Science: general issues Books

Book SynopsisProvides critiques of current practices for environmental flow assessment and shows how they can be improved, using case studies. In Environmental Flow Assessment: Methods and Applications, four leading experts critique methods used to manage flows in regulated streams and rivers to balance environmental (instream) and out-of-stream uses of water. Intended for managers as well as practitioners, the book dissects the shortcomings of commonly used approaches, and offers practical advice for selecting and implementing better ones. The authors argue that methods for environmental flow assessment (EFA) can be defensible as well as practicable only if they squarely address uncertainty, and provide guidance for doing so. Introductory chapters describe the scientific and social reasons that EFA is hard, and provide a brief history. Because management of regulated streams starts with understanding freshwater ecosystems, Environmental Flow Assessment: Methods anTable of ContentsAbout the authors ix Series foreword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv 1 An introduction to environmental flows 1 Summary 1 1.1 What are environmental flows? 1 1.2 Why EFA is so hard; scientific issues 2 1.2.1 Stream ecosystems are dynamic and open 2 1.2.2 Fish evolve 3 1.2.3 Streams adjust 4 1.2.4 Climate changes 4 1.2.5 Populations vary 5 1.2.6 Habitat selection is conditional 5 1.2.7 Spatial and temporal scales matter 5 1.3 Why EFA is so hard: social issues 6 1.3.1 Social objectives evolve 6 1.3.2 Science and dispute resolution 7 1.3.3 Water is valuable 7 1.3.4 Managers or clients often want the Impossible 7 1.4 Why EFA is so hard: problems with the literature 8 1.5 Why EFA is so hard: limitations of models and objective methods 8 1.5.1 Models and environmental flow assessment 8 1.5.2 Objective and subjective methods 9 1.6 Conclusions 9 2 A brief history of environmental flow assessments 11 Summary 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 The legal basis for environmental flows 12 2.3 The scope of environmental flow assessments 13 2.4 Methods for quantifying environmental flows 14 2.5 Conclusions 20 Note 20 3 A primer on flow in rivers and streams 21 Summary 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Precipitation and runoff 22 3.3 Flow regimes 22 3.3.1 Describing or depicting flow regimes 22 3.3.2 Variation in flow regimes across climates and regions 25 3.3.3 Anthropogenic changes in flow regimes 28 3.3.4 Hydrologic classifications 29 3.4 Spatial patterns and variability within streams 30 3.4.1 Spatial complexity of flow within stream channels 30 3.4.2 The variety of channel forms 31 3.4.3 Lateral connectivity with floodplain and off‐channel water bodies 33 3.4.4 Bed topography and hyporheic exchange 36 3.5 Managing environmental flows 37 3.6 Conclusions 38 4 Life in and around streams 39 Summary 39 4.1 Introduction 39 4.2 Structure of stream ecosystems 40 4.2.1 Across‐channel gradients 40 4.2.2 Upstream–downstream gradient 41 4.3 Adaptations of stream organisms 43 4.3.1 Morphological adaptations 43 4.3.2 Physiological adaptations 44 4.3.3 Behavioral adaptations 45 4.4 Adapting to extreme flows 46 4.5 Synthesis 47 4.6 Environmental flows and fish assemblages 47 4.7 Conclusions 49 5 Tools for environmental flow assessment 51 Summary 51 5.1 Introduction 51 5.2 Descriptive tools 52 5.2.1 Graphical tools and images 52 5.2.2 Stream classifications 53 5.2.3 Habitat Classifications 54 5.2.4 Species classifications 55 5.2.5 Methods classifications 55 5.3 Literature reviews 55 5.4 Experiments 56 5.4.1 Flow experiments 56 5.4.2 Laboratory experiments 56 5.4.3 Thought experiments 56 5.5 Long‐term monitoring 58 5.6 Professional opinion 59 5.7 Causal criteria 60 5.8 Statistics 60 5.8.1 Sampling 61 5.8.2 Sampling methods 61 5.8.3 Hypothesis testing 61 5.8.4 Model selection and averaging 62 5.8.5 Resampling algorithms 62 5.9 Modeling 63 5.9.1 Abundance–environment relations 64 5.9.2 Habitat association models 65 5.9.3 Drift‐foraging models 65 5.9.4 Capability models 66 5.9.5 Bayesian networks 66 5.9.6 Hierarchical Bayesian models 69 5.9.7 Dynamic occupancy models 70 5.9.8 State‐dependent life‐history models and dynamic energy budget models 71 5.9.9 Hydraulic models 71 5.9.10 Hydrological models 72 5.9.11 Temperature models 72 5.9.12 Sediment transport models 72 5.9.13 Other uses of models in EFA 73 5.10 Hydraulic habitat indices 73 5.11 Hydrological indices 75 5.12 Conclusions 75 6 Environmental flow methods 77 Summary 77 6.1 Introduction 77 6.1.1 Hydrologic, habitat rating, habitat simulation, and holistic methods 78 6.1.2 Top‐down and bottom‐up approaches 78 6.1.3 Sample‐based methods and whole‐system methods 78 6.1.4 Standard‐setting and incremental approaches 79 6.1.5 Micro‐, meso‐, and river‐, scale methods 79 6.1.6 Opinion‐based and model‐based methods 79 6.2 Hydrological methods 80 6.2.1 The tennant method and its relatives 80 6.2.2 Indicators of hydraulic alteration (IHA) 81 6.3 Hydraulic rating methods 82 6.4 Habitat simulation methods 83 6.4.1 Habitat association models 84 6.4.2 Bioenergetic or drift‐foraging models 88 6.5 Frameworks for EFA 92 6.5.1 Instream flow incremental methodology (IFIM) 92 6.5.2 Downstream response to imposed flow transformation (DRIFT) 95 6.5.3 Ecological limits of hydraulic alteration (ELOHA) 97 6.5.4 Adaptive management 102 6.5.5 Evidence‐based EFA 104 6.6 Conclusions 107 7 Good modeling practice for EFA 109 Summary 109 7.1 Introduction 109 7.2 Modeling practice 110 7.2.1 What are the purposes of the modeling? 110 7.2.2 How should you think about the natural system being assessed? 111 7.2.3 What data are or will be available, and how good are they? 111 7.2.4 How will the available budget be distributed over modeling efforts or between modeling and data collection, or between the assessment and subsequent monitoring? 112 7.2.5 How will the uncertainty in the results of the modeling be estimated and communicated? 112 7.2.6 How will the model and model development be documented? 113 7.2.7 How will the models be tested? 113 7.2.8 How good is good enough to be useful? 113 7.2.9 Who will use the results of the modeling, and how will they be used? 113 7.2.10 Do you really need a model? 113 7.3 Behavioral issues in modeling for EFA 114 7.4 Data‐dependent activities in developing estimation models 115 7.5 Sampling 118 7.5.1 General considerations 118 7.5.2 Spatial scale issues in sampling 119 7.5.3 Cleaning data sets 119 7.6 On testing models 120 7.6.1 The purpose of testing models 120 7.6.2 Why testing models can be hard 120 7.6.3 The problem with validation 120 7.6.4 The limited utility of significance tests 121 7.6.5 Tests should depend on the nature of the method being applied 122 7.6.6 Models should be tested multiple ways 122 7.6.7 The importance of plausibility 123 7.6.8 The importance of testing models with independent data 123 7.6.9 The quality of the data limits the quality of the tests 123 7.6.10 The importance of replication 123 7.6.11 Models should be tested against other models 123 7.7 Experimental tests 126 7.7.1 Flow experiments 126 7.7.2 Behavioral carrying‐capacity tests 128 7.7.3 Virtual ecosystem experiments 128 7.8 Testing models with knowledge 129 7.9 Testing hydraulic models 129 7.10 Testing EFMs based on professional judgement 130 7.11 Testing species distribution models 131 7.11.1 Goodness of fit 132 7.11.2 Prevalence 132 7.11.3 Imperfect detection 133 7.11.4 Spatial scale and other complications 133 7.12 Conclusions 141 Note 142 8 Dams and channel morphology 143 Summary 143 8.1 Introduction 143 8.2 Diagnosing the problem and setting objectives 145 8.3 Managing sediment load 146 8.3.1 Existing dams 146 8.3.2 Proposed dams 147 8.3.3 Obsolete dams 150 8.4 Specifying morphogenic flows 152 8.4.1 Three common approaches to specifying morphogenic flows 152 8.4.2 Clear objectives needed 153 8.4.3 Magnitude 153 8.4.4 Duration 155 8.4.5 The hydrograph 155 8.4.6 Seasonality 156 8.4.7 Recurrence 158 8.5 Flows for managing vegetation in channels 159 8.6 Constraints 159 8.6.1 Minimizing cost of foregone power production and other uses of water 159 8.6.2 Preserving spawning gravels 160 8.6.3 Preventing flooding and bank erosion 161 8.7 Conclusions 161 9 Improving the use of existing evidence and expert opinion in environmental flow assessments 163 Summary 163 9.1 Introduction 163 9.2 Overview of proposed method 164 9.3 Basic principles and background to steps 165 9.3.1 Literature as a basis of an evidence‐based conceptual model 165 9.3.2 Translate the conceptual model into the structure of a Bayesian belief network 166 9.3.3 Quantify causal relationships in the BBN using formal expert elicitation 166 9.3.4 Update causal relationships using empirical data 166 9.4 Case study: golden perch (Macquaria ambigua) in the regulated Goulburn River, southeastern Australia 168 9.4.1 Evidence‐based conceptual model of golden perch responses to flow variation 168 9.4.2 Bayesian belief network structure of the golden perch model 168 9.4.3 Expert‐based quantification of effects of flow and non‐flow drivers on golden perch 169 9.4.4 Inclusion of monitoring data to update the golden perch BBN 171 9.5 Discussion 172 9.5.1 Improved use of knowledge from the literature 172 9.5.2 Improving the basis of Bayesian networks for environmental flows 173 9.5.3 Hierarchical Bayesian methods as best practice 174 9.5.4 Piggy‐backing on existing knowledge 175 9.5.5 Resourcing improved practice 175 9.5.6 Accessibility of methods 176 9.6 Summary 176 10 Summary conclusions and recommendations 177 10.1 Conclusions and recommendations 177 10.1.1 Confront uncertainty and manage adaptively 177 10.1.2 Methods for EFA 178 10.1.3 Recommendations on monitoring 180 10.1.4 Recommendations for assessments 181 10.2 A checklist for EFA 182 Literature cited 185 Index 215

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Book SynopsisFrom contaminated infant formula to a spate of all-too familiar headlines in recent years, food safety has emerged as one of the harsher realities behind China''s economic miracle. Tainted beef, horse meat and dioxin outbreaks in the western world have also put food safety in the global spotlight.Food Safety in China: Science, Technology, Management and Regulation presents a comprehensive overview of the history and current state of food safety in China, along with emerging regulatory trends and the likely future needs of the country. Although the focus is on China, global perspectives are presented in the chapters and 33 of the 99 authors are from outside of China.Timely and illuminating, this book offers invaluable insights into our understanding of a critical link in the increasingly globalized complex food supply chain of today''s world.Table of ContentsPart 1 Introduction 1 1 Shared Responsibility of Food Safety 3Joseph J. Jen 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 History 5 1.3 The Food Chain and Food Safety Laws 6 1.4 Current Status 8 1.5 The Future 11 2 Overview of Food Safety Situation in China 15Junshi Chen and Zhiqiang Zhang 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 The Past (1995–2009) 16 2.3 Present (2009–2015) 19 2.4 Major Food Safety Issues at Present 22 2.5 Looking Forward 26 2.6 Summary 27 3 Food Safety Education and Training Programs in China 29Yao]wen Huang 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 Definitions of Food Safety Problems 30 3.3 Food Poisoning Incidents 31 3.4 Food Safety Education and Training 32 3.5 Summary 41 4 Development of the Food Industry in China 43Suhe Meng and Joseph J. Jen 4.1 Introduction 43 4.2 Background Information 43 4.3 Current Status 45 4.5 Challenges 48 4.6 Future Development 50 Part 2 Food Microbiology 53 5 Food-borne Diseases and Surveillance 55Yunchang Guo, Shuyu Wu and Jianghui Zhu 5.1 Introduction 55 5.2 The Past (–2010) 56 5.3 Present (2010~) 57 5.4 The Future 60 5.5 Brief Summary 61 6 Food-borne Pathogenic Bacteria 65Xianming Shi, Yanping Xie and Xiujuan Zhou 6.1 Introduction to Bacterial Food Poisoning 65 6.2 Important Food-borne Pathogenic Bacteria 66 6.3 Frequent Vehicles of Food-borne Pathogens 70 6.4 Prevention and Control of Bacterial Food Poisoning 73 6.5 Principles of Prevention and Control 74 6.6 Future Aspects 76 6.7 Risk Assessment of Food-borne Pathogens 77 7 Mycotoxins in China: Occurrence and Exposure 83Yunyun Gong, Fengqin Li and Michael N. Routledge 7.1 Introduction to Mycotoxins 83 7.2 Aflatoxin 84 7.3 Fumonisins 87 7.4 DON 89 7.5 T-2 Toxin 92 7.6 ZEN 92 7.7 Combined Exposures 94 7.8 Regulations, Control and Surveillance 95 7.9 Challenges 96 8 Viruses 103Jennifer L. Cannon, Lingling Liu and Wei Kang 8.1 Introduction 103 8.2 Overview of Specific Food-borne Viruses Important in China and Globally 104 8.3 The Current Status of Food-borne Viruses in China 111 8.4 Future Perspectives for Food-borne Viruses in China 117 9 Food-borne Parasitic Diseases in China 127Xue Bai, Xiaolei Liu, Xiaonong Zhou, Jiaxu Chen, Xiuping Wu, Pascal Boireau and Mingyuan Liu 9.1 Epidemic Features of Major Food-borne Parasitic Diseases in China 129 9.2 Diagnostic Technologies for Food-borne Parasitic Diseases in China 134 9.3 Management and Regulation of Food-borne Parasitic Diseases in China 138 10 Natural Antimicrobials from Herbs and Spices 147P. Michael Davidson 10.1 Food Preservation 147 10.2 Antimicrobial Food Preservatives 147 10.3 Spices and Herbs as Natural Antimicrobials 148 10.4 Considerations in Using Essential Oils as Natural Antimicrobials in Foods 156 11 Antimicrobial Resistance in Food-Related Bacteria 163Fengqin Li and Seamus Fanning 11.1 Introduction 163 11.2 Salmonella Species 165 11.3 Escherichia coli 169 11.4 Staphylococcus aureus 171 11.5 Campylobacter species 172 11.6 Listeria monocytogenes 173 11.7 Enterococcus species 176 11.8 Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) 178 11.9 Concluding Remarks and Future Direction in China 179 Part 3 Food Chemistry 185 12 Food Additives 187Baoguo Sun and Jing Wang 12.1 Introduction 187 12.2 The Development History of Food Additives 189 12.3 The Status Quo for Food Additives 192 12.4 The Status and Development of Food Additives in Foreign Countries 196 12.5 The Development Trend of Food Additives in the Future 198 13 Pesticide Residues 201Xiongwu Qiao 13.1 Introduction 201 13.2 The Impact of Pesticide Residues on Food Safety 201 13.3 Past Events and Evolution of Pesticide Residue Issues: Changing Across the Centuries 202 13.4 The Current Status of Pesticide Residues in Food Safety and Management Measures 210 13.5 The Future of Risk Management for Pesticide Residues in Foods 213 14 Veterinary Drug Residues in China 219Zhenling Zeng, Fan Yang and Liqi Wang 14.1 Introduction 219 14.2 The Regulations Used in China to Prevent and Control Veterinary Drug Residues 221 14.3 The Measures Used in China to Prevent and Control Veterinary Drug Residues 222 14.4 Measures and Policies that Should be Applied in Future to Monitor and Control Veterinary Drug Residues in China 227 15 Heavy Metal Contamination 237Dajin Yang, Kai Zhao, Fabrizis Suarez, Lawrence Pacquette and Daniel Schmitz 15.1 Food Safety Concerns in the Past 238 15.2 Heavy Metal Contamination at Present 244 15.3 Prospects for Heavy Metal Contamination Control 247 16 Food Fraud 253Yongning Wu, Hong Miao, Bing Shao, Jing Zhang, John W. Spink and Douglas C. Moyer 16.1 Introduction 253 16.2 Overview of Food Fraud in China 255 16.3 Influential Factors and Characteristics of Food Fraud in China 257 16.4 China’s Management of Food Fraud 258 16.5 The Future of Combating Food Fraud 262 16.6 Conclusion 267 Part 4 Risk Assessment and Communication 271 17 Risk Assessment in China: Capacity Building and Practices 273Ning Li and Zhaoping Liu 17.1 Introduction 273 17.2 Laws on Risk Assessment in China 274 17.3 Risk Assessment Organizations in China 275 17.4 Capacity Building for Risk Assessment 275 17.5 Practices and Roles of Risk Assessment in China 276 17.6 Gaps and the Future 283 18 Microbiological Risk Assessment in Food 287Xinan Jiao, Jianghui Zhu, Jinlin Huang and Qingli Dong 18.1 Overview of Microbiological Risk Assessment in Food 287 18.2 Basic Procedures for Food Microbiological Risk Assessment 291 18.3 Achievements and Shortcomings of Food Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment 295 18.4 Future Outlook for Food Microbiological Risk Assessment 299 19 Food Safety Risk Communication Practices and Exploration in China 307Kai Zhong and Yue Zheng 19.1 The Importance of Food Safety Risk Communication 307 19.2 Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and Consciousness of Public Rights 309 19.3 The Rise of the New Media Era and Opinion Leaders 310 19.4 The Proposal of Social Participation and the Concept of Cooperated and Joint Efforts 311 19.5 The Germination Stage of Government Agencies Risk Communication System 312 19.6 The Food Division of the Health and Family Planning Commission has Set Up a Risk Communication Position 313 19.7 The Current Situation of Food Safety Risk Communication in China 314 19.8 Future Perspectives for Risk Communication 318 20 Consumer Knowledge, Attitude and Behavior Toward Food Safety 323Li Bai and Shunlong Gong 20.1 Introduction 323 20.2 Materials and Methods 324 20.3 Consumer Perception and Confidence in Food Safety 324 20.4 Consumer Knowledge, Attitude and Behavior Toward Safe Food Purchase 327 20.5 Home Food Safety and Consumer Knowledge, Attitude and Behavior 331 20.6 Discussion and Future Research 335 20.7 Conclusions 337 Part 5 Risk Management 345 21 Food Safety Laws and Regulations 347Yunbo Luo and Guangfeng Wu 21.1 Overview: The Importance of Laws and Regulations for Food Safety 347 21.2 History 349 21.3 Current Situation (January 2014 to June 2015) 353 21.4 The Future 358 22 Food Safety Standards 363Zhutian Wang, Yongxiang Fan, Zhe Zhang and Samuel Godefroy 22.1 China’s Food Standards before Promulgation of the Food Safety Law 363 22.2 Setup and Development of the Food Safety Standard System 370 22.3 Future Directions and Trends in Food Safety Standards Development 376 22.4 Conclusion 379 23 Lessons for China from US Food Safety History 381Fred Gale and Sandra Hoffmann 23.1 Introduction 381 23.2 Food Safety Then and Now 382 23.3 Urbanization and Food Safety 383 23.4 Development of US Food Safety Regulation 384 23.5 Lessons from History 386 23.6 Concluding Remarks 391 24 Food Safety Regulatory Inspection in China 397Zhenhua Gu, Congqian Qiu and Zhinong Yan 24.1 Overview of Food Safety Regulatory Inspection 397 24.2 The History of Chinese Food Safety Regulatory Inspection 399 24.3 The Current Status of Food Safety Regulatory Inspection 405 24.4 The Future of Food Safety Regulatory Inspection 408 24.5 Global Food Safety Regulatory Systems and their Relevance to China 409 25 Food Safety in Restaurants and Catering 419Zhaohui Ma and Duncan Lap]Yan Tung 25.1 Introduction 419 25.2 Changes in Food Safety in Catering in the Past 10 Years 422 25.3 Current Food Safety in Catering 427 25.4 The Future of Food Safety in Catering 430 25.5 Food Safety Regulatory Systems in Other Countries 433 26 Food Safety and International Trade: Regulatory Challenges 439Shawn S. Arita, Fred Gale and Xuedan Mao 26.1 Introduction 439 26.2 Overview of China’s SPS regime 440 26.3 Case Study: China’s Experience Regulating Beta Agonists at Home and at the Border 443 26.4 Conclusion 448 Part 6 Commodities 453 27 Meat Safety in China 455Guanghong Zhou, Keping Ye and Ronald Keith Tume 27.1 Introduction 455 27.2 Hazards Associated with Meat Safety in China 456 27.3 Control Technologies for Meat Safety 464 27.4 Ensuring Meat is Safe to Eat 468 27.5 Summary 470 28 A New Epoch of Dairy Product Safety in China 477Yujun Jiang and Jin Yue 28.1 Food Safety is the Top Priority for Dairy Products 477 28.2 Crises Create Concerns: The History of China’s Dairy Product Safety 478 28.3 Reinforcing Management and Pursuing Safety: The Present Status of China’s Dairy Products 483 28.4 Metamorphosis in a New Epoch: The Future of DP Safety in China 485 29 The Importance of Food Safety for Fruits and Vegetables 489Xiaosong Hu, Fang Chen, Pan Wang and Zhao Chen 29.1 The Present Situation for Fruit and Vegetable Safety, Domestic and Abroad 489 29.2 Pre-Harvest Routes for Fresh Produce Contamination in Soils 490 29.3 Post-Harvest Routes for Fresh Produce Contamination 495 29.4 Global Perspective 498 30 Safety of Fats and Oils 503Yu Wang, Bo]Yang Hsu, Chi]Tang Ho and Lucy Sun Hwang 30.1 Introduction to Lipids 503 30.2 Safety of Saturated Fat 503 30.3 Safety of Trans Fat 504 30.4 3-Chloro-1,2-Propanediol and Glycidol Fatty Acid Esters 509 30.5 Safety Issues of Fat-Soluble Components and Contaminants 511 31 Grain and Grain Products Safety 521Xiaonan Sui, Yan Zhang, Zhongjiang Wang, Baokun Qi, Yang Li and Lianzhou Jiang 31.1 Introduction 521 31.2 Past Grain Safety Problems in China 521 31.3 Current Grain Safety Problems in China 524 31.4 Potential Future Grain Safety Problems in China 529 31.5 Conclusion 531 32 Food Safety Aspects of Aquatic Products in China 537Felicia Kow and Junrong Liu 32.1 Chinese Aquatic Products: Supply and Consumption 537 32.2 Development of Chinese Aquatic Product Quality 540 32.3 Current Status 547 32.4 Gaining Consumer Confidence on Food Safety 549 Part 7 New Technology 559 33 Food Safety Traceability 561Yimin Wei, Boli Guo, Hongyan Liu, Shuai Wei and Jianrong Zhang 33.1 Introduction 561 33.2 Legal Regulations 562 33.3 Food Safety Traceability System 564 33.4 Food Traceability and Verification Technology 565 33.5 Problems and Recommendations 569 34 New Techniques for Genetically Engineered Organism Analysis 575Litao Yang, Dabing Zhang and Sheng Quan 34.1 Status of GEO Commercialization 575 34.2 The Worldwide Regulations for GEO Labeling 576 34.3 Currently Used Methods and Technologies for GEO Analysis 578 34.4 Standardization of GEO Detection Methods 586 34.5 Database for GEO Analysis 587 34.6 Prospects 587 35 Safety of Food Contact Materials and Articles in China 593Rongfang Chen and Yanyun Zhao 35.1 Introduction 593 35.2 Legislation on Food Contact Materials in China 594 35.3 Safety of Some Food Contact Substances 600 35.4 Food Safety in the Use of Emerging Packaging Technologies and Materials 604 35.5 Challenges and Strategies for Ensuring the Safety of Food Packaging 606 36 Nanotechnology Applications to Improve Food Safety 609Boce Zhang, Yaguang Luo and Hongda Chen 36.1 Introduction 609 36.2 Recent Advances in Nanotechnology Applications for Improving Food Safety 610 36.3 Current Efforts and Future Directions 627 Index 637

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive text that offers a review of the delivery of food active compounds through emulsion-based systems Emulsion-based Systems for Delivery of Food Active Compounds is a comprehensive recourse that reviews the principles of emulsion-based systems formation, examines their characterization and explores their effective application as carriers for delivery of food active ingredients. The text also includes information on emulsion-based systems in regards to digestibility and health and safety challenges for use in food systems. Each chapter reviews specific emulsion-based systems (Pickering, multiple, multilayered, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers and more) and explains their application for delivery of food active compounds used in food systems. In addition, the authors noted experts in the field review the biological fate, bioavailability and the health and safety challenges of using emulsion-based systems as carriers foTable of ContentsPreface vii About the Editors ix List of Contributors xiii 1 Conventional Emulsions 1Mehrdad Niakousari, Maral Seidi Damyeh, Hadi Hashemi Gahruie, Alaa El‐Din A. Bekhit, Ralf Greiner, and Shahin Roohinejad 2 Pickering Emulsions 29Anja Schroder, Meinou N. Corstens, Kacie K.H.Y. Ho, Karin Schroen, and Claire C. Berton‐Carabin 3 Multiple Emulsions 69Mohamed Koubaa, Shahin Roohinejad, Pankaj Sharma, Nooshin Nikmaram, Seyedeh Sara Hashemi, Alireza Abbaspourrad, and Ralf Greiner 4 Multilayered Emulsions 105Mohamed Koubaa, Nooshin Nikmaram, Shahin Roohinejad, Alireza Rafati, and Ralf Greiner 5 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 121Jingyuan Wen, Shuo Chen, and Guanyu Chen 6 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers 139Jingyuan Wen, Guanyu Chen, and Shuo Chen 7 Filled Hydrogel Particles 161Jingyuan Wen, Murad Al Gailani, and Naibo Yin 8 Nanoemulsions 181Sung Je Lee, Quan Yuan, Anges Teo, Kelvin K.T. Goh, and Marie Wong 9 Microemulsions 231Shahin Roohinejad, Indrawati Oey, David W. Everett, and Ralf Greiner 10 Liposomes and Niosomes 263Jingyuan Wen, Murad Al Gailani, Naibo Yin, and Ali Rashidinejad Index 293

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Book SynopsisAngiosperms, or flowering plants, are one of the most diverse plant groups on the planet, and they offer tremendous resources for a broad range of industries. Flowering Plants examines the anatomy and morphology of angiosperms with a focus on relating their metabolic activities to products for the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and textile industries. This up-to-date reference provides a thorough understanding of plant structure and chemical and molecular processes found in angiosperms. It covers many important topics on applied botany, and therefore, can also be used as a textbook for students of related fields. It details the latest research in the field, along with areas in need of further study, for students, researchers, and professionals working in industry. The book takes advantage of technological innovations to showcase a range of advanced techniques for studying plant structure and metabolites, such as cryo-electron microscopy, ultramicroscopy, x-ray crystalTable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgements xvii 1 An Introduction to Flowering Plants: Monocots and Eudicots 1 1.1 An Introduction to Major Group of Angiosperms: Monocots, Eudicots and Basal Angiosperms 1 1.2 Plant Cell: Revisions and Few Updates 5 1.3 Intracellular and Extracellular Communications are Crucial for Cells’ Metabolic Demands 19 1.4 Future Perspectives 22 References 23 Further Reading 23 2 An Introduction to Angiosperm Natural Products 31 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Glucose Serves as a Precursor for Formation of Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Plants 32 2.3 Classification of Natural Products of Angiosperms 33 2.4 Techniques for Isolation of Secondary Metabolites With Future Perspectives 44 References 46 Further Reading 47 3 Plant Tissues Organization of Angiosperms 53 3.1 Introduction to Plant Tissues 53 3.2 Diversity of Plant Cell 53 3.3 Parenchyma is the Main Ground Tissue of Plants 55 3.4 Collenchyma: Introduction and Distribution 55 3.5 Sclerenchyma is the Mechanical Tissue of Plants 57 3.6 Vascular Tissues: Xylem and Phloem 61 3.7 Phloem 69 3.8 Future Perspectives 72 References 72 Further Reading 73 4 Floral Cell Biology and Diversity in Floral Cells 77 4.1 Introduction to Angiosperms Flowers: Monocots and Eudicots 77 4.2 Morphological & Anatomical Characteristics of Eudicot Flowers 77 4.3 Morphology of Monocots Flowers 95 4.4 Channels and Transporters Within Floral Cells 98 4.5 Future Perspectives 102 References 102 Further Reading 103 5 Signaling During Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms 107 5.1 Introduction 107 5.2 Angiosperms Show Diversity in Their Sporophytic and Gametophytic Generations 108 5.3 Angiosperms Spend Most Part of Their Lives as Sporophytes and Produce Gametophytes for a Shorter Period of Time 108 5.4 Septs From Pollination to Fertilization 111 5.5 Future Perspectives 128 References 128 Further Reading 129 6 Physiologically Active Metabolic Pathways in Floral Cells 135 6.1 Introduction to Floral Physiology 135 6.2 Glucose Fates in Floral Cells Differ According to Their Metabolic Demands 137 6.3 PPP Provides Floral Cells With Their Nucleotides and Important Pigments 141 6.4 ATP and NADPH Produced Through Photochemical Reactions Provide Energy for Sugar Formation in Stroma of Chloroplasts 143 6.5 Floral Photosynthesis Contributes to Sugar Requirements of Floral Whorls 145 6.6 Future Perspectives 155 References 155 Further Reading 156 7 Anthocyanins: Accumulation in Plants and Role in Industries 161 7.1 Anthocyanins Accumulation in Different Organs Is Indicative of Their Multiple Roles 161 7.2 Anthocyanidin Biosynthesis Takes Place in Cytosol of Cells, However, They are Accumulated in Vacuoles 162 7.3 Anthocyanins Exist in Modified Forms in Cells 165 7.4 Anthocyanins Transport to Vacuoles 168 7.5 Anthocyanins Role is Dependent Upon Their Location and Accumulation 168 7.6 Industrial Applications of Anthocyanins 178 7.7 Future Perspectives 181 References 182 Further Reading 184 8 Carotenoids: Introduction, Classification and Industrial Uses 189 8.1 Carotenoids are Vital for Leaves as Light Absorbing Pigments and for Flowers to Attract Their Pollinators 189 8.2 Oxygenated and De-oxygenated Carotenoids are Major Carotenoids in Angiosperms 190 8.3 Carotenoid Biosynthesis is Under the Control of Transcriptional Regulation 193 8.4 Carotenoids are Localized in Plastids in Form of Crystals and Plastoglobuli 193 8.5 Carotenoids Accumulation Takes Place in Chromoplasts of Autumn Leaves of Eudicots 197 8.6 Carotenoids Pigments in Flowers and Pollens 197 8.7 Lutein are Important Antenna and Photoprotective Pigments in Thylakoids of Chloroplasts 199 8.8 Capsaicin is a Carotenoid Derivative Which Causes Hotness of Capsicum spp. 200 8.9 Carotenoid Accumulation in Epidermal Cells of Many Fruits is Due to Conversion of Chloroplast Into Chromoplasts 202 8.10 Transcriptional Regulation of Carotenoids in Fruits 203 8.11 Application in Food, Pharmaceutical, Cosmetic, Textile and Nutracuetical Industries 203 8.12 Future Challenges 205 References 207 Further Reading 208 9 Alkaloids Biosynthesis, Translocation and Industrial Products 213 9.1 Alkaloids are Nitrogen-Containing Natural Products Which Provide Defense Against Herbivores 213 9.2 Alkaloids are Synthesized in Cytosol and Accumulated in Vacuoles as They are Toxic for Plant Cells 216 9.3 Purine Nucleotides Serve as Precursors of Caffeine Synthesis 219 9.4 History of Discovery of Caffeine 222 9.5 Theobromine is an Alkaloid Widely Used in Chocolates and Teas 227 9.6 Clinical Applications of Alkaloids are Due to Their Mode of Action 228 9.7 Development of Physiologically Functional Food Containing Alkaloids as Food Vaccines 230 References 236 Further Reading 237 10 Nectaries, Carnations and Ornamental Hybrid Flowers in Floriculture 241 10.1 Introduction 241 10.2 Nectaries are Nectar Synthesizing Structures of Plants 242 10.3 Ornamental Transgenic Plants in Floriculture 247 10.4 Dianthus spp. are Major Carnations in Floriculture 250 10.5 Future Perspectives in Floriculture Industries 255 References 255 Further Reading 256 11 Floral Essential Oils: Biosynthesis, Classification and Commercial Applications 261 11.1 Fragrance Formation is a Unique and Genetically Controlled Characteristic of Many Angiosperms 261 11.2 Number of Carbon and Hydrogens Atoms in Isoprene Units Determine Their Roles in Plants 263 11.3 Many Terpenoids are Insecticidal and Act as Allelochemicals 272 11.4 Sesquiterpenes are Defensive Terpenoids of Many Plants 272 11.5 Diterpenoids are Important Phytohormones Which Comprise of Four Isoprenoid Inits 274 11.6 Terpenoid Biosynthesis in Plants Proceeds in Two Different Cellular Compartments 276 11.7 Economically Important Terpenoids 278 11.8 Future Challenges 282 References 282 Further Reading 283 12 Aromatic Molecules From Flowers in Perfume and Cosmetic Industries 287 12.1 Introduction and Overview of Perfume and Cosmetic Industries 287 12.2 History of Perfume Making 288 12.3 Aromatic Flowers, Leaves and Woods Used in Perfumery 289 12.4 Traditional and Modern Techniques of Distillation and Isolation of Fragrant Molecules 290 12.5 CO2 as a Solvent to Extract Fragrant Molecules in Super-critical CO2 Fluid Extraction Method 294 12.6 Modern Perfume Making Machines 296 12.7 Aromatherapy: Relaxation Through Aromatic Molecules 296 12.8 Cosmetic Industry: An Overview and History 298 12.9 Popular Plants and Their Products in Cosmetic Products 300 12.10 Anti-Aging Properties of Some Plants and Their Applications in Cosmetic Products 301 12.11 Bioengineered Aromatic Bacteria With Lemon and Rose Fragrances 302 12.12 Future Considerations 307 References 307 Further Reading 308 Glossary 311 Index 321

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive synthesis of the best practices for management in the vital and rapidly growing field of sustainable water systems Handbook of Knowledge Management for Sustainable Water Systems offers an authoritative resource that goes beyond the current literature to provide an interdisciplinary approach to the topic. The text explores the concept of knowledge management as a key asset and a crucial component of organizational strategy as applied to the sustainability of water systems. Using the knowledge management framework, the authors discuss socio-hydrology sustainable water systems that reflect the present political, economic and technological reality. The book draws on contributors from a number of disciplines including:economic development, financial, systems-networks, IT/IS data/analytics, behavioral, social, water systems, governance systems and related ecosystems. This vital resource: Contains a multifaceted approach that draws on a number of disciplines and contains coTable of ContentsList of contributors xiii Series Editor Foreword – Challenges in Water Management xv Preface xvii Introduction and a theoretical framework for Knowledge Management for Sustainable Water Systems 1Meir Russ Part 1 Organizational and Administrative Aspects of Knowledge Management for Sustainable Water Systems 13 1 Perspectives from a water research institute on Knowledge Management for Sustainable Water Management 15Janet G. Hering, Lothar Nunnenmacher and Harald von Waldow Introduction 15 1.1 The setting – Eawag’s funding, scope and mandate 17 1.2 Understanding SWM-related demands for KM at Eawag 18 1.3 Current measures to meet SWM-related demands for KM at Eawag 19 1.3.1 Data management 19 1.3.2 Management of scientific and technical knowledge 22 1.3.3 Management of experiential and practical knowledge 23 1.4 Unresolved issues and challenges in SWM-related KM 24 1.4.1 Information overload and fatigue 25 1.4.2 Open access 25 1.4.3 Quality control and collaborative editing 26 1.4.4 Resource demands 27 1.5 Future directions for SWM-related KM 27 1.6 Concluding comments 28 References 29 2 Information transfer and knowledge sharing by water user associations in China 35Dajun Shen, Xuedong Yu and Ali Guna Introduction 35 2.1 Literature review 36 2.2 WUA set-up and operation in China 38 2.3 WUA information transfer and knowledge sharing 39 2.3.1 Basic information 41 2.3.2 Water use management 44 2.3.3 Financial management 45 2.3.4 Infrastructure management 46 2.3.5 Water trade 47 2.4 WUA in Shiyang River basin 48 2.4.1 Water rights allocation 49 2.4.2 Stakeholders of WUA 49 2.4.3 Information transfer and knowledge sharing in water use management 50 2.4.4 Information transfer and knowledge sharing in water tariff management 50 2.4.5 Information transfer and knowledge sharing of water rights trade 52 2.5 Suggestions 55 References 57 3 Knowledge Management Systems for urban water sustainability: Lessons for developing nations 61Vallari Chandna and Ana Iusco Introduction 61 3.1 Population trends towards urbanization 62 3.2 Water issues plaguing South Africa 63 3.3 Evaluating South Africa 64 3.4 Sweden – the aspirational model 67 3.5 Urban water sustainability 69 3.6 Knowledge Management Systems (KMSs) 70 3.7 Knowledge Management for urban water sustainability in South Africa 71 3.8 Conclusion 75 References 76 4 A Knowledge Management model for corporate water responsibility 79Fabien Martinez Introduction 79 4.1 Corporate water responsibility as a socially oriented process 81 4.2 Insights from Knowledge Management theory 85 4.3 Contribution, limitations and implications 88 4.4 Conclusion 92 References 93 5 How 21st Century Knowledge Management can greatly improve talent management for sustainable water project-teams 99Stephen Atkins, Lesley Gill, Kay Lion, Marie Schaddelee and Tonny Tonny Introduction 99 5.1 Talent-requirements or competency modeling as applied to water projects 101 5.1.1 Aspects of modern HR management relevant to staffing project teams 102 5.1.2 Currently available HR-related online technologies in the public domain 108 5.1.3 Practices specific to sustainable water-aid 109 5.2 Empirical glimpse at needed competencies for sustainable water projects via HR big data 110 5.2.1 Fundamentals of statistical dimension-reduction 110 5.2.2 Q-methodology contrasted with traditional R-methodology/questionnaire factor analysis 110 5.2.3 Important big data sources for future water-project required talents 111 5.2.4 Water-project data source for water-related talents specific to the “war on unsafe water” 112 5.2.5 First empirical study of O*Net competencies specific to sustainable water-aid projects 113 5.3 How modern knowledge-management technologies can make competency tests “time-affordable” 116 5.3.1 A resurgence to computer-adaptive testing afforded by 21st century crowd-sourcing 119 5.3.2 Why modern Knowledge Management applied to talent management needs CAT 120 5.4 Limitations 124 5.5 Future research 126 5.6 Conclusion 126 References 129 6 How sustainable innovations win in the fish industry: Theorizing incumbent-entrant dynamics across aquaculture and fisheries 133Bilgehan Uzunca and Shuk-Ching Li Introduction 133 6.1 Background 135 6.1.1 Including sustainability in business value 135 6.1.2 Linking sustainable innovations to Incumbent-Entrant Dynamics (IED) 137 6.2 Theorizing incumbent-entrant dynamics in the fish industry 138 6.2.1 Industry setting – the global fish industry 138 6.2.2 The incumbent firms 140 6.2.3 The entrants 141 6.3 Data and methods 142 6.3.1 An analysis of incumbents’ sustainability 142 6.3.2 Sample 145 6.4 Results 146 6.5 Discussion 150 References 152 7 Decrease in federal regulations in the U.S.: Preparing for dirty water, can Knowledge Management help? 157Breanne Parr Introduction 157 7.1 The Clean Water Act of 1972 158 7.1.1 Unsafe water 158 7.2 Regulation rollback 159 7.3 CWA offenders 160 7.3.1 Arsenic and other chemicals in West Virginia 161 7.3.2 Chemical spill in West Virginia 161 7.3.3 Lead in Michigan 162 7.3.4 Escherichia coli (E. coli) in Ontario 163 7.3.5 Toxin in Ohio 164 7.3.6 Case summary 165 7.4 Knowledge Management – dirty water 165 7.5 Avoiding non-potable water without federal restrictions 167 7.6 Conclusion 168 References 169 Part 2 Regional Aspects of Knowledge Management for Sustainable Water Systems 173 8 Knowledge Management strategies for drinking water protection in mountain forests 175Roland Koeck, Eduard Hochbichler and Harald Vacik Introduction 175 8.1 Knowledge Management basics in forest ecosystems 176 8.2 Identify and generate knowledge about DWPS in forested catchments 177 8.2.1 General outline for knowledge generation 177 8.2.2 General knowledge base – the water protection functionality of forest ecosystems 178 8.3 Application of the knowledge-base 180 8.3.1 The Forest Hydrotope Model – the specific knowledge level 180 8.3.2 Best Practices – the general knowledge level 183 8.4 Decision Support System – specific examples 186 8.5 Knowledge transfer to stakeholders 187 8.5.1 Participative stakeholder workshops and panel discussions 188 8.5.2 Field excursions to representative forest stands 189 8.5.3 Application of Best Practices in a pilot case 189 8.5.4 Handbook “Soil Functions for the Water Sector” 189 8.5.5 Evaluation 190 8.6 Synthesis and lessons learned 190 References 192 9 Knowledge Management, openness and transparency in sustainable water systems: The case of Eau Méditerranée 197Chris Kimble and Isabelle Bourdon Introduction 197 9.1 Background/context 198 9.1.1 Big Data 198 9.1.2 The regulation of water in France 199 9.1.3 New Public Management 199 9.1.4 Cross transparency requirements 200 9.2 The case study – Eau Méditerranée 200 9.2.1 Methodology 201 9.2.2 Presentation of the findings from the case study 202 9.2.3 Summary of the case study 205 9.3 An analysis of the case study 206 9.3.1 The traditional approach to Knowledge Management 207 9.3.2 Zuboff’s Information Panopticon/Open Source Model 209 9.3.3 Foucault’s perspective 211 9.4 Lessons to be learned/practical implications 213 9.4.1 Granularity 214 9.4.2 A diversity of viewpoints 214 9.4.3 Closing the loop 215 9.5 Knowledge Management and sustainability 215 References 217 10 Complexity, collective action and water management: The case of Bilbao ria 221Laura Albareda and Jose Antonio Campos Introduction 221 10.1 Conceptual analysis 225 10.1.1 Common resources and complexity 225 10.1.2 Commons’ governance and collective action 227 10.1.3 Water management: From control to adaptive water management 229 10.2 Case study: Water management and collective action in the Bilbao estuary 231 10.2.1 The estuary’s natural ecosystem as a pole for economic growth: Industrial development and pollution 232 10.2.2 Collective action: Bilbao-Biscay Water Consortium 235 10.2.3 Water supply, collection and distribution 237 10.2.4 The plan for the integral sanitation and clean-up of the estuary 238 10.2.5 Building new water sanitation integrated infrastructures 241 10.3 Inquiring adaptive water management and Knowledge Management approach 244 10.3.1 Bilbao-Biscay Water Consortium: From control to adaptive water management 244 10.3.2 Bilbao-Biscay Water Consortium: Analysis of innovative adaptive water management case 247 10.4 Conclusions 255 Endnotes 256 References 258 11 Virtual and inter-organizational processes of knowledge creation and Ba for sustainable management of rivers 261Federico Niccolini, Chiara Bartolacci, Cristina Cristalli and Daniela Isidori Introduction 261 11.1 Theoretical framework 264 11.2 Methods 267 11.3 Approach 268 11.3.1 The Flumen and BIVEE projects. A safe and sustainable future for a dangerous and neglected river 268 11.3.2 The BLESS+ project and the SECI model applied to develop solutions for the safety and the sustainable management of a river 275 11.4 Conclusion 278 References 282 12 Water metabolism in the socio-economic system 287Delin Fang and Bin Chen 12.1 Background 287 12.2 Introduction to water metabolism 288 12.3 Review of methodologies for water metabolism 290 12.4 Water metabolism in China and its nexus with other resources 295 12.5 Conclusions 297 References 298 Index 301

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Book SynopsisProvides the tools that allow companies to understand the fundamental concepts of water resource management and to take proper action towards sustainable development Businesses, communities, and ecosystems everywhere depend on clean freshwater to survive and prosper. When the same source of water is shared for economic, social, and environmental causes it becomes the responsibility of every sector to develop a sustainable water strategy beneficial for all. This book offers a water resource management plan for industries that is directly implementable and consistent with the Water Framework Directives of different countries with a special emphasis on developing countriesa plan that is economically efficient, socially equitable, and environmentally sustainable. Industrial Water Resource Management, Challenges and Opportunities for Efficient Water Stewardship offers explicit technical and investment solutions, socioeconomic and legal instruments, and recommeTrade Review"The book is well written, with case studies, illustrations, and tables to explain the underlying concepts in each chapter. The chapters are structured well and provide consistent and step-by-step information from simple concept introduction to more complex topics. This book provides useful tools for industry, communities, policy makers, as well as advanced-level undergraduate and graduate students to develop a sustainable water strategy." Vadose Zone Journal, November 2018Table of ContentsSeries Editor Foreword – Challenges in Water Management xvi Foreword xviii Preface xx Acknowledgements xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The context 1 1.1.1 The story of Coca]Cola in India 2 1.2 Water goals in the 21st Century 4 1.3 Water ethics 7 1.4 Value of water 10 1.4.1 Water valuation 11 1.4.2 Application of water valuation 12 1.5 Water and energy nexus 13 1.5.1 Impact of energy production on water resources 16 1.6 Global water stress 17 1.7 Industrial impact on water resource 20 1.7.1 Impact on the quantity of the source water 20 1.7.2 Hydro]morphological impact 20 1.7.3 Quality impact 20 1.7.4 Impact on the access to water by the stakeholders 21 1.7.5 Affordability of water 21 1.8 Water sustainability 21 1.9 Impact of climate change 24 1.10 Dimensions in industrial water management 25 1.10.1 Global perspective 27 1.10.2 Water accounting 27 1.10.3 Water stewardship 28 1.10.4 Adaptive management 28 1.11 Green growth and green business 28 1.11.1 The challenges of green growth 29 1.11.2 Natural capital concept 30 1.11.3 Green growth policy fundamentals 30 1.11.4 Indicators of green growth 31 1.12 Conclusion 31 Note 32 Bibliography 32 2 Water Scenarios and Business Models of The Twenty]first Century 37 2.1 Water scenario 37 2.1.1 Countrywise water scenario 39 2.2 Water indicators 45 2.2.1 Baseline water stress 45 2.2.2 Inter]annual variability 46 2.2.3 Water conflict 46 2.2.4 River basins and aquifers under threat and conflict 47 2.2.5 Physical water risk in business 49 2.2.6 Disruption in the supply chain 49 2.2.7 Failure to meet basic water needs 49 2.3 Global water trends 50 2.4 Business models 50 2.4.1 Business as usual model 51 2.4.2 Alternative model 51 2.5 Integrated water resource management 52 2.5.1 History of IWRM 53 2.5.2 Principles of IWRM 53 2.6 Sustainable development goal for business sector 56 2.7 Conclusion 56 Bibliography 58 3 Understanding Water 61 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Hydrological cycle 63 3.2.1 Water cycle and ecosystems 67 3.3 Water on land 67 3.3.1 Soil water 68 3.4 Stores of water 70 3.5 Surface runoff 72 3.5.1 Meteorological factors affecting runoff 72 3.5.2 Physical factors affecting runoff 72 3.5.3 Human activities can affect runoff 73 3.6 River and river basin 74 3.6.1 Stream order 76 3.6.2 Drainage basin, catchment and watershed boundaries 76 3.6.3 Classification of river basin and hydrological unit 76 3.7 Industrial impact on river flow 78 3.7.1 Temporal and spatial control over river flow 79 3.7.2 Water direct withdrawal 79 3.7.3 Physical disturbance of riverbeds 79 3.7.4 Pollution 79 3.7.5 Water clogging 80 3.8 Surface water management 81 3.8.1 Key component of a SWMP 82 3.9 Groundwater 83 3.9.1 Groundwater hydrology (hydrogeology) 84 3.9.2 Fundamentals concepts 85 3.9.3 Aquifer and confining beds 85 3.9.4 Groundwater system 95 3.9.5 Essential studies in groundwater 96 3.9.6 Relation between groundwater withdrawal and stream flow 98 3.9.7 Groundwater withdrawal in the recharging zone 100 3.9.8 Hydrogeological investigation 100 3.9.5 Groundwater management 103 3.10 Conclusion 103 Notes 106 Bibliography 106 4 Corporate Water Stewardship 109 4.1 Introduction 109 4.2 Why water stewardship? 110 4.2.1 Partnership development 111 4.2.2 Improve efficiency 111 4.2.3 Public acceptance 112 4.2.4 Incentives 112 4.2.5 Balancing risk and economic performance 113 4.2.6 Reinforces communication 113 4.3 Aspects of water stewardship 116 4.3.1 Legal aspect 116 4.3.2 Environmental aspect 117 4.3.3 Social aspect 117 4.3.4 Technological aspect 117 4.3.5 Economic aspect 119 4.4 Challenges in water stewardship 119 4.4.1 Legal challenges 119 4.4.2 Challenges in the value chain 120 4.4.3 Watershed Challenges 121 4.4.4 Social challenges 122 4.4.5 Market challenges 124 4.5 Developing a corporate strategy in water stewardship 125 4.5.1 Understand and recognise sustainability 126 4.5.2 Develop an engagement framework 126 4.5.3 Identification of stakeholders 126 4.5.4 Engagement risks 127 4.5.5 Collective action framework 127 4.6 Goals and commitments 129 4.7 Establish systems and processes 132 4.8 Opportunities in water stewardship 132 4.8.1 Management improvement 132 4.8.2 Knowledge asset development 133 4.8.3 Investment 133 4.8.4 Developing information and database 133 4.8.5 Human resource development 136 4.9 Water Literacy 138 4.9.1 Definition and concept 138 4.9.2 Water literacy framework 139 4.10 Action programmes under WSI 140 4.10.1 Conduct a water resource assessment 140 4.10.2 Conduct a water footprint analysis 140 4.10.3 Conduct a sustainability analysis 140 4.10.4 Water accounting and disclosure 141 4.10.5 Implement mitigation measures 142 4.11 Outcome of water stewardship initiatives (WSI) 142 4.12 Water stewardship standards 142 4.13 Global organisations for facilitating water stewardship 143 4.14 Water stewardship tools 150 4.15 Case studies 150 4.15.1 Unilever 150 4.15.2 BASF 151 4.15.3 TOM’s of Maine 151 4.15.4 Mars Inc. 151 4.15.5 Nestlé 152 4.15.6 Coca]Cola 152 4.16 Conclusion 153 Bibliography 153 5 Water Governance Framework and Water Acts 158 5.1 Introduction 158 5.2 What is water governance? 159 5.3 Water laws 161 5.4 Tasks of water governance 161 5.5 Challenges in water governance 162 5.6 Legal framework 163 5.7 Institutional framework 164 5.7.1 Ministries 166 5.7.2 Government departments 166 5.7.3 Authorities 167 5.7.4 Institutions 167 5.8 Principles of water governance 167 5.9 Spatial scale of water governance 168 5.10 Hierarchical governance 169 5.11 Cross]cutting authority of governance 170 5.12 Stakeholders engagement in water governance 170 5.13 Functions and functionaries of the water governance 171 5.14 Role of civil society organisations (CSO) 172 5.15 Water governance framework of different countries (case studies) 174 5.15.1 European union water framework directives 174 5.15.2 Water governance in Australia 176 5.15.3 Water governance in Brazil 178 5.15.4 Water governance in Canada 179 5.15.5 Water governance in China 181 5.15.6 Water governance in India 183 5.15.7 Water governance in Indonesia 185 5.15.8 Water governance in Namibia 185 5.15.9 Water governance in South Africa 188 5.16 Conclusion 190 Notes 190 Bibliography 191 6 Water Quality Standards and Water Pollution 195 6.1 Water quality]standards 195 6.1.1 Introduction 195 6.1.2 Quality parameters for drinking water 196 6.1.3 Microbiological contaminants 197 6.1.4 Physical parameters 197 6.1.5 Organic chemical pollutants 197 6.1.6 Parameters indicative of environmental pollution 197 6.1.7 Guidelines for standard quality parameters 202 6.1.8 Water quality requirements of industries 202 6.1.9 Water quality of effluent 205 6.2 Industrial water pollution 210 6.2.1 Definition 210 6.2.2 Direct reasons of water pollution 216 6.2.3 Indirect reasons of pollution 216 6.2.4 Indicators of industrial water pollution 217 6.2.5 Socio economic indicator of water pollution 217 6.2.6 Biological indicators of water pollution 218 6.2.7 Industrial sources of pollution 219 6.2.8 Water pollution from industrial emission 219 6.2.9 Water pollution from industrial effluent 221 6.2.10 Water pollution from solid]waste disposal 222 6.2.11 Impacts of mining on water quality 222 6.2.12 Water pollution potentiality in petrochemical and power industry 222 6.2.13 Groundwater pollution from industrial effluents and leachates 223 6.2.14 Water pollution identifiers 227 6.2.15 Management and control of water pollution 228 6.2.16 Wastewater management 232 6.2.17 Disposal of wastewater 233 6.2.18 Effluent treatment 235 6.2.19 Treatment methods 235 6.2.20 Solid]waste management 238 6.2.21 Management of leachate 241 6.3 Conclusion 241 Notes 241 Bibliography 241 7 Water Abstraction, Purification and Distribution 246 7.1 Overview 246 7.2 Water sourcing by industries 247 7.3 Surface water abstraction 248 7.3.1 Reservoir intake 249 7.3.2 River and lake intakes 251 7.3.3 Impacts of surface water abstraction 252 7.4 Methods of groundwater abstraction 253 7.4.1 Abstraction of baseflow 253 7.4.2 Abstraction of groundwater from aquifer 254 7.4.3 Construction of a tube well 255 7.4.4 Impacts of groundwater abstraction 262 7.5 Water abstraction from the sea 264 7.5.1 Environmental impact of seawater withdrawal 264 7.6 Conveyance system 264 7.6.1 Conveying water from the source to the treatment plant 265 7.7 Water purification 265 7.7.1 Primary screening 267 7.7.2 Clarification 267 7.7.3 Disinfection 269 7.7.4 Desalination 269 7.7.5 Membrane technologies 270 7.8 Water supply and distribution 274 7.8.1 Pipes 275 7.8.2 Storage system 275 7.9 Water delivery and distribution software 277 7.9.1 Overview 278 7.9.2 Capabilities 278 7.9.3 Applications 279 7.10 Conclusion 280 Bibliography 280 8 Water Resource Assessment 282 8.1 Introduction 282 8.2 Water resource assessment tools 284 8.3 General scenario 286 8.4 WRA basics 286 8.4.1 Conceptual and policy framework 286 8.4.2 Defining a research agenda 288 8.4.3 Defining the physical boundary 288 8.5 WRA data generation 289 8.5.1 Secondary data collection 289 8.5.2 Primary data generation 290 8.5.3 Biophysical data 290 8.5.4 Hydrometeorological data 294 8.5.5 Data table 295 8.5.6 Hydrogeological data 295 8.5.7 Socioeconomic data 297 8.5.8 Water use and discharge 298 8.6 Water balance 298 8.7 Estimation of surface runoff 299 8.7.1 Khosla’s Formula 301 8.7.2 Estimation of rainfall runoff by SCS curve number (CN) method 301 8.7.3 Runoff calculation 304 8.8 Estimation of stream discharge 308 8.8.1 Volumetric gauging 308 8.8.2 Float gauging 308 8.8.3 Current metering 308 8.9 Estimation of renewable groundwater resource 309 8.9.1 Water level fluctuation method 309 8.9.2 Rainfall infiltration method 311 8.9.3 Soil water balance method 311 8.10 Estimation of pond/reservoir storage volume 312 8.10.1 Area calculation irregularly shaped ponds 312 8.10.2 Pond depth and volume estimation 313 8.11 Estimation of source]water quality 313 8.11.1 Water sampling 314 8.11.2 Water analysis 316 8.12 Aquifer test 316 8.12.1 Field procedures 317 8.12.2 Test procedures 317 8.12.3 Pumping test data reduction and presentation 320 8.12.4 Analysis of test results 320 8.12.5 Calculations and aquifer test results 321 8.13 Build understanding of key catchment processes and interaction 321 8.14 Long]term simulation of catchment behaviour 321 8.15 Assessment of sustainable and exploitable water over assessment period 321 8.16 Presentation of water resource assessment 322 8.17 Conclusion 322 Note 323 Bibliography 323 9 Corporate Water Accounting and Disclosure 325 9.1 The context 325 9.1.1 Water Risk 325 9.1.2 Water stress 327 9.1.3 Water intensity 328 9.2 Methods of assessing water risk 328 9.2.1 Water risk assessment tools 328 9.2.2 Data generation and internal assessment 332 9.3 Water profiling 332 9.3.1 Water profile of the basin 332 9.3.2 Benefit of a watershed profile 333 9.3.3 Water profile of a company 334 9.3.4 Water balance calculation 335 9.3.5 Impact assessment 337 9.4 Water footprint 338 9.4.1 The relevance of WFA to industry 341 9.4.2 Virtual water chain 342 9.4.3 Assessment of green water footprint 342 9.4.4 Assessment of blue water footprint 343 9.4.5 Assessment of grey water footprint (GWF) 344 9.4.6 Assessment of business water footprint (BWF) 345 9.4.7 Life cycle–based assessment 351 9.4.8 Application of water footprint assessment 352 9.4.9 Benefits of WFA 352 9.4.10 Water footprint assessment as a framework for corporate water sustainability 353 9.4.11 International standards of water footprint assessment 355 9.4.12 Case studies 355 9.5 Industrial response to WF assessment 356 9.6 Water disclosure document 356 9.7 Benefits of water disclosure 357 9.8 Conclusion 357 Notes 358 Bibliography 358 10 Detection of Water Loss and Methods of Water Conservation in Industries 361 10.1 Overview 361 10.2 Getting started: Develop a water conservation strategy 362 10.3 Detection of overuse 363 10.3.1 Benchmarking 363 10.4 Water audit 364 10.4.1 Fundamentals of water audit 364 10.4.2 Benefits of water audit 365 10.4.3 Scopes and objectives of water audit 366 10.4.4 Human resource requirements for water audit 366 10.4.5 Corporate process in water audit 367 10.4.6 Water audit processes 368 10.4.7 Water audit software 376 10.4.8 Industrial response to water audit report 380 10.4.9 Real loss management 382 10.5 Methods of water conservation 382 10.5.1 Water use management 382 10.5.2 Demand management 383 10.5.3 Changing the water use behaviour 384 10.5.4 Water use assessment 384 10.5.5 Reduced consumption and water loss 384 10.5.6 Reuse and recycle 385 10.5.7 Zero liquid discharge plants 385 10.6 Water saving in agriculture industries 386 10.6.1 Soil moisture sensors 386 10.6.2 Rain sensors 386 10.6.3 Drip/micro–irrigation 387 10.6.4 Sprinkler heads 387 10.6.5 Centre pivot irrigation 387 10.7 Rainwater harvesting 388 10.7.1 Introduction 388 10.7.2 Regulations and guidelines 389 10.7.3 Why industries should take up RWH 390 10.7.4 Components of RWH 391 10.7.5 Rainwater harvesting potential 396 10.7.6 Artificial recharge of groundwater 398 10.7.7 Surface runoff harvesting 401 10.7.8 Issues in RWH 403 10.7.9 Maintenance of RWH system 403 10.7.10 Constraints in adopting a rainwater harvesting system 403 10.7.11 Promotion and further development of rainwater utilisation 404 10.7.12 Example of an industrial RWH 405 10.8 Conclusion 406 Bibliography 407 11 Corporate Social Responsibility: Way Ahead in Water and Human Rights 409 11.1 Introduction 409 11.2 Public policy on CSR 410 11.3 CSR policy of corporations 412 11.4 Addressing water in CSR 413 11.4.1 Water security 413 11.4.2 Drinking water and sanitation 413 11.4.3 Ecological development 414 11.5 CSR management framework 414 11.5.1 Policy 415 11.5.2 Procedure 415 11.5.3 Institutional arrangement 416 11.5.4 Partnership and stakeholders’ engagement 416 11.5.5 Reporting 417 11.6 CSR initiatives in the water sector 417 11.7 International standards and guidelines 418 11.8 Case studies 420 11.8.1 Coca]Cola 420 11.8.2 Nike 420 11.8.3 Swiss Re Group 420 11.8.4 Molson Coors 420 11.8.5 Levi Strauss & Co 421 11.9 Future of CSR 421 11.10 Conclusion 422 Note 422 Bibliography 423 Glossary 425 Annexure 444 Index 446

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPART ONE INTRODUCTION TO PROCESS CONTROL 1. Introduction to Process Control 1 1.1 Representative Process Control Problems 2 1.2 Illustrative Example—A Blending Process 4 1.3 Classification of Process Control Strategies 5 1.4 A More Complicated Example—A Distillation Column 7 1.5 The Hierarchy of Process Control Activities 8 1.6 An Overview of Control System Design 10 2. Theoretical Models of Chemical Processes 14 2.1 The Rationale for Dynamic Process Models 14 2.2 General Modeling Principles 16 2.3 Degrees of Freedom Analysis 19 2.4 Dynamic Models of Representative Processes 21 2.5 Process Dynamics and Mathematical Models 30 PART TWO DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF PROCESSES 3. Laplace Transforms 38 3.1 Laplace Transforms of Representative Functions 39 3.2 Solution of Differential Equations by Laplace Transform Techniques 42 3.3 Partial Fraction Expansion 43 3.4 Other Laplace Transform Properties 45 3.5 A Transient Response Example 47 3.6 Software for Solving Symbolic Mathematical Problems 49 4. Transfer Function Models 54 4.1 Introduction to Transfer Function Models 54 4.2 Properties of Transfer Functions 57 4.3 Linearization of Nonlinear Models 61 5. Dynamic Behavior of First-Order and Second-Order Processes 68 5.1 Standard Process Inputs 69 5.2 Response of First-Order Processes 70 5.3 Response of Integrating Processes 73 5.4 Response of Second-Order Processes 75 6. Dynamic Response Characteristics of More Complicated Processes 86 6.1 Poles and Zeros and Their Effect on Process Response 86 6.2 Processes with Time Delays 89 6.3 Approximation of Higher-Order Transfer Functions 92 6.4 Interacting and Noninteracting Processes 94 6.5 State-Space and Transfer Function Matrix Models 95 6.6 Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (MIMO) Processes 98 7. Development of Empirical Models from Process Data 105 7.1 Model Development Using Linear or Nonlinear Regression 106 7.2 Fitting First- and Second-Order Models Using Step Tests 109 7.3 Neural Network Models 113 7.4 Development of Discrete-Time Dynamic Models 115 7.5 Identifying Discrete-Time Models from Experimental Data 116 PART THREE FEEDBACK AND FEEDFORWARD CONTROL 8. Feedback Controllers 123 8.1 Introduction 123 8.2 Basic Control Modes 125 8.3 Features of PID Controllers 130 8.4 Digital Versions of PID Controllers 133 8.5 Typical Responses of Feedback Control Systems 135 8.6 On–Off Controllers 136 9. Control System Instrumentation 140 9.1 Sensors, Transmitters, and Transducers 141 9.2 Final Control Elements 148 9.3 Accuracy in Instrumentation 154 10. Process Safety and Process Control 160 10.1 Layers of Protection 161 10.2 Alarm Management 165 10.3 Abnormal Event Detection 169 10.4 Risk Assessment 170 11. Dynamic Behavior and Stability of Closed-Loop Control Systems 175 11.1 Block Diagram Representation 176 11.2 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions 178 11.3 Closed-Loop Responses of Simple Control Systems 181 11.4 Stability of Closed-Loop Control Systems 186 11.5 Root Locus Diagrams 191 12. PID Controller Design, Tuning, and Troubleshooting 199 12.1 Performance Criteria for Closed-Loop Systems 200 12.2 Model-Based Design Methods 201 12.3 Controller Tuning Relations 206 12.4 Controllers with Two Degrees of Freedom 213 12.5 On-Line Controller Tuning 214 12.6 Guidelines for Common Control Loops 220 12.7 Troubleshooting Control Loops 222 13. Control Strategies at the Process Unit Level 229 13.1 Degrees of Freedom Analysis for Process Control 230 13.2 Selection of Controlled, Manipulated, and Measured Variables 232 13.3 Applications 235 14. Frequency Response Analysis and Control System Design 244 14.1 Sinusoidal Forcing of a First-Order Process 244 14.2 Sinusoidal Forcing of an nth-Order Process 246 14.3 Bode Diagrams 247 14.4 Frequency Response Characteristics of Feedback Controllers 251 14.5 Nyquist Diagrams 252 14.6 Bode Stability Criterion 252 14.7 Gain and Phase Margins 256 15. Feedforward and Ratio Control 262 15.1 Introduction to Feedforward Control 263 15.2 Ratio Control 264 15.3 Feedforward Controller Design Based on Steady-State Models 266 15.4 Feedforward Controller Design Based on Dynamic Models 268 15.5 The Relationship Between the Steady-State and Dynamic Design Methods 272 15.6 Configurations for Feedforward–Feedback Control 272 15.7 Tuning Feedforward Controllers 273 PART FOUR ADVANCED PROCESS CONTROL 16. Enhanced Single-Loop Control Strategies 279 16.1 Cascade Control 279 16.2 Time-Delay Compensation 284 16.3 Inferential Control 286 16.4 Selective Control/Override Systems 287 16.5 Nonlinear Control Systems 289 16.6 Adaptive Control Systems 292 17. Digital Sampling, Filtering, and Control 300 17.1 Sampling and Signal Reconstruction 300 17.2 Signal Processing and Data Filtering 303 17.3 z-Transform Analysis for Digital Control 307 17.4 Tuning of Digital PID Controllers 313 17.5 Direct Synthesis for Design of Digital Controllers 315 17.6 Minimum Variance Control 319 18. Multiloop and Multivariable Control 326 18.1 Process Interactions and Control Loop Interactions 327 18.2 Pairing of Controlled and Manipulated Variables 331 18.3 Singular Value Analysis 338 18.4 Tuning of Multiloop PID Control Systems 341 18.5 Decoupling and Multivariable Control Strategies 342 18.6 Strategies for Reducing Control Loop Interactions 343 19. Real-Time Optimization 350 19.1 Basic Requirements in Real-Time Optimization 352 19.2 The Formulation and Solution of RTO Problems 354 19.3 Unconstrained and Constrained Optimization 356 19.4 Linear Programming 359 19.5 Quadratic and Nonlinear Programming 362 20. Model Predictive Control 368 20.1 Overview of Model Predictive Control 369 20.2 Predictions for SISO Models 370 20.3 Predictions for MIMO Models 377 20.4 Model Predictive Control Calculations 379 20.5 Set-Point Calculations 382 20.6 Selection of Design and Tuning Parameters 384 20.7 Implementation of MPC 389 21. Process Monitoring 395 21.1 Traditional Monitoring Techniques 397 21.2 Quality Control Charts 398 21.3 Extensions of Statistical Process Control 404 21.4 Multivariate Statistical Techniques 406 21.5 Control Performance Monitoring 408 22. Batch Process Control 413 22.1 Batch Control Systems 415 22.2 Sequential and Logic Control 416 22.3 Control During the Batch 421 22.4 Run-to-Run Control 426 22.5 Batch Production Management 427 PART FIVE APPLICATIONS TO BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 23. Biosystems Control Design 435 23.1 Process Modeling and Control in Pharmaceutical Operations 435 23.2 Process Modeling and Control for Drug Delivery 442 24. Dynamics and Control of Biological Systems 451 24.1 Systems Biology 451 24.2 Gene Regulatory Control 453 24.3 Signal Transduction Networks 457 Appendix A: Digital Process Control Systems: Hardware and Software 464 A.1 Distributed Digital Control Systems 465 A.2 Analog and Digital Signals and Data Transfer 466 A.3 Microprocessors and Digital Hardware in Process Control 467 A.4 Software Organization 470 Appendix B: Review of Thermodynamic Concepts for Conservation Equations 478 B.1 Single-Component Systems 478 B.2 Multicomponent Systems 479 Appendix C: Control Simulation Software 480 C.1 MATLAB Operations and Equation Solving 480 C.2 Computer Simulation with Simulink 482 C.3 Computer Simulation with LabVIEW 485 Appendix D: Instrumentation Symbols 487 Appendix E: Process Control Modules 489 E.1 Introduction 489 E.2 Module Organization 489 E.3 Hardware and Software Requirements 490 E.4 Installation 490 E.5 Running the Software 490 Appendix F: Review of Basic Concepts From Probability and Statistics 491 F.1 Probability Concepts 491 F.2 Means and Variances 492 F.3 Standard Normal Distribution 493 F.4 Error Analysis 493 Appendix G: Introduction to Plantwide Control (Available online at: www.wiley.com/college/seborg) Appendix H: Plantwide Control System Design (Available online at: www.wiley.com/college/seborg) Appendix I: Dynamic Models and Parameters Used for Plantwide Control Chapters (Available online at: www.wiley.com/college/seborg) Appendix J: Additional Closed-Loop Frequency Response Material (Available online at: www.wiley.com/college/seborg) Appendix K: Contour Mapping and the Principle of the Argument (Available online at: www.wiley.com/college/seborg) Appendix L: Partial Fraction Expansions for Repeated and Complex Factors (Available online at: www.wiley.com/college/seborg) Index 495

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Book SynopsisMolecular Techniques in Food Biology: Safety, Biotechnology, Authenticity & Traceability explores all aspects of microbe-food interactions, especially as they pertain to food safety. Traditional morphological, physiological, and biochemical techniques for the detection, differentiation, and identification of microorganisms have severe limitations. As an alternative, many of those responsible for monitoring food safety are turning to molecular tools for identifying foodborne microorganisms. This book reviews the latest molecular techniques for detecting, identifying, and tracing microorganisms in food, addressing both good foodborne microbes, such as those used for fermentation and in probiotics, and harmful ones responsible for foodborne illness and food quality control problems. Molecular Techniques in Food Biology: Safety, Biotechnology, Authenticity & Traceability brings together contributions by leading international authorities in food biology from academe, industry, and governTable of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix Section I General Topics 1 1 How to Determine the Geographical Origin of Food by Molecular Techniques 3Aly Farag El Sheikha 1.1 Linkage Between Food and Its Geographical Origin: Historical View 3 1.2 Scope and Approach 4 1.3 Definitions Related to Tracking of Food Origins 4 1.4 Driving Forces for Determining the Geo]origin of Food 8 1.5 Geo] origin Determination … Evolution of Molecular Techniques 13 1.6 Pros and Cons of Molecular Techniques Used as Geo]Discriminative Tools of Food 16 1.7 Conclusions 17 References 18 2 Unraveling Pathogenic Behavior of Phytopathogens through Advanced Molecular Techniques 27Avantina S. Bhandari and Neeta Sharma 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Plant Pathogens: A Menace to Agricultural Productivity 28 2.3 Future Directions 38 References 39 3 Molecular Characterization of Ochratoxigenic Fungal Flora as an Innovative Tool to Certify Coffee Origin 47Aly Farag El Sheikha and Nadege Donkeng Nganou 3.1 Introduction: Coffee Factsheet 47 3.2 The Microflora of Coffee 50 3.3 Detection of Ochratoxigenic Fungi in Coffee by Molecular Techniques 55 3.4 Using Molecular Detection of OTA]producing Fungi to Certify Coffee Origin: Is it Possible? 57 3.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 63 References 63 4 Molecular and “Omics” Techniques for Studying Gut Microbiota Relevant to Food Animal Production 71Joshua Gong, Chengbo Yang, and Ehsan Khafipour 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 Methods for Studying Gut Microbiota Composition 72 4.3 Culture] independent Techniques 72 4.4 Tools for Functional Studies of Gut Microbiota 75 4.5 “Omics” 76 4.6 Animal Models 78 4.7 Bioinformatics 79 4.8 Application in Poultry and Swine Research 80 4.9 Integrated Approaches for Studying Gut Microbiome 83 4.10 Conclusions and Future Directions 84 Acknowledgments 85 References 85 5 Molecular Techniques for Making Recombinant Enzymes Used in Food Processing 95Wenjing Hua, Aly Farag El Sheikha, and Jianping Xu 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 Molecular Strategies to Produce Recombinant Enzymes Used in the Food Industry 96 5.3 Applications and Safety Issues of Enzymes in the Food Industry 106 5.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 109 References 110 Section II Fruits and Vegetables 115 6 Molecular Identification and Distribution of Yeasts in Fruits 117Justine Ting, Rui Xu, and Jianping Xu 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 Molecular Methods for Distinguishing Yeast Species and Strains 118 6.3 Yeast Diversity in Wild/fresh Fruits 120 6.4 Yeast Diversity in Processed Fruits 134 6.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 141 Acknowledgments 142 References 142 7 Current and New Insights on Molecular Methods to Identify Microbial Growth in Fruit Juices 145Elena Rosello]Soto, Sonia Barba]Orellana, Mohamed Koubaa, Shahin Roohinejad, Francisco Quilez, and Francisco J. Barba 7.1 Introduction 145 7.2 Microorganisms in Fruit Juices 146 7.3 Conventional Identification Techniques 148 7.4 Non] conventional Identification Techniques 150 7.5 Molecular Techniques 151 7.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 154 References 154 Section III Fish and Meat Products (Non-Fermented) 161 8 Molecular Techniques Related to the Identification of the Bacterial Flora of Seafood 163Robert E. Levin 8.1 Introduction 163 8.2 Major Seafood Spoilage Bacteria 164 8.3 Seafood]borne Bacterial Pathogens 183 8.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 201 References 201 9 Assessment of the Microbial Ecology of Meat and Meat Products at the Molecular Level: Current Status and Future Perspectives 215Spiros Paramithiotis, Agni Hadjilouka, and Eleftherios H. Drosinos 9.1 Introduction 215 9.2 Extraction of Nucleic Acids 216 9.3 Microbial Communities Assessment 216 9.4 Detection of Selected Bacterial Target 220 9.5 Biodiversity Assessment 225 9.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 226 References 227 Section IV Fermented Foods and Beverages 239 10 Revolution in Fermented Foods: From Artisan Household Technology to the Era of Biotechnology 241Aly Farag El Sheikha 10.1 Introduction 241 10.2 Historical View: Where and When Did Fermentation Start? 242 10.3 Fermented Foods: From the Past to the Current Era 243 10.4 Fermented Foods and Health Effects 246 10.5 Is it Possible to Trace the Geographical Origin of Fermented Foods? 249 10.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 252 References 254 11 Molecular Techniques for the Identification of LAB in Fermented Cereal and Meat Products 261Malik Altaf Hussain 11.1 Introduction 261 11.2 Fermented Food Products 262 11.3 Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Foods 265 11.4 Molecular Approaches Used to Study Fermenting Microflora 268 11.5 Identification of Lab in Fermented Cereal and Meat Products 269 11.6 Advantages of Molecular Techniques 275 11.7 Concluding Remarks 275 Acknowledgment 277 References 277 12 Molecular Techniques and Lactic Acid]Fermented Fruits and Vegetables 285Aly Farag El Sheikha 12.1 Introduction 285 12.2 Fermented Fruits and Vegetables: Between the Past and the Present 286 12.3 Benefits of Fermented Fruits and Vegetables 286 12.4 Techniques of Lab Analysis Used in Fermented Fruits and Vegetables 288 12.5 Future Applications 300 12.6 Conclusions 300 References 300 13 New Trends in Molecular Techniques to Identify Microorganisms in Dairy Products 309Elena Rosello]Soto, Sonia Barba]Orellana, Francisco J. Barba, Francisco Quilez, Shahin Roohinejad, and Mohamed Koubaa 13.1 Introduction 309 13.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)]based Methods 310 13.3 Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization 316 13.4 Immuno]based Methodologies, Biochips, and Nanosensors 317 13.5 Benefits and Limitations of Molecular Techniques 318 13.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 318 References 318 14 Molecular Techniques for the Detection and Identification of Yeasts in Wine 323Cecilia Diaz, Grigori Badalyan, and Mark Bucking 14.1 Introduction 323 14.2 Methods of Identification and Detection of Biodiversity 327 14.3 Enumeration of Wine Yeasts 330 14.4 Diversity of Wine Yeasts 332 14.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 334 References 334 Section V Foodborne Pathogens and Food Safety 341 15 Rapid Detection of Food Pathogens Using Molecular Methods 343R.M.U.S.K. Rathnayaka, Rakshit K. Devappa, and Sudip Kumar Rakshit 15.1 Introduction 343 15.2 Methods Used to Detect Foodborne Pathogens 344 15.3 Conclusions 355 References 355 16 Biosensor]Based Techniques: A Reliable and Primary Tool for Detection of Foodborne Pathogens 361Moni Gupta, Baby Summuna, Sachin Gupta, and Deepika Sharma 16.1 Introduction 361 16.2 Ideal Requirements for Biosensor]Based Microbial Detection Assay 366 16.3 Need for Rapid Method 367 16.4 Classification of Biosensors 367 16.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 378 References 379 17 Molecular Identification and Detection of Foodborne and Feedborne Mycotoxigenic Fungi 385Glaucia E.O. Midorikawa, Robert N.G. Miller, and Daniela M. de C. Bittencourt 17.1 Mycotoxigenic Fungi 385 17.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction]based Characterization of Mycotoxigenic Fungi 386 17.3 Genomics of Mycotoxigenic Fungi 394 17.4 Functional Genomics of Mycotoxigenic Fungi 396 17.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 398 References 398 18 Molecular Identification of Enteric Viruses in Fresh Produce 409Martin D’Agostino and Nigel Cook 18.1 Introduction 409 18.2 Sample Treatment 410 18.3 Sample Receipt 410 18.4 Removal of Viruses from the Food Surfaces 410 18.5 Removal of Food Substances 411 18.6 Concentration of Viruses 411 18.7 Nucleic Acid Extraction 411 18.8 Detection Assay 412 18.9 ISO 15216]1/2:2013: The Future “Gold Standard” 413 18.10 Quantitation 415 18.11 What is a Positive? 415 18.12 Future Developments and Requirements 416 18.13 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 416 References 417 Section VI Future Perspectives 421 19 Molecular Techniques and Foodstuffs: Innovative Fingerprints, Then What? 423Aly Farag El Sheikha and Jianping Xu 19.1 Introduction 423 19.2 Emerging Fingerprinting Technologies 424 19.3 DNA Fingerprints 426 19.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 428 References 431 Index 435

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Book SynopsisPlantpolyphenols are secondary metabolites that constitute one of the most common and widespread groups of natural products. They are crucial constituents of a large and diverse range of biological functions and processes, and provide many benefits to both plants and humans. Manypolyphenols, from their structurally simplest representatives to their oligo/polymeric versions, are notably known as phytoestrogens, plant pigments, potent antioxidants, and protein interacting agents. This sixth volume of the highly regarded Recent Advances inPolyphenol Research series is edited by Heidi Halbwirth, Karl Stich, Véronique Cheynier and Stéphane Quideau, and is a continuance of the series' tradition of compiling a cornucopia of cutting-edge chapters, written by some of the leading experts in their respective fields of polyphenol sciences. Highlighted herein are some of the most recent and pertinent developments in polyphenol research, covering such major areas as: ChTable of ContentsContributors xiii Preface xvii Acknowledgements xxi 1 The Lignans: A Family of Biologically Active Polyphenolic Secondary Metabolites 1Anna K.F. Albertson and Jean‐Philip Lumb 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Biosynthesis of Lignans 3 1.3 Synthetic Approaches to Lignans and Derivatives 7 1.4 Conclusion 60 References 65 2 Anthocyanin Accumulation is Controlled by Layers of Repression 71Andrew C. Allan, Kathy E. Schwinn, and Richard V. Espley 2.1 Introduction 71 2.2 MYBs and bHLHs Directly Activate Anthocyanin Production 72 2.3 Exciting Phenotypes in Horticulture are often caused by Variations in the Expression of Key MYBs 73 2.4 Is There a Cost to the Plant of over accumulation of Anthocyanins? 74 2.5 Controlling Anthocyanin Levels 75 2.6 The MYB Activator is Degraded at Night 76 2.7 MYB Activator Competes with MYB Repressors 77 2.8 miRNA‐ Targeted Degradation of MYB Transcript 78 2.9 Turnover of Anthocyanin Vacuolar Content by Peroxidases 78 2.10 Summary 79 References 79 3 The Subtleties of Subcellular Distribution: Pointing the Way to Underexplored Functions for Flavonoid Enzymes and End Products 89Brenda S.J. Winkel 3.1 Multienzyme Complexes and Metabolic Networks 89 3.2 New Insights from Global Surveys of Protein Interactions 90 3.3 The Flavonoid Metabolon 91 3.4 Subcellular Distribution of Flavonoid Enzymes and Evidence for Alternative Metabolons 94 3.5 Posttranslational Modifications – An Underexplored Area of Flavonoid Metabolism 98 3.6 Why Do We Need to Know? 99 3.7 Future Prospects 99 References 100 4 Transcriptional and Metabolite Profiling Analyses Uncover Novel Genes Essential for Polyphenol Accumulation 109Wilfried Schwab, Ludwig Ring, and Chuankui Song 4.1 Introduction 109 4.2 Transcriptional and Metabolite Profiling Analyses in Strawberry Fruit 110 4.3 Characterization of Peroxidase 27 113 4.4 Competition of the Lignin and Flavonoid/Anthocyanin Pathways as Demonstrated by the Activity of Peroxidase 27 115 4.5 Candidate Genes Putatively Correlated with Phenolics Accumulation in Strawberry Fruit 115 4.6 Acylphloroglucinol Biosynthesis in Strawberry Fruit 118 4.7 Glucosylation of Acylphloroglucinols 120 4.8 Conclusion References 124 5 Dietary (Poly)Phenols and Vascular Health 127Christine Morand, Nicolas Barber‐Chamoux, Laurent‐Emmanuel Monfoulet, and Dragan Milenkovic 5.1 Introduction 127 5.2 Vascular Health: A Prerequisite to Prevent Cardiometabolic Diseases and Cognitive Decline 128 5.3 Diet and Vascular Health 130 5.4 (Poly)Phenols: A Major Family of Dietary Plant Bioactive Compounds 131 5.5 Fate of (Poly)Phenols in the Body and Biological Activities 133 5.6 Nutritional Effects of Flavonoids in Protecting Cardiovascular Health 135 5.7 Limitation of Knowledge and Strategy for Research 138 5.8 Findings from Translational Research on Citrus Flavanones and Vascular Health 139 5.9 Conclusion 142 References 142 6 Cellular‐Specific Detection of Polyphenolic Compounds by NMR‐and MS‐Based Techniques: Application to the Representative Polycyclic Aromatics of Members of the Hypericaceae, the Musaceae and the Haemodoraceae 149Dirk Hölscher, 6.1 Introduction 149 6.2 The Plant Genus Hypericum 150 6.3 Phenylphenalenones: Plant Secondary Metabolites of the Haemodoraceae 151 6.4 Phenalenone‐ Type Phytoalexins 157 6.5 Laser Microdissection and Cryogenic NMR as a Combined Tool for Cell Type‐Specific Metabolite Profiling 160 6.6 Matrix‐ free UV Laser Desorption/Ionization (LDI) at the Single‐Cell Level: Distribution of Secondary Metabolites of Hypericum Species 163 6.7 LDI‐ MSI‐Based Detection of Phenalenone‐Type Phytoalexins in a Banana– Nematode Interaction 166 6.8 LDI‐ FT‐ICR‐MSI Reveals the Occurrence of Phenylphenalenones in Red Paracytic Stomata 169 6.9 Conclusion 171 6.10 Acknowledgements 171 References 171 7 Metabolomics Strategies for the De replication of Polyphenols and Other Metabolites in Complex Natural Extracts 183Jean‐Luc Wolfender, Pierre‐Marie Allard, Miwa Kubo, and Emerson Ferreira Queiroz 7.1 Introduction 183 7.2 Metabolite Profiling and Metabolomics 184 7.3 Metabolite Annotation and Dereplication 188 7.4 Targeted Isolation of Original Polyphenols 198 7.5 Conclusion 201 References 201 8 Polyphenols from Plant Roots: An Expanding Biological Frontier 207Ryosuke Munakata, Romain Larbat, Léonor Duriot, Alexandre Olry, Carole Gavira, Benoit Mignard, Alain Hehn, and Frédéric Bourgaud 8.1 Introduction 207 8.2 Polyphenols in Roots versus Shoots: Not More, Not Less, But Often Different 207 8.3 Allelochemical Functions of Root Polyphenols 213 8.4 Physiological Functions of Root Polyphenols in Plants 217 8.5 Biotechnologies to Produce Root Polyphenols 220 8.6 Conclusion 227 References 227 9 Biosynthesis of Polyphenols in Recombinant Micro‐organisms: A Path to Sustainability 237Kanika Sharma, Jian Zha, Sonam Chouhan, Sanjay Guleria, and Mattheos A.G. Koffas 9.1 Introduction 237 9.2 Flavonoids 239 9.3 Stilbenes 247 9.4 Coumarins 251 9.5 Conclusion 253 References 254 10 Revisiting Wine Polyphenols Chemistry in Relation to Their Sensory Characteristics 263Victor de Freitas 10.1 Introduction 263 10.2 Astringency of Polyphenols 265 10.3 Bitter Taste of Polyphenols 269 10.4 Red Wine Colour 271 10.5 Conclusion 276 References 278 11 Advances in Bio‐based Thermosetting Polymers 285Hélène Fulcrand, Laurent Rouméas, Guillaume Billerach, Chahinez Aouf, and Eric Dubreucq 11.1 Introduction 285 11.2 Industrial Sources of Polyphenols 289 11.3 Principles of Thermoset Production 290 11.4 Relationships between Structure and Reactivity of Polyphenols 292 11.5 Thermosets from Industrial Lignins and Tannins 295 11.6 Depolymerization of Lignins and Tannins to Produce Phenolic Building Blocks and their Glycidylether Derivatives 306 11.7 Development of Dimethyloxirane Monophenols and Bisphenols as Thermosetting Building Blocks 310 11.8 Conclusion 322 References 323 12 Understanding the Misunderstood: Products and Mechanisms of the Degradation of Curcumin 335Claus Schneider 12.1 Introduction 335 12.2 Degradation of Curcumin – A Historical and Personal Perspective 336 12.3 The Degradation is an Autoxidation 341 12.4 Novel Products of the Degradation/Autoxidation of Curcumin 344 12.5 Transformation of Curcumin to Bicyclopentadione 348 12.6 A Proposed Mechanism for the Autoxidation of Curcumin 350 12.7 Microbial Degradation of Curcumin 354 12.8 Conclusion 357 References 357 13 How to Model a Metabolon: Theoretical Strategies 363Julien Diharce and Serge Antonczak 13.1 Introduction 363 13.2 Localization 364 13.3 Existing Structures 365 13.4 Three‐ Dimensional Structures of Enzymes: Homology Modelling 367 13.5 Modes of Access to Active Sites: Randomly Accelerated Molecular Dynamics 370 13.6 Protein– Protein Association: Protein–Protein Docking 372 13.7 Substrate Channelling and Molecular Dynamics 374 13.8 Metabolon 378 13.9 Conclusion 379 References 381 Index 387

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Book SynopsisA close examination of current research on abiotic stresses in various plant species The unpredictable environmental stress conditions associated with climate change are significant challenges to global food security, crop productivity, and agricultural sustainability. Rapid population growth and diminishing resources necessitate the development of crops that can adapt to environmental extremities. Although significant advancements have been made in developing plants through improved crop breeding practices and genetic manipulation, further research is necessary to understand how genes and metabolites for stress tolerance are modulated, and how cross-talk and regulators can be tuned to achieve stress tolerance. Molecular Plant Abiotic Stress: Biology and Biotechnology is an extensive investigation of the various forms of abiotic stresses encountered in plants, and susceptibility or tolerance mechanisms found in different plant species. In-depth exaTable of ContentsList of Contributors xv 1 Plant Tolerance to Environmental Stress: Translating Research from Lab to Land 1P. Suprasanna and S. B. Ghag 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Drought Tolerance 3 1.3 Cold Tolerance 10 1.4 Salinity Tolerance 12 1.5 Need for More Translational Research 16 1.6 Conclusion 17 References 17 2 Morphological and Anatomical Modifications of Plants for Environmental Stresses 29Chanda Bano, Nimisha Amist, and N. B. Singh 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Drought-induced Adaptations 32 2.3 Cold-induced Adaptations 33 2.4 High Temperature-induced Adaptations 34 2.5 UV-B-induced Morphogenic Responses 35 2.6 Heavy Metal-induced Adaptations 35 2.7 Roles of Auxin, Ethylene, and ROS 36 2.8 Conclusion 37 References 38 3 Stomatal Regulation as a Drought-tolerance Mechanism 45Shokoofeh Hajihashemi 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Stomatal Morphology 46 3.3 Stomatal Movement Mechanism 47 3.4 Drought Stress Sensing 48 3.5 Drought Stress Signaling Pathways 48 3.5.1 Hydraulic Signaling 49 3.5.2 Chemical Signaling 49 3.5.2.1 Plant Hormones 49 3.5.3 Nonhormonal Molecules 52 3.5.3.1 Role of CO2 Molecule in Response to Drought Stress 52 3.5.3.2 Role of Ca2+ Molecules in Response to Drought Stress 53 3.5.3.3 Protein Kinase Involved in Osmotic Stress Signaling Pathway 53 3.5.3.4 Phospholipid Role in Signal Transduction in Response to Drought Stress 53 3.6 Mechanisms of Plant Response to Stress 54 3.7 Stomatal Density Variation in Response to Stress 56 3.8 Conclusion 56 References 57 4 Antioxidative Machinery for Redox Homeostasis During Abiotic Stress 65Nimisha Amist, Chanda Bano, and N. B. Singh 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Reactive Oxygen Species 66 4.2.1 Types of Reactive Oxygen Species 67 4.2.1.1 Superoxide Radical (O2⋅−) 67 4.2.1.2 Singlet Oxygen (1O2) 68 4.2.1.3 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) 69 4.2.1.4 Hydroxyl Radicals (OH⋅) 69 4.2.2 Sites of ROS Generation 69 4.2.2.1 Chloroplasts 70 4.2.2.2 Peroxisomes 70 4.2.2.3 Mitochondria 70 4.2.3 ROS and Oxidative Damage to Biomolecules 71 4.2.4 Role of ROS as Messengers 73 4.3 Antioxidative Defense System in Plants 74 4.3.1 Nonenzymatic Components of the Antioxidative Defense System 74 4.3.1.1 Ascorbate 74 4.3.1.2 Glutathione 75 4.3.1.3 Tocopherols 75 4.3.1.4 Carotenoids 76 4.3.1.5 Phenolics 76 4.3.2 Enzymatic Components 76 4.3.2.1 Superoxide Dismutases 77 4.3.2.2 Catalases 77 4.3.2.3 Peroxidases 77 4.3.2.4 Enzymes of the Ascorbate–Glutathione Cycle 78 4.3.2.5 Monodehydroascorbate Reductase 79 4.3.2.6 Dehydroascorbate Reductase 79 4.3.2.7 Glutathione Reductase 79 4.4 Redox Homeostasis in Plants 80 4.5 Conclusion 81 References 81 5 Osmolytes and their Role in Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 91Abhimanyu Jogawat 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 Osmolyte Accumulation is a Universally Conserved Quick Response During Abiotic Stress 92 5.3 Osmolytes Minimize Toxic Effects of Abiotic Stresses in Plants 93 5.4 Stress Signaling Pathways Regulate Osmolyte Accumulation Under Abiotic Stress Conditions 94 5.5 Metabolic Pathway Engineering of Osmolyte Biosynthesis Can Generate Improved Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Transgenic Crop Plants 95 5.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 97 Acknowledgements 97 References 97 6 Elicitor-mediated Amelioration of Abiotic Stress in Plants 105Nilanjan Chakraborty, Anik Sarkar, and Krishnendu Acharya 6.1 Introduction 105 6.2 Plant Hormones and Other Elicitor-mediated Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 106 6.3 PGPR-mediated Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 109 6.4 Signaling Role of Nitric Oxide in Abiotic Stresses 109 6.5 Future Goals 114 6.6 Conclusion 114 References 115 7 Role of Selenium in Plants Against Abiotic Stresses: Phenological and Molecular Aspects 123Aditya Banerjee and Aryadeep Roychoudhury 7.1 Introduction 123 7.2 Se Bioaccumulation and Metabolism in Plants 124 7.3 Physiological Roles of Se 125 7.3.1 Seas Plant Growth Promoters 125 7.3.2 The Antioxidant Properties of Se 125 7.4 Se Ameliorating Abiotic Stresses in Plants 126 7.4.1 Se and Salt Stress 126 7.4.2 Se and Drought Stress 127 7.4.3 Se Counteracting Low-temperature Stress 128 7.4.4 Se Ameliorating the Effects of UV-B Irradiation 128 7.4.5 Se and Heavy Metal Stress 129 7.5 Conclusion 129 7.6 Future Perspectives 130 References 130 8 Polyamines Ameliorate Oxidative Stress by Regulating Antioxidant Systems and Interacting with Plant Growth Regulators 135Prabal Das, Aditya Banerjee, and Aryadeep Roychoudhury 8.1 Introduction 135 8.2 PAs as Cellular Antioxidants 136 8.2.1 PAs Scavenge Reactive Oxygen Species 136 8.2.2 The Co-operative Biosynthesis of PAs and Proline 137 8.3 The Relationship Between PAs and Growth Regulators 137 8.3.1 Brassinosteroids and PAs 137 8.3.2 Ethylene and PAs 137 8.3.3 Salicylic Acid and PAs 138 8.3.4 Abscisic Acid and PAs 138 8.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 139 Acknowledgments 140 References 140 9 Abscisic Acid in Abiotic Stress-responsive Gene Expression 145Liliane Souza Conceição Tavares, Sávio Pinho dos Reis, Deyvid Novaes Marques, Eraldo José Madureira Tavares, Solange da Cunha Ferreira, Francinilson Meireles Coelho, and Cláudia Regina Batista de Souza 9.1 Introduction 145 9.2 Deep Evolutionary Roots 146 9.3 ABA Chemical Structure, Biosynthesis, and Metabolism 151 9.4 ABA Perception and Signaling 153 9.5 ABA Regulation of Gene Expression 154 9.5.1 Cis-regulatory Elements 155 9.5.2 Transcription Factors Involved in the ABA-Mediated Abiotic Stress Response 156 9.5.2.1 bZIP Family 157 9.5.2.2 MYC and MYB 157 9.5.2.3 NAC Family 159 9.5.2.4 AP2/ERF Family 160 9.5.2.5 Zinc Finger Family 162 9.6 Post-transcriptional and Post-translational Control in Regulating ABA Response 164 9.7 Epigenetic Regulation of ABA Response 167 9.8 Conclusion 168 References 169 10 Abiotic StressManagement in Plants: Role of Ethylene 185Anket Sharma, Vinod Kumar, Gagan Preet Singh Sidhu, Rakesh Kumar, Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli, Poonam Yadav, Dhriti Kapoor, Aditi Shreeya Bali, Babar Shahzad, Kanika Khanna, Sandeep Kumar, Ashwani Kumar Thukral, and Renu Bhardwaj 10.1 Introduction 185 10.2 Ethylene: Abundance, Biosynthesis, Signaling, and Functions 186 10.3 Abiotic Stress and Ethylene Biosynthesis 187 10.4 Role of Ethylene in Photosynthesis Under Abiotic Stress 188 10.5 Role of Ethylene on ROS and Antioxidative System Under Abiotic Stress 194 10.6 Conclusion 196 References 196 11 Crosstalk Among Phytohormone Signaling Pathways During Abiotic Stress 209Abhimanyu Jogawat 11.1 Introduction 209 11.2 Phytohormone Crosstalk Phenomenon and its Necessity 210 11.3 Various Phytohormonal Crosstalk Under Abiotic Stresses for Improving Stress Tolerance 210 11.3.1 Crosstalk Between ABA and GA 210 11.3.2 Crosstalk Between GA and ET 211 11.3.3 Crosstalk Between ABA and ET 211 11.3.4 Crosstalk Between ABA and Auxins 212 11.3.5 Crosstalk Between ET and Auxins 213 11.3.6 Crosstalk Between ABA and CTs 213 11.4 Conclusion and Future Directions 213 Acknowledgements 215 References 215 12 PlantMolecular Chaperones: Structural Organization and their Roles in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 221Roshan Kumar Singh, Varsha Gupta, and Manoj Prasad 12.1 Introduction 221 12.2 Classification of Plant HSPs 223 12.2.1 Structure and Functions of sHSP Family 223 12.2.2 Structure and Functions of HSP60 Family 224 12.2.3 Structure and Functions of the HSP70 Family 225 12.2.3.1 DnaJ/HSP40 227 12.2.4 Structure and Functions of HSP90 Family 228 12.2.5 Structure and Functions of HSP100 Family 229 12.3 Regulation of HSP Expression in Plants 230 12.4 Crosstalk Between HSP Networks to Provide Tolerance Against Abiotic Stress 231 12.5 Genetic Engineering of HSPs for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 232 12.6 Conclusion 234 Acknowledgements 234 References 234 13 Chloride (Cl−) Uptake, Transport, and Regulation in Plant Salt Tolerance 241DB Shelke, GC Nikalje, TD Nikam, P Maheshwari, DL Punita, KRSS Rao, PB Kavi Kishor, and P. Suprasanna 13.1 Introduction 241 13.2 Sources of Cl− Ion Contamination 242 13.3 Role of Cl− in Plant Growth and Development 243 13.4 Cl− Toxicity 244 13.5 Interaction of Soil Cl− with Plant Tissues 245 13.5.1 Cl− Influx from Soil to Root 245 13.5.2 Mechanism of Cl− Efflux at the Membrane Level 245 13.5.3 Differential Accumulation of Cl− in Plants and Compartmentalization 246 13.6 Electrophysiological Study of Cl− Anion Channels in Plants 247 13.7 Channels and Transporters Participating in Cl− Homeostasis 248 13.7.1 Slow Anion Channel and Associated Homologs 249 13.7.2 QUAC1 and Aluminum-activated Malate Transporters 251 13.7.3 Plant Chloride Channel Family Members 253 13.7.4 Phylogenetic Tree and Tissue Localization of CLC Family Members 255 13.7.5 Cation, Chloride Co-transporters 257 13.7.6 ATP-binding Cassette Transporters and Chloride Conductance Regulatory Protein 258 13.7.7 Nitrate Transporter1/Peptide Transporter Proteins 259 13.7.8 Chloride Channel-mediated Anion Transport 259 13.7.9 Possible Mechanisms of Cl− Influx, Efflux, Reduced Net Xylem Loading, and its Compartmentalization 260 13.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 260 References 261 14 The Root Endomutualist Piriformospora indica: A Promising Bio-tool for Improving Crops under Salinity Stress 269Abhimanyu Jogawat, Deepa Bisht, Nidhi Verma, Meenakshi Dua, and Atul Kumar Johri 14.1 Introduction 269 14.2 P. indica: An Extraordinary Tool for Salinity Stress Tolerance Improvement 269 14.3 Utilization of P. indica for Improving and Understanding the Salinity Stress Tolerance of Host Plants 270 14.4 P. indica-induced Biomodulation in Host Plant under Salinity Stress 270 14.5 Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes and ROS in Host Plant During Interaction with P. indica 272 14.6 Role of Calcium Signaling and MAP Kinase Signaling Combating Salt Stress 272 14.7 Effect of P. indica on Osmolyte Synthesis and Accumulation 273 14.8 Salinity Stress Tolerance Mechanism in Axenically Cultivated and Root Colonized P. indica 274 14.9 Conclusion 277 Acknowledgments 278 Conflict of Interest 278 References 278 15 Root Endosymbiont-mediated Priming of Host Plants for Abiotic Stress Tolerance 283Abhimanyu Jogawat, Deepa Bisht, and Atul Kumar Johri 15.1 Introduction 283 15.2 Bacterial Symbionts-mediated Abiotic Stress Tolerance Priming of Host Plants 284 15.3 AM Fungi-mediated Alleviation of Abiotic Stress Tolerance of Vascular Plants 286 15.4 Other Beneficial Fungi and their Importance in Abiotic Stress Tolerance Priming of Plants 287 15.4.1 Piriformospora indica: A Model System for Bio-priming of Host Plants Against Abiotic Stresses 288 15.4.2 Fungal Endophytes, AM-like Fungi, and Other DSE-mediated Bio-priming ofHost Plants for Abiotic Stress Tolerance 289 15.5 Implication of Transgenes from Symbiotic Microorganisms in the Era of Genetic Engineering and Omics 289 15.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 290 Acknowledgements 291 References 291 16 Insight into the Molecular Interaction Between Leguminous Plants and Rhizobia Under Abiotic Stress 301Sumanti Gupta and Sampa Das 16.1 Introduction 301 16.1.1 Why is Legume–Rhizobium Interaction Under the Scientific Scanner? 301 16.2 Legume–Rhizobium Interaction Chemistry: A Brief Overview 302 16.2.1 Nodule Structure and Formation:The Sequential Events 302 16.2.2 Nod Factor Signaling: From Perception to Nodule Inception 304 16.2.3 Reactive Oxygen Species:The Crucial Role of the Mobile Signal in Nodulation 305 16.2.4 Phytohormones: Key Players on All Occasions 306 16.2.5 Autoregulation of Nodulation: The Self Control fromWithin 306 16.3 Role of Abiotic Stress Factors in Influencing Symbiotic Relations of Legumes 307 16.3.1 How Do Abiotic Stress Factors Alter Rhizobial Behavior During Symbiotic Association? 307 16.3.2 Abiotic Agents Modulate Symbiotic Signals of Host Legumes 308 16.3.3 Abiotic Stress Agents as Regulators of Defense Signals of Symbiotic Hosts During Interaction with Other Pathogens 309 16.4 Conclusion: The Lessons Unlearnt 309 References 310 17 Effect of Nanoparticles on Oxidative Damage and Antioxidant Defense Systemin Plants 315Savita Sharma, Vivek K. Singh, Anil Kumar, and Sharada Mallubhotla 17.1 Introduction 315 17.2 Engineered Nanoparticles in the Environment 317 17.3 Nanoparticle Transformations 318 17.4 Plant Response to Nanoparticle Stress 320 17.5 Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 323 17.6 Nanoparticle Induced Oxidative Stress 324 17.7 Antioxidant Defense System in Plants 326 17.8 Conclusion 327 References 328 18 Marker-assisted Selection for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants 335Saikat Gantait, Sutanu Sarkar, and Sandeep Kumar Verma 18.1 Introduction 335 18.2 Reaction of Plants to Abiotic Stress 336 18.3 Basic Concept of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 337 18.4 Genetics of Abiotic Stress Tolerance 338 18.5 Fundamentals of Molecular Markers and Marker-assisted Selection 339 18.5.1 Molecular Markers 339 18.5.2 Marker-assisted Selection 341 18.6 Marker-assisted Selection for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants 341 18.6.1 Marker-assisted Selection for Heat Tolerance 342 18.6.1.1 Wheat (Triticum aestivum) 342 18.6.1.2 Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) 343 18.6.1.3 Oilseed Brassica 343 18.6.1.4 Grape (Vitis species) 343 18.7 Marker-assisted Selection for Drought Tolerance 344 18.7.1.1 Maize (Zea mays) 344 18.7.1.2 Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) 345 18.7.1.3 Oilseed Brassica 346 18.7.1.4 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) 346 18.7.2 Marker-assisted Selection for Salinity Tolerance 347 18.7.2.1 Rice (Oryza sativa) 347 18.7.2.2 Mungbean (Vigna radiata) 348 18.7.2.3 Oilseed Brassica 349 18.7.2.4 Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) 350 18.7.3 Marker-assisted Selection for Low Temperature Tolerance 351 18.7.3.1 Barley (Hordeum vulgare) 351 18.7.3.2 Pea (Pisum sativum) 353 18.7.3.3 Oilseed Brassica 354 18.7.3.4 Potato (Solanum tuberosum) 355 18.8 Outlook 356 References 356 19 Transgenes: The Key to Understanding Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Rice 369Supratim Basu, Lymperopoulos Panagiotis, Joseph Msanne, and Roel Rabara 19.1 Introduction 369 19.2 Drought Effects in Rice Leaves 370 19.3 Molecular Analysis of Drought Stress Response 370 19.4 Omics Approach to Analysis of Drought Response 371 19.4.1 Transcriptomics 371 19.4.2 Metabolomics 372 19.4.3 Epigenomics 373 19.5 Plant Breeding Techniques to Improve Rice Tolerance 374 19.6 Marker-assisted Selection 374 19.7 Transgenic Approach: Present Status and Future Prospects 375 19.8 Looking into the Future for Developing Drought-tolerant Transgenic Rice Plants 376 19.9 Salinity Stress in Rice 376 19.10 Candidate Genes for Salt Tolerance in Rice 378 19.11 QTL Associated with Rice Tolerance to Salinity Stress 379 19.12 The Saltol QTL 380 19.13 Conclusion 381 References 381 20 Impact of Next-generation Sequencing in Elucidating the Role of microRNA Related to Multiple Abiotic Stresses 389Kavita Goswami, Anita Tripathi, Budhayash Gautam, and Neeti Sanan-Mishra 20.1 Introduction 389 20.2 NGS Platforms and their Applications 390 20.2.1 NGS Platforms 390 20.2.1.1 Roche 454 390 20.2.1.2 ABI SoLid 391 20.2.1.3 ION Torrent 392 20.2.1.4 Illumina 393 20.2.2 Applications of NGS 394 20.2.2.1 Genomics 395 20.2.2.2 Metagenomics 396 20.2.2.3 Epigenomics 396 20.2.2.4 Transcriptomics 397 20.3 Understanding the Small RNA Family 398 20.3.1 Small Interfering RNAs 398 20.3.2 microRNA 402 20.4 Criteria and Tools for Computational Classification of Small RNAs 402 20.4.1 Pre-processing (Quality Filtering and Sequence Alignment) 403 20.4.2 Identification and Prediction of miRNAs and siRNAs 403 20.5 Role of NGS in Identification of Stress-regulated miRNA and their Targets 407 20.5.1 miR156 408 20.5.2 miR159 408 20.5.3 miR160 409 20.5.4 miR164 409 20.5.5 miR166 409 20.5.6 miR167 409 20.5.7 miR168 410 20.5.8 miR169 410 20.5.9 miR172 410 20.5.10 miR393 410 20.5.11 miR396 411 20.5.12 miR398 411 20.6 Conclusion 411 Acknowledgments 412 References 412 21 Understanding the Interaction of Molecular Factors During the Crosstalk Between Drought and Biotic Stresses in Plants 427Arnab Purohit, Shreeparna Ganguly, Rituparna Kundu Chaudhuri, and Dipankar Chakraborti 21.1 Introduction 427 21.2 Combined Stress Responses in Plants 428 21.3 Combined Drought–Biotic Stresses in Plants 428 21.3.1 Plant Responses Against Biotic Stress during Drought Stress 429 21.3.2 Plant Responses Against Drought Stress during Biotic Stress 430 21.4 Varietal Failure Against Multiple Stresses 430 21.5 Transcriptome Studies of Multiple Stress Responses 431 21.6 Signaling Pathways Induced by Drought–Biotic Stress Responses 432 21.6.1 Reactive Oxygen Species 432 21.6.2 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Cascades 433 21.6.3 Transcription Factors 434 21.6.4 Heat Shock Proteins and Heat Shock Factors 436 21.6.5 Role of ABA Signaling during Crosstalk 437 21.7 Conclusion 438 Acknowledgments 439 Conflict of Interest 439 References 439 Index 447

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding metalloids and the potential impact they can have upon crop success or failure Metalloids have a complex relationship with plant life. Exhibiting a combination of metal and non-metal characteristics, this small group of elements which includes boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and tellurium (Te) may hinder or enhance the growth and survival of crops. The causes underlying the effects that different metalloids may have upon certain plants range from genetic variance to anatomical factors, the complexities of which can pose a challenge to botanists and agriculturalists of all backgrounds. With Metalloids in Plants, a group of leading plant scientists present a complete guide to the beneficial and adverse impacts of metalloids at morphological, anatomical, biochemical, and molecular levels. Insightful analysis of data on genetic regulation helps to inform the optimization of farming, indicating how one may Table of ContentsList of Contributors ix 1 Metalloids and Their Role in the Biological System 1Mahipal Singh Kesawat, S.M. Shivaraj, Dong Kyun Kim, Manu Kumar, Bum‐Soo Hahn, and Rupesh Deshmukh 2 Metalloids and Their Impact on the Environment 19Sutapa Dutta, Arindam Datta, Abbu Zaid, and Javaid Akhter Bhat 3 Phytoremediation of Metalloid‐contaminated Soil 27Isabel Martinez‐Alcalá and Rafael Clemente 4 Plant Responses to Metalloid Accumulation 47Bhupinder Dhir 5 The Role of Microbes in Detoxification and Availability of Metalloids 65Davood Saghafi, Saeed Bagherifam, Mehrnaz Hatami, and Behnam Asgari Lajayer 6 Influence of Metals and Metalloids on Microbial Diversity of Soil and Ecosystem 95Muhammad Rizwan Shahid, Ume Habiba, Shafaqat Ali, Muhammad Rizwan, Afzal Hussain, Muhammad Adrees, Syed Ali Raza Naqvi, Asim Mansha, Nasir Rasool, Ameer Fawad, and Asad Ali Shah 7 Influence of Metalloids and Their Toxicity Impact on Photosynthetic Parameters of Plants 113Abbu Zaid, Javaid Akhter Bhat, and Shabir H. Wani 8 Distribution of Metals and Metalloids in Plants: Tools and Techniques for Efficient Imaging and Quantification 125Juhi Chaudhary, Javaid Akhter Bhat, Hasthi Ram, Nitika Rana, Praveen Khatri, Ravinder, Gaurav Agarwal, Vanish Kumar, Humira Sonah, and Rupesh Deshmukh 9 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Microbes: Potential Tools for Detoxification and Bioavailability of Metalloids 149Neera Garg, Amrit Bharti, Amrita Sharma, Kiran Saroy, Amandeep Cheema, and Aditi Bisht 10 Mechanisms of Plant Resistance to Metalloid Ions and Potential Biotechnological Applications 185Raghavendra Aminedi, Hasthi Ram, Gulshan Kumar, Murali Krishna Koramutla, Naresh Vasupalli, Rupesh Deshmukh, Manisha Negi, and Ramcharan Bhattacharya 11 Molecular Investigation of Metalloid Stress Response in Higher Plants : Recent Insights from Toxicity to Tolerance 213Simone Landi, Valeria Paradisone, and Sergio Esposito 12 Toxicity of Arsenic and Molecular Mechanism in Plants 231Rajeev Kumar, Shefali Bhardwaj, and Gurpreet Kaur 13 Omics Approaches and Biotechnological Perspectives of Arsenic Stress and Detoxification in Plants 249Naresh Vasupalli, Murali Krishna Koramutla, Raghavendra Aminedi, Vajinder Kumar, Priyanka Borah, Manisha Negi, Arif Ali, Humira Sonah, and Rupesh Deshmukh 14 Antimony and Plants: Accumulation, Toxic Effects, and Plants’ Defense Systems 275Viviana Maresca, Milad Heydari, and Adriana Basile 15 Boron Tolerance in Plants: Physiological Roles and Transport Mechanisms 301Nader Khadem Moghadam, Behnam Asgari Lajayer, and Mansour Ghorbanpour 16 Silicon Nutrition and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Promising Strategies for Abiotic Stress Management in Crop Plants 315Neera Garg, Purnima Bhandari, Lakita Kashyap, and Sandeep Singh 17 Roles of Silicon in Alleviating Zinc Stress in Plants 355Valeria Paradisone, Simone Landi, and Sergio Esposito 18 Linking Secondary Metabolism and Signaling Response to Aluminum and Silicon Stress 367Roberto Pech‐Kú, Beatriz Rodas‐Junco, José A. Muñoz‐Sánchez, and S.M. Teresa Hernandez‐Sotomayor 19 The Use of Silicon in Stressed Agriculture Management: Action Mechanisms and Future Prospects 381Hassan Etesami, Byoung Ryong Jeong, and Muhammad Rizwan 20 The Importance of Boron in Plant Nutrition 433Seyed Ali Ghaffari Nejad and Hassan Etesami 21 Environmental Impact of Metals, Metalloids, and Their Toxicity 451Isabel Martinez‐Alcalá and Maria Pilar Bernal Index 489

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Book SynopsisPlant Breeding Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on plant genetics and the breeding of all types of crops by both traditional means and molecular methods. Many of the crops widely grown today stem from a very narrow genetic base; understanding and preserving crop genetic resources is vital to the security of food systems worldwide. The emphasis of the series is on methodology, a fundamental understanding of crop genetics, and applications to major crops.Table of ContentsContributors ix 1. Mark E. Sorrells: Plant Breeder, Geneticist,Innovator, Mentor 1Alvina Gul, Christine H. Diepenbrock, Flavio Breseghello,Euclydes Minella, Jesse D. Munkvold, Andrew H. Paterson, Lisa Kissing Kucek, Edward Souza, Mauricio La Rota, Long‐Xi Yu, Ju‐Kyung Yu, Zhengqiang Ma, Allen Van Deynze, Jessica Rutkoski, Elliot L. Heffner, Jorge da Silva, and Julio Isidro SanchezI. Biographical Sketch and Background 5 II. Research 8 III. Mark’s Attributes and Philosophies 20 Literature Cited 23 Cultivar Release and Germplasm Registration 27 Selected Papers of Mark E. Sorrells 28 2. Onion Breeding 39Michael J. Havey I. Economic Importance 42 II. Botany and Origins 42 III. Reproductive Biology and Seed Production 44 IV. Population Improvement and Hybrids 45 V. Breeding Goals 51 VI. Biotechnology 64 VII. Future Prospects 67 VIII. Personal Refelections 69 Disclaimer 71 Literature Cited 71 3. Alternative Experimental Designs for Plant Breeding 87Jared Zystro, Micaela Colley, and Julie Dawson I. Introduction 89 II. Principles 90 III. Designs 97 IV. Conclusions: Choosing an Appropriate Design 112 Literature Cited 114 4. Advances in DNA Markers and Breeding for Warm‐ and Cool‑Season Turfgrasses 119Karen R. Harris‐Shultz and David Jespersen I. Introduction 121 II. Warm‐Season Turfgrass 125 III. Cool‐Season Turfgrasses 139 IV. Future Perspectives 151 Acknowledgments 153 Literature Cited 153 5. Sugar Beet Breeding 167J. Mitchell McGrath and Lee Panella I. Introduction 168 II. Natural History 172 III. Genetic Resources 178 IV. Breeding Perspectives 180 V. Modern Breeding 187 VI. Final Remarks 201 Acknowledgments 203 Literature Cited 203 6. The Importance of Cosmetic Stay‑Green in Specialty Crops 219James R. Myers, Mustafa Aljadi, and Linda Brewer I. Introduction 222 II. Characteristics of Cosmetic Stay‐Green 225 III. Genotypic and Phenotypic Description, and Economic Importance by Plant Family 228 IV. Other Crops That May Carry Cosmetic Stay‐Green Mutations 240 V. Utility and Importance of Cosmetic Stay‐Green 244 VI. Limitations of Stay‐Green 245 VII. Prospects and the Need for Further Research 248 Acknowledgments 249 Literature Cited 250 7. Quinoa Breeding and Genomics 257Kevin M. Murphy, Janet B. Matanguihan, Francisco F. Fuentes, Luz Rayda Gómez‐Pando, Eric N. Jellen, Peter J. Maughan, and David E. Jarvis I. Introduction 259 II. History of Quinoa Breeding 266 III. Biology 272 IV. Breeding Methods 279 V. Breeding Objectives 286 Literature Cited 308 8. Experimental and Bioinformatics Advances in Crop Genomics 321Ryan M. Patrick and Ying Li I. Introduction 324 II. Whole‐Genome Sequencing of Crop Species 326 III. Functional Genomics: Profiling the Transcriptome and Epigenome 337 IV. Gene Regulatory Network 365 V. Conclusion and Outlook 368 Acknowledgments 369 Literature Cited 369 Cumulative Contributor Index 383 Cumulative Subject Index 393

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1 Introduction 1 Learning Objectives 1 1.1 Some Characteristics of Fluids 3 1.2 Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units 4 1.2.1 Systems of Units 7 1.3 Analysis of Fluid Behavior 12 1.4 Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight 12 1.4.1 Density 12 1.4.2 Specific Weight 14 1.4.3 Specific Gravity 14 1.5 Ideal Gas Law 14 1.6 Viscosity 17 1.7 Compressibility of Fluids 23 1.7.1 Bulk Modulus 23 1.7.2 Compression and Expansion of Gases 24 1.7.3 Speed of Sound 25 1.8 Vapor Pressure 26 1.9 Surface Tension 27 1.10 A Brief Look Back in History 30 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 32 References 34 2 Fluid Statics 35 Learning Objectives 35 2.1 Pressure at a Point 35 2.2 Basic Equation for Pressure Field 36 2.3 Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest 38 2.3.1 Incompressible Fluid 39 2.3.2 Compressible Fluid 42 2.4 Standard Atmosphere 43 2.5 Measurement of Pressure 45 2.6 Manometry 47 2.6.1 Piezometer Tube 47 2.6.2 U-Tube Manometer 48 2.6.3 Inclined-Tube Manometer 50 2.7 Mechanical and Electronic Pressure-Measuring Devices 51 2.8 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface 54 2.9 Pressure Prism 60 2.10 Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface 63 2.11 Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability 65 2.11.1 Archimedes’ Principle 65 2.11.2 Stability 68 2.12 Pressure Variation in a Fluid with Rigid-Body Motion 70 2.12.1 Linear Motion 70 2.12.2 Rigid-Body Rotation 72 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 74 References 75 3 Elementary Fluid Dynamics—The Bernoulli Equation 76 Learning Objectives 76 3.1 Newton’s Second Law 76 3.2 F = ma along a Streamline 79 3.3 F = ma Normal to a Streamline 83 3.4 Physical Interpretations and Alternate Forms of the Bernoulli Equation 85 3.5 Static, Stagnation, Dynamic, and Total Pressure 88 3.6 Examples of Use of the Bernoulli Equation 93 3.6.1 Free Jets 93 3.6.2 Confined Flows 96 3.6.3 Flowrate Measurement 102 3.7 The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line 106 3.8 Restrictions on Use of the Bernoulli Equation 109 3.8.1 Compressibility Effects 109 3.8.2 Unsteady Effects 110 3.8.3 Rotational Effects 111 3.8.4 Other Restrictions 112 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 113 References 114 4 Fluid Kinematics 115 Learning Objectives 115 4.1 The Velocity Field 115 4.1.1 Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow Descriptions 118 4.1.2 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows 119 4.1.3 Steady and Unsteady Flows 120 4.1.4 Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines 120 4.2 The Acceleration Field 124 4.2.1 Acceleration and the Material Derivative 124 4.2.2 Unsteady Effects 127 4.2.3 Convective Effects 127 4.2.4 Streamline Coordinates 130 4.3 Control Volume and System Representations 132 4.4 The Reynolds Transport Theorem 134 4.4.1 Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem 136 4.4.2 Physical Interpretation 141 4.4.3 Relationship to Material Derivative 141 4.4.4 Steady Effects 142 4.4.5 Unsteady Effects 142 4.4.6 Moving Control Volumes 143 4.4.7 Selection of a Control Volume 145 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 145 References 146 5 Finite Control Volume Analysis 147 Learning Objectives 147 5.1 Conservation of Mass—The Continuity Equation 148 5.1.1 Derivation of the Continuity Equation 148 5.1.2 Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume 150 5.1.3 Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume 156 5.1.4 Deforming Control Volume 158 5.2 Newton’s Second Law—The Linear Momentum and Moment-of-Momentum Equations 160 5.2.1 Derivation of the Linear Momentum Equation 160 5.2.2 Application of the Linear Momentum Equation 161 5.2.3 Derivation of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation 174 5.2.4 Application of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation 176 5.3 First Law of Thermodynamics—The Energy Equation 182 5.3.1 Derivation of the Energy Equation 182 5.3.2 Application of the Energy Equation 185 5.3.3 The Mechanical Energy Equation and the Bernoulli Equation 189 5.3.4 Application of the Energy Equation to Nonuniform Flows 195 5.3.5 Comparison of Various Forms of the Energy Equation 197 5.3.6 Combination of the Energy Equation and the Moment-of-Momentum Equation 199 5.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics—Irreversible Flow 200 5.4.1 Semi-infinitesimal Control Volume Statement of the Energy Equation 200 5.4.2 Semi-infinitesimal Control Volume Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 201 5.4.3 Combination of the Equations of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics 202 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 203 References 204 6 Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow 205 Learning Objectives 205 6.1 Fluid Element Kinematics 206 6.1.1 Velocity and Acceleration Fields Revisited 206 6.1.2 Linear Motion and Deformation 207 6.1.3 Angular Motion and Deformation 208 6.2 Conservation of Mass 211 6.2.1 Differential Form of Continuity Equation 211 6.2.2 Cylindrical Polar Coordinates 214 6.2.3 The Stream Function 214 6.3 The Linear Momentum Equation 217 6.3.1 Description of Forces Acting on the Differential Element 218 6.3.2 Equations of Motion 220 6.4 Inviscid Flow 221 6.4.1 Euler’s Equations of Motion 221 6.4.2 The Bernoulli Equation 222 6.4.3 Irrotational Flow 223 6.4.4 The Bernoulli Equation for Irrotational Flow 225 6.4.5 The Velocity Potential 226 6.5 Some Basic, Plane Potential Flows 228 6.5.1 Uniform Flow 230 6.5.2 Source and Sink 230 6.5.3 Vortex 232 6.5.4 Doublet 235 6.6 Superposition of Basic, Plane Potential Flows 237 6.6.1 Source in a Uniform Stream—Half-Body 237 6.6.2 Rankine Ovals 240 6.6.3 Flow Around a Circular Cylinder 242 6.7 Other Aspects of Potential Flow Analysis 248 6.8 Viscous Flow 248 6.8.1 Stress–Deformation Relationships 249 6.8.2 The Navier–Stokes Equations 249 6.9 Some Simple Solutions for Laminar, Viscous, Incompressible Flows 251 6.9.1 Steady, Laminar Flow Between Fixed Parallel Plates 251 6.9.2 Couette Flow 253 6.9.3 Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes 255 6.9.4 Steady, Axial, Laminar Flow in an Annulus 258 6.10 Other Aspects of Differential Analysis 260 6.10.1 Numerical Methods 260 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 261 References 262 7 Dimensional Analysis, Similitude, and Modeling 263 Learning Objectives 263 7.1 The Need for Dimensional Analysis 264 7.2 Buckingham Pi Theorem 266 7.3 Determination of Pi Terms 267 7.4 Some Additional Comments about Dimensional Analysis 273 7.4.1 Selection of Variables 273 7.4.2 Determination of Reference Dimensions 274 7.4.3 Uniqueness of Pi Terms 276 7.5 Determination of Pi Terms by Inspection 276 7.6 Common Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics 278 7.7 Correlation of Experimental Data 283 7.7.1 Problems with One Pi Term 283 7.7.2 Problems with Two or More Pi Terms 284 7.8 Modeling and Similitude 286 7.8.1 Theory of Models 287 7.8.2 Model Scales 290 7.8.3 Practical Aspects of Using Models 291 7.9 Some Typical Model Studies 293 7.9.1 Flow Through Closed Conduits 293 7.9.2 Flow Around Immersed Bodies 295 7.9.3 Flow with a Free Surface 299 7.10 Similitude Based on Governing Differential Equations 302 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 305 References 306 8 Viscous Flow in Pipes 307 Learning Objectives 307 8.1 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow 308 8.1.1 Laminar or Turbulent Flow 309 8.1.2 Entrance Region and Fully Developed Flow 311 8.1.3 Pressure and Shear Stress 312 8.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow 313 8.2.1 From F = ma Applied Directly to a Fluid Element 314 8.2.2 From the Navier–Stokes Equations 318 8.2.3 From Dimensional Analysis 319 8.2.4 Energy Considerations 320 8.3 Fully Developed Turbulent Flow 322 8.3.1 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow 322 8.3.2 Turbulent Shear Stress 324 8.3.3 Turbulent Velocity Profile 329 8.3.4 Turbulence Modeling 332 8.3.5 Chaos and Turbulence 333 8.4 Pipe Flow Losses via Dimensional Analysis 333 8.4.1 Major Losses 333 8.4.2 Minor Losses 339 8.4.3 Noncircular Conduits 348 8.5 Pipe Flow Examples 351 8.5.1 Single Pipes 351 8.5.2 Multiple Pipe Systems 360 8.6 Pipe Flowrate Measurement 364 8.6.1 Pipe Flowrate Meters 364 8.6.2 Volume Flowmeters 369 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 370 References 372 9 Flow over Immersed Bodies 373 Learning Objectives 373 9.1 General External Flow Characteristics 374 9.1.1 Lift and Drag Concepts 375 9.1.2 Characteristics of Flow Past an Object 378 9.2 Boundary Layer Characteristics 382 9.2.1 Boundary Layer Structure and Thickness on a Flat Plate 382 9.2.2 Prandtl/Blasius Boundary Layer Solution 385 9.2.3 Momentum Integral Boundary Layer Equation for a Flat Plate 389 9.2.4 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow 394 9.2.5 Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow 396 9.2.6 Effects of Pressure Gradient 399 9.2.7 Momentum Integral Boundary Layer Equation with Nonzero Pressure Gradient 404 9.3 Drag 405 9.3.1 Friction Drag 405 9.3.2 Pressure Drag 407 9.3.3 Drag Coefficient Data and Examples 409 9.4 Lift 422 9.4.1 Surface Pressure Distribution 424 9.4.2 Circulation 429 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 434 References 435 10 Open-Channel Flow 437 Learning Objectives 437 10.1 General Characteristics of Open-Channel Flow 437 10.2 Surface Waves 439 10.2.1 Wave Speed 439 10.2.2 Froude Number Effects 442 10.3 Energy Considerations 444 10.3.1 Energy Balance 444 10.3.2 Specific Energy 445 10.4 Uniform Flow 448 10.4.1 Uniform Flow Approximations 448 10.4.2 The Chezy and Manning Equations 449 10.4.3 Uniform Flow Examples 451 10.5 Gradually Varied Flow 457 10.6 Rapidly Varied Flow 458 10.6.1 The Hydraulic Jump 460 10.6.2 Sharp-Crested Weirs 464 10.6.3 Broad-Crested Weirs 467 10.6.4 Underflow (Sluice) Gates 470 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 471 References 472 11 Compressible Flow 473 Learning Objectives 473 11.1 Ideal Gas Thermodynamics 474 11.2 Stagnation Properties 479 11.3 Mach Number and Speed of Sound 480 11.4 Compressible Flow Regimes 485 11.5 Shock Waves 489 11.5.1 Normal Shock 489 11.6 Isentropic Flow 495 11.6.1 Steady Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas 495 11.6.2 Incompressible Flow and the Bernoulli Equation 498 11.6.3 The Critical State 500 11.7 One-Dimensional Flow in a Variable Area Duct 500 11.7.1 General Considerations 501 11.7.2 Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas with Area Change 504 11.7.3 Operation of a Converging Nozzle 510 11.7.4 Operation of a Converging–Diverging Nozzle 512 11.8 Constant-Area Duct Flow with Friction 516 11.8.1 Preliminary Consideration: Comparison with Incompressible Duct Flow 516 11.8.2 The Fanno Line 517 11.8.3 Adiabatic Frictional Flow (Fanno Flow) of an Ideal Gas 520 11.9 Frictionless Flow in a Constant-Area Duct with Heating or Cooling 528 11.9.1 The Rayleigh Line 528 11.9.2 Frictionless Flow of an Ideal Gas with Heating or Cooling (Rayleigh Flow) 531 11.9.3 Rayleigh Lines, Fanno Lines, and Normal Shocks 534 11.10 Analogy Between Compressible and Open-Channel Flows 535 11.11 Two-Dimensional Supersonic Flow 536 11.12 Effects of Compressibility in External Flow 538 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 541 References 544 12 Turbomachines 545 Learning Objectives 545 12.1 Introduction 546 12.2 Basic Energy Considerations 547 12.3 Angular Momentum Considerations 551 12.4 The Centrifugal Pump 553 12.4.1 Theoretical Considerations 554 12.4.2 Pump Performance Characteristics 558 12.4.3 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) 560 12.4.4 System Characteristics, Pump-System Matching, and Pump Selection 562 12.5 Dimensionless Parameters and Similarity Laws 566 12.5.1 Special Pump Scaling Laws 568 12.5.2 Specific Speed 569 12.5.3 Suction Specific Speed 570 12.6 Axial-Flow and Mixed-Flow Pumps 571 12.7 Fans 573 12.8 Turbines 574 12.8.1 Impulse Turbines 575 12.8.2 Reaction Turbines 582 12.9 Compressible Flow Turbomachines 585 12.9.1 Compressors 585 12.9.2 Compressible Flow Turbines 589 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 591 References 593 Appendix A Computational Fluid Dynamics 594 Appendix B Physical Properties of Fluids 613 Appendix C Properties of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere 618 Appendix D Compressible Flow Functions for an Ideal Gas with k = 1.4 620 Appendix E Comprehensive Table of Conversion Factors 628 Questions and Problems SP-1 Index I-1

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Book SynopsisPlant Breeding Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on plant genetics and the breeding of all types of crops by both traditional means and molecular methods. Many of the crops widely grown today stem from a very narrow genetic base; understanding and preserving crop genetic resources is vital to the security of food systems worldwide. The emphasis of the series is on methodology, a fundamental understanding of crop genetics, and applications to major crops.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xi 1 Dani Zamir: Pioneer in Tomato Genetics and Quantitative Trait Dissection 1Irwin L. Goldman I. Introduction 2 II. Understanding Quantitative Genetic Variation 4 III. Cloning of Quantitative Trait Loci 6 IV. Characterization of Genetic Phenomena 7 V. Sequencing the Tomato Genome 9 VI. Practical Plant Breeding 10 VII. Scientific Impact 13 VIII. List of Scientific Journal Publications of Dani Zamir 14 Literature Cited 30 2 Muscadine Grape Breeding 31Patrick J. Conner and Margaret L. Worthington I. Introduction 32 II. History of Improvement 38 III. Breeding Techniques 49 IV. Molecular Breeding Resources 52 V. Breeding for Specific Characters 58 VI. Intersubgeneric Hybridization 79 VII. Future Prospects 104 Literature Cited 106 3 Breeding Intermediate Wheatgrass for Grain Production 119Prabin Bajgain, Jared L. Crain, Douglas J. Cattani, Steven R. Larson, Kayla R. Altendorf, James A. Anderson, Timothy E. Crews, Ying Hu, Jesse A. Poland, M. Kathryn Turner, Anna Westerbergh, and Lee R. DeHaan I. Introduction 122 II. Plant Biology and Behavior 125 III. History of IWG Breeding 140 IV. Breeding Methodologies by Program 146 V. Breeding Goals and Progress 162 VI. Modern Breeding Tools 175 VII. Rate of Intermediate Wheatgrass Domestication 190 VIII. Future Directions 195 Literature Cited 197 4 Understanding Environmental Modulation of Heterosis 219Zhi Li, Jiabin Sun, and Candice N. Hirsch I. Introduction of Heterosis 220 II. Models and Mechanisms to Explain Heterosis 221 III. Genotype-by-Environment Interaction 224 IV. Inbred Lines Generally Have More Instability Across Environments than Hybrids 226 V. Higher Heterosis Levels are Observed Under Stress Conditions 227 VI. Variation in Heterosis is also Observed Under Natural Conditions 231 VII. Conclusion and Future Prospects 232 Literature Cited 233 5 Breeding of Hemp (Cannabis sativa) 239Lawrence B. Smart, Jacob A. Toth, George M. Stack, Luis A. Monserrate, and Christine D. Smart I. Introduction 240 II. Taxonomy and Domestication of Hemp 245 III. Sex Determination in Hemp 247 IV. Control of Pollination 250 V. Breeding and Selection Schemes 255 VI. Target Traits for Genetic Improvement 259 VII. Germplasm Resources 277 VIII. Genomic Resources 278 IX. Future Directions 279 Literature Cited 279 6 Genetic Resources and Breeding Priorities in Phaseolus Beans : Vulnerability, Resilience, and Future Challenges 289Travis A. Parker, Jorge Acosta Gallegos, James Beaver, Mark Brick, Judith K. Brown, Karen Cichy, Daniel G. Debouck, Alfonso Delgado-Salinas, Sarah Dohle, Emmalea Ernest, Consuelo Estevez de Jensen, Francisco Gomez, Barbara Hellier, Alexander V. Karasev, James D. Kelly, Phillip McClean, Phillip Miklas, James R. Myers, Juan M. Osorno, Julie S. Pasche, Marcial A. Pastor-Corrales, Timothy Porch, James R. Steadman, Carlos Urrea, Lyle Wallace, Christine H. Diepenbrock, and Paul Gepts I. Description of Crop Vulnerability and Its Relevance in Phaseolus 294 II. Background on the Origin, Diversification, and Domestication of the Genus Phaseolus 296 III. Urgency and Extent of Crop Vulnerabilities and Threats to Food Security 318 IV. Genetic Erosion in the Centers of Origin 325 V. Status of Plant Genetic Resources in the NPGS 352 VI. Genomic and Genotypic Characterization Data 361 VII. Prospects, Future Development, and Gaps in Genetic Diversity 371 VIII. Epilogue 381 Literature Cited 385 7 Club Wheat -- A Review of Club Wheat History, Improvement, and Spike Characteristics in Wheat 421Kimberly A. Garland-Campbell I. Introduction 423 II. Spike Architecture in Grasses 424 III. Club Wheat History 426 IV. Club Wheat Breeding 432 V. Major Genes for Control of Spike Charactersitics in Wheat 444 VI. Conclusion 454 Literature Cited 455 8 Predicting Genotype x Environment x Management (G x E x M) Interactions for the Design of Crop Improvement Strategies: Integrating Breeder, Agronomist, and Farmer Perspectives 467Mark Cooper, Carlos D. Messina, Tom Tang, Carla Gho, Owen M. Powell, Dean W. Podlich, Frank Technow, and Graeme L. Hammer I. Three Perspectives of G x E x M Interactions 470 II. Foundations for G x E x M Prediction 476 III. The Breeder’s Equation and Beyond 480 IV. G x E x M Considerations for Designing Multi-Environment Trials 482 V. Breeder’s Questions: G E x M --> G x (E x M) 510 VI. Agronomist’s Questions: G x E x M --> M x (E x G) 520 VII. Farmer’s Questions: G x E x M --> (G x M) x E 525 VIII. Integrating the Different G x E x M Perspectives 531 IX. G x E x M Predictions Beyond the Training Data Boundaries 548 X. Prediction-Based Crop Improvement: Future Prospects 555 Literature Cited 560 9 Root Phenes for Improving Nutrient Capture in Low-Fertility Environments 587Christopher F. Strock and Hannah M. Schneider I. The Need for Nutrient-Efficient Crops 589 II. Root Phenes are Important for Resource Aqusition and Plant Growth 590 III. Root Ideotypes for Improved Nutrient Acquisition 596 IV. Phenotyping Methodology and Technology 605 V. Deployment Strategies for Root Phenes in Crop Breeding Programs 610 VI. Conclusions 614 Literature Cited 615 10 Role of the Genomics--Phenomics--Agronomy Paradigm in Plant Breeding 627Chunpeng James Chen, Jessica Rutkoski, James C. Schnable, Seth C. Murray, Lizhi Wang, Xiuliang Jin, Benjamin Stich, Jose Crossa, Ben J. Hayes, and Zhiwu Zhang I. Introduction 630 II. Agronomy and Genomics (A-G) 631 III. Genomics and Phenomics (G-P) 636 IV. Phenomics and Agronomy (P-A) 641 V. Merge G-P-A through GWAS 644 VI. Merge G-P-A through Blup 647 VII. Merge G-P-A through Bayesian Methods 649 VIII. Merge G-P-A through Ml 654 IX. Conclusion and Future Prospects 658 Literature Cited 659 Cumulative Contributor Index 675 Cumulative Subject Index 685

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the most up-to-date and comprehensive guide to the current and potential future state of weed science and research. Weeds have a huge effect on the world by reducing crop yield and quality, delaying or interfering with harvesting, interfering with animal feeding (including poisoning), reducing animal health and preventing water flow. They are common across the world and cost billions of dollars' worth of crop losses year on year, as well as billions of dollars in the annual expense of controlling them. An understanding of weeds is vital to their proper management and control, without which the reduction in crop yields that they would cause could lead to mass starvation across the globe. Topics covered include weed biology and ecology, control of weeds and particular issues faced in their control. Authored and edited by internationally renowned scientists in the field all of whom are actively involved in European Weed Research Society working groups, this suTable of ContentsList of Contributors xv Preface xix 1 Weed Science Research: Past, Present and Future Perspectives 1Robert J. Froud]Williams Introduction 1 Factors Influencing the Weed Flora 2 Succession 2 Clean Seed 3 Rotation 3 Fallow 4 Cultivation 5 Straw Burning 5 Soil Amelioration, Drainage and Fertiliser Use 5 Nitrogen 6 Herbicides 6 Consequences of Changing Practices 9 Changing Weed Floras 9 Episodic Decline 13 Weed Spatial Distribution 13 History of Weed Science in the UK and Origins of the Weed Research Organisation 14 Origins of the European Weed Research Society 17 Weed Research (Journal): Origin of Papers and Discipline 18 Changing Attitudes to Weeds 18 Set]Aside and Agri]Environment 19 Weeds, Climate and Invasive Aliens 20 Future Directions (Quo Vadis?) 21 Environmental Weed Management 21 Evolutionary Genetics and the Role of Molecular Ecology 22 Is there a Need for a Change of Emphasis? 22 Conclusion 23 Acknowledgements 24 References 24 2 Descriptive and Mechanistic Models of Crop–Weed Competition 33Lammert Bastiaans and Jonathan Storkey Introduction 33 Descriptive Models for Yield Loss Due to Weed Competition 34 The Hyperbolic Yield Loss–Weed Density Curve 34 Accounting for Differences in Relative Time of Emergence 36 Other Factors Influencing Parameter i 39 Management Aimed at Modifying Crop–Weed Competitive Relations 40 A Quantitative Characterisation of Differences in Weed]Suppressive Ability of Crop Cultivars 45 Mechanistic Models for Crop–Weed Competition 46 Structure and Function of Process]Based Models for Crop–Weed Competition 46 A First Application: Ideotyping of More Weed]Suppressive Cultivars 50 A Second Application: Predicting the Impact of Climate Change on Weed Distribution 51 Conclusion 55 References 56 3 Approaches and Objectives of Arable Weed Species Mapping: Where Next? 61Hansjörg Krähmer and Paolo Bàrberi Weed Species Mapping: Why? 61 Scientific Literature: State of the Art 62 Mapping Herbicide]resistant Biotypes 63 Mapping Invasive Species 63 Weed Species Mapping: Who? 65 Weed Species Mapping: Where and What? 66 Maps of Weeds in European Arable Crops 66 Field]Level Mapping 71 Weed Species Mapping: How? 72 Geo]Referencing 72 Timing of Assessment 74 Sampling Parameters 74 Documentation and Maps 74 What to Conclude from Weed Mapping Data? 75 Weed Mapping: Where to Go? 76 Acknowledgements 80 References 80 4 Seed Biology and Population Dynamics 85Kirsten S. Tørresen, Laila M. Karlsson and Jose Luis Gonzalez]Andujar Introduction 85 Seed Biology 86 Seed Production and Dispersal 86 Seed]Bank 88 Germination and Dormancy 90 Germination 90 Dormancy 91 Sprouting from Vegetative Plant Parts 96 Predicting Seedling Emergence 97 Empirical Models 97 Mechanistic Models 97 Challenges in Predicting Emergence 98 Importance for Weed Control 99 Population Dynamics 100 Dynamics in Time and Space 100 Modelling 100 Non]Spatial Models 101 Spatial Models 103 Practical Applications in Weed Science 103 Evaluation of Management Systems 103 Decision Support Systems 104 Challenges in Modelling Population Dynamics 104 Future Prospects 104 Conclusion 105 Acknowledgements 106 References 106 5 Weeds and Biodiversity 115Bärbel Gerowitt, Paolo Bàrberi, Henri Darmency, Sandrine Petit, Jonathan Storkey and Paula Westerman Introduction 115 Arable Weeds in the Context of Biodiversity 116 Functional Biodiversity 116 Agronomic Services and Disservices Associated with Weeds 117 Genetic Diversity in Weeds 117 How to Measure Genetic Diversity 119 At Which Scale Can Genetic Diversity Be Described? 120 Why Is It Important to Understand Weed Genetic Diversity? 121 Rare Weed Species as Objects of Conservation 122 Drivers of Arable Weed Declines 123 The Rare Weed Trait Syndrome 124 Conserving Rare Weed Communities 124 Weeds in Food Chains of Arable Systems 124 Factors Influencing Seed]Based Food Webs in Agroecosystems 126 Weed Seed Production 126 Within]Season Temporal Variability 126 Between]Season Temporal Variability 126 Spatial Variability 127 Seed Morphology and Chemistry 127 Weed Diversity 127 Current Status of Seed]Based Food Webs on Farms and Management Options 127 Diversity of Weeds and Arable Management 129 Site Conditions of Arable Fields Filter for Weed Communities 129 Methods to Identify and Separate the Influence of Arable Site and Arable Management on Weed Diversity 130 Arable Management Determines Weed Diversity 131 Weed Diversity Versus Weed Abundance 131 Diversity in Weeds Facilitates Management Options 132 Diversity of Weeds in a Landscape Context 133 The Landscape Context of Weeds 133 Conducting Landscape]Scale Weed Studies 134 Landscape Effects on Weed Biodiversity: Empirical Evidence 135 Biodiversity of Weeds and Public Interest 136 Field Margin Programmes 136 Encouraging Weed Diversity in Farming 136 Conclusions and Perspectives 137 References 138 6 Optimising Herbicide Performance 149Per Kudsk Introduction 149 Herbicide Classification 150 Optimising Herbicide Performance: How to Study It 151 Biotic Factors 154 Weed Flora 154 Weed Growth Stage 156 Crop Competition 157 Abiotic Factors 158 Soil Texture 158 Climatic Conditions 159 Light 159 Temperature 160 Humidity 161 Precipitation 162 Soil moisture 163 Wind 164 Concluding Remarks 164 Application Technique 165 Adjuvants 166 Mixtures with Other Herbicides 168 Concluding Remarks and Future Challenges 170 References 172 7 Herbicide Resistance in Weeds 181Stephen Moss Historical Perspective 181 What Is Herbicide Resistance? 182 The Worldwide Occurrence of Resistant Weeds 183 Herbicide Mode of Action and Risk of Resistance 185 Resistance Mechanisms 188 Target]Site Resistance 188 PSII (Triazines) 189 ALS Inhibitors 190 ACCase Inhibitors 190 Other Herbicide Classes 191 Non]Target]Site Resistance 191 Reduced Herbicide Uptake 193 Reduced Herbicide Translocation 193 Enhanced Herbicide Metabolism 194 Evolution of Herbicide Resistance 194 Initial Frequency of the Resistance Trait and Size of Weed Population 195 Genetic Basis of Resistance 197 Selection Pressure 199 Frequency of Herbicide Use 199 Persistence of the Herbicide and Pattern of Weed Emergence 199 Intrinsic Activity of the Herbicide and Degree of Resistance Conferred by the Resistance Mechanism(s) 200 Specificity of the Herbicide: Number of Species the Herbicide Controls 201 Seed Bank in the Soil 201 Resistance Risk 201 Prevention and Management of Herbicide Resistance 203 Detection of Resistance in the Field 203 Integrated Weed Management 203 Non]Chemical Control Methods 204 Herbicidal Control 204 Alternative Herbicides 204 Mixtures, Sequences and Rotations 205 Managing Resistance in Alopecurus Myosuroides (Black]grass): A Case Study 205 Farmer Psychology: An Under]Recognised Component of Resistance Management 206 Conclusion 209 References 209 8 Weed Biological Control 215Richard H. Shaw and Paul E. Hatcher Introduction 215 Definitions of Weed Biocontrol 217 Biocontrol of Weeds in European Extensive Agriculture 218 Cirsium Arvense 219 Rumex Species 221 Biocontrol of Weeds in Intensive Agriculture 222 Biocontrol of Non]native Weeds 224 Ambrosia 228 In Summary 230 Combining Biocontrol with Other Weed Control Techniques 230 Combining with Other Non]Chemical Control Methods 231 Combination with Herbicides 232 Arthropod Biocontrol Agents 232 Fungal Biocontrol Agents 233 Legislation, Responsibilities and Drivers 234 Arthropods 234 Fungi 235 Conclusion 235 References 236 9 Non]Chemical Weed Management 245Bo Melander, Matt Liebman, Adam S. Davis, Eric R. Gallandt, Paolo Bàrberi, Anna]Camilla Moonen, Jesper Rasmussen, Rommie van der Weide and Francesco Vidotto Introduction 245 Preventive and Cultural Weed Control 246 Objectives, Principles and Practices 247 Objective 1: Reduce Weed Density 247 Objective 2: Reduce Damage Per Surviving Weed 248 Objective 3: Prevent Undesirable Shifts in Weed Community Composition 249 Current Adoption and Challenges 250 Cover Crops and Mulches 250 Mechanisms of Cover Crop–Weed Interactions 251 Challenges for Research 252 Mechanical Weed Control 253 How It Works 256 Shortcomings 257 Challenges for Research 258 Thermal Weed Control 259 Thermal Weed Control in Practice 262 Challenges for Research 263 Conclusion 263 References 264 10 Invasive Plants 271Christian Bohren Introduction 271 Why Do Invasive Plants Symbolise such a Threat? 271 Invasive Weeds and Human Health 271 Ambrosia 272 Giant Hogweed 273 Weedy Crops, Super Weeds and Mimetic Weeds 274 Invasive Aquatic Weeds 275 Human Intervention 276 Human Curiosity 276 Reasons for Increased Occurrence of Invasive Weeds 276 Responsibility 277 Scientific Prioritisation 278 Popular Prioritisation 278 Implementation 279 Facts Concerning Plant Invasion 280 The Early Beginnings 280 Changing Land Use and Fishery 281 Rapid Adaptation 282 Weeds, Invasives and Climate Change 282 What Makes Plant Invaders so Successful? 283 Can We Predict Plant Invasions? 284 What Has Been Done so Far? 285 Databases 285 European Initiative 285 European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) 288 Euphresco 288 SMARTER 288 Role of the EWRS Invasive Plants Working Group 289 Mission 289 Working Group Activities 289 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal, 2006 289 Osijek, Croatia, 2008 290 Ascona, Switzerland, 2011 290 Montpellier, France, 2014 290 EPPO Trabzon 291 NEOBIOTA 291 Aquatic Weeds 291 Definitions and Plant Lists 291 Definitions 291 Weed 292 Invasive Plant 292 Plant Invader 294 Invasion Trajectory 294 Invasive Species Lists 294 Control Strategies for Invasive Weeds 294 Biological Control Versus Conventional Control 294 Learning to Control Invasions 298 Social and Economic Aspects 300 Anthriscus 300 Japanese Knotweed 300 Bracken 301 Ambrosia 302 Strategies 302 Prevention 302 Early Detection 302 Rapid Response 302 Pest Risk Assessment 303 Species]Specific Control 303 Conclusion 303 References 306 11 Parasitic Weeds 313Maurizio Vurro, Alejandro Pérez] de]Luque and Hanan Eizenberg Introduction 313 Classification 315 Orobanchaceae (Broomrape Family) 315 Cuscuta 315 Life]Cycle 316 Broomrapes 316 Dodder 317 Distribution at the European Level, Host Range and Yield Losses 318 Management Strategies 325 Management and Control 325 Biological Control 325 Natural Products 328 Strigolactones and Other Germination Stimulants 329 Nanotechnological Approaches 332 Genetic Resistance 334 Defensive Mechanisms 335 Novel Genetic Approaches 337 Chemical Control of Broomrapes 337 Herbicide]Resistant Crops for Broomrape Control 340 Developing Models for Optimising Chemical Control of Root Parasitic Weeds 341 Precision Agriculture 342 Conclusion 346 References 346 12 Weed Management Systems in Vegetables 355Francesco Tei and Euro Pannacci Introduction 355 Weed Flora 357 Weed–Vegetable Crop Interactions 358 Integrated Weed Management 365 Preventive Measures 366 Cultural Methods 366 Crop Rotation 366 Cover]crops 367 Stale Seed]Bed Preparation 368 Cultivar Selection 368 Planting Method, Planting Pattern, Row Spacing and Crop Density 368 Physical Weed Control 368 Non]Living Mulches 369 Solarisation 369 Flaming 369 Steaming 370 Mechanical Weed Control 370 Hand]Weeding 371 Biological Weed Control 371 Chemical Weed Control 371 Conclusions and Perspectives 377 References 380 13 Perennial Weeds 389Paul E. Hatcher Introduction 389 Perennating Structures 390 Fragmentation, Nutrient Reserves and Regrowth 391 Dormancy of Vegetative Structures 392 Grassland Perennials 392 Perennials in Organic Arable Systems 394 Perennials of Southern European Agriculture 396 Cyperus Species 397 Sorghum Halepense 398 Bracken 399 Conclusion: Perennial Weeds in the Future 401 Climate Change 401 Reduced Tillage 402 References 403 Index 000

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Book SynopsisSucceed in your course with NATURAL HAZARDS AND DISASTERS, 5e. The authors provide easy-to-understand coverage of the geological processes that underlie disasters, explore the impact these processes have on humans and vice versa, and analyze strategies for mitigating these hazards' physical and financial harm. From timely information on recent natural disasters in the United States and around the world to insights on earthquakes associated with fracking, this fascinating book provides the up-to-date information you need to analyze potential hazards and take the steps necessary to survive a natural disaster.Table of Contents1. Natural Hazards and Disasters. 2. Plate Tectonics and Physical Hazards. 3. Earthquakes and Their Causes. 4. Earthquake Predictions, Forecasts, and Mitigation. 5. Tsunami. 6. Volcanoes: Tectonic Environments and Eruptions. 7. Volcanoes: Hazards and Mitigation. 8. Landslides and Other Downslope Movements. 9. Sinkholes, Land Subsidence, and Swelling Soils. 10. Weather, Thunderstorms, and Tornadoes. 11. Climate Change: Processes and History 12. Climate Change: Impacts and Mitigation 13. Streams and Flood Processes. 14. Floods and Human Interactions. 15. Waves, Beaches, and Coastal Erosion. 16. Hurricanes and Nor���easters. 17. Wildfires. 18. Asteroids and Comet Impacts.

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"[Fuzz is] powerfully propelled by the force of Roach’s unflinching fascination with the weird, the gross and the downright improbable... There’s a wacky genius to [her] interjections...[Her] curious and generous engagement with her subjects makes for world-expanding reading." -- Amelia Urry - Washington Post"An idiosyncratic tour with Roach as the wisecracking, ever-probing guide... My favorite moments, ultimately, weren’t the funny ones, but those that reveal a bit of scientific poetry." -- Vicki Constantine Croke - New York Times Book Review"Each chapter is packed with the results of [Roach’s] detailed investigations. Roach uses footnotes to add both depth and lightness to the topic at hand by capturing misfit studies, asides, and hilarious tangents... Refreshing." -- Katherine E. Himes - Science"With her characteristic dry wit, [Roach] brings an intense fascination to the seldom discussed details and the at times absurd miscellany in the unexplored corners of unappreciated research... It is impossible not to smirk, chortle and sometimes outright belly laugh as you read her many wry asides and funny but fascinating footnotes... But the real trick Roach pulls off is to keep you laughing while at the same time making sure the earnest points come across." -- Tiffany O'Callaghan - New Scientist"Full of kernels of fascinating information... Her approach is informative and unpretentious, and she’s always armed with a dry sense of humor. Roach will change the way you think about the great outdoors. What more could you ask for?" -- Emerson Malone - Buzzfeed"The book brims with Roach’s irreverent humor, which particularly shines when she experiences human-animal conflict firsthand... A blend of modern science and history, with Roach’s flair for spotting hidden absurdities... As another entry in Roach’s canon of books, Fuzz stands tall (and hairy), educating as much as it entertains." -- Bethany Brookshire - Science News"Reading a Mary Roach book is like spending a luxurious and joyful evening with the perfect dinner guest. Delightful facts become indelibly etched in your brain, and only later do you realize that hours have passed and your face slightly hurts from smiling too hard. In Fuzz, Roach’s peerless storytelling skills are paired with a sense of moral urgency, as she recounts stories of humans and other animals, uneasily and clumsily learning to co-exist in a world that they must now share." -- Ed Yong, bestselling author of I Contain Multitudes"Hilarious! With Fuzz, Mary Roach again takes us into an unfamiliar scientific realm, in this case the science of managing the conflicts between humans and the natural world—lethal leopards, rampaging elephants, jet-downing birds, even killer trees. It’s an ever-widening conflict zone, but one that Ms. Roach gleefully mines for a multitude of bizarre facts that’ll make you snort coffee through your nose." -- Erik Larson, bestselling author of The Splendid and the Vile"This book is such a rich stew of anecdotes and lore that it’s best savored slowly, bit by bit... No matter the situation, Roach approaches it with contagious enthusiasm." -- Alice Cary - BookPage (starred review)

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Book SynopsisA New Yorker Best Book of 2023 • A Smithsonian Staff Favorite of 2023 The New York Times best-selling author on the source of great bounty—and now great peril—all over the world.Trade Review"An enjoyable, lively, and thought-provoking read…[P]eppered with fascinating details…I highly recommend The Devil's Element, which presents an easily digestible introduction to a major global issue." -- Robert W. Howarth - Science"In the tradition of environmental clarion calls like Silent Spring and The Sixth Extinction…The Devil's Element urges readers to confront another quietly unfolding disaster…Egan, a two-time Pulitzer Prize finalist for his work chronicling the threats facing the Great Lakes, has a knack for telling big, unwieldy stories through absorbing personal narratives." -- Julia Rosen - Undark"In his crisply written new book…Dan Egan sounds alarms on both the scarcity and overabundance sides of the phosphorus-human equation." -- Jim Higgins - Milwaukee Journal Sentinel"[Egan] builds a story of innovation, failure, recovery, and looming catastrophe…[A] deep humanity resides in his writing." -- Garin Cycholl - Chicago Review of Books"A revelatory book that exposes human use of [phosphorus] as a double-edged sword capable of sustaining and destroying life." -- Booklist (starred review)"A cautionary history…This will ignite readers’ curiosity." -- Publishers Weekly"Disquieting…A fine account, worthy of fertile discussion, of yet another environmental disaster." -- Kirkus Reviews

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Book SynopsisNamed a Best Book of 2020 by The Telegraph, The Times, and BBC History Magazine An illuminating guide to the scientific and technological achievements of the Middle Ages through the life of a crusading astronomer-monk.Trade Review"Magnificent...[Falk lets] us inhabit, for a spell of seven finely crafted chapters, the vibrant mind of a 14th-century Benedictine monk, John Westwyk... [Written] as if John Westwyk and Seb Falk, separated in time but not in spirit, were joining hands while guiding us along; or as if The Light Ages were Mr. Falk’s own clever astrolabe, seeking to make that shimmering light in the distance look, as well it should, wonderfully close and luminously real." -- Christoph Irmscher - Wall Street Journal"Falk’s bubbling curiosity and strong sense of storytelling always swept me along. By the end, The Light Ages didn’t just broaden my conception of science; even as I scrolled away on my Kindle, it felt like I was sitting alongside Westwyk at St. Albans abbey, leafing through dusty manuscripts by candlelight." -- Alex Orlando - Discover"Falk offers a sense of the international nature of medieval scholarship, debunking the image of isolated, repressive monastic communities and highlighting the influence of both Muslim and Jewish innovators." -- Smithsonian Magazine"The Lights Ages…illuminates not just the visionaries of the past but also the troubled state of anti-intellectualism in the modern world." -- Financial Times"A wonderful book, as at home bringing to life the obscure details of a Hertfordshire monk as it is explicating the infinite reaches of space and time. Required reading for anyone who thinks that the Middle Ages were a dark age." -- Tom Holland, author of Dominion"Compulsive, brilliantly clear, and superbly well-written, The Light Ages is more than just a very good book on medieval science: it’s a charismatic evocation of another world. Seb Falk uses the monk John of Westwyk to weld us into the medieval ways of imagining as well as thinking. And there are surprises galore for everyone, no matter how knowledgeable they may think they are. I can’t recommend it highly enough." -- Ian Mortimer, author of The Time Traveler’s Guide to Medieval England"Like a fictional scientist cloning dinosaurs from wisps of DNA, Seb Falk takes barely surviving fragments of evidence about an almost forgotten astronomer in a storm-chilled, clifftop cell to conjure the vast, teeming world of scientific research, practice, and invention in the Late Middle Ages…Profoundly scholarly, wonderfully lucid, and grippingly vivid, The Light Ages will awe the pedants and delight the public." -- Felipe Fernández-Armesto, author of Out of Our Minds"If you think the term ‘medieval science’ is a contradiction then you should read this hugely enlightening and important book." -- Jim Al-Khalili, author of The World According to Physics"Seb Falk has framed a fascinating book around his personal quest to understand how scientific thinking flourished. The Light Ages reveals the intellectual sophistication that flourished against a backdrop of ritual and liturgy. It offers for most of us a novel perspective on a ‘dark’ historical era, and should fascinate a wide readership." -- Lord Martin Rees, author of On the Future"Long before the word ‘scientist’ was coined, John of Westwyk devised a precision instrument to explore the universe and our place in it. Falk recreates the schooling of this ordinary (if gadget-obsessed) medieval monk in loving detail. There’s a world of science on every page." -- Nancy Marie Brown, author of The Abacus and the Cross

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Book SynopsisOne of Smithsonian Magazine's Ten Best Travel Books of 2021 A personal and historical exploration of the Bears Ears country and the fight to save a national monument.Trade Review"David Roberts has long been one of our most thoughtful and adventurous scribes of the American outback and, with The Bears Ears, he’s written a love song, bold and stirring and plangent, to what just might be our continent’s most spellbinding wilderness." -- Hampton Sides, author of Blood and Thunder and In the Kingdom of Ice"The Bears Ears is a book as evocative and fascinating as the land it describes. For most of his life, David Roberts has been exploring the magical landscape surrounding the Bears Ears in Utah. He’s gathered his experiences and knowledge into this eloquent book, creating an elegiac portrait of the most threatened wilderness in America. This is a must-read for anyone who treasures the red-rock landscapes of Utah and the many extraordinary ruins hidden there. I highly, highly recommend this book!" -- Douglas Preston, #1 best-selling author of The Lost City of the Monkey God"A fascinating account of the human history of the Bears Ears, a remote wilderness in the southeastern corner of Utah. This book is a paean from David Roberts to the Bears Ears country, his ‘favorite place on earth.’ His stories will win you to his wilderness—even from your armchair." -- Stephen Lekson, professor of anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder"David Roberts weaves together history, archaeology, and his personal experiences to reveal the fabric of Bears Ears National Monument. Stories dwell in every canyon and alcove, and Roberts reads this majestic landscape with the practiced eye of a skilled guide. If you want to know the histories embedded in this highly contested monument, this is a must-read." -- Matthew Liebmann, Peabody Professor of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University"A masterfully rendered portrait of Bears Ears as an endangered land worth celebrating and protecting." -- Publishers Weekly"Roberts’ latest combines research, journalism, and memoir in a satisfying whole that will please fans of his earlier books of both travel in wild places and key moments in Native American history. [It is] at the top of the half-dozen books recently published on Bears Ears and a pleasure for travelers in the Southwest." -- Kirkus

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Book SynopsisHow the brain helps us to understand and navigate space—and why, sometimes, it doesn’t work the way it should.Trade Review"Christopher Kemp may not be able to find his way out of a stairwell, but he has quickly and with no false turns made his way to the top of my list of favorite science writers. For all his navigational shortcomings, Kemp is an expert guide to the most complex landscape of all: the human brain. He’s a natural storyteller, a deft explainer, and a terrific and funny writer." -- Mary Roach, author of Fuzz"Christopher Kemp’s brilliant and beguiling new book reveals that behind the curtain of the seemingly quotidian act of traversing space lies an array of intricate neuroscientific magic tricks, temporal feats of strength, hiccups, and elusive mysteries. Like the brain itself, Kemp’s wild writing quakes and sparks, uncovering the lyric lurking in the neuroscientific, the hilarious in the incantatory." -- Matthew Gavin Frank, author of Flight of the Diamond Smugglers"A dazzling—at times dizzying—exploration of brains and places, how they trouble one another and how they give one another meaning." -- Robert Moor, author of On Trails"A fascinating and sneakily amusing book. Kemp is an elegant and quick-witted writer who, feeling perpetually and hopelessly lost himself, is perfectly qualified to lead us through some of the most complicated and discombobulating corners of human cognition." -- John Mooallem, author of Wild Ones and This Is Chance!"A modern look inside the brain, written as beautifully as a long-form poem. Don’t miss this opportunity to let Kemp show you the how and why of where." -- David Eagleman, Stanford neuroscientist, author of Incognito and Livewired"As both scientist and scribe, Kemp brings his gifts of curiosity and intelligence to bear on the topic of navigation and shows us that there is no shame in being lost. On the contrary, Kemp demonstrates that to be continuously and authentically in search of our place on Earth is a wondrous thing." -- M. R. O’Connor, author of Wayfinding"Finding our way is a basic necessity of life, yet it is mostly taken for granted. Kemp effectively explains just how complex and astonishing that task really is." -- Tony Miksanek - Booklist"An intense lesson in the neuroscience of getting around." -- Kirkus"This tome is no textbook. It is designed to be accessible to a large audience: Nonscientists will benefit from Kemp’s capacity to render vivid representations of the complexity of living organisms, but scientists, too, are likely to gain something from reading this book." -- Marcia Bécu and Christian F. Doeller - Science"Kemp debunks numerous myths, including the idea that females possess poorer navigational skills than males, and reflects on the difference between the navigational abilities of modern humans versus those of Neanderthals. What separates the two, he suggests, is the use of the subjunctive form, which led to humans being better at navigating. Kemp peppers in accounts of his own poor navigational abilities and colorful stories of people getting lost, which keep things moving along. The result is both enjoyable and accessible." -- Publishers Weekly

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Book SynopsisInside the quest to unlock the mysteries of development—and how this knowledge can transform our future

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Adds an important evolutionary dimension to one of the most complex issues of our time.... The beauty of a book by Frans de Waal is that once you read it, you’ll never look at your own species the same way again." -- Tamra Mendelson - Washington Post"A game-changer.... De Waal’s prose is concise and straightforward. His sensitivity to the prevailing zeitgeist that surrounds sex and gender is evident.... There’s no end, in fact, to the fascinating details that emerge from this book, all carefully tied to supporting explanations, historical context, the prevalence of misinformation, the tendency to censor, the power of mindless biological determinism, and whatever else might be necessary for de Waal to make his point. Humor, and the curious anecdote, are never far behind.... Different is a towering achievement." -- Paul R. Abramson - Los Angeles Review of Books"Different has many surprises in store for you, surprises that will leave you humble about complex primate evolution has been, surprises that will leave you humble about complex primate evolution has been, and how much we have yet to learn about how it shapes our lives." -- Carl Zimmer - New York Times Book Review"A smart interactionist framework, in which biological and socioenvironmental influences on human behavior are entwined." -- Barbara J. King - Science"Dive into Frans de Waal’s magnum opus.... brilliant." -- Carol Tavris - Times Literary Supplement"Entrancing.... de Waal brings to life the complexity of sex and social behaviour in other apes.... Whether or not you agree with him, Different is worth reading for its anecdotes alone." -- Laura Spinney - The Guardian"A brilliant and fascinating book that brings a scientific, compassionate and balanced approach to some of the hottest controversies about sex and gender." -- Yuval Noah Harari, New York Times best-selling author of Sapiens"This book is superb! Frans de Waal is not only one of the world’s most respected primatologists—he’s also a ballsy feminist who, in these riveting pages, ventures into territory where most writers in academia and letters fear to tread.… These pages are packed with great stories, fascinating data, and thought-provoking ideas. They are sure to spark the important conversations we all—male and female, queer and straight, trans and nonbinary—need to have to create a more just and equitable human society." -- Sy Montgomery, author of The Soul of an Octopus"Moving with fluidity and grace between animal and human models, Frans de Waal demonstrates how many common social prejudices that we deem ‘natural’ are in fact anything but. His crisp writing, his skillful deployment of anecdote, and his deep knowledge of animal science inform this nuanced and profound consideration not only of difference but also of sameness." -- Andrew Solomon, author of Far from the Tree and The Noonday Demon"It is a brave man these days who ventures into the minefield of gender differences. But Frans de Waal relies on a gift for storytelling, a sincere respect for culture, along with intimate knowledge of longtime bonobo and chimpanzee associates to deftly negotiate this treacherous terrain. Wise and humane." -- Sarah Blaffer Hrdy, author of The Woman that Never Evolved, Mother Nature, and Mothers and Others"The current debate on the subject of gender differences is in need of a calm biological assessment which Frans de Waal’s thoughtful book Different gives us." -- Desmond Morris, author of The Naked Ape: A Zoologist’s Study of the Human Animal"Every new book by Frans de Waal is a cause for excitement, and this one is no different. A breath of fresh air in the cramped debate about the differences between men and women. Fascinating, nuanced and very timely." -- Rutger Bregman, author of Humankind: A Hopeful History"Women versus men. Sex versus gender. Biology versus social inculcation. Few domains more effectively tempt fools to rush in than the topic of sex differences. In this case, however, rather than being a fool, Frans de Waal is our wisest primatologist, turning his attention to this irresistible topic. With great clarity, insight, and wit, he examines human sex differences, never once letting us forget that, at the end of the day, we are just another kind of primate. This is a superb, intensely stimulating read." -- Robert M. Sapolsky, author of Behave"[de Waal] argue[s] with wit and clarity against assumptions about sex and gender that generate inequality.... Engaging, enlightening, and deeply informative." -- Kirkus, starred review"Fascinating.... De Waal shines in his empathetic, Tolstoyan portrait of animal life.... This surprising look at the nature of primates has a lot to say about what it means to be human." -- Publishers Weekly

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Book SynopsisShortlisted for the 2023 Royal Society Science Book Prize A structural engineer examines the seven most basic building blocks of engineering that have shaped the modern world.Trade Review"A riveting love letter to the small, wonderful, and mundane things that make the modern world." -- Roman Mars, creator and host, 99% Invisible podcast"Charming." -- Sam Kean - Wall Street Journal"Agrawal is telling a story not just about great inventions but also about the societies that make and use them and the people who are affected by them.... [Nuts & Bolts] offers a robust history that should speak to scientists’ and engineers’ sense of social awareness." -- Adam R. Shapiro - Science"Delightful.... [T]here is an endless fascination in everyday objects such as springs, wheels and nails, from the physics behind them to simple practical tips.... [W]hile it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype, it’s the cheap technologies that change the world." -- Tim Harford - Financial Times"A wonderful book that explores the creative and inventive human impulses expressed through engineering…A fascinating tour that brings to life the springs, ratchets, and fibres that make up the machines of our modern age." -- Mark Miodownik, materials scientist, engineer, and author of Stuff Matters"There is passion for engineering on every single page…Roma Agrawal has a special skill of reawakening that part of us that simply wants to understand how the built world works, and to dream of creating our own machines." -- Angela Saini, author of Inferior"A masterclass in storytelling…Agrawal is the perfect narrator: her curiosity, technical knowledge, and excitement fill every page. It left me inspired by the ingenuity of historic engineers and optimistic for future innovation." -- Jess Wade, physicist and author of Nano"Fascinating stories behind the humble devices that make our human world work, told with an engineer’s infectious excitement and enthusiasm for detail." -- Gaia Vince, author of Nomad Century"Inside this wonderfully engaging book is a profound message: that so much of technology comes from ingenious reiterations of just a few innovations in engineering…Roma Agrawal brings these inventions vividly to life." -- Philip Ball, author of The Book of Minds"Essential reading for budding engineers, young and old." -- Anna Ploszajski, materials scientist, engineer, and author of Handmade"A quirky, entertaining riff on the building blocks of engineering." -- Kirkus Reviews

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Book SynopsisHow do our brains store—and then conjure up—past experiences to make us who we are?Trade Review"[A] roving, riverine inquiry into memory, experience, the brain…O'Keane does not try to dazzle us with interpretations and cures, but dazzle she does with the science, the clarity with which she can conjure something as ordinary, as bafflingly complex and beautiful, as a memory forming in the brain." -- Parul Sehgal, The New York Times"These passages are vivid and immediate, and all the more affecting for the measured and unemphatic manner in which they are set down. If O’Keane is as fine a doctor as she is a prose stylist, her patients are fortunate indeed." -- John Banville, Guardian"[O'Keane's] unforgettable trip down memory’s many lanes leaves you with a marvelling awareness of what humans collectively share as memory makers and, at the same time, reminds us that each one of us is a singular translator of our world." -- London Observer"Rich, revelatory and, in the best way, unsettling." -- London Sunday Times"A comprehensive tour of the current state of knowledge about how memory operates in the brain." -- Elizabeth Landau, Undark"[O'Keane] delivers interesting observations on nearly every page…A welcome new voice in the literature of consciousness and neuroscience." -- Kirkus Reviews"O'Keane offers no shortage of intriguing insights and accounts…[A]n immersive and informative look at how memory works, and what happens when it doesn't." -- Publishers Weekly"Wonderful. I love the way Veronica O’Keane writes…difficult concepts made comprehensible with rich case studies. A must read for every counselor, psychotherapist, life coach and psychiatrist." -- Philippa Perry, author of The Book You Wish Your Parents Had Read"Veronica O’Keane distills what she has learned about people in her life as a psychiatrist and neuroscientist. The reader will appreciate Dr. O’Keane’s beautiful prose and her caring attitudes, and will effortlessly pick up knowledge about how the brain determines our behavior." -- Robin Murray, professor of psychiatric research, King’s College, London

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Book SynopsisA revelatory new theory of consciousness that returns emotions to the center of mental life.Trade Review"[R]emarkably clear, accommodating and exciting to read…The Hidden Spring provides a necessary reminder that rational thinking isn't all it seems to be." -- Jess Keiser, Washington Post"One of the worthiest efforts to come out of neuroscience in recent memory." -- Jason Kehe, WIRED"Nobody bewitched by these mysteries [of consciousness] can afford to ignore the solution proposed by Mark Solms…Fascinating, wide-ranging and heartfelt." -- Oliver Burkeman, Guardian"Intriguing…There is plenty to provoke and fascinate along the way." -- Anil Seth, Times Higher Education"This is truly a remarkable book. It changes everything." -- Brian Eno"A remarkably bold fusion of ideas from psychoanalysis, psychology, and the frontiers of theoretical neuroscience that takes aim at the biggest question there is. Solms will challenge your most basic beliefs." -- Matthew Cobb, author of The Idea of the Brain: The Past and Future of Neuroscience"Solms’s efforts…have been truly pioneering. This unification is clearly the direction for the future." -- Eric Kandel, Nobel laureate for Physiology and Medicine"This treatment of consciousness and artificial sentience should be taken very seriously." -- Karl Friston, scientific director, Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging"Solms’s vital work has never ignored the lived, felt experience of human beings. His ideas look a lot like the future to me." -- Siri Hustvedt, author of The Blazing World"To say this work is encyclopedic is to diminish its poetic, psychological and theoretical achievement. This is required reading." -- Susie Orbach, author of In Therapy"At last the emperor has found some clothes! For decades, consciousness has been perceived as an epiphenomenon, little more than an illusion that can't really make things happen. Solms takes a thrilling new approach to the problem, grounded in modern neurobiology but finding meaning in older ideas going back to Freud. This is an exciting book." -- Nick Lane, author of The Vital Question

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Book SynopsisA New York Times / National Bestseller "America's funniest science writer" (Washington Post) Mary Roach explores the science of keeping human beings intact, awake, sane, uninfected, and uninfested in the bizarre and extreme circumstances of war.Trade Review"A mirthful, informative peek behind the curtain of military science." -- Washington Post"From the ever-illuminating author of Bonk and Stiff comes an examination of the science behind war. Even the tiniest minutiae count on the battlefield, and Roach leads us through her discoveries in her inimitable style." -- Elle"Our most consistently entertaining science journalist…Roach goes where other writers wouldn’t dare….And her search produces images—a kind of technopoetry—that are hard to forget." -- O Magazine"[Roach] takes on the challenges the military faces to keep its fighters safe and healthy with her trademark flair (and zingy footnotes)." -- Entertainment Weekly"Roach is a tenacious investigative journalist with an appetite for the unappetizing...Grunt ranks high in the Roach repertoire." -- USA Today"Mary Roach’s latest bit of brilliance….As meticulously researched, beautifully written, and disturbingly funny as her previous books…Grunt examines the science behind war, as well as the researchers who are leading the charge in these state-of- the-art developments. Roach’s prose is a triumph—an engaging blend of anecdote, research, and reflection." -- Boston Globe"[Roach] writes exquisitely about the excruciating….wildly informative and vividly written" -- Los Angeles Times"Nobody does weird science quite like [Roach], and this time, she takes on war. Though all her books look at the human body in extreme situations (sex! space! death!), this isn’t simply a blood-drenched affair. Instead, Roach looks at the unexpected things that take place behind the scenes." -- Wired"Roach...applies her tenacious reporting and quirky point of view to efforts by scientists to conquer some of the soldier’s worst enemies." -- Seattle Times"Extremely likable…and quick with a quip….[Roach’s] skill is to draw out the good humor and honesty of both the subjects and practitioners of these white arts among the dark arts of war." -- San Francisco Chronicle"Covering these topics and more, Roach has done a fascinating job of portraying unexpected, creative sides of military science." -- New York Post

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Book SynopsisHow a mysterious, super-powerful—yet long-neglected—microbe rules our world and can rescue our health in the age of antibiotic resistance.Trade Review"A colorful redemption story for the oft-neglected yet incredibly abundant phage. . . . Ireland, an award-winning science journalist, approaches the subject of his first book with curiosity and passion, delivering a deft narrative that is rich and approachable." -- Alex Johnson - The New York Times Book Review"As engaging as it is expansive, The Good Virus describes the distinctive biology and murky history of bacteriophage (generally shortened to ‘phage’), a form of life that is remarkably abundant yet obscure enough to have been termed the ‘dark matter of biology.’" -- David A. Shaywitz - Wall Street Journal"Incredibly timely." -- Adrian Woolfson - Science"Both optimistic and realistic. . . . A capably guided tour of a scientific wave of the future." -- Kirkus Reviews"A masterful blend of jaw-dropping science and absorbing storytelling. . . . This book reminds us of the missed opportunities we simply cannot afford to miss again." -- George McGavin, BBC and Discovery Channel presenter"A new scientific frontier which couldn’t be more fascinating or vital. Phages are critical to our health, and the health of the whole planet. Brilliantly written and profound, this book is ahead of the curve and deserves to become a classic." -- Daniel M. Davis, author of The Beautiful Cure and The Secret Body"It is rare to find such a rich seam of science that is so pertinent to modern health concerns yet feels so underrecognized. Everybody knows about good bacteria, but I doubt they have heard of good viruses (I hadn’t). . . . This book is full of gems of information and hope for the future." -- Suzanne O’Sullivan, author of The Sleeping Beauties: And Other Stories of Mystery Illness"Incredible and thought-provoking. Phages are the superheroes of the human biome. A truly enlightening read that makes you realize what we really don’t yet know." -- Sue Black, president of St John’s College, Oxford, and author of Written in Bone"This thrilling book will amaze you. Viruses have been attacking bacteria since the dawn of time, but in the last century some scientists have been able to enlist them in the fight against bacterial infections. Tom Ireland’s limpid writing tells the exciting story of the past and future of ‘phage therapy,’ balanced by a sober exploration of the problems involved in turning the good viruses into treatments. Highly recommended." -- Matthew Cobb, author of Life’s Greatest Secret: The Race to Crack the Genetic Code"An enthralling, meticulously researched book that will change the way you think about not only viruses, but also the science behind discovery and rediscovery." -- Steffanie Strathdee, author of The Perfect Predator: A Scientist’s Race to Save Her Husband from a Deadly Superbug

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Infinitely fascinating…[Suri] succeeds in making slippery ideas easy to grasp." -- Stephen Bleach - Times [UK]"Some of the math books out there are difficult to read, but [The Big Bang of Numbers] isn’t one of them…[A]n elegant journey explaining why we have the number and math systems that we have." -- David Hu - Five Books"By limiting the formulas and equations, [Manil Suri] has created a very readable tour that emphasizes ideas over calculation." -- Physics Today"[The Big Bang of Numbers] explains how understanding math helps you understand the universe." -- Marketplace Tech"Imaginative and organized; [Suri] presents his materials clearly with nice graphics." -- Peter Pesic - Wall Street Journal"A beautifully written meditation on mathematics: whimsical, thought-provoking, and deep." -- Alex Bellos, author of Alex’s Adventures in Numberland"In The Big Bang of Numbers, Manil Suri invites the reader to create a universe made of mathematical ideas, sparking a thrill that may catch you off guard—an exhilarating sensation of playfulness, power, and insight." -- Steven Strogatz, New York Times bestselling author of Infinite Powers and The Joy of x"Who knew numbers could be so charming? So industrious? Suri takes us on a lighthearted journey all the way from nothing (zero) to infinity. Math has rarely been so readable." -- Karen Joy Fowler, New York Times bestselling author of We Are All Completely Beside Ourselves"A most unusual, creative, and fascinating account of mathematics that relies not on equations or formulas, but on real-life examples, metaphors, paradoxes, and lovely vignettes." -- John Allen Paulos, author of Innumeracy and A Mathematician Reads the Newspaper"A great sneak peek ahead for anyone interested in mathematical ideas, but bored by the lack of conceptual depth in their introductory math classes." -- Mathematical Association of America"A visual pleasure to read…[Manil Suri] is a smooth, stylish writer." -- Business Standard"[Suri] successfully explores many areas of seemingly pure math that explain the natural world... He also sheds light on abstruse subjects (fractals, infinity, curved space) that puzzle humans more than they should, creating a text that is deeper than most popular writing on math but worth the effort. A successful contribution to the math-isn’t-boring genre." -- Kirkus Reviews"Suri takes on the challenge of developing mathematics from scratch in this high concept thought experiment." -- Publishers Weekly

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