Science funding and policy Books

Book SynopsisThis timely book provides an intellectual and conceptual history of a key representation of innovation: technological innovation. Tracing the history of the discourses of scholars, practitioners and policy-makers, and exploring how and why innovation became defined as technological, Benoît Godin studies the emergence of the term, its meaning, and its transformation and use over time. Part I of this unique book offers a genealogy of technological innovation from technological unemployment through technological change and technological progress. Part II then turns to the discourse on technological innovation, asserting that it has emerged as a key term because it serves utilitarian functions. The Invention of Technological Innovation will be of interest to students and academics studying the concepts and theories of innovation, whilst also being a key resource for policy-makers, managers and analysts looking to gain a deeper understanding of the topic.Trade Review‘The Invention of Technological Innovation is a meticulous and seminal work of deftly organized and presented scholarship that is unreservedly recommended for both college and university library collections.’ -- Michael J. Carson, Midwest Book ReviewTable of ContentsContents: PREFACE INTRODUCTION Part I Technological Change 1. Technological Unemployment 2. Technological Change 3. Imagining a New Academic Field 4. Technology and Social Change 5. Technological Progress INTERLUDE Part II Technological Innovation 6. Inventing Technological Innovation 7. Theorists before Theories 8. An Inclusive Notion 9. Theories of Innovation 10. Reinventing Innovation EPILOGUE Index

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Book SynopsisThis book is about inventions and innovation in U.S. Federal Laboratories. The inventions discussed are defined by the technology transfer mechanism known by the term invention disclosures, and the innovations that follow are outputs from the technology transfer process. The demonstrated positive relationships in the book's model are the groundwork for suggesting not only a rethinking of the extant empirical research, within the context of a knowledge production function, but also a refocusing of U.S. technology policy in support of technology transfer from Federal Laboratories. Invention, Innovation and U.S. Federal Laboratories brings a comprehensive and accessible discussion of technology transfer to academic researchers in economics, public policy, and public administration, as well as to policy makers and Federal Laboratory directors.Trade Review'This book puts together many pieces of the technology development life cycle puzzle, providing a great array of perspectives, insights and empirical evidence. A powerful tool for any researcher or practitioner in technology policy as it uncovers, chapter by chapter, the dynamics and the central role played by inventive ideas.' --Sara Amoroso, Economist at the European Commission, Joint Research Centre-Seville, Spain'This pathbreaking book identifies the sleeping giant of American innovative prowess - The U.S. Federal Laboratories. By subjecting the role of the Federal Laboratories to the lens of his systematic and pervasive analytical framework, Al Link uncovers this surprising hidden champion of American innovation. This thoughtful and lucid book provides a masterful new and fresh look at the role of the U.S. Federal Laboratories in driving innovation in the United States. It is a must read for all scholars, researchers and thought leaders in business and policy who need to understand how and why innovation works.' --David Audretsch, Indiana University, USTable of ContentsContents: 1. The Genesis of Inventive Ideas 2. New Invention Disclosures 3. Experiences and Inventive Ideas 4. Leveraging the Experiences to Inventive Ideas Process 5. Inventive Ideas as a Driver of Technology Transfer Activity 6. Inventive Ideas as a Driver of Technology Transfer Activity: A Case Study 7. CRADAs: Market Failure and Government Failure? 8. Concluding Observations References Index About the Author

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Book SynopsisExamining one of the fastest growing industries in the world, Ronit Justo-Hanani compares the distinctly different approaches between both sides of the Atlantic when regulating the health, safety and environmental risks of nanotechnology and its novel properties.Looking at ongoing adjustments to existing laws, Justo-Hanani details how and why, in contrast to the United States, the European Union has adopted a far more stringent, comprehensive regulatory policy for nanotechnology safety. This illuminating book shows that despite the US’ prominence in global nanotechnology markets, the strict rules of the EU have been at the forefront of market regulations across the globe. With a full and comparative account of the politics and regulatory processes of nanotechnology safety in the EU and US, it ultimately argues that the EU’s adaptive and proactive, capacity-building strategy, is the key to strengthening its role as a global regulatory leader.This timely book will be useful to students and scholars of regulation and governance; science, technology, and innovation policy; environmental and health policy; and international law and politics. Its practical applications will also be of interest to policymakers concerned with the advancements of nanotechnology.Trade Review‘Nanotechnologies are rapidly proliferating in a wide array of industries. What kinds of risk their use may have for human health and the environment is still imbued with much uncertainty. This excellent comparative study delves into the different approaches employed in the EU and the US towards regulating nanotechnology safety and shows how the EU has succeeded in influencing international discussions towards the adoption of more precautionary regulatory approaches. The book will interest scholars and practitioners interested in the governance of emerging technologies, transatlantic competition and cooperation in the establishment of technology regulations, global regime formation, and European foreign policy.’ -- Miranda A. Schreurs, Technical University of Munich, Germany‘A carefully researched and comprehensive analysis of the European, American and global approaches to managing the risks of nanotechnology. The analysis of the EU's global impact is particularly illuminating.’ -- David Vogel, University of California, Berkeley, USTable of ContentsContents: Preface 1 Nanotechnology safety and the global economy 2 Nanosafety regulatory policies: comprehensive and limited approaches 3 Transatlantic regulatory divergence: the role of domestic politics and policy styles 4 The establishment of EU nanotechnology regulatory policy: green political actors as drivers of regional integration 5 The spread of nano-specific risk regulation: the EU’s international regulatory influence 6 Conclusions References Index

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Book SynopsisThe Elgar Encyclopedia of Technology and Politics is a landmark resource that offers a comprehensive overview of the ways in which technological development is reshaping politics. Providing an unparalleled starting point for research, it addresses all the major contemporary aspects of the field.Divided into five thematic parts, the Encyclopedia investigates the existing academic literature on the main subfields in this area, before introducing innovative digital research methods. It then highlights the pivotal political and non-political actors leading the process of technological innovation, clarifies key concepts and terms in the field, and finally covers emerging and debated topics.This Encyclopedia will be particularly invaluable for early career researchers and advanced students in politics looking for a concise entry point into any of the various ways in which technology shapes the field. It will also be useful for practitioners to familiarise themselves with the analytical opportunities provided by computational social and political sciences.Key Features: Entries written by over 90 scholars from 33 different countries on 5 continents Accessible starting point for research into the key literature, topics and debates in the field Introduces important new digital methods such as machine learning, text analysis and network analysis Defines and clarifies the meaning of contested terms such as disinformation, echo chambers and fake news Trade Review‘The book shoulders the work of a specialised Encyclopedia, but also refreshes the field by providing a diverse set of contributions to subject matters both established and emerging.’ -- Richard Rogers, University of Amsterdam, the NetherlandsTable of ContentsContents: PART I SUBJECTS AND SUBFIELDS Agenda-setting research in the age of social media 2 Porismita Borah and Yan Su Clicktivism, slacktivism and connective action 5 Max Halupka Cybersecurity 9 Tobias Liebetrau and Linda Monsees Digitally networked protests 14 Dan Mercea E-campaigning and elections 17 Jörg Haßler E-democracy 21 Emiliana De Blasio Electoral predictions from social media data 25 Marko M. Skoric and Kokil Jaidka Internet and political participation 29 Shelley Boulianne and Stephanie Belland Nowcasting and forecasting with Big Data 34 Amparo Blazquez-Soriano and Rosmery Ramos-Sandoval Populism and social media 37 Peter Maurer Social media and autocracy 42 Tamara Grechanaya Social media and political trust 46 Christopher Starke Social media and public health 50 Francesca Greco and Guido Giarelli Social media revolution versus normalization 54 Joachim Åström and Martin Karlsson Social TV and second screen 59 Fabio Giglietto Terrorism and online extremism 62 Fatima Zahrah and Jason R. C. Nurse Violence, conflict, war and social media 67 Eleonora Mattiacci PART II METHODS Digital trace data analysis 73 Luca Corchia Technicity-of-the-mediums 77 Janna Joceli Omena Data collection: APIs and scraping 81 Marius Sältzer and Aleksandra Butneva Audio as data 86 Ludovic Rheault and Sophie Borwein Image as data and visual methods 90 Uta Russmann and Anastasia Veneti Text as data 94 Kohei Watanabe Scaling models in political science 98 Daniel Braby, Benjamin Guinaudeau and Marius Sältzer Sentiment analysis and opinion mining 105 Francesca Greco Topic models 108 Theresa Gessler Mobile positioning data 111 Anu Masso, Siiri Silm and Olle Järv Machine learning and deep learning 114 David Muchlinski Qualitative methods 118 Lucia Bainotti Digital ethnography 122 Alessandro Caliandro Social network analysis 126 Katherine Ognyanova PART III ACTORS Activated public opinion 132 Andrea Ceron Algorithm, machine learning and artificial intelligence 135 Andrea Ferrario and Michele Loi Bots 139 Rose Marie Santini and Débora Salles Digital advocacy 143 Gabriella Scaramuzzino Digital parties 147 Linn Sandberg Fact-checking 151 Camille J. Saucier and Nathan Walter Hacktivists 155 Marco Deseriis Hyperleaders 159 Roberta Bracciale Political influencers 163 Andreu Casero-Ripollés Social media analytics companies 167 Ivan Manokha Trolls 171 Andreas Birkbak and Yevgeniy Golovchenko Voting advice applications 176 Bastiaan Bruinsma WikiLeaks and whistleblowers 180 Meghan Van Portfliet and Kate Kenny PART IV CORE KEYWORDS Big Data 186 Nathan TeBlunthuis Censorship online 190 Tamara Grechanaya Data journalism 192 Sergio Splendore Deep Web and Dark Web 196 Robert W. Gehl Digital public sphere 200 Lidia Valera-Ordaz Disinformation 205 Margherita Bordignon and Giovanni Pagano Echo chambers 210 Daniel Stegmann, Birgit Stark and Melanie Magin Fake news 216 Jana Laura Egelhofer and Jakob-Moritz Eberl Filter bubbles 220 Daniel Stegmann, Melanie Magin and Birgit Stark Hashtag politics 225 Janna Joceli Omena Microtargeting 231 Mathieu Lavigne Misinformation 235 Margherita Bordignon and Giovanni Pagano (Non-)representativeness of social media data 239 Melanie Magin Online political hostility 244 Linn Sandberg and Anamaria Dutceac Segesten Open data 248 Irene Nonyelum Azogu and Justin Longo Post-truth 253 Jakob-Moritz Eberl and Jana Laura Egelhofer Viral political marketing 257 Márton Bene Wisdom of crowds 262 Fabio Franch PART V DEBATED AND EMERGING TOPICS Apps and politics 269 David B. Nieborg and Kaushar Mahetaji Computational propaganda effects 273 Rose Marie Santini, Débora Salles, Lorena Lucas Regattieri and Carlos Eduardo Barros Conspiracy theories on social media 277 Edward Hurcombe Coordinated inauthentic behavior 280 Fabio Giglietto Crypto-politics 283 Linda Monsees Data doxa 287 Gavin John Douglas Smith Digital movement of opinion 291 Mauro Barisione Digital surveillance 294 Kathleen Kuehn Election manipulation and interference 298 Amelie Henle and Samantha Bradshaw Gamification in politics 304 Michael Bossetta Meme politics 308 Giulia Giorgi and Ilir Rama Online sources for journalism 313 Sergio Splendore Platform labor and digital labor 317 Alessandro Gandini Robots and politics 320 Ryan David Kiggins Sentiment democracy 324 Andrea Ceron Twiplomacy 327 Maja Šimunjak Index 332

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Book SynopsisExploring academic and policy thinking on e-participation, this book opens up the organizational and institutional 'black box' and provides new insights into how public administrations in 15 European states have facilitated its implementation. Using multiple case studies, the book offers a systematic analysis of how e-participation initiatives are actually organized and administered within the government, as well as how the political context and collaborative partnerships both within the government and with non-governmental actors affect the adoption and institutionalization of e-participation platforms. Contributors provide new empirical evidence on some of the most pressing questions related to the organization and management of e-participation, aiming to provide better understanding of citizen participation platforms. Providing comparative knowledge on the institutional, administrative and organizational aspects of e-participation, this book will be an ideal read for public policy researchers and government practitioners interested in innovation and technology in public administration.Trade Review‘In this book two key societal trends merge, making this book an important and inspiring one. On the one hand we see that since the emergence of the internet, new technological practices have emerged that enable political and public participation. On the other hand we see, all over Europe, that the legitimacy of democracy is under pressure, and that the role of representative politics in society is being questioned. Does the merger of these two trends create innovative e-participatory practices? By gathering and analysing practices of many countries, an interesting outlook is presented of relevant critical factors. This not only helps to fuel the academic debate concerning e-democracy, but also helps to shape the public debate.’ -- ­– Victor Bekkers, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands‘This impressive collection of 15 European e-participation initiatives spans nations and levels of government, demonstrating how widespread and creative these new forms of participation have become. This volume breaks new ground with insightful analysis on whether or how these innovations matter for genuine participation and empowerment of citizens.’ -- Karen Mossberger, Arizona State University, US‘This timely book draws on cross-national data on e-participation. It addresses the non-technical part and focuses on the supply side and the role of public administration. The book avoids the normative bias and offers coherent case studies of how e-participation initiatives play out in practice on national and local level in 15 European countries. A main finding is that e-participation is affected by organizational design, participatory processes, and management. It is a major accomplishment and a must read for digitalization practitioners, scholars, and students alike.’ -- Per Lægreid, University of Bergen, NorwayTable of ContentsContents: 1 Engaging citizens in policy making: The potential and challenges of e-participation 1 Veiko Lember, Tiina Randma-Liiv and Kadi Maria Vooglaid 2 Framework for analysis of the management and organization of e-participation initiatives 11 Tiina Randma-Liiv, Kadi Maria Vooglaid and Veiko Lember PART I E-PARTICIPATION INITIATIVES ON NATIONAL LEVEL 3 We asked, you said, we did: Assessing the drivers and effectiveness of an e-participation practice in Scotland 26 Benedetta Bellò and James Downe 4 Parlement & Citoyens in France: An e-participation platform connecting legislators and citizens for collaborative policy design 40 Samuel Defacqz and Claire Dupuy 5 (e-)Participation and propaganda: The mix of old and new technology in Hungarian national consultations 56 Sara Svensson, Andras Molnar and Agnes Batory 6 Enhancing law-making efficiency, public value or both: Case study of e-participation platform in Slovakia 71 Matúš Sloboda, Katarina Staroňová and Alexandra Poláková Suchalová 7 Participatory law-making in the digital age: The case of the e-public consultation platform in Croatia 91 Petra Đurman, Anamarija Musa and Ivan Koprić 8 The Estonian Citizens’ Initiative Portal: Drivers and barriers of institutionalized e-participation 104 Kadi Maria Vooglaid and Tiina Randma-Liiv 9 From online participation to policy making: Exploring the success behind Latvian legislative crowdsourcing platform MyVoice 120 Visvaldis Valtenbergs 10 Public online consultation in Lithuania: A political declaration or the real empowerment of citizens? 136 Rasa Bortkevičiūtė and Vitalis Nakrošis PART II E-PARTICIPATION INITIATIVES ON LOCAL LEVEL 11 Decide Madrid: A Spanish best practice on e-participation 152 Vicente Pina, Lourdes Torres, Sonia Royo and Jaime Garcia-Rayado 12 The pursuit of legitimacy as a learning process: A case of local e-participation in Sweden 166 Alina Ostling 13 Citizens’ engagement in policy making: Insights from an e-participation platform in Leuven, Belgium 180 A. Paula Rodriguez Müller 14 The implementation of e-participation platforms in Ireland: The case of OpenConsult 196 Bernadette Connaughton 15 How organizational factors shape e-participation: Lessons from the German one-stop participation portal meinBerlin 209 Andree Pruin 16 e-Participation in Austria: Digital Agenda Vienna 225 Noella Edelmann and Bettina Höchtl 17 Connecting participation and e-participation: The use of ICT in the participatory initiatives of Brno 244 David Špaček 18 Management and organization of e-participation: Synthesis from 15 European initiatives 260 Tiina Randma-Liiv and Veiko Lember Index 280

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Book SynopsisThis provocative book investigates the relationship between law and artificial intelligence (AI) governance, and the need for new and innovative approaches to regulating AI and big data in ways that go beyond market concerns alone and look to sustainability and social good. Taking a multidisciplinary approach, the contributors demonstrate the interplay between various research methods, and policy motivations, to show that law-based regulation and governance of AI is vital to efforts at ensuring justice, trust in administrative and contractual processes, and inclusive social cohesion in our increasingly technologically-driven societies. The book provides valuable insights on the new challenges posed by a rapid reliance on AI and big data, from data protection regimes around sensitive personal data, to blockchain and smart contracts, platform data reuse, IP rights and limitations, and many other crucial concerns for law’s interventions. The book also engages with concerns about the ‘surveillance society’, for example regarding contact tracing technology used during the Covid-19 pandemic. The analytical approach provided will make this an excellent resource for scholars and educators, legal practitioners (from constitutional law to contract law) and policy makers within regulation and governance. The empirical case studies will also be of great interest to scholars of technology law and public policy. The regulatory community will find this collection offers an influential case for law’s relevance in giving institutional enforceability to ethics and principled design.Trade Review‘Regulatory Insights on Artificial Intelligence is bursting with ideas. While many more questions are asked than answered, those questions require one to think deeply about important issues associated with AI. That thinking is sorely needed now, if this technology is to benefit us, rather than harm us.’ -- Rob Clark, Intellectual Property Forum (IPSANZ)‘Regulatory Insights on Artificial Intelligence provides a timely and important discussion of the regulation of a technology that is not only proliferating into our lives, but becoming disruptive in our economic and social institutions. I highly recommend the book for legal scholars, regulators, and anyone interested in a comprehensive text on the topic.’ -- Woodrow Barfield, Visiting Professor, University of Turin, Italy‘This book is an excellent resource for aiding the discussion on the imminent need for effective regulation, informed by interdisciplinary and multi-stakeholder approaches, that AI governance requires. It is a must read for those interested in the “next steps” to actually implementing or codifying AI governance into existing legal contexts.’ -- Christoph Lütge, Technical University of Munich, GermanyTable of ContentsContents: Preface xi 1 Regulatory insights on artificial intelligence: research for policy 1 Mark Findlay and Jolyon Ford 2 Editors’ reflections 16 Mark Findlay and Jolyon Ford 3 Artificial intelligence and sensitive inferences: new challenges for data protection laws 19 Damian Clifford, Megan Richardson and Normann Witzleb 4 Revaluing labour? Secondary data imperialism in platform economies 46 Mark Findlay and Josephine Seah 5 Gauging the acceptance of contact-tracing technology: an empirical study of Singapore residents’ concerns and trust in information sharing 70 Ong Ee Ing and Loo Wee Ling 6 Regulating personal data usage in COVID-19 control conditions 101 Mark Findlay and Nydia Remolina 7 Editors’ reflections 128 Mark Findlay and Jolyon Ford 8 Coding legal norms: an exploratory essay 132 Will Bateman 9 Artificial intelligence and the unconscionability principle 150 Dilan Thampapillai 10 The possibilities of IF-THEN-WHEN 162 Sally Wheeler 11 Doing it online: is mediation ready for the AI age? 187 Nadja M Alexander 12 Editors’ reflections 214 Mark Findlay and Jolyon Ford 13 Ethical AI frameworks: the missing governance piece 218 Jolyon Ford 14 The accountability of algorithms on social media platforms 239 Philippa Ryan 15 Models and data trade regulation and the road to an agreement 261 Henry Gao Index

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Book SynopsisGiven the recent re-evaluation of research funding policy as an issue central to national governments and the EU, it is imperative that underlying rationales and channels for investment in research and development are examined. A pioneering analysis of the complexity, allocation and management of public funding of research, this Handbook explores the strategies whereby research can be successfully targeted and supported to resolve problems of broad public concern.Used effectively, the Handbook finds, research has the potential to support economic growth, create jobs, enhance social welfare, protect the environment and expand the frontiers of human knowledge. Taking a multi-level approach, chapters strategize ways to address various funding objectives through analysis of policy design, policy instruments, research organizations and researchers, while remedying disparities resulting from the distribution of research funds. The Handbook’s expansive scope, which covers variation in goals and instrument management over time and across countries, facilitates an approach that not only scrutinizes existing paradigms of public research funding but also looks to the future.With authoritative analysis and theoretical frameworks by leading scholars, the Handbook employs an interdisciplinary approach that combines sociology of sciences, political sciences and economics. It will prove a useful resource for scholars and researchers in science policy studies, alongside policy analysts in ministries and research funding organizations seeking to better understand their working environment.Trade Review‘Public funding of research is crucial for independent, creative knowledge production in universities and research organisations, certainly in view of the great societal challenges of our time. This Handbook offers analyses by leading international scholars, showing how modes of funding have changed in the 21st century, with both pitfalls and promising avenues. A must-read for academics and policymakers engaged in transformative knowledge politics.’ -- Stefan Kuhlmann, University of Twente, the Netherlands‘This Handbook is timely as our science systems are under increasing pressure to deliver impact with tighter resources and increased performance pressure for individuals and organisations. It provides creative perspectives and concepts to better understand how different funding systems and policies and their changes interact with research organisations, research practices and researcher careers. In providing thorough reflection on these interactions it presents a step-change in science policy research and is highly meaningful for scholars, funders, policy makers and politicians.’ -- Jakob Edler, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research, Germany and University of Manchester, UK‘A unique Handbook addressing the radical changes public research and universities have witnessed during the last 20 years. It is unique by its national, organizational and individual analyses of transformations, and by its ability to question established categories (e.g. top down vs bottom-up, or basic vs applied). -- Philippe Larédo, University of Manchester, UK'Many should be grateful for the publication of this important Handbook. Scholars from different disciplines provide significant insights into a system that has both expanded considerably as well as changed towards project financing. It offers highly recommended reading for politicians at the top of the system down to individual researchers.' -- Lars Engwall, Uppsala University, SwedenTable of ContentsContents: 1 Introduction to the Handbook of Public Funding of Research: understanding vertical and horizontal complexities 1 Benedetto Lepori, Ben Jongbloed and Diana Hicks PART I PUBLIC POLICIES AND RESEARCH FUNDING 2 What is public about public research? The case of COVID-19 R&D 21 Barry Bozeman 3 Motivations guiding public research funding in science, technology and innovation (STI) policy: a synthesis 38 Aixa Y. Alemán-Díaz 4 Politics of public research funding: the case of the European Union 55 Inga Ulnicane PART II POLICY MIXES IN PUBLIC RESEARCH FUNDING: LAYERING AND COMPLEXITY 5 Ideas and instruments in public research funding 73 Giliberto Capano 6 Performance-based research funding and its impacts on research organizations 90 Gunnar Sivertsen 7 R&D programs as instruments for governmental R&D funding policy 107 Emanuela Reale, Magnus Gulbrandsen and Thomas Scherngell 8 Size matters! On the implications of increasing the size of research grants 123 Carter Bloch, Alexander Kladakis and Mads P. Sørensen 9 Potentials and limitations of program-based research funding for the transformation of research systems 139 Susanne Bührer, Sarah Seus and Rainer Walz 10 Targeting research to address societal needs: what can we learn from 30 years of targeting neglected diseases? 156 Josie Coburn, Ohid Yaqub and Joanna Chataway 11 The construction of competition in public research funding systems 172 Stefan Arora-Jonsson, Nils Brunsson and Peter Edlund PART III INTERACTION OF FUNDING SYSTEMS WITH ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES AND HIERARCHIES 12 Incentives, rationales, and expected impact: linking performance-based research funding to internal funding distributions of universities 186 Jussi Kivistö and Charles Mathies 13 Research funding in the context of high institutional stratification: policy scenarios for Europe based on insights from the United States 203 Arlette Jappe and Thomas Heinze 14 Public research organisations and public research funding 221 Laura Cruz-Castro and Luis Sanz-Menéndez PART IV RESEARCHERS’ INTERACTION WITH THE FUNDING ENVIRONMENT 15 Reframing study of research(er) funding towards configurations and trails 242 Duncan A. Thomas and Irene Ramos-Vielba 16 Researchers’ responses to their funding situation 261 Grit Laudel 17 Gender and underrepresented minorities differences in research funding 279 Laura Cruz-Castro, Donna K. Ginther and Luis Sanz-Menéndez 18 Research funding and scientific careers 301 Julia Melkers, Richard Woolley and Quintin Kreth 19 Research funding and academics’ scholarly performance 322 Hugo Horta and Huan Li PART V SYSTEM PERSPECTIVES AND COUNTRY VARIATIONS 20 Context matters: conceptualizing research funding policies through the lens of the varieties of academic capitalism approach 340 Olivier Bégin-Caouette, Silvia Mirlene Nakano Koga and Émanuelle Maltais 21 System-level insights into public funding of research from emerging economies 361 Juan D. Rogers 22 Public research funding in Asian latecomer countries: developmental legacy and dilemmas 378 So Young Kim Index 395

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Book SynopsisThis insightful book explores the answers to two ongoing debates: how should societal impact of research be measured and to what extent are national research evaluation systems fit for purpose? In exploring these two questions, the selection of expert contributors provide thought-provoking cross-European analysis and establish a comparative perspective on “impact” in the twenty-first century. Bringing together important national case studies from social sciences and humanities (SSH), Accountability in Academic Life provides a detailed insight into the complexities faced ensuring that publicly-funded research creates true value for society. Furthermore, leading SSH experts provide policy recommendations and insights to navigate the contemporary research landscape and improve research methods. This book will be invaluable for scholars and students in science policy studies, providing both accessible stand-alone topics and greater in-depth discussions. Policymakers interested in the improvement of research evaluation leading to better scientific outcomes will also find this informative and illuminating.Trade Review‘The evaluation of the societal impact of the Social Sciences and Humanities remains a challenging undertaking. This edited book compiles and compares different national experiences underscoring the variety of impact processes, and the different ways in which “impact” is defined, understood and assessed. Providing in-depth analyses that improves understanding and clear guidelines for the development and implementation of impact evaluation approaches this is a recommended read.’ -- Jordi Molas-Gallart, Director INGENIO, (CSIC-UPV), Spain‘This fascinating book offers a timely analysis about how societal impact of social sciences/humanities research is evaluated in Europe. Historical and contemporary reflections are enhanced by critical accounts of how different countries assess and value societal impact in social science and humanities. A “must-read” for academics, policymakers and research administrators.’ -- Rosemary Deem, Royal Holloway, University of London, UK‘Accountability in Academic Life: European Perspectives on Societal Impact Evaluation gathers rich and insightful accounts of how social impact has been discussed and implemented in Europe. In combining a detailed analysis of specific national contexts with a broader historical, theoretical, and political discussion, the book offers unique insights into a key topic in contemporary research policy. It is highly recommended for anyone interested in social impact and the evaluation of research in the social sciences and humanities.’ -- Björn Hammarfelt, University of Borås, SwedenTable of ContentsContents: 1 Accountability in academic life: introduction to European perspectives on societal impact evaluation 1 Michael Ochsner and Zoe Bulaitis PART I PERSPECTIVES AND POLICYMAKING: SUMMARISING SOCIETAL IMPACT EVALUATION PRACTICES IN EUROPE 2 Manifesto for a better societal impact evaluation 10 Michael Ochsner, Zoe Hope Bulaitis, Corina Balaban, Elena Castro-Martínez, Ondřej Daniel, Aldis Gedutis, Elea Giménez-Toledo, Marlène Iseli, Stefan de Jong, Lai Ma, Jorge Mañana-Rodríguez, Reeta Muhonen, Julia Olmos-Peñuela, Ginevra Peruginelli, Eiríkur Smári Sigurðarson, Karel Šima, Jack Spaapen and Marc Vanholsbeeck 3 The need for historical inquiry into societal impact evaluation: towards a genealogy of the notion of useful research 30 Aldis Gedutis, Zoe Hope Bulaitis and Michael Ochsner 4 Beyond the frame: hard-to-assess research–impact nexuses in the Social Sciences and the Humanities 51 Alis Oancea 5 Considering international contexts in societal impact evaluation and SSH: a perspective from EASSH 60 Gabi Lombardo PART II NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIETAL IMPACT EVALUATION PRACTICES 6 Engaged scientists or public intellectuals: the disputed public role of SSH researchers within the French Community of Belgium 67 Marc Vanholsbeeck 7 Societal impact evaluation in SSH in the Czech Republic: in defence against the strong STEM application discourse 81 Karel Šima and Ondřej Daniel 8 Evaluation of societal impact of the Social Sciences and Humanities in Finland 96 Reetta Muhonen, Laura Himanen and Janne Pölönen 9 From moral panic to accountability: societal impact, evaluations, and bibliometrics in Iceland 114 Eiríkur Smári Sigurðarson 10 Responsible societal impact (without) evaluation: reflections from Ireland 127 Lai Ma 11 The Italian path to the evaluation of the Third Mission 139 Andrea Bonaccorsi and Ginevra Peruginelli 12 The (SSH) impact discourses in Lithuania: blissful impactlessness versus imminent impact? 155 Aldis Gedutis and Kęstas Kirtiklis 13 Formative evaluation in the Netherlands: an opportunity for the arts, humanities and social sciences 173 Stefan de Jong and Jack Spaapen 14 SSH knowledge transfer and societal impact in Spain: from recognition at the individual level to institutional initiatives 187 Elea Giménez-Toledo, Elena Castro-Martínez, Julia Olmos-Penuela and Jorge Mañana-Rodríguez 15 Societal impact, innovation, or public value? Switzerland’s approach to research impact evaluation and the SSH 204 Michael Ochsner, Corina Balaban and Marlène Iseli 16 Impact, innovation and the public humanities: evaluating the societal impact of research in the United Kingdom 224 Zoe Hope Bulaitis Index

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Book SynopsisThe COVID-19 pandemic isn't over, but even as governments around the world strive to put it behind us, they're also starting to talk about what happens next. How can we prevent a new pandemic from killing millions of people and devastating the global economy? Can we even hope to accomplish this?Bill Gates believes the answer is yes, and in this book he lays out clearly and convincingly what the world should have learned from COVID-19 and what all of us can do to ward off another disaster like it. Relying on the shared knowledge of the world's foremost experts and on his own experience of combating fatal diseases through the Gates Foundation, he first makes us understand the science of corona diseases. Then he helps us understand how the nations of the world, working in conjunction with one another and with the private sector, can not only ward off another COVID-like catastrophe but also go far to eliminate all respiratory diseases, including the flu.Here is a clarion call - strong, comprehensive, and of the gravest importance - from one of our greatest and most effective thinkers and activists.Trade ReviewEvery expert's door opens to Gates and he is a fiendish researcher ... formidably informative ... One of his most intruiging insights was that there is a rough correlation between how much people trust their governments and a country's success in fighting the pandemic ... he comes up with four recommendations - make better tools to deal with infectious diseases; develop his pandemic fire brigade; help pooer countries to develop disease surveillance; and strengthen primary health care systems, especially in low and middle-income countries. Who could argue? -- Bryan Appleyard * Sunday Times *In 2015, the American technologist and philanthropist Bill Gates warned that humanity wasn't ready for a pandemic. Seven years on, as the world emerges (hopefully) from a pandemic for which it wasn't ready, he thinks we have it within our power to make sure this one was the last. There will be more disease outbreaks, but we now possess the tools and the knowledge to prevent them from becoming global catastrophes. Gates's optimism is refreshing after the gloom of the last two years. ... The roadmap he lays out sounds feasible. It involves strengthening disease surveillance and strengthening primary healthcare systems around the world ... Gates's proposals are wise, and his goals should be our goals. -- New Statesman * Laura Spinney *In this concise and lucid book, global health activist Gates reflects on the current COVID-19 pandemic, considers future ones, and renders several sensible recommendations for prevention . . . Passionate but never preachy, Gates delivers an expert, well-reasoned, and robust appeal for the world to unite in averting upcoming pandemics. -- BooklistGates is good at guiding readers through his blueprint for the technological, economic and regulatory fixes to stop the next pathogen from causing global havoc, never assuming too much knowledge. ... His book is punctuated with powerful examples from personal experience. ... How to Prevent the Next Pandemic ... couldn't be more timely, with thousands still dying daily. As he writes, "once covid is no longer an acute threat, don't forget about what it has done". -- Adam Vaughan * New Scientist *if this book stimulates even a little limit-pushing of the sort Mr Gates suggests, it will have served its purpose well. * Economist *His last book was about climate change, that other issue which, along with pandemics, he considers "existential" for mankind. ... Now, with the same can-do, roll-up-the-sleeves attitude, he lays out, step by step, the system that needs to be put in place to prevent another - potentially far more deadly - pandemic. -- Harry de Quetteville * Sunday Telegraph *Gates delivers a thoughtful exploration of how lessons learned from Covid-19 can inform future global public health policies. In accessible prose, he spells out steps for preventing future pandemics, among them creating a global task force dedicated to doing so . . . Gates is realistic about what he's up against . . . but he does a good job of making [the task force's] $1 billion price tag seem reasonable. -- Publishers WeeklyIn How to Prevent the Next Pandemic he applies his technocratic approach to preparing the world for future public health emergencies. That means building early warning systems that could identify novel illnesses when they first start to circulate in human populations; developing better treatment and vaccine technologies that can quickly tackle brand new pathogens; and optimising processes and building manufacturing facilities that could quickly mass-produce things like medicines and rapid tests in times of emergency. At the heart of Gates's plan is a new institution he calls Germ (Global Epidemic Response and Mobilisation), composed of a few thousand experts - from epidemiologists to vaccinologists to diplomats - who would be on standby in case of a global threat. In between emergencies, this group would go around the world to strengthen pandemic-prevention infrastructure and encourage governments to keep spending on things like disease-monitoring and scientific research. None of the ideas in the book are radical; indeed, scientists have been arguing for some version of all them for several decades. But, given who is making the recommendations, people with the power to make change might finally listen. -- Alok Jha * Guardian Books of the Year *

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Book SynopsisWhile much has been written about the U.S. Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program from both an institutional and a policy perspective, there remains a conspicuous void of general information about firms and research projects that are funded through the program. Providing a multi-dimensional picture of such firms and their projects, this incisive book is designed to help the reader understand in more depth the social benefits associated with the SBIR program.Albert N. Link and Martijn van Hasselt discuss the U.S. SBIR program from an institutional, empirical, and policy perspective, examining the policy transfer of the program to other countries, the transfer of technical knowledge through patents and scientific publications, and the technology transfer of commercialised research outputs. Exploring new program and project relationships, the book could serve as a springboard for future in-depth analyses about the SBIR program and its impact on economic and social matters.Forward-thinking in approach, Small Firms and U.S. Technology Policy provides a roadmap for future academic and policy research into the SBIR program, making it a valuable read for scholars and students of business and management studies. U.S. and international policymakers and business owners will also benefit from its discerning look into the SBIR program.Trade Review‘Link and van Hasselt provide novel and original insights on the U.S. Small Business Innovation Research Program. They meticulously and rigorously consider and combine institutional, empirical and policy perspectives. Link and van Hasselt’s unique focus on the social benefits enables a wider empirical investigation of the SBIR programme in the context of wider U.S. technology policy. Moreover, their consideration and focus on failed projects and the unanticipated consequences provide novel and important insights that have relevance to scholars and policymakers. This is a must-have book for policymakers and other stakeholders that are involved in SBIR programmes in the U.S. and other countries. For scholars, Link and van Hasselt's book is a seminal contribution that exemplifies all the hallmarks of novel, original and grounding-breaking scholarship. They outline future research avenues that scholars can build upon and take inspiration from in furthering this important research and policy agenda.’ -- James Cunningham, Newcastle University, UK‘Albert Link and Martijn van Hasselt have written an instant classic - the definitive analysis of the noted Small Business Innovation Research Program. Few U.S. hard tech start-ups scale up without trying for SBIR funding - it has become a key tool for U.S. tech entrepreneurship and has now been replicated in nine other nations. This new book does the long-needed analysis to tell us how the program works best, and how successful companies that use it make it work for them. For anyone interested in U.S. technology policy, it is a must read.’ -- William B. Bonvillian, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, US‘In an era where public policy is increasingly politicized and decisive, this important new book sheds pathbreaking light on how evidence-based analysis can provide a neutral scientific-based assessment of technology policy. The careful findings make it clear how and why technology policy can unleash the innovative potential of not just small firms but an entire society and economy.’ -- David B. Audretsch, Indiana University, US‘The SBIR program has been a cornerstone of U.S. innovation policy since the early 1980s. It has been widely copied outside the country. This book provides an authoritative look at the history, politics, and economics of this important program that has supported an amazing roster of technology-intensive companies in this country. A must read for students of knowledge entrepreneurship.’ -- Nicholas Vonortas, The George Washington University, USTable of ContentsContents: PART I SBIR PROGRAM: INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVES 1. Introduction to Small Firms and U.S. Technology Policy 2. Legislative history of the SBIR program 3. The SBIR program: an element of U.S. technology policy PART II SBIR PROGRAM: EMPIRICAL PERSPECTIVES 4. SBIR databases and empirical studies of the SBIR program 5. Demographics of SBIR awardees 6. Productive capital 7. When research fails 8. University collaborators on SBIR projects 9. Knowledge production functions 10. Financial stakeholders in SBIR projects 11. Market for SBIR developed technologies PART III SBIR PROGRAM: POLICY PERSPECTIVES 12. Unanticipated consequences 13. A counterfactual analysis 14. Concluding remarks References Index

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Book SynopsisThis thought-provoking book expands on the notion that Big Science is not the only term to describe and investigate particularly large research projects, scientific collaborations and facilities. It investigates the significant overlap between Big Science and Research Infrastructures (RIs) in a European context since the early twenty-first century. Contributions to this innovative book not only augment the study of Big Science with new perspectives, but also launch the study of RIs as a promising new line of inquiry. Chapters testify to a generational shift that is taking place in this field, amending and complementing prior analyses of Big Science. Advancing our knowledge, this interdisciplinary book explores how Big Science and RIs can be categorized, how the politics around them can be understood, and how they relate to the surrounding science and research policy landscape of Europe. Big Science and Research Infrastructures in Europe will be of value to students and scholars interested in science and innovation policy across sociology, economics, management and political science. Policymakers, science administrators and operators of RIs will also benefit from the critical insights provided. Contributors include: I.K. Bolliger, A. Collsiöö, K.C. Cramer, B. D'Ippolito, H. Eriksson, T. Franssen, A. Griffiths, O. Hallonsten, J.-C. Mauduit, M. Moskovko, N. Rüffin, C.-C. Rüling, I. Ulnicane, A. WilliamsTrade Review'This book skillfully updates the literature on Big Science, containing newer perspectives on the history, sociology, and politics of research infrastructures. The interdisciplinary yet neatly integrated contributions show how ''big organizations, big machines, and big politics'' co-construct Europe and its research infrastructure.' --Cyrus Mody, Maastricht University, the Netherlands'This is an ambitious and effective coverage of the network of European Big Science institutions. It is a comprehensive and insightful volume that takes us behind purely scientific scenes to examine the policies that govern large European science projects, the legal frameworks that shape them, the funding that supports them, and the alliance-building that made them possible. The chapters are comprehensive, and reveal the political and commercial forces at work in the expanding network of European scientific institutions, as well as their crucial role in European integration and multinational cooperation.' --Robert P. Crease, Stony Brook University, US'This book, in a comprehensive and appealing way, tells a story of large scientific facilities dating back to the early Cold War and reaching the current era of integrated Research Infrastructure eco-systems. Going from a competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to scientific cooperation among European states to tackle the grand challenges such as key health, environmental or quality of life problems, the book provides an evolutionary picture based on deep understanding and a solid analytical framework. The authors have done magnificent work on a topic that has been so far mostly scattered in diverse policy reports. A great analysis for anyone dipping their toe in Big Science or Research Infrastructures.' --Jan Hru ák, ESFRI Chair and The Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech RepublicTable of ContentsContents: 1 Big Science and Research Infrastructures in Europe: History and current trends 1 Katharina C. Cramer, Olof Hallonsten, Isabel K. Bolliger and Alexandra Griffiths 2 Methods and strategies in the study of Big Science and Research Infrastructures: A review 27 Nicolas Rüffin 3 The role of European Big Science in the (geo)political challenges of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries 56 Katharina C. Cramer 4 Ever-changing Big Science and Research Infrastructures: Evolving European Union policy 76 Inga Ulnicane 5 The introduction of ESFRI and the rise of national Research Infrastructure roadmaps in Europe 101 Isabel K. Bolliger and Alexandra Griffiths 6 Intensified role of the European Union? European Research Infrastructure Consortium as a legal framework for contemporary multinational research collaboration 128 Maria Moskovko 7 Research Infrastructure funding as a tool for science governance in the humanities: A country case study of the Netherlands 157 Thomas Franssen 8 The role of research infrastructures in innovation systems: The case of Swedish participation in the Halden Reactor Project 177 Olof Hallonsten, Hjalmar Eriksson and August Collsiöö 9 The access and return on investment dilemma in Big Science Research Infrastructures: A case study in astronomy 198 Andrew Williams and Jean-Christophe Mauduit 10 Is there an “iron law” of Big Science? 217 Olof Hallonsten 11 Keeping a Research Infrastructure alive: Material, social, and political work at the Institut Laue-Langevin 232 Beatrice D’Ippolito and Charles-Clemens Rüling 12 Big Science and Research Infrastructures in Europe: Conclusions and outlook 251 Olof Hallonsten and Katharina C. Cramer Index 258

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Book SynopsisThis timely book explores technological innovation as a concept, dissecting its emergence, development and use. Benoît Godin offers an exciting new historiography of the subject, arguing that the study of innovation originates not from scholars but from practitioners of innovation. Godin looks to engineers, managers, consultants and policymakers as the instigators of our current understanding of technological innovation. Offering a conceptual history of the subject, Part I considers the many iterations of innovation - as an science applied, outcome, process and system - to track and analyse the changing discourses surrounding technological innovation. In Part II, the author turns to historic and contemporary innovation policy to illustrate the critical role that practitioners have had in formulating and strategizing policy. Effectively rewriting the historiography of the topic, this book is critical reading for scholars of innovation studies, sociology and the history of science and technology. Students will benefit from Godin's pioneering approach to the subject and policymakers will also find value in the book's unique insight into innovation.Trade Review'Benoit Godin's The Idea of Technological Innovation is a telling example of the power of intellectual history. In a brief but analytically crisp and extensively documented historical overview, Godin's ''alternative history'' unbundles the seemingly inextricable conceptual and policy linkages between research and development and technological innovation, positing instead that the two stages correspond to two discourses, espoused by two different communities. An invaluable work for multiple research and policy communities, but most especially for those engaged in science policy and innovation studies and the economics of technological innovation.' --Irwin Feller, The Pennsylvania State University, US'Godin's latest book provides new insights into the history of technology innovation. Tracing back the concept's phases of development from the Second World War to the present, he leaves behind a strictly scholarly point of view and focuses on the valuable contributions of practitioners.' --Jürgen Howaldt, TU Dortmund University, GermanyTable of ContentsContents: Introduction 1. Prehistory PART I Technological Innovation 2. Innovation as Science Applied 3. Innovation as Outcome 4. Innovation as Process 5. Innovation as System PART II From Idea to Action 6. Inventing Innovation Policy 7. Innovation Policy Today Conclusion Index

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Book SynopsisThis timely book explores technological innovation as a concept, dissecting its emergence, development and use. Benoît Godin offers an exciting new historiography of the subject, arguing that the study of innovation originates not from scholars but from practitioners of innovation. Godin looks to engineers, managers, consultants and policymakers as the instigators of our current understanding of technological innovation. Offering a conceptual history of the subject, Part I considers the many iterations of innovation - as an science applied, outcome, process and system - to track and analyse the changing discourses surrounding technological innovation. In Part II, the author turns to historic and contemporary innovation policy to illustrate the critical role that practitioners have had in formulating and strategizing policy. Effectively rewriting the historiography of the topic, this book is critical reading for scholars of innovation studies, sociology and the history of science and technology. Students will benefit from Godin's pioneering approach to the subject and policymakers will also find value in the book's unique insight into innovation.Trade Review'Benoit Godin's The Idea of Technological Innovation is a telling example of the power of intellectual history. In a brief but analytically crisp and extensively documented historical overview, Godin's ''alternative history'' unbundles the seemingly inextricable conceptual and policy linkages between research and development and technological innovation, positing instead that the two stages correspond to two discourses, espoused by two different communities. An invaluable work for multiple research and policy communities, but most especially for those engaged in science policy and innovation studies and the economics of technological innovation.' --Irwin Feller, The Pennsylvania State University, US'Godin's latest book provides new insights into the history of technology innovation. Tracing back the concept's phases of development from the Second World War to the present, he leaves behind a strictly scholarly point of view and focuses on the valuable contributions of practitioners.' --Jürgen Howaldt, TU Dortmund University, GermanyTable of ContentsContents: Introduction 1. Prehistory PART I Technological Innovation 2. Innovation as Science Applied 3. Innovation as Outcome 4. Innovation as Process 5. Innovation as System PART II From Idea to Action 6. Inventing Innovation Policy 7. Innovation Policy Today Conclusion Index

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Book SynopsisIn this insightful book, Peter Edlund takes a status-based approach to theorizing the development of the European Research Council (ERC). Drawing upon rich empirical material, the author vividly details how the ERC was transformed from a funding organization into an authoritative status intermediary in European science.Edlund's innovative approach illustrates the ERC's path toward pre-eminence, building on a theoretical framework that the author uses to analyze evidence from Swedish and European contexts in an intriguing exploration of research funding allocated under the flagship Starting Grant scheme. Offering a field perspective on the multi-layered interactions between candidates and audiences within which the ERC was constructed as a status intermediary, this book redirects attention toward key antecedents that allow us to understand many of the extensive consequences generated by the ERC's funding.Blending theoretical models and empirical findings, Edlund's book will appeal to academics seeking advances in status theory. Practitioners and policymakers working with research funding will also benefit from its account of the historic development of the ERC and the consequences of its funding across Europe.Trade Review'With empirical and theoretical rigor, this book problematizes an essential feature of the current science system summarized in its opening statement: "evaluations are ubiquitous in science". Its analysis of the institutionalization of a particularly prestigious funding body gives new and important insight into the (self-)organization of the European science system.' -- Olof Hallonsten, Lund University, SwedenTable of ContentsContents: Part I 1. The Makings of an Authority in Science 2. Theorizing Status Intermediaries Part II 3. Tensions and Struggles in Europe-Level Science 4. Creating Acceptance for European Research Council Evaluations 5. The Consequences of European Research Council Allocations Part III 6. Constructing a Status Intermediary in Science 7. Taking Stock and Looking Ahead Appendix Studying the European Research Council Index

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Book SynopsisLearning from Science and Technology Policy Evaluation presents US and European experiences and insights on the evaluation of policies and programs to foster research, innovation, and technology (RIT). In recent years, policymakers have promoted RIT policies to accelerate scientific and technological development in emerging fields, encourage new patterns of research collaboration and commercialization, and enhance national and regional economic competitiveness. At the same time, budgetary pressures and new public management approaches have strengthened demands for RIT performance measurement and evaluation. The contributors - leading experts in science and technology policy and evaluation - analyze and contrast the need and demand for RIT performance measurement and evaluation within the US and European innovation and policy making systems. They assess current US and European RIT evaluation practices and methods in key areas, discuss applications of new evaluative approaches and consider strategies that could lead to improvements in RIT evaluation design and policies. This up-to-date volume examining current and leading-edge evaluation methodologies will make a valuable addition to the libraries of research and innovation policymakers and analysts, educators and students of science and technology policy.Table of ContentsContents: 1. Learning from Science and Technology Policy Evaluation 2. The Academic Policy Analyst as Reporter: The Who, What and How of Evaluating Science and Technology Programs 3. Societal Challenges for R&D Evaluation 4. Frameworks for Evaluating S&T Policy in the United States 5. Evaluation of Research and Innovation Policy in Europe – New Policies, New Frameworks? 6. The Expanding Role of Peer Review Processes in the United States 7. The Evaluation of University Research in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, Germany and Austria 8. Challenges for the Evaluation of Complex Research Programmes 9. Evaluation of the BRITE/EURAM Program 10. Assessing RTD Program Portfolios in the European Union 11. Factors Affecting Technology Transfer in Industry – US Federal Laboratory Partnerships 12. Benchmarking University–Industry Relationships: A User-Centered Evaluation Approach 13. Evaluation of Regional Innovation Policies in Europe 14. Evaluating Manufacturing Extension Services in the United States: Experiences and Insights 15. Evaluating the Impacts of Grants on Women Scientists’ Careers: The Curriculum Vitae as a Tool for Research Assessment 16. Recognizing the Competing Values in Science and Technology Organizations: Implications for Evaluation 17. Real Options for Evaluating Public Sector R&D Investments 18. Evaluation as a Source of ‘Strategic Intelligence’ Index

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Book SynopsisThis book re-examines the rationale for public policy, concluding that the prevailing 'public knowledge' model is evolving towards a networked or distributed model of knowledge production and use in which public and private institutions play complementary roles. It provides a set of tools and models to assess the impact of the new network model of funding and governance, and argues that governments need to adapt their funding and administrative priorities and procedures to support the emergence and healthy growth of research networks. The book goes on to explain that interdependencies and complementarities in the production and distribution of knowledge require a new and more contextual, flexible and complex approach to government funding, monitoring and assessment. The chapters in this book issue a series of challenges to the next generation of science and technology policy. The need for new systems of governance in science and innovation make a single, all encompassing rationale for public funding unnecessary and irrelevant. The new policy questions that matter concern the means and mechanisms for intervention - the use of policy to harness, support and expand the interaction and dynamism of research networks composed of public and private actors.Trade Review'. . . the editors have also invested in a conclusion. It is really worthwhile to read it, as it summarises in a condensed and clear way what we may draw from all the different contributions to the book. . . The book offers interesting contributions. . .' -- Dietmar Braun, Science and Public Policy'This edited volume brings together an international set of the best scholars working in the area of science and technology policy. . . this is an interesting and useful collection. Each section concludes with an integrative and insightful commentary which ties the sections together and offers useful perspectives. . . The editors have done a useful job of solving the problem that plagues many edited volumes - introductory sections create a narrative and the sections and chapters are well integrated.' -- Maryann P. Feldman, Journal of Economic LiteratureTable of ContentsContents: General Introduction Part I: The Evolving Research Policy Environment 1. The Changing Social Contract for Science and the Evolution of the University 2. The Increasing Involvement of Concerned Groups in R&D Policies: What Lessons for Public Powers? 3. Interdisciplinary Research and the Organization of the University: General Challenges and a Case Study Part II: New Actor Relationships 4. Links and Impacts: The Influence of Public Research on Industrial R&D 5. The Evolution of French Research Policies and the Impacts on the Universities and Public Research Organizations 6. Public Research and Industrial Innovation: A Comparison of US and European Innovation Systems in the Life Sciences 7. Research Productivity and the Allocation of Resources in Publicly Funded Research Programmes Part III: Models of Research Funding 8. The Economics of Scientific Research Coalitions: Collaborative Network Formation in the Presence of Multiple Funding Agencies 9. On the Workings of Scientific Communities 10. Funding Basic Research: When is Public Finance Preferable to Attainable ‘Club Goods’ Solutions? 11. On the Provision of Industry-Specific Public Goods: Revisiting a Policy Process Conclusions Index

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Book SynopsisThis book re-examines the rationale for public policy, concluding that the prevailing 'public knowledge' model is evolving towards a networked or distributed model of knowledge production and use in which public and private institutions play complementary roles. It provides a set of tools and models to assess the impact of the new network model of funding and governance, and argues that governments need to adapt their funding and administrative priorities and procedures to support the emergence and healthy growth of research networks. The book goes on to explain that interdependencies and complementarities in the production and distribution of knowledge require a new and more contextual, flexible and complex approach to government funding, monitoring and assessment. The chapters in this book issue a series of challenges to the next generation of science and technology policy. The need for new systems of governance in science and innovation make a single, all encompassing rationale for public funding unnecessary and irrelevant. The new policy questions that matter concern the means and mechanisms for intervention - the use of policy to harness, support and expand the interaction and dynamism of research networks composed of public and private actors.Trade Review'. . . the editors have also invested in a conclusion. It is really worthwhile to read it, as it summarises in a condensed and clear way what we may draw from all the different contributions to the book. . . The book offers interesting contributions. . .' -- Dietmar Braun, Science and Public Policy'This edited volume brings together an international set of the best scholars working in the area of science and technology policy. . . this is an interesting and useful collection. Each section concludes with an integrative and insightful commentary which ties the sections together and offers useful perspectives. . . The editors have done a useful job of solving the problem that plagues many edited volumes - introductory sections create a narrative and the sections and chapters are well integrated.' -- Maryann P. Feldman, Journal of Economic LiteratureTable of ContentsContents: General Introduction Part I: The Evolving Research Policy Environment 1. The Changing Social Contract for Science and the Evolution of the University 2. The Increasing Involvement of Concerned Groups in R&D Policies: What Lessons for Public Powers? 3. Interdisciplinary Research and the Organization of the University: General Challenges and a Case Study Part II: New Actor Relationships 4. Links and Impacts: The Influence of Public Research on Industrial R&D 5. The Evolution of French Research Policies and the Impacts on the Universities and Public Research Organizations 6. Public Research and Industrial Innovation: A Comparison of US and European Innovation Systems in the Life Sciences 7. Research Productivity and the Allocation of Resources in Publicly Funded Research Programmes Part III: Models of Research Funding 8. The Economics of Scientific Research Coalitions: Collaborative Network Formation in the Presence of Multiple Funding Agencies 9. On the Workings of Scientific Communities 10. Funding Basic Research: When is Public Finance Preferable to Attainable ‘Club Goods’ Solutions? 11. On the Provision of Industry-Specific Public Goods: Revisiting a Policy Process Conclusions Index

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Book SynopsisMoving People and Knowledge provides a fresh examination of the processes of highly skilled science migration. Focusing on intra-European mobility and, in particular, on the new dynamics of East-West migration, the authors investigate the movement of Polish and Bulgarian researchers to and from the UK and Germany. Key questions include: who is moving, how long for, and why? In addressing the motivations and experiences of mobile scientists and their families, insights into professional and personal motivations are provided, demonstrating how relationships, networks and infrastructures shape decision-making. This book provides a useful perspective on the implications of increasing researcher mobility - for both sending and receiving regions and the individuals concerned - which is necessary for the construction of future policies on sustainable scientific development. This empirical account provides a nuanced analysis of the duration and flow of scientific mobility showing the prevalence of repeat and shuttle moves in science careers. It will be of particular interest to researchers in European social policy, migration studies and EU law, as well as policymakers in the field of highly skilled migration - especially those working on the free movement of persons provisions and the European Research Area and European Area of Higher Education.Trade Review'The book can be seen as a welcomed contribution to this field of study. . . [it] raises some important questions and problems of scientific mobility.' -- Hogni Kalso Hansen, Papers in Regional Science'This is a very timely book looking at East-West migration, which has recently become a hot political issue in various West European countries. It does an excellent job in laying out the intricacies of mobility that affect different groups, particularly "knowledge migrants". The book successfully shows that "knowledge migrants" follow different motivational routes than other groups of migrants in their choice of mobility between institutes and nations. It makes a valuable contribution to a growing body of research that seeks to change established thinking and rhetoric about migration and to shift it from a dualistic thinking of migration in terms of economic vs. non-economic migrants. What this book shows is that the professional identity of people often supersedes their nationalities in relation to why and where they move.' -- Sami Mahroum, NESTA, UK'Based on excellent empirical research on migrating scientists from Poland and Bulgaria to the UK and Germany, this book follows an innovative agenda which is crucial to the world today - the movement of people and the movement of knowledge. It achieves this by a creative blend of analysing personal stories, embedded in their professional and family networks, on the one hand, and macro-scale discussions of brain drain, brain gain and national and European policy implications on the other.' -- Russell King, University of Sussex, UK'This book makes a timely contribution to understanding the circulation of scientific knowledge via international mobility. It skillfully combines an analysis of structural and institutional changes, with a focus on individual circumstances, life courses and motivations. The outcome is a compelling account of the role of international migration in the transfer of knowledge across borders, and in shaping the careers of individual scientists. This places people and human mobility at the heart of the debate about how the knowledge economy is produced and reproduced.' -- Allan Williams, London Metropolitan University, UKTable of ContentsContents: Foreword by Marek Okólski 1. Introduction: Moving People and Knowledge – Defining the Research Agenda Part I: Understanding Migration Behaviour and Patterns 2. Circulators, Returners and Settlers: Migration Trajectories and Patterns 3. Migration Processes and their Determinants: ‘Professional’ Factors 4. The Impact of Partnering on Migration Processes and Outcomes 5. Multiple Life-courses? The Impact of Children on Migration Processes 6. The Role of Networks and Connections in Shaping Migration Processes and Effects Part II: Assessing Impact: The Experience of Receiving and Sending Countries 7. Brain Gain? Assessing the Value of Scientific Migration to Receiving Countries 8. Brain Drain? The Experiences of Sending Countries 9. Summary, Conclusions and Policy Implications References Index

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Book SynopsisA Web of Prevention provides a timely contribution to the current debate about life science research and its implications for security. It is an informative guide for both experts and the public. It is a forward-looking contribution covering both ends of the equation and creates momentum for the current discussion on effective preventive measures and effective control measures. While there are no guarantees for preventing misuse, there are nonetheless crucial steps the world community can take towards the overarching goal of a global network for the life sciences. This book sheds light on concrete steps toward the achievement of this worthy goal. From the Foreword by Dr Gabriele Kraatz-Wadsack, Chief, Weapons of Mass Destruction Branch, Office for Disarmament Affairs, United Nations. This book with its collection of essays provides an in-depth analysis of the various mutually reinforcing elements that together create and strengthen a web of prevention - or of assurance - that is vital to ensure that the advances in the life sciences are not misused to cause harm. All those engaged in the life sciences and in policy making in governments around the world should read this book so they can take steps to strengthen the web preventing biological weapons. Dr Graham S. Pearson, Visiting Professor of International Security, University of Bradford, UK and previously Director-General, Chemical and Biological Defence Establishment, UK Since September 11, 2001 in many countries renewed attention has been given to how research in the life sciences might inadvertently or intentionally facilitate the development of biological or chemical weapons. This state-of-the-art volume examines the full extent of the issues and debates. Coverage includes an overview of recent scientific achievements in virology, microbiology, immunology and genetic engineering with a view to asking how they might facilitate the production of weapons of mass destruction by state, sub-state or terrorist organizations. Consideration is given to what we have and haven't learned from the past. Employing both academic analysis and reflections by practitioners, the book examines the security-inspired governance regimes for the life sciences that are under development. Ultimately the authors examine what is required to form a comprehensive and workable web of prevention and highlight the importance of encouraging discussions between scientists, policy makers and others regarding the governance of vital but potentially dangerous research.Table of ContentsForeword by Gabriele Kraatz-Wadsack * Introduction: A Web of Prevention? * Life Sciences or Death Sciences: Tipping the Balance towards Life with Ethics, Codes and Laws * Whistleblowers: Risks and Skills * Education for the Life Sciences: Choices and Challenges * Dual Use: Can We Learn from the Physicists Experience? A Personal View * Science and Technology Developments Relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention * Options for a Scientific Advisory Panel for the Biological Weapons Convention * Dual Use Biotechnology Research: The Case for Protective Oversight * Reflections on the Role of Research Oversight in a Web of Prevention * Export Control and the Non-proliferation of Materials: National Boundaries in International Science? * Chemical and Biological Weapons Export Controls and the Web of Prevention : A Practitioner‘s Perspective * How Does Secrecy Work? Keeping and Disclosing Secrets in the History of the UK Biological Warfare Programme * Reflecting on the Problem of Dual Use * Governing Dual Use Life Science Research: Opportunities and Risks for Public Health * Index

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Book SynopsisThis text provides a comprehensive introduction to the many different issues related to the Sisyphean task of building science and technology capabilities in developing countries. It attempts to answer crucial questions including: how can knowledge be utilized to improve the human condition, and how can we bridge the growing knowledge divide between those who produce and use modern science and technology - and those who do not?Francisco Sagasti examines the complex interactions between science, technology and development through history, explores how capabilities in these areas are created in different countries and places the role of international co-operation in perspective. The book then introduces a 'science and technology capability index' to rank countries, analyses the policy implications of the place they occupy, and summarizes the experience of developing countries in formulating science and technology policies. It concludes with a review of important lessons for the future. This highly innovative and original work will strongly appeal to academics, policymakers, development practitioners and students interested in the role of knowledge and innovation in contemporary society, and in the disparities between developed and developing countries.Trade Review'Francisco Sagasti is both a deep scholar and a policy analyst of exceptional practical significance. From his work at the World Bank to the Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology, and Government, to his intellectual leadership in Peru, he has made a steady flow of valuable contributions. He has extraordinary understanding of the relevance of knowledge, skill, and freedom for socioeconomic development. This book is a treasure.' -- David A. Hamburg, President Emeritus, Carnegie Corporation of New York and Cornell University Weill Medical College, US'A landmark study that will inspire practitioners as much as it will inspire further research on the role of technology in economic change. A powerful reminder to policymakers on the importance of creativity as a source of economic renewal.' -- Calestous Juma, Harvard University, US'Knowledge and Innovation for Development is a splendid piece of scholarship, which no-one else could possibly have written. It brings together an astonishing array of writers and ideas and it is beautifully written.' -- Rodger Schwass, York University, CanadaTable of ContentsContents: Preface Introduction 1. Knowledge, Technology and Production: A Conceptual Framework 2. A Brief Historical Perspective 3. The Knowledge Explosion and its Manifestations 4. The Knowledge Divide and Disparities in Developing Country Capacities 5. Strategies and Policies for Building an Endogenous Science and Technology Base Concluding Remarks Appendix 1: Comparison between the Science and Technology Capacity Index and Other Indexes Appendix 2: Science, Technology and Development: The Imperative of Social Innovation Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisBiofortification – the enrichment of staple food crops with essential micronutrients – has been heralded as a uniquely sustainable solution to the problem of micronutrient deficiency or 'hidden hunger'. Considerable attention and resources are being directed towards the biofortification of rice – the world's most important food crop. Through an in-depth analysis of international rice biofortification efforts across the US, Philippines and China, this book provides an important critique of such goal-oriented, top-down approaches. These approaches, the author argues, exemplify a model of global, 'public goods' science that is emerging within complex, international research networks. It provides vital lessons for those researching and making decisions about science and research policy, showing that if this model becomes entrenched, it is likely to channel resources towards the search for 'silver bullet' solutions at the expense of more incremental approaches that respond to locality, diversity and the complex and uncertain interactions between people and their environments. The author proposes a series of key changes to institutions and practices that might allow more context-responsive alternatives to emerge. These issues are particularly important now as increasing concerns over food security are leading donors and policy makers to commit to ambitious visions of 'impact at scale' – visions which may never become a reality and may preclude more effective pathways from being pursued. Published in association with the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). Trade Review'A deeply thought-provoking book, this study of biofortification in rice explores how and why public science so often irons out complex needs into a demand for pre-packaged solutions. Biofortification could yet become an exemplar of a different, boundary-crossing, socially-informed science for poverty alleviation. [This] book is essential reading for both critics and proponents of biotechnology in international development.' Paul Richards, Professor of Technology and Agrarian Development, Wageningen University, The Netherlands 'A lucid analysis of the decision making in international agricultural research which emphasizes a technical, commercial approach. Malnutrition is far better tackled with a biodiversity approach that makes available local foods that can be eaten fresh and are free.' Suman Sahai, Convenor, Gene Campaign, New Delhi 'A deeply thought-provoking book, this study of biofortification in rice explores how and why public science so often irons out complex needs into a demand for pre-packaged solutions. Are the great private philanthropic foundations and the brilliant scientists they fund simply incapable of understanding the lives of the rural poor? The author prefers instead to make a case for deep institutional reform, offering space for new types of partnership. Biofortification could yet become an exemplar of a different, boundary-crossing, socially-informed science for poverty alleviation. Her book is essential reading for both critics and proponents of biotechnology in international development.' Paul Richards, Professor of Technology and Agrarian Development, Wageningen University, The Netherlands 'Rice Biofortification convincingly illustrates the tenacity of the top down linear research paradigm which unfortunately still dominates the international agricultural research agenda. How researchers can effectively work with local contexts is an important issue, which the author handles admirably.' Joachim Voss, independent research professional, and formerly Director General of the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia 'Rice Biofortification would be useful for both critics and proponents of biotechnology.' Greenteacher.org, CEE (Centre for Environment Education) 'A book for those formulating and appraising scientific research and its impact on social development.' New Agriculturalist 'The issues related to the organisation of public science and research highlighted in the book are very relevant in the context of the recent debates in India related to the commerical release of Bt Brinjal.' GreenTeacher.orgTable of ContentsIntroduction: Why Biofortification? 1. 'Old Lessons and New Paradigms': Locating Biofortification 2. Building the Argument: The Case of Iron Rice 3. An Institutional Model? The Case of Golden Rice 4. An Alliance around an Idea: The Shifting Boundaries of Harvestplus 5. Global Science, Public Goods? A Synthesis. Conclusion. References. Notes

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Book SynopsisScience and technology policy is widely recognized as a critically important sphere of state activity. This book presents an authoritative overview of comparative research on science and technology policy in order to illuminate the choices that confront decision makers in this field. With contributions from various disciplines including economics, political science, law and science and technology studies, the selection of articles reflects both traditional perspectives and those which challenge conventional assumptions. The book covers such topics as the relationship between science and the state, and comparisons of how different governments seek to support and regulate scientific research, technology, industrial innovation and global competitiveness. Finally it looks at how international influences can affect national policies.Table of ContentsPART I: Science, Technology, and the State 1. Y. Ezrahi (1984), ‘Science and Utopia in Late 20th Century Pluralist Democracy: With a Special Reference to the U.S.A’ 2. J.G. Ruggie (1975), ‘International Responses to Technology: Concepts and Trends’ 3. E. Solingen (1993), ‘Between Markets and the State: Scientists in Comparative Perspective’ 4. A. Jamison (1987), ‘National Styles of Science and Technology: A Comparative Model’ PART II: Governmental Support for Science 5. H. Nowotny (1990), ‘Knowledge for Certainty: Poverty, Welfare Institutions and the Institutionalization of Social Science’ 6. A. Rip (1994), ‘The Republic of Science in the 1990’s’ 7. A. Elzinga and I. Bohlin (1989), ‘The Politics of Science in Polar Regions’ 8. Y. Gingras and M. Trépanier (1993), ‘Constructing a Tokamak: Political, Economic, and Technical Factors as Constraints and Resources’ PART III: Cross-National Perspectives on Technology Policy 9. Henry Ergas (1987), ‘Does Technology Policy Matter?’ 10. R.R. Nelson (1990), ‘U.S. Technological Leadership: Where Did It Come From, and Where Did It Go?’ 11. M. Evangelista (1989), ‘Issue-Area and Foreign Policy Revisited’ 12. H. Willke (1995), ‘The Proactive State: The Role of National Enabling Policies in Global Socio-Economic Transformations’ PART IV: Cultures of Innovation 13. P. Patel and K. Pavitt (1994), ‘National Innovation Systems: Why They Are Important, and How They Might Be Measured and Compared’ 14. H. Kitschelt (1991), ‘Industrial Governance Structures, Innovation Strategies and the Case of Japan: Sectoral or Cross-National Comparative Analysis?’ 15. J. Nicholas Ziegler (1995), ‘Institutions, Elites, and Technological Change in France and Germany’ PART V: Regulatory Politics and Policy 16. Sheila Jasanoff (1990), ‘American Exceptionalism and the Political Acknowledgement of Risk’ 17. J. Abraham and E. Millstone (1989), ‘Food Additive Controls: Some International Comparisons’ 18. D. Vogel (1992), ‘Consumer Protection and Protectionism in Japan’ 19. K. Harrison and G. Hoberg (1991), ‘Setting the Environmental Agenda in Canada and the United States: The Cases of Dioxin and Radon‘ 20. M.R. Reich (1995), ‘The Politics of Agenda Setting in International Health: Child Health versus Adult Health in Developing Countries’ 21. A.L. Bonnicksen (1994), ‘National and International Approaches to Human Germ-Line Gene Therapy’ 22. M.E. Porter and Claas van der Linde (1995), ‘Toward a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness Relationship’(22) PART VI: International Influences and National Policy 23. P.M. Haas (1989), ‘Do Regimes Matter? Epistemic Communities and Mediterranean Pollution Control’ 24. M.A. Hajer (1995), ‘Politics on the Move: The Democratic Control of the Design of Sustainable Technologies’ 25. D. Laurence and B. Wynne (1989), ‘Transporting Waste in the European Community: A Free Market? ’ 26. A. Mol and J. Law (1994), ‘Regions, Networks and Fluids: Anaemia and Social Topology’ 27. J.N. Rosenau (1992), ‘The Relocation of Authority in a Shrinking World’

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis book investigates the governance structures and mechanisms of knowledge and technology transfer in the context of innovation and production systems in six regions of Europe. For that purpose, the author develops a new and innovative heuristic governance model of knowledge transfer systems. Against the assumption of far-reaching institutional coherence and homogeneity of national systems in existing scholarship, Michael Ortiz demonstrates that national innovation and production systems are regionally variegated. With analyses of strengths and weaknesses, barriers, shortcomings, and dilemmas of regional innovation and knowledge transfer systems, the book ultimately identifies best practice models and policy recommendations for the investigated regions.

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Book SynopsisHot Science, High Water explores the work of different generations of Vietnamese scientists as they engage with local and international efforts to conserve nature, address climate change, and carry out scientific research. Drawing upon ethnographic fieldwork in universities, government offices, and foreign embassies, as well as the muddy intertidal zones of coastal Vietnam, the study reveals scientists engaged in a politics of nature that is local and global, contemporary and historical, and natural and social. More generally, this book is an ethnography of science in a developing country grappling with the local implications of global networks of knowledge production, and shifting trends in international development policy.Table of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgements xvii Abbreviations xix 1. Introduction 1 Actor-networks Slippery spaces 2. Science Histories 23 Confucian influences on the 'pacified south' Confucian education in an independent Vietnam Colonial educations Science and higher education in a divided country The Socialist Republic of Vietnam, doi moi and beyond Histories and their contemporaries 3. Science Economies 58 Dr. Ly's gift Unequal equivalencies and shifting power Getting to know a shrimp pond What's in it for me? Cash economies Observing the economy 4. Conserving Science and Composing Nature 83 Experiencing nature at Xuan Thuy National Park Natural and human actors Scientists at work Challenging natures Instability and the movements of birds and trees Normal natures 5. Making Climate Change 123 The Vietnamese climate Crises, curves and prices Climate change science and negotiations Assembling the facts Acting multilocally Performing climate change: A workshop for the National Assembly Tangled actor networks Delivering climate change to local government 6. The Circulations of Climate Change 172 Triggers or rockets? Budget support and climate change The unpredictability of anti-politics machines Back to the future: COP 15 and NTP - RCC Circular ends 7. The Science of Coming Home 187 Young scientists Re-entering Vietnam Dr. Dzung and powerless money Dr. Mai and the economy of success Dr. Phuong and the fading of a promising future Dr. Hang and trials of a straight line Dr. Thao returns home and catches a small case of the flu Scientific returns 8. Conclusion 229 Fighting for nature Means to different ends Theory, economy and history Constructing the social References 241 Index 265

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Book SynopsisFor the 21st century to be India''s, we need to excel in many areas. The vision of a five trillion economy is at best a pipe dream if we look at the current situation. The Struggle and the Promise makes an interesting case for achieving this grand vision. We must start with moral leadership - drawing on our inherent strengths as a culture that is at its strongest when diverse, tolerant and inclusive. In this path-breaking book, Naushad Forbes analyses policy, industry, education, economy, technology, international trade and institutions. Backed by solid research and unprecedented data, it provides an actionable blueprint for every area to restore India''s potential

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Book SynopsisOn 28 April 2021, the Indonesian government, under President Joko Widodo, dissolved the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education (Kemenristek-Dikti). Since then, the management of higher education has been taken over by the Ministry of Education and Culture, while research and innovation are now the responsibility of the National Research and Innovation Agency (Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional, or BRIN). Based on Presidential Regulation (Perpres) Nos. 33 and 78 of 2021, various research institutes, such as LIPI, BATAN, LAPAN and BPPT, and research agencies in some ministries have been or will be merged into BRIN, making it a "super-government agency" with an "overarching" role. With a Rp26 trillion budget allocated by the government for research per year and with a large number of researchers, BRIN is expected to boost national research and innovation, and help the country catch up with countries such as Singapore and South Korea.

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