Sedimentology and pedology Books

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Book SynopsisHow has it come to this point in our history that we hardly value the food we eat and the soil that it's grown in? How is it that we care so little how food production impacts animals and the environment?Industrial farming has transformed Britain's rural landscapes, increasing crop yields and reducing hunger. Yet this has all come at a terrible ecological cost. It is both a miracle and a disaster'.Six Inches of Soil, the film and this companion book, is the inspiring story of three British farmers standing up to the industrial food system and transforming the way they produce food to heal the soil, benefit our health and provide for local communities.Six Inches of Soil is a story of courage, vision and hope. This book is not just for farmers. Reconnecting with our food, and regenerating our soils, ourselves and our communities benefits everyone and needs everyone to be involved. We want to inspire farmers with the confidence and practical know-how to adopt regenerative farming approac

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Book SynopsisGrazing management might seem simple: just put livestock in a pasture and let them eat their fill. However, as Sarah Flack explains in The Art and Science of Grazing, the pasture/livestock relationship is incredibly complex. If a farmer doesn’t pay close attention to how the animals are grazing, the resulting poorly managed grazing system can be harmful to the health of the livestock, pasture plants, and soils. Well-managed pastures can instead create healthier animals, a diverse and resilient pasture ecosystem, and other benefits. Flack delves deeply below the surface of “let the cows eat grass,” demonstrating that grazing management is a sophisticated science that requires mastery of plant and animal physiology, animal behavior, and ecology. She also shows readers that applying grazing management science on a working farm is an art form that calls on grass farmers to be careful observers, excellent planners and record-keepers, skillful interpreters of their observations, and creative troubleshooters. The Art and Science of Grazing will allow farmers to gain a solid understanding of the key principles of grazing management so they can both design and manage successful grazing systems. The book’s unique approach presents information first from the perspective of pasture plants, and then from the livestock perspective—helping farmers understand both plant and animal needs before setting up a grazing system. This book is an essential guide for ruminant farmers who want to be able to create grazing systems that meet the needs of their livestock, pasture plants, soils, and the larger ecosystem. The book discusses all the practical details that are critical for sustained success: how to set up a new system or improve existing systems; acreage calculations; paddock layout; fence and drinking water access; lanes and other grazing infrastructure; managing livestock movement and flow; soil fertility; seeding and reseeding pastures; and more. The author includes descriptions of real grazing systems working well on dairy, beef, goat, and sheep farms in different regions of North America. The book covers pasture requirements specific to organic farming, but will be of use to both organic and non-organic farms.Trade ReviewCHOICE- "This is a great book. After reading this work, the reviewer felt as if he could almost start his own grazing system; the title provides readers with the right questions to ask. Flack (a consultant on grazing and organic livestock) is a concise and articulate author and educator. She knows the value of telling a simple story and supporting it with relevant illustrations. She has an elegant style and knows how to use the power of repetition to show how no part of grazing management is wholly independent. She has biases with respect to the best grazing management, but is evenhanded in presenting multiple alternatives to grazing issues. Her case studies are aptly chosen to illustrate how the grazing management she advocates can be both sustainable and profitable. Each chapter plays a role and successively builds on the knowledge previously gained. As a manual for introducing good land stewardship, this book admirably succeeds. Summing Up: Highly recommended. All readers.”“I have long been fascinated by the logic of André Voisin’s system of Rational Grazing. Sarah Flack’s book has persuaded me that this could be a practical option for my own micro-dairy holding.”--Simon Fairlie, author of Meat“It gives me pleasure to recommend Sarah Flack’s The Art and Science of Grazing. Sarah offers sound practical information for management of pastures in humid environments. Her years of experience and study allow her to explain the limitations of rotational grazing that were first highlighted by Andre Voisin and to confirm the soundness of Voisin’s Rational Grazing.”--Allan Savory, president, Savory Institute“With feet firmly planted in both practice and science, Sarah Flack introduces pasture-based livestock production in a way that is sure to encourage and empower.”--Joel Salatin, author of Salad Bar Beef“The Art and Science of Grazing is a beautiful and highly useful book. Read it, learn how to manage pasture well, then do it! Sarah Flack’s good counsel can save your farm and family and bring you happiness. What else is there?”--Bill Murphy, author of Greener Pastures on Your Side of the Fence“Amidst the flood of information on modern grass farming, Sarah Flack performs nothing short of a rescue operation, distilling the art and science of grazing into an immensely useful book. Experienced hands will learn plenty, but newcomers won’t be overwhelmed. The Art and Science of Grazing is sure to become one of the most well-worn books on graziers’ bookshelves.”--Fred Walters, publisher, Acres U.S.A.“Sarah Flack has written a wonderful guide to sustainable grazing. She discusses fundamental principles and specific practices that make her book meaningful for anyone interested in the art and science of grazing.”--Fred Provenza, professor emeritus, Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University “More and more farmers and ranchers are thirsting for information on animal husbandry that truly protects and regenerates natural resources while enhancing economic viability. Sarah Flack is answering the call. In a readable, user-friendly format, her book provides concrete information and plenty of inspiration. An invaluable resource for anyone raising grazing animals.”--Nicolette Niman, author of Defending Beef“Sarah Flack’s The Art and Science of Grazing is an excellent guide for anyone with an interest in the regenerative potential of livestock grazing done right. Whether you are a farmer, rancher, conscientious consumer of meat, or concerned citizen of the planet, Flack’s clear, concise prose explains how good grazing is a natural fit in our world.”--Courtney White, author of Two Percent Solutions for the Planet“Intelligently managed grazing has tremendous potential to mitigate climate turmoil, and The Art and Science of Grazing contains everything you need to know to do the very best job of grazing. Sarah Flack explores every aspect of holistic pasture management in a most delightful manner that will help all who consult her book, from beginners to the most experienced graziers, to achieve their maximum potential in healing the Earth with livestock and land.”--Jack Lazor, author of The Organic Grain Grower“The Art and Science of Grazing is a comprehensive guide for new and experienced graziers. If I had to choose one book as a reference on grazing for both new and experienced livestock graziers, this would be it. The book is well organized, containing many excellent illustrations and beautiful photographs. Sarah Flack shares her knowledge on all aspects of grazing with emphasis on key principles that apply to all farms in humid regions. Multiple case studies provide interest and wisdom gained by farmers who have developed diverse, successful grazing operations throughout the country.”--Guy Jodarski, DVM, CROPP Cooperative/Organic Valley

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Book Synopsis* Fully revised and updated to provide a comprehensive introduction to soil science. * Covers all aspects of soil science including soil habitat, processes in the soil environment and soil management. * Emphasizes the applications of soil science to the solution of practical problems in soil and land management.Trade Review"Has the edge on other introductory general soil science texts because it is up to date, comprehensive, isn't too long, has a wide geographic appeal, and most of all, is based on soil, well understood and well-explained science." Geoderma "Principles and Practice of Soil Science provides a current and comprehensive introduction to soil science for students in the fields of environmental and agricultural science, ecology, soil and land management, natural resource management and environmental engineering." Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment "This clearly presented fourth edition, liberally illustrated with figures, graphs, tables and colour photographs is well suited to educate a wide audience about soil." Experimental Agriculture Third edition: "The strongest competition is in the introductory textbook area, and as an example of this genre this comprehensive up-to-date text is probably the best around" Alex McBratney - European Journal of Soil Science - Sept 1998 "...the author deserves to be congratulated on the production of the third edition of a well respected and useful book which I am pleased to have on my shelf." Tom Batey - EJSS - 1998 Second Edition "The book is an excellent compilation of soil science concepts and principles, skilfully accomplished in 244 page, including a very generous use of figures, graphs and tables within each chapter." Leon J Johnson - Soil Science Sept 1988 "I will be happy to recommend this new edition, just as I recommended the first, as the preferred text for students taking introductory courses in soil science." K. A. Smith - New Phytologist - 1987 First Edition "This clearly written and attractive publication on basic concepts of the properties and behaviour of soils is written for students in soil science as well as for those whose main interest lies in agriculture, forestry, ecology or geography" Bulletin of International Society of Soil Science - 1980 "In short, it would be difficult to conceive of any initial course of instruction on soils which would not benefit from use of this original and refreshing presentation." R. T. Smith - Teaching Geography - 1980 "A most useful book for first or second year soil courses in Geography" D. J. Briggs - Earth Surface Processes - 1981 "In general the choice of material is excellent, covering all major areas of interest" P.B. Tinker - New Phytologist 1981 "It is very well written and produced with excellent and copious illustrations and suggestions for further reading ... It is an important addition to the literature at this level." D. Payne - Journal of Biological Education - 1980 "For those teachers, for whom White's Principles and Practice of Soil Science has been and remains their choice of textbook, this new edition will be most welcome...it is now more international in appeal and teachers anywhere in the world are likely to find it valuable. If you are thinking of changing your teaching text, then I suggest that you give this new edition a close look, it has much to commend it." European Journal of Soil Science, April 2006Table of ContentsPreface. Part 1: The Soil Habitat. 1 Introduction to the Soil. 2 The Mineral Component of the Soil. 3 Soil Organisms and Organic Matter. 4 Peds and Pores. Part 2: Processes in the Soil Environment. 5 Soil Formation. 6 Hydrology, Soil Water and Temperature. 7 Reactions at Surfaces. 8 Soil Aeration. 9 Processes in Profile Development. 10 Nutrient Cycling. Part 3: Soil Management. 11 Maintenance of Soil Productivity. 12 Fertilizers and Pesticides. 13 Problem Soils. 14 Soil Information Systems. Index

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Groundwater: The Big Picture 2. Physical Properties 3. Principles of Flow 4. Field Exploration and Wells 5. Hydrology and Geology 6. Modeling Steady Flow with Basic Methods 7. Deformation and Storage 8. Modeling Transient Flow with Basic Methods 9. Computer-Assisted Flow Modeling 10. Groundwater Chemistry 11. Groundwater Contamination 12. Subsurface Heat Flow and Geothermal Energy Appendix A. Units and Conversions B. Mathematics Primer C. Book Internet site

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Book SynopsisThis book is unique in providing a comprehensive, up-to-date synthesis of what is known about soil biodiversity and the factors that regulate its distribution, as well as the functional significance of below-ground biodiversity for ecosystem form and function. It describes the vast diversity of biota that live in the soil environment - the most complex habitat on Earth - and discusses the factors that act as determinants of this diversity across different spatial and temporal scales. The Biology of Soil also considers how biotic interactions in soil influence the important soil processes of decomposition and nutrient cycling . It demonstrates how interactions and feedbacks between diverse plant and soil communities act as important drivers of ecosystem form and function. The importance of these relationships for understanding how ecosystems respond to global change phenomena, including climate change, is discussed in depth. Much is still to be learned about the soil biota and their rolTrade ReviewI recommend this book to soil ecologists across a range of expertise and to soil and environmental scientists who want to increase their understanding of the role of soil biota in ecosystem processes. * European Journal of Science, 58, 1213-1220 *Our understanding of how soils function is rapidly growing and this small, easily read book will bring everyone up to date, backed up by an impressive bibliography...as an introductory text it is excellent. Peter Thomas, Bulletin of the British Ecological Society 2006, 37:2... this book has immense potential as a core key teaching resource for instructing ecology students about the importance of soils and aboveground-belowground feedbacks. In addition to recommending this as a teaching text, I strongly recommend The Biology of Soil to any ecologist who does not actively work in soils and wants to learn more about their fascinating ecology. * Trends in Ecology and Evolution and Evolution *Table of ContentsPreface and acknowledgements ; 1. The soil environment ; 2. The diversity of life in soil ; 3. Organism interactions and soil processes ; 4. Linkages between plant and soil biological communities ; 5. Above-ground trophic interactions and soil biological communities ; 6. Soil biological properties and global change ; 7. Conclusions ; Bibliography ; Index

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Book SynopsisFor much of history, soil has played a major, and often central, role in the lives of humans. Entire societies have risen, and collapsed, through the management or mismanagement of soil; farmers and gardeners worldwide nurture their soil to provide their plants with water, nutrients, and protection from pests and diseases; major battles have been aborted or stalled by the condition of soil; murder trials have been solved with evidence from the soil; and, for most of us, our ultimate fate is the soil. In this book Richard Bardgett discusses soil and the many, and sometimes surprising, ways that humanity has depended on it throughout history, and still does today. Analysing the role soil plays in our own lives, despite increasing urbanization, and in the biogeochemical cycles that allow the planet to function effectively, Bardgett considers how superior soil management could combat global issues such as climate change, food shortages, and the extinction of species. Looking to the future, Bardgett argues that it is vital for the future of humanity for governments worldwide to halt soil degradation, and to put in place policies for the future sustainable management of soils.Trade Reviewhighly readable and authoritative book * Network Review *Richard Bardgett is one of the most eloquent and knowledgeable of the soil scientists who have cotnributed to the current enthusiasm about soils ... a must read * Wim H. van der Putten, Trends in Ecology & Evolution *In conclusion this is an excellent, concise and very well written text which should be read by as wide a readership as possible, not just Soil Scientists. Soil Scientists will find this text interesting, non-Soil Scientist will find it fascinating! * IUSS Bulletin *Table of ContentsIntroduction ; 1. Soil and the Distant Past ; 2. Soil and Biodiversity ; 3. Soil and the Grower ; 4. Soil and the City ; 6. Soil and War ; 7. Soil and Climate Change ; 8. Soil and the Future

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Book SynopsisThe citrus industry is one of the world's most important fruit production industries, but global climate change, pests, diseases, and improper handling are affecting plant yields. Citrus Production: Technological Advancements and Adaptation to Changing Climate presents information on advancements in the citrus industry examining various aspects of citrus from its production to harvest. It looks at the challenges and approaches in stress tolerance improvements, increasing citrus crop productivity, and reducing postharvest losses. The book details taxonomy, genetic diversity, and metabolic and molecular responses in citrus crops, as well as abiotic and biotic stresses affecting citrus production. Featuring numerous full-color illustrations throughout, this book poses new harvesting techniques along with postharvest physiology of citrus fruits, devising strategies to prevent crop losses.Citrus Production: Technological Advancements and Adaptation to Changing Climate is an essential resource for researchers, academicians, and scientists looking to expand their knowledge of citrus, particularly horticulturists, food scientists, and botanists.Table of ContentsCitrus Taxonomy. Challenges to the Citrus Industry. Part I: Genetic Diversity in Citrus. Challenges and Advances in Citrus Breeding. Genetic Improvement in Citrus. Part II: Abiotic Stresses and Citrus: Physiology, Metabolic and Molecular Responses. Citrus Response and Tolerance against Salinity. Drought. Water Logging. Temperature Stress. Light Stress. Heavy Metals. Nutritional Imbalance. Part IV: Recent Biotic Stresses Faced by Citrus Production. Citrus Greening. Citrus Response to Diseases. Insects that Threaten Citrus Production. Part V: Harvest and Postharvest Challenges. Harvesting Factors that Influence Citrus Production. Preharvest Conditions that Influence Postharvest Losses. Post-harvest Physiology and Quality Maintenance of Citrus Fruit. The Supply Value Chain of Fresh Citrus Fruit. Citrus Nutritional Value and Human Health.

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Book SynopsisAcross the world, the risks of wildfires are increasing and expanding. Due to past and current human actions, we dwell in the age of fire the Pyrocene and the many challenges and climate adaptation questions it provokes. Exploring our past and current relationships with fire, this book speculates on the pyro futures yet to be designed and cared for.Drawing upon fieldwork, mapping, drone imagery, and interviews, this publication curates 27 global design case studies within the vulnerable and dynamic wildland-urban interface and its adjacent wildlands. The book catalogs these examples into three approaches: those that resist the creative and transformative power of fire and forces of landscape change, those that embrace and utilize those forces, and those that intentionally try to retreat and minimize human intervention in fire-prone landscapes. Rather than serving as a book of neatly packaged solutions, it is a book of techniques to be considered, tested, and evaluated in a Trade Review"It’s no longer enough to live with fire. We have to live with a fire age. That requires new thinking, novel classifications, fresh metaphors and models, a vision of what can happen where fire, town, and country converge, so it’s great to see what landscape architects have to say. Design by Fire is a welcome contribution to an urgent problem." Stephen Pyne, ASU, author of The Pyrocene"Design by Fire is the essential guidebook and atlas for the pyro-future that is already here. Whether homeowner, concerned citizen, designer, or policymaker, you will find in these extraordinarily researched and illustrated pages a foundation for understanding – and living in – the world to come." Alexander Robinson, USC School of Architecture, author of The Spoils of Dust: Reinventing the Lake that Made Los Angeles"Design by Fire is a necessary book for all landscape architects and planners. The insightful interviews, succinct strategies, and emphasis on co-creative approaches structure the book, while the authors challenge us to grapple with current practices. They help us imagine a future in which reparations can bring traditional ecological knowledge to the forefront and imbue us with a culture of stewardship." Miho Mazereeuw, MIT, Director of the Urban Risk LabTable of ContentsIntroduction 1. Stewarding Change 2. Landscapes of Fire 3. Pyric Lexicon Approaches to Designing with Fire 4. Resistance 5. Co-Creation 6. Retreat Epilogue 7. Pyro Futures

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Book SynopsisAn inspiring vision for restoring the soil that feeds us all and turns agriculture into a solution for environmental crises.Trade Review"How can humanity feed its burgeoning billions when one-third of agricultural soil is degraded? Pondering that question propelled geologist David Montgomery on a three-decade, six-continent survey of farmland. The insights gleaned add nuance to his pointed critiques of agrotechnology and organic farming, but it's the findings on rapid soil restoration that compel." -- Nature"Brilliant, well researched, eloquent, and deeply hopeful." -- Denis Hayes, founder of Earth Day"David Montgomery... is one of our most eloquent and precise earth science communicators... [He] has a knack for opening our minds to large, critically important questions." -- New Scientist"A wise and grounded book — restored soils are the solution." -- Jules N. Pretty, Professor of Environment and Society, University of Essex, UK"Growing a Revolution presents a clear-eyed examination of a solution to the challenges we face in feeding the world. A joy to read with the bounce and flow of a great biography. I couldn’t recommend it more." -- Jerry Harrison, keyboardist and guitarist, Talking Heads"Montgomery has written another classic. Growing a Revolution is one of the most important books ever written—an engaging and revealing service to human society and our planet." -- Amir Kassam, professor of agriculture, policy and development, University of Reading, UK"This is a such an important book... thanks to those who told me to read it... Everyone interested in what we should eat and how we should farm should read it." -- James Rebanks

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Extraction of organic compounds from soil 2. Organic compounds in soils 3. Insecticides and herbicides in soils 4. Organometallic compounds in soils 5. Extraction of organic compounds from sediments 6. Organic compounds in non-saline sediments 7. Organometallic compounds in non-saline sediments 8. Organic compounds in saline marine and estuarine sediments 9. Organometallic compounds in saline sediments 10. Organic compounds in sludges 11. Organometallic compounds in sludges

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Book SynopsisAn updated text exploring the properties of the soil microbial community Today, the environmentally oriented specialties of microbiology are shifting from considering a single or a few microbial species to focusing on the entire microbial community and its interactions.? The third edition of Soil Microbiology has been fully revised and updated to reflect this change, with a new focus on microbial communities and how they impact global ecology. The third edition still provides thorough coverage of basic soil microbiology principles, yet the textbook also expands students'' understanding of the role the soil microbial community plays in global environmental health and human health. They can also learn more about the techniques used to conduct analysis at this level. Readers will benefit from the edition''s expanded use of figures and tables as well as the recommendations for further reading found within each chapter. Considers the impactTable of ContentsPreface xv Introduction 1 1 Soil Ecosystems: Physical and Chemical Boundaries 5 1.1 Soil as an Ecosystem 11 1.1.1 Soil System Function 12 1.1.2 Soil Formation and the Microbial Community 15 1.1.3 Implications of Definition of the Soil Ecosystem 18 1.2 The Micro-ecosystem 19 1.2.1 Interaction of Individual Soil Components with the Biotic System 19 1.2.2 Aboveground and Belowground Communities and Soil Ecosystem Synergistic Development 31 1.3 The Macro-ecosystem 37 1.4 Concluding Comments 39 2 The Soil Ecosystem: Biological Participants 45 2.1 The Living Soil Component 45 2.1.1 Biological and Genetic Implications of Occurrence of Living Cells in Soil 46 2.1.2 Implications of Microbial Properties for Handling of Soil Samples 55 2.2 Measurement of Soil Microbial Biomass 56 2.2.1 Direct Counting Methods 58 2.2.2 ATP Measure of Soil Microbial Biomass 59 2.2.3 Soil Aerobic Respiration Measurements 60 2.2.4 Chloroform Fumigation (Extraction and Incubation) Technique 61 2.2.5 Limitations of Microbial Biomass Measurements 64 2.3 The Nature of Soil Inhabitants 65 2.4 Autecology and Soil Microbiology 66 2.4.1 Limitations to Autecological Research 67 2.4.2 Autecological Methods 67 2.4.3 PCR for Quantification of Soil Microbes 72 2.4.4 Expression of Population Density per Unit of Soil 78 2.4.5 Products of Soil Autecological Research 78 2.5 Principles and Products of Synecological Research 79 2.6 Interphase Between Study of Individual and Community Microbiology 80 2.7 Concluding Comments 81 3 Microbial Diversity of Soil Ecosystems 89 3.1 Classical Culture-Based Studies of Soil Microbial Diversity 90 3.1.1 Value of Culture-Based Studies of Soil Microbial Diversity 90 3.1.2 Limitations of Culture-Based Studies of Soil Microbial Diversity 90 3.1.3 The Challenge of Defining Bacterial Species 91 3.1.4 Alternatives to Bacterial Strain Isolation 92 3.2 Surrogate Measures of Soil Microbial Diversity 92 3.3 Diversity Surrogates: Physiological Profiling 93 3.3.1 Physiological Profiling of Isolates 93 3.3.2 Community-Level Physiological Profiling 94 3.3.3 Value of Community-Level Physiological Profiling 95 3.3.4 Limitations of Community Level Physiological Profiling 95 3.4 Diversity Surrogates: Phospholipid Fatty Acid Analysis 96 3.4.1 PLFA Analysis of Isolates 96 3.4.2 Community PLFA Analysis 97 3.4.3 Value of PLFA Analysis 98 3.4.4 Limitations of PFLA Analysis 98 3.5 Nucleic Acid-Based Analyses of Soil Microbial Diversity 98 3.5.1 Nucleic Acid Based Analysis of Isolates 99 3.5.2 Community Nucleic Acid Analysis 99 3.5.3 DNA Extraction 100 3.5.4 Analysis of Community DNA 101 3.6 PCR-Based Methods 101 3.6.1 Clone Library Sequencing 101 3.6.2 DNA-Based Fingerprinting Techniques 102 3.6.3 High-Throughput Amplicon Sequencing 103 3.6.4 Limitations of PCR-Based Methods 105 3.7 Metagenomics 105 3.7.1 Limitations of Metagenomics 106 3.8 Conclusions: Utility and Limitations of Diversity Analysis Procedures 107 4 Energy Transformations Supporting Growth and Survival of Soil Microbes 115 4.1 Microbial Growth Kinetics in Soil 116 4.2 Microbial Growth Phases: Laboratory-Observed Microbial Growth Compared to Soil Population Dynamics 120 4.3 Mathematical Representation of Soil Microbial Growth 126 4.4 Uncoupling Energy Production from Microbial Biomass Synthesis 130 4.5 Implications of Microbial Energy and Carbon Transformation Capacities for Soil Biological Processes 132 4.5.1 Energy Acquisition in Soil Ecosystems 132 4.5.2 Microbial Contribution to Soil Energy and Carbon Transformation 136 4.6 Concluding Comments 143 5 Process Control in Soil 149 5.1 Microbial Response to Abiotic Limitations: General Considerations 151 5.1.1 Definition of Limitations to Biological Activity 151 5.1.2 Elucidation of Limiting Factors in Soil 153 5.2 Impact of Individual Soil Properties on Microbial Activity 157 5.2.1 Availability of Nutrients 158 5.2.2 Soil Water 164 5.2.3 Aeration 172 5.2.4 Redox Potential 173 5.2.5 pH 175 5.2.6 Temperature 178 5.3 Microbial Adaptation to Abiotic Stress 180 5.4 Concluding Comments 181 6 Soil Enzymes: Basic Principles and Their Applications 185 6.1 A Philosophical Basis for the Study of Soil Enzymes 187 6.2 Basic Soil Enzyme Properties 192 6.3 Principles of Enzyme Assays 196 6.4 Enzyme Kinetics 202 6.5 Distribution of Enzymes in Soil Organic Components 206 6.6 Ecology of Extracellular Enzymes 210 6.7 Concluding Comments 212 7 Microbial Interactions and Community Development and Resilience 217 7.1 Common Concepts of Microbial Community Interaction 220 7.2 Classes of Biological Interactions 222 7.2.1 Neutralism 223 7.2.2 Positive Biological Interactions 223 7.2.3 Negative Biological Interactions 227 7.3 Trophic Interactions and Nutrient Cycling 235 7.3.1 Soil Flora and Fauna 235 7.3.2 Earthworms: Mediators of Multilevel Mutualism 238 7.4 Importance of Microbial Interactions to Overall Biological Community Development 239 7.5 Management of Soil Microbial Populations 241 7.6 Concluding Comments: Implications of Soil Microbial Interactions 242 8 The Rhizosphere/Mycorrhizosphere 251 8.1 The Rhizosphere 252 8.1.1 The Microbial Community 254 8.1.2 Sampling Rhizosphere Soil 256 8.1.3 Plant Contributions to the Rhizosphere Ecosystem 258 8.1.4 Benefits to Plants Resulting from Rhizosphere Populations 263 8.1.5 Plant Pathogens in the Rhizosphere 264 8.1.6 Manipulation of Rhizosphere Populations 265 8.2 Mycorrhizal Associations 268 8.2.1 Mycorrhizae in the Soil Community 271 8.2.2 Symbiont Benefits from Mycorrhizal Development 273 8.2.3 Environmental Considerations 275 8.3 The Mycorrhizosphere 276 8.4 Conclusion 278 9 Introduction to the Biogeochemical Cycles 287 9.1 Introduction to Conceptual and Mathematical Models of Biogeochemical Cycles 289 9.1.1 Development and Utility of Conceptual Models 290 9.1.2 Mathematical Modeling of Biogeochemical Cycles 295 9.2 Specific Models of Biogeochemical Cycles and Their Application 297 9.2.1 The Environmental Connection 300 9.2.2 Interconnectedness of Biogeochemical Cycle Processes 302 9.3 Biogeochemical Cycles as Sources of Plant Nutrients for Ecosystem Sustenance 306 9.4 General Processes and Participants in Biogeochemical Cycles 307 9.5 Measurement of Biogeochemical Processes: What Data Are Useful? 309 9.5.1 Assessment of Biological Activities Associated with Biogeochemical Cycling 309 9.5.2 Soil Sampling Aspects of Assessment of Biogeochemical Cycling Rates 310 9.5.3 Environmental Impact of Nutrient Cycles 311 9.5.4 Example of Complications in Assessing Soil Nutrient Cycling: Nitrogen Mineralization 312 9.6 Conclusions 315 10 The Carbon Cycle 321 10.1 Environmental Implications of the Soil Carbon Cycle 323 10.1.1 Soils as a Source or Sink for Carbon Dioxide and Methane 324 10.1.2 Diffusion of Soil Carbon Dioxide to the Atmosphere 325 10.1.3 Managing Soils to Augment Organic Matter Contents 327 10.1.4 Carbon Recycling in Soil Systems 328 10.2 Biochemical Aspects of the Soil Carbon Cycle 329 10.2.1 Individual Components of Soil Organic Carbon Pools 330 10.2.2 Analysis of Soil Organic Carbon Fractions 337 10.2.3 Structural versus Functional Analysis 339 10.2.4 Microbial Mediators of Soil Carbon Cycle Processes 342 10.3 Kinetics of Soil Carbon Transformations 344 10.4 Conclusions: Management of the Soil Carbon Cycle 348 11 The Nitrogen Cycle: Mineralization, Immobilization, and Nitrification 355 11.1 Nitrogen Mineralization 359 11.1.1 Soil Organic Nitrogen Resources 359 11.1.2 Assessment of Nitrogen Mineralization 361 11.2 Nitrogen Immobilization 362 11.2.1 Process Definition and Organisms Involved 362 11.2.2 Impact of Nitrogen Immobilization Processes on Plant Communities 362 11.2.3 Measurement of Soil Nitrogen Immobilization Rates 365 11.3 Quantitative Description of Nitrogen Mineralization Kinetics 366 11.4 Microbiology of Mineralization 370 11.5 Environmental Influences on Nitrogen Mineralization 370 11.6 Nitrification 372 11.6.1 Identity of Bacterial Species that Nitrify 373 11.6.2 Benefits to the Microorganism from Nitrification 374 11.6.3 Quantification of Nitrifiers in Soil Samples 374 11.6.4 Discrepancies between Population Enumeration Data and Field Nitrification Rates 376 11.6.5 Sources of Ammonium and Nitrite for Nitrifiers 377 11.6.6 Environmental Properties Limiting Nitrification 377 11.7 Concluding Observations: Control of the Internal Soil Nitrogen Cycle 381 12 Nitrogen Fixation: The Gateway to Soil Nitrogen Cycling 389 12.1 Biochemistry of Nitrogen Fixation 391 12.1.1 The Process 391 12.1.2 The Enzyme, Nitrogenase 394 12.1.3 Measurement of Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Culture and in the Field 396 12.2 General Properties of Soil Diazotrophs 401 12.2.1 Free-Living Diazotrophs 401 12.2.2 Examples of Function of Nonsymbiotic Diazotrophs in Soil Ecosystems 404 12.2.3 Diazotrophs in Rhizosphere Populations 404 12.2.4 Dizaotrophs in Flooded Ecosystems 408 12.3 Conclusions 409 13 Biological Nitrogen Fixation 415 13.1 Rhizobium–Legume Symbioses 416 13.1.1 Grouping of Rhizobial Strains 416 13.1.2 Rhizobial Contributions to Nitrogen Fixation 418 13.1.3 Nodulation of Legumes 419 13.1.4 Plant Control of Nodule Formation 423 13.2 Manipulation of Rhizobium–Legume Symbioses for Ecosystem Management 424 13.3 Rhizobial Inoculation Procedures 426 13.3.1 Inocula Delivery Systems 426 13.3.2 Survival of Rhizobial Inocula 427 13.3.3 Biological Interactions in Legume Nodulation 432 13.4 Nodule Occupants: Indigenous vs Foreign 432 13.5 Actinorhizal Associations 434 13.6 Conclusions 436 14 Denitrification 447 14.1 Pathways for Biological Reduction of Soil Nitrate 448 14.2 Biochemical Properties of Denitrification 450 14.2.1 Carbon and Energy Sources for Denitrifiers 450 14.2.2 Induction of Synthesis of Nitrogen Oxide Reductases 451 14.3 Environmental Implications of Nitrous Oxide Formation 452 14.4 Microbiology of Denitrification 453 14.4.1 Assessment of Soil Denitrifier Populations 453 14.4.2 General Traits of Denitrifiers 454 14.4.3 Generic Identity of Denitrifiers 455 14.5 Quantification of Nitrogen Losses from an Ecosystem via Denitrification 456 14.5.1 Nitrogen Balance Studies 456 14.5.2 Use of Nitrogen Isotopes to Trace Soil Nitrogen Transformations 458 14.5.3 Soil Nitrogen Oxide Transformations 459 14.5.4 Acetylene Block Method for Assessing Denitrification Processes in Soil 460 14.6 Environmental Factors Controlling Denitrification Rates 462 14.6.1 Nature and Amount of Organic Matter 462 14.6.2 Nitrate Concentration 464 14.6.3 Aeration/Moisture 464 14.6.4 pH 465 14.6.5 Temperature 466 14.6.6 Interaction of Limitations to Denitrification in Soil Systems 467 14.7 Conclusions 467 15 Fundamentals of the Sulfur, Phosphorus, and Mineral Cycles 477 15.1 Sulfur in the Soil Ecosystem 477 15.2 Biogeochemical Cycling of Sulfur in Soil 479 15.3 Biological Sulfur Oxidation 482 15.3.1 Microbiology of Sulfur Oxidation 482 15.3.2 Environmental Conditions Affecting Sulfur Oxidation 486 15.4 Biological Sulfur Reduction 488 15.4.1 Anaerobic Biodegradation 490 15.4.2 Reducing Acidity of Acid Mine Drainage 490 15.4.3 Reduction of Complications of Metal Contamination in Soil 490 15.5 Mineralization and Assimilation of Sulfurous Substances 491 15.6 The Phosphorus Cycle 492 15.7 Microbially Catalyzed Soil Metal Cycling 494 15.7.1 Interactions of Soil Metals with Living Systems 495 15.7.2 Microbial Response to Elevated Metal Loading 497 15.7.3 Microbial Modifications of Metal Mobility in Soils 498 15.7.4 Managing Soils Contaminated with Toxic Metals 501 15.8 Conclusion 502 16 Soil Microbes: Optimizers of Soil System Sustainability and Reparation of Damaged Soils 511 16.1 Foundational Concepts of Bioremediation 514 16.1.1 Bioremediation Defined 514 16.1.2 Conceptual Unity of Bioremediation Science 515 16.1.3 Complexity of Remediation Questions 516 16.2 The Microbiology of Bioremediation 517 16.2.1 Microbes as Soil Remediators 518 16.2.2 Substrate–Decomposer Interactions 519 16.2.3 Microbial Inoculation for Bioremediation 528 16.3 Soil Properties Controlling Bioremediation 532 16.3.1 Physical and Chemical Delimiters of Biological Activities 532 16.3.2 Sequestration and Sorption Limitations to Bioavailability 536 16.4 Concluding Observations 538 Concluding Challenge 545 Index 549

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Book SynopsisThis fourth edition builds on the success of previous editions and for the first time is produced in full colour throughout with improved photos and diagrams. It retains its popular pocket size and is an essential buy for all students working in the field.Trade Review"All in all, this is a fine and improved field guide for the geoscientist, befitting a fourth edition." (Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, 4 November 2012)Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgements xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Tools of the Trade 1 1.2 Other Tools for the Field 3 1.3 Use of GPS (Global Positioning System) in Sedimentary Studies 4 1.4 Safety in the Field and General Guidance for Fieldwork 5 2 Field Techniques 9 2.1 What to Look For 9 2.2 The Approach 11 2.3 Field Notes 12 2.4 Graphic Logs 13 2.5 The Logging of Cores 19 2.6 Lithofacies Codes 20 2.7 Collecting Specimens 22 2.8 Presentation of Results 22 2.9 The Way-Up of Sedimentary Strata 24 2.10 Stratigraphic Practice 26 3 Sedimentary Rock Types 35 3.1 Principal Lithological Groups 35 3.2 Sandstones 38 3.3 Conglomerates and Breccias 44 3.4 Mudrocks 46 3.5 Limestones 47 3.6 Evaporites 59 3.7 Ironstones 63 3.8 Cherts 65 3.9 Phosphate Deposits (Phosphorites) 67 3.10 Organic-Rich Deposits 68 3.11 Volcaniclastic Deposits 70 4 Sedimentary Rock Texture 85 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Sediment Grain-Size and Sorting 85 4.3 Grain Morphology 89 4.4 Sediment Fabric 91 4.5 Textural Maturity 94 4.6 Texture of Conglomerates and Breccias 95 4.7 Induration and Degree of Weathering 97 4.8 Colour of Sedimentary Rocks 99 5 Sedimentary Structures and Geometry of Sedimentary Deposits 105 5.1 Introduction 105 5.2 Erosional Structures 105 5.3 Depositional Structures 111 5.4 Depositional Structures of Limestones (Including Dolomites) 145 5.5 Post-Depositional Sedimentary Structures 157 5.6 Biogenic Sedimentary Structures 172 5.7 The Geometry of Sedimentary Deposits and Lateral Facies Changes 187 6 Fossils in the Field 193 6.1 Introduction 193 6.2 Fossil Distribution and Occurrence 197 6.3 Fossil Associations and Diversity 202 6.4 Skeletal Preservation (Taphonomy) and Diagenesis 206 7 Palaeocurrent Analysis 211 7.1 Introduction 211 7.2 Palaeocurrent Measurements 211 7.3 Structures for Palaeocurrent Measurement 217 7.4 Presentation of Results and Calculation of Vector Means 220 7.5 Interpretation of the Palaeocurrent Pattern 222 8 What Next? Facies Identification and Sequence Analysis 225 8.1 Introduction 225 8.2 Facies Analysis 225 8.3 Facies, Facies Models and Depositional Environments 227 8.4 Cycle Stratigraphy and Sequence Stratigraphy 228 Recommended Reading 263 Index 270

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Book SynopsisAs our society places increasing importance on the management of our natural resources, natural resource managers in both public and private sectors will need to understand the essential elements of soil and water systems.Table of ContentsConservation Management and the Environment. Distance and Area Measurement. Levels and Leveling. Land Surveys and Mapping Systems. Rainfall and Runoff. Soil Erosion by Water. Upland Water Erosion Control. Channel Flow Erosion Control. Wind Erosion and Control Practices. Water Quality and Supply. Surface Water Storage. Surface Drainage and Wetlands. Subsurface Drainage. Soil Water Relations and Evapotranspiration. Irrigation Principles. Surface Irrigation. Sprinkler Irrigation. Microirrigation. Water Measurement. Glossary of Special Terms. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe fisheries of the Gulf of Mexico make up the largest commercial fishery in the United States. But the ecology of the Gulf is in trouble: much of the Gulf is subject to critical problems with toxic microorganisms.Table of ContentsPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. Geology and Hydrodynamics of Gulf of Mexico Estuaries. Hydrography, Mixing Characteristics, and Residence Times of Gulf ofMexico Estuaries. Sedimentary Processes of Gulf of Mexico Estuaries. NUTRIENT DYNAMICS. Suspended Particulate and Dissolved Nutrient Loadings to Gulf ofMexico Estuaries. Nutrient Behavior and Phytoplankton Production in Gulf of MexicoEstuaries. Benthic Nutrient Fluxes of Selected Estuaries in the Gulf ofMexico. Wetland-Water Column Interactions and the Biogeochemistry ofEstuary-Watershed Coupling Around the Gulf of Mexico. ORGANIC MATTER CYCLING. Particulate Organic Matter in Gulf of MexicoEstuaries--Implications for Net Heterotrophy. Dissolved Organic Matter in Estuaries of the Gulf of Mexico. TRACE ELEMENT/ORGANIC IN CYCLING. Trace Element Behavior in Gulf of Mexico Estuaries. Natural Organic Matter Binding of Trace Metals and Trace OrganicContaminants in Estuaries. Particle-Reactive Radionuclides as Tracers of BiogechemicalProcesses in Estuarine and Coastal Water of the Gulf ofMexico. SUMMARY. Biogechemistry of Gulf of Mexico Estuaries: Implications forManagement. Index.

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Book SynopsisCovers properties of subsurface materials, types of foundations and methods of construction, selection of foundation type and basis for design, and design of foundations and earth-retaining structures.Table of ContentsPART A: PROPERTIES OF SUBSURFACE MATERIALS. Identification and Classification of Soils and Rocks. Hydraulic Properties of Soil and Rock. Consolidation Characteristics of Soils. Stress-Deformation-Strength Characteristics of Soil and Rock. Techniques of Subsurface Investigation. Character of Natural Deposits. Program of Subsurface Exploration. PART B: TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS AND METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION. Excavating and Bracing. Drainage and Stabilization. Footing and Raft Foundations. Foundations on Compacted Fill. Pile Foundations. Pier Foundations. Pier Shafts, Retaining Walls, and Abutments. Shoring and Underpinning. Damage Due to Construction Operations. PART C: SELECTION OF FOUNDATION TYPE AND BASIS FOR DESIGN. Factors Determining Type of Foundation. Foundations on Clay and Plastic Silt. Foundations on Sand and Nonplastic Silt. Foundations on Collapsing and Swelling Soils. Foundations on Nonuniform Soils. Foundations on Rock. PART D: DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS AND EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES. Individual Column and Wall Footings. Footings Subjected to Moment. Combined Footings and Rafts. Retaining Walls and Abutments. Flexible Earth-Retaining Structures.

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Book SynopsisDevelopments in the modelling of sediment transport in rivers and the interactions with the river-bed have been remarkable over the last two decades. This progress has increased the understanding of the nature of turbulence, and the ability to replicate mathematically simple flow-particle interactions which can be observed experimentally. In addition, quite elegant models of stratigraphic complexes have evolved because of the growing computational power available to scientists. As always, additional knowledge has raised even more intriguing questions and the quest for explanation of phenomena has led to increased specialisation. Therefore, there are few fluid dynamicists or sedimentologists who can successfully span the two disciplines. The intention of this book is to assist various specialists on keeping abreast of current developments in related areas. The book initially focuses on hydrodynamics of turbulent flow, followed by basic two and three-dimensional flow through straight andTable of ContentsPartial table of contents: Turbulent Flow in Rivers (J. Williams). The Fluid Dynamics of Small-scale Alluvial Bedforms (J.Best). Entrainment of Sediments from Deposits of Mixed Grain Sizes andDensities (P. Komar). Unsteady Transport of Sand Gravel Mixtures (R. Kuhnle). Modelling the Sediment Transport Process (A. Kelsey). Reconstructing Fluvial Channel Morphology from SedimentarySequences (C. Bristow). The Prediction and Modelling of Subsurface Fluvial Stratigraphy (C.North). Index.

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Book SynopsisDynamic unbounded medium-structure interactions occur in manyfields of engineering and physical science, such as wavepropagation in soil-structure and fluid-structure interactions,acoustics and electromagnetism and as diffusion in heat conductionand consolidation. This book presents three novel concepts, basedon the finite-element methodology, to model the unboundedmedium: * The consistent infinitesimal finite-element cell method, aboundary finite-element procedure, requires the discretization ofthe structure-medium interface only and is exact in thefinite-element sense. It is applied to unbounded media governed bythe hyperbolic, parabolic and elliptic differentialequations. * The damping-solvent extraction method permits the analysis of abounded medium only. * The doubly-asymptotic multi-directional transmitting boundary isexact for the low- and high-frequency limits at preselected wavepropagation directions. All concepts are explained using simple examples that the reTable of ContentsPartial table of contents: SIMILARITY-BASED FORMULATION FOR UNIT-IMPULSE RESPONSE AND DYNAMICSTIFFNESS. Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration Unit-Impulse Response withDynamic Stiffness and Rational Approximation. Forecasting Method. Consistent Infinitesimal Finite-Element Cell Method Applied toBounded Medium. DAMPING-SOLVENT EXTRACTION FOR DYNAMIC STIFFNESS AND INTERACTIONFORCE. Fundamentals of Damping-Solvent Extraction Method. DOUBLY-ASYMPTOTIC MULTI-DIRECTIONAL TRANSMITTING BOUNDARY. Concept and Numerical Implementation of Doubly-AsymptoticMulti-Directional Transmitting Boundary. Accuracy and Modelling Procedure of Doubly-AsymptoticMulti-Directional Transmitting Boundary. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisAcid deposition is considered to be one of the greatest threats to the environment in industrialised countries. Recognising this , governments have instituted programmes to reduce emissions of SO2, and NOx, the major sources of acid rain. But is this enough? Will ecosystems damaged by acid rain recover? And if they do, how quickly? What ecosystem processes determine the rate of recovery? Do acidification models give accurate predictions? Are any other actions necessary to promote recovery? To answer such questions without waiting for the results of current policies, scientists in Sweden and the UK decided to eliminate acid deposition on an acidified ecosystem altogether, and monitor the effects. They did this by constructing a huge roof over an acidified catchment near Lake G?rdsjon in Southwest Sweden. Acid rain falling on the roof is diverted away, and replaced with clean rain. The detailed responses of the ecosystem are measured. This book records the results from the first five yeaTable of ContentsRecovery from Acidification: The Background to the CoveredCatchment Experiment at G?rdsjon (R. Skeffington, et al.). Atmospheric Deposition to the G?rdsjon Research Area (M. Fern &H. Hultberg). Changes in the Soil Solution Chemistry After Exclusion of AcidDeposition (R. Giesler, et al.). Trace Metals in the Lake G?rdsjon Catchments (B. Lyven). Fine-Root Response to Nitrogen Removal and Addition (A.Clemensson-Lindell & H. Persson). Modelling Soil Acidification and Recovery in a Roofed Catchment:Application of the SAFE Model (H. Sverdrup, et al.). European Experience of Manipulation of Forest Ecosystems by RoofCover: Possibilities and Limitations (C. Beier, et al.). Reversal of Acidification: Policy Implications Derived from theRoof Project (H. Hultberg, et al.). Index.

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Book SynopsisWritten by specialist and regional contributors, this invaluablebook provides an integrated, up-to-date, geographical assessment ofland degradation in the world''s Mediterranean regions. Land degradation is the alteration of the natural (or biophysical)environment by human actions, causing detrimental effects to thevegetation, soils, landforms, water and ecosystems. Part One ofthis book comprises a brief geography of the Mediterranean climateregions - the Mediterranean basin, California, central Chile, theSouthwest Cape and Southern Australia, providing a context forParts Two and Three. The second section discusses the nature,extent, history, causes and implications of land degradation in theregions. Major problems include soil, vegetation and waterdegradation, fire, drought, flooding and sedimentation. Historicaland contemporary human responses to these problems are alsoconsidered and at times become part of the problem. Solutions -actual and potential - are evaluated in the Trade Review"... it is a valuable piece of work and we recommend it as areference book for any institution's library." EnvironmentalConservation "This is an impressive work of reference and will be much-used asdebates about desertification and land degradation continue. Thereis much detail, mapping and compilation of statistical information.... this is a splended item of co-operative scholarship andacademic synthesis of a huge amount of information, which otherwisewould be unavailable to students and development practitionersalike." Biodiversity and Conservation ".. this book is a valuable source of material and worth its placein university and college libraries." Progress in PhysicalGeographyTable of ContentsTHE NATURE OF THE WORLD'S MEDITERRANEAN-TYPE ENVIRONMENTS Iberian Peninsul and Balearic Islands The South of France and Corsica Italy The Croatian Adriatic Coast Greece The Eastern Mediterranean North Africa Greater California Chile The Southwestern Cape of South Africa Southern Australia PROBLEMS OF LAND DEGRADATION Introduction The Main Problems of Land Degradation: Their Nature, Extent andSeverity: 1. Erosion and Soil Deterioration, Flooding, VegetationLoss and Degradation The Main Problems of Land Degradation: Their Nature, Extent andSeverity: 2. Drought, Water Shortages, and Water Quality, and otherForms of Degradation The Historical Development of Land Degradation in the MediterraneanWorld The Causes of Land Degradation 1. The Nature of the BiophysicalEnvironment The Causes of Land Degradation 2. Vegetation Clearing andAgricultural Practices The Causes of Land Degradation 3. Other Human Actions Some Broader Implications of Land Degradation SOLUTIONS TO LAND DEGRADATION Introduction Solutions dealing with Animals, Cultivation and HorticulturalPractices Technical Solutions Vegetation-Related Solutions Economic, Social, Agency and Policy Solutions. 1. The MediterraneanBasin Economic, Social, Agency and Policy Solutions 2. The NewWorld Summary and Conclusions

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Book SynopsisThe discipline of Stochastic Processes is usually treated as a branch of mathematics, and there are plenty of books for mathematicians on the subject. Equally, there are very many books, both for statisticians and environmental scientists, on Time Series Analysis, analysing the structure of data sequences where measurements are made at equal time-intervals and are free from intermittent behaviour. But this book deals with the analysis of events which occur intermittently in time and space; through a very wide range of examples drawn from many areas of environmental science in which the role of water is central, the book shows how the same analytical procedures can be applied to very many different problems. The book s many examples include: analysis of time intervals between el Ni?o events, frequency of dry spells, the relation between heavy rainfall and flooding, occurrences of gravel disturbance in upland trout streams which damages trout spawn deposits and the cellular structure of Table of ContentsModels: Deterministic, Time Series and Stochastic. Mathematical Preliminaries. Markov Chains: Applications to Modelling of Daily Rainfall. More on Markov Chains: Storage. Stochastic Reservoir Theory Applied to Rainfall-RunoffModelling. The Poisson and Related Processes. Random Walks and Diffusion Processes. Some Computational Methods. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisEstuaries is a comprehensive introductory text emphasizing the physical processes involved in the mixing of sea and river water and the transport of fine sediments within the complex estuarine topographic context. The theoretical and mathematical formulation of these processes are treated at a fairly elementary level, and are used to develop a foundation for more extensive study. The second edition retains the classical approaches to the tidally averaged circulation and mixing conditions but broadens them to consider recent advances in the understanding of processes occurring within the tide. The scope has also been widened to include more detail on the morphology of estuaries and their development, the fluxes of suspended fine sediments, and the generation and maintenance of turbidity maximum. The book provides an excellent introduction for research students in oceanography, environmental science, geography, geology, and water and coastal engineering. It will also be useful as a referTable of ContentsDefinition and Classification. Tides in Estuaries. Mixing. Cross- channel Effects. Salt Balance. Dynamic Balance. Highly Stratified Estuaries. Partially Mixed and Well-mixed Estuaries. Flushing and Pollution Distribution Prediction. Glossary. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe second edition of this acclaimed, accessible textbook brings the subject of sedimentation and erosion up-to-date, providing an excellent primer on both fundamental concepts of sediment-transport theory and methods for practical applications. The structure of the first edition is essentially unchanged, but all the chapters have been updated, with several chapters reworked and expanded significantly. Examples of the new additions include the concept of added mass, the Modified Einstein Procedure, sediment transport by size fractions, sediment transport of sediment mixtures, and new solutions to the Einstein Integrals. Many new examples and exercises have been added. Erosion and Sedimentation is an essential textbook on the topic for students in civil and environmental engineering and the geosciences, and also as a handbook for researchers and professionals in engineering, the geosciences and the water sciences.Trade Review'… [presents] the mechanics of sediment motion alongside those subjects in fluid mechanics that are fundamental to understanding sediment transport. The interweaving of the two subjects is carried out particularly well … Each topic is covered clearly, with many carefully designed figures, examples, and exercises … an excellent primer on both fundamental concepts of sediment-transport theory and methods for practical applications. … well written, and nicely illustrated, and it will serve as either a handbook for workers in the field or a textbook for beginning students of the subject. Julien has done a truly admirable job in making … [a] difficult subject much more accessible to beginning Earth scientists and engineers.' Jonathan Nelson, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering'… clearly and concisely written, covers not only the theory but also measurement methods and also provides many worked examples. It will serve well its primary purpose as a textbook for post-graduate courses on erosion and sedimentation. … thoroughly recommended.' Ian R. Calder, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences'… an excellent and accessible treatment of the 'classic' engineering approach to erosion and sedimentation. … a worthy primer for those requiring mastery over the essential technicalities of hydraulic analysis.' Nicholas J. Clifford, Progress in Physical Geography'... this well-written text can be equally useful to undergraduates, graduates, geologists and geophysicists.' Christopher Kendall, The Leading Edge'… well written and clearly set out …' Gary Nichols, Geological Magazine'… a welcome addition to the existing standard textbooks in the subject area … logically planned out, well written with clear explanations in good English … nicely laid out and printed.' R. L. Soulsby, Journal of Fluid Mechanics'… Erosion and Sedimentation is an essential textbook on the topic for students in civil and environmental engineering and the geosciences, and also as a handbook for researchers and professionals in engineering, the geosciences and the water sciences.' The Eggs EGU Newsletter (the-eggs.org)'I believe Julien's new edition is an improved and very useful reference text for research and teaching, although it lacks a strong foundation in some recent advances in sediment transport and fluvial geomorphology.' Michael B. Singer, Geological Magazine'[The] focus on engineering aspects is expressed perfectly in many places … a quite well balanced overview …' The Sedimentary RecordTable of ContentsPreface; List of symbols; 1. Introduction; 2. Physical properties and dimensional analysis; 3. Mechanics of sediment-laden flows; 4. Particle motion in invisid fluids; 5. Particle motion in Newtonian fluids; 6. Turbulent velocity profiles; 7. Incipient motion; 8. Bedforms; 9. Bedload; 10. Suspended load; 11. Total load; 12. Reservoir sedimentation; Appendix A. Einstein's sediment transport method; Appendix B. Useful mathematical relationships; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisForest soils form the foundation that underpins the existence of all forests. This book encapsulates soil ecology and functioning in northern forests, focusing on the effects of human activity and climate change. The authors introduce the fundamental principles necessary for studying forest soils, and explain the functioning and mutual influence of all parts of a forest soil ecosystem. A chapter is dedicated to each of soil acidity and heavy metal pollution, elevated carbon dioxide, nitrogen deposition and climate change, highlighting the most important anthropogenic factors influencing forest soil functioning and how these soils are likely to respond to environmental change. With its unique view of the functioning of the soils found under temperate and boreal forests in today''s rapidly changing world, this book is of interest to anyone studying forestry and forest ecology in European, North American and North Asian contexts.Trade Review'… suitable as a text for advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students with a strong emphasis on soil classification and properties.' EcologyTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Introduction; 2. Soil properties; 3. Forest soil development and classification; 4. Soil fungi; 5. Soil water; 6. Forest carbon cycle; 7. Nutrient cycling; 8. Northern forests in a high CO2 world; 9. Soil acidity and heavy metal pollution; 10. Nitrogen; 11. Soil functioning and climate change; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis concise handbook presents a summary of Earth's history over the past 4.5 billion years as well as a brief overview of contemporaneous events on the Moon, Mars and Venus. The authors have been at the forefront of chronostratigraphic research and initiatives to create an international geologic time scale for many years, and the charts in this book present the most up to date, international standard, as ratified by the International Commission on Stratigraphy and the International Union of Geological Sciences. This book is an essential reference for all geoscientists, including researchers, students, and petroleum and mining professionals. The presentation is non-technical and illustrated with numerous colour charts, maps and photographs. The book also includes a detachable laminated card of the complete time scale for use as a handy reference in the office, laboratory or field.Trade Review'… practical … can be reliably recommended for any geologist who regularly refers to the time scale.' Geological Magazine'One cannot help being struck by the amount of information in this volume … a triumph of scholarship, that will serve the profession and the public well.' Episodes'The book is an inspiring leader in practical stratigraphy, its philosophical roots, and its prime product: The Geologic Time Scale. It is a very important publication for graduate scholars, scientists, and sedimentologists, hydrogeologists, and petroleum geologists.' Environmental Geology'The editors have succeeded admirably in compiling a work that is dense with information but is both beautiful in layout and extremely readable … The book is a masterpiece of presentation … an amazing work that provides a new standard for both geochronology, and for committee-driven scientific project reports.' The Leading Edge'This is a volume that should be in all good geological libraries.' Geological Magazine'At £20, in hardback, with a really stout long lasting binding and a plastic wipe-clean cover, on glossy full colour pages, an immense amount of minutely assessed factual information, supplied by innumerable workers, is summarised and clearly and succinctly presented. This is unequivocally recommended. Although research will result in newer versions, this edition will suffice for many for some time to come, if not 1myr!' Geoscientist' … the new book by Ogg et al. will become a true gift for everyone in the geosciences. The authors talentedly prepared an ultimate reference on the chronostratigraphical knowledge, which permits to feel as a growth of the present interest to the geologic time subdivision as the main achievements in this direction.' Paläontologie allgemTable of ContentsIntroduction; Planetary time scale; Precambrian period; Cambrian period; Ordovician period; Silurian period; Devonian period; Carboniferous period; Permian period; Triassic period; Jurassic period; Cretaceous period; Paleogene period; Neogene period; Quaternary period; Appendix. Standard colors of the international divisions of geologic time; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook is aimed at the majority of students, who need to quickly acquire a concise overview of soil science. Many current soil science textbooks still cater for a traditional student market where students embark on three years study in a narrow discipline. The growth in modular degree schemes has meant that soil science is now often taught as self-standing unit as part of broad based degree program. Students pursuing this type of course are increasingly reluctant to purchase expensive textbooks that are too detailed and often assume a scientific background. For those opting to specialise in soil science there are a variety of good textbooks to choose from. This short informative guide, will be particularly useful for students who do not possess a traditional scientific background, such as those studying geography, environment science, ecology and agriculture. Only textbook to cater for introductory courses in soil science.<Trade Review"...It is rare that texts are found combining ease of understanding with a solid scientific foundation. The subtitle of this text 'a clear and concise introduction to soil science' does indeed sum up this book. Its clarity of production and focus on key aspects of science and human interaction make it a great guide for the beginner and a 'must-buy' for the library." British Ecological Society, Teaching Ecology Group Newsletter "I can wholeheartedly recommend this book to students whose course includes a module of soil science, and indeed recommend it to students on soil science degrees as a general introduction or a last minute revision guide." John S. Conway, Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester Table of Contents1. Rocks To Soil. 2. Particles, Structures And Water. 3. Soil Surfaces, Acidity And Nutrients. 4. Soil Microbes And Nutrient Cycling. 5. Soil Survey, Classification And Evaluation. 6. Soils And Agriculture. 7. Soil Contamination And Erosion

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding of rivers and their sediments, both as modern systems and as ancient counterparts in the geological record, has progressed steadily but markedly over the past several decades, with contributions by practitioners in diverse fields of geosciences and engineering.Trade Review"As this is a collection of conference papers, there is some complex material here, but it's good stuff! [...] it's advanced, but if anyone is going on to study fluvial sedimentology, it's well worth a look." Jenny Bennett, OUGS Journal, Symposium Edition 2001 Table of Contents1. Sediment Transport And Bedforms:. Turbulent Sand Suspension Over Dunes. Dune Growth, Decay And Migration Rates During A Large-Magnitude Flood At A Sand And Mixed Sand-Gravel Bed In The Dutch Rhine River System. Bedforms In The Middle Reaches Of The Tay Estuary, Scotland. Flow Structure And Transport Of Sand-Grade Suspended Sediment Around An Evolving Braid Bar, Jamuna River, Bangladesh. 2. Modern Fluvial Environments:. Effective Discharge For Overbank Sedimentation On An Embanked Floodplain Along The River Rhine, The Netherlands. RADARSAT Imaging Of The 1997 Czech Republic Flood. The Role Of Overbank Flow In Governing The Form Of An Anabranching River: The Fitzroy River, Northwestern Australia. Downstream Changes In Floodplain Character On The Northern Plains Of Arid Central Australia. Confined Meandering River Eddy Accretions: Sedimentology, Channel Geometry And Depositional Processes. The Influence Of Flooding On The Erodability Of Cohesive Sediments Along The Sabie River, South Africa. Erosion Of Sediments Between Groynes In The Waal River Due To Navigation Traffic. The Geochemical And Mineralogical Record Of The Impact Of Historical Mining Within Estuarine Sediments From The Upper Reaches Of The Fal Estuary, Cornwall, UK. 3. Avulsion: Modern And Ancient:. Causes Of Avulsion: An Overview. Avulsion And Crevassing In The Sandy, Braided Niobrara River: Complex Response To Base-Level Rise And Aggradation. Contrasting Styles Of Holocene Avulsion, Texas Gulf Coastal Plain USA. Pemiscot Bayou, A Large Distributary Of The Mississippi River And Possible Failed Avulsion. Avulsion, River Metamorphosis, And Reworking By Underfit Streams: A Modern Example From The Brahamputra River In Bangladesh And A Possible Ancient Example In The Spanish Pyrenees. Holocene Avulsion History Of The Lower Saskatchewan Fluvial System, Cumberland Marshes, Saskatchewan-Manitoba. Recognizing Avulsion Deposits In The Ancient Stratigraphic Record. 4. Controls On River Systems And Alluvial Successions:. The Use Of Models In The Interpretation Of The Effects Of Base Level Change On Alluvial Architecture. Subsidence Rates And Fluvial Architecture Of Rift-Related Permian And Triassic Alluvial Sediments Of The SE Iberian Ranges, Eastern Spain. Drainage Evolution In Active Mountain Belts: Extrapolation Backwards From Present-Day Himalayan River Patterns. Controls On The Sedimentology Of November 1996 Jokulhlaup Deposits, Skeioarasandur, Iceland. 5. Alluvial Facies And Architecture:. The Influence Of Aggradation Rate On Braided Alluvial Architecture: Field Study And Physical Scale Modelling Of The Ashburton River Gravels, Canterbury Plains, New Zealand. Sedimentary Facies From GPR Surveys Of The Modern, Upper Burdekin River Of North Queensland, Australia: Consequences Of Extreme Discharge Fluctuations. Meander Bend Reconstruction From An Upper Mississippian Fine-Grained Muddy Point Bar At Possum Hollow, West Virginia. Palaeohydrological Parameters Of A Proterozoic Braided Fluvial System Compared With A Phanerozoic Example. Sand And Mud-Dominated Alluvial Fan Deposits Of The Miocene Seto Porcelain Clay Formation, Japan. Sedimentology Of The Gwembe Coal Formation (Permian), Lower Karoo Group, Mid-Zambezi Valley, Southern Zambia. Sedimentology Of The Section Peak Formation (Jurassic), Northern Victoria Land, Antartica. Reconstruction Of Fluvial Bars From The Proterozoic Mancheral Quartzite, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, India

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Book SynopsisPresents the techniques used to design and construct foundations on permafrost. This monograph includes eight chapters, which present the authors' experiences in both the design and remedial actions required for the continued successful performance of these systems.

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Book SynopsisDescribes inland, estuarine, and coastal navigation channel sedimentation, lists solutions to sedimentation problems in those channels, and recommends practices for predicting navigation channel sedimentation responses resulting from those solutions. These problems can be solved from among seven strategies, including many sustainable solutions.

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Book SynopsisOffers an integrated presentation of the microbial, agronomic and recycling aspects of soil faunal potentials, emphasizing agricultural ecosystems and furnishing methods for modelling food webs. The text covers morphology, reproduction, abundances, basic requirements, competition, predation, parasitism, nutrient cycling and phytopathological interactions, soil physics and agricultural management, plus methods to quantify soil faunal groups.Table of ContentsOrganic inputs and soil metabolism; protozoa - recyclers and indicators of agroecosystem quality; nematodes - harmful and beneficial organisms; enchytraeids; earthworms (lumbricidae - oligochaeta) - important promoters of soil development and soil fertility; springtails and mites - important knots in the food web of soils; gastropods, isopods, diplopods and chilopods - neglected groups of the decomposer food web; spiders, carabids and staphylinids - the ecological potential of predatory macroarthropods; soil-food web interactions and their modelling.

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Book SynopsisWhile organic soils have the potential to contribute greatly to agricultural production, the irreversible processes that occur from draining organic soils need to be managed with caution. The wise use of peatlands must include the avoidance of unacceptable ecological effects on the contiguous and global environment. Organic Soils and Peat Materials for Sustainable Agriculture provides detailed information from a worldwide perspective on the degradation process of fragile peat resources used for agriculture. It documents the best management practices and defines and quantifies soil quality indicators and pedo-transfer functions for organic soils and peat materials.Co-published with the International Peat Society, this reference is the first to integrate the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of organic soils and peat materials for sustainable agriculture and horticulture. It details the principles and indicators behind positive action in sustainable management. The book presents a complete analysis of how peat works chemically, physically, and ecologically. It quantifies the moorsh-forming, or peat degradation, process in tables and figures, provides conversion equations among pH determination methods, and supplies a novel diagnosis of N and P release. In addition, the book revisits water, pesticides, phosphorus, and copper sorption characteristics of organic soils.The authors provide up-to-date information in order to define quality indicators for the optimum use of organic soils. With detailed information and a global perspective, Organic Soils and Peat Materials for Sustainable Agriculture aims to promote a shift from the current paradigm of input-based unsustainable use to a new knowledge-based approach.Table of ContentsThe Moorsh or Muck Horizons as Quality Indicators of Reclaimed Organic Soils. Irreversible Loss of Organic Soil Functions after Reclamation. Water-Related Physical Attributes of Organic Soils. Quality of Peat Substrates for Plants Grown in Containers. Soil Acidity Determination Methods for Organic Soils and Peat Materials. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Balance Indicators in Organic Soils. Retention of Copper in Cu-Enriched Organic Soils. Fate of Pesticides in Organic Soils. Quality of Organic Soils for Agriculture Use of Cutover Peatlands in Russia. Agriculture Production Systems for Organic Soil Conservation.

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Book SynopsisI've seen the Sudan, traveled in South and Central America and been all over Europe, but I've never seen what I've been able to see on this tour [of the Loess Plateau, China].-Ed Skidmore, soil scientist, WindErosion Research Unit of the Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Manhattan, KansasOverpopulation is at the core of most environmental problems. The impacts of continued growth-with world population reaching 6 billion in October 1999-are felt in most parts of the world. China, the most populous nation, illustrates many of the pivotal problems-and solutions.Although China faces the same effects of overpopulation as the rest of the world, it still feeds over a billion people on a tillable area that allows about one tenth of a hectare per person. The country's efforts to tie together soil and water conservation, dryland farming, and economic development have been largely successful. Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming explores these trials and the lessons learned Trade Review"Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming presents these techniques and technologies to give you a forward looking perspective into the field, as well as the larger problem of tailoring food production to sustain the population."--Vol. 32 NO. 1- 2001; Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin AmericaTable of ContentsSection I: Dryland Farming Systems and Soil Water Management. Section II: Environmental Quality and Sustainability. Section III: Erosion Control Techniques and Strategies. Section IV: Soil and Water Conservation Planning and Regional Development. Section V: Water and Wind Erosion Processes. Section VI: Conclusions

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Book SynopsisThis book describes our current knowledge of soils and turfgrass science as applied to the design, production and management of natural turf. The first five chapters cover general principles while further chapters apply these to specific contexts. These include golf courses and bowling greens, soccer and rugby grounds, cricket grounds, tennis courts, and horse racing tracks. There are also chapters on amenity grass and warm season turfgrass. The book is aimed at students taking courses in turf science and sportsground management, amenity horticulture, and landscape and recreation provision and management. It will also be a standard reference work for practitioners working in sportsground management or landscape architecture.Table of Contents1: Foreword, John Shildrick 2: Soil constituents and properties in turfgrass systems 3: Turfgrasses for sport and amenity use 4: Sportsturf drainage systems 5: Design criteria for sportsturf drainage installation 6: Principles of turfgrass establishment and maintenance 7: Soccer and rugby grounds 8: Golf courses and bowling greens 9: Cricket grounds and tennis courts 10: Horse racing tracks, T R O Field (DSIR, New Zealand) 11: Amenity grass for non-sport use, E J P Marshall (Long Ashton Research Station, UK) 12: Warm season turfgrasses, J R Watson (Toro Company, Minneapolis, USA)

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Book SynopsisThis book presents papers developed from the second workshop on the ecological foundations of sustainable agriculture (WEFSA II) held in late 1992 in Budapest. Written by eminent authorities from every continent, the book represents a major review and synthesis of the field and will be indispensable for all concerned with soil science, land use and sustainable agriculture.Table of ContentsPart I: Sustainable Agriculture and Soil Resilience 1: The ecological foundations of sustainable land use: Hungarian agriculture and the way to sustainability, I Láng 2: Soil resilience and sustainable land management in the context of AGENDA 21, H Eswaran 3: The concept of soil resilience, I Szabolcs 4: Sustainable land use systems and soil resilience, R Lal 5: The biological dimension of soil resilience: The impact of molecular biology, J M Lynch 6: Ecological-economic assessment of soil management practices for sustainable land use in tropical countries, A-M N Izac Part II: The Extent of Soil Degradation 7: The global extent of soil degradation, L R Oldeman 8: Soil degradation in Hungary, P Stefanovits 9: Degraded lands and their rehabilitation in India, I P Abrol and J L Sehgal 10: Constraints in managing soils for sustainable land use in drylands, B G Rozanov Part III: Avoiding and Combating Soil Degradation 11: Determinants of resilience in soil nutrient dynamics, H Tiessen, J W B Stewart and D W Anderson 12: Maintaining nutrient status of soils: Macronutrients, P Stangel, C Pieri and U Mokwunye 13: Maintaining soil micronutrient status, A Kabata-Pendias 14: Maintaining soil physical conditions, R I Papendick 15: Maintaining the biological status of soil: A key to sustainable land management, M J Swift 16: Sustainable land use in the light of resilience/elasticity to soil organic matter fluctuations, H W Scharpenseel and P Becker-Heidmann Part IV: Soil Organisms and Soil Resilience 17: Functional attributes of biodiversity in land use systems, J M Anderson 18: Soil fauna and sustainable land use in the humid tropics, P Lavelle et al. 19: Interrelationships between biological activities, soil properties and soil management, L Brussaard 20: Biological indicators of soil health and sustainable productivity, C E Pankhurst 21: Biodiversity and soil resilience, L F Elliott and J M Lynch Part V: Methodologies for the Study of Soil Resilience and Sustainable Land Use 22: Long-term field experiments: Their importance in understanding sustainable land use, D S Powlson and A E Johnston 23: The setting-up, conduct and applicability of long-term, continuing field experiments in agricultural research, A E Johnston and D S Powlson 24: Modelling changes in soil properties, A Young 25: Structural aspects of soil resilience, B D Kay, V Rasiah and E Perfect 26: Soil databases for sustainable land use: Hungarian case study, G Várallyay 27: The role of information services in sustainable land use, J L Nowland, A E Shaw and W J Reid Part VI: Promoting soil resilience for sustainable land use 28: Using collaborative research networks to promote sustainable land use, M Latham and J K Syers 29: The work of FAO’s land and water division in sustainable land use, W G Sombroek 30: A concept of sustainability and resilience based on soil functions: The role of the International Society of Soil Science in promoting sustainable land use, W E H Blum and A Aguilar Santelises I: Appendix: Recommendations of the working group.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive overview of grassland nitrogen incorporating information from crop science, soils and fertilizers, ruminant consumption and environmental aspects. The published information is reviewed on the various transformations of nitrogen in temperate grassland systems. These include those taking place in soils. The effects of soil, weather and management practices are discussed and considerable emphasis is placed on soil-plant-animal interactions. A second aim of the book is to describe the factors that influence the response of grassland to the application of fertilizer nitrogen, and how the optimum rate of application may be determined. In addition, nitrogen balances are described for different grassland systems, showing how the annual inputs and outputs vary greatly depending on sward type and management. The book is of interest to a wide readership, especially those engaged in research, teaching and advisory work, and students taking courses in agriculturalTable of Contents1: Grasses: uptake of nitrogen and effects on morphology and physiology 2: Legumes: biological nitrogen fixation and interaction with grasses 3: Consumption, digestion and excretion of nitrogen by ruminant livestock 4: Amounts, sources and fractionation of organic nitrogen in soils 5: Mineralization, immobilization and availability of nitrogen in soils 6: Leaching of nitrogen from soils 7: Volatilization of ammonia 8: Volatilization of gaseous nitrogen and nitrogen oxides through denitrification and nitrification 9: Use of fertilizer nitrogen and slurry nitrogen on grasslands: recovery and response 10: Response to fertilizer nitrogen: influence of sward type, pattern of fertilizer application and method of harvesting 11: Response to fertilizer nitrogen: influence of weather, seasonal factors and soil type 12: Response to fertilizer nitrogen: influence of type of fertilizer and supplies of other nutrients 13: Influence of fertilizer nitrogen on the composition and nutritional quality of grassland herbage 14: Nitrogen balances in contrasting grassland systems

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Book SynopsisThis book reviews the major achievements recently made in soil erosion and sediment redistribution research and management, and identifies future requirements. The book presents work from key players in river basin soil erosion and sediment redistribution from sources to sinks, field to riverbank, from academia to policy and industry. It examines the developments made in three themes - measurement, modelling and management - and covers a variety of scales (in both time and space) and geographical locations.Table of ContentsSECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1: Introduction to soil erosion and sediment redistribution in river catchments: measurement, modelling and management in the 21st century SECTION 2: MEASUREMENT 2: Tracing versus monitoring: new challenges and opportunities in erosion and sediment delivery research 3: A comparison of caesium-137 and erosion pin data 4: Assessing the contribution of different processes to soil degradation within an arable catchment of the Stavropol upland, southern European Russia 5: Hillslope soil erosion and bioturbation after the Christmas 2001 forest fires near Sydney 6: Tracing eroded soil in a burnt water supply catchment, Sydney, Australia: linking magnetic enhancement to soil water repellency 7: Land use, sediment delivery and yield in England and Wales 8: Seasonal trends of suspended sediment concentration in a Mediterranean Basin (Anoia River, NE Spain) 9: Suspended sediment transport during rainfall and snowmelt-rainfall floods in a small lowland catchment, central Poland, L Hejduk, A Hejduk and K Banasik, Warsaw Agricultural University, Poland 10: Sediment in the River Bush, Northern Ireland - transport, sources and management implications, D J Evans, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, and C E Gibson, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Belfast, UK 11: The physical and biological influence of spawning fish on fine sediment transport and storage, E L Petticrew, University of Northern British Columbia, Canada 12: Lakes and reservoirs in the sediment delivery system - reconstructing sediment yields, I D L Foster, Coventry University, UK SECTION 3: MODELLING 13: Can erosion be predicted?, M A Nearing, USDA-ARS Southwest Watershed Research Center, USA 14: Erodibility assessment in dynamic event-based erosion models 15: Double-averaging methodology in stochastic modelling of soil erosion 16: Runoff and predicting erosion on hillslopes within catchments 17: The roles of natural and human disturbances in forest soil erosion 18: Runoff and erosion modelling by WEPP in an experimental Mediterranean watershed 19: Spatial modelling of ephemeral gully incision: a combined empirical and physical approach 20: Simulating fine sediment delivery in lowland catchments: model development and application of INCA-Sed SECTION 4: MANAGEMENT 21: Estimating sediment generation from hill slopes in England and Wales: development of a management planning tool, G A Wood, M McHugh, R P C Morgan, Cranfield University, UK and A Williamson, Environment Agency, Reading, UK 22: Management of sediment production and prevention in river catchments: a matter of scale? 23: Changes in the spatial distribution of erosion within a selectively logged rain-forest catchment in Borneo 1988-2003 24: Erosion and deposition rates on ""headlands"" in low-gradient sugarcane land in Australia 25: Land-use change, sediment fluxes and reef conservation in Belize, Central America 26: Understanding the distribution, structure and behaviour of urban sediments and associated metals towards improving water management strategies 27: Managing sediment in the landscape: current practices and future vision SECTION 5: SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK 28: Soil erosion and sediment redistribution in river catchments: summary, outlook and future requirements

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Book SynopsisBiological management of nutrient supply to plants is intrinsically more complex than the provision of nutrients as inorganic fertilizers. We need to know whether the nutrients released are retained or lost from the system, whether rates of decomposition can be manipulated to improve nutrient use efficiency, and how the various fractions of plant residues translate into pools of organic matter in soil. Only then can predictive models for nutrient release, plant uptake and soil organic matter dynamics be truly tested and validated. This book brings together contemporary ideas on the characterization and manipulation of plant quality and especially its role in soil organic matter formation and nutrient cycling. It contains work from the leading workers in both temperate and tropical systems. There are also contributions describing work outside decomposition in soil ecosystems, such as the work of plant biochemists and animal nutritionists, as research in these areas has provided many ideTable of ContentsPart 1: Review: Any Progress? 1: Plant Litter Quality and Decomposition: An Historical Overview, O W Heal, J M Anderson and M J Swift Part 2: Pathways and Processes in Litter Decomposition 2: Fungal Degradation of Lignin, K E Hammel 3: Plant Degradation by Ruminants: Parallels with Litter Decomposition in Soil, A Chesson 4: Role of Phenolic Secondary Metabolics in Plants and their Degradation in Nature, J B Harborne 5: Decomposition Induced Changes in the Chemical Structure of Fallen Red Pine, White Spruce and Tamarack Logs, J A Baldock, T Sewell and P G Hatcher 6: Solid-state NMR Investigations of Organic Transformations During the Decomposition of Plant Material in Soil, D W Hopkins and J A Chudek 7: Kinetically Defined Litter Fractions Based on Respiration Measurements, H Marstorp Part 3: Foraging, Feeding and Feedbacks 8: Linkages Between Soil Biota, Plant Litter Quality and Decomposition, D A Wardle and P Lavelle 9: Soil Fauna-mediated Decomposition of Plant Residues Under Constrained Environmental and Residue Quality Conditions, G Tian, L Brussaard, B T Kang and M J Swift 10: Relationships Between Litter Fauna and Chemical Changes of Litter During Decomposition Under Different Moisture Conditions, C Wachendorf, U Irmler and H -P Blume 11: Metabolic Interactions in Plant Litter Systems, J S Waid Part 4: Manipulation of Plant Litter Quality 12: Residue Quality and Decomposition: An Unsteady Relationship?, B Vanlauwe, J Drels, N Sangina and R Merckx 13: Effect of Multipurpose Trees, Age of Cutting and Drying Method on Pruning Quality, P Mafongoya, B H Dzowela and P K Nair 14: Regulating N Mineralization from Plant Residues by Manipulation of Quality, E Handayanto, G Cadisch and K E Giller 15: Climate Change: The Potential to Affect Ecosystem Functions Through Changes in Amount and Quality of Litter, W J Arp, P J Kuikman and A Gorissen 16: Progress and Potential for Genetic Manipulation of Plant Quality, A Bavage, I G Davies, M P Robbins and P Morris Part 5: Synchrony and Soil Organic Matter 17: Synchrony of Nutrient Release and Plant Demand: Plant Litter Quality, Soil Environment and Farmer Management Options, R J K Myers, M van Noordwijk and P Vityakon 18: Synchronizing Residue N Mineralization with Rice N Demand in Flooded Conditions, M Becker and J K Ladha 19: Management of Leguminous Leaf Residues to Improve Nutrient Use Efficiency in the Sub-humid Tropics, R B Jones, S S Snapp and H S K Phombeya Part 6: Building Soil Organic Matter 20: Characterization of Soil Organic Matter by Solid-state 13C NMR Spectroscopy, J O Skjemstad, P Clarke, A Golchin and J M Oades 21: Development and Use of a Carbon Management Index to Monitor Changes in Soil C Pool Size and Turnover Rate, G J Blair, R D B Lefroy, B P Singh and A R Till 22: Long-term Vegetation Management in Relation to Accumulation and Mineralization of Nitrogen in Soils, J Z Burket and R P Dick 23: Phosphorus Mineralization and Organic Matter Decomposition: A Critical Review, N Gressel and J G McColl Part 7: Modelling: Providing the Framework 24: Modelling Litter Quality Effects on Decomposition and Soil Organic Matter Dynamics, K Paustian, G Ågren and E Bosatta 25: Simulating the Mineralization of N from Crop Residues in Relation to Residue Quality, A P Whitmore and E Handayanto 26: Modelling the Measurable: Interpretation of Field-scale CO2 and N-Mineralization, Soil Microbial Biomass and Light Fractions as Indicators of Oilseed Rape, Maize and Barley Straw Decomposition, J Magid, T Mueller, L S Jensen and N E Nielson 27: Synthesis of Litter Quality and Enzymic Approaches to Decomposition Modelling, R L Sinsabaugh and D L Moorhead Part 8: Outlook 28: A Minimum Dataset for Characterization of Plant Quality for Decomposition, C A Palm and A P Rowland 29: Driven by Nature: A Sense of Arrival or Departure?, K E Giller and G Cadisch

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Book SynopsisPhosphorus is an essential element for plant growth and its input has long been recognised as necessary to maintain profitable crop production. However, phosphorus inputs can also increase the biological activity of surface waters and this can lead to the destruction of such aquatic ecosystems. Advanced eutrophication of surface water leads to problems with its use for fisheries, recreation, industry and drinking, due to the increased growth of undesirable algae and aquatic weeds, and oxygen shortages caused by their death and decomposition. It is therefore important to have a good understanding of the causes and mode of phosphorus loss from soil to water, to enable the problems to be controlled and managed. This book has been developed from an international workshop held in Ireland in late 1995. It is the first comprehensive consideration of the topic, and many leading researchers in the area have contributed to it. It is essential reading for all soil scientists and freshwater biologTable of Contents1: Contributors 2: Preface 3: Acknowledgements 4: Phosphorus in Agriculture and Its Environmental Implications, A Sharpley and S Rekolainen 6: Estimating the Contribution from Agriculture to the Phosphorus Load in Surface Water , S D Lennox, R H Foy, R V Smith and C Jordan 7: Phosphorus Losses from Agriculture to Surface Waters in the Nordic Countries S Rekolainen, P Ekholm, B Ulén and A Gustafson 8: Reconstructing Historical Phosphorus Concentrations in Rural Lakes Using Diatom Models N J Anderson 9: The Dynamics of Phosphorus in Freshwater and Marine Environments, C E Gibson 10: The Behaviour of Soil and Fertilizer Phosphorus, M A Morgan 11: Setting and Justifying Upper Critical Limits for Phosphorus in Soils, E Sibbesen and A N Sharpley 12: Phosphorus Fertilizer Strategies: Present and Future, H Tunney, A Breeuwsma, P Withers and P Ehlert 13: Sources and Pathways of Phosphorus Loss from Agriculture, A L Heathwaite 14: Hydrological and Chemical Controls on Phosphorus Loss from Catchments H P Pionke, W J Gburek, A N Sharpley and J A Zollweg 15: Movement of Phosphorus from Agricultural Soil to Water, B Pommel and J M Dorioz 16: Losses of Phosphorus in Drainage Water, P C Brookes, G Heckrath, J De Smet, G Hofman and J Vanderdeelen 17: Sustainable Phosphorus Management in Agriculture, G Bertilsson and C Forsberg 18: Phosphorus Requirements for Animal Production, P B Lynch and P J Caffrey 19: Nutrient Management Planning, T C Daniel, O T Carton and W L Magette 20: A European Fertilizer Industry View on Phosphorus Retention and Loss from Agricultural Soils, I Steén 21: European Perspective on Phosphorus and Agriculture, F Mariën 22: Views on Phosphorus and Agriculture - Paris Commission, S Sadowski 23: Phosphorus Loss in Runoff, Leaching and Erosion, Poster Chapter 24: Catchment Studies, Modelling and Management, Poster Chapter 25: Phosphorus Status of Soils and Fertilizer Recommendations, Poster Chapter 26: Phosphorus Loss from Agriculture to Water: Synthesis and Summary, A E Johnston, H Tunney and R H Foy 27: Index

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Book SynopsisMaintaining soil health is fundamental to successful crop production and ecosystem sustainability. To enable effective management soil health must first be measured and then monitored and so the authors review and evaluate how soil organisms can be used to fulfil this role. This book is essential for all soil scientists and consultants. It is of particular relevance to those involved in soil health monitoring and maintenance as well as those undertaking soil remediation. It is also important reading for agronomists, ecologists and environmentalists. This book is a comprehensive and effective resource for all those working to sustain healthy soils.Table of Contents1: Defining and Assessing Soil Health and Sustainable Productivity 2: Soil Health: its Relationship to Ecosystem Health D J Rapport 3: Rationale for Developing Bioindicators of Soil Health 4: Bioindicators: Perspectives and Potential Value for Landusers 5: Soil Microbial Biomass, Activity and Nutrient Cycling as Indicators of Soil Health 6: Soil Enzyme Activities as Integrative Indicators of Soil Health 7: Soil Microflora as Bioindicators of Soil Health 8: Potential Use of Plant Root Pathogens as Bioindicators of Soil Health 9: Soil Microfauna as Bioindicators of Soil Health 10: Community Structure of Soil Arthropods as a Bioindicator of Soil Health 11: Can the Abundance or Activity of Soil Macrofauna be used to Indicate the Biological Health of Soils? 12: Biodiversity of Soil Organisms as an Indicator of Soil Health 13: Biomonitoring of Soil Health by Plants 14: Bioindicators to Detect Contamination of Soils with Special Reference to Heavy Metals 15: Chemical and Molecular Approaches for Rapid Assessment of the Biological Status of Soils 16: Use of Genetically Modified Biosensors for Soil Ecotoxicity Testing 17: Biological Indicators of Soil Health: Synthesis

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Book SynopsisAgroforestry refers to land use systems in which trees or shrubs are grown in association with agricultural crops, or pastures and livestock. From its inception, it has contained a strong element of soil management. Well-designed and managed agroforestry systems have the potential to control run-off and erosion, maintain soil organic matter and physical properties, and promote nutrient cycling. By these means, agroforestry can make a major contribution to sustainable land use. The previous edition of this book, entitled Agroforestry for Soil Conservation (1989), was based on indirect evidence from agriculture, forestry and soil science. The present work provides a new synthesis, drawing on over 700 published sources dating largely from the 1990s. These include both results of field trials of agronomy systems, and research into the plant-soil processes which take place within them. Soil conservation in its narrower sense, the control of erosion, is treated alongside other equally importTable of Contents1: Preface 2: Agroforestry, soil management and sustainability 3: Effects of trees on soils 4: Soil and water conservation 5: Soil water management 6: Soil organic matter and physical properties 7: Nutrient cycling and nutrient use efficiency 8: The role of roots 9: Agroforestry systems for soil management 10: Modelling 11: Research 12: Agroforestry, land use and the environment 13: Conclusions

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Book SynopsisPlant species which can accumulate high concentrations of heavy metals have been known for over one hundred years. However, until the last twenty years their potential went largely unnoticed by scientists. The term hyperaccumulation was first introduced by the author (and colleagues) in 1977. This renewed interest, together with heightened environmental awareness and the discovery of the phenomenon in many more species has since stimulated research into a number of novel scientific and commercial uses. This book brings together for the first time in one volume all the relevant ecological information on hyperaccumulators and describes the new disciplines, methods and uses for them which continue to be explored. These include the removal of heavy metal pollutants from soils and waters (phytoremediation), the identification of ancient human settlements (phytoarchaeology), mineral exploration, the revegetation of degraded land and the exciting possibility of the commercial extraction of heTable of Contents1: General Introduction, R R Brooks 2: Phytochemistry of Hyperaccumulators, R R Brooks 3: Geobotany and Hyperaccumulators, R R Brooks 4: Biogeochemistry and Hyperaccumulators, R R Brooks 5: Seaweeds as Hyperaccumulators, C E Dunn, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Canada 6: Hyperaccumulation of Metals by Prokaryotic Microorganisms Including the Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria), T J Beveridge, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Canada 7: Phytoarchaeology and Hyperaccumulators, R R Brooks 8: Hyperaccumulation as a Plant Defensive Strategy, R S Boyd, Auburn University, USA 9: Aquatic Phytoremediation by Accumulator Plants, R R Brooks and B H Robinson, Massey University, New Zealand 10: Revegetation and Stabilisation of Mine Dumps and Other Degraded Terrain,R R Brooks, A Chiarucci, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy and T Jaffré, ORSTOM, Nouméa, New Caledonia 11: Fertilisation of Hyperaccumulators to enhance their Potential for Phytoremediation and Phytomining, F A Bennett, E K Tyler, R R Brooks, P E H Gregg, and R B Stewart, Massey University, New Zealand 12: Phytoextraction for Soil Remediation, S P McGrath, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, UK 13: Phytoremediation by Volatilisation, R R Brooks 14: A Pioneering Study of the Potential of Phytomining for Nickel, L J Nicks, Retired Researcher, Fernley, USA and M F Chambers, Retired Researcher, Reno, USA 15: The Potential Use of Hyperaccumulators and Other Plants for Phytomining, R R Brooks and B H Robinson, Massey University, New Zealand"

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Book SynopsisApproaches to research on the causes and impacts of soil erosion have changed significantly over recent years. Whereas biophysical research traditionally utilized small, carefully-managed erosion plots, models and methods are now available to study impacts of broad scale management on the hydrology and water quality of catchments and even river basins. Corresponding research tools have been developed for social and economic analysis at the household, farm and community levels. This book reviews the latest developments in such soil erosion studies. These are considered on a matrix of scales, from plot to river basin, and from farm to national policy. Some chapters review background issues while others consider specific methods. Conclusions of working groups are presented in another chapter. The book is based on papers presented at a workshop held in Indonesia in November 1997, and includes authors from Europe, America, Australia and Asia, as well as from several of the CGIAR centres.Table of Contents1: A Framework for the Economic Assessment of Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation 2: The Economics of Soil Degradation: From National Policy to Farmers' Fields 3: Bioeconomic Modelling for Analysing Soils Conservation Policy Issues 4: A Multiscale Approach for On-farm Erosion Research: Application to Northern Thailand Highlands 5: Building the Smallholder into Successful Natural Resource Management at the Watershed Scale 6: A Microeconomic Analysis of Adoption of Contour Hedgerows in the Philippine Uplands 7: Investigating Constraints to the Adoption of Recommended Soil Conservation Technology in the Philippines 8: CIAT's Strategic Research for Sustainable Land Management on the Steep Hillsides of Latin America 9: Measuring Erosion as a Component of Sustainability 10: Agronomic Consequences of Soil Erosion 11: Catchment Approach to Combating Soil Erosion in Asia - the Managing Soil Erosion Consortium 12: Latest Developments in the Design of Hydrological Studies of Watersheds 13: Off-site Impacts and Nutrient Dynamics in Catchment Research 14: On-site Nutrient Depletion: An Effect and a Cause of Soil Erosion 15: Erosion and Sedimentation as Multiscale, Fractal Processes: Implications for Models, Experiments and the Real World 16: Soil Erosion Research in Indonesia: Past Experience and Future Direction 17: Dynamic Process Modelling of Hydrology and Soil Erosion 18: The Measurement of Soil Erosion 19: The Use of GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques to Predict Erosion in the Nepal Middle Hills 20: Predicting Erosion and Sediment Yield at the Catchment Scale 21: Modelling Catchment Erosion, Sediment and Nutrient Transport in Large in Large Basins 22: Designing and Implementing Outcome-oriented Soil Conservation Research

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Book SynopsisSoils interact with the biological environment in a number of ways. Our understanding of these interactions can often be enhanced by computer modelling. The primary function of this book is to introduce basic modelling skills and to show how even complex problems in the relationship between soil and the biosphere can be solved using modelling packages. The author presents numerous examples using ModelMaker, an easily learnt software package. Only basic mathematical skills are expected of the reader. A demo of ModelMaker is available on CD from Cherwell ScientificTable of Contents1: Introduction 2: Nitrogen Transformation in Soil 3: Modelling kinetics 4: Nitrification 5: Denitrification 6: C/N transformations in soil organic matter 7: Soil Temperature 8: Dynamics in space and time 9: Volumetric heat capacity and thermal conductivity 10: Heat flow models 11: Soil Water 12: Potential concept 13: Hydraulic conductivity 14: Basic water flow model 15: Other boundary conditions 16: Infiltrability 17: Soil Energy Balance 18: Soil temperature-moisture model 19: Radiation balance 20: Water vapour movement 21: Plant Growth 22: Conceptual plant growth model 23: Photosynthesis 24: Plant growth-substrate relationships 25: Environmental factors 26: Leaching 27: Transport processes 28: Leaching models 29: Final Comments

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Book SynopsisNitrogen fixation by leguminous plants is especially important when farmers are trying to minimise fertilizer use for cost or environmental reasons. This second edition of the highly successful book, first published in 1991, contains thoroughly updated and revised material on the theory and practice of nitrogen fixation in tropical cropping systems.Table of Contents1: Tropical Environments: Climates, Soils and Cropping Systems 2: N2-fixing Organisms in the Tropics 3: The Process of Nitrogen Fixation 4: Assessment of the Role of Nitrogen Fixation 5: Cycling of Fixed N2 in Tropical Cropping Systems 6: Cereal Crops and Grasses: Free-living, Root Associated and Endophytic Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria 7: Cyanobacteria and Azolla as Green Manure for Wetland Rice 8: Grain Legumes for Food, Fodder and Soil Fertility 9: Legumes as Green Manures and Cover Crops 10: Forage Legumes in Pastures and Leys 11: Plantation Crops: Understorey Legumes and Shade Trees 12: Agroforestry: Nitrogen Fixing Trees in Integrated Agriculture 13: Environmental Constraints to Nitrogen Fixation 14: Approaches to Enhancing N2-fixation 15: Future Impacts of N2-fixation in Tropical Agriculture

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