Relativity physics Books

Book SynopsisThe authors continue the book series entitled Contemporary Fundamental Physics. Edited by Professor Doctor V. V. Dvoeglazov from Universidad de Zacatecas, Mexico, this thematic issue Relativity, Gravitation, Cosmology: Beyond Foundations contains chapters related to contemporary problems of modern physics. This book includes an Editorial Introduction and eleven chapters, commentary, and several reprints. This book may also be considered as the continuation of past publications found in the authors own series concerning relativity. This issue includes contributions from M. Land, V. V. Varlamov, E. Kapuscik, I. A. Vernigora and Yu. G. Rudoy, E. M. Ovsiyuk, V. V. Kisel and V. M. Redkov, O. V. Veko, S. I. Kruglov, B. G. Sidharth, A. Gutierrez-Rodriguez, M. A. Hernandez-Ruiz and A. Gonzalez-Sanchez, and V. V. Dvoeglazov. Older research concerns quantum field theory and gravitation theories. Recent research has been presented at the XI Workshop (2015) and the X and XI Schools (2014 and 2016) of the Gravitation Division of the Sociedad Mexicana de Fisica. The book will be useful to researchers, professors, and students of physics and mathematics.

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Book SynopsisThe latest volume in the New York Times–bestselling physics series explains Einstein’s masterpiece: the general theory of relativity He taught us classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, and special relativity. Now, physicist Leonard Susskind, assisted by a new collaborator, André Cabannes, returns to tackle Einstein’s general theory of relativity. Starting from the equivalence principle and covering the necessary mathematics of Riemannian spaces and tensor calculus, Susskind and Cabannes explain the link between gravity and geometry. They delve into black holes, establish Einstein field equations, and solve them to describe gravity waves. The authors provide vivid explanations that, to borrow a phrase from Einstein himself, are as simple as possible (but no simpler). An approachable yet rigorous introduction to one of the most important topics in physics, General Relativity is a must-read for anyone who wants a deeper knowledge of the universe’s real structure.  

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Book SynopsisIn Synchronicity Paul Halpern tells the little-known story of the unlikely friendship between the Nobel-prize-winning quantum physicist Wolfgang Pauli and the father of psychoanalysis, Carl Jung. In the 1930s, Pauli and Jung began collaborating on a unified theory of quantum and the mind, the result of which was Jung's synchronicity principle-the idea that events connected by meaning need not be explained by causality. Pauli's work on entanglement theory, which allowed for instantaneous cause and effect relationships, was particularly appealing to Jung, as it seemed to give weight to his controversial theory of a collective unconscious.Casting their relationship within a larger intellectual history of entanglement theory, Halpern poses a question that has mystified physicists and philosophers alike since the times of Aristotle: Is the speed of light finite, as Einstein posited, or is it, as Pauli and the proponents of entanglement theory asserted, variable across time and dimensions? As Halpern works his way through the history of the physics of cause and effect, he shows that this centuries-old debate is not only relevant at the smallest scales of particle physics but also at the largest scales of the cosmos itself.

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Book SynopsisWhen scientists peer through a telescope at the distant stars in outer space or use a particle-accelerator to analyze the smallest components of matter, they discover that the same laws of physics govern the whole universe at all times and all places. Physicists call the eternal, ubiquitous constancy of the laws of physics symmetry. Symmetry is the basic underlying principle that defines the laws of nature and hence controls the universe. This all-important insight is one of the great conceptual breakthroughs in modern physics and is the basis of contemporary efforts to discover a grand unified theory to explain all the laws of physics. Nobel Laureate Leon M. Lederman and physicist Christopher T. Hill explain the supremely elegant concept of symmetry and all its profound ramifications to life on Earth and the universe at large in this eloquent, accessible popular science book. They not only clearly describe concepts normally reserved only for physicists and mathematicians, but they also instill an appreciation for the profound beauty of the universe's inherent design. Central to the story of symmetry is an obscure, unpretentious, but extremely gifted German mathematician named Emmy Noether. Though still little known to the world, she impressed no less a scientist than Albert Einstein, who praised her "penetrating mathematical thinking." In some of her earliest work she proved that the law of the conservation of energy was connected to the idea of symmetry and thus laid the mathematical groundwork for what may be the most important concept of modern physics. Lederman and Hill reveal concepts about the universe, based on Noether's work, that are largely unknown to the public and have wide-reaching implications in connection with the Big Bang, Einstein's theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, and many other areas of physics. Through ingenious analogies and illustrations, they bring these astounding notions to life. This book will open your eyes to a universe you never knew existed.Table of ContentsIntroduction: What is Symmetry?; Children of the Titans; Time & Energy; Emmy Noether; Symmetry, Space & Time; Noether's Theorem; Inertia; Relativity; Reflections; Broken Symmetry; Quantum Mechanics; The Hidden Symmetry of Light; Quarks & Leptons; An Epilogue for Educators; Notes; Index.

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Book SynopsisGeneral Relativity Research Trends

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Book SynopsisThis book presents recent research from around the globe in gravitational physics and the theory of space-time.

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Book SynopsisSubject Interest Groups: physics, mathematics, theoretical physics, astrophysics This book includes important papers written by R Cahill, J G Hartnett, F Cardone, A Marrani and R Mignani, J Dunning-Davies, A Gutierrez-Rodriguez, M A Hernandez-Ruiz and J M Rivera-Juarez, A Vankov, P O''Donell, J Lopez-Bonilla et al, V Varlamov, G.-j. Ni. Interesting mathematical questions of relativity theory, relations to the modern astrophysics, as well as some conceptual foundations are considered in the papers.

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Book SynopsisThe reader will be familiarized with some inconspicuous additions to the theory of relativity and quantum theory, which concern the energy density in cosmic and sub-nuclear domains. These are seemingly technical details, but they make the extreme vividness of light and its speed understandable. We will also ask anew some questions that concern that apparently objective world, whose objectivity is not just a matter of self-evidence, but is constantly being reconstituted in intelligent awareness. Thus the vibrancy of the presence of the world emerges as a most suitable basis for physical knowledge. Finally, we will discuss the sociological conditions, which, especially in the light of the increasing global epidemics, point to an impending disintegration, even to a collapse of civil society. While new strands of human, artificial and hybrid life forms are emerging, new aviation and nuclear time travel appear in a new light. Time as we knew it is gone forever. We experience both a time-out of time and time out of time. Only the happiest of us will keep our original shape and make our way across the galaxy.

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Book SynopsisOne of the world's most celebrated cosmologists presents her breakthrough explanation of our origins in the multiverse.'Fascinating' ROGER PENROSE, Nobel laureate'What if our universe is but an infinitesimal fragment of reality? What would this "multiverse" be like? There is no better guide to the bizarre, and sometimes paradoxical, cosmic super-realm than Laura Mersini-Houghton' Paul Davies, author of What's Eating the Universe?In recent years, Laura Mersini-Houghton's ground-breaking theory, spectacularly vindicated with observational evidence, has turned the multiverse from philosophical speculation to one of the most compelling and credible explanations of our universe's origins. In Before the Big Bang, she interweaves the story of how she arrived at this theory with her journey from communist Albania, where she was born and brought up, to the West, showing how her unconventional path helped her to challenge orthodoxies and become one of the most courageous thinkers on the world stage of theoretical physics.'A riveting tour of the cosmos from the one of the brightest minds in astrophysics' Washington Post'A fascinating and unusual hybrid of pop science and memoir' 5*, Stephen Poole, Daily Telegraph'One of the world's most renowned cosmologists offers insights into the majestic world of the quantum multiverse' Stephon Alexander, author of Fear of a Black Universe*A DAILY TELEGRAPH BOOK OF THE YEAR 2022*Trade ReviewA fascinating account -- SIR ROGER PENROSE, Nobel laureateWhat if our universe, vast though it may be, is but an infinitesimal fragment of reality? What would this 'multiverse' be like? And how could we possibly test the idea? There is no better guide to the bizarre, and sometimes paradoxical, cosmic super-realm than Laura Mersini-Houghton -- PAUL DAVIES, author of What’s Eating the Universe?From one of the world's most renowned cosmologists, Before the Big Bang offers insights into the Big Bang and, beyond it, into the majestic world of a quantum multiverse -- STEPHON ALEXANDER, author of Fear of a Black UniverseA fascinating and unusual hybrid of pop science and memoir... The author's explanation of such exotic ideas is vivid and good-humoured, and much enlivened by tableaux from her education in Albania -- Stephen Poole * Daily Telegraph, 5* *The age-old cosmological question of how and why the Big Bang happened has never been tackled with such aplomb * Daily Telegraph, *Books of the Year* *

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Book SynopsisA new, popular edition with a clear introduction, Special & General Relativity by Albert Einstein contains his core paper, 'Relativity, The Special & The General Theory: A Popular Exposition', which established his reputation as one of the greatest thinkers of our (and perhaps any) age. Also included are two of the Princeton University lectures he gave to explain his findings in more detail, on 'The Meaning of Relativity', as well as the early paper which led to his famous equation E = mc2. The FLAME TREE Foundations series features core publications which together have shaped the cultural landscape of the modern world, with cutting-edge research distilled into pocket guides designed to be both accessible and informative.

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Book SynopsisThis book examines the rise and proliferation of 'Supermaxes', large prisons dedicated to holding prisoners in prolonged and strict solitary confinement, in the United States since the late 1980s. Drawing on unique access to two Supermax prisons and on in-depth interviews with prison officials, prison architects, current and former prisoners, mental health professionals, penal, legal, and human rights experts, it provides a holistic view of the theory, practice and consequences of these prisons. Given the historic uses of solitary confinement, the book also traces continuities and discontinuities in its use on both sides of the Atlantic over the last two centuries. It argues that rather than being an entirely 'new' form of imprisonment, Supermax prisons draw on principles of architecture, surveillance and control which were set out in the early 19th century but which are now enhanced by the most advanced technologies available to current day prison planners and administrators. It asks why a form of confinement which had been discredited in the past is now proposed as the best solution for dealing with 'difficult', 'dangerous' or 'disruptive' prisoners, and assesses the true costs of Supermax confinement.Trade ReviewWinner of the 2010 British Society of Criminology Book Prize‘This is an extraordinarily important book, full of rare insights and invaluable information. Shalev uses a well balanced blend of theory and data — including observations, interviews, and official documents —to lay bare the harsh and dehumanizing realities of these draconian prison environments... The book is extremely well written, engaging, and astute. It is a must read for scholars, prison policy-makers, and interested citizens alike.’-Professor Craig Haney, University of California, Santa Cruz‘Sharon Shalev combines theoretical skill and a fine eye for empirical detail to ask and answer all the right questions about these extraordinary (and expanding) institutions...Shalev succeeds where much literature on imprisonment fails: comparing the "internal" technologies of control —architectural design, techniques of constant surveillance, daily routine—with the "external" ideologies of justification. An important book.’-Professor Stanley Cohen, Emeritus Professor, London School of Economics‘The "Supermax" makes a high-technology contribution to the art of institutionalized inhumanity —offering architectural settings and regimes for physically isolating prisoners for protracted periods of time in extremely deprived circumstances, under the guise of achieving security-centered penological objectives. Sharon Shalev has provided us with a long-overdue authoritative, meticulously-researched portrait and thoughtful, scholarly analysis of this draconian innovation.’-Professor Hans Toch, School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany'Shalev ultimately provides a meticulous, authoritative account that effectively combines theory with documentary material in an accessible format. In this regard Supermax provides for a broad readership including academics, students and the general public while also serving as vital reading for legal practitioners and advocates, correctional staff and policymakers along with interested community members.''Shalev presents powerful arguments against supermax that are crafted in a way which ultimately confronts and cuts through the official reasoning and rhetoric that comprise powerful justificatory discourses underpinning the continuing push for prison securitization. It is for this reason and along with others described above that Shalev’s book is a must read.'-Bree Carlton, School of Political and Social Inquiry, Monash University, in the Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, Vol 44 Iss 2Winner of the 2010 British Society of Criminology Book Prize‘This is an extraordinarily important book, full of rare insights and invaluable information. Shalev uses a well balanced blend of theory and data — including observations, interviews, and official documents —to lay bare the harsh and dehumanizing realities of these draconian prison environments... The book is extremely well written, engaging, and astute. It is a must read for scholars, prison policy-makers, and interested citizens alike.’-Professor Craig Haney, University of California, Santa Cruz‘Sharon Shalev combines theoretical skill and a fine eye for empirical detail to ask and answer all the right questions about these extraordinary (and expanding) institutions...Shalev succeeds where much literature on imprisonment fails: comparing the "internal" technologies of control —architectural design, techniques of constant surveillance, daily routine—with the "external" ideologies of justification. An important book.’-Professor Stanley Cohen, Emeritus Professor, London School of Economics‘The "Supermax" makes a high-technology contribution to the art of institutionalized inhumanity —offering architectural settings and regimes for physically isolating prisoners for protracted periods of time in extremely deprived circumstances, under the guise of achieving security-centered penological objectives. Sharon Shalev has provided us with a long-overdue authoritative, meticulously-researched portrait and thoughtful, scholarly analysis of this draconian innovation.’-Professor Hans Toch, School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany'Throughout this book, Shalev creates an atmosphere that makes the reader feel as though they are within the walls of the most secure prison in the US.Supermax is an interesting and provocative book filled with important and rare observation which are critical for understanding the inner controls of supermax prisons. The macro- and micro-level analysis of supermax prisons is ideal for a variety of readers, even those with rudimentary knowledge of the supermax phenomenon. The theoretical approach, coupled with extensive reference to empirical data, provides a unique vantage point from which to examine supermax prisons in the US. Supermax is a must read for prison scholars, policy makers, academics, or anyone fascinated with, or interested in, the rise of these institutions.' - Rachelle Larocque, PhD Candidate, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge in the Howard Journal, May 2011 'This is a very thought provoking book.' - Donald Urquhart, Retired Police Officer and Chair of the Scottish Community Safety Network'Shalev ultimately provides a meticulous, authoritative account that effectively combines theory with documentary material in an accessible format. In this regard Supermax provides for a broad readership including academics, students and the general public while also serving as vital reading for legal practitioners and advocates, correctional staff and policymakers along with interested community members.''Shalev presents powerful arguments against supermax that are crafted in a way which ultimately confronts and cuts through the official reasoning and rhetoric that comprise powerful justificatory discourses underpinning the continuing push for prison securitization. It is for this reason and along with others described above that Shalev’s book is a must read.'-Bree Carlton, School of Political and Social Inquiry, Monash University, in the Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, Vol 44 Iss 2'This is a highly accomplished work based upon what must have been a particularly harrowing piece of research regarding the supermax prison estate in the United States.''It is a highly accessible and compelling piece...extremely interesting and stimulating to read...''This is a stimulating and thought-provoking book on a matter that is at the extremes of penological debate, however the overarching themes of security and risk management as justifications for such measures integrate the book well into wider debates surrounding punishment in the 21st century. It is a refreshing engagement with the wider view of the offender and society being potential victims of an over-enthusiastic penal policy...I would recommend this book to anyone interested in punishment and penal policy.'-Jennifer Sloan, University of Sheffield, in International Review of Victimology, vol 17 no 2.Table of Contents1. Introduction: The Supermax Phenomenon 2. Solitary Confinement as a Penal Strategy: A Brief History 3. Factors and Actors in the Rise of Supermax Prisons 4. Ideologies of Control: Discourses on the Goals and Roles of Supermax Prisons 5. The Bureaucratisation of Control: Prisoner Classification and Placement in Supermax Prisons 6. Technologies of Control: The Architectural Design, Physical Fixtures and Security Arrangements in Supermax Prisons 7. Inside a Supermax: Daily Routines and Prisoner Provision 8. The Dynamics of Control: Views from the Control Room, Views from the Cells 9. Evaluating Supermax Confinement

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Book SynopsisA superlative, fascinating graphic account of Albert Einstein's strange world and how his legacy has been built upon since. It is now more than a century since Einstein's theories of Special and General Relativity began to revolutionise our view of the universe. Beginning near the speed of light and proceeding to explorations of space-time and curved spaces, Introducing Relativity plots a visually accessible course through the thought experiments that have given shape to contemporary physics. Scientists from Isaac Newton to Stephen Hawking add their unique contributions to this story, as we encounter Einstein's astounding vision of gravity as the curvature of space-time and arrive at the breathtakingly beautiful field equations. Einstein's legacy is reviewed in the most advanced frontiers of physics today - black holes, gravitational waves, the accelerating universe and string theory.

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Book SynopsisBased on Prof. Lüst's Masters course at the University of Munich, this book begins with a short introduction to general relativity. It then presents black hole solutions, and discusses Penrose diagrams, black hole thermodynamics and entropy, the Unruh effect, Hawking radiation, the black hole information problem, black holes in supergravity and string theory, the black hole microstate counting in string theory, asymptotic symmetries in general relativity, and a particular quantum model for black holes. The book offers an up-to-date summary of all the pertinent questions in this highly active field of physics, and is ideal reading for graduate students and young researchers.Table of ContentsSpecial relativity.- Riemannian geometry.- Introduction to general relativity.- General relativity.- Einstein's equations.- Black holes.- Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates and geodesics of the Schwarzschild black hole.- Conformal compactifications and Penrose diagrams.- Penrose diagrams of charged & rotating black holes.- Rotating black holes and black hole mechanics.- Black hole mechanics and thermodynamics.- Black hole thermodynamics .- Black holes and entropy.- Hawking and Unruh radiation.- Quantum field theory in curved space-time backgrounds.- Unruh und Hawking effect.- Information loss paradox.- Solitons in String Theory.- Brane solutions.- Dimensional reduction and black holes.- Black holes in string theory from p/D-branes.- Black hole microstate counting.- Asymptotic symmetries in general relativity and black hole hair.- Asymptotic symmetries of 4D space-time geometries.- BMS charges.- The gravitational memory effect.- Current research on BMS-like transformations and charges of black holes.- Quantum hair and quantum black hole vacua.

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Book SynopsisCosmology describes the evolution of the Universe and is based on a description of its beginning from quantum fluctuations. String theory is the only known consistent theory of quantum gravity that can deal with the highest energy scales near the Planck energy, relevant for cosmology's beginning. As a result, only string theory can give a fully consistent picture of cosmological origins. This book describes the best current avenues for obtaining cosmology from string theory. It is aimed at graduate students, and also researchers, with some familiarity with cosmology and string theory, however no detailed knowledge is required. Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis primer brilliantly exposes concepts related to special and general relativity for the absolute beginner. It can be used either as an introduction to the subject at a high school level or as a useful compass for undergraduates who want to move the first steps towards Einstein's theories.The book is enhanced throughout with many useful exercises and beautiful illustrations to aid understanding.The topics covered include: Lorentz transformations, length contraction and time dilation, the twin paradox (and other paradoxes), Minkowski spacetime, the Einstein equivalence principle, curvature of space and spacetime, geodesics, parallel transport, Einstein’s equations of general relativity, black holes, wormholes, cosmology, gravitational waves, time machines, and much more.Table of Contents1 Introduction.- 2 Fundamentals of Math & Classical Mechanics.- 3 Special Relativity.- 4 General Relativity.- A Quick Reference.- B Answer to Select Problems.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook develops Special Relativity in a systematic way and offers problems with detailed solutions to empower students to gain a real understanding of this core subject in physics. This new edition has been thoroughly updated and has new sections on relativistic fluids, relativistic kinematics and on four-acceleration. The problems and solution section has been significantly expanded and short history sections have been included throughout the book.The approach is structural in the sense that it develops Special Relativity in Minkowski space following the parallel steps as the development of Newtonian Physics in Euclidian space. A second characteristic of the book is that it discusses the mathematics of the theory independently of the physical principles, so that the reader will appreciate their role in the development of the physical theory.The book is intended to be used both as a textbook for an advanced undergraduate teaching course in Special Relativity but also as a reference book for the future. Table of ContentsMathematical Part.- The Structure of the Theories of Physics.- Newtonian Physics.- The Foundation of Special Relativity.- The Physics of the Position Four-Vector.- Relativistic Kinematics.- Four-Acceleration.- Paradoxes.- Mass – Four-Momentum.- Relativistic Reactions.- Four-Force.- Irreducible Decompositions.- The Electromagnetic Field.- Relativistic Angular Momentum.- The Covariant Lorentz Transformation.- Geometric Description of Relativistic Interactions.

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Book SynopsisThese three lectures cover a certain aspect of complexity and black holes, namely the relation to the second law of thermodynamics. The first lecture describes the meaning of quantum complexity, the analogy between entropy and complexity, and the second law of complexity. Lecture two reviews the connection between the second law of complexity and the interior of black holes. Prof. L. Susskind discusses how firewalls are related to periods of non-increasing complexity which typically only occur after an exponentially long time. The final lecture is about the thermodynamics of complexity, and “uncomplexity” as a resource for doing computational work. The author explains the remarkable power of “one clean qubit,” in both computational terms and in space-time terms. This book is intended for graduate students and researchers who want to take the first steps towards the mysteries of black holes and their complexity.Table of ContentsLecture I: Hilbert Space is Huge1 Preface2 How Huge?3 Volume of CP(N)4 Relative Complexity5 Dual Role of Unitaries6 Volume of SU(2K)7 Exploring SU(2K)7.1 Relative Complexity of Unitaries7.2 Complexity is Discontinuous8 Graph Theory Perspective8.1 Collisions and Loops9 The Second Law of Quantum Complexity9.1 Hamiltonian EvolutionII Lecture II: Black Holes and the Second Law of Complexity10 Preface11 The Black Hole-Quantum Circuit Correspondence11.1 Two Problems11.2 Circuits and Black Holes12 The Growth of Wormholes12.1 Properties of Growth12.2 Rindler Time and CV13 Exponential Time Breakdown of GR13.1 C=V14 Precursors14.1 The Epidemic Model14.2 Lyapunov and Rindler15 Precursors and Black Holes15.1 Instability of White Holes16 Complexity and Firewalls16.1 Firewalls are Fragile16.2 What Happens After Exponential Time?16.3 The Fragility of Complexity Equilibrium17 Do Typical States have Firewalls?17.1 AdS Black Holes17.2 Evaporating Black HolesLecture III: The Thermodynamics of Complexity18 Preface19 Negentropy20 Uncomplexity20.1 The Auxiliary System20.2 Combining Auxiliary Systems21 Uncomplexity as a Resource22 The Power of One Clean Qubit22.1 The Protocol22.2 Expending Uncomplexity and Negentropy23 Spacetime and Uncomplexity23.1 CA23.2 Geometric Interpretation of UncomplexityConclusion

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Book SynopsisStarting out from humankind's earliest ideas about the cosmos, this book gives the reader a clear overview of our current understanding of the universe, including big bang theories and the formation of stars and galaxies, as well as addressing open questions. The author shows how our present view gradually developed from observations, and also how the outcome of ongoing research may still change this view. The book brings together concepts in physics and astronomy, including some history in both cases. The text is descriptive rather than technical: the goal is to present things rigorously and without oversimplification, by highlighting the crucial physical concepts. The only prerequisite is a qualitative knowledge of basic physics concepts at high-school level.Table of ContentsChapter 1 - Introduction Chapter 2 - Classical Astronomy Chapter 3 - From the Renaissance to Modern Science Chapter 4 - Classical Physics Chapter 5 - The Physics of Relativity Chapter 6 - The Physics of Stars and Galaxies Chapter 7 - The Physics of the Universe Chapter 8 - New frontiers

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Book SynopsisThis book introduces the phenomenology of gravitational lensing in an accessible manner and provides a thorough discussion of the related astrophysical applications. It is intended for advanced undergraduates and graduate students who want to start working in this rapidly evolving field. This includes also senior researchers who are interested in ongoing or future surveys and missions such as DES, Euclid, WFIRST, LSST. The reader is guided through many fascinating topics related to gravitational lensing like the structure of our galaxy, the searching for exoplanets, the investigation of dark matter in galaxies and galaxy clusters, and several aspects of cosmology, including dark energy and the cosmic microwave background. The author, who has gained valuable experience as academic teacher, guides the readers towards the comprehension of the theory of gravitational lensing and related observational techniques by using simple codes written in python. This approach, beyond facilitating the understanding of gravitational lensing, is preparatory for learning the python programming language which is gaining large popularity both in academia and in the private sector.Table of ContentsPART I: Generalities1. Light deflection1.1. Deflection of a light corpuscle1.2. Deflection of light according to General Relativity1.3. Deflection by an ensable of point masses1.4. Deflection by an extended mass distribution1.5. Light propagation through an inhomogeneous universe1.6. Python examples2. The general lens2.1. Lens equation2.2. Lensing potential2.3. First order lens mapping2.4 Magnification2.5 Lensing to the second order2.6 Time delay surface2.7 Python examplesPART II: Applications of gravitational lensing1. Microlensing1.1 The point mass lens1.2 Standard microlensing light curve1.3 Microlensing parallax1.4 Optical depth and event rate1.5 Astrometric microlensing1.6 Multiple point lenses1.7 Planetary microlensing1.8 Python examples2. Strong lensing by galaxies and galaxy clusters2.1 Axially symmetric lenses2.2 Power-law lens2.3 Softened lenses2.4 Elliptical lenses2.5 Substructures2.6 External shear2.7 Parametric lens modeling2.8 Non-parametric lens modeling2.9 Searches for strong lenses2.10 Cosmic telescopes2.11 Strong lensing cosmography2.12 Time-delay cosmology2.13 Python examples3. Weak lensing by virialized structures3.1 Shear measurements3.2 Tangential and cross component of the shear3.3 Lens mass measurements3.4 Two-dimensional mass mapping3.5 Mass-sheet degeneracy3.6 Python examples4. Weak lensing by the large-scale-structure4.1 Effective convergence4.2 Limber’s equation4.3 Shear correlation functions4.4 Shear in apertures and aperture mass4.5 E- and B-modes4.6 Python examples5. Lensing of the Cosmic Microwave Background5.1 Lensing of the CMB temperature5.2 Gravitational lensing of the CMB polarization5.3 Recovery of the gravitational potential5.4 Python examples

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Book SynopsisThis brief approaches General Relativity from a planetary navigation perspective, delving into the unconventional mathematical methods required to produce computer software for space missions. It provides a derivation of the Einstein field equations and describes experiments performed on the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous mission, spanning General Relativity Theory from the fundamental assumptions to experimental verification.The software used for planetary missions is derived from mathematics that use matrix notation. An alternative is to use Einstein summation notation, which enables the mathematics to be presented in a compact form but makes the geometry difficult to understand. In this book, the relationship of matrix notation to summation notation is shown. The purpose is to enable the reader to derive the mathematics used in the software in either matrix notation or summation notation. This brief is a useful tool for advanced students and young professionals embarking on careers in planetary navigation.Table of Contents1.0 Einstein Field Equations1.1 Summary of General Relativity Fundamental Assumptions 1.2 Geodesic Equation 1.3 Computer Solution for Metric Tensor 1.4 Covariant Derivative of a Vector 1.5 Covariant Derivative of a Tensor 1.6 Riemann-Christoffel Tensor 1.7 Ricci Tensor 1.8 Einstein Tensor 1.9 Summary of Einsteins Theory 2.0 Schwarzschild Solution for Metric Tensor 2.1 Metric Tensor 2.2 Equations of Motion 2.3 Isotropic Schwarzschild Coordinates 3.0 Comparison of Numerical Integration and Analytic Solutions 3.1 Mercury Perihelion Shift 3.2 Radar Delay 3.3 Light Deflection 3.4 Clock Time Keeping 4.0 General Relativity Time Delay Experiment 4.1 Plane Wave Propagation Through Ionized Gas 4.2 Solar Plasma Time Delay 4.3 Troposphere Time Delay 4.4 Ionosphere Time Delay 4.5 Doppler Data 4.6 Range Data Experimental Results

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Book SynopsisThe aim of this textbook is to present in a comprehensive way several advanced topics of general relativity, including gravitational waves, tests of general relativity, time delay, spinors in curved spacetime, Hawking radiation, and geodetic precession to mention a few. These are all important topics in today's research activities from both a theoretical and experimental point of view. This textbook is designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate students to strengthen the knowledge acquired during the core courses on General Relativity. The author developed the book from a series of yearly lectures with the intention of offering a gentle introduction to the field. This book helps understanding the more specialized literature and can be used as a first reading to get quickly into the field when starting research. Chapter-end exercises complete the learning material to master key concepts.Trade Review“It is not a textbook, but rather a compendium of, as the title says, applications of General Relativity (GR) … useful for someone who knows the material but wants to look something up, refresh their memory, etc. … The breadth of topics covered is thus smaller than in some other books, but the depth is great. … it is very specialized, but fills an interesting niche.” (Phillip Helbig, The Observatory, Vol. 142 (1291), December, 2022)Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Elements of General Relativity.- Gravitational Waves.- Black Holes.- Tests of General Relativity.- Solutions.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a remarkable and complete survey of important questions at the interface between theoretical particle physics and cosmology.After discussing the theoretical and experimental physics revolution that led to the rise of the Standard Model in the past century, the author reviews all the major open puzzles, among them the hierarchy problem, the small value of the cosmological constant, the matter-antimatter asymmetry, and the dark matter enigma, including the state-of-the-art regarding proposed solutions. Also addressed are the rapidly expanding fields of thermal dark matter, cosmological first-order phase transitions and gravitational-wave signatures. In addition, the book presents the original and interdisciplinary PhD research work of the author relating to Weakly-Interacting-Massive-Particles around the TeV scale, which are among the most studied dark matter candidates. Motivated by the absence of experimental evidence for such particles, this thesis explores the possibility that dark matter is much heavier than what is conventionally assumed.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Standard Model of Elementary Particles.- Standard Model of Cosmology.- Thermal Dark Matter.- Homeopathic Dark Matter.- First-order Cosmological Phase Transition.

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses theoretical predictions and their comparison with experiments of extended and modified classical and quantum theories of gravity. The goal is to provide a readable access and broad overview over different approaches to the topic to graduate and PhD students as well as to young researchers. The book presents both, theoretical and experimental insights and is structured in three parts. The first addresses the theoretical models beyond special and general relativity such as string theory, Poincare gauge theory and teleparallelism as well as Finsler gravity. In turn, the second part is focused on the observational effects that these models generate, accounting for tests and comparisons which can be made on all possible scales: from the universe as a whole via binary systems, stars, black holes, satellite experiments, down to laboratory experiments at micrometer and smaller scales. The last part of this book is dedicated to quantum systems and gravity, showing tests of classical gravity with quantum systems, and coupling of quantum matter and gravity.Table of ContentsPart 1: Theoretical Models beyond special and general relativity Section 1: Aspects of Lorentz invariance violations (Authors: Nick Mavromatos, Luci Menendez-Pidal De Cristina) Section 2: Deformed relativistic symmetry principles (Authors: Giulia Gubitosi, Michele Arzano, Javier Relancio) Section 3: Modified gravity - Poincare gauge theory and teleparallelism (Authors: Yuri Obukhov, Manuel Hohmann) Section 4: Aspects of Finsler gravity and modified dispersion relations in theory and observation (Authors: Volker Perlick, Jean-Francois Gliecenstein) Part 2: Observational effects beyond special and general relativity Section 1: Cosmic searches for Lorentz invariance violations (Authors: Tomislav Terzic, Carloes de los Heros) Section 2: Compact Objects (Authors: Jutta Kunz, Elisa Maggio, Yakov Shnir, Carlos Herdeiro, Aneta Wojnar) Section 3: Testing classical gravity (Authors: Eva Hackmann, Lijing Shao, Sven Herrmann) Section 4: Testing gravity and the standard model at short distance: The Casimir effect (Authors: Galina L. Klimchitskaya, Vladimir Mostepanenko)Part 3: Quantum Systems and Gravity Section 1: Testing Classical Gravity with Quantum Systems (Authors: Sven Herrmann) Section 2: Quantum Gravity in the Lab (Authors: Dennis Raetzel, Annupam Mazumdar, Hendrik Ulbricht) Section 3: Coupling Quantum Matter and Gravity (Authors: Andre Grossardt, Jan-Willem van Holten, Philip Schwartz , Domenico Giulini)

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Book SynopsisPart 1  - The Statement of the Problems Together With A Short Review of the Relevant Theory.- Chapter 1 - General material.- Chapter 2 - Linear spaces - coordinates.- Chapter 3 - Inner product.- Chapter 4 - Tensors.- Chapter 5 - Euclidian Inner product and Euclidian tensors.- Chapter 6 - Lorentz Inner product and Lorentz tensors.- Chapter 7 - 4-Vectors.- Chapter 8 - Systems of particle 4-vectors.- Chapter 9 - Making Physics.- Part 2  - Solutions.- Chapter 10 - Relativistic reactions.- Chapter 11 - Electromagnetic ?eld:Problems.

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Book SynopsisAt its most basic, philosophy is about learning how to think about the world around us. It should come as no surprise, then, that children make excellent philosophers! Naturally inquisitive, pint-size scholars need little prompting before being willing to consider life's "big questions," however strange or impractical. Plato & Co. introduces children and curious grown-ups to the lives and work of famous philosophers, from Socrates to Descartes, Einstein, Marx, and Wittgenstein. Each book in the series features an engaging and often funny story that presents basic tenets of philosophical thought alongside vibrant color illustrations. In Albert Einstein's Flashes of Inspiration, the young Albert Einstein has a very important job: he must deliver electricity to the big Oktoberfest celebration in Munich. As he hurries from one merry-go-round to another, nothing seems to be going as planned. With his sister, Maja, Heinrich the dog, and Niels Bohr, a qualified dwarf-thrower, can he win a battle against the laws of the universe? The key just may lie in the question of whether a dumpling can fly faster than light?

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Book SynopsisDieses Buch ist bis heute eine der populärsten Darstellungen der Relativitätstheorie geblieben. In der vorliegenden Version haben J. Ehlers und M. Pössel vom Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut) in Golm/Potsdam den Bornschen Text kommentiert und einen den anschaulichen, aber präzisen Stil Borns wahrendes, umfangreiches Ergänzungskapitel hinzugefügt, das die stürmische Entwicklung der Relativiatätstheorie bis hin zu unseren Tagen nachzeichnet. Eingegangen wird auf Gravitationswellen und Schwarze Löcher, auf neuere Entwicklungen der Kosmologie, auf Ansätze zu einer Theorie der Quantengravitation und auf die zahlreichen raffinierten Experimente, welche die Gültigkeit der Einsteinschen Theorie mit immer größerer Genauigkeit bestätigt haben. Damit bleibt dieses Buch nach wie vor einer der unmittelbarsten Zugänge zur Relativitätstheorie für alle die sich für eine über das rein populärwissenschaftliche hinausgehende Einführung interessieren.Trade Review"Allen interessierten Laien sehr zu empfehlen, die ohne höhere Mathematik tiefer in diese Materie eindringen möchten." (Weltraum-Facts mit Space-Informer, 2001) "Alle, die sich über eine rein populärwissenschaftliche Einführung hinaus für die Relativitätstheorie interessieren – besonders Physikstudenten – werden an dem eingehenden Werk Freude haben." (Der Sternenbote, 2001) "Die Erweiterung bereichert den Text von Born aber nicht nur um neuere Entwicklungen der Physik. Rückverweise verzahnen die neuen Kapitel inhaltlich mit den vorstehenden Überlegungen, und auch das Bornsche Projekt, für den mit Schulmathemaitk und einem "gesunden Menschenverstand" ausgestatteten Leser verständlich zu sein, wird erfolgreich fortgeführt." (Wissenschaftlicher Literaturanzeiger, 2001) "Das Buch zeichnet sich in besonderm Maße gegenüber fast allen anderen Abhandlungen über dieses Thema dadurch aus, daß es in einer zuweilen geradezu brillianten Ausdrucksweise die Problematik der klassischen Physik und deren Hintergrund aufzeigt, die dann durch Einsteins Theorien eine Auflösung fand. [...] Alles in allem ein sehr lesenswertes Buch, jedoch kein populärwissenschaftliches und für den Laien sicherlich auch kein leichtes. Denn trotz der außerordentlich gut verständlichen Darstellungsweise Borns erfordert das Buch außer etwas Grundlagen-Mathematik ein hohes Maß an Aufmerksamkeit und die bereitschaft, physikalsiche Sachverhalte gedanklich zu durchdringen. Es ist mit sicherheit ein Verdienst von Herausgebern und Verlag, Borns Buch durch die Neuauflage mit den aktuellen Ergänzungen wieder einer interessierten Leserschaft verfügbar zu machen." (Nachrichten der Olbers-Gesellschaft, 2001) "Wer eine fundierte, gründliche Einführung in die Welt der Relativitätstheorie sucht, kommt an Borns Klassiker nicht vorbei. Freilich muß man sich mitunter bemühen und auch einiges an Mathematik bewältigen, läuft dafür aber nicht Gefahr, durch aus dem Alltag entlehnte Analogien verwirrt zu werden." (Sirius – Zeitschrift der Vereinigten Amateur-Astronomen, 2002) "Wer die populärwissenschaftlichen Darstellungen der Relativitätstheorie als nicht ausreichend betrachtet und gern etwas tiefer schürfen möchte, dem sei dieses Buch als Lektüre ans Herz gelegt." (Astrokurier, 2002) "Ehlers und Pössel ist damit ein gelungenes Remake von Borns wegweisendem Werk gelungen. Sie haben bewiesen, dass der 80 Jahre alte Zugang zu Einsteins Theorie auch heute noch gangbar ist." (Physik in unserer Zeit, 2002) "[...] weiterhin einer der unmittelbarsten Zugänge zur Relativitätstheorie für Schüler-, Lehrer- und Studentenschaft sowie für alle, die sich nicht beruflich mit relativistischer Physik beschäftigen möchten, insbesondere für jene Leserschaft aus der Amateur-Astronomie, die an einem tieferen Verständnis dieses spannenden Themas interessiert ist. Gerade diesem Kreis ist das vorliegende Buch als Einführung in die moderne Kosmologie sehr zu empfehlen." (ORION 61/314, 2003)Table of ContentsGeometrie und Kosmologie.- Die Grundgesetze der klassischen Mechanik.- Das Newtonsche Weltsystem.- Die Grundgesetze der Optik.- Die Grundgesetze der Elektrodynamik.- Das spezielle Einsteinsche Relativitätsprinzip.- Die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie Einsteins.- Neuere Entwicklungen der relativistischen Physik.

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Book SynopsisIm Buch werden Begriffe der Elektrotechnik unter konsequenter Einbeziehung der speziellen Relativitätstheorie eingeführt. Es kann ein invariantes elektromagnetisches Gesamtfeld aus der Kraft einer bewegten Ladung auf eine bewegte Probeladung definiert werden. So folgt eine plausible Vorstellung, bei der alle elektromagnetischen Vorgänge von einer Ladung ausgehen und sich als Nahwirkung in den Raum ausbreiten. Neben einem elektrischen Potential folgt daraus auch das Vektorpotential. Das Gesetz für die „Ruheinduktion“ kann unmittelbar aus der Vorstellung einer Ausbreitung von Stromänderungen entlang eines Leiters aus dieser Kraft abgeleitet werden. Es ergibt sich die Möglichkeit, für das Magnetfeld weitere Modelle zu erstellen. Die Darstellung ist bis zum vierdimensionalen Raum mit dem Tensorkalkül konsistent.Table of ContentsGrößen des elektrischen Feldes.- Wirkungen bewegter Ladungen mit Hilfe der speziellen Relativitätstheorie.- Potential und Vektorpotential.- Ruheinduktion aus der Kraftwirkung auf eine Probeladung.- Modelle für Magnetfelder.- Vergleich der Vor- und Nachteil.- einige Resultate der Quantenphysik.- Schlussfolgerungen.- Rechenbeispiele.

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Book SynopsisWie entsteht die Lorentz-Kraft? Was haben Felder mit Teilchen zu tun? Wieso ist Eichinvarianz anders? Leonard Susskind und Art Friedman erklären nicht alles, was es über Spezielle Relativitätstheorie und Elektrodynamik zu wissen gibt – sondern alles Wichtige.Mit diesem Buch bekommen begeisterte Physik-Amateure die notwendige Mathematik und Formeln an die Hand, die sie für ein wirkliches Verständnis benötigen. Die Autoren erklären mit witzigen und hilfreichen Dialogen, grundlegenden Übungen und glasklaren Erläuterungen die Spezielle Relativitätstheorie und Elektrodynamik so einfach wie möglich, aber nicht einfacher.Table of ContentsEinführung.- 1 Die Lorentz-Transformation.- 2 Geschwindigkeiten und Vierervektoren.- 3 Relativistische Bewegungsgesetze.- 4 Klassische Feldtheorie.- 5 Teilchen und Felder.- I Verrückte Einheiten.- 6 Das Lorentzkraft-Gesetz.- 7 Fundamentale Prinzipien und Eichinvarianz.- 8 Die Maxwell-Gleichungen.- 9 Physikalische Konsequenzen der Maxwell-Gleichungen.- 10 Maxwell aus Lagrange.- 11 Felder und klassische Mechanik.- A Magnetische Monopole.- B Dreidimensionale Differentialoperatoren.- Index.

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Book SynopsisWas sind die Einsteingleichungen? Kann man sie verstehen, ohne Physik studiert zu haben? Dieses Buch gibt die Antwort: Behutsam und detailreich gibt der Autor naturwissenschaftlich Interessierten einen verständlichen Zugang zu Einsteins Relativitätstheorien. An Vorkenntnissen wird nur das vorausgesetzt, was man in der Oberstufe im Gymnasium lernt. Leser setzen sich mit den physikalischen Phänomenen und mathematischen Techniken auseinander, damit sie Einsteins Gravitationstheorie auch quantitativ verstehen können. Leser nähern sich somit Antworten auf Fragen rund um die Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie: Was unterscheidet Einsteins und Newtons Gravitationstheorie? Wie kann man gravitative Anziehung geometrisch beschreiben? Wie kann ein Schwarzes Loch Licht „verschlucken“? Table of ContentsDAS WELTBILD DER GRAVITATION VOR EINSTEIN.- Die Kepler’schen Gesetze.- Fallgesetze.- Newton’sche Gesetze.- Arbeit und Energie.- Drehbewegungen, Rotationen.- Das Newton’sche Gravitationsgesetz.- Literaturhinweise und Weiterführendes zu Teil I.- VEKTOR- UND TENSORRECHNUNG IN DER EUKLIDISCHEN EBENE.- Vektorrechnung in der euklidischen Ebene.- Tensorrechnung in der euklidischen Ebene.- Der Trägheitstensor.- Literaturhinweise und Weiterführendes zum Teil II.- SPEZIELLE RELATIVITÄTSTHEORIE.- Relativitätsprinzip.- Die Geometrie der Raumzeit.- Vektorrechnung in der Speziellen Relativitätstheorie.- Tensorrechnung in der Speziellen Relativitätstheorie.- Energie-Impuls-Tensoren in der Speziellen Relativitätstheorie.- Literaturhinweise und Weiterführendes zum Teil III.- GRUNDLAGEN DER ALLGEMEINEN RELATIVITÄTSTHEORIE.- Gravitation und Raumzeitmodell.- Die mathematischen Grundlagen der gekrümmten Raumzeit.- Bewegung im Gravitationsfeld, Geodätengleichung.- Krümmung im Riemann’schen Raum.- Physikalische Gesetze im Riemann’schen Raum, Einsteingleichungen.- Statische, sphärische Gravitationsfelder.- Literaturhinweise und Weiterführendes für Teil IV.- ANWENDUNG DER ALLGEMEINEN RELATIVITÄTSTHEORIE AUF AUSGESUCHTE.- kosmologische Phänomene.- Gravitationswellen.- Gravitationskollaps und die innere Schwarzschild-Metrik.- Schwarze Löcher.- Literaturhinweise und Weiterführendes für Teil V.- ANHANG: FORMELN UND TABELLEN.- Funktionen, Formeln und physikalische Gesetze.- Einheiten und Konstanten.

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis popular book on special relativity was first published in Moscow back in 1961 under the Russian title 'Очевидное? Нет, ещё неизведанное', which can be roughly translated as 'Is it evident? No, it's unexplored yet!'This clear exposition of the history of the development of physical ideas which eventually led to the discovery of special relativity is a narration of how physicists, from Galileo, Newton to Lorentz, Poincare and Einstein were distracted in their reflections by numerous fallacies (like aether, dragged or not). Then by experiment, it was finally understood that the laws of cinematics and dynamics of the objects moving at high speed can only be formulated with physical definions for what is distance, time or force. After that and from the two basic Einstein postulates — the principle of relativity and the constancy of the speed of light — everything else followed.As the emphasis is on being exact from the scientific viewpoint, it is also accessible to any person with a high school background. The last chapter 'Photon dreams' is addressed to science fiction fans. However, the author proves to the disappointed reader that the laws of physics that we know do not allow the construction of spaceships that could reach even the nearest stars during the life span of the team.

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Book SynopsisToday, Relativity is becoming an integrated aspect of engineering fields. Its application to the Global Positioning System (GPS), extends in usage from smart watches to the navigation of cars, airplanes (drones) and even autonomous tractors. In rather expensive particle accelerators, physicists are everyday 'playing' with Relativistic Billiards, common to the betatrons of cancer therapy using electrons. Computer programs, such as 'ray tracing' methods, are enhanced to simulate objects in relativistic motion, which now offer us relativistic visualizations of accretion disks around compact, astrophysical objects like Black Holes.Against the backdrop of the applications explained throughout the chapters, this book takes on a practical and intuitive approach in introducing the Lorentz invariance of light propagation and space-time concepts. The book begins with simple mathematics, like the classical Pythagoras formula for energy-momentum 'triangles'. Later, readers will find the intuitive vector calculus reemerging in the expansion of full relativistic expressions. Prepared with instructive diagrams of recent experiments, even the layperson can grasp the essential study of Relativity and marvel at its applications within this book.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook expounds the major topics in the special theory of relativity. It provides a detailed examination of the mathematical foundation of the special theory of relativity, relativistic mass, relativistic mechanics, and relativistic electrodynamics. As well as covariant formulation of relativistic mechanics and electrodynamics, the text discusses the relativistic effect on photons. A new chapter on electromagnetic waves as well as several new problems and examples have been included in the second edition of the book. Using the mathematical approach, the text offers graduate students a clear, concise view of the special theory of relativity. Organized into 15 chapters and two appendices, the content is presented in a logical order, and every topic has been dealt with in a simple and lucid manner. To aid understanding of the subject, the text provides numerous relevant worked-out examples in every chapter. The mathematical approach of the text helps students in their independent study and motivates them to research the topic further.Table of ContentsPre-Relativity and Galilean Transformations.- Michelson-Morley Experiment and Velocity of Light.- Lorentz Transformations.- Mathematical Properties of Lorentz Transformations.- More mathematical Properties of Lorentz Transformations.- Geometrical Interpretation of spacetime.- Relativistic Velocity and Acceleration.- Four Dimensional World.- Mass in Relativity.- Relativistic Dynamics.- Photon in Relativity.- Relativistic Lagrangian and Hamiltonian.- Electrodynamics in Relativity.- Electromagnetic waves.- Relativistic Mechanics of Continua.

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