Scientific research Books

Book SynopsisThe United States government supports a broad range of scientific and engineering research and development R&D. Its purposes include addressing specific concerns such as national defence, health, safety, the environment, and energy security, as well as advancing knowledge generally, developing the scientific and engineering workforce and strengthening U.S. innovation and competitiveness in the global economy. The federal government has played an important role in supporting R&D efforts that have led to scientific breakthroughs and new technologies. This book examines the federal role in funding research and development in such areas as energy technology, colleges and universities, and others.

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Book SynopsisAn "other transaction" (OT) is a special vehicle used by federal agencies for obtaining or advancing research and development (R&D) or prototypes. An OT is not a contract, grant or co-operative agreement, and there is no statutory or regulatory definition of "other transaction". Only those agencies that have been provided OT authority may engage in other transaction. Generally, the reason for OT authority is that the government needs to obtain leading edge R&D and prototypes from commercial sources, but some companies are unwilling or unable to comply with the government''s procurement regulations. This book examines the "other transaction authority" and its uses by the federal agencies.

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Book SynopsisTo listen to most pundits and political writers, evolution, stem cells, and climate change are the only scientific issues worth mentioning,and the only people who are anti-science are conservatives. Yet those on the left have numerous fallacies of their own. Aversion to clean energy programs, basic biological research, and even life-saving vaccines come naturally to many progressives. These are positions supported by little more than junk-science and paranoid thinking.Now for the first time, science writers Dr. Alex B. Berezow and Hank Campbell have drawn open the curtain on the left's fear of science. As Science Left Behind reveals, vague inclinations about the wholesomeness of all things natural, the unhealthiness of the unnatural, and many other seductive fallacies have led to an epidemic of misinformation. The results: public health crises, damaging and misguided policies, and worst of all, a new culture war over basic scientific facts,in which the left is just as culpable as the right.Trade Review"Science Left Behind challenges the notion that poorly informed anti-science rhetoric is solely the province of the right wing...Berezow and Campbell offer numerous examples of progressives hijacking legitimate programs and research and twisting them to suit a backwards-ass anti-science agenda. In this way, reading Science Left Behind is as infuriating as it is eye-opening. A fundamental lack of familiarity with science is rampant in government as a whole, and Science Left Behind does an impressive job drawing attention to this alarming disparity." Portland Mercury" Nevertheless, Berezow and Campbell's message is jarring and necessary. Science is vilified in American political life. People believe things because they wish to, not because of what is true. This has real-world consequences when it comes to the implementation of beneficial technology. Anti-scientism is everywhere, and acknowledging that much of it comes from our own political tribe is a hard and inconvenient truth." Scienceblogs.com "Anyone who talks for very long with a genuine American leftist -- as opposed to the vastly more numerous moderate liberals -- can quickly see that romantic-nostalgic spite toward science and technology is not the sole province of Fox-watchers." PolicyMic"The people who are skeptical of the benefits of vaccination or think that organic food is healthier will undoubtedly find [Science Left Behind] problematic. And they should. The prominent activists and politicians highlighted in this book are spreading misinformation and causing serious harm in some cases, and it's good to see scientists and science writers making some noise about it. You should read what they have to say. Go buy this book." Wall Street Journal"In Science Left Behind, journalists Alex B. Berezow and Hank Campbell show that conservatives hardly have a monopoly on motivated reasoning, usefully revealing how pervasive scientific misinformation is in progressive arguments on organic and genetically modified foods, clean energy, nuclear waste and other matters." Forbes "There are a lot of hot-button topics here: environmentalism, genetically modified organisms, organic food, product testing on animals, solar power, clean energy, and more. The authors explore the issues in detail, working very hard to give the appearance of political neutrality, and the book does an excellent job of opening readers' minds to the possibility that these issues aren't as cut-and-dried as they might have been led to believe by politicians and the media. Open-minded readers, those who don't mind being asked to reassess their long-held beliefs, should find much here to think about and debate. "This is - as far as I know - the best and first book to tackle many of these anti-science claims, and while it is not the definitive work on any of these subjects, it's worth a read for anyone who is infuriated by claims that republicans are anti-science...[T]he book does an excellent job of bringing together a large survey of different ways that elements of the political left in America fail to heed what science has to say." New Scientist"There is more, and recent, antiscience fare from far-left progressives, documented in the 2012 book Science Left Behind by science journalists Alex B. Berezow and Hank Campbell, who note that "if it is true that conservatives have declared a war on science, then progressives have declared Armageddon...Whereas conservatives obsess over the purity and sanctity of sex, the left's sacred values seem fixated on the environment, leading to an almost religious fervor over the purity and sanctity of air, water and especially food." Scientific American Commentary Magazine"Alex B. Berezow and Hank Campbell are on solid ground in Science Left Behind: Feel-Good Fallacies and the Rise of the Anti-Scientific Left...Their arguments slice quickly and powerfully, supported by the kinds of skillfully chosen facts...Science Left Behind does much-needed work in drawing attention to what the authors call the "feel-good fallacies" that constitute the worldviews of so many on the left-often the very individuals who proudly claim membership in the "reality-based com-munity." More important, Berezow and Campbell articulate a valuable observation that deserves constant reiterating: with great frequency, politics invites us to inhabit an imaginary world populated by fictions that conform to our desires about how things ought to be." San Francisco Book Review Michael Medved, nationally syndicated talk radio host, author of THE 10 BIG LIES ABOUT AMERICA "Entertaining, enlightening and important. This valuable book should shatter the left's smug certainty that science registers as a partisan Democrat. Berezow and Campbell provide persuasive evidence and argument that should reshape conventional wisdom on a wide variety of current controversies." Kirkus "A sophisticatedly vitriolic, somewhat tongue-in-cheek addition to the current election debate." Publishers Weekly "Their nonpartisan message is clear: Washington as a whole is woefully uninformed when it comes to the scientific underpinnings of pertinent topics like stem cell research, green energy, organic food, vaccines, and gender issues." Huntington News "Groundbreaking...If I were teaching journalism, this is a book that I would require my students to read and absorb -- and keep for reference." The Progressive Contrarian"A no-nonsense, sometimes brutal and sometimes funny book that progressives should read." Red, Green, and Blue.org "Alex Berezow and Hank Campbell, co-authors of Science Left Behind: Feel-Good Fallacies and the Rise of the Anti-Scientific Left, make a nuanced and convincing counter argument: Ludditism is not a partisan issue. In fact, on many of the most critical issues of our time, the "progressive" perspective is often rooted in out-dated, anti-empirical, junk science paradigms that threaten innovation-and are beginning to unnerve the most scientifically minded thinkers on the left...This soft conspiracy, promoted by mainstream Democrats, infects a broad array of science issues and highlights the religious-like iconic beliefs of the left (as Kloor has noted): Nature is sacred, big business is dangerous and corrupt, technology can cause more problems than it helps solve, the world is on the verge of an eco-apocalypse, and we need more precaution, regulation and legislation. I call it enviro-romanticism, a criticism documented in distressing detail in Science Left Behind...Read Science Left Behind. It's a clarion call for the empirically minded amongst us regardless of your ideological persuasion." Booklist

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Book SynopsisToday’s scientists are showing us how stem cells create and repair the human body. Unlocking these secrets has become the new Holy Grail of biomedical research. But behind that search lies a sharp divide, one that has continued for years. Stem cells offer the hope of creating or repairing tissues lost to age, disease, and injury. Yet, because of this ability, stem cells also hold the potential to incite an international biological arms race.The Stem Cell Dilemma illuminates everything you need to know about stem cells, and in this new edition the authors have included up-to-date information on scientific advances with iPS cells, clinical trials that are currently underway, hESC policy that is in the U.S. courts, stem cells and biodefense, developments at the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, and growing international competition, plus all the basics of what stem cells are and how they work.

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Book SynopsisClimate change is a complex, crosscutting issue that poses risks to many existing environmental and economic systems, including agriculture, infrastructure, ecosystems, and human health. A 2009 assessment by the United States Global Change Research Program found that climate-related changes, such as rising temperature and sea level, will combine with pollution, population growth, urbanisation, and other social, economic and environmental stresses to create larger impacts than from any of these factors alone. Funding for climate change activities is spread across the federal government. This book provides an analysis of federal funding for climate change activities and how these activities are organised.

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Book SynopsisKeep curiosity alive! That’s the message of Never Stop Wondering, which inspires children to develop an enduring interest in the mysteries of the universe. Illustrated with whimsical drawings and written in lively verse by Emily Morgan (author of the Next Time You See series, pp. 58–60), the book is a vibrant ode to the power of asking questions and the endeavor of science. It prompts kids to be inquisitive and persistent like the great scientists of history and provides activities to get their questions flowing; it motivates them to appreciate scientific inquiry; and most important, it encourages them to never stop in their quest to explore the “whys” of the world.

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Book SynopsisWith this follow-up to the award-winning Notable Notebooks, you can help kids discover what data—and scientists—can do! Exemplary Evidence highlights how a diverse range of scientists, including Marie Tharp and Russell Stands-Over-Bull, have used measurements, mapping, and even sketches to make all kinds of breakthroughs.

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Book SynopsisScience is undergoing an identity crisis! A renown psychologist and biologist diagnoses our age of wishful, magical thinking and blasts out a clarion call for a return to reason and the search for objective knowledge and truth. Fans of Matt Ridley and Nicholas Wade will adore this trenchant meditation and call to action.Science is in trouble. Real questions in desperate need of answers—especially those surrounding ethnicity, gender, climate change, and almost anything related to ‘health and safety’—are swiftly buckling to the fiery societal demands of what ought to be rather than what is. These foregone conclusions may be comforting, but each capitulation to modernity’s whims threatens the integrity of scientific inquiry. Can true, fact-based discovery be redeemed? In Science in an Age of Unreason, legendary professor of psychology and biology, John Staddon, unveils the identity crisis afflicting today’s scientific community, and provides an actionable path to recovery. With intellectual depth and literary flair, Staddon answers pressing questions, including: Is science, especially the science of evolution, a religion? Can ethics be derived from science at all? How sound is social science, particularly surrounding today’s most controversial topics? How can passions be separated from facts? Informed by decades of expertise, Science in an Age of Unreason is a clarion call to rebirth academia as a beacon of reason and truth in a society demanding its unconditional submission.

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Book SynopsisThis is the loose-leaf version of Research Methods in Physical Activity, Eighth Edition, which offers students a less expensive, printed version of the text.Research Methods in Physical Activity, Eighth Edition, systematically guides students through the research process, introducing research methods, tools, and analysis techniques specifically for kinesiology and exercise science disciplines, including the subdisciplines of physical therapy, rehabilitation, and occupational therapy. The eighth edition continues its legacy with the authors’ trademark humor and is now enhanced with a new full-color layout.This reputable text provides step-by-step information for every aspect of the research process. Part I presents an overview of the research process, from preparing the research plan to understanding ethical issues in research and writing. Part II introduces statistical and measurement issues in research. Part III presents various approaches to research and methodology—including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods—while scholarly contributors offer advice for addressing sociohistorical, experimental, epidemiological, and philosophical research questions. Part IV details how to develop and organize research papers and presentations, and it includes guidance for describing results for publication in a scientific journal. Statistical tables and guides are available in the appendix.Joining longtime authors Jerry Thomas, EdD, and Stephen Silverman, EdD, are Philip Martin, PhD, and Jennifer Etnier, PhD, who bring fresh perspectives from the subdisciplines of biomechanics and sport and exercise psychology. Other enhancements to the eighth edition include the following: References have been updated throughout the text to present current research. Part II has undergone a major revision that makes statistical techniques more accessible. A new section on the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans and other public health initiatives demonstrates epidemiology research in action. The chapter on philosophical research contains new issues from our increasingly diverse world, challenging students to think deeply. The full-color layout fosters an engaging learning experience and offers an enhanced data presentation. Research Methods in Physical Activity, Eighth Edition, employs learning aids that make the technical aspects of the research process approachable and easy to understand. Photos, anecdotes, and humorous stories throughout the text highlight practical applications to keep students engaged. A running glossary and key points emphasize important content. Review questions and prompts invite students to assess and apply their knowledge.Research Methods in Physical Activity, Eighth Edition, instills in students the confidence to devise, collect, analyze, and present their research in a competent manner. It is an essential text for all emerging researchers in physical activity.Table of ContentsPart I. Overview of the Research ProcessChapter 1. Introduction to Research in Physical ActivityThe Nature of ResearchUnscientific Versus Scientific Methods of Problem-SolvingAlternative Models of ResearchTypes of ResearchOverview of the Research ProcessParts of a Thesis: A Reflection on the Steps in the Research ProcessSummaryChapter 2. Developing the Problem and Using the LiteratureIdentifying the Research ProblemPurpose of the Literature ReviewBasic Literature Search StrategiesSteps in the Literature SearchSummaryChapter 3. Presenting the ProblemChoosing the TitleDeveloping the Introduction: Background and JustificationStating the Research PurposePresenting the Research HypothesisOperationally Defining TermsBasic Assumptions, Delimitations, and LimitationsJustifying the Significance of the StudyDifferences Between the Thesis and the Research ArticleSummaryChapter 4. Formulating the MethodHow to Present Methodological DetailsWhy Planning the Methods Is ImportantTwo Principles for Planning ExperimentsDescribing ParticipantsSelecting and Describing InstrumentsDescribing ProceduresDescribing Design and AnalysisEstablishing Cause and EffectInteraction of Participants, Measurements, and TreatmentsSummaryChapter 5. Ethical Issues in Research and ScholarshipSeven Areas of Research MisconductEthical Issues Regarding CopyrightModel for Considering Scientific MisconductWorking With FacultyProtecting Human ParticipantsProtecting Animal SubjectsSummaryPart II. Statistical and Measurement Concepts in ResearchChapter 6. Becoming Acquainted With Statistical ConceptsWhy We Need StatisticsUse of Computers in Statistical AnalysisDescription and Inference Are Not Statistical TechniquesWays to Select a SampleWays to Assign Participants to GroupsPost Hoc JustificationsDifficulty of Random Sampling and Assignment: How Good Must It Be?Measures of Central Tendency and VariabilityBasic Concepts of Statistical TechniquesData for Use in the Remaining Statistical ChaptersSummaryChapter 7. Statistical Issues in Research Planning and EvaluationProbabilityHypothesis TestingMeaningfulness (Effect Size)PowerUsing Information in the Context of the StudySummaryChapter 8. Relationships of VariablesWhat Correlational Research InvestigatesUnderstanding the Nature of CorrelationWhat the Coefficient of Correlation MeansUsing Correlation for PredictionPartial CorrelationSemipartial CorrelationProcedures for Multiple RegressionLogistic RegressionDiscriminant Function AnalysisModerators and MediatorsMultivariate Forms of CorrelationSummaryChapter 9. Differences Between GroupsHow Statistics Test DifferencesTypes of t TestsInterpreting tRelationship of t and rAnalysis of VarianceAnalysis of CovarianceExperiment-Wise Error RateUnderstanding Multivariate TechniquesSummaryChapter 10. Nonparametric TechniquesChi Square: Testing the Observed Versus the ExpectedProcedures for Rank-Order DataCorrelationDifferences Between GroupsSummaryChapter 11. Measuring Research VariablesValidityReliabilityMethods of Establishing ReliabilityIntertester Reliability (Objectivity)Standard Error of MeasurementUsing Standard Scores to Compare PerformanceMeasuring MovementMeasuring Written ResponsesMeasuring Affective BehaviorScales for MeasurementMeasuring KnowledgeItem Response TheorySummaryPart III. Types of ResearchChapter 12. Sociohistorical Process in Sport StudiesDevelopment of the DisciplineTheory and Sport HistoryRelationship Between Theory and MethodResearch SourcesResearch TopicsResearch DesignData Analysis and InterpretationResearch FindingsExemplary Studies in Sport HistorySummaryChapter 13. Philosophical Research in Physical ActivityIdentifying the Purposes of Philosophical ResearchPhilosophical Inquiry ContinuumLocating a Research ProblemAnalyzing a Research ProblemSummaryAppendixChapter 14. Research Synthesis (Meta-Analysis and Systematic Reviews)Purpose of Research SynthesisPresenting Effect Size DataSummaryChapter 15. SurveysQuestionnairesAdditional Considerations for Online SurveysDelphi MethodPersonal InterviewsNormative SurveysSummaryChapter 16. Other Descriptive Research MethodsDevelopmental ResearchCase StudiesObservational ResearchUnobtrusive Research TechniquesCorrelational ResearchSummaryChapter 17. Physical Activity Epidemiology ResearchU.S. National Physical Activity Guidelines and PlanObservational Versus Experimental ResearchWhat Is Physical Activity Epidemiology?Definitions of Physical Activity and Its ComponentsAssessment of Physical ActivityEpidemiological Study DesignsReading and Interpreting a Physical Activity Epidemiological StudySummaryChapter 18. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental ResearchSources of InvalidityThreats to Internal ValidityThreats to External ValidityControlling Threats to Internal ValidityControlling Threats to External ValidityTypes of DesignsSummaryChapter 19. Qualitative ResearchProcedures in Qualitative ResearchData AnalysisConcluding RemarksSummaryChapter 20. Mixed-Methods ResearchCombining Quantitative and Qualitative MethodsDesigning Mixed-Methods ResearchIssues in Mixed-Methods ResearchExamples of Mixed-Methods ResearchSummaryPart IV. Writing the Research ReportChapter 21. Completing the Research ProcessResearch ProposalThesis and Dissertation ProposalsAdvisor and Dissertation CommitteeThe Good Scholar Must Research and WriteScientific WritingFirst Things Are Sometimes Best Done LastDeveloping a Good IntroductionDescribing the MethodsThe Proposal ProcessPreparing and Presenting Qualitative Research ProposalsWriting Proposals for Granting AgenciesSubmitting Internal ProposalsCompleting Your Thesis or DissertationResults and DiscussionHandling Multiple Experiments in a Single ReportUsing Tables and FiguresSummaryChapter 22. Ways of Reporting ResearchBasic Writing GuidelinesA Brief Word About AcknowledgmentsThesis and Dissertation Format: Traditional Versus JournalHelpful Hints for Successful Journal WritingRevising Research PapersWriting AbstractsMaking Oral and Poster PresentationsSummaryAppendix. Statistical Tables

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Book SynopsisThis is the loose-leaf version of Research Methods in Physical Activity, Eighth Edition, which offers students a less expensive, printed version of the text.Research Methods in Physical Activity, Eighth Edition, systematically guides students through the research process, introducing research methods, tools, and analysis techniques specifically for kinesiology and exercise science disciplines, including the subdisciplines of physical therapy, rehabilitation, and occupational therapy. The eighth edition continues its legacy with the authors’ trademark humor and is now enhanced with a new full-color layout.This reputable text provides step-by-step information for every aspect of the research process. Part I presents an overview of the research process, from preparing the research plan to understanding ethical issues in research and writing. Part II introduces statistical and measurement issues in research. Part III presents various approaches to research and methodology—including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods—while scholarly contributors offer advice for addressing sociohistorical, experimental, epidemiological, and philosophical research questions. Part IV details how to develop and organize research papers and presentations, and it includes guidance for describing results for publication in a scientific journal. Statistical tables and guides are available in the appendix.Joining longtime authors Jerry Thomas, EdD, and Stephen Silverman, EdD, are Philip Martin, PhD, and Jennifer Etnier, PhD, who bring fresh perspectives from the subdisciplines of biomechanics and sport and exercise psychology. Other enhancements to the eighth edition include the following: References have been updated throughout the text to present current research. Part II has undergone a major revision that makes statistical techniques more accessible. A new section on the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans and other public health initiatives demonstrates epidemiology research in action. The chapter on philosophical research contains new issues from our increasingly diverse world, challenging students to think deeply. The full-color layout fosters an engaging learning experience and offers an enhanced data presentation. Research Methods in Physical Activity, Eighth Edition, employs learning aids that make the technical aspects of the research process approachable and easy to understand. Photos, anecdotes, and humorous stories throughout the text highlight practical applications to keep students engaged. A running glossary and key points emphasize important content. Review questions and prompts invite students to assess and apply their knowledge.Research Methods in Physical Activity, Eighth Edition, instills in students the confidence to devise, collect, analyze, and present their research in a competent manner. It is an essential text for all emerging researchers in physical activity.Table of ContentsPart I. Overview of the Research ProcessChapter 1. Introduction to Research in Physical ActivityThe Nature of ResearchUnscientific Versus Scientific Methods of Problem-SolvingAlternative Models of ResearchTypes of ResearchOverview of the Research ProcessParts of a Thesis: A Reflection on the Steps in the Research ProcessSummaryChapter 2. Developing the Problem and Using the LiteratureIdentifying the Research ProblemPurpose of the Literature ReviewBasic Literature Search StrategiesSteps in the Literature SearchSummaryChapter 3. Presenting the ProblemChoosing the TitleDeveloping the Introduction: Background and JustificationStating the Research PurposePresenting the Research HypothesisOperationally Defining TermsBasic Assumptions, Delimitations, and LimitationsJustifying the Significance of the StudyDifferences Between the Thesis and the Research ArticleSummaryChapter 4. Formulating the MethodHow to Present Methodological DetailsWhy Planning the Methods Is ImportantTwo Principles for Planning ExperimentsDescribing ParticipantsSelecting and Describing InstrumentsDescribing ProceduresDescribing Design and AnalysisEstablishing Cause and EffectInteraction of Participants, Measurements, and TreatmentsSummaryChapter 5. Ethical Issues in Research and ScholarshipSeven Areas of Research MisconductEthical Issues Regarding CopyrightModel for Considering Scientific MisconductWorking With FacultyProtecting Human ParticipantsProtecting Animal SubjectsSummaryPart II. Statistical and Measurement Concepts in ResearchChapter 6. Becoming Acquainted With Statistical ConceptsWhy We Need StatisticsUse of Computers in Statistical AnalysisDescription and Inference Are Not Statistical TechniquesWays to Select a SampleWays to Assign Participants to GroupsPost Hoc JustificationsDifficulty of Random Sampling and Assignment: How Good Must It Be?Measures of Central Tendency and VariabilityBasic Concepts of Statistical TechniquesData for Use in the Remaining Statistical ChaptersSummaryChapter 7. Statistical Issues in Research Planning and EvaluationProbabilityHypothesis TestingMeaningfulness (Effect Size)PowerUsing Information in the Context of the StudySummaryChapter 8. Relationships of VariablesWhat Correlational Research InvestigatesUnderstanding the Nature of CorrelationWhat the Coefficient of Correlation MeansUsing Correlation for PredictionPartial CorrelationSemipartial CorrelationProcedures for Multiple RegressionLogistic RegressionDiscriminant Function AnalysisModerators and MediatorsMultivariate Forms of CorrelationSummaryChapter 9. Differences Between GroupsHow Statistics Test DifferencesTypes of t TestsInterpreting tRelationship of t and rAnalysis of VarianceAnalysis of CovarianceExperiment-Wise Error RateUnderstanding Multivariate TechniquesSummaryChapter 10. Nonparametric TechniquesChi Square: Testing the Observed Versus the ExpectedProcedures for Rank-Order DataCorrelationDifferences Between GroupsSummaryChapter 11. Measuring Research VariablesValidityReliabilityMethods of Establishing ReliabilityIntertester Reliability (Objectivity)Standard Error of MeasurementUsing Standard Scores to Compare PerformanceMeasuring MovementMeasuring Written ResponsesMeasuring Affective BehaviorScales for MeasurementMeasuring KnowledgeItem Response TheorySummaryPart III. Types of ResearchChapter 12. Sociohistorical Process in Sport StudiesDevelopment of the DisciplineTheory and Sport HistoryRelationship Between Theory and MethodResearch SourcesResearch TopicsResearch DesignData Analysis and InterpretationResearch FindingsExemplary Studies in Sport HistorySummaryChapter 13. Philosophical Research in Physical ActivityIdentifying the Purposes of Philosophical ResearchPhilosophical Inquiry ContinuumLocating a Research ProblemAnalyzing a Research ProblemSummaryAppendixChapter 14. Research Synthesis (Meta-Analysis and Systematic Reviews)Purpose of Research SynthesisPresenting Effect Size DataSummaryChapter 15. SurveysQuestionnairesAdditional Considerations for Online SurveysDelphi MethodPersonal InterviewsNormative SurveysSummaryChapter 16. Other Descriptive Research MethodsDevelopmental ResearchCase StudiesObservational ResearchUnobtrusive Research TechniquesCorrelational ResearchSummaryChapter 17. Physical Activity Epidemiology ResearchU.S. National Physical Activity Guidelines and PlanObservational Versus Experimental ResearchWhat Is Physical Activity Epidemiology?Definitions of Physical Activity and Its ComponentsAssessment of Physical ActivityEpidemiological Study DesignsReading and Interpreting a Physical Activity Epidemiological StudySummaryChapter 18. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental ResearchSources of InvalidityThreats to Internal ValidityThreats to External ValidityControlling Threats to Internal ValidityControlling Threats to External ValidityTypes of DesignsSummaryChapter 19. Qualitative ResearchProcedures in Qualitative ResearchData AnalysisConcluding RemarksSummaryChapter 20. Mixed-Methods ResearchCombining Quantitative and Qualitative MethodsDesigning Mixed-Methods ResearchIssues in Mixed-Methods ResearchExamples of Mixed-Methods ResearchSummaryPart IV. Writing the Research ReportChapter 21. Completing the Research ProcessResearch ProposalThesis and Dissertation ProposalsAdvisor and Dissertation CommitteeThe Good Scholar Must Research and WriteScientific WritingFirst Things Are Sometimes Best Done LastDeveloping a Good IntroductionDescribing the MethodsThe Proposal ProcessPreparing and Presenting Qualitative Research ProposalsWriting Proposals for Granting AgenciesSubmitting Internal ProposalsCompleting Your Thesis or DissertationResults and DiscussionHandling Multiple Experiments in a Single ReportUsing Tables and FiguresSummaryChapter 22. Ways of Reporting ResearchBasic Writing GuidelinesA Brief Word About AcknowledgmentsThesis and Dissertation Format: Traditional Versus JournalHelpful Hints for Successful Journal WritingRevising Research PapersWriting AbstractsMaking Oral and Poster PresentationsSummaryAppendix. Statistical Tables

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Book SynopsisThis is the loose-leaf version of Measurement and Evaluation in Human Performance, Sixth Edition With HKPropel Access, which offers students a less expensive, printed version of the text.Measurement and Evaluation in Human Performance, Sixth Edition With HKPropel Access, guides students through the essentials of collecting and analyzing data of human performance and using that data in practical application. Introductory algebraic concepts are combined with the technological capabilities of Microsoft Excel and IBM’s SPSS software to aid students in calculations and data analysis. Focusing on the core concepts of reliability and validity of data, the text provides all the necessary tools for evidence-based decision making to apply in kinesiology, sport and exercise science, physical therapy, allied health, physical education, health, and fitness.The sixth edition of Measurement and Evaluation in Human Performance has been reorganized to offer a logical progression of information that makes it easy for instructors and students to apply the content to their specific courses and career goals. It is enhanced with added expertise from new coauthor Weimo Zhu, who served as the chair of the Measurement and Evaluation Council of SHAPE America. The amount of information on physical activity assessment has been increased across all chapters, and the text includes new content about sport video analysis apps, employment-related testing, and more.The text is divided into four parts. Part I introduces the concepts of measurement and evaluation and their importance for decision making in human performance. Part II explores statistics as core tools and resources for these evaluations and explains the various forms of statistical procedures often used in measurement. Part III presents reliability and validity from theoretical, comprehensive, and criterion-referenced perspectives. Skills gained through previous sections are applied to human performance issues such as evaluating a person’s aerobic capacity or muscular strength. Part IV applies all of the content from the previous sections to practical settings where students will use the knowledge gained in the text, covering topics like fitness assessment, performance assessment, motor behavior, and sport and exercise psychology.To enhance student comprehension and retention, related online learning aids are delivered through HKPropel. Sample data sets allow students to practice data analysis, as do a wide range of study and practice activities. Chapter quizzes may be assigned to students by instructors and are automatically graded within HKPropel. In addition, Mastery Item sidebars throughout the text include problems and activities that test student knowledge, while Measurement and Evaluation Challenge sidebars provide scenarios that can be tackled with the information from the chapter.Measurement and Evaluation in Human Performance, Sixth Edition, continues to provide students with the tools and confidence they will need to gather reliable data, analyze it, and apply it in their work with clients.Note: A code for accessing HKPropel is included with all new print books.Table of ContentsPart I. Introduction to Tests and Measurements in Human PerformanceChapter 1. Concepts in Tests and MeasurementsNature of Measurement and EvaluationPurposes of Measurement, Testing, and EvaluationReliability and ValidityDomains of Human PerformanceSummaryChapter 2. Using Technology in Measurement and EvaluationPrinciples and Practice of Using Technology in AssessmentUsing Computers to Analyze DataUsing SPSSDownloading Data MatricesSummaryPart II. Basic Statistical ConceptsChapter 3. Descriptive Statistics and the Normal DistributionsScales of MeasurementSummation NotationReporting DataCentral TendencyDistribution ShapesVariabilityStandard ScoresNormal-Curve Areas (z-table)SummaryChapter 4. Correlation and PredictionCorrelation CoefficientCalculating rInterpreting rPredictionMultiple Correlation or Multiple RegressionSummaryChapter 5. Inferential StatisticsHypothesis TestingIndependent and Dependent VariablesOverview of Hypotheses Testing and Inferential StatisticsEffect SizeSelected Statistical TestsSummaryPart III. Reliability and Validity TheoryChapter 6. Reliability and ValidityReliabilityValidityApplied Reliability and Validity MeasuresEstimating Agreement Between Measures Using the Bland–Altman MethodSummaryChapter 7. Criterion-Referenced Tests: Cut Scores, Reliability, and ValiditySetting Criterion-Referenced StandardsDevelopment of Criterion-Referenced TestingStatistical Analysis of Criterion-Referenced TestsCriterion-Referenced Testing ExamplesApplying Criterion-Referenced Standards to EpidemiologySummaryPart IV. Human Performance ApplicationsChapter 8. Evaluation: Theory and PracticeEvaluations and StandardsEvaluation in School SettingsProcess of GradingDetermining Instructional ObjectivesConsistency in GradingGrading MechanicsEvaluation in Nonschool SettingsSummaryChapter 9. Developing Written Tests and SurveysPlanning the TestConstructing and Scoring the TestAdministering the TestAnalyzing the TestItem AnalysisSources of Written TestsQuestionnaires and SurveysSummaryChapter 10. Assessment of Health-Related Physical FitnessA Brief History of Physical Fitness TestingHealth-Related Physical FitnessEstablishing the Risk for Fitness Testing and ExerciseMeasuring Aerobic CapacityMeasuring Body CompositionMeasuring Muscular Strength and EnduranceMeasuring FlexibilityHealth-Related Fitness Test BatteriesFitness Test Batteries for Older AdultsFitness Test Batteries for Children and YouthFitness Test Batteries for Special PopulationsSummaryChapter 11. Assessment of Performance-Related FitnessMeasuring AgilityMeasuring BalanceMeasuring CoordinationMeasuring PowerMeasuring Reaction TimeMeasuring SpeedMeasuring Other Performance-Related Fitness ComponentsIssues Related to Selection, Administration, and Use of Performance-Related Fitness TestsSummaryChapter 12. Assessment of Motor Abilities, Skills, and PerformanceTesting Motor AbilitiesGuidelines for Motor Ability, Skills, and Performance TestsEffective Testing ProceduresDeveloping Motor Performance TestsIssues in Skills TestingSkills Test ClassificationPurposes of Motor Performance AnalysisSport AnalyticsVideo Analysis AppsEmployment-Related Performance TestingSummaryChapter 13. Assessment of Physical Activity and Energy ExpenditureA Chronological View of Physical Activity and Health AssessmentPhysical Activity and Energy ExpenditureMethods of Assessing Physical ActivityMethods of Assessing Energy ExpenditureSelecting a Method of MeasurementAssessing Physical Activity in Children and YouthDetermining Dose of Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure for HealthSummaryChapter 14. Psychological Measurements in Sport and ExerciseSport Psychology: Performance Enhancement and Mental HealthExercise Psychology: Psychological Benefits of Physical ActivityTrait Versus State MeasuresGeneral Versus Sport-Specific MeasuresQuantitative Versus Qualitative MeasurementCautions When Using Psychological TestsNew Technology for Assessment PracticesTests Used in Sport and Exercise PsychologySummaryChapter 15. Performance-Based Assessment: Alternative Ways to Assess Student LearningImpetus for Developing a New Type of AssessmentTypes of Performance-Based AssessmentEstablishing Criteria for Performance-Based AssessmentsSubjectivity: A Criticism of Performance-Based AssessmentsSelecting Appropriate Performance-Based AssessmentsIssues to Consider When Developing Performance-Based AssessmentsImproving Assessment Practices in Physical Education SettingsSummaryAppendix: Microsoft Excel Applications

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Book SynopsisIntroduction of a common European currency has been, and is, a process bristling with difficulties. Will establishing European science be any easier? The contributors to the volume have treated this question with the seriousness it deserves. The results steer away from an easy optimism, but emphasize the importance of such enterprise. This insightful text should be of interest to policy makers and scientists alike, not the least because it shows how the two groups influence each other.'- Barbara Czarniawska, University of Gothenburg, SwedenSince the European Research Area was launched at the beginning of the century, significant efforts have been made to realise the vision of a coherent space for science and research in Europe. But how does one define such a space and measure its development? This timely book analyses the dynamics of change in the policy and governance of science and research within Europe over the past decade. It widens the scope of traditional policy analysis by focusing attention on the interaction between policy rationales, new governance mechanisms, and the organisational dynamics of the scientific field.The contributors build a novel analytical framework to understand the European research space as one shifting from a fragmented space of 'Science in Europe' to one that is labeled 'European Science'. The chapters explore the dynamics of this shift through the lenses of political science, organisation theory, science policy and related analytical traditions.Towards European Science is an interdisciplinary book which will attract a wide set of scholars and professionals interested in science policy, governance and scientific practice. It will also be of use to university leaders and managers, as well as policy-makers and practitioners working on issues of internationalisation and the Europeanisation of science.Contributors: I. Bleiklie, D. Braun, L. Cruz-Castro, J. Enders, L. Engwall, Å. Gornitzka, T. Hedmo, K. Jonkers, B. Lepori, T. Luukkonen, G. Mathisen Nyhagen, M. Nedeva, L. Sanz-Menéndez, L. WedlinTrade Review‘Introduction of a common European currency has been, and is, a process bristling with difficulties. Will establishing European science be any easier? The contributors to the volume have treated this question with the seriousness it deserves. The results steer away from an easy optimism, but emphasize the importance of such enterprise. This insightful text should be of interest to policy makers and scientists alike, not the least because it shows how the two groups influence each other.’ -- Barbara Czarniawska, University of Gothenburg, Sweden‘After reading the volume, it is easy to agree with the editors and to recommend the book to all actors in any research space interested in the science policy in the EU and the transformation of the European research/science space.’ -- ComparativTable of ContentsContents: 1. Towards European Science: An Introduction Linda Wedlin and Maria Nedeva 2. From ‘Science in Europe’ to ‘European Science’ Maria Nedeva and Linda Wedlin 3. European Research Area: An Evolving Policy Agenda Terttu Luukkonen 4. Actor Constellations in the European Funding Area Dietmar Braun 5. Executive Governance of European Science – Technocratic, Segmented, and Path Dependent? Åse Gornitzka 6. Transnational Organizations Defining Quality and Excellence Linda Wedlin and Tina Hedmo 7. Organizing Knowledge Institutions – Standardizing Diversity Ivar Bleiklie, Gigliola Mathisen Nyhagen, Jürgen Enders and Benedetto Lepori 8. Academies and their Roles in Policy Decisions Lars Engwall 9. The Internationalisation of Research Institutes Laura Cruz-Castro, Koen Jonkers and Luis Sanz-Menéndez 10. Quo Vadis European Science? Linda Wedlin and Maria Nedeva Index

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Book SynopsisWhy are so few electric cars in our streets today? Why is it difficult to introduce electronic patient records in our hospitals? To answer these questions we need to understand how state and non-state actors interact with the purpose of transforming socio-technical systems.Examining the 'who' (agents), 'how' (policy instruments) and 'why' (societal legitimacy) of the governance process, this book presents a conceptual framework for the governance of change in socio-technical systems. Bridging the gap between disciplinary fields, expert contributions provide innovative empirical cases of different modes of governing change. The Governance of Socio-Technical Systems offers a stepping-stone towards building a theory of governance of change and presents a new research agenda on the interaction between science, technology and society.This book will appeal to scholars in the fields of political science, economics, STS and innovation studies, who are interested in the processes of socio-technical change, their democratic legitimacy, and the governance of grand societal challenges.Contributors: D. Barberá-Tomás, M. Barbier, P. Biegelbauer, S. Borrás, A. Daemmrich, A. Delemarle, J. Edler, S. Kuhlmann, P. Larédo, D. Lehner, A. Loconto, J. Molas-Gallart, P. Stegmaier, E. Vignola-Gagné, V.R. VisserTrade Review'[The book] makes a very valid contribution. . . unpacking the uncertainty and the instability of the governance of complex systems while proposing some avenues to reduce the potentially excessive 'universality' of the concept. . . Efforts such as this one by Borrás et al. help pave the way in what remains a largely uncharted - yet fundamental field of research.' --Science & Public Policy'It is difficult to think of a more pressingly momentous political challenge than the topic addressed in this volume, and there could hardly be a better group of researchers to unfold key implications. In the broadest of senses referred to here, 'socio-technical systems' pervade all the great political dilemmas of the contemporary world. Across sectors spanning health, food, water, energy, environment and security, growing imperatives are recognised under diverse political perspectives for radically transformative change. What is needed is innovative interdisciplinary thinking combined with scholarly rigour and close attention to detail. And motivations are required that are more animated by enabling hope than by debilitating fear. All these qualities are evident in abundance in this timely and engaging volume. Offering the kinds of fresh ideas, intense commitment and expansive vision that are so essential to success, the authors and editors are to be congratulated on a robust and timely contribution.' --Andrew Stirling, University of Sussex, UK'The governance of change in socio-technical and innovation systems has been a neglected topic for too long. Finally, we have a collection which brings together an interdisciplinary perspective and points towards fresh empirical and theoretical possibilities. Ambitious and challenging but well-structured, this book suggests new interconnections between political science, science and technology studies, and economics. Any social scientist seeking to understand the governance of socio-technical change should start here.' --Alan Irwin, Dean of Research at Copenhagen Business School, DenmarkTable of ContentsContents: 1. Introduction: On Governance, Systems and Change Susana Borrás and Jakob Edler 2. The Governance of Change in Socio-Technical and Innovation Systems: Three Pillars for a Conceptual Framework Susana Borrás and Jakob Edler 3. Anticipatory Markets: Technical Standards as a Governance Tool in the Development of Biodegradable Plastics Arthur Daemmrich 4. Transitioning Sustainability: Performing ‘Governing by Standards’ Allison Loconto and Marc Barbier 5. Governance and Technological Change: The Effects Of Regulation In Medical Devices David Barberá-Tomás and Jordi Molas-Gallart 6. The Discontinuation in Socio-Technical Systems as Governance Problem Peter Stegmaier, Stefan Kuhlmann and Vincent R. Visser 7. Translational Research: Entrepreneurship, Advocacy and Programmatic Work in the Governance of Biomedical Innovation Etienne Vignola-Gagné, Peter Biegelbauer and Daniel Lehner 8. Governing Radical Change Through the Building of a Governance Arrangement Aurélie Delemarle and Philippe Larédo 9. The Who, What, How and Why of Governing Change. First Lessons and Ways Forward Susana Borrás and Jakob Edler Index

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Book SynopsisThis is a very timely book! Public procurement for innovation has become a prominent tool of demand-side innovation policy in recent years. A better understanding of the underlying assumptions and intentions, as well as the opportunities of this bundle of instruments and their limitations, is highly relevant for both innovation policy analysts, students and practitioners. The book presents the latest knowledge and insights of world-leading experts in the field of public procurement for innovation.'- Stefan Kuhlmann, University of Twente, the Netherlands, President of the European Forum for Studies of Policies for Research and InnovationPublic procurement for innovation (PPI) is a demand-side innovation policy instrument. It occurs when a public organization places an order for the fulfillment of certain functions or needs, which cannot be met at that moment or within a reasonable period of time through a new or improved product.Providing evidence of the benefits to public and private actors from selective use of this policy instrument, this book illustrates the requirements and constraints for its operationalization. It significantly improves our knowledge of the key determinants of effective public procurement, aiming to promote innovative capabilities in the supplying sectors and beyond. It also provides case studies and conceptual contributions that help extend the frontier of our understanding in areas where there are still significant knowledge gaps.Scholars interested in the study of innovation policies and practitioners involved in the design, implementation and evaluation of PPI will benefit from this state-of-the-art exploration.Contributors: Y. Caloghirou, J. Edler, C. Edquist, A.T. Furtado, L. Georghiou, Y. Li, J. Nauta, P. Panaghiotopoulos, A. Protogerou, C. Garcia Ribeiro, J. Rigby, M. Rolfstam, L. Tsipouri, E. Uyarra, V. Valovirta, H. van Meerveld, N.S. Vonortas, G. Whyles, J. Yeow, J.M. Zabala-IturriagagoitiaTrade Review‘This book contributes in two ways: first, it defines concepts and proposes a PPI typology and methodological tools for implementation in future PPI studies to enable consistent comparisons among regions and countries. Second, it provides an empirical survey and case study evidence of the effectiveness of PPI in countries at different stages of development in Europe, the USA, China, and Brazil . . . This book is highly recommended.’? -- Science and Public Policy?‘This is a very timely book! Public procurement for innovation has become a prominent tool of demand-side innovation policy in recent years. A better understanding of the underlying assumptions and intentions, as well as the opportunities of this bundle of instruments and their limitations, is highly relevant for both innovation policy analysts, students and practitioners. The book presents the latest knowledge and insights of world-leading experts in the field of public procurement for innovation.’ -- Stefan Kuhlmann, University of Twente, the Netherlands, President of the European Forum for Studies of Policies for Research and Innovation‘This book introduces a range of PPI-related issues and concludes that more knowledge is needed about the organizational conditions for more efficient and effective PPI results. The concluding chapter summarizes the various contributions, draws some lessons from the case studies, and argues that more research on PPI would benefit from an evaluation of demand-side and innovation policies to provide new methods and frameworks to enhance their effectiveness. This book is highly recommended.’ -- Science and Public PolicyTable of ContentsContents: 1. Introduction Charles Edquist, Nicholas S. Vonortas and Jon Mikel Zabala-Iturriagagoitia PART I CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 2. The Meaning and Limitations of Public Procurement for Innovation: A Supplier’s Experience Jakob Edler, Luke Georghiou, Elvira Uyarra and Jillian Yeow 3. Building Capability for Public Procurement of Innovation Ville Valovirta 4. Risk Management in Public Procurement of Innovation: A Conceptualisation Jakob Edler, Max Rolfstam, Lena Tsipouri and Elvira Uyarra 5. Forward Commitment Procurement and its Effect on Perceived Risks in PPI Projects. Hendrik van Meerveld, Joram Nauta and Gaynor Whyles PART II CASE STUDIES 6. Innovative Public Procurement in the United States Nicolas S. Vonortas 7. Public Procurement for Innovation Elements in the Chinese New Energy Vehicles Program Yanchao Li, Luke Georghiou and John Rigby 8. Public Procurement for eGovernment Services: Challenges and Problems Related to the Implementation of a New Innovative Scheme in Greek Local Authorities Yannis Caloghirou, Aimilia Protogerou and Panagiotis Panaghiotopoulos 9. Closing the Loop – Examining the Case of the Procurement of a Sustainable Innovation Jillian Yeow, Elvira Uyarra and Sally Gee 10. Public Procurement for Innovation in Developing Countries: The Case of Petrobras Cássio Garcia Ribeiro and André Tosi Furtado 11. Lessons, Limitations and Way Forward Jakob Edler, Charles Edquist, Nicholas S. Vonortas and Jon Mikel Zabala-Iturriagagoitia Index

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Book SynopsisScience and public policy go hand in hand, yet their relationship is fraught with tension. Society demands innovation through new research and technology, as well as ensuring that scientific progress is socially acceptable and sustainable. This Handbook examines the fluctuating relationship between public policy and science, and in particular the impact, both nationally and internationally of these changes on research. Examining the interlinked models of science and social policy, this Handbook addresses a number of overarching questions: what are the consequences of changing science policies for science and science systems? How far do these consequences go? Do they tackle the fundamental principles of science, its norms, standards, and reputation systems? And what impact does this have on modern science and technology? With contributions from leading scholars in the field, the Handbook on Science and Public Policy provides answers from a broad scope of theoretical and conceptual perspectives. This is a much-needed reference for students of public policy and politics, as well as for scholars with an interest in science policy in particular. The wide range of insights will also be of interest to analysts of science policy.Trade Review'Without any doubt, the relation between scientific practices and public policies has changed considerably over the past quarter of a century. Internationalization has increased, in the form of both co-operation and competition. Innovation has become a policy keyword for assessing scientific outcome, while scholars themselves have observed changes in knowledge production. New indicators for assessing scientific quality and impact have proliferated, and they are increasingly used as policy tools. Rich in both substance and diversity, this volume makes a big step towards providing a much-needed comprehensive assessment of a wide range of interrelated changes in the relation between science and public policy.' --Peter Wagner, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain'This Handbook offers a comprehensive analysis of the complex and fluid relationships between science, society and science policy. A combination of theoretical, empirical, comparative and transnational contributions by a multidisciplinary group of acknowledged scholars offers novel perspectives on forms of collaborative knowledge production and ways of renegotiating the contract between science, society and public policy. At a time of rising anti-science rhetoric, this volume offers a valuable counterweight, which should be widely read by academics and policy practitioners alike.' --Sigrid Quack, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany'This Handbook offers an interesting look at the evolving state-of-the-art research on science, public policy and society. A number of internationally leading scholars provide valuable empirical observations together with inspiring theoretical considerations regarding changes in societal, normative and epistemic foundations, in the configuration of actors, framings and governance arrangements, as well as an outlook on research challenges and opportunities. This is a highly recommended read for academics as well as for reflective practitioners.' --Daniel Barben, University of Klagenfurt, AustriaTable of ContentsContents: Introduction Part I Changing contract between science, society, and public policy 1. Next Generation Science Policy and Grand Challenges Stefan Kuhlmann and Arie Rip 2. Responsible Innovation and Responsible Research and Innovation Richard Owen and Mario Pansera 3. Normative answers – epistemic questions. Updating the science-society contract Sabine Maasen and Sascha Dickel 4. Re-making the modern constitution: The case for an observatory on public engagement practices Jan-Peter Voß Part II Changing national/global science and policy landscape 5. Global Science for Global Challenges Caroline S. Wagner 6. The current state of the art of science diplomacy Tim Flink and Nicolas Rüffin 7. Bringing the Rules Back In. Peer Review, Bureaucracy and the Reform of Science Governance in France (1960-2010) Jérôme Aust and Clémentine Gozlan 8. U.S. Scientific Collaboration on Research and Policy: The Necessity of Global Engagement Elizabeth A. Corley 9. Australian science policy: funding, focus and failings Karen Hussey, Christopher McEwan, Julia Playford Part III Changing actors and framings of science and public policy 10. Innovation and the Marginalisation of Research Benoît Godin 11. Changing Science Policies, Authority Relationships and Innovations in Public Science Systems Richard Whitley 12. Higher Education developments and the effects on Science Jeroen Huisman and Marco Seeber 13. New Forms of Policy Expertise Holger Strassheim and Weert Canzler 14. Innovation, excellence and reputation: The persistence of the German science system Andreas Knie and Dagmar Simon 15. Gender in European Research Policy Liudvika Leišytė Part IV Changing production of knowledge 16. Processing issues in science policy: emerging epistemic regimes Stefan Böschen 17. Changing Science Society Relations in the Digital Age: The Citizen Science Movement and its Broader Implications Martina Franzen 18. Triple Helix: A Universal Innovation Model? Henry Etzkowitz and Alice Zhou 19. Interdisciplinarity Put to Test: Science policy rhetoric vs. scientific practice – the case of integrating the social sciences and humanities in Horizon 2020 Julia Stamm Part V Changing governance of scientific research and related public policies 20. Changes in European Research and Innovation Governance: Coordination Effects & Membership Effects Susana Borrás 21. How Can Governance Change Research Content? Linking Science Policy Studies to the Sociology of Science Jochen Gläser 22. The changing governance of research systems. Agencification and organizational differentiation in research funding organizations Benedetto Lepori and Emanuela Reale 23. Globalization and the rise of rankings Paul Wouters 24. Assessing the Broader Impacts of Publicly Funded Research Claire Donovan Part VI Changing Studies of Science Policy, Science, and Innovation 25. Why science and innovation policy needs Science and Technology Studies? Robin Williams 26. The future of science policy and innovation studies: Some challenges and the factors underlying them Ben R. Martin Index

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Book SynopsisScience has become a central political concern with massive increases in public investment, but resources are embedded in a complex web of expectations that vary between countries and regions. This book outlines an insightful understanding of science policy as both concerning the governance of science itself through priority-setting, funding, organization and articulation with polity, society and economy, and its extra-organizational connections in terms of higher education, innovation and national policy concerns.The New Global Politics of Science examines how science and innovation have become truly global, and the consequences of this for scientists, policymakers and citizens. This book provides an overview of how research policies have evolved in different countries and contexts. It also examines how science research has been aligned with nation-building and state-formation, enmeshed in meta-governance, and how this relates to economic growth.Analysing how knowledge policies have been forged in their specific historical and geographical settings, this book will be an invaluable tool for scholars and policymakers in the fields of science, innovation and public policy.Trade Review'Mats Benner's The New Global Politics of Science: Knowledge, Markets and the State provides an analytically insightful and impressively wide ranging contemporary account of the governance, or ''knowledge politics'', of research across major national performers. The informed and balanced integration of analytical themes spanning national innovation systems, the politics of research, and science and technological studies make it a valuable contribution to several fields of study.' --Irwin Feller, Pennsylvania State University, US'Benner's ambitious book globalizes the field of knowledge policy, showing how the universal link between science and economic growth, across all world regions supersedes previous distinctions among nations based upon traditional political and military criteria.' --Henry Etzkowitz, Stanford University, US'The New Global Politics of Science ventures to study and analyze the growing national investment in science, including academic science. Mats Benner shows that while global forces are real and important, the nation-states and geography remain critical determinants of R&D productivity. His case study approach, including China, India, Hong Kong, Singapore, the United States, and the pan-European research area, explores both differences and similarities in regional science systems and the heightened sense of competition and shared responsibility. Science remains not only the Endless Frontier, but increasingly the primary means of economic and, one hopes, social progress.' --John Aubrey Douglass, University of California, Berkeley, USTable of ContentsContents: 1. The new global politics of research 2. China – the antinomies of catching up 3. India waits – The protracted route to a Knowledge State 4. Singapore and Hong Kong – small, similar but different 5. Why is there no knowledge policy in the United States? 6. The European Union – straddling interests and expectations 7. Europe beyond the European Union: a multitude of models 8. Reprise: the new global politics of research References Index

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Book SynopsisDifferent theories, models and narratives of innovation compete for both legitimacy and authority. However, despite the variations, they all offer a consistent pro-innovation bias, dismissing resistance as irrational, and overlooking the value of non-users and collateral impacts. This book asks, what has been left out? It offers a reflexive view and invites researchers to consider new avenues of research, through a critique of current representations of innovation. The chapters provide a different viewpoint on innovation by exploring what has been omitted from traditional innovation studies. The book examines imitation, non-innovative roles, resistance to innovation, slow innovation, the rationale of non-users, failure, withdrawal, collateral impacts and alternative models. Calling for new definitions and frameworks, the editors have created a critical program for innovation studies with new avenues for future research. Offering state-of-the-art discussion of theories, models, narratives and ideologies of innovation and alternative approaches, this book will be an essential resource for scholars in technology and innovation, management, engineering, political and social sciences. It will also appeal to policy-makers in the science and technology sector.Contributors include: C. Bagattolli, M.W. Bauer, L. Becerra, K. Berglund, T. Brandão, C. Cañibano, M.I. Encinar, G. Gaglio, S. Garrido, B. Godin, F. Goulet, J. Juhl, J. Langrish, K.-H. Leitner, F.-F. Muñoz, S.M. Pfotenhauer, B. Segercrantz, J. Söderberg, K.-E. Sveiby, H. Thomas, D. Vinck, L. VinselTrade Review‘There is much to explore in this volume, and much to look forward to as future scholars build upon it.. . . An interdisciplinary book such as Critical Studies of Innovation is a treasure because wrestling with these unique, and varying, perspectives can yield new insights to the -- curious and patient reader.’– Logan D. A. Williams, Minerva: A Review of Science, Learning and Policy‘Critical Studies of Innovation is a critically important and seminal work of outstanding scholarship that is unreservedly recommended for both college and university library collections and supplemental studies reading lists.’ -- Midwest Book Review‘This book provides an indispensable collection of insights into the world outside the nimbus of superiority that surrounds innovation to this day. The book is a treasure trove for any student and scholar and a must-have for any library!' -- ForesightTable of ContentsContents: Innovation: From the Forbidden to a Cliché Benoît Godin and Dominique Vinck Part I Problematic frameworks and narratives of innovation 1. Why is Imitation not Innovation? Benoît Godin 2. “Innovation fads” as an alternative research topic to pro-innovation bias. The examples of Jugaad and reverse innovation Gérald Gaglio 3. ‘Best practices’ as mimesis? Innovation policies in peripheral countries Tiago Brandão and Carolina Bagattolli 4. Innovation and the political state: Beyond the myth of technology and markets Sebastian M. Pfotenhauer and Joakim Juhl Part II What is left with the pro-innovation bias 5. Moving towards innovation through withdrawal: the neglect of destruction Frédéric Goulet and Dominique Vinck 6. Comparing two cases of outlaw innovation: file sharing and legal highs Johan Söderberg 7. Unattended consequences of innovation Karl-Erik Sveiby Part III Reactions to innovation 8. Resistance as a latent factor of innovation Martin W. Bauer 9. Socio-technical dynamics of counter-hegemony and resistance Hernan Thomas, Lucas Becerra and Santiago Garrido 10. “No” and “slow” innovation strategies as a response to increased innovation speed Karl-Heinz Leitner Part IV Alternatives frameworks 11. Learning thanks to innovation failure Dominique Vinck 12. The economic rationality of NOvative behavior Carolina Cañibano, María-Isabel Encinar and Félix-Fernando Muñoz 13. Regulatory enforcement as sociotechnical systems maintenance Lee Vinsel 14. A discourse analysis of innovation in academic management literature Beata Segercrantz, Karl-Erik Sveiby and Karin Berglund 15. Physics or biology as models for the study of innovation John Langrish Conclusion: Toward Critical Studies of Innovation Benoît Godin and Dominique Vinck Index

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Book SynopsisThis book examines the design and implementation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities in rural areas, based on collaboration between well-known corporates and an international research organization. Researchers used various scientific tools and methods to enhance rural livelihoods and improve sustainable natural resources management. Including three chapters covering the philosophy and practices of CSR, this book covers emerging policies and their implications in India. Eight case studies based on actual practices explore climate-resilient agriculture, water footprint, improving livelihoods, diversification of crop pattern, enhancing crop productivity, and sustainable development in low rainfall regions. Five further chapters cover soil health improvement, improving rural wastewater management and enhancing rural livelihoods, based on various case studies. The book offers macro and micro perspectives of CSR work and its critical benefits to both community and natural resources. This book covers: Philosophy and practices of corporate social responsibility. Impact studies on improving livelihoods and sustainable development of natural resources. Process steps across various CSR initiatives. Distinct features of each corporate agency. This book will be useful to corporates, individuals involved in CSR work as well as students and researchers focused on agricultural development and the sustainable development of natural resources.Table of Contents1: Corporate Social Responsibility in India: Philosophy, Policy and Practice 2: A Holistic Approach for Achieving Impact through CSR 3: Building Soil Health, Improving Carbon Footprint and Minimizing Greenhouse Gas Emissions through CSR 4: CSR and Climate-resilient Agriculture – A JSW Case Study 5: Improving Livelihoods through Watershed Interventions: A Case Study of SABMiller India Project 6: Improved Livelihoods – A Case Study from Asian Paints Limited 7: Improving Water Availability and Diversification of Cropping Systems in Pilot Villages of North and Southern India 8: Scaling-up of Science-led Development – Sir Dorabji Tata Trust Initiative 9: Increasing Agricultural Productivity of Farming Systems in Parts of Central India – Sir Ratan Tata Trust Initiative 10: Sustainable Development of Fragile Low-rainfall Regions – Power Grid Corporation of India Initiative 11: Farmer-centric Integrated Water Management for Improving Livelihoods – A Case Study of Rural Electrification Corporation Limited 12: Improving Rural Wastewater Management 13: Learnings and a Way Forward

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Book SynopsisAt a time when Asia is rapidly growing in global influence, this much-needed and insightful book bridges two major current policy topics in order to offer a unique study of the latest smart city archetypes emerging throughout Asia. Highlighting the smart city aspirations of Asian countries and their role in Asian governments' new development strategies, this book draws out timely narratives and insights from a uniquely Asian context and policymaking space. Each carefully curated chapter studies a national or local government-led smart city project and how it specifically relates to local institutions, political dynamics and development challenges in a region that is rapidly urbanising and growing economically. Collectively, these pressing contributions offer a comparative look at the policies and practices of smart cities, seen through the lens of local scholars and experts. Thoughtful and engaging, this book will prove valuable reading for students and scholars of public policy and Asian studies, as well as those with a specific interest in urban studies and planning, and science and technology policy. Policymakers and practitioners will also benefit from the rich information and up-to-date analysis on offer. Contributors include: T. Chatterji, M.-Y. Foo, J.-S. Hwang, S.A. Imawan, Y.-M. Joo, C.K. Khoo, K.C. Lee, X. Li, M. Manning, K.-M. Nam, J.-i. Noh, O.-o. Poocharoen, A.B. Pratama, S. Roy, T.-B. Tan, J.L. Tao, P. Thiengburanathum, S.-s. Wu, X. Yang, M. Yarime, L. YeTrade Review‘This volume is a handy resource for scholars and practitioners seeking to identify relevant smart city policies, their evolution trajectories, and the government actors or agencies involved in their development in a particular country, just as the editors intended. The book will appeal to advanced undergraduate and graduate students of Asian urbanism as well as those in public policy seeking to learn from the process of smart city policy developments outside the West.’ -- Nidhi Subramanyam, Journal of Urban Affairs‘Many cities have already started transitioning to smart cities as described in Smart Cities in Asia and will continue to emerge following the path of the cities explored in this informative and insightful collection of case studies containing valuable lessons for a smart city future to come.’ -- Balazs Laki, Progress in Development Studies‘Smart Cities in Asia is a timely addition to the ongoing debate about the local manifestation of this globally circulating policy idea.’ -- Christian Dimmer, Pacific Affairs'This book is a timely and welcome addition to the growing body of knowledge on smart cities in Asia. Covering major smart cities in East, Southeast and South Asia, it thoughtfully examines the reasons why these conurbations are eagerly jumping onto the smart cities bandwagon, their progress so far and the key policies introduced. Focusing on an increasingly important region in the global economy, this edited volume is not only an important contribution to the literature but also an essential read for anyone interested in smart cities in Asia.' --Kwok Yan Lam, Nanyang Technological University, SingaporeTable of ContentsContents: 1 Smart cities in Asia: an introduction 1 Yu-Min Joo and Teck-Boon Tan SMART CITIES OF THE FOUR ASIAN TIGERS AND JAPAN 2 The Smart Nation: unpacking Singapore’s latest mega-digitalisation push 19 Yu-Min Joo, Teck-Boon Tan and Ming-Yee Foo 3 Smart-city vision and strategy in Hong Kong 38 Xin Li, Kyung-Min Nam and Chee Keong Khoo 4 Smart Taipei City: understanding policy motivations, approaches and implementation 61 Shang-su Wu 5 The evolution of smart city in South Korea: the smart city winter and the city-as-a-platform 78 Jong-Sung Hwang 6 Facilitating innovation for smart cities: the role of public policies in the case of Japan 93 Masaru Yarime SMART CITY INITIATIVES OF TWO ASIAN GIANTS 7 The smart city policy of India and its governance implications 108 Souvanic Roy and Tathagata Chatterji 8 Smart cities in China: development background, policy measures and implementations 127 Xinhui Yang and Lin Ye SECOND-TIER CITIES AND SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT 9 Bureaucratic readiness for smart city initiatives: a mini study in Yogyakarta City, Indonesia 148 Arif Budy Pratama and Satria Aji Imawan 10 The smart city as a complex adaptive system: the ebbs and flows of humans and materials 162 Ora-orn Poocharoen, Poon Thiengburanathum and Kian Cheng Lee 11 ‘Green’ and ‘smart’ in South Korea: conceptions from the state to the citizen 180 Michael Manning, Jill L. Tao and Jae-in Noh Index 199

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Book SynopsisThis insightful book explores the citizen-government relation, as mediated through artificial intelligence (AI). Through a critical lens, Jérôme Duberry examines the role of AI in the relation and its implications for the quality of liberal democracy and the strength of civic capacity.In his analysis of AI, Duberry covers three key objectives: illustrating where and how AI is used in the context of citizen-government relations; highlighting the specific risks of using AI for citizen-government relations; and calling for a dedicated framework for assessing AI in these contexts. The author assesses the promises and pitfalls of AI at various levels of the citizen-government relation, including citizen participation, civic technology and political communication. Employing empirical findings from in-depth case studies and interviews with 40 experts in the field, the book stresses the burgeoning need for an innovative, human-centric management of AI in the citizen-government relation based on risk assessment that prioritises equality, freedom, human rights and popular sovereignty.Intervening at a key watershed in the history of digital politics, this timely book is key reading for researchers and scholars of political science and public policy, particularly those studying the digital landscape of contemporary policy and politics. It also offers significant empirical insights into the benefits and risks of AI for policymakers and civil servants working with new technologies.Trade Review‘The work presented in this book is considerable and remarkable. This book, a true state of the art of transdisciplinary knowledge on the subject, constitutes a reference in this new field of study.’ -- Solange Ghernaouti, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland‘The author has tackled an extremely important topic at a pivotal moment. And he has done so with a structurally sound book that explores both the positive and negative potential afforded by digital technologies relating to democracy. Most importantly, there are well-substantiated conclusions found here on how exactly the tectonic shifts created by AI can be better understood and managed in democratic societies.’ -- Steven J. Barela, Université de Genève, Switzerland‘This is a remarkable effort to offer an insightful understanding of the complex place and functions that Artificial Intelligence (AI) is acquiring in contemporary politics and society. This is definitely a necessary and illuminating contribution to our understanding of the many opportunities and risks that the increasing use of AI unfolds for democratic participation.’ -- Josep Ibañez, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, SpainTable of ContentsContents: Introduction 1. AI to optimize the effectiveness and efficiency of public services 2. Policy entrepreneurs: Skills and resources to identify and exploit open policy windows 3. AI and information dissemination: Challenging citizens’ access to relevant and reliable information 4. AI in public and private forms of surveillance: Challenging trust in the citizen–government relations 5. AI and the persuasion industry: Eroding the policy entrepreneurial resources and skills of citizens 6. AI and the weaponization of information: Hybrid threats against trust between citizens and democratic institutions 7. AI and civic tech: Engaging citizens in decision-making processes but not without risks Concluding remarks Index

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Book SynopsisElgar Advanced Introductions are stimulating and thoughtful introductions to major fields in the social sciences, business and law, expertly written by the world’s leading scholars. Designed to be accessible yet rigorous, they offer concise and lucid surveys of the substantive and policy issues associated with discrete subject areas. This insightful Advanced Introduction provides an in-depth review of current U.S. technology policy, tracing the legislative history of policies such as the Economic Recovery Tax Act, the Small Business Innovation Development Act and the National Cooperative Research Act. The critical elements of the ecosystem in which technology policy exists are also discussed, with a particular focus on U.S. patent policy and U.S. investments in infrastructure technology. Key features include: Historical trace of U.S. technology policy ideas over the past 75 years Comparison of U.S. technology policies to those in other nations Agenda for future thinking about U.S. technology policy Integrated discussion of U.S. technology policy Economic rationale for U.S. technology policy This Advanced Introduction will be invaluable for international business leaders and policymakers, in addition to scholars in economics, public administration, business and public policy.Trade Review'Al Link and James Cunningham start their book by noting Vannevar Bush’s famed Science - The Endless Frontier. It is now the 75th anniversary of that work and we are overdue for a fresh look at the technology policy system Bush helped establish. Their work traces the institutional context for American technology policy and the core laws and policies that have evolved it, applying a clear grasp of the private sector's development role. Their book is a rich and thoughtful exploration, and a ''must read'' for all those interested in technology policy.' -- William Bonvillian, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, US'Albert N. Link and James Cunningham provide a fresh perspective on the role of government in the now massive U.S. science and technology enterprise with their new book, Advanced Introduction to Technology Policy. The book is a comprehensive introduction to the scale and scope of U.S. technology policy today and well worth adding to the bookshelves of advanced students and practitioners alike. The authors carefully recap the changes in the relationship between government and technology development since the Cold War era, chronicle the forces shaping the technology policy landscape, and explore the five prominent policy options they consider to be the foundation for U.S. technology policy today. Concluding with a roadmap of the current maze of technology policy mechanisms, they identify what they view as two missing elements in today’s toolbox for enhancing the nation’s innovation engine.' -- Peter Blair, George Mason University, USTable of ContentsContents: Preface 1. Context PART I POLICIES TO INCREASE PRIVATE-SECTOR R&D 2. Research tax credits 3. Research subsidies 4. Collaborative research incentives PART II POLICIES TO LEVERAGE PRIVATE-SECTOR R&D 5. Incentivizing patenting activity in the academic sector 6. Incentivizing patenting activity in the public sector PART III RECONCILING POLICY INITIATIVES 7. U.S. technology policy 8. Concluding remarks References Index

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Book SynopsisElgar Advanced Introductions are stimulating and thoughtful introductions to major fields in the social sciences, business and law, expertly written by the world’s leading scholars. Designed to be accessible yet rigorous, they offer concise and lucid surveys of the substantive and policy issues associated with discrete subject areas. This insightful Advanced Introduction provides an in-depth review of current U.S. technology policy, tracing the legislative history of policies such as the Economic Recovery Tax Act, the Small Business Innovation Development Act and the National Cooperative Research Act. The critical elements of the ecosystem in which technology policy exists are also discussed, with a particular focus on U.S. patent policy and U.S. investments in infrastructure technology. Key features include: Historical trace of U.S. technology policy ideas over the past 75 years Comparison of U.S. technology policies to those in other nations Agenda for future thinking about U.S. technology policy Integrated discussion of U.S. technology policy Economic rationale for U.S. technology policy This Advanced Introduction will be invaluable for international business leaders and policymakers, in addition to scholars in economics, public administration, business and public policy.Trade Review'Al Link and James Cunningham start their book by noting Vannevar Bush’s famed Science - The Endless Frontier. It is now the 75th anniversary of that work and we are overdue for a fresh look at the technology policy system Bush helped establish. Their work traces the institutional context for American technology policy and the core laws and policies that have evolved it, applying a clear grasp of the private sector's development role. Their book is a rich and thoughtful exploration, and a ''must read'' for all those interested in technology policy.' -- William Bonvillian, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, US'Albert N. Link and James Cunningham provide a fresh perspective on the role of government in the now massive U.S. science and technology enterprise with their new book, Advanced Introduction to Technology Policy. The book is a comprehensive introduction to the scale and scope of U.S. technology policy today and well worth adding to the bookshelves of advanced students and practitioners alike. The authors carefully recap the changes in the relationship between government and technology development since the Cold War era, chronicle the forces shaping the technology policy landscape, and explore the five prominent policy options they consider to be the foundation for U.S. technology policy today. Concluding with a roadmap of the current maze of technology policy mechanisms, they identify what they view as two missing elements in today’s toolbox for enhancing the nation’s innovation engine.' -- Peter Blair, George Mason University, USTable of ContentsContents: Preface 1. Context PART I POLICIES TO INCREASE PRIVATE-SECTOR R&D 2. Research tax credits 3. Research subsidies 4. Collaborative research incentives PART II POLICIES TO LEVERAGE PRIVATE-SECTOR R&D 5. Incentivizing patenting activity in the academic sector 6. Incentivizing patenting activity in the public sector PART III RECONCILING POLICY INITIATIVES 7. U.S. technology policy 8. Concluding remarks References Index

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Book SynopsisThis timely book provides an intellectual and conceptual history of a key representation of innovation: technological innovation. Tracing the history of the discourses of scholars, practitioners and policy-makers, and exploring how and why innovation became defined as technological, Benoît Godin studies the emergence of the term, its meaning, and its transformation and use over time. Part I of this unique book offers a genealogy of technological innovation from technological unemployment through technological change and technological progress. Part II then turns to the discourse on technological innovation, asserting that it has emerged as a key term because it serves utilitarian functions. The Invention of Technological Innovation will be of interest to students and academics studying the concepts and theories of innovation, whilst also being a key resource for policy-makers, managers and analysts looking to gain a deeper understanding of the topic.Trade Review‘The Invention of Technological Innovation is a meticulous and seminal work of deftly organized and presented scholarship that is unreservedly recommended for both college and university library collections.’ -- Michael J. Carson, Midwest Book ReviewTable of ContentsContents: PREFACE INTRODUCTION Part I Technological Change 1. Technological Unemployment 2. Technological Change 3. Imagining a New Academic Field 4. Technology and Social Change 5. Technological Progress INTERLUDE Part II Technological Innovation 6. Inventing Technological Innovation 7. Theorists before Theories 8. An Inclusive Notion 9. Theories of Innovation 10. Reinventing Innovation EPILOGUE Index

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Book SynopsisExamining one of the fastest growing industries in the world, Ronit Justo-Hanani compares the distinctly different approaches between both sides of the Atlantic when regulating the health, safety and environmental risks of nanotechnology and its novel properties.Looking at ongoing adjustments to existing laws, Justo-Hanani details how and why, in contrast to the United States, the European Union has adopted a far more stringent, comprehensive regulatory policy for nanotechnology safety. This illuminating book shows that despite the US’ prominence in global nanotechnology markets, the strict rules of the EU have been at the forefront of market regulations across the globe. With a full and comparative account of the politics and regulatory processes of nanotechnology safety in the EU and US, it ultimately argues that the EU’s adaptive and proactive, capacity-building strategy, is the key to strengthening its role as a global regulatory leader.This timely book will be useful to students and scholars of regulation and governance; science, technology, and innovation policy; environmental and health policy; and international law and politics. Its practical applications will also be of interest to policymakers concerned with the advancements of nanotechnology.Trade Review‘Nanotechnologies are rapidly proliferating in a wide array of industries. What kinds of risk their use may have for human health and the environment is still imbued with much uncertainty. This excellent comparative study delves into the different approaches employed in the EU and the US towards regulating nanotechnology safety and shows how the EU has succeeded in influencing international discussions towards the adoption of more precautionary regulatory approaches. The book will interest scholars and practitioners interested in the governance of emerging technologies, transatlantic competition and cooperation in the establishment of technology regulations, global regime formation, and European foreign policy.’ -- Miranda A. Schreurs, Technical University of Munich, Germany‘A carefully researched and comprehensive analysis of the European, American and global approaches to managing the risks of nanotechnology. The analysis of the EU's global impact is particularly illuminating.’ -- David Vogel, University of California, Berkeley, USTable of ContentsContents: Preface 1 Nanotechnology safety and the global economy 2 Nanosafety regulatory policies: comprehensive and limited approaches 3 Transatlantic regulatory divergence: the role of domestic politics and policy styles 4 The establishment of EU nanotechnology regulatory policy: green political actors as drivers of regional integration 5 The spread of nano-specific risk regulation: the EU’s international regulatory influence 6 Conclusions References Index

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Book SynopsisThe Elgar Encyclopedia of Technology and Politics is a landmark resource that offers a comprehensive overview of the ways in which technological development is reshaping politics. Providing an unparalleled starting point for research, it addresses all the major contemporary aspects of the field.Divided into five thematic parts, the Encyclopedia investigates the existing academic literature on the main subfields in this area, before introducing innovative digital research methods. It then highlights the pivotal political and non-political actors leading the process of technological innovation, clarifies key concepts and terms in the field, and finally covers emerging and debated topics.This Encyclopedia will be particularly invaluable for early career researchers and advanced students in politics looking for a concise entry point into any of the various ways in which technology shapes the field. It will also be useful for practitioners to familiarise themselves with the analytical opportunities provided by computational social and political sciences.Key Features: Entries written by over 90 scholars from 33 different countries on 5 continents Accessible starting point for research into the key literature, topics and debates in the field Introduces important new digital methods such as machine learning, text analysis and network analysis Defines and clarifies the meaning of contested terms such as disinformation, echo chambers and fake news Trade Review‘The book shoulders the work of a specialised Encyclopedia, but also refreshes the field by providing a diverse set of contributions to subject matters both established and emerging.’ -- Richard Rogers, University of Amsterdam, the NetherlandsTable of ContentsContents: PART I SUBJECTS AND SUBFIELDS Agenda-setting research in the age of social media 2 Porismita Borah and Yan Su Clicktivism, slacktivism and connective action 5 Max Halupka Cybersecurity 9 Tobias Liebetrau and Linda Monsees Digitally networked protests 14 Dan Mercea E-campaigning and elections 17 Jörg Haßler E-democracy 21 Emiliana De Blasio Electoral predictions from social media data 25 Marko M. Skoric and Kokil Jaidka Internet and political participation 29 Shelley Boulianne and Stephanie Belland Nowcasting and forecasting with Big Data 34 Amparo Blazquez-Soriano and Rosmery Ramos-Sandoval Populism and social media 37 Peter Maurer Social media and autocracy 42 Tamara Grechanaya Social media and political trust 46 Christopher Starke Social media and public health 50 Francesca Greco and Guido Giarelli Social media revolution versus normalization 54 Joachim Åström and Martin Karlsson Social TV and second screen 59 Fabio Giglietto Terrorism and online extremism 62 Fatima Zahrah and Jason R. C. Nurse Violence, conflict, war and social media 67 Eleonora Mattiacci PART II METHODS Digital trace data analysis 73 Luca Corchia Technicity-of-the-mediums 77 Janna Joceli Omena Data collection: APIs and scraping 81 Marius Sältzer and Aleksandra Butneva Audio as data 86 Ludovic Rheault and Sophie Borwein Image as data and visual methods 90 Uta Russmann and Anastasia Veneti Text as data 94 Kohei Watanabe Scaling models in political science 98 Daniel Braby, Benjamin Guinaudeau and Marius Sältzer Sentiment analysis and opinion mining 105 Francesca Greco Topic models 108 Theresa Gessler Mobile positioning data 111 Anu Masso, Siiri Silm and Olle Järv Machine learning and deep learning 114 David Muchlinski Qualitative methods 118 Lucia Bainotti Digital ethnography 122 Alessandro Caliandro Social network analysis 126 Katherine Ognyanova PART III ACTORS Activated public opinion 132 Andrea Ceron Algorithm, machine learning and artificial intelligence 135 Andrea Ferrario and Michele Loi Bots 139 Rose Marie Santini and Débora Salles Digital advocacy 143 Gabriella Scaramuzzino Digital parties 147 Linn Sandberg Fact-checking 151 Camille J. Saucier and Nathan Walter Hacktivists 155 Marco Deseriis Hyperleaders 159 Roberta Bracciale Political influencers 163 Andreu Casero-Ripollés Social media analytics companies 167 Ivan Manokha Trolls 171 Andreas Birkbak and Yevgeniy Golovchenko Voting advice applications 176 Bastiaan Bruinsma WikiLeaks and whistleblowers 180 Meghan Van Portfliet and Kate Kenny PART IV CORE KEYWORDS Big Data 186 Nathan TeBlunthuis Censorship online 190 Tamara Grechanaya Data journalism 192 Sergio Splendore Deep Web and Dark Web 196 Robert W. Gehl Digital public sphere 200 Lidia Valera-Ordaz Disinformation 205 Margherita Bordignon and Giovanni Pagano Echo chambers 210 Daniel Stegmann, Birgit Stark and Melanie Magin Fake news 216 Jana Laura Egelhofer and Jakob-Moritz Eberl Filter bubbles 220 Daniel Stegmann, Melanie Magin and Birgit Stark Hashtag politics 225 Janna Joceli Omena Microtargeting 231 Mathieu Lavigne Misinformation 235 Margherita Bordignon and Giovanni Pagano (Non-)representativeness of social media data 239 Melanie Magin Online political hostility 244 Linn Sandberg and Anamaria Dutceac Segesten Open data 248 Irene Nonyelum Azogu and Justin Longo Post-truth 253 Jakob-Moritz Eberl and Jana Laura Egelhofer Viral political marketing 257 Márton Bene Wisdom of crowds 262 Fabio Franch PART V DEBATED AND EMERGING TOPICS Apps and politics 269 David B. Nieborg and Kaushar Mahetaji Computational propaganda effects 273 Rose Marie Santini, Débora Salles, Lorena Lucas Regattieri and Carlos Eduardo Barros Conspiracy theories on social media 277 Edward Hurcombe Coordinated inauthentic behavior 280 Fabio Giglietto Crypto-politics 283 Linda Monsees Data doxa 287 Gavin John Douglas Smith Digital movement of opinion 291 Mauro Barisione Digital surveillance 294 Kathleen Kuehn Election manipulation and interference 298 Amelie Henle and Samantha Bradshaw Gamification in politics 304 Michael Bossetta Meme politics 308 Giulia Giorgi and Ilir Rama Online sources for journalism 313 Sergio Splendore Platform labor and digital labor 317 Alessandro Gandini Robots and politics 320 Ryan David Kiggins Sentiment democracy 324 Andrea Ceron Twiplomacy 327 Maja Šimunjak Index 332

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Book SynopsisGiven the recent re-evaluation of research funding policy as an issue central to national governments and the EU, it is imperative that underlying rationales and channels for investment in research and development are examined. A pioneering analysis of the complexity, allocation and management of public funding of research, this Handbook explores the strategies whereby research can be successfully targeted and supported to resolve problems of broad public concern.Used effectively, the Handbook finds, research has the potential to support economic growth, create jobs, enhance social welfare, protect the environment and expand the frontiers of human knowledge. Taking a multi-level approach, chapters strategize ways to address various funding objectives through analysis of policy design, policy instruments, research organizations and researchers, while remedying disparities resulting from the distribution of research funds. The Handbook’s expansive scope, which covers variation in goals and instrument management over time and across countries, facilitates an approach that not only scrutinizes existing paradigms of public research funding but also looks to the future.With authoritative analysis and theoretical frameworks by leading scholars, the Handbook employs an interdisciplinary approach that combines sociology of sciences, political sciences and economics. It will prove a useful resource for scholars and researchers in science policy studies, alongside policy analysts in ministries and research funding organizations seeking to better understand their working environment.Trade Review‘Public funding of research is crucial for independent, creative knowledge production in universities and research organisations, certainly in view of the great societal challenges of our time. This Handbook offers analyses by leading international scholars, showing how modes of funding have changed in the 21st century, with both pitfalls and promising avenues. A must-read for academics and policymakers engaged in transformative knowledge politics.’ -- Stefan Kuhlmann, University of Twente, the Netherlands‘This Handbook is timely as our science systems are under increasing pressure to deliver impact with tighter resources and increased performance pressure for individuals and organisations. It provides creative perspectives and concepts to better understand how different funding systems and policies and their changes interact with research organisations, research practices and researcher careers. In providing thorough reflection on these interactions it presents a step-change in science policy research and is highly meaningful for scholars, funders, policy makers and politicians.’ -- Jakob Edler, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research, Germany and University of Manchester, UK‘A unique Handbook addressing the radical changes public research and universities have witnessed during the last 20 years. It is unique by its national, organizational and individual analyses of transformations, and by its ability to question established categories (e.g. top down vs bottom-up, or basic vs applied). -- Philippe Larédo, University of Manchester, UK'Many should be grateful for the publication of this important Handbook. Scholars from different disciplines provide significant insights into a system that has both expanded considerably as well as changed towards project financing. It offers highly recommended reading for politicians at the top of the system down to individual researchers.' -- Lars Engwall, Uppsala University, SwedenTable of ContentsContents: 1 Introduction to the Handbook of Public Funding of Research: understanding vertical and horizontal complexities 1 Benedetto Lepori, Ben Jongbloed and Diana Hicks PART I PUBLIC POLICIES AND RESEARCH FUNDING 2 What is public about public research? The case of COVID-19 R&D 21 Barry Bozeman 3 Motivations guiding public research funding in science, technology and innovation (STI) policy: a synthesis 38 Aixa Y. Alemán-Díaz 4 Politics of public research funding: the case of the European Union 55 Inga Ulnicane PART II POLICY MIXES IN PUBLIC RESEARCH FUNDING: LAYERING AND COMPLEXITY 5 Ideas and instruments in public research funding 73 Giliberto Capano 6 Performance-based research funding and its impacts on research organizations 90 Gunnar Sivertsen 7 R&D programs as instruments for governmental R&D funding policy 107 Emanuela Reale, Magnus Gulbrandsen and Thomas Scherngell 8 Size matters! On the implications of increasing the size of research grants 123 Carter Bloch, Alexander Kladakis and Mads P. Sørensen 9 Potentials and limitations of program-based research funding for the transformation of research systems 139 Susanne Bührer, Sarah Seus and Rainer Walz 10 Targeting research to address societal needs: what can we learn from 30 years of targeting neglected diseases? 156 Josie Coburn, Ohid Yaqub and Joanna Chataway 11 The construction of competition in public research funding systems 172 Stefan Arora-Jonsson, Nils Brunsson and Peter Edlund PART III INTERACTION OF FUNDING SYSTEMS WITH ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES AND HIERARCHIES 12 Incentives, rationales, and expected impact: linking performance-based research funding to internal funding distributions of universities 186 Jussi Kivistö and Charles Mathies 13 Research funding in the context of high institutional stratification: policy scenarios for Europe based on insights from the United States 203 Arlette Jappe and Thomas Heinze 14 Public research organisations and public research funding 221 Laura Cruz-Castro and Luis Sanz-Menéndez PART IV RESEARCHERS’ INTERACTION WITH THE FUNDING ENVIRONMENT 15 Reframing study of research(er) funding towards configurations and trails 242 Duncan A. Thomas and Irene Ramos-Vielba 16 Researchers’ responses to their funding situation 261 Grit Laudel 17 Gender and underrepresented minorities differences in research funding 279 Laura Cruz-Castro, Donna K. Ginther and Luis Sanz-Menéndez 18 Research funding and scientific careers 301 Julia Melkers, Richard Woolley and Quintin Kreth 19 Research funding and academics’ scholarly performance 322 Hugo Horta and Huan Li PART V SYSTEM PERSPECTIVES AND COUNTRY VARIATIONS 20 Context matters: conceptualizing research funding policies through the lens of the varieties of academic capitalism approach 340 Olivier Bégin-Caouette, Silvia Mirlene Nakano Koga and Émanuelle Maltais 21 System-level insights into public funding of research from emerging economies 361 Juan D. Rogers 22 Public research funding in Asian latecomer countries: developmental legacy and dilemmas 378 So Young Kim Index 395

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Book SynopsisThis thought-provoking book expands on the notion that Big Science is not the only term to describe and investigate particularly large research projects, scientific collaborations and facilities. It investigates the significant overlap between Big Science and Research Infrastructures (RIs) in a European context since the early twenty-first century. Contributions to this innovative book not only augment the study of Big Science with new perspectives, but also launch the study of RIs as a promising new line of inquiry. Chapters testify to a generational shift that is taking place in this field, amending and complementing prior analyses of Big Science. Advancing our knowledge, this interdisciplinary book explores how Big Science and RIs can be categorized, how the politics around them can be understood, and how they relate to the surrounding science and research policy landscape of Europe. Big Science and Research Infrastructures in Europe will be of value to students and scholars interested in science and innovation policy across sociology, economics, management and political science. Policymakers, science administrators and operators of RIs will also benefit from the critical insights provided. Contributors include: I.K. Bolliger, A. Collsiöö, K.C. Cramer, B. D'Ippolito, H. Eriksson, T. Franssen, A. Griffiths, O. Hallonsten, J.-C. Mauduit, M. Moskovko, N. Rüffin, C.-C. Rüling, I. Ulnicane, A. WilliamsTrade Review'This book skillfully updates the literature on Big Science, containing newer perspectives on the history, sociology, and politics of research infrastructures. The interdisciplinary yet neatly integrated contributions show how ''big organizations, big machines, and big politics'' co-construct Europe and its research infrastructure.' --Cyrus Mody, Maastricht University, the Netherlands'This is an ambitious and effective coverage of the network of European Big Science institutions. It is a comprehensive and insightful volume that takes us behind purely scientific scenes to examine the policies that govern large European science projects, the legal frameworks that shape them, the funding that supports them, and the alliance-building that made them possible. The chapters are comprehensive, and reveal the political and commercial forces at work in the expanding network of European scientific institutions, as well as their crucial role in European integration and multinational cooperation.' --Robert P. Crease, Stony Brook University, US'This book, in a comprehensive and appealing way, tells a story of large scientific facilities dating back to the early Cold War and reaching the current era of integrated Research Infrastructure eco-systems. Going from a competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to scientific cooperation among European states to tackle the grand challenges such as key health, environmental or quality of life problems, the book provides an evolutionary picture based on deep understanding and a solid analytical framework. The authors have done magnificent work on a topic that has been so far mostly scattered in diverse policy reports. A great analysis for anyone dipping their toe in Big Science or Research Infrastructures.' --Jan Hru ák, ESFRI Chair and The Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech RepublicTable of ContentsContents: 1 Big Science and Research Infrastructures in Europe: History and current trends 1 Katharina C. Cramer, Olof Hallonsten, Isabel K. Bolliger and Alexandra Griffiths 2 Methods and strategies in the study of Big Science and Research Infrastructures: A review 27 Nicolas Rüffin 3 The role of European Big Science in the (geo)political challenges of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries 56 Katharina C. Cramer 4 Ever-changing Big Science and Research Infrastructures: Evolving European Union policy 76 Inga Ulnicane 5 The introduction of ESFRI and the rise of national Research Infrastructure roadmaps in Europe 101 Isabel K. Bolliger and Alexandra Griffiths 6 Intensified role of the European Union? European Research Infrastructure Consortium as a legal framework for contemporary multinational research collaboration 128 Maria Moskovko 7 Research Infrastructure funding as a tool for science governance in the humanities: A country case study of the Netherlands 157 Thomas Franssen 8 The role of research infrastructures in innovation systems: The case of Swedish participation in the Halden Reactor Project 177 Olof Hallonsten, Hjalmar Eriksson and August Collsiöö 9 The access and return on investment dilemma in Big Science Research Infrastructures: A case study in astronomy 198 Andrew Williams and Jean-Christophe Mauduit 10 Is there an “iron law” of Big Science? 217 Olof Hallonsten 11 Keeping a Research Infrastructure alive: Material, social, and political work at the Institut Laue-Langevin 232 Beatrice D’Ippolito and Charles-Clemens Rüling 12 Big Science and Research Infrastructures in Europe: Conclusions and outlook 251 Olof Hallonsten and Katharina C. Cramer Index 258

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Book SynopsisThis timely book explores technological innovation as a concept, dissecting its emergence, development and use. Benoît Godin offers an exciting new historiography of the subject, arguing that the study of innovation originates not from scholars but from practitioners of innovation. Godin looks to engineers, managers, consultants and policymakers as the instigators of our current understanding of technological innovation. Offering a conceptual history of the subject, Part I considers the many iterations of innovation - as an science applied, outcome, process and system - to track and analyse the changing discourses surrounding technological innovation. In Part II, the author turns to historic and contemporary innovation policy to illustrate the critical role that practitioners have had in formulating and strategizing policy. Effectively rewriting the historiography of the topic, this book is critical reading for scholars of innovation studies, sociology and the history of science and technology. Students will benefit from Godin's pioneering approach to the subject and policymakers will also find value in the book's unique insight into innovation.Trade Review'Benoit Godin's The Idea of Technological Innovation is a telling example of the power of intellectual history. In a brief but analytically crisp and extensively documented historical overview, Godin's ''alternative history'' unbundles the seemingly inextricable conceptual and policy linkages between research and development and technological innovation, positing instead that the two stages correspond to two discourses, espoused by two different communities. An invaluable work for multiple research and policy communities, but most especially for those engaged in science policy and innovation studies and the economics of technological innovation.' --Irwin Feller, The Pennsylvania State University, US'Godin's latest book provides new insights into the history of technology innovation. Tracing back the concept's phases of development from the Second World War to the present, he leaves behind a strictly scholarly point of view and focuses on the valuable contributions of practitioners.' --Jürgen Howaldt, TU Dortmund University, GermanyTable of ContentsContents: Introduction 1. Prehistory PART I Technological Innovation 2. Innovation as Science Applied 3. Innovation as Outcome 4. Innovation as Process 5. Innovation as System PART II From Idea to Action 6. Inventing Innovation Policy 7. Innovation Policy Today Conclusion Index

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Book SynopsisThis timely book explores technological innovation as a concept, dissecting its emergence, development and use. Benoît Godin offers an exciting new historiography of the subject, arguing that the study of innovation originates not from scholars but from practitioners of innovation. Godin looks to engineers, managers, consultants and policymakers as the instigators of our current understanding of technological innovation. Offering a conceptual history of the subject, Part I considers the many iterations of innovation - as an science applied, outcome, process and system - to track and analyse the changing discourses surrounding technological innovation. In Part II, the author turns to historic and contemporary innovation policy to illustrate the critical role that practitioners have had in formulating and strategizing policy. Effectively rewriting the historiography of the topic, this book is critical reading for scholars of innovation studies, sociology and the history of science and technology. Students will benefit from Godin's pioneering approach to the subject and policymakers will also find value in the book's unique insight into innovation.Trade Review'Benoit Godin's The Idea of Technological Innovation is a telling example of the power of intellectual history. In a brief but analytically crisp and extensively documented historical overview, Godin's ''alternative history'' unbundles the seemingly inextricable conceptual and policy linkages between research and development and technological innovation, positing instead that the two stages correspond to two discourses, espoused by two different communities. An invaluable work for multiple research and policy communities, but most especially for those engaged in science policy and innovation studies and the economics of technological innovation.' --Irwin Feller, The Pennsylvania State University, US'Godin's latest book provides new insights into the history of technology innovation. Tracing back the concept's phases of development from the Second World War to the present, he leaves behind a strictly scholarly point of view and focuses on the valuable contributions of practitioners.' --Jürgen Howaldt, TU Dortmund University, GermanyTable of ContentsContents: Introduction 1. Prehistory PART I Technological Innovation 2. Innovation as Science Applied 3. Innovation as Outcome 4. Innovation as Process 5. Innovation as System PART II From Idea to Action 6. Inventing Innovation Policy 7. Innovation Policy Today Conclusion Index

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Book SynopsisIn this insightful book, Peter Edlund takes a status-based approach to theorizing the development of the European Research Council (ERC). Drawing upon rich empirical material, the author vividly details how the ERC was transformed from a funding organization into an authoritative status intermediary in European science.Edlund's innovative approach illustrates the ERC's path toward pre-eminence, building on a theoretical framework that the author uses to analyze evidence from Swedish and European contexts in an intriguing exploration of research funding allocated under the flagship Starting Grant scheme. Offering a field perspective on the multi-layered interactions between candidates and audiences within which the ERC was constructed as a status intermediary, this book redirects attention toward key antecedents that allow us to understand many of the extensive consequences generated by the ERC's funding.Blending theoretical models and empirical findings, Edlund's book will appeal to academics seeking advances in status theory. Practitioners and policymakers working with research funding will also benefit from its account of the historic development of the ERC and the consequences of its funding across Europe.Trade Review'With empirical and theoretical rigor, this book problematizes an essential feature of the current science system summarized in its opening statement: "evaluations are ubiquitous in science". Its analysis of the institutionalization of a particularly prestigious funding body gives new and important insight into the (self-)organization of the European science system.' -- Olof Hallonsten, Lund University, SwedenTable of ContentsContents: Part I 1. The Makings of an Authority in Science 2. Theorizing Status Intermediaries Part II 3. Tensions and Struggles in Europe-Level Science 4. Creating Acceptance for European Research Council Evaluations 5. The Consequences of European Research Council Allocations Part III 6. Constructing a Status Intermediary in Science 7. Taking Stock and Looking Ahead Appendix Studying the European Research Council Index

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Book SynopsisLearning from Science and Technology Policy Evaluation presents US and European experiences and insights on the evaluation of policies and programs to foster research, innovation, and technology (RIT). In recent years, policymakers have promoted RIT policies to accelerate scientific and technological development in emerging fields, encourage new patterns of research collaboration and commercialization, and enhance national and regional economic competitiveness. At the same time, budgetary pressures and new public management approaches have strengthened demands for RIT performance measurement and evaluation. The contributors - leading experts in science and technology policy and evaluation - analyze and contrast the need and demand for RIT performance measurement and evaluation within the US and European innovation and policy making systems. They assess current US and European RIT evaluation practices and methods in key areas, discuss applications of new evaluative approaches and consider strategies that could lead to improvements in RIT evaluation design and policies. This up-to-date volume examining current and leading-edge evaluation methodologies will make a valuable addition to the libraries of research and innovation policymakers and analysts, educators and students of science and technology policy.Table of ContentsContents: 1. Learning from Science and Technology Policy Evaluation 2. The Academic Policy Analyst as Reporter: The Who, What and How of Evaluating Science and Technology Programs 3. Societal Challenges for R&D Evaluation 4. Frameworks for Evaluating S&T Policy in the United States 5. Evaluation of Research and Innovation Policy in Europe – New Policies, New Frameworks? 6. The Expanding Role of Peer Review Processes in the United States 7. The Evaluation of University Research in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, Germany and Austria 8. Challenges for the Evaluation of Complex Research Programmes 9. Evaluation of the BRITE/EURAM Program 10. Assessing RTD Program Portfolios in the European Union 11. Factors Affecting Technology Transfer in Industry – US Federal Laboratory Partnerships 12. Benchmarking University–Industry Relationships: A User-Centered Evaluation Approach 13. Evaluation of Regional Innovation Policies in Europe 14. Evaluating Manufacturing Extension Services in the United States: Experiences and Insights 15. Evaluating the Impacts of Grants on Women Scientists’ Careers: The Curriculum Vitae as a Tool for Research Assessment 16. Recognizing the Competing Values in Science and Technology Organizations: Implications for Evaluation 17. Real Options for Evaluating Public Sector R&D Investments 18. Evaluation as a Source of ‘Strategic Intelligence’ Index

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Book SynopsisThis book re-examines the rationale for public policy, concluding that the prevailing 'public knowledge' model is evolving towards a networked or distributed model of knowledge production and use in which public and private institutions play complementary roles. It provides a set of tools and models to assess the impact of the new network model of funding and governance, and argues that governments need to adapt their funding and administrative priorities and procedures to support the emergence and healthy growth of research networks. The book goes on to explain that interdependencies and complementarities in the production and distribution of knowledge require a new and more contextual, flexible and complex approach to government funding, monitoring and assessment. The chapters in this book issue a series of challenges to the next generation of science and technology policy. The need for new systems of governance in science and innovation make a single, all encompassing rationale for public funding unnecessary and irrelevant. The new policy questions that matter concern the means and mechanisms for intervention - the use of policy to harness, support and expand the interaction and dynamism of research networks composed of public and private actors.Trade Review'. . . the editors have also invested in a conclusion. It is really worthwhile to read it, as it summarises in a condensed and clear way what we may draw from all the different contributions to the book. . . The book offers interesting contributions. . .' -- Dietmar Braun, Science and Public Policy'This edited volume brings together an international set of the best scholars working in the area of science and technology policy. . . this is an interesting and useful collection. Each section concludes with an integrative and insightful commentary which ties the sections together and offers useful perspectives. . . The editors have done a useful job of solving the problem that plagues many edited volumes - introductory sections create a narrative and the sections and chapters are well integrated.' -- Maryann P. Feldman, Journal of Economic LiteratureTable of ContentsContents: General Introduction Part I: The Evolving Research Policy Environment 1. The Changing Social Contract for Science and the Evolution of the University 2. The Increasing Involvement of Concerned Groups in R&D Policies: What Lessons for Public Powers? 3. Interdisciplinary Research and the Organization of the University: General Challenges and a Case Study Part II: New Actor Relationships 4. Links and Impacts: The Influence of Public Research on Industrial R&D 5. The Evolution of French Research Policies and the Impacts on the Universities and Public Research Organizations 6. Public Research and Industrial Innovation: A Comparison of US and European Innovation Systems in the Life Sciences 7. Research Productivity and the Allocation of Resources in Publicly Funded Research Programmes Part III: Models of Research Funding 8. The Economics of Scientific Research Coalitions: Collaborative Network Formation in the Presence of Multiple Funding Agencies 9. On the Workings of Scientific Communities 10. Funding Basic Research: When is Public Finance Preferable to Attainable ‘Club Goods’ Solutions? 11. On the Provision of Industry-Specific Public Goods: Revisiting a Policy Process Conclusions Index

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Book SynopsisThis book re-examines the rationale for public policy, concluding that the prevailing 'public knowledge' model is evolving towards a networked or distributed model of knowledge production and use in which public and private institutions play complementary roles. It provides a set of tools and models to assess the impact of the new network model of funding and governance, and argues that governments need to adapt their funding and administrative priorities and procedures to support the emergence and healthy growth of research networks. The book goes on to explain that interdependencies and complementarities in the production and distribution of knowledge require a new and more contextual, flexible and complex approach to government funding, monitoring and assessment. The chapters in this book issue a series of challenges to the next generation of science and technology policy. The need for new systems of governance in science and innovation make a single, all encompassing rationale for public funding unnecessary and irrelevant. The new policy questions that matter concern the means and mechanisms for intervention - the use of policy to harness, support and expand the interaction and dynamism of research networks composed of public and private actors.Trade Review'. . . the editors have also invested in a conclusion. It is really worthwhile to read it, as it summarises in a condensed and clear way what we may draw from all the different contributions to the book. . . The book offers interesting contributions. . .' -- Dietmar Braun, Science and Public Policy'This edited volume brings together an international set of the best scholars working in the area of science and technology policy. . . this is an interesting and useful collection. Each section concludes with an integrative and insightful commentary which ties the sections together and offers useful perspectives. . . The editors have done a useful job of solving the problem that plagues many edited volumes - introductory sections create a narrative and the sections and chapters are well integrated.' -- Maryann P. Feldman, Journal of Economic LiteratureTable of ContentsContents: General Introduction Part I: The Evolving Research Policy Environment 1. The Changing Social Contract for Science and the Evolution of the University 2. The Increasing Involvement of Concerned Groups in R&D Policies: What Lessons for Public Powers? 3. Interdisciplinary Research and the Organization of the University: General Challenges and a Case Study Part II: New Actor Relationships 4. Links and Impacts: The Influence of Public Research on Industrial R&D 5. The Evolution of French Research Policies and the Impacts on the Universities and Public Research Organizations 6. Public Research and Industrial Innovation: A Comparison of US and European Innovation Systems in the Life Sciences 7. Research Productivity and the Allocation of Resources in Publicly Funded Research Programmes Part III: Models of Research Funding 8. The Economics of Scientific Research Coalitions: Collaborative Network Formation in the Presence of Multiple Funding Agencies 9. On the Workings of Scientific Communities 10. Funding Basic Research: When is Public Finance Preferable to Attainable ‘Club Goods’ Solutions? 11. On the Provision of Industry-Specific Public Goods: Revisiting a Policy Process Conclusions Index

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Book SynopsisBiofortification – the enrichment of staple food crops with essential micronutrients – has been heralded as a uniquely sustainable solution to the problem of micronutrient deficiency or 'hidden hunger'. Considerable attention and resources are being directed towards the biofortification of rice – the world's most important food crop. Through an in-depth analysis of international rice biofortification efforts across the US, Philippines and China, this book provides an important critique of such goal-oriented, top-down approaches. These approaches, the author argues, exemplify a model of global, 'public goods' science that is emerging within complex, international research networks. It provides vital lessons for those researching and making decisions about science and research policy, showing that if this model becomes entrenched, it is likely to channel resources towards the search for 'silver bullet' solutions at the expense of more incremental approaches that respond to locality, diversity and the complex and uncertain interactions between people and their environments. The author proposes a series of key changes to institutions and practices that might allow more context-responsive alternatives to emerge. These issues are particularly important now as increasing concerns over food security are leading donors and policy makers to commit to ambitious visions of 'impact at scale' – visions which may never become a reality and may preclude more effective pathways from being pursued. Published in association with the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). Trade Review'A deeply thought-provoking book, this study of biofortification in rice explores how and why public science so often irons out complex needs into a demand for pre-packaged solutions. Biofortification could yet become an exemplar of a different, boundary-crossing, socially-informed science for poverty alleviation. [This] book is essential reading for both critics and proponents of biotechnology in international development.' Paul Richards, Professor of Technology and Agrarian Development, Wageningen University, The Netherlands 'A lucid analysis of the decision making in international agricultural research which emphasizes a technical, commercial approach. Malnutrition is far better tackled with a biodiversity approach that makes available local foods that can be eaten fresh and are free.' Suman Sahai, Convenor, Gene Campaign, New Delhi 'A deeply thought-provoking book, this study of biofortification in rice explores how and why public science so often irons out complex needs into a demand for pre-packaged solutions. Are the great private philanthropic foundations and the brilliant scientists they fund simply incapable of understanding the lives of the rural poor? The author prefers instead to make a case for deep institutional reform, offering space for new types of partnership. Biofortification could yet become an exemplar of a different, boundary-crossing, socially-informed science for poverty alleviation. Her book is essential reading for both critics and proponents of biotechnology in international development.' Paul Richards, Professor of Technology and Agrarian Development, Wageningen University, The Netherlands 'Rice Biofortification convincingly illustrates the tenacity of the top down linear research paradigm which unfortunately still dominates the international agricultural research agenda. How researchers can effectively work with local contexts is an important issue, which the author handles admirably.' Joachim Voss, independent research professional, and formerly Director General of the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia 'Rice Biofortification would be useful for both critics and proponents of biotechnology.' Greenteacher.org, CEE (Centre for Environment Education) 'A book for those formulating and appraising scientific research and its impact on social development.' New Agriculturalist 'The issues related to the organisation of public science and research highlighted in the book are very relevant in the context of the recent debates in India related to the commerical release of Bt Brinjal.' GreenTeacher.orgTable of ContentsIntroduction: Why Biofortification? 1. 'Old Lessons and New Paradigms': Locating Biofortification 2. Building the Argument: The Case of Iron Rice 3. An Institutional Model? The Case of Golden Rice 4. An Alliance around an Idea: The Shifting Boundaries of Harvestplus 5. Global Science, Public Goods? A Synthesis. Conclusion. References. Notes

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Book SynopsisScience and technology policy is widely recognized as a critically important sphere of state activity. This book presents an authoritative overview of comparative research on science and technology policy in order to illuminate the choices that confront decision makers in this field. With contributions from various disciplines including economics, political science, law and science and technology studies, the selection of articles reflects both traditional perspectives and those which challenge conventional assumptions. The book covers such topics as the relationship between science and the state, and comparisons of how different governments seek to support and regulate scientific research, technology, industrial innovation and global competitiveness. Finally it looks at how international influences can affect national policies.Table of ContentsPART I: Science, Technology, and the State 1. Y. Ezrahi (1984), ‘Science and Utopia in Late 20th Century Pluralist Democracy: With a Special Reference to the U.S.A’ 2. J.G. Ruggie (1975), ‘International Responses to Technology: Concepts and Trends’ 3. E. Solingen (1993), ‘Between Markets and the State: Scientists in Comparative Perspective’ 4. A. Jamison (1987), ‘National Styles of Science and Technology: A Comparative Model’ PART II: Governmental Support for Science 5. H. Nowotny (1990), ‘Knowledge for Certainty: Poverty, Welfare Institutions and the Institutionalization of Social Science’ 6. A. Rip (1994), ‘The Republic of Science in the 1990’s’ 7. A. Elzinga and I. Bohlin (1989), ‘The Politics of Science in Polar Regions’ 8. Y. Gingras and M. Trépanier (1993), ‘Constructing a Tokamak: Political, Economic, and Technical Factors as Constraints and Resources’ PART III: Cross-National Perspectives on Technology Policy 9. Henry Ergas (1987), ‘Does Technology Policy Matter?’ 10. R.R. Nelson (1990), ‘U.S. Technological Leadership: Where Did It Come From, and Where Did It Go?’ 11. M. Evangelista (1989), ‘Issue-Area and Foreign Policy Revisited’ 12. H. Willke (1995), ‘The Proactive State: The Role of National Enabling Policies in Global Socio-Economic Transformations’ PART IV: Cultures of Innovation 13. P. Patel and K. Pavitt (1994), ‘National Innovation Systems: Why They Are Important, and How They Might Be Measured and Compared’ 14. H. Kitschelt (1991), ‘Industrial Governance Structures, Innovation Strategies and the Case of Japan: Sectoral or Cross-National Comparative Analysis?’ 15. J. Nicholas Ziegler (1995), ‘Institutions, Elites, and Technological Change in France and Germany’ PART V: Regulatory Politics and Policy 16. Sheila Jasanoff (1990), ‘American Exceptionalism and the Political Acknowledgement of Risk’ 17. J. Abraham and E. Millstone (1989), ‘Food Additive Controls: Some International Comparisons’ 18. D. Vogel (1992), ‘Consumer Protection and Protectionism in Japan’ 19. K. Harrison and G. Hoberg (1991), ‘Setting the Environmental Agenda in Canada and the United States: The Cases of Dioxin and Radon‘ 20. M.R. Reich (1995), ‘The Politics of Agenda Setting in International Health: Child Health versus Adult Health in Developing Countries’ 21. A.L. Bonnicksen (1994), ‘National and International Approaches to Human Germ-Line Gene Therapy’ 22. M.E. Porter and Claas van der Linde (1995), ‘Toward a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness Relationship’(22) PART VI: International Influences and National Policy 23. P.M. Haas (1989), ‘Do Regimes Matter? Epistemic Communities and Mediterranean Pollution Control’ 24. M.A. Hajer (1995), ‘Politics on the Move: The Democratic Control of the Design of Sustainable Technologies’ 25. D. Laurence and B. Wynne (1989), ‘Transporting Waste in the European Community: A Free Market? ’ 26. A. Mol and J. Law (1994), ‘Regions, Networks and Fluids: Anaemia and Social Topology’ 27. J.N. Rosenau (1992), ‘The Relocation of Authority in a Shrinking World’

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