Science: general issues Books

Book SynopsisOffers a tour of the world of light. This book explores theoretical, experimental, and historical themes, and covers such questions as how it is possible to achieve magnifications of a millionfold without a single lens or mirror. It also covers various elements of physical optics, including propagation, reflection, refraction, and diffraction.Table of ContentsPrefaceCh. 1Introduction: Setting the Agenda3Pt. 1Refraction7Ch. 2Following the Straight and Narrow9Ch. 3How Deep Is the Ocean? How High Is the Sky? Imaging in Stratified Media17Pt. 2Diffraction and Interference33Ch. 4Dark Spots - Bright Spots35Ch. 5Newton's Two-Knife Experiment: The Hyperbolic Enigma45Ch. 6Young's Two-Slit Experiment with Electrons77Ch. 7Pursuing the Invisible: Imaging without Lenses97Pt. 3Polarization141Ch. 8Poles Apart: The Mysteries of Light Polarization143Ch. 9The State of Light153Pt. 4Reflection and Scattering197Ch. 10The Grand Synthesis199Ch. 11New Twists on Reflection215Ch. 12Through a Glass Brightly: "Fresnel Amplification"261Ch. 13A Penetrating Look at Scattered Light281Pt. 5Playing with Waves337Ch. 14Voice of the Dragon339Pt. 6Science and Learning355Ch. 15A Heretical Experiment in Teaching Physics357Ch. 16Why Brazil Nuts Are on Top: Physics and the Art of Writing389Ch. 17What Does It Take ...?399Index407

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Book SynopsisPresents an advanced theoretical treatment of global seismology. This book provides a survey of both the history of global seismological research and the major theoretical and observational developments made over a decade. It is intended for graduate students and to professional seismologists, geodynamicists, and geomagnetists.Trade Review"[G]raduate students and their supervisors for years to come will turn with gratitude to Theoretical Global Seismology... The theoretical seismology in this book is not merely an intellectual achievement of a very high order, it is driven by the need to understand our planet and will be the basis of applied seismology and other practical studies of wave generation and propagation for decades to come."--Paul G. Richards, Nature "Tony Dahlen and Jeroen Tromp have written a treatise, Theoretical Global Seismology, that is authoritative and comprehensive... Theoretical Global Seismology is a masterpiece and I strongly recommend it to every seismologist. Other geophysicists would do well to become acquainted with its contents, because its methodology extends far beyond seismology. After reviewing the book, I am pleased to report that dog-ears have appeared on my copy."--Freeman Gilbert, EOS "...[T]his book is a remarkable achievement and, thanks to PUP, a great value. If you are a global seismologist, there is no excuse for not having this book on your bookshelf--and you should even read most of it! If you are a graduate student, this beast will take a little effort to absorb, but be assured--this really is the right way to think about global seismology."--Guy Masters, Seismological Research LettersTable of ContentsPrefaceCh. 1Historical Introduction3Ch. 2Continuum Mechanics25Ch. 3Equations of Motion56Ch. 4Normal Modes109Ch. 5Seismic Source Representation146Ch. 6Anelasticity and Attenuation193Ch. 7Rayleigh-Ritz Method237Ch. 8Spheroidal and Toroidal Oscillations257Ch. 9Elastic and Anelastic Perturbations327Ch. 10Synthetic Seismograms363Ch. 11Love and Rayleigh Waves405Ch. 12Mode-Ray Duality451Ch. 13Perturbation Theory537Ch. 14Mode Splitting and Coupling596Ch. 15Body-Wave Ray Theory669Ch. 16Surface-Wave JWKB Theory737App. AVectors and Tensors811App. BSpherical Harmonics838App. CGeneralized Spherical Harmonics877App. DWhole Earth Catalogue932Bibliography967Index999

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Book SynopsisInducible defenses are widespread in the natural world. This book represents the survey of knowledge about the ecology and evolution of inducible defenses. It examines organisms as unicellular algae and higher vertebrates, and considers defenses ranging from immune systems to protective changes in morphology, behavior and life history.Trade Review"The book does an excellent job of summarizing what is known about induced defenses."—Robert T. Paine, University of Washington"-A state-of-the-art survey of the empirical and theoretical knowledge about inducible defenses."—Marc Mangel, University of California, Davis"The editors have done an excellent job of drawing together a collection of authors representing a wide range of disciplines."—Mark D. Rausher, Duke UniversityTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsList of ContributorsWhy Inducible Defenses?31Coping with Life as a Menu Option: Inducible Defenses of the Wild Parsnip102Adaptive Status of Localized and Systemic Defense Responses in Plants333Why Induced Defenses May Be Favored over Constitutive Strategies in Plants454Evolution of Induced Indirect Defense of Plants625Consumer-Induced Changes in Phytoplankton: Inducibility, Costs, Benefits, and the Impact on Grazers896The Immune System as an Inducible Defense1047Kairomone-Induced Morphological Defenses in Rotifers1278Predator-Induced Defenses in Ciliated Protozoa1429Ecology and Evolution of Predator-Induced Behavior of Zooplankton: Depth Selection Behavior and Diel Vertical Migration16010Inducible Defenses in Cladocera: Constraints, Costs, and Multipredator Environments17711Predator-Induced Defense in Crucian Carp20312Density-Dependent Consequences of Induced Behavior21813Complex Biotic Environments, Coloniality, and Heritable Variation for Inducible Defenses23114Developmental Strategies in Spatially Variable Environments: Barnacle Shell Dimorphism and Strategic Models of Selection24515Evolution of Forager Responses to Inducible Defenses25916Evolution of Reversible Plastic Responses: Inducible Defenses and Environmental Tolerance28617The Evolution of Inducible Defenses: Current Ideas306References323Index377

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Book SynopsisSpatial patterns of movement are fundamental to the ecology of animal populations, influencing their social organization, mating systems, demography, and the spatial distribution of prey and competitors. This book presents a framework for studying animal home range patterns based on the analysis of correlated random work models.Trade Review"Mechanistic Home Range Analysis will be the reference book for quantifying animal movement in general for some years to come. Moorcroft and Lewis extend the basic concepts and mathematical models of the mid-1990s for animal movement, group behavior, and group predator-prey survival in major ways to new and interesting situations. They also bring to their modeling and analyses more accurate data obtained from recently improved systems of tracking animals in the wild."—J. D. Murray, University of Oxford and University of Washington"This book greatly advances our rather simple and descriptive view of animal home ranges. It will have a profound effect on the analysis of animal movement data."—Joshua J. Millspaugh, University of MissouriTable of ContentsPreface ix CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1 1.1. Statistical Home Range Analysis 2 1.2. Mechanistic Home Range Analysis 4 CHAPTER 2: From Individual Behavior to Patterns of Space Use 7 2.1. Movement in One Dimension 8 2.2. Movement in Two Dimensions 12 2.3. Directed and Random Motion 13 2.4. Predicting Home Range Patterns 21 2.5. Summary 22 CHAPTER 3: A Simple Mechanistic Home Range Model 23 3.1. Model of Individual Movement Behavior 24 3.2. Characterizing the Movement Behavior of a Red Fox 27 3.3. Equations for Patterns of Space Use 30 3.4. Solving for Patterns of Space Use 31 3.5. Predicted Red Fox Home Range 33 3.6. Coyote Home Range Patterns 35 3.7. Summary 37 CHAPTER 4: A Model Based on Conspecific Avoidance 38 4.1. Model Formulation 39 4.2. Equations for Space Use 42 4.3. Empirical Evaluation of the Model 43 4.4. Summary 53 CHAPTER 5: Comparative Analysis of Home Range Patterns Predicted by the Conspecific Avoidance Model 55 5.1. Predicted Patterns of Space Use 55 5.2. Border versus Hinterland Scent Marking 60 5.3. The Distribution of Scent Marks along Boundaries 64 5.4. Summary 66 CHAPTER 6: Mathematical Analysis of the Conspecific Avoidance Model 67 6.1. Model Equations 67 6.2. Impact of the Scent-Marking Response 68 6.3. Existence of a Buffer Zone 72 6.4. Generalized Response Functions 74 6.5. Summary 78 ChAPTER 7: The Influence of Landscape and Resource Heterogeneity on Patterns of Space Use 79 7.1. Landscape Heterogeneity 79 7.2. Resource Heterogeneity and Foraging Behavior 82 7.3. Model Predictions 89 7.4. Summary 91 CHAPTER 8: Home Range Formation in the Absence of a Den Site 92 8.1. Model Formulation 92 8.2. Analysis 94 8.3. Summary 96 CHAPTER 9: Secondary Ecological Interactions 97 9.1. Wolf-Deer Interactions 97 9.2. Wolf-Coyote Interactions 100 9.3. Summary 103 10. Displacement Distances: Theory and Applications 104 10.1. The Minimum Convex Polygon Method 104 10.2. Mean-Absolute and Mean-Squared Displacement 110 10.3. Summary 114 CHAPTER 11: ESS Analysis of Movement Strategies: Analyzing the Functional Significance of Home Range Patterns 115 11.1. Evolutionarily Stable Movement Strategy for Interacting Wolf Packs 116 11.2. Analysis 119 11.3. Roles of Aggression and Signaling 126 11.4. Summary 128 CHAPTER 12: Future Directions and Synthesis 130 APPENDIXES A: Derivation of the Fokker-Planck Equation for Space Use 137 B: Alternative Derivation of the Space Use Equation 139 C: Autocorrelation in Movement Direction 140 D: Estimating the Parameters of the Localizing Tendency Model 142 E: Movement with Attraction toward a Den 144 F: Model Fitting 149 G: Numerical Methods for Solving Space Use Equations 151 H: Displacement Distances 152 I: ESS Analysis Model Parameters 157 References 158 Index 169

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Book SynopsisDescribes twenty-nine practical experiments, detailing how they are done and the math and physics behind them. The experiments in this book cover a wide field of physics and the borders of chemistry, ranging from dynamic mechanics ('Kinetic Curiosities') to electricity ('Antediluvian Electronics') and combustion ('Infernal Inventions').Trade Review"This is great interactive stuff, amusingly written by a British scientist who honed his skills conducting a Saturday activity center for kids... As well as the fun there is science too, equations and all."--Douglas Palmer, New Scientist "A fertile and funny idea-book for the Erector set crowd."--Booklist "A fascinating new book... The style is eclectic and interesting... It brings together practical, accessible physics with a gentle amount of theory in an entertaining and educational manner. There is much here that will both stimulate a curiosity about physics and help with good--if not inspirational--physics teaching."--Physics WorldTable of ContentsContents in Detail vii Project Ratings xi Preface xiii KINETIC CURIOSITIES 1. Hovering Rings 3 2. Dynabrolly 14 3. Gravity Reversal 21 4. Maypole Drill 28 5. Rotarope 33 STRONG STRING THINGS 6. String Nutcracker 45 7. Twisted Sinews 51 STRONG NOTHING 8. Vacuum Muscles 61 9. Vacuum Bazooka 70 SOUNDS PECULIAR 10. String Radio 83 11. Mole Radio 93 12. Bat Doppler 102 TRANSMISSIONS WITH OMISSIONS 13. Toothless Gearwheels 113 14. Flying Pulleys 121 CLOCKS WITHOUT CUCKOOS OR QUARTZ 15. The Crank and the Pendulum 127 16. A Symphony of Siphons 134 17. Bernoulli's Clock 142 CURIOUS CONVEYANCES 18. Dougall or U'brocraft 151 19. Follow That Sunbeam 157 20 Duohelicon 167 21. Fishy Boat 174 22. Rotarudder 182 23. Cable Yacht 190 ANTEDILUVIAN ELECTRONICS 24. Beard Amplifier 199 25. Tornado Transistor 207 ELECTRIC WATER 26. Meltdown Alarm 215 27. Electric Rainbow jelly 222 INFERNAL INVENTIONS 28. Binary Match 229 29. Ultimate Bunsen Burner 234 Useful Materials and Components 241 A Reminder about Units 245 Bibliography 247 Index 251

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Book SynopsisBegins by addressing basic questions about active galactic nuclei: What are they? How can they be found? How do they evolve? This book assesses the evidence for massive black holes and considers how they generate power by accretion. It discusses X-ray and g-ray emission, radio emission and jets, emission and absorption lines, and others.Trade ReviewWinner of the 1999 Award for Best Professional/Scholarly Book in Physics and Astronomy, Association of American Publishers "Krolik treats almost every aspect of the AGN phenomenon, ... This global survey of AGN physics makes Krolik's book the most useful in the field for years... [A] valuable reference for anybody interested in the physics of these cosmic powerhouses."--Chris Reynolds, Nature "A broad and thorough review of the standard model for AGN, including observational information and theoretical modeling. It will provide graduate and advanced undergraduate students with an excellent introduction to the field."--Ruth A. Daly, Physics TodayTable of ContentsPrefaceGuide for Readers1What Are Active Galactic Nuclei? And Why Does Anyone Care?32How to Find AGNs223Evolution424Global Energetics and Black Holes685Black Hole Physics906Spherical Accretion1207Accretion Disks and the Optical/Ultraviolet Continuum1358X-ray and [gamma]-ray Emission1969Radio Emission and Jets25610Emission Lines30911Intrinsic Absorption and Outflows39912Anisotropic Appearance and Unification of Disparate AGN Varieties42413Properties of AGN Host Galaxies46414Onset and Fueling49415Where We Stand530App. ABasic General Relativity533App. BBasic Magnetohydrodynamics537App. CShocks and Other Discontinuities542App. DLuminosity Functions and Other Population Statistics552App. EThe Tensor Viral Theorem559App. FKinematics in an Expanding Universe566References573Index589

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Book SynopsisBlends scientific biography, institutional history, and cultural history to show how genetically standardized mice came to play a central role in contemporary American biomedical research. This work introduces us to mouse "fanciers" who bred mice for different characteristics, and to the structures of modern biomedical research.Trade ReviewOne of Choice's Outstanding Academic Titles for 2004 "Extremely well written and enjoyable to read... The study of human diseases using standardized animal models has now become routine practice, but its acceptability was established in large part through the use of inbred mice, as Rader convincingly argues."--Rachel A. Ankeny, American Scientist "A brilliant synthesis of scientific, intellectual, and cultural history. Its subject matter is new, and the book's ultimate impact on scientific history will be significant. The product of ten years of research and writing, the tome is polished, cogent, and magnificently documented."--Choice "Karen Rader has written an insightful and, at times, humorous chronological history of the famous Jax mice and their unflagging promoter, C.C. Little... Rader beautifully illustrates the give and take between the scientific community and the general society."--Biology Digest "In this compelling historical analysis, Karen Rader shows how the common mouse (Mus musculus) was transformed into a commodity, manufactured, and marketed not only to American research laboratories, but to politicians, health policy makers, and the members of the general public as well."--Susan E. Lederer, Journal of the History of Biology "Rader's carefully researched and well-produced book will be indispensable reading for everyone interested in the laboratory mouse and more generally in the tools and practices of twentieth-century biomedicine."--Soraya de Chadarevian,Journal of the History of medicine and Allied SciencesTable of ContentsIllustrations ix Acknowledgments xiii Abbreviations xvii INTRODUCTION: Why Mice? 1 CHAPTER ONE: Mice, Medicine, and Genetics: From Pet Rodents to Research Materials (1900-21) 25 CHAPTER TWO: Experiment and Change: Institutionalizing Inbred Mice (1922-30) 59 CHAPTER THREE: Mice for Sale: Commodifying Research Animals (1930-33) 97 CHAPTER FOUR: A New Deal for Mice: Biomedicine as Big Science (1933-40) 135 CHAPTER FIVE: R X Mouse : JAX Mice in Cancer Research (1938-55) 175 CHAPTER SIX: Mouse Genetics as Public Policy: Radiation Risk in Cold War America (1946-56) 221 EPILOGUE: Animals and the New Biology: Oncomouse and Beyond 251 Bibliography 269 Index 293

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Book SynopsisAddresses the fundamental effects of space on the dynamics of individual species and on the structure, dynamics, diversity, and stability of multispecies communities. This book highlights the importance of space to five topical areas: stability, patterns of diversity, invasions, coexistence, and pattern generation.Table of ContentsPrefaceList of ContributorsPt. ISingle Species Dynamics in Spatial Habitats1Population Dynamics in Spatial Habitats32Predictive and Practical Metapopulation Models: The Incidence Function Approach213Variability, Patchiness, and Jump Dispersal in the Spread of an Invading Population46Pt. IIParasites, Pathogens, and Predators in a Spatially Complex World4The Dynamics of Spatially Distributed Host-Parasitoid Systems755Basic Epidemiological Concepts in a Spatial Context1116Measles: Persistence and Synchronicity in Disease Dynamics1377Genetics and the Spatial Ecology of Species Interactions: The Silene-Ustilago System158Pt. IIICompetition in a Spatial World8Competition in Spatial Habitats1859Biologically Generated Spatial Pattern and the Coexistence of Competing Species20410Habitat Destruction and Species Extinctions23311Local and Regional Processes as Controls of Species Richness250Pt. IVThe Final Analysis: Does Space Matter or Not? And How Will We Test Our Ideas?12Theories of Simplification and Scaling of Spatially Distributed Processes27113Production Functions from Ecological Populations: A Survey with Emphasis on Spatially Implicit Models29614Challenges and Opportunities for Empirical Evaluation of "Spatial Theory"318References333Index365

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Book SynopsisBewildering features of modern physics, such as relativistic space-time structure and the peculiarities of so-called quantum statistics, challenge traditional ways of conceiving of objects in space and time. This title provides an overview of the implications of such physical theories for questions about the nature of objects.Trade Review"The collection as a whole, as well as the introduction by the editor, forcefully make the case that there is a wide range of interesting and unique issues raised by contemporary physical theories for the traditional problems associated with the nature of physical objects."—Ronald Anderson, Boston CollegeTable of ContentsPrefaceAcknowledgmentsIntroduction3Pt. 1Objects and Individuality1A World of Individual Objects?212Many, but Almost One303Part and Whole in Quantum Mechanics464The Genidentity of Quantum Particles615The Problem of Indistinguishable Particles736On the Withering Away of Physical Objects937Quantum Mechanics and Haecceities1148Quasiset Theories for Microobjects: A Comparison142Pt. 2Objects and Invariance9Physical Reality15510The Constitution of Objects in Kant's Philosophy and in Modern Physics16811Galilean Particles: An Example of Constitution of Objects181Pt. 3Objects and Measurement12What Is an Elementary Particle?19713The Nature of Elementary Particles21114The Entity and Modern Physics: The Creation-Discovery View of Reality22315Dynamical Reduction Theories as a Natural Basis for a Realistic Worldview25816Microphysical Objects and Experimental Evidence297Bibliography317

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Book SynopsisThe Dutch scientist Hendrik Kramers (1894-1952) was one of the greatest theoretical physicists of the twentieth century. This work presents a comprehensive discussion of Kramers' scientific work, and reprints twelve of his most important papers.Trade Review"Ter Haar, who studied with Kramers, has a unique approach to scientific biography: He makes us read the original papers [along with] discussion of the published work and an eludication of these papers... On quantum electrodynamics] and the other subjects on which he touches, [ter Haar] has written a stimulating book that brings Kramers's history-making work even more into focus."--Physics TodayTable of ContentsPreface1Introduction32The Old Quantum Theory93Quantum Mechanics314Quantum Electrodynamics595Statistical Mechanics, Solid-State Physics, and Low-Temperature Physics676The Kramers Problem and Polymer Physics937Miscellaneous Topics109AOn the Scattering of Radiation by Atoms121BSome Remarks on Heisenberg's Quantum Mechanics145CWave Mechanics and Half-Odd-Integral Quantisation151DThe Scattering of Light by Atoms163EGeneral Theory of Paramagnetic Rotation in Crystals173FClassical Relativistic Spin-Theory and Its Quantization187GOn the Eigenvalue Problem in a One-Dimensional Field of Force195HThe Use of Charge-Conjugated Wavefunctions in the Hole Theory of the Electron203IBrownian Motion in a Field of Force and the Diffusion Model of Chemical Reactions213JStatistics of the Two-Dimensional Ferromagnet231KFundamental Difficulties of a Theory of Particles249LThe Behavior of Macromolecules in Inhomogeneous Flow257References273Publications of H. A. Kramers277Index283

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Book SynopsisThrough use of the models Professor Horn has devised, plant ecologists, foresters, and botanists will be able to predict the growth and productivity of a forest, the invading and senile species in a forest, the effect of shade tolerance on forest succession, and similar questions.

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Book SynopsisOffers an examination of the development of computing machinery, from the seventeenth century through the early 1950s.Trade ReviewWinner of the Award in Science, Phi Beta Kappa "The book is first-rate: it is written in a style that all can understand."--Nature "Herman Goldstine is himself a pioneer of the computer... [He] writes with disarming candor and good humor."--Scientific AmericanTable of Contents*FrontMatter, pg. i*Contents, pg. v*Illustrations, pg. vii*Preface (1893), pg. ix*Preface, pg. xi*I. Beginnings, pg. 3*2. Cllarles Babhage and His Analytical Engine, pg. 10*3. The Astronolnical Ephemeris, pg. 27*4. The Universities: Maxwell and Boole, pg. 31*5, Integrators and Planin~c.ters, pg. 39*6. Michelsori, Fourier Coc~ffic~ientasn, d the Gibbs Phenomenon, pg. 52*7. Boolean Algebra: x2 = xx = x, pg. 60*8. Billings, IIollerith, and the. Census, pg. 65*9. Rallistics ancl the Rise of the Great Mathematicians, pg. 72*10. Blish's Differential Analyzer and Other Analog IJcvices, pg. 84*11. Adaptation to Scientific Needs, pg. 106*12. Renascenrbe and Triumph of Digital Means of Computation, pg. 115*1. Electronic, EAi~rtsp rior to the EN1AC, pg. 123*2. The Ballistic Research Laboratory, pg. 127*3. Differences between Analog and Digital Machines, pg. 140*4. Beginnings of the ENIA(:, pg. 148*5. The ENIAC as a Matl~errratical Instrument, pg. 157*6. Jolln von Nel~mann ant1 the Computer, pg. 167*7. Beyond the ENIAC, pg. 184*8. Tlte Structure of the EDVAC, pg. 204*9. The Spread of Ideas, pg. 211*10. First Calculations on the ENIAC, pg. 225*1. Post-EIIVAC Days, pg. 239*2. The Institute for Advanced Study Computer, pg. 252*3. Automata Theory and Logic Machines, pg. 271*4. Numerical Mathematics, pg. 286*5. Nun~ericalM eteorology, pg. 300*6. Engineering Activities and Achievements, pg. 306*7. The Computer and UNESCO, pg. 321*8. The Early Industrial Scene, pg. 325*9. Programming Languages, pg. 333*10. Conclusions, pg. 342*APPENDIX: World-Wide Developments, pg. 349*Index, pg. 363

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Book SynopsisMore than fifty illustrations highlight a provocative study tracing the origins of culture as man now knows it back to the early biological evolution of animals.Trade Review"[Bonner] structures his fascinating book as a survey of culture in the animal kingdom, marching up the venerable chain of being toward bigger brains, increasing behavioral complexity, and freedom from rigid genetic programs."--Stephen Jay Gould, New York Review of Books "John Tyler Bonner is a biologist who not only knows a great deal about plants and animals but has thought long and carefully about problems of evolution... The pleasure of the book is in the wealth of examples of communication and teaching, many effectively illustrated with drawings or photographs."--J. Z. Young, London Review of Books

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Book SynopsisThe description for this book, A View of the Sea: A Discussion between a Chief Engineer and an Oceanographer about the Machinery of the Ocean Circulation, will be forthcoming.Trade Review"Henry Stommel has interesting and often original views about life in general and science in particular, some of which shine through in the anecdotes and 'one-liners' that enliven every chapter of what will doubtless and deservedly prove to be a highly successful attempt to explain important aspects of the ocean circulation to a wide audience."--Science "Suitable for any reader from first-year undergraduate to Nobel laureate."--Choice

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Book SynopsisPhysics has the reputation of being difficult to understand and remote from everyday life. This book presents a collection of physics demonstrations and experiments that prove that physics can, in fact, be 'made simple.' It uses 'low tech' and inexpensive materials from everyday life to make key principles of physics easy to understand.Trade Review"An outstanding new book of physics demonstrations."--Washington Post "If you find the task of illustrating and humanizing the fundamental principles of the physical world daunting, Ehrlich offers a series of [100] easy 'demos' that are virtually foolproof and well described."--Science NewsTable of ContentsAcknowledgments1How to Design Simple Physics Demos32Newton's Laws223Statics, Equilibrium, and Accelerometers434Orbital Motion and Angular Momentum645Conservation of Momentum and Energy816Fluids1007Thermodynamics1138Mechanical Oscillations and Waves1219Electricity and Magnetism14610Optics15711Interference and Diffraction17112Modern Physics179Bibliography193Index195

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Book SynopsisDiscusses Einstein"���'s geometric theory of gravity. This book explains the understanding of the link between gravitation and inertia in Einstein's theory, from the origin of inertia in some cosmological models of the universe, to the interpretation of the initial value formulation of Einstein's standard geometrodynamics.Trade ReviewWinner of the 1996 Award for Best Professional/Scholarly Book in Physics and Astronomy, Association of American Publishers "[An] admirably comprehensive guide...The approach is leavened with historical perspectives and almost poetic insights. Particularly valuable [are] the up to date accounts of experimental tests of general relativity."--Robert Matthews, New Scientist "... it has plenty of useful resources and ideas and it is enjoyable. It covers, sometimes with distinctive originality, topics not easily found in other textbooks. Its charm lies in the interweaving of Wheeler's speculative quest for the physical origin of inertia with Ciufolini's experimental craft. In such interweaving lies the magic of an extraordinarily beautiful science: the science of the shape of space-time."--Carlo Rovelli, Science "In this important work, Ciufolini and Wheeler provide extensive coverage of current gravitation theory, current problems of interest to the physics community, and recent and proposed experiments based upon Einstein's theory of general relativity."--Choice "This is an excellent book that will be of interest to anyone seriously interested in general relativity. It is clearly written with a very well connected development of many topics which are not covered in the other books on the subject."--Classical and Quantum Gravity "Gravitation and Inertia has plenty of useful resources and ideas and it is enjoyable. It covers, sometimes with distinctive originality, topics not easily found in other textbooks. Its charm lies in the interweaving of Wheeler's speculative quest for the physical origin of inertia with Ciufolini's experimental craft. In such interweaving lies the magic of an extraordinarily beautiful science: the science of the shape of space-time."--ScienceTable of ContentsPrefaceChart of Main Topics1A First Tour12Einstein Geometrodynamics133Tests of Einstein Geometrodynamics874Cosmology, Standard Models, and Homogeneous Rotating Models1855The Initial-Value Problem in Einstein Geometrodynamics2696The Gravitomagnetic Field and Its Measurement3157Some Highlights of the Past and a Summary of Geometrodynamics and Inertia384Mathematical Appendix403Symbols and Notations437Author Index445Subject Index of Mathematical Appendix455Subject Index461Fundamental and Astronomical Constants and Units493

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Book SynopsisFinding viable solutions to many of the problems threatening our environment hinges on understanding the rocks below the earth's surface. This book discusses the physical properties of rocks, proceeding by chapter through mechanical, fluid flow, acoustical, electrical, dielectric, thermal, and magnetic properties.Trade Review"Fills a unique and previously vacant niche by providing a comprehensive, up-to-date and accessible introduction to Earth-science applications of modern theories in rock physics."--NatureTable of ContentsPreface and AcknowledgmentsIRocks3IIPorous Media17IIIHeterogeneous Media53IVMechanical Behavior of Dry Rocks73VCirculation of Fluids: Permeability117VIMechanical Behavior of Fluid-Saturated Rocks135VIIAcoustic Properties159VIIIElectrical Conductivity182IXDielectric Properties212XThermal Conductivity254XIMagnetic Properties278Index293

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Book SynopsisOffers a treatment of interpretation (in nonrelativistic physics). This book enables readers to check every step, apply techniques to problems, and make sure that no paradox or obscurity arises in the theory. It discusses various philosophical implications pertinent to the study of quantum mechanics. It is intended for physicists and students.Trade Review"This book gives an excellent account of the modern interpretation of quantum mechanics from the Copenhagen point of view. It is a seminal work that should be bought and studied by everyone interested in the field."--Physics WorldTable of ContentsPrefaceHow To Read this Book1Elementary Quantum Mechanics32The Problems of Measurement Theory603Foundations and Properties1104Histories1225The Logical Framework of Quantum Mechanics1446Recovering Classical Physics2017Decoherence2688Measurement Theory3249Questioning Quantum Mechanics37810Nonclassical Macroscopic Systems40911Experiments43312Summary and Outlook467Notes533Index545

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Leibold and Chase have written an authoritative and accessible account of recent research on how spatially organized processes shape patterns of biological diversity over the ecological landscape. This book will be the springboard for future work in this area."—Robert E. Ricklefs, University of Missouri, St. Louis"Current thinking in ecology is a disorganized soup of ideas, from dispersal and spatial heterogeneity to temporal change, species sorting, and evolution. This book impressively pulls these disparate threads into a powerful and coherent framework based on metacommunities. Its next-generation metacommunity framework could well serve as a launching pad for the next decade of ecology."—Brian McGill, University of Maine"In this magisterial book, Leibold and Chase provide a conceptually coherent synthesis of the burgeoning field of metacommunity ecology. In addition to deftly synthesizing a sprawling literature on the role of dispersal limitation, drift, and interactions in metacommunities, they highlight the importance of linking metacommunity processes to evolutionary dynamics and ecosystem function. All ecologists will profit from careful reading of this fine and timely contribution."—Robert Holt, University of Florida"A highly significant contribution. Leibold and Chase provide an encompassing and critical overview of the current state of metacommunity ecology and discuss novel approaches, novel perspectives, and applications that contribute to a much broader framework. I learned a lot from this book."—Luc De Meester, University of Leuven"Interesting and informative. Leibold and Chase have assembled in one volume recent key studies that show how metacommunity ecology is indeed wide-ranging in its scope."—Tadashi Fukami, Stanford University

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Book SynopsisThe quantum theory of macroscopic systems is an area of science that serves to relate the properties of physical objects to those of their constituent particles. This book provides an approach, based on a 'macrostatistical mechanics', which contrasts with the standard microscopic treatments of many-body problems.Trade Review"A clear, well-paced and compact exposition which, through a nice intertwining of physics and mathematics, leaves the reader with a rather complete grasp of the beautiful theoretical construction that goes from the algebraic quantum mechanical framework to thermodynamics, phase transitions and dynamical phase transitions... It offers a road map to a number of central problems in mathematical statistical mechanics. It offers paved access to fascinating physics and mathematics."--Roberto Fernandez, Mathematical Reviews "Sewell's book begins with a self-contained introduction to algebraic quantum theory (especially of infinite systems); and this, together with the fact that Sewell always develops only as much mathematics as he needs for his physics, means that his 300 page book provides a masterly overview of his field."--Jeremy Butterfield, Philosophy of ScienceTable of ContentsPreface ix Notation xi Part I. The Algebraic Quantum Mechanical Framework and the Description of Order, Disorder and Irreversibility in Macroscopic Systems: Prospectus 1 Chapter 1. Introductory Discussion of Quantum Macrophysics 3 Chapter 2. The Generalised Quantum Mechanical Framework 7 2.1. Observables, States, Dynamics 8 2.2. Finite Quantum Systems 8 2.2.1. Uniqueness of the Representation 8 2.2.2. The Generic Model 10 2.2.3. The Algebraic Picture 13 2.3. Infinite Systems: Inequivalent Representations 15 2.3.1. The Representation o-(+) 15 2.3.2. The Representation o(-) 17 2.3.3. Inequivalence of o:(+-) 17 2.3.4. Other Inequivalent Representations 18 2.4. Operator Algebraic Interlude 18 2.4.1. Algebras: Basic Definitions and Properties 18 2.4.2. States and Representations 21 2.4.3. Automorphisms and Antiautomorphisms 24 2.4.4. Tensor Products 26 2.4.5. Quantum Dynamical Systems 27 2.4.6. Derivations of *-Algebras and Generators of Dynamical Groups 28 2.5. Algebraic Formulation of Infinite Systems 29 2.5.1. The General Scheme 29 2.5.2. Construction of the Lattice Model 32 2.5.3. Construction of the Continuum Model 34 2.6. The Physical Picture 39 2.6.1. Normal Folia as Local Modifications of Single States 39 2.6.2. Space-translationally Invariant States 39 2.6.3. Primary States have Short Range Correlations 40 2.6.4. Decay of Time Correlations and Irreversibility 41 2.6.5. Global Macroscopic Observables 42 2.6.6. Consideration of Pure Phases 44 2.6.7. Fluctuations and Mesoscopic Observables 45 2.7. Open Systems 46 2.8. Concluding Remarks 47 Appendix A: filbert Spaces 48 Chapter 3. On Symmetry, Entropy and Order 57 3.1. Symmetry Groups 57 3.2. Entropy 58 3.2.1. Classical Preliminaries 58 3.2.2. Finite Quantum Systems 59 3.2.3. Infinite Systems 62 3.2.4. On Entropy and Disorder 64 3.3. Order and Coherence 65 3.3.1 Order and Symmetry 65 3.3.2. Coherence 68 3.3.3. Long Range Correlations in G-invariant Mixtures of Ordered Phases 69 3.3.4 Superfluidity and Off-diagonal Long Range Order 70 3.3.5. On Entropy and Order 72 3.4. Further Discussion of Order and Disorder 72 Chapter 4. Reversibility, Irreversibilty and Macroscopic Causality 75 4.1. Microscopic Reversibility 76 4.1.1. Finite Systems 76 4.1.2. Infinite Systems 78 4.2. From Systems to Subsystems: Completely Positive Maps, Quantum Dynamical Semigroups and Conditional Expectations 79 4.2.1. Complete Positivity 79 4.2.2. Quantum Dynamical Semigroups 81 4.2.3. Conditional Expectations 82 4.3. Induced Dynamical Subsystems 83 4.4. Irreversibility 83 4.4.1. Irreversibility, Mixing and Markovian Dynamics 83 4.5. Note on Classical Macroscopic Casuality 86 Appendix A: Example of a Positive Map that is not Completely Posistive 88 Appendix B. Simple Model of Irrversibilty and Mixing 89 Appendix C. Simple Model of Irreversibilty and Macroscopic Casuality 94 C.1. The Model 94 C.2. Equations of Motion 98 C.3. Macroscopic Description of B 100 C.4. The Phenomenological Law 102 C.5. The Fluctuation Process 103 Part II. From Quantum Statistics to Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics: Prospectus 107 Chapter 5. Thermal Equilibrium States and Phases 109 5.1. Introduction 109 5.2. Finite Systems 11l 5.2.1. Equilibrium, Linear Response Theory and the KMS Conditions 111 5.2.2. Equilibrium and Thermodynamical Stability 112 5.2.3. Resume 112 5.3. Infinite Systems 113 5.3.1. The KMS Conditions 113 5.3.2. Thermodynamical Stability Conditions 118 5.4. Equilibrium and Metastable States 123 5.4.1. Equilibrium States 123 5.4.2. Metastable States 124 5.5. Further Discussion 125 Chapter 6. Equilibrium Thermodynamics and Phase Structure 127 6.1. Introduction 127 6.2. Preliminaries on Convexity 131 6.3. Thermodynamic States as Tangents to the Reduced Pressure Function 135 6.4. Quantum Statistical Basis of Thermodynamics 136 6.5. An Extended Thermodynamics with Order Parameters 142 6.6. Concluding Remarks on the Paucity of Thermodynamical Variables 144 Appendix A: Proofs of Propositions 6.4.1 and 6.4.2 145 Appendix B: Functionals q as Space Averages of Locally Conserved Quantum Fields 146 Chapter 7. Macrostatistics and Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics 149 7.1. Introduction 149 7.2. The Quantum Field q(x) 153 7.3. The Macroscopic Model, M 155 7.4. Relationship between the Classical Field q and the Quantum Field q 158 7.5. The Model M(flunt) 161 7.6. The Linear Regime: Macroscopic Equilibrium Conditions and the Onsager Relations 164 7.7. The Nonlinear Regime: Local Equilibrium and Generalized Onsager Relations 165 7.8. Further Considerations: Towards a Generalization of the Theory to Galilean Continuum Mechanics 168 Appendix A: Tempered Distributions 170 Appendix B: Classical Stochastic Processes and the Construction of M(flunt) as a Classical Markov Field 176 B.1. Algebraic Description of Classical Stochastic Processes 176 B.2. Classical Gaussian Fields 178 B.3. Proof of Propositions 7.5.1 and 7.5.2 183 Appendix C: Equilibrium Correlations and The Static Two-Point Function 183 C.1. The Truncated Static Two-Point Function 184 C.2. Quantum Statistical Formulation of s"(q) 186 C.3. Formulation of n" via Perturbations of po 187 C.4. Proof of Propositions C.3.1 and C.3.2 for Lattice Systems with Finite Range Interactions 192 C.5. Pure Crystalline Phases 195 Part III. Superconductive Electrodynamics as a Consequence of Off-diagonal Long Range Order, Gauge Covariance and Thermodynamical Stability: Prospectus 197 ,p> Chapter 8. Brief Historical Survey of Theories of Superconductivity 199 Chapter 9. Off-diagonal Long Range Order and Superconductive Electrodynamics 211 9.1. Introduction 211 9.2. The General Model 213 9.3. ODLRO versus Magnetic Induction 218 9.4. Statistical Thermodynamics of the Model and the Meissner Effect 221 9.4.1 The Equilibrium States 221 9.4.2 Thermodynamical Potentials 222 9.5. Flux Quantisation 226 9.6. Metastability of Supercurrents and Superselection Rules 229 9.7. Note on Type II Superconductors 234 9.8. Concluding Remarks 236 Appendix A: Vector Potentials Representing Magnetic Fields with Compact Support 236 Part IV. Ordered and Chaotic Structures Far from Equilibrium: Prospectus 239 Chapter 10. Schematic Approach to a Theory of Nonequlibrium Phase Transitions, Order and Chaos 241 Chapter 11. Laser Model as a Paradigm of Nonequilibrium Phase Structures 247 11.1. Introduction 247 11.2. The Model 248 11.3. The Macroscopic Dynamics 256 11.4. The Dynamical Phase Transitions 260 11.5. The Microscopic Dynamics 264 11.6. A Nonequilibrium Maximum Entropy Principle 269 11.7. Concluding Remarks 271 Appendix A: Proof of Lemma 11.5.2 and Proposition 11.5.4 271 References 275 Index 287

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Book SynopsisMost organisms live in a seasonal environment. During their life cycles, some species face seasons of breeding and nonbreeding. This work analyzes the complex interaction between a population and a regularly varying environment in an attempt to define and measure seasonality as a critical parameter in the general theory of population regulation.

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Book SynopsisProblems in theoretical physics often lead to paradoxical answers; yet closer reasoning and a more complete analysis invariably lead to the resolution of the paradox. This work is based on the author's lectures at the University of Washington in the spring of 1977 and at the Institut de Physique Nucleaire, University de Paris-Sud, Orsay.

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Since their first monograph in population biology Princeton has regularly produced excellent innovative texts presenting to ecologists new ideas and new hypotheses to test ... [David Tilman's book] is no exception."--Naturalist

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Book SynopsisDiscusses the methods and problems involved in the demonstration and measurement of natural selection. This work presents the critical evidence for its existence, and places it in an evolutionary perspective. It argues that natural selection can explain the change of frequencies of variants, but not their origins.Trade Review"Those who denigrate the importance of natural selection in evolution will be forced to take this book seriously, and those who work on the process will find this the necessary reference text."—Paul Harvey, Oxford University

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Book SynopsisPresents material on the young Einstein. In addition to Einstein's known correspondence and other writings from this period, this volume includes the relevant portions of third-party letters and other contemporary documents that provide additional information.Trade Review"The volume is attractive, the editing perceptive and informative without being intrusive; the translation, an entirely appropriate and insightful compromise between the literary and the literal."--International Journal of Theoretical PhysicsTable of ContentsPublisher's Foreword xi List of Texts xv List of Illustrations xxi INTRODUCTORY MARTERIAL General Information xxvii Editorial Method xxx Introduction to Volume 1 xxxv Acknowledgments xlii List of Location Symbols xlv List of Descriptive Symbols xlvii "Albert Einstein--Betrag fur sein Lebensbid" (Excerpt) by Maja Winteler-Einstein xlviii Map 2 LIST OF TEXTS 1.Birth Certificate, 15 March 1879 1 2.Pauline Einstein to Fanny Einstein, 1 August 1886 3 3.Comment on the Proof of a Theorem, 1891-1895 3 4.Two Philosophical Comments, 1891-1895 4 Editorial Note: Einstein's First Scientific Essay 5 5."On the Investigation of the State of the Ether in a 6 Magnetic Field," Summer? 1895 6.To Caesar Koch, Summer 1895 9 Editorial Note: ETH Entrance Examination and Aargau Kantonsschule 10 7.Albin Herzog to Gustav Maier, 25 September 1895 12 8.Entrance Report of the Gewerbeschule Aargau Kantonsschule, ca. 26 October 1895 13 9.Gustav Mier to Jost Winteler 26 October 1895 14 10.Aargau Kantonsschule Record, 26 October 1895 3 October 1896 15 11.Hermann Einstein to Jost Winteler, 29 October 1895 17 12.Minutes of the Teachers' Conference, Aargau Kantonsschule, 8 November 1895 18 13.Jost Winteler to Gustav Maier, 21 December 1895 18 14.Hermann Einstein to Jost Winteler, 30 December 1895 19 15.Pauline Einstein to the Winteler Family, 30 December 1895 19 16.Release from Wurttemberg Citizenship, 28 January 1896 20 17.Inspector's Report on a Music Examination, Aargau Kantonsschule, ca. 31 March 1896 21 18.To Marie Winteler, with a Postscript by Pauline Einstein, 21 April 1896 21 19.Final Grades, Aargau Kantonsschule, 5 September 1896 23 Editorial Note: Matura Examinations at the Gewerbeschule, Aargau Kantonsschule 23 20.To the Department of Education, Canton of Aargau, 7 September 1896 25 21.Matura Examination (A) German: "Synopsis of Goethe's Gotz von Berlichingen," 18 September 1896 25 22.Matura Examination (B) French: "My Future Plans," 18 September 1896 28 23.Matura Examination (C) Geometry, 19 September 1896 29 24.Matura Examination (D) Physics: "Tangent Galvanometer and Galvanometer," 19 September 1896 32 25.Matura Examination (E) Natural History: "Evidence of the Earlier Glaciation of Our Country," 21 September 1896 35 26.Matura Examination (F) Algebra, 21 September 1896 39 27.Matura Examination (G) Chemistry, 21 September 1896 41 Editorial Note: The Swiss Federal Polytechnical School (ETH) 43 28.ETH Record and Grade Transcript, 5-10 October 1896 2 August 1900 45 29.From Marie Winteler, 4-25 November 1896 50 30.From Marie Winteler, 30 November 1896 52 31.Pauline Einstein to Marie Winteler, 13 December 1896 53 32.Pauline Einstein to Marie Winteler, 24 March 1897 54 33.Statement of a Fine, 23-28 April 1897 54 34.To Pauline Winteler, May? 1897 55 35.To Pauline Winteler, 7 June 1897 57 36.From Mileva Maric, after 20 October 1897 58 Editorial Note: Einstein as a Student of Physics, and His Notes on H. F. Weber's Course 60 37.H. F. Weber's Lectures on Physics, ca. December 1897-ca. June 1898 63 38.To Maja Einstein, 1898 211 To Mileva Maric, 2 January 1898 [envelope only] 211 39.To Mileva Maric, 16 February 1898 211 40.To Mileva Maric, 16 April-8 November 1898 213 41.To Mileva Maric, after 16 April 1898 213 42.Jerome Franel to Hermann Bleuler, 21 October 1898 214 43.To Mileva Maric, after 28 November 1898 215 44.To Maja Einstein, after February 1899 215 45.To Mileva Maric, 13 or 20 March 1899 215 46.To Rosa Winteler, 29 April 1899 217 47.To Rosa Winteler, 18 May 1899 218 48.To Julia Niggli, 28 July 1899 218 49.Verse in the Album of Anna Schmid, August 1899 220 50.To Mileva Maric, early August 1899 220 51.To Julia Niggli, 6? August 1899 221 Editorial Note: E~nstetin on the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies 223 52.To Mileva Maric, 10? August 1899 225 53.From Mileva Maric, after 10 August-before 10 September 1899 228 54.To Mileva Maric, 10 September 1899 229 55.To Julia Niggli, 11 September 1899 231 56.To Pauline Winteler, 11 September 1899 232 57.To Mileva Maric, 28? September 1899 233 Editorial Note: Einstein on Thermal, Electrical, and Radiation Phenomena 235 58.To Mileva Maric, 10 October 1899 237 Ediitorial Note: Swiss Citizenship 239 59.Municipal Certificate of Residence and Good Conduct, 18 October 1899 241 60.To the Swiss Federal Council, 19 October 1899 242 61.From Mileva Maric, 1900? 242 62.To the Swiss Department of Foreign Affairs, 28 February 1900 243 63.Mileva Maric to Helene Kaufler, 9 March 1900 243 64.Mileva Maric to Helene Kaufler, 4 June-23 July 1900 244 65.To the Zurich City Council, 26 June 1900 245 66.Municipal Police Detective's Report, 4 July 1900 246 67.Adolf Hurwitz to Hermann Bleuler, 27 July 1900 247 68.To Mileva Maric, 29? July 1900 248 69.To Mileva Maric, 1 August 1900 249 70.To Mileva Maric, 6 August 1900 251 71.To Mileva Maric, 9? August 1900 252 72.To Mileva Maric, 14? August 1900 254 73.To Mileva Maric, 20 August 1900 255 74.To Mileva Maric, 30 August or 6 September 1900 257 75.To Mileva Maric, 13? September 1900 259 76.To Mileva Maric, 19 September 1900 261 77.To Adolf Hurwitz, 23 September 1900 263 78.To Adolf Hurwitz, 26 September 1900 264 Editorial Note: Einstein on Molecular Forces 264 79.To Mileva Maric, 3 October 1900 266 80.Mileva Maric to Helene Kaufler, before 9 October 1900 268 81.To Helene Kaufler, 11 October 1900 268 82.Questionnaire for Municipal Citizenship Applicants, 11-26 October 1900 269 83.Mileva Maric to Helene Savic, with a Postscript by Einstein, 11 December 1900 270 "Conclusions Drawn from the Phenomena of Capillarity," 271 13December 1900 [text in Vol. 2] 84.Minutes of the Municipal Naturalization Commission of Zurich, 14 December 1900 271 85.Mileva Maric to Helene Savic, 20 December 1900 272 86.To Helene Savic, 20 December 1900 274 87.Mileva Maric to Helene Savic, with a Postscript by Einstein, 8 January-19 March 1901 274 88.Report of the Schweizerisches Informationsbureau, 30 January 1901 275 89.Dedication to Friedrich Muhlberg, ca. March 1901 276 90.To Otto Wiener, 9 March 1901 277 91.Military Service Book, 13 March 1901 277 92.To Wilhelm Ostwald, 19 March 1901 278 93.To Mileva Maric, 23 March 1901 279 94.To Mileva Maric, 27 March 1901 281 95.To Wilhelm Ostwald, 3 April 1901 284 96.To Mileva Maric, 4 April 1901 284 97.To Mileva Maric, 10 April 1901 286 98.To Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, 12 April 1901 288 99.Hermann Einstein to Wilhelm Ostwald, 13 April 1901 289 BOOKID100. To Marcel Grossmann, 14 April 1901 290 101.To Mileva Maric, 15 April 1901 291 102.To Mileva Maric, 30 April 1901 293 103.From Mileva Maric, 2 May 1901 295 104.To Alfred Stern, 3 May 1901 296 105.From Mileva Maric, 3 May 1901 297 106.To Mileva Maric, 9 May 1901 298 107.To Mileva Maric, second half of May? 1901 300 108.From Mileva Maric, second half of May? 1901 301 109.Mileva Maric to Helene Savic, second half of May? 1901 301 110.To Mileva Maric, second half of May? 1901 303 111.To Mileva Maric, 28? May 1901 304 112.To Mileva Maric, 4? June 1901 306 113.To the Director's Office, Technikum Burgdorf, 3 July 1901 307 114.To Mileva Maric, 7? July 1901 308 115.To Jost Winteler, 8 July 1901 309 116.From Mileva Maric, ca. 8 July 1901 310 117.To the Department of Education, Canton of Bern, 13 July 1901 311 118.From the Department of Internal Affairs, Canton of Bern, 16 July 1901 312 119.To Mileva Maric, 22? July 1901 312 120.From the Department of Internal Affairs, Canton of Bern, 31 July 1901 313 121.From Mileva Maric, 31? July 1901 313 122.To Marcel Grossmann, 6? September 1901 315 123.From Mileva Maric, early November 1901 316 124.From Mileva Maric, 13 November 1901 317 125.Mileva Maric to Helene Savic, ca. 23 November mid-December 1901 319 126.To Mileva Maric, 28 November 1901 320 127.To Mileva Maric, 12 December 1901 322 128.To Mileva Maric, 17 December 1901 325 129.To the Swiss Patent Office, 18 December 1901 327 130.To Mileva Maric, 19 December 1901 328 131.To Mileva Maric, 28 December 1901 329 132.Receipt for the Return of Doctoral Fees, 1 February 1902 331 133.To Conrad Habicht, 4 February 1902 331 134.To Mileva Maric, 4 February 1902 332 135.Advertisement for Private Lessons, 5 February 1902 334 136.To Mileva Maric, 8? February 1902 334 137.To Mileva Maric, 17? February 1902 335 138.Pauline Einstein to Pauline Winteler, 20 February 1902 336 "On the Thermodynamic Theory of the Difference in Potentials between Metals and Fully Dissociated Solutions of Their Salts and On an Electrical Method for Investigating Molecular Forces," April 1902 [text in Vol. 2] 337 139.To Conrad Habicht, April? 1902 337 "Kinetic Theory of Thermal Equilibrium and of the Second Law of Thermodynamics," June 1902 [text in Vol. 2] 337 140.The Swiss Department of Justice to the Swiss Federal Council, 2 June 1902 338 141.From the Swiss Department of Justice, 19 June 1902 339 142.From the Swiss Patent Office, 19 June 1902 340 APPENDIXES A. Munich Volkschule, Curriculum 341 B. Luitpold-Gymnasium, Curriculum 346 C. ETH Entrance Examination, Required Topics 356 D. Aagau Kantonsschule, Curriculum 359 E. ETH, Einstein's Curriculum 362 Chronology, March 1879-June 1902 370 Biographies 378 Literature Cited 390 Index 409

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Book SynopsisAiming to encourage the exchange of ideas among scientists involved in the management of fisheries, wildlife, forest stands, and pest control, this work presents a general framework for modeling populations that reproduce seasonally and that have age or stage structure as an essential component of management strategy.

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Book SynopsisProvides a comprehensive treatment of the properties of liquids under conditions where the stable state is a vapor, a solid, or a liquid mixture of different composition. This book examines the fundamental principles that govern the equilibrium properties, stability, relaxation mechanisms, and relaxation rates of metastable liquids.Trade ReviewWinner of the 1997 Award for Best Professional/Scholarly Book in Chemistry, Association of American Publishers "This is an authoritative text ... both readable and comprehensive. It should provide an invaluable handbook both for experimentalists interested in what is known about metastable liquids and for theoreticians who wish to become aware of the great deal which remains to be explained and understood."--Contemporary PhysicsTable of ContentsPreface and Acknowledgments1Introduction: Metastable Liquids in Nature and Technology12Thermodynamics633Kinetics1474Supercooled Liquids2355Outlook363App. 1Stability of Fluids: Thermodynamic and Mathematical Proofs367App. 2Thermodynamics of Fluid Interfaces377App. 3Definitions of Microscopic and Statistical Quantities389Index397

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Book SynopsisVarious approaches have been developed to evaluate the consequences of spatial structure on evolution in subdivided populations. This book is both a review and new synthesis of several of these approaches, based on the theory of spatial genetic structure.Trade Review"For most of us reading his book, our task is to master the concepts behind the elegant equations presented in Rousset's monograph, if we are to have any hope of keeping up with future developments in the field of mathematical population genetics."--Wayne M .Getz, Bioscience "This book will be very useful to graduate students and researchers in population genetics and ecology, especially to those interested in the genetic structure of spatially extended populations. It will be a valuable source of reference and inspiration."--Reinhard Buerger, BiometricsTable of ContentsList of Figures and Tables xi Acknowledgments xiii Preface xv What Is and Is Not There xv Assumed Background xv Of Gene and Fitness xvi 1. Introduction 1 Genetic Structure in Relation to Selection 1 Plan of the Book 5 2. Selection and Drift 9 Selection in Panmictic Populations 9 Evolution in Spatially Structured Populations 11 Selection and Local Drift 12 Effective Size in Subdivided Populations 13 Measuring Population Structure 14 Genetic Identity 14 Statistical Concepts of Equilibrium and Population 19 Summary 21 3. Spatially Homogeneous Dispersal: The Island Model and Isolation by Distance 23 Island Models 24 Isolation by Distance 28 Dispersal in Natural Populations 29 The Lattice Models 32 Differentiation under Isolation by Distance 35 Summary 44 Appendix 1: General Analysis of the Lattice Model 45 Appendix 2: Miscellaneous Results 49 Diversity in a Deme 49 Average Diversity in a Population 50 Differentiation under Low Dispersal 51 4. Interpretations of Inbreeding and Relatedness Coefficients in Subdivided Populations 53 Probabilities of Coalescence in Migration Matrix Models 54 Migration Matrix Models: Formulation 54 Probabilities of Coalescence 55 Interpretations of FST 56 Coalescence before Dispersal 56 Separation of Time Scales 57 An Ancestral Reference Population? 58 Differences between Distributions of Coalescence Times 58 Properties of Inbreeding Coefficients 62 Sensitivity to Mutation and to Past Demographic Events 62 No Mutation 63 Alternative Measures of Allelic Divergence 64 5. Evolutionary Dynamics 67 Fitness in a Panmictic Population 67 Example: Resource Competition 67 Convergence Stability 68 Evolutionary Stability 71 Applicability of This Framework 74 Fitness in a Subdivided Population 81 Frequency Dependence in Subdivided Populations 82 How to Measure Selection? 84 Conclusion 87 Appendix: The Prisoner's Dilemma Game 88 Noniterated Game 88 Iterated Game 89 6. Convergence Stability in a Spatially Homogeneous Population 91 Weak Selection Effects on Probability of Fixation 92 Fixation Probability as Allele Frequency Change 92 Fitness Functions 93 Fixation Probability: Direct Fitness Expansion 97 Expression in Terms of Parameters of Population Structure 97 Practical Computation of Convergence Stability 99 Island Model 99 Isolation by Distance 100 Conclusions 101 Direct Fitness Method 101 Fitness Maximization 103 7. Inclusive Fitness, Cooperation, and Altruism 105 What Inclusive Fitness Does Measure 106 Inclusive and Direct Fitness 106 Hamilton's Derivation of Inclusive Fitness 108 Isolation by Distance 109 Altruism in Spatially Subdivided Populations 111 Cost, Benefit, and Relatedness 111 Helping Neighbors 112 Other Examples 116 The Importance of Kin Competition 117 Kin Recognition 118 Implications for Modeling Approaches 119 Inclusive Fitness Theory 119 Other Frameworks 121 Appendix: Helping Neighbors under Isolation by Distance 124 8. Diploidy (and Sex) 127 Population Structure of Diploid Populations 128 Analysis of Pollen and Seed Dispersal 129 Joint Effects of Selfing and Selection on Population Structure 136 Selection in Sexual Diploid Populations 137 Parent and Offspring Control 138 Dominance 140 Highlights 141 9. Effective Size: Concepts and Applications to Stable Populations 143 Defining Effective Size 144 Application in Diffusion Approximations 147 Computation of Effective Size of a Total Population 152 Reproductive Value 153 Deme Structure: The Strong Migration Limit 155 Deme Structure: More Accurate Results 160 Additional Factors 162 Local Effective Size 167 Concluding Remarks 168 Appendix 171 Dispersal and Class Transitions 171 Strong Migration Limit 173 10. Fluctuating Demography: Neutral Models 175 Effective Size of an Isolated Deme 175 Defining Effective Size 176 An Example 177 Structured Populations 178 A Metapopulation Model 179 Propagule Models 184 Inferences 187 11. Selection in Class-Structured Populations 189 Fitness Measures 190 Stable Demography 190 Fluctuating Demography 192 Fitness as Eigenvalue 194 Diffusion Approximations 196 Inferences 196 12. Overview and Perspectives 199 Statistical Analyses of Genetic Structure 199 All Those Data 199 Estimation Methods 201 Robustness 203 Estimation of Effective Size 203 Some Easy Improvements 204 Prospects for the Analysis of Selection 206 Current State of Theory 206 Avenues for Simplifications 208 Conclusion 209 Appendix: Algorithms for Likelihood Estimation 211 Appendix A. Mathematical Appendix 215 Notation 215 Matrix Algebra 217 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 217 Diagonalizable Matrices 219 Generating Functions 220 Computation of Identity in State 221 Mutation Models 221 Identity in the Different Mutation Models 222 References 227 Index 261

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Book SynopsisPresents articles which are based on invited talks presented at a conference honoring Nobel laureate Philip W Anderson of Princeton University, who coined the phrase "More is different". This title covers numerous topics under the umbrellas of superconductivity, superfluidity, magnetism, electron localization, and interacting electronic systems.Trade Review"This book fills a need for an accessible introduction to some problems at the forefront of condensed-matter physics research... The editors have done an excellent job of assembling articles that offer a concrete and comprehensive demonstration of [Anderson's] original thesis."--Stephen Julian, Times Higher Education Supplement "I would recommend the book to condensed matter theoretical physicists who are interested in the broad range of complexity theory and exploring outside their usual bailiwick. Some elementary particle physicists would also have their horizons widened by reading the book."--Charlie Ironside, Contemporary PhysicsTable of ContentsPREFACE: N. PHUAN ONG AND RAVIN N. BHATT xi 1950 TO Y2K: E.ABRAHAMS xv 1. MORE is DIFFERENT - ONE MORE TIME 1 PHILIP W. ANDERSON 1 2 LOCALIZATION YESTERDAY, TODAY, TOMORROW 9 T. V. RAMAKRISHNAN 9 2.1 ABSENCE OF DIFFUSION IN RANDOM LATTICES 9 2.1.1 EXPERIMENTAL BACKGROUND 9 2.1.2 THE LOCALIZATION IDEA 10 2.1.3 RELATED DEVELOPMENTS 11 2.1.4 CONSEQUENCES OF LOCALIZATION 12 2.1.5 LOCALIZATION AS A GENERAL FEATURE OF DISORDER 13 2.2 SCALING AND WEAK LOCALIZATION 14 2.2.1 THOULESS CONDUCTANCE 14 2.2.2 SCALING THEORY 15 2.2.3 WEAK LOCALIZATION 16 2.2.4 THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENTS 18 2.2.5 MESOSCOPIC SYSTEMS AND PHENOMENA 21 2.2.6 OTHER EXCITATIONS 21 2.2.7 SUMMARY 22 2.3 TOMORROW 23 2.3.1 GLASS AND SPIN GLASS 23 2.3.2 SUPERCONDUCTOR-INSULATOR TRANSITION 23 2.3.3 METAL-INSULATOR TRANSITION IN 2D 24 2.3.4 DECOHFRENCE IN DISORDERED CONDUCTORS 25 2.3.5 LOCALIZATION IN MANGANITES 27 3 METAL-INSULATOR TRANSITIONS IN DISORDERED SYSTEMS 33 MYRIAM P. SARACHIK 33 3.1 CRITICAL ExPONENT PUZZLE IN 3D 33 3.2 NOVEL PHENOMENA IN DILUTE 2D SYSTEMS: NEW PHYSICS OR OLD? 33 4 THE NATURE OF SUPERFLUID 3HE IN SILICA AEROGEL 47 D. D. OSHEROFF, B. 1. BARKER, AND Y. LEE 47 4.1 INTRODUCTION 47 4.2 RESULTS OF THE FIRST STUDY 51 4.3 RESULTS OF THE SECOND STUDY 54 4.4 COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS RESULTS 59 4.5 CONCLUSIONS 61 5 RVB DESCRIPTION OF HIGH-T, SUPERCONDUCTORS 63 PATRICK A. LEE 63 5.1 INTRODUCTION 63 5.2 REVIEW OF RVB THEORY 64 5.3 PROJECTED WAVEFUNCTIONS AND STAGGERED CURRENT FLUCTUATIONS 68 5.4 CONCLUSION 73 6. ANGLE-RESOLVED PHOTOEMISSION RESULTS IN CUPRATES 75 J. C. CAMPUZANO 75 6.1 INTRODUCTION 75 6.2 NATURE OF THE ELECTRONIC STATES 76 6.3 EXCITATIONS AT THE FERMI SURFACE 77 6.4 QUASIPARTICLES IN THE SUPERCONDUCTING STATE 80 6.5 NEW ENERGY SCALES IN THE SUPERCONDUCTING STATE 82 7. SPIN EXCITATIONS IN COPPER OXIDE SUPERCONDUCTORS 91 B. KEIMER 91 7.1 INTRODUCTION 91 7,2 NEUTRON SPECTROSCOPY RESULTS IN CUPRATES 92 7.3 STRIPE FORMATION IN LA2-xSRxCU04 94 7.4 MAGNETIC RESONANCE PEAK IN CUPRATES 95 7.5 ORIGIN OF THE RESONANCE PEAK 97 7.6 CONCLUSION 100 8. ANDERSON'S THEORY OF HIGH-T, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 103 G.BASKARAN 103 8.1 INTRODUCTION 103 8.2 THE RVB THEORY OF 1987 104 8.3 THREE APECTS OF ANDERSON'S 1987 MECHANISM 110 8.4 SOME COMMENTS ON ANDERSON'S SOLUTION 112 8.5 APPENDIX 113 9 QUANTUM CONFINEMENT AND CUPRATE CRITICALITY 121 T. SENTHIL AND MATTHEW P. A. FISHER 121 9.1 INTRODUCTION 121 9.2 EXPERIMENTS 122 9.3 NOVEL EXCITATIONS 122 9.4 THE Z2 GAUGE THEORY. 123 9.5 PHASE DIAGRAM. 123 9.6 CHARGON CONDENSATION AND SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 127 9.7 QUANTUM CONFINEMENT CRITICAL POINT 128 9.8 EXPERIMENTAL IMPLICATIONS 130 9.9 COMPARISON WITH ANDERSON'S RVB STATE 132 10 SPIN-TRIPLET SUPERCONDUCTIVITY OF SR2RuO4 135 Y. MAENO 135 10.1 INTRODUCTION 135 10.2 QUASI-21) FERMI LIQUID PROPERTIES 137 10.3 SPIN-TRIPLET SUPERCONDUCTIVITY. 138 10.4 ANISOTROPY OF THE SUPERCONDUCTING GAP 141 10.5 H - T PHASE DIAGRAM 143 10.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 146 11 TRIPLET QUASI-ONE-DIMENSIONAL SUPERCONDUCTORS 151 S. E. BROWN, M. J. NAUGHTON, 1. J. LEE, E. 1. CHASHECHKINA, AND P. M. CHAIKIN 151 11.1 INTRODUCTION 151 11.2 EARLY RESULTS ON P-WAVE PAIRING. 153 11.3 DIMENSIONALITY REDUCTION IN A MAGNETIC FIELD 154 11.4 INTERLAYER DECOUPLING 156 11.5 RECENT EXPERIMENTS ON SPIN PAIRING 161 11.6 CONCLUSIONS 169 12 MAGNETIC MOMENTS IN METALS 173 H. R. OTT 173 12.1 INTRODUCTION 173 12.2 HEAVY (SLow) ELECTRONS 177 12.3 COEXISTENCE OF MAGNETIC ORDER AND HEAVY ELECTRONS 180 12.4 NON-FERMI-LIQUID FEATURES OF HEAVY-ELECTRON METALS 182 12.5 SUPERCONDUCTIVITY OF HEAVY ELECTRON METALS 183 12.6 CONCLUSIONS 186 13 SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND MAGNETISM IN HEAVY-FERMIONS 191 F. STEGLICH el al. 191 13.1 INTRODUCTION 192 13.2 MAGNETIC -EXCITON MEDIATED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 194 13.3 ANTIFERROMAGNETISM AND SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 197 13.4 HEAVY-FERMION METALS NEAR A MAGNETIC INSTABILITY 203 13.5 OUTLOOK. 206 14 THE MOTT TRANSITION 211 G. KOTLIAR 211 14.1 INTRODUCTION 211 14.2 MODEL HAMILTONIAN 212 14.3 MEAN FIELD THEORY 214 14.4 SPECTRAL FUNCTIONS OF STRONGLY CORRELATED STATES 219 14.5 ANOMALOUS RESISTIVITY AND SPECTRAL WEIGHT 222 14.6 THE MOTT TRANSITION AS A BIFURCATION 226 14.7 EXTENSIONS OF DYNAMICAL MEAN FIELD METHODS 230 14.8 CONCLUSIONS 232 15 FIRST STEPS IN GLASS THEORY 237 MARC WZARD 237 15.1 INTRODUCTION 237 15.2 MATHEMATICS 237 15.3 EXPERIMENTS 238 15.4 A MEAN-FIELD SPIN-GLASS ANALOGY 240 15.5 A LESSON FROM MEAN-FIFLD: MANY VALLEYS 243 15.6 BEYOND THE ANALOGY: FIRST- PRINCIPLES COMPUTATION 246 15.7 CONCLUSION 251 16 GEOMETRICAL FRUSTRATION AND MARGINAL CONSTRAINT 255 A. P. RAMIREZ 255 16.1 INTRODUCTION 255 16.2 GEOMETRICAL FRUSTRATION 256 16.3 ORDINARY WATER ICE 259 16.4 SPIN ICE IN PYROCHLORES 260 16.5 KAGOME-LIKE SYSTEMS 262 16.6 GEOMETRICAL FRUSTRATION IN NON-MAGNETIC SYSTEMS 264 17 OLFACTION AND COLOR VISION: MORE IS SIMPLER 269 J. J. HOPFIELD 269 17.1 COLOR VISION 270 17.2 OLFACTION 271 17.3 COMPARATIVE PROBLEMS OF VISION AND OLFACTION 272 17.4 THE LOGARITHMIC DISTRIBUTION OF ODORANT BINDING CONSTANTS 272 17.5 ODORANT MODELING 273 17.6 OLFACTORY TASKS IN A LEAST-SQUARED ERROR ALGORITHM 275 17.7 AN APPROACH THROUGH LARGE-n 276 17.8 ON THE LARGE NUMBER n OF CELL TYPES: MORE IS SIMPLER 280 17.9 SEPARATION OF TWO UNKNOWN ODORS 281 17.10 MORE IS SIMPLER 284 18 SCREENING AND GIANT CHARGE INVERSION IN ELECTROLYTES 285 T. T. NGUYEN, A. Yu. GROSBERG, AND B. 1. SHKLOVSKII 285 18.1 INTRODUCTION 285 18.2 SCREENING OF CHARGED SURFACE BY SPHERICAL Z-IONS. 292 18.3 LONG CHARGED RODS AS Z-IONS 297 19 FOREST FIRES AND LUMINOUS MATTER IN THE UNIVERSE 301 PER BAK AND KAN CHEN 301 19.1 INTRODUCTION 302 19.2 THE FOREST FIRE MODEL 303 19.3 SCALE-DEPENDENT DIMENSION OF LUMINOUS MATTER 306 19.4 FOREST FIRES AND MEASLES 310 20 COMPLEXITY IN COSMOLOGY 313 L. PIETRONERo el aL 313 20.1 INTRODUCTION 313 20.2 FRACTAL STRUCTURES AND SELF ORGANIZATION 314 20.3 RECONSTRUCTING THE PUZZLE 319 20.3.1 SCALING PROPERTIES AND DATA ANALYSIS. 321 20.3.2 IMPLICATIONS OF FRACTAL STRUCTURE UP TO Ao 324 20.4 FRACTAL COSMOLOGY IN AN OPEN UNIVERSE 326 21 STATISTICAL PHYSICS AND COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY 331 S. KIRKPATRICK AND B. SELMAN 331 21.1 INTRODUCTION 331 21.2 SATISFIABILITY AND HARD-PROBLEM INSTANCES 332 21.3 CONNECTIONS TO STATISTICAL PHYSICS 336 21.4 A CLOSER LOOK AT THE PHASE TRANSITION. 337 21.5 MIXTURES OF 2-SAT AND 3-SAT PROBLEMS. 339

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Book SynopsisWhat makes humans unique? This work presents an alternative to this puzzling question. Based on insights into the behavior of chimps and other great apes, our now extinct human ancestors, and existing hunting and gathering societies, it shows the remarkable role that meat has played in these societies.Trade Review"A provocative, eminently digestible book... Stanford writes clearly and often deftly, and with admirable concision... [A] marvelous exploration of evolutionary hypotheses ... fascinating stuff."--Michael Pakenham, The Baltimore Sun "Anyone who would like to review all of the arguments on human origins should read The Hunting Apes... This book will go a long way in explaining why physical anthropologists and their colleagues fight so much."--Deborah L. Manzolillo, Times Literary Supplement "A brave academic endeavour and a fine piece of popular science writing... Stanford's book summarises a huge body of evidence in a pleasing, coherent and non-polemic way. You'll feel that you're talking with a learned ... dinner companion, rather than enduring a lecture or hectoring sermon from an academic pulpit."--Adrian Barnett, New Scientist "Stanford's ideas, while controversial, are amply documented by behavioral studies of nonhuman primates, anthropological studies of a number of human societies and archeological studies of early and pre-humans."--Publishers Weekly "[A] provocative new look at what made people so smart... This is a fascinating book, written for the nonspecialist."--Booklist "An unabashed celebration of the carnivorous tendencies of early humankind. Virtually every aspect of Stanford's thesis about the importance of meat acquisition and sharing among early humans is steeped in controversy."--Kirkus Reviews "[An] admirable little book... [Stanford's] meticulously constructed study is both readable and thought-provoking and gives fascinating insights into the behaviour of our species."--The Tablet "The Hunting Apes is a very enjoyable and quick read, written for a broad audience... These are well-written synopses--good for students, the general informed public, and those in anthropology and other sub-disciplines who want to keep up on these topics."--M. Tappen, Journal of the Royal Anthropological InstituteTable of ContentsPreface and Acknowledgments ix Chapter 1 The Indelible Stamp 3 Chapter 2 Man the Hunter and Other Stories 15 Chapter 3 Ape Nature 52 Chapter 4 The View from the Pliocene 103 Chapter 5 The Hunting People 136 Chapter 6 The Ghost in the Gorilla 163 Chapter 7 Meat's Patriarchy 199 Notes 219 References 229 Index 247

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Book SynopsisCould Einstein have possibly anticipated directly testing the most captivating prediction of general relativity, that there exist isolated pockets of spacetime shielded completely from our own? This book presents evidence that just such an entity, with a mass of about three million suns, is indeed lurking at the center of our galaxy.Trade ReviewOne of Choice's Outstanding Academic Titles for 2003 "A delightful book containing wonderful images and illustrations portraying the center of our galaxy as a region with a personality and character worthy of great study. The sort of book you would read on a cold rainy night by the fireside--with your imagination marveling at the journey the author takes you on... You generally come away feeling you have learned some fresh physics and are compelled to agree that supermassive black holes are a reality."--Kevin Long, Astronomy "Professional and armchair astronomers alike will delight in [Melia's] scientific erudition, lucid style, and sophisticated charm... After all, anyone who can quote St. Augustine on the quixotic nature of time while simultaneously explaining how event horizons and singularity in black holes eliminate time must be a master teacher."--Jim Bencivenga, The Christian Science Monitor "Astronomy buffs will find this account both engrossing and informative."--Publishers Weekly "Space enthusiasts, and people interested in the nature of our universe, who want some light reading material will enjoy Melia's little book about a huge discovery in astrophysics."--Linda Rowan, Science "Astronomers call it Sagittarius A*, but that hardly paints a vivid picture of the star-swallowing, light-bending, time-slowing monstrosity lurking a mere 28,000 light years from your front door."--Marcus Chown, New Scientist "Interested in black holes? This is the book for you! ... Melia takes readers on a tour unlike any other--to the very heart of our galaxy, the Milky Way... He also provides an excellent primer on basic gravitational theory, particle physics, and relativity--not a mean feat for a book aimed at the layperson."--Choice "Melia is a gifted astrophysicist and a compelling storyteller who mixes beautiful language with the jargon of astrophysics to tell a riveting tale of discovery and exploration at the heart of the Milky Way... [This is] a gripping, well-told tale by a scientist whose work is at the forefront of black-hole research. What Melia has crafted here is nothing short of a scientific detective story... If you're in the mood for a good astronomical detective tale to read on a dark and stormy night, this well-written, nicely illustrated work will keep you riveted to the page."--Carolyn Collins Peterson, Sky & Telescope "The Black Hole at the Center of Our Galaxy is the story of the discovery of an astonishing object that has presented yet another new challenge to our understanding of astronomy, specifically galactic evolution."--Terrell Kent Holmes, Mercury "The mind- and spacetime-bending subject of this timely book is bound to have a broad appeal, and Melia amplifies that appeal with a carefully crafted lyrical writing style and a striking collection of handsome color images... Fortunately, Melia is an excellent wordsmith. His book is aimed at the lay public and is ideally suited as a supplemental reading for students in a general education course in physics or astronomy."--Mark R. Morris, Physics TodayTable of ContentsPREFACE vii 1. THE GALACTIC CENTER 1 1.1 The Hidden Realm 3 1.2 Removing the Dusty Veils 10 1.3 The Principal Constituents 18 1.4 Exploration from Space 27 2. CONDENSATION OF DARK MATTER 35 2.1 A Swarm of Stars 37 2.2 The Motion of Stars and Gas 39 2.3 The Missing Mass 44 2.4 A Super-Heavy Central Object 47 3. THE THEORY OF GRAVITY 51 3.1 What Is Mass? 51 3.2 Development of a Gravity Theory 61 3.3 Everything Is Relative 69 3.4 The Principle of Equivalence 77 3.5 The Key Predictions of General Relativity 83 3.6 Black Holes and Their Event Horizons 94 4. A STAR IN SAGITTARIUS 105 4.1 Hawking Radiation 106 4.2 Energy Extraction according to Penrose 111 4.3 Cosmic Fireworks 114 4.4 Shape and Size of Sagittarius A* 117 4.5 The Glow of Matter Falling In 122 5. THE EVENT HORIZON 129 5.1 The Environment near the Precipice 131 5.2 How the Dark Shadow Forms 134 5.3 An Image of the Black Hole within This Decade 143 5.4 An X-Ray Image of the Dark Shadow from Space 146 5.5 Impact on the General Theory of Relativity 149 6. QUASARS AND GALACTIC NUCLEI 153 6.1 The Host Galaxies of Quasars 157 6.2 The Active Nuclei of Other Galaxies 161 6.3 Superluminal Motion 168 6.4 The Supermassive Black Hole Menagerie 174 6.5 Future Horizons 177 REFERENCES 179 INDEX 183

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Book SynopsisCovers topics such as quantum mechanics, classical mechanics, field theory, thermodynamics, the role of mathematics in physics, and the concepts of probability and causality. This book is intended for advanced undergraduate students, professors, and researchers.Trade Review"In Thinking About Physics, a fast-paced and challenging collection of essays, Newton appears as an opinionated yet approachable discussion leader... Newton cuts a wide swath and sprinkles his analysis with provocations that make it hard to be a passive reader."--Chris Quigg, Science "In brief, this book is a history of theoretical physics but is not lacking in interpretation of experimental results... [It] will interest anyone who wants to understand the basic concepts of physics."--Choice "Presents the essence of a great deal of modern physical theory in both a condensed and leisurely digestible form."--H. Rechenberg, European Journal of PhysicsTable of ContentsPrefaceIntroduction3Ch. 1Theories27Ch. 2The State of a Physical System43Ch. 3The Power of Mathematics58Ch. 4Fields and Particles86Ch. 5Symmetry in Physics106Ch. 6Causality and Probability124Ch. 7Arrows of Time150Ch. 8Quantum Mechanics and Reality165Epilogue179Further Reading181Bibliography187Index193

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Onstott so beautifully conveys his excitement that laypeople and scientists alike will find [Deep Life] a worthwhile read."--Publishers Weekly "Deep Life tackles one of the most mysterious, sexiest questions in science today: Is there life beyond Earth? ... Onstott's argument is both profound--we can't understand life on other planets without understanding life on our own--and surprising, pleasing any amateur extraterrestrial beep hunter."--Sarah Sloat, Inverse "Extreme environments beneath Earth's surface could well be the crucible where life was forged, and studying the weird creatures that live in such locales could well shed light on how life could endure in Mars' deep crust or Europa's hidden ocean. Geoscientist Tullis C. Onstott brings you along on the hunt."--Alan Boyle, GeekWire "Life can thrive in the most inhospitable places. And finding out just how inhospitable has been the life's work of Tullis Onstott... While rooted in the earth, the study may also help in the quest to find life in the solar system and beyond. This amazing journey takes us from deep in a South African gold mine, to the ancient seabed below a desert floor to travel deep beneath the frozen Arctic tundra."--Cosmos MagazineTable of ContentsFOREWORD ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii ABBREVIATIONS xv INTRODUCTION 1 1 Triassic Park 12 2 The Treasure of Cerro Negro 56 3 Bikers, Bombs, and the Death-o-Meter 103 4 Microbes in Meteorites! 126 5 Life in Deepest, Darkest Africa 143 6 Hunting for Water and Carbon 172 7 The Subterranauts 198 8 A Lot of Breaks and One Lucky Strike 234 9 Life beneath the Ice 265 10 The Worm from Hell 333 EPILOGUE 357 APPENDIX A: Chronology of the Exploration of Subsurface Life 365 APPENDIX B: Chronology of the Meeting of the U.S. DOE's SSP Meetings 377 NOTES 381 REFERENCES 463 INDEX 473

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Book SynopsisThe philosophy of religion and the quest for spiritual truth preoccupied Albert Einstein - so much that it has been said "one might suspect he was a disguised theologian." But what exactly was Einstein's religious credo? This book offers an unbiased and well-documented answer to this question.Trade ReviewCo-Winner of the 2000 Outstanding Book Prize, Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences "It is surprising that so little scholarly attention has been paid to [Einstein's] religious views... This is a compelling, long overdue treatment of a neglected topic."--Publishers Weekly "A valuable resource."--George L. Murphy, American Scientist "Jammer's fascinating and scholarly account of Einstein's personal attitude toward religion explores the emergence of his 'cosmic religion'..."--Choice "Jammer is an excellent guide to the religious impact of Einstein's life and thought."--Greg Peterson, Christian Century "A superb three-part survey that deals with the role of religion in Einstein's personal life; his philosophy of religion; and finally the effect of his physics on theology, the most brilliantly entertaining section of Jammer's book."--Meir Ronnen, The Jerusalem Post "Max Jammer illuminates Einstein's enigmatic relationship to religion with a clarity and detail that no previous study can equal... Mr. Jammer's readable study should long remain an indispensable reference."--John F. Haught, The Washington Times "Jammer ... shed[s] light on Einstein's often ambiguous views of religion, beginning with his early religious training and following his evolution to the idea of an impersonal God. [He] takes pains to clarify widespread misinterpretations of Einstein's spiritual views."--Leigh Fenly, San Diego Union-Tribune "I can strongly recommend this beautifully written and accessible book."--Andrew Pinsent, Physics World "One emerges from this scholarly and readable book with a new appreciation of the uniqueness of Einstein's spirit."--Gerald Holton, Philosophy of Science "Max Jammer's is the first systematic historical account of Albert Einstein's religious views... In the writing of this thoroughly researched and instructive book, Max Jammer has done the theological and scientific community a great service. Furthermore, he has made a significant contribution to the ongoing dialogue between science and religion."--Rufus Burrow, Jr., EncounterTable of ContentsAcknowledgments vii Introduction 3 CHAPTER 1 Einstein's Religiosity and the Role of Religion in His Private Life 13 CHAPTER 2 Einstein's Philosophy of Religion 65 CHAPTER 3 Einstein's Physics and Theology 153 Appendix 267 Index 269

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Book SynopsisConveys the substance, methods, and profound oddities of the field. This work contains an overview of quantum mechanics. It sketches the early development of the field by Einstein, Bohr, Heisenberg, Schrodinger, and others, and makes clear how the quantum outlook flies in the face of common sense.Trade Review"For quantum mechanics fans looking for a bridge between books that provide vague, qualitative descriptions and those that require an extensive background in mathematics to be understood, Sam Treiman's The Odd Quantum offers a concise introduction to the field's concepts and practices, as well as guides to its most essential equations."--Publishers Weekly "In Treiman's book, we have as good a shot as we may hope for an intelligible (if demanding) account of a very advanced topic in physics. He covers much material in a short space. [A]n exposition of how the exciting intellectual tool of quantum theory has grown in scope and application."--Brian Pippard, Times Literary Supplement "Treiman's book is outstanding... This is not at all a qualitative pictorial description of the quantum world, but a rigorous formulation of its axioms in a casual language... [A] wonderful guided tour through quantum mechanics."--Asher Peres, Physics World "Like a master craftsman intent on reducing his accumulated skills into a compendium of traditions and practices for his apprentices, Treiman tries to be as clear, precise, and succinct as possible. A vast store of experience in research and teaching informs every page."--Hans Christian von Baeyer, Science "Writing for person's with a background in physics or mathematics, [Treiman] does an excellent job of looking at the difficult and unusual aspects of theory."--Choice "A concise and beautifully written summary of an expert's view of the subject."--Barry R. Holstein, American Journal of PhysicsTable of ContentsPREFACE vii 1. Introduction 3 Overview. Beginnings. 2. Classical Background 27 Newton's law. Gravity. Energy. Electromagnetism. Special Relativity. 3. The "Old" Quantum Mechanics 61 Electromagnetic Waves. Blackbody Radiation. Early Spectroscopy. The Rutherford Atom. Bohr's Quantum Model. De Broglie's Matter Waves. 4. Foundations 80 The Two-Slit Experiment. Schroedinger's Wave Equation. Probabilistic Interpretation. A Brief Survey of the Rules. Commuting Observables. The Uncertainty Principle. Momentum. The Operator Concept. Angular Momentum. Aspects of Energy. 5. Some Quantum Classics 119 The Free Particle. Particle in a Box. The Harmonic Oscillator. Central Potentials Generally. The One-Electron Atom. The Infinite Solenoid. Decay Processes. 6. Identical Particles 149 Symmetry, Antisymmetry Rules. The Pauli Principle. The Fermi Gas. Atoms. More on Identical Bosons. 7. What's Going On? 173 8. The Building Blocks 191 Particles in Collision, Particles in Decay. Accelerators. Patterns and Regularities. Basic Ingredients. Summary. 9. Quantum Fields 231 Free Fields, Free particles. Interactions. Feynman Diagrams. Virtual Particles. The Standard Model in Diagrams. Again, What's Going On? READINGS 255 INDEX 257

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Book SynopsisReveals the short-sightedness behind conceiving of floods, fires, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, hurricanes as natural disasters. This book argues that such thinking has led to policies that have done the environment more harm than good. It points out ways in which we can better address the environmental problems that humanity faces.Trade Review"[This] book is engaging, and its message is important: our national parks will never be outdoor museums; nature's nature is change."--Christine Kenneally, The New York Times Book Review "A valuable addition to the growing body of nontechnical works that bridge the gap between scientists and a public increasingly savvy about natural resource issues."--Thomas Good, American Scientist "Reice has succeeded here in making the case for major policy changes in environmental management."--Wildlife Activist "[A] pithy, nontechnical work filled with interesting examples... A well-presented combination of science and advocacy"--Booklist "In a narrative style reflecting a strong personal commitment to and belief in conservation, Reice offers an overview of the history, evolution, and current trends in disturbance ecology interlaced with his personal philosophies and policy recommendations... His convictions and commitment to conservation are described with clarity and passion, drawing on personal and research experience."--Chandra Heaton, Ecological Engineering "Must reading for ecologists."--Choice "The Silver Lining is well structured, straightforward and highly readable... Reice's blend of pertinent ecological theory, well-chosen case studies, and personal observation is likely to appeal to most environmentally conscious readers."--Science Books & FilmsTable of ContentsPreface v Chapter 1: The More Things Change the More They Stay the Same 1 Chapter 2: Disturbance Patchiness and Communities 24 Chapter 3: Recolonization or How Do All Those Species Fill Up the Gaps? 51 Chapter 4: Disturbance Ecology and Fire Management: "Let It Burn!" 76 Chapter 5: Disturbance Ecology and Flood Control 102 Chapter 6: Biodiversity Ecosystem Services and Human Needs 134 Chapter 7: Human-Caused Disturbance: All Disturbances Are Not Created Equal 153 Chapter 8: Toward an Ecological Worldview 181 Epologue Living with Disturbances 205 Index 215

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Book SynopsisIn 2004, Venus crossed the sun's face for the first time since 1882. This title tells the intriguing tale of the five Venus transits previously observed and the fantastic efforts made to record them. It is a story of heroes and cowards, of reputations earned and squandered, told against a backdrop of geopolitical and scientific change.Trade Review"Maor brings science history vividly alive in a manner reminiscent of Eco, with tales of eccentric astronomers, political corruption, and conspiracy. A delight to anyone interested in astronomy or the history of science."--Booklist "Eli Maor's book is primarily a straightforward historical account of the five observed transits of Venus... [It] will appeal to readers who enjoy an easy-going story."--Journal of the British Astronomical Association "[Maor] reminds the reader what a long and circuitous route science has traveled to take the measure of the world around us."--Laurence A. Marschall, The Sciences "In the course of recounting important transits of the past, Maor introduces us to some of the forgotten personalities in the history of astronomy."--Dan Falk, The Toronto Globe and Mail "Maor examines the international intrigue, history, mystery, and science of what was considered an extremely important event that helped determine the accurate measure of the distance from Earth to the Sun."--Mercury "A small gem of a book... Maor explains with grace, clarity and wit why this event is so rare, and describes the heroic efforts and frequent misadventures involved in attempts to observe the five transits that have occurred in the almost 400 years since Johannes Kepler, the discoverer of the laws of planetary motion that bear his name, predicted their occurrence."--Jeffrey Marsh, The Washington Times "Brimming with historical anecdote and up-to-date information, this book provides much more than a simple introduction to two of the most anticipated celestial events of the 21st century...It chronicles the fervor, triumph, and folly that accompanied the last five transits of Venus witnessed by Western civilization ... This book will please the history aficionado and the most ardent amateur astronomer."--William Schomaker, Astronomy "[A] charming guide... Maor weaves his tale with clarity and historical precision."--Owen Gingerich, Times Literary Supplement "This book will fascinate those interested in chasing rare astronomical events."--Choice "I enjoyed Maor's book; it is written in an easy, clear, anecdotal way that makes great bedtime reading."--Done Fernie, Nature "[A] snappy, enjoyable, and eminently readable historical account."--David W. Hughes, The Observatory "Nobody alive has seen a transit of Venus, and if you miss the 2004 and 2012 events you will not have another chance. If you are interested in transit history, read Maor."--John Westfall, Sky and Telescope "June 8, 2004: Venus in Transit is short and entertaining. This book is an engaging retelling of the story for a popular audience."--James Evans, ISIS "Venus in Transit is a well written and documented account of previous transits, giving a real flavor of the characters involved and their achievements and disappointments in observing this rare event."--Astronomy NowTable of ContentsPreface Prologue Ch. 1. The Dreamer Ch. 2. Dawn of a New Cosmology Ch. 3. A Sight Never Seen Before Ch. 4. Venus Stripped Bare Solar and Stellar Parallax Ch. 5. The Dance of Two Planets Ch. 6. A Call for Action Ch. 7. Venus Returns Ch. 8. A Second Chance Ch. 9. The Next Two Appointments Father Hell: Falsely Accused Afterthoughts Ch. 10. Transits of Fancy Ch. 11. A View from Other Worlds Ch. 12. June 8, 2004 App. 1. Halley's Method App. 2. Times of the Transit of June 8, 2004, for Some Major Cities App. 3. Dates of Some Past and Future Transits Bibliography Illustration Credits Index

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Book SynopsisTells the story of nine volcanic events, explaining the related geology for the general reader and exploring the ways in which the earth's volcanism has affected human history. This book describes how volcanic activity has had long-lasting effects on societies, cultures, and the environment.Trade Review"Does the world need another book about volcanic eruptions and the havoc they wreak? The answer, for this book, is an emphatic 'yes,' especially for the general reader. [B]esides being interesting to read, Volcanoes in Human History clearly demonstrates that volcanism, and geology as a whole, should not be of concern only to geologists and that history is important."--Sally Newcomb, Isis "The authors have applied their geologic knowledge and experience, along with solid research, to produce an accessible book on volcanoes."--Library Journal "In clear prose aimed to include general readers, the authors make the case for the social consequences set in motion by large volcanic eruptions as both wide-ranging and long-lived."--Choice "A detailed and vivid account of the fiery relationship between the Earth and its surface dwellers."--The GuardianTable of ContentsForeword by Robert D. Ballard ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xv Table of Conversion xvii Chapter 1: Volcanism: Origins and Consequences 1 SIDEBAR: DATING OF VOLCANIC EVENTS Chapter 2: The Hawaiian Islands and the Legacy of Pelee the Fire Goddess 22 Chapter 3: The Bronze Age Eruption of Thera: Destroyer of Atlantis and Minoan Crete? 47 Chapter 4: The Eruption of Vesuvius in 79 C.E.: Cultural Reverberations through the Ages 74 Chapter 5: Iceland: Coming Apart at the Seams 108 Chapter 6: The Eruption of Tambora in 1815 and "the Year without a Summer" 138 SIDEBAR: MOUNT TOBA: BIGGER THAN TAMBORA Chapter 7: Krakatu, 1883: Devastation, Death, and Ecologic Revival 157 SIDEBAR: THE GHOSTS OF MERAPI Chapter 8: The 1902 Eruption of Mount Pelee: A Geological Catastrophe with Political Overtones 186 SIDEBAR: MOUNT PELEE AND THE PANAMA CANAL Chapter 9: Tristan da Cunba in 1961: Exile to the Twentieth Century 209 Chapter 10: Mount St. Helens in 1980: Catastrophe in the Cascades 228 Afterword 250 Glossary 251 Notes and References 261 Selected Bibliography 279 Index 281

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