGLACIAL”, FROM A NORTH NORWEGIAN SPELEOTHEM.- 15. ESTABLISHING A SPELEOTHEM CHRONOLOGY FOR SOUTHWESTERN OREGON — CLIMATIC CONTROLS AND GROWTH MODELLING.- 16. SILICATES IN CARBONATE SPELEOTHEMS, GUADALUPE MOUNTAINS, NEW MEXICO, U.S.A.- 17. RELIQUIAE DILUVIANAE ALTER: LAST INTERGLACIAL FLOOD DEPOSITS IN THE CAVES OF THE WEST INDIES.

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Book SynopsisNearly two billion people depend on hundreds of millions of smallholder farmers for food security. Yet, these farmers' lives also hang in the balance due to their extreme vulnerability to the risks of soil degradation and depletion, soil exhaustion, climate change, and numerous biotic and abiotic stresses. Soil Management of Smallholder Agriculture explores the potential smallholder agriculture hold for advancing global food security and outlines the challenges to achieving this goal.The book addresses the challenges and opportunities that resource-poor and small landholders face and provides recommended management practices to alleviate soil-related constraints, and increase and sustain crop yield and production. It discusses the cultural, economic, social, and technological aspects of sustainable soil management for smallholder farmers. It then examines soil-related and institutional constraints, principles of sustainable agriculture, soil quality improvement, nutrieTrade Review"This book puts forth a management program for small farmers to ease soil-related constraints. The contributing authors consider cultural, economic, social, and technological issues associated with sustainable management of the soil."—Ringgold, Inc. Book News, February 2015Table of ContentsSoil-related constraints to smallholder agriculture. Smallholder agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa. Subsistence farming in India. Resource-poor farmers of Central America and the Caribbeans. Technological options for alleviating soil-related constraints of resource-poor farmers. Nutrient management in soils of the tropics. Improving soil quality. Principles of sustainable agriculture. Managing soil fertility in dry region. Soil C sequestration and the human dimensions. Organic vs. inorganic soil nutrients. Sustainable soil management as an engine of economic development. Competing uses of crop residues. Soil security for resource-poor farmers. Soil biology and ecology. The human dimensions. Economics of crop production. Enhancing resource-use efficiency. Institutional constraints. Towards improving agronomic production. Research and development priorities.

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Book SynopsisProvides readily understandable information about the bacteria, fungi, nematodes and other soil organisms that not only harm food crops but also help them take up water and nutrients and protect them from root diseases. Complete with illustrations and practical case studies, it provides growers with holistic solutions for building an active and diverse soil biological community.

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Book SynopsisThe assessment of sediment quality is an important concern for environmental regulators. Written by experts in the field, this title provides coverage of sediment sampling; sample preparation; chemical analysis; ecotoxicology; bioaccumulation; biomarkers; and ecological assessment. In addition, detailed appendices describe protocols for many of the tests to be used.

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Book SynopsisA landslide is a major geological hazard, which poses a serious threat to the global human population and various infrastructures like highways, rail routes and civil structures like dams, buildings and others. Landslides occur very often during other major natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods and volcanoes. The word landslide represents only a type of movement that is a slide. However, it is generally used as a term to cover all the types of land movements including falls, creeps, spreads, flows and other complex movements. Geological risk is a relatively new and not fully explored concept. There are many definitions of geological risk. Oftentimes, a scientific study or a scientific approach to the problem begins with a presentation of the author''s position and the choice of the definition of geological risk for this problem. One of the most common approaches defines risk as the expectation of the damage, or the product of the probability of possible hazardous events on the damage produced. The problem with landslide risk management is that it is seen as a series of events leading to landslide risk reduction. It includes landslide monitoring, mapping, landslide forecast, engineering, slope strengthening, insurance and others. Strictly speaking, geological risk management includes: 1. Risk analysis and assessment; 2. Risk mapping (for the purposes of management); 3. Methods of risk management: a) regulatory normative-legal methods; b) organisational and administrative methods; c) economic methods (direct and indirect); d) insurance; e) engineering and technical methods - active and passive (monitoring); 4. Concept of acceptable risk. This monograph is devoted to landslide research based on the concept risk analysis, assessment, management and reduction.

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