Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences Books

Book SynopsisTrade Review"This book is a valuable resource for busy clinicians and clinicians-in-training to assess the evidence for common medical practices. It is helpful to learn from our own practice and for medical educators to help teach the "why” of what we do in medicine.” ©Doody's Review Service, 2022, Paul D O'Rourke, MD, MPH (Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine)Table of ContentsIntroduction How to Use this Guide Chapter 1: Evidence-based Medicine Chapter 2: Cardiology Chapter 3: Pulmonology Chapter 4: Gastroenterology Chapter 5: Neurology Chapter 6: Nephrology Chapter 7: Hematology Chapter 8: Oncology Chapter 9: Infectious Diseases Chapter 10: Endocrinology Chapter 11: Psychiatry Chapter 12: Vascular Medicine & Surgery Chapter 13: Primary Care Further Reading Index

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsIntroduction 1-Introduction II Molecules and cells 2 Amino Acids and Proteins 3- Carbohydrates and Lipids 4- Cells, Membranes and Transport. III. Metabolism 5- Hemoglobin and oxygen transport. 6- Catalytic Proteins - Enzymes 7- Coenzymes Vitamins and Minerals 8- Bioenergetics and Oxidative Metabolism 9- Anaerobic metabolism of glucose carbohydrates in the red blood cell 10-The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 11-Oxidative Metabolism of Lipids in Liver and Muscle 12- Biosynthesis and Storage of Carbohydrates in Liver and Muscle: Glycogen metabolism and gluconeogenesis 13- Biosynthesis and Storage of Fatty Acids 14-"Metabolism of cholesterol and steroids". 15- Biosynthesis and Degradation of Amino Acids 16- Biosynthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides. 17- Complex Carbohydrates: Glycoproteins. 18- Complex Lipids 19-The Extracellular Matrix. IV Molecular basis of inheritance 20- Deoxyribonucleic Acid. 21- Ribonucleic Acid. 22- Protein Synthesis and Turnover. 23- Regulation of Gene Expression: Basic Mechanisms 24- Fundamentals of recombinant DNA technology, molecular hybridisation and cloning 25- Genomics, Proteomics and Metabolomics. V Signalling and growth 26- Membrane Receptors and Signal Transduction 27- Neurotransmitters. 28- Biochemical Endocrinology. 29- Cellular Homeostasis: Cell Growth and Cancer. 30- Aging VI. Fuels Nutrients and Minerals 31- Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients: The Gastrointestinal Tract. 32- Glucose Homeostasis and Fuel Metabolism: Diabetes Mellitus. 33- Nutrients and diets, malnutrition and obesity 34- Lipoprotein Metabolism and Atherogenesis. VII. Specialized Tissues and Their Function. 35- The Role of Liver in Metabolism. 36- Kidney: Water and Electrolytes Homeostasis 37- Lung and the Regulation of Hydrogen Ion Concentration (Acid-Base Balance) 38- Energy Metabolism and Contraction Exercise 39- Bone Metabolism and Calcium Homeostasis. 40- Neurochemistry VIII. Blood and immunity. Clinical biochemistry. 41- Blood and Plasma Proteins. 42- Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 43- Oxidative stress and inflammation. 44-The Immune Response: Innate and adaptive immunity. Appendix - selected clinical laboratory reference ranges. Index

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface to the sixth edition Preface to the seventh edition Acknowledgements Part 1: Introducing clinical biochemistry 1 The clinical biochemistry laboratory 2 The use of the laboratory 3 Interpretation of results: general 4 Interpretation of results: diagnosis 5 Interpretation of results: monitoring 6 Analytical aspects Part 2: Core biochemistry 7 Fluid and electrolytes: basic concepts 8 Water and sodium balance: physiological mechanisms 9 Hyponatraemia: pathophysiology 10 Hyponatraemia: assessment and management 11 Hypernatraemia 12 Hyperkalaemia 13 Hypokalaemia 14 Intravenous fluid therapy 15 Investigation of renal function (1) 16 Investigation of renal function (2) 17 Urinalysis 18 Proteinuria 19 Acute kidney injury 20 Chronic kidney disease 21 Acid-base: concepts and vocabulary 22 Metabolic acid-base disorders 23 Respiratory and mixed acid-base disorders 24 Acid-base disorders: diagnosis and management 25 Proteins and enzymes 26 Immunoglobulins 27 Myocardial infarction 28 Liver function tests 29 Jaundice 30 Liver disease 31 Glucose metabolism and diabetes mellitus 32 Diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes mellitus 33 Diabetic ketoacidosis 34 Hypoglycaemia 35 Calcium regulation and hypocalcaemia 36 Hypercalcaemia 37 Phosphate and magnesium 38 Metabolic bone disease 39 Osteoporosis and fragility fractures Part 3: Endocrinology 40 Endocrine control 41 Dynamic function tests 42 Pituitary function 43 Growth disorders and acromegaly 44 Thyroid pathophysiology 45 Hypothyroidism 46 Hyperthyroidism 47 Adrenocortical pathophysiology 48 Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex 49 Hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex 50 Gonadal function 51 Subfertility Part 4: Specialised investigations 52 Nutritional assessment 53 Nutritional support 54 Parenteral nutrition 55 The metabolic response to injury 56 Gastrointestinal disorders 57 Disorders of the pancreas 58 Iron 59 Zinc and copper 60 Therapeutic drug monitoring 61 Toxicology 62 Metal poisoning 63 Alcohol 64 Ascites 65 Pleural fluid 66 Cerebrospinal fluid 67 Identification of body fluids 68 Lipoprotein metabolism 69 Clinical disorders of lipid metabolism 70 Hypertension 71 Cancer and its consequences 72 Tumour markers 73 Multiple endocrine neoplasia 74 Hyperuricaemia 75 Myopathy 76 Fetal monitoring and prenatal diagnosis 77 Pregnancy 78 Antenatal screening 79 Screening the newborn for disease 80 Paediatric biochemistry 81 Inborn errors of metabolism 82 Methods involving antibodies: immunoassay 83 Methods to separate and identify molecules 84 Selected inherited disorders Case history comments Index

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPart I: Phototherapeutics 1. Phototherapy: A critical review 2. Phototherapy for skin diseases 3. Phototherapy: The novel emerging treatment for cancer 4. Fundamentals of photodynamic therapy 5. Photodynamic therapy for cancer treatment 6. Photodiagnostic techniques 7. The role of physics in modern radiotherapy: Current advances and developments 8. Physics in treatment of cancer radiotherapy 9. Role of carbon ion beam radiotherapy for cancer treatment Part II: Nanotherapeutics 10. Nanomaterials physics: A critical review 11. Nanotherapeutic systems for drug delivery to brain tumors 12. Progress in nanotechnology-based targeted cancer treatment 13. Nanotherapeutics for colon cancer 14. Nanoparticles for the targeted drug delivery in lung cancer 15. Role of nanocarriers for the effective delivery of anti-HIV drugs 16. Nanoparticles for rheumatoid arthritis treatment 17. Peptide functionalized nanomaterials as microbial sensors 18. Theranostic nanoagents 19. Improving the functionality of a nanomaterial by biological probes 20. Nanostructures for the efficient oral delivery of chemotherapeutic agents 21. Photo triggered theranostics nanomaterials: Development and challenges in cancer treatment 22. Nanocrystals in the drug delivery system

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Book SynopsisThe central themes of Cell Boundaries concern the structural and organizational principles underlying cell membranes, and how these principles enable function. By building a biological and biophysical foundation for understanding the organization of lipids in bilayers and the folding, assembly, stability, and function of membrane proteins, the book aims to broaden the knowledge of bioscience students to include the basic physics and physical chemistry that inform us about membranes. In doing so, it is hoped that physics students will find familiar territory that will lead them to an interest in biology. Our progress toward understanding membranes and membrane proteins depends strongly upon the concerted use of both biology and physics. It is important for students to know not only what we know, but how we have come to know it, so Cell Boundaries endeavours to bring out the history behind the central discoveries, especially in the early chapters, where the foundation is

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Book SynopsisProteostasis integrates biological pathways controlling biogenesis, trafficking, folding, and degradation of proteins. This book focuses on two protein breakdown/degradation processes (proteolysis), which are part of a normally functioning proteostatic system: the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy.Chapter 2 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. The Editors. Ribosomal Pauses during Translation and Proteostasis. Protein Folding and Misfolding: Deciphering Mechanisms of Age-Related Diseases. Transcriptional Regulation of Proteostatic Mechanisms. MicroRNAs as Central Regulators of Adult Myogenesis and Proteostasis Loss in Skeletal Muscle Aging. mRNA Granules and Proteostasis in Aging and Age-Related Diseases. Phospholipids and the Unfolded Protein Response. Ubiquitin Ligases Involved in Progeroid Syndromes and Age-Associated Pathologies. Role of SUMOylation in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Inflammation. NEDD8 and Oxidative Stress. Structure, Function and Regulators of the 20S Proteasome. Cellular Responses to Proteasome Impairment. Proteasome Fate in Aging and Proteinopathies. The Proteasomal System in Cancer. Proteostasis and Skin Aging. Reactive Oxygen Species and Protein Homeostasis in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Protein Degradation in Cardiac Health and Disease. Autophagy in Aging and Oxidative Stress. Autophagy in Aging and Longevity Exemplified by the Aging Heart. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe Synthetic Biology Handbook explains the major goals of the field of synthetic biology and presents the technical details of the latest advances made in achieving those goals. Offering a comprehensive overview of the current areas of focus in synthetic biology, this handbook: Explores the standardisation of classic molecular bioscience approaches Addresses the societal context and potential impacts of synthetic biology Discusses the use of legacy systems as tools for new product development Examines the design and construction of de novo cells and genetic codes Describes computational methods for designing genes and gene networks Thus, the Synthetic Biology Handbook provides an accurate sense of the scope of synthetic biology today. The handbook also affords readers with an opportunity to scrutinize the underlying scTable of ContentsSynthetic Biology: Culture and Bioethical Considerations. Synthetic Biology Standards and Methods of DNA Assembly. Standardised Genetic Output Measurement. Bacterial Cells as Engineered Chassis. Eukaryotae Synthetica: Synthetic Biology in Yeast, Microalgae, and Mammalian Cells. Synthetic Plants. Theory and Construction of Semi-Synthetic Minimal Cells. Design Tools for Synthetic Biology. New Genetic Codes.

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Book SynopsisAiming to cover the major therapeutic applications of purinergic receptors and reflect the very latest developments in this area of therapeutic research, this book is authored by an international group of contributors who are authorities in the field.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE. Purinergic Neurotransmission and Neuromodulation: A HistoricalPerspective (M. Williams & G. Burnstock). MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY. Adenosine Receptor Subtypes: New Insights From Cloning andFunctional Studies (G. Stiles). MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY. Development of Selective Purinoceptor Agonists and Antagonists (K.Jacobson & A. van Rhee). THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS. Cardiac Electrophysiology of Adenosine: Antiarrhythmic andProarrhythmic Actions (L. Belardinelli, et al.). The Role of Adenosine in Asthma (M. Jacobson and T. Bai). Psychomotor Aspects of Adenosine Receptor Activation (M.Jarvis). Adenosine Effects in Sleep Apnea (D. Carley & M.Radulovacki). ATP in the Treatment of Cancer (E. Rapaport). Index.

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Winner of the 2018 Francis L.K. Hsu Book Prize, Society for East Asian Anthropology of the American Anthropological Association"Table of ContentsList of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi 1 Introduction 1 I Online Mediations 21 Interlude: Planet Paralyzed 23 2 Mobilizing the Paralyzed Online 25 3 Cyberanatomies of Hope 49 4 Where the Virtual Becomes Visceral 73 II Chinese Experiments 99 Interlude: Ode to Olfactory Ensheathing Cells 101 5 Medical Entrepreneurs 105 6 Borderline Tactics 132 III Heterogeneous Evidence 155 Interlude: Clinical Outcomes 157 7 Seeking Truth from Facts 158 8 i-Witnessing 181 Epilogue: On the Cutting Edge 197 Glossary of Chinese Terms 207 Notes 211 Bibliography 241 Index 287

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Book SynopsisAims to update major areas of biological psychiatry and summarize important research conducted since the 1980s. This title highlights approaches that allow researchers to quantify normal and abnormal brain functions at a high level of precision.Table of ContentsContents. List of Contributors. Introduction (J. Panksepp). Emotion and Therapeutic Change (L.M. Korman and L.S. Greenberg). Emotional and Psychiatric Disorders Associated with Brain Damage (R.G. Robinson). What Functional Imaging Has Revealed about the Brain Basis of Mood and Emotion (M.S. George, T.A. Ketter, T.A. Kimbrell, J.M. Steedman, and R.M. Post). Biological Trait Markers of Depression (L.L. Davis, G.L. Kramer, A.J. Rush, and F. Petty). Sleep Abnormalities in Major Psychiatric Illnesses: Polysomnographic and Clinical Features (A.B. Douglass). Cortico-Straital Substrates of Cognitive, Motor and Sensory Gating: Speculations and Implications for Psychological Function and Dysfunction (N.R. Swerdlow). Modern Approaches to Understanding Fear: From Laboratory to Clinical Practice (J. Panksepp). Index.

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Book SynopsisWolinsky.Trade ReviewAs a model for viral evolution, this book is a gold mine. [It] should be used as a starting point for those who want to browse the huge literature on the subject... [and] to those who devise policies for the containment of the epidemic. European Molecular Biology Organization ReportsTable of ContentsContributorsPrefacePart I: Introduction to HIVChapter 1. Molecular Biology of HIVChapter 2. Global Diversity in HIVPart II: Molecular Methods For Studying HIV DiversityChapter 3. Phylogenetics and the Study of HIVChapter 4. Modeling the Molecular Evolution of HIV SequeuencesChapter 5. Statistical Approaches to Detecting Recombination Chapter 6. The Molecular Population Dynamics of HIV-1Chapter 7. Use of Phylogenetic Inference to Test an HIV Transmission HypothesisChapter 8. Coalescent Approaches to HIV Population GeneticsPart III: Case Studies of HIV EvolutionChapter 9. Levels of Diversity Within and Among Host Individuals Chapter 10. The Phylogenetics of Known Transmission HistoriesChapter 11. HIV Evolution and Disease Progression Via Longitudinal Studies Chapter 12. Perinatal HIV InfectionChapter 13. Determinants of HIV-1 Protein EvolutionChapter 14. Evolution of HIV-1 Resistance to Antiviral AgentsIndex

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Book SynopsisEthnographic analyses of emerging bioscientific enterprises in Asia, including genetically modified foods in China, clinical trials in India, and stem-cell research in Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan.Trade Review“Asian Biotech is a thoughtful examination of Asia’s biotechnology development. The call to understand this realm in terms of situated ethics and communities of fate is persuasive and invites the analysis of more cases to test the robustness of these concepts.” - Wen-Hua Kuo, The China Quarterly“[W]hat bioethicists could learn from anthropological investigations like those presented in this volume is that one should consider the social and cultural contexts in which the practice to be ethically assessed is embedded in order to understand the the practice more thoroughly. And it is this more thorough understanding which will lead to a more nuanced and better refined ethical judgment.” - Soraj Hongladarom, Genomics, Society, and Policy“I for one would strongly recommend this interesting volume to anyone interested in gaining a better understanding of biotech in Asia.” - Krishna Ravi Srinivas, Asian Biotech and Development Review“[T]his book performs coverage of a region and a complicated sector of the twenty-frst-century economy, and it will certainly prove useful to those interested in globalized medicine and the fast-changing norms regulating research in biomedicine.” - Thomas Cannavino, Cultural Critique“This timely and important collection by science-studies scholars provides fascinating glimpses into the ambitious efforts of several Asian countries to deploy biotechnologies to both generate economic growth and provide biosecurity in this age of global science and technology.” - Doogab Yi, Chemical Heritage“The need in science studies and anthropology for Asian Biotech would be hard to overstate. I was hungry for this book to use in my own teaching and writing, and the meal is as satisfying as I had anticipated. The theoretical framing is astute and generative, and the well-argued and diverse essays are thoroughly fleshed out historically and ethnographically. Nancy N. Chen, Aihwa Ong, and the contributors deserve our thanks. We have just run out of excuses for ongoing Western parochialism in science and technology studies and all of our kindred inquiries into biotechnology.”—Donna Haraway, author of When Species Meet“This exciting collection of ethnographic essays introduces readers to the deployment of specific biotechnologies in Asia, revealing their enmeshment with local and global politics and a situated ethics that extends to the good of families, communities, and nations, and not merely that of individuals. This book, harbinger of impending futures, demands introspection.”—Margaret Lock, author of Twice Dead: Organ Transplants and the Reinvention of Death ”This is the first broad anthropological examination of the biotech movement across Asia. Especially useful are the efforts at understanding how biotechnology affects (and is affected by) major changes in moral experience and ethical imagination that are roiling Asian modernities. A pathbreaking exploration! This collection will be influential.”—Arthur Kleinman, Director, Asia Center, Harvard University“Asian Biotech is a thoughtful examination of Asia’s biotechnology development. The call to understand this realm in terms of situated ethics and communities of fate is persuasive and invites the analysis of more cases to test the robustness of these concepts.” -- Wen-Hua Kuo * The China Quarterly *“[T]his book performs coverage of a region and a complicated sector of the twenty-frst-century economy, and it will certainly prove useful to those interested in globalized medicine and the fast-changing norms regulating research in biomedicine.” -- Thomas Cannavino * Cultural Critique *“What bioethicists could learn from anthropological investigations like those presented in this volume is that one should consider the social and cultural contexts in which the practice to be ethically assessed is embedded in order to understand the the practice more thoroughly. And it is this more thorough understanding which will lead to a more nuanced and better refined ethical judgment.” -- Soraj Hongladarom * Genomics, Society and Policy *“I for one would strongly recommend this interesting volume to anyone interested in gaining a better understanding of biotech in Asia.” -- Krishna Ravi Srinivas * Asian Biotech and Development Review *“This timely and important collection by science-studies scholars provides fascinating glimpses into the ambitious efforts of several Asian countries to deploy biotechnologies to both generate economic growth and provide biosecurity in this age of global science and technology.” -- Doogab Yi * Chemical Heritage *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments Introduction: An Analytics of Ethics and Biotechnology at Multiple Scales / Aihwa Ong 1 Part I. Excess and Opportunity The Experimental Machinery of Global Clinical Trials: Case Studies from India / Kaushik Sunder Rajan 55 Feeding the Nation: Chinese Biotechnology and Genetically Modified Foods / Nancy N. Chen 81 Part II. Bioventures Asian Regeneration? Nationalism and Internationalism in Stem Cell Research in South Korea and Singapore / Charis Thompson 95 Medical Tourism in Thailand / Ara Wilson 118 Near-Liberalism: Global Corporate Citizenship and Pharmaceutical Marketing in India / Stefan Ecks 144 Part III. Communities of Fate Governing through Blood: Biology, Donation, and Exchange in Urban China / Vincanne Adams, Kathleen Erwin, and Phouc V. Le 167 Lifelines: The Ethics of Blood Banking for Family and Beyond / Aihwa Ong 190 Embryo Controversies and Governing Stem Cell Research in Japan: How to Regulate Regenerative Futures / Margaret Sleeboom-Faulkner 215 Part IV. Biosovereignty: Mappings of Chineseness Making Taiwanese (Stem Cells): Identity, Genetics, and Hybridity / Jennifer A. Liu 239 Chinese DNA: Genomics and Bionations / Wen-ching Sung 263 Afterword: Asia's Biotech Bloom / Nancy N. Chen 293 Bibliography 301 Contributors 319 Index 323

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Book SynopsisThe Metal Ions in Biological Systems series is devoted to increasing our understanding of the relationship between the chemistry of metals and life processes. The volumes reflect the interdisciplinary nature of bioinorganic chemistry and coordinate the efforts of researchers in the fields of biochemistry, inorganic chemistry, coordination chemistry, environmental chemistry, biophysics, pharmacy, and medicine. Written by 36 internationally recognized experts and enriched with nearly 200 illustrations, Volume 40 highlights fast moving research on lanthanides and their interrelations with biosystems and emphasizes their recent impact in biochemical and biological studies, and in medicine. Table of ContentsDistribution of the Lanthanides in the Earth's Crust; Mobilization of Lanthanides through the Terrestrial Biosphere; Complexes of Lanthanide Ions with Amino Acids, Phosphates, and Other Ligands of Biological Interest in Solution; Biologically Relevant Structural Coordination Chemistry of Simple Lanthanide Ion Complexes; Lanthanide Ions as Probes in Studies for Metal Ion-Dependent Enzymes; Lanthanide Chelates as Fluorescence Labels for Diagnostics and Biotechnology; Responsive Luminescent Lanthanide Complexes; Lanthanide Ions as Probes of Electron Transfer in Proteins; Lanthanide Ions as Luminescent Probes of Proteins and Nucleic Acids; Lanthanide-Promoted Peptide Bond Hydrolysis; Lanthanide-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Phosphate Esters and Nucleic Acids; Sequence-Selective Scission of DNA and RNA by Lanthanides and Their Complexes; Lanthanide Ions as Probes for Metal Ions in the Structure and Catalytic Mechanism of Ribozymes; Lanthanides as Shift and Relaxation Agents in Elucidating the Structure of Proteins and Nucleic Acids; Lanthanide Ions as Magnetic Resonance Imaging Agents. Nuclear and Electronic Relaxation Properties. Applications; Interactions of Lanthanides and Their Complexes with Proteins. Conclusions Regarding Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

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Book SynopsisArtists, scientists, social commentators engage the thorny issue of biotechnology using a collaborative, positive approach.Trade Review"...The current Art Gallery of Alberta exhibit is a more direct result of a 2007 Banff Centre residency between international artists and scientists. At the center of the residency swirled questions concerning the legal, ethical and social implications in technological advances, and how these issues intersect within the realm between the arts and sciences. ... Increasingly, the strange and the unknown are becoming known, and the limits of how far we go to explore the abyss of knowledge is the shakable foundation of the bioethical dilemma. New York-based Adam Zaretsky explores these limits with the heart of an artist and the soul of a scientist. ... Citing the creation of transgenetic creatures as art, where scientists have to choose a gene to create an organism between the imagination and an objective reality, Zaretsky is transparent about his practice, his concerns, and acknowledges that researchers for the most part have no clear idea of where and how far they are willing to go. 'The things I see in the labs: frogs with eyes coming out of the back of their heads that are connected to the part of the brain that hears instead of sees' he shares within shades of ambivalence and awe. 'Science lives on the edge of knowledge, trying to capture it, torture it until it reveals to us its secrets so that we can claim it. I think these ethical conundrums are worth it. I admit that it's not just a dream, but a nightmare, a real return of the repressed. We're afraid of creative thought leading the way.'" Amy Fung, Vue Weekly, Nov. 20, 2008.This intriguing book is the brainchild of brothers Sean and Timothy Caulfield, both professors at the University of Alberta. From contributors in the worlds of art and science, essays, photographs, paintings and poetry explore the ramifications of bio-technology on the world. Each entry emphasizes the complexity of the topic, stressing how science and art often combine to present a more powerful argument than either could alone. All demonstrate how even microscopic elements in the laboratory impact life and that all of life is connected. Much of this book was part of an exhibit at the University of Alberta art museum. Distributed by Michigan State University Press. Oversize: 11x 10 inches. (Annotation ©2009 Book News Inc. Portland, OR)"...Imagining Science [is] an innovative collaboration among scientists, artists, bioethicists and others that investigates numerous contentious bioethical issues, such as stem cell research, genetic testing, patenting of genes and genetic selection of offspring.... In his introductory essay, Timothy Caulfield touches on the controversial social, ethical, legal and religious issues gripping the field of biotechnology and opines that artists are an important voice among the various commentators. Indeed, some artists play the role of provocateur, presenting works inspired by the imagined (or unimaginable) possibilities of biotechnology and some of these works bring the public face-to-face with challenging and troublesome issues in a direct visceral way. The book features the work of 10 artists, along with 18 essays and a poem, all of which aim to shed new light from differing perspectives on biotechnology and the interplay between art and science.... It should appeal to a broad audience of general public as well as professionals (including artists) involved in the biosciences. When you look through it, have Google near at hand since the contributors provide or spin off many juicy references. While reading this book, I spent as much time eagerly surfing as I did looking at the actual pages. Probably a sure sign of a good read in our age." Stuart Kinmond, CMAJ, June 23, 2009"Imagining Science is an exploration of where and how art and science interact....[It] addresses those expectations and perceptions [of science] with lush photos of evocative art installations and colourful prints beside clear, concise articles on everything from bioethics and genetics to policy and food. Most importantly, however, it brings these disparate groups of artists, scientists, and social commentators together." Kathleen Bell, SEE Magazine, July 30, 2009"Brothers Tim and Sean Caulfield have collaborated with scientists, artists and social commentators to help everyone see science through art, and come to understand through visual and literary description how art dramatically affects (and is linked to) some of the world's most pressing issues. Their new book...is the first of its kind to explore the ethical questions raised by biotechnology and social progress through art and essays. Through stunning original art and powerful, concise essays, Imagining Science creatively explores such controversial issues such as: stem cell research; creating half human, half beast 'Chimeras'; the influence of art on public policy; ramifications of technology on our environment; synthetic biology; and cloning and genetic testing.... Few books are ever the 'first' to do something truly unique. Imagining Science is one of these few." Charmed Magazine: Baltimore Life, Arts & Culture, January 2010 [see full review at http://www.charmedmag.com/2610/book-imaging-science/]"[The editors'] combined expertise guided their excellent selection of contributors to provide a thoughtful and accurate mapping of the larger conversation about bioscience, technology, art, and social concerns.... Imagining Science makes clear that the art/science interface is becoming a productive field of study with a growing group of its own theorists, critics, curators, and historians. To those already entrenched in the debate, Imagining Science offers a fresh perspective, summarizing the hot topics. For the uninitiated, the collection of words and images is an inviting introduction....It deserves to be read closely and considered carefully. Imagining Science should be a springboard to further exploration of the rich interaction of science with other powerful social forces and institutions." JD Talasek, Issues in Science and Technology, Winter 2010 [Full review at http://www.issues.org/26.2/br_talasek.html]"[The book] touches on the controversial social, ethical, legal and religious issues gripping the field of biotechnology and states that artists are an important voice among the various commentators. Indeed, artists can play the role of change agent, presenting works inspired by possibilities of biotechnology. The book features the work of 10 artists, along with 18 essays and a poem, all of which aim to bring differing perspectives on biotechnology and the interplay between art and science." Canadian BioTechnologist 2.0 [Blog accessed August 10, 2010]"Compiled and co-edited by Sean and Timonty Caulfield, Imagining Science is a distinctive collection of informative essays and memorable original artwork by artists, scientists and social commentators from around the world addressing complex and controversial legal, ethical and social concerns about advances in biotechnology ranging from stem cell research, to cloning, to genetic testing. The result is a synthesis of seminal scientific and creative research. Imagining Science is a unique series of collaborations highlighting the functional role art plays in accessibly assessing biomedical technologies and challenging ethical, religious and philosophical boundaries. Thoughtful and thought-provoking, Imagining Science is highly recommended for personal, professional, academic, and community library reference collections and supplemental reading lists." Midwest Book Review, September 2009

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Book SynopsisWith contributions from leading international researchers, this second edition of Electrical Impedance Tomography: Methods, History and Applications has been fully updated throughout and contains new developments in the field, including sections on image interpretation and image reconstruction. Providing a thorough review of the progress of EIT, the present state of knowledge, and a look at future advances and applications, this accessible reference will be invaluable for mathematicians, physicists dealing with bioimpedance, electronic engineers involved in developing and extending its applications, and clinicians wishing to take advantage of this powerful imaging method.Key Features: Fully updated throughout, with new sections on image interpretation and image reconstruction Overview of the current state of experimental and clinical use of EIT as well as active research developments Overview of related research in geophysics, indusTable of ContentsSection i. Introduction. 1. Electrical Impedance Tomography. 2. Introduction to EIT Concepts and Technology. Section ii. EIT: Tissue Properties to Image Measures. 3. Electromagnetic Properties of Tissues. 4. Electronics and Hardware. 5. The EIT Forward Problem. 6. The EIT Inverse Problem. 7. D-bar Methods for EIT. 8. EIT Image Interpretation. Section iii. Applications. 9. EIT for Measurement of Function. 10. EIT for Monitring of Ventilation. 11. EIT Monitoring of Hemodynamics. 12. EIT Imaging of Brain Nerves. 13. EIT for Imaging of Cancer. 14. Other Clinical Applications of EIT. 15. Veterinary Applications of EIT. Section iv. Related Technologies. 16. Magnetic Induction Tomography. 17. Electrical Imaging using MRI. 18. Geophysical ERT. 19. Industrial Process Tomography. 20. Devices, History and Conferences.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface III Laboratory Safety and Guidelines 1 Data Documentation 7 Data Analysis 11 Laboratory Techniques and Safety Practices 23 Experiments Unit Opener 1 Introduction Dry Lab 1 The Laboratory and SI Experiment 1 Basic Laboratory Operations Unit Opener 2 Chemical and Physical Properties Experiment 2 Identification of a Compound: Chemical Properties Experiment 3 Water Analysis: Solids Experiment 4 Percent Water in a Hydrated Salt Dry Lab 2A Inorganic Nomenclature I. Oxidation Numbers Dry Lab 2B Inorganic Nomenclature II. Binary Compounds Dry Lab 2C Inorganic Nomenclature III. Ternary Compounds Experiment 5 Acids, Bases, and Salts Unit Opener 3 Atomic and Molecular Structure Experiment 6 Periodic Table and Periodic Law Dry Lab 3 Atomic and Molecular Structure Unit Opener 4 Mole Concept Experiment 7 Empirical Formulas Experiment 8 Limiting Reactant Experiment 9 A Volumetric Analysis Experiment 10 Vinegar Analysis Unit Opener 5 Molar Mass of Gases and Solute Experiment 11 Molar Mass of a Volatile Liquid Experiment 12 A Carbonate Analysis; Molar Volume of Carbon Dioxide Experiment 13 Molar Mass of a Solid Unit Opener 6 Kinetics and Equilibrium Constant Experiment 14 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates Experiment 15 A Rate Law and Activation Energy Experiment 16 An Equilibrium Constant Unit Opener 7 Acid-Base Equilibrium and Analysis Experiment 17 LeChâtelier’s Principle; Buffers Experiment 18 Antacid Analysis Experiment 19 Potentiometric Analyses Experiment 20 Alkalinity of a Water Resource Experiment 21 Hard Water Analysis Experiment 22 Molar Solubility, Common-Ion Effect Unit Opener 8 Thermodynamics Experiment 23 Calorimetry Experiment 24 Thermodynamics of the Dissolution of Borax Unit Opener 9 Oxidation-Reduction Systems and Analysis Experiment 25 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions Experiment 26 Chemistry of Copper Experiment 27 Bleach Analysis Experiment 28 Vitamin C Analysis Experiment 29 Dissolved Oxygen Levels in Natural Waters Experiment 30 Galvanic Cells, the Nernst Equation Experiment 31 Electrolytic Cells, Avogadro’s Number Unit Opener 10 Metal Double Salts and Complexes Experiment 32 Synthesis of Potassium Alum Experiment 33 Transition Metal Complexes Unit Opener 11 Qualitative Analysis Experiment 34 Aspirin Synthesis and Analysis Experiment 35 Paper Chromatography Experiment 36 Spectrophotometric Metal Ion Analysis Dry Lab 4 Preface to Qualitative Analysis Experiment 37 Qual: Common Anions Experiment 38 Qual I. Na+, K+, NH4+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cu2+ Experiment 39 Qual II. Ni2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Zn2+ Appendixes Appendix A Conversion Factors Appendix B Familiar Names of Common Chemicals Appendix C Vapor Pressure of Water Appendix D Concentrations of Acids and Bases Appendix E Water Solubility of Inorganic Salts

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive examination of all critical aspects of Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) As the frequency of both natural and man-made mass fatality disasters increases worldwide, the establishment of clear standards and best practices within the field of Disaster Victim identification (DVI) is of vital importance. Whereas most countries assign jurisdiction to law enforcement agencies following Interpol guidelines, DVI is the responsibility of the medical examiner and coroner in the United States. Disaster Victim Identification in the 21st Century is the first book of its kind to directly address the needs of DVI practitioners in the United States, covering the full spectrum of DVI from traditional methods such as fingerprints, odontology, and anthropology to advanced DNA identification technology. Approaching DVI from three perspectivesacademic, government, and private industrythis comprehensive volume examines the history and current state of the discipline, Table of ContentsAbout the Editors xv Notes on the Contributors xvii Preface xxi Series Preface xxiii 1 Introduction 1John A Williams and Victor W Weedn 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 This Book 3 2 Historical Background 7Victor W Weedn 2.1 History of Mass Disasters 7 2.2 Early History of Mass Disaster Response 14 2.2.1 The Portsmouth Christmas Fires and 1803 Portsmouth Federal Disaster Relief 16 2.2.2 The 1835 Great Fire of New York City 16 2.2.3 1865 Sultana Explosion 18 2.2.4 The 1871 Fires 18 2.2.5 American Red Cross (ARC) 19 2.2.6 1889 Johnstown Flood 19 2.2.7 1899 San Ciriaco Hurricane 20 2.2.8 1900 Galveston Storm 20 2.2.9 1906 San Francisco Earthquake 21 2.2.10 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Fire 21 2.2.11 1912 Sinking of Titanic 22 2.2.12 1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic 22 2.2.13 1921–22 Russian (Povolzhye) Famine 23 2.2.14 1927 Mississippi River Flood 24 2.3 1930s and 1940s Federal Disaster Relief Legislation 24 2.3.1 World War II Civilian Preparedness and Emergency Assets 25 2.3.2 Post WWII Federal Disaster Relief Legislation 25 2.3.3 Civil Defense Act of 1950 (P.L 81-920) 26 2.3.4 Federal Disaster Relief Act of 1950 (P.L 81-875) 26 2.4 1950s Federal Disaster Relief 28 2.5 1960s Beginnings 28 2.5.1 1960 Hurricane Donna 29 2.5.2 1961 Hurricane Carla 29 2.5.3 1962 Ash Wednesday Storm 29 2.5.4 1964 Great Alaskan Earthquake 30 2.5.5 1960s Federal Activism in the Wake of the Alaskan Earthquake 30 2.5.6 1965 Palm Sunday Tornado Outbreak 30 2.5.7 1965 Hurricane Betsy 31 2.5.8 Disaster Relief Act of 1966 31 2.5.9 1968 National Flood Insurance 31 2.5.10 1969 Hurricane Camille 32 2.6 Disaster Relief Acts of 1969 and 1970 32 2.6.1 1971 San Fernando (Sylmar) Earthquake 32 2.6.2 1972 Hurricane Agnes 33 2.6.3 1974 Super Outbreak 33 2.6.4 Disaster Relief Act Amendments of 1974 33 2.7 National Emergencies Act of 1976 34 2.8 National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) of 1977 34 2.9 1979 Executive Orders 12127 & 12148 – Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 35 2.9.1 1979 Three Mile Island (TMI) Nuclear Accident 36 2.9.2 1980 Mount St Helens Volcanic Eruption 37 2.10 Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act of 1988 (The Stafford Act) 37 2.10.1 FEMA under President George H W Bush (1989–1993) 38 2.10.2 1989 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill 38 2.10.3 1989 Hurricane Hugo 39 2.10.4 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake 39 2.11 1992 Federal Response Plan (FRP) 40 2.11.1 1992 Hurricane Andrew 40 2.11.2 1992 Hurricane Iniki 41 2.12 FEMA under President William J Clinton (1993–2001) 41 2.12.1 1993 Midwest Floods 42 2.12.2 1994 Northridge Earthquake 42 2.12.3 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing 42 2.13 1996 EMAC 43 2.14 FEMA under President George W Bush (2001–2009) 43 2.14.1 2001 Al Qaeda 9/11 Terrorist Attacks 44 2.15 Department of Homeland Security (DHS) 45 2.15.1 2005 Hurricane Katrina 47 2.16 Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006 (PKEMRA) 48 2.17 2008 National Response Framework (NRF) 49 2.18 2011 National Disaster Recovery Framework 50 2.18.1 2012 Hurricane Sandy 50 2.18.2 Sandy Recovery Improvement Act of 2013 (SRIA) 50 2.18.3 2017 Hurricane Harvey 51 2.18.4 2017 Hurricane Maria 51 2.19 The Disaster Recovery Reform Act of 2018 (DRRA) 52 2.20 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic 52 2.21 Summary of Federal Disaster Response 53 2.22 History of Disaster Victim Identification 54 2.22.1 Scientific Methods of Identification 55 2.22.2 Military Identification Efforts 59 2.22.3 Fbi Dvi Squad 61 2.22.4 Interpol 61 2.22.5 Other International Guidance 63 2.22.6 Disaster Mortuary Operations Response Team (DMORT) 64 2.22.7 National Association of Medical Examiners 65 2.22.9 US Standards Setting Efforts 66 2.22.8 Federal Direction 65 2.23 Conclusion 68 References 68 3 Quality Assurance in Disaster Victim Identification: The Case for Standards 93Jason M Wiersema and Michal L Pierce 3.1 Introduction 93 3.2 The Need for Standards in MDI 94 3.3 The Need for Standards in DVI 96 3.4 History of Standards Development in DVI 98 3.5 Organization of Scientific Area Committees (OSAC) 99 3.6 Discussion 100 3.7 Adoption of Standards 102 3.8 Conclusion 104 References 104 4 Medical Examiners, Coroners, and Public and Private Agencies 107John A Williams and Jason Wiersema 4.1 Introduction 107 4.2 The Medical Examiner/Coroner System 109 4.3 The US Federal Government and Mass Disasters 111 4.4 Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team 115 4.5 Transportation Disaster Response 121 4.6 State Reponses to Mass Fatalities 122 4.7 The Private Sector 123 4.8 Summary 123 References 124 5 DVI Morgue Operations 127John A Williams 5.1 Introduction 127 5.2 DVI Morgue Considerations 127 5.2.1 Morgue Site Selection 128 5.2.2 Incident Command System 129 5.3 Workflow in the DVI Morgue 131 5.4 DVI Morgue Stations 135 5.4.1 Non-forensic Stations 135 5.4.2 Forensic Stations 139 5.5 Information Resource Center 141 5.6 Identification and Reconciliation 142 5.7 Summary 143 References 143 6 Forensic Odontology and Disaster Victim Identification 145Kenneth W Aschheim 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Methods of Identification of an Individual 145 6.2.1 Non-Dental Methods of Identification 145 6.2.2 Dental Identification 146 6.3 Theoretical Basis for Comparative Dental Analysis 147 6.3.1 Basic Theory 147 6.3.2 The 32 Teeth Concept 149 6.3.3 Logical Direction of Change 151 6.3.4 Comparison Discrepancies 151 6.3.5 Concordant Features 151 6.4 The Antemortem Dental Record 153 6.4.1 Tooth Numbering Systems 154 6.5 Laws Governing the Transfer of Protected Dental Information 155 6.5.1 Electronic Dental Record 156 6.5.2 Issues Concerning Dental Data 156 6.6 The Postmortem Dental Record 156 6.7 The Dental Autopsy 157 6.7.1 Visible Light Fluorescence 159 6.7.2 Craniofacial Dissection 159 6.7.3 Antemortem Radiographs 160 6.7.4 Postmortem Radiographs 161 6.7.5 Types of Imaging Devices 161 6.7.5.1 Film 161 6.7.5.2 Phosphorus Storage Plates (PSP) 162 6.7.6 Digital Sensors 162 6.7.7 Radiographic Sources 162 6.7.8 Types of Dental Radiographs 163 6.7.8.1 Intraoral Radiographs 163 6.7.8.2 Extraoral Radiographs 164 6.7.9 Radiographic Guidelines 166 6.8 Intraoral and Extraoral Photographs 167 6.8.1 Postmortem Photographs 168 6.9 Study Casts 169 6.10 Denture Labeling 170 6.11 Dental Age Assessment 171 6.12 Characterization of Dental Materials 172 6.13 Reconciliation 172 6.13.1 Source Conclusions 172 6.13.2 Serial Unmasking 173 6.13.3 Criteria for Comparison and Reconciliation 173 6.13.4 Reporting 174 6.13.5 Terminology 174 6.14 Assembling the Forensic Odontology Team 174 6.14.1 Leadership Team 176 6.14.2 Administration Team 176 6.14.3 Site Assessment Team 177 6.14.4 Antemortem Team 177 6.14.5 Postmortem Team 178 6.14.6 Coding Team 178 6.14.7 Information Technology Team 178 6.14.8 Photographic Team 178 6.14.9 Reconciliation (Comparison) Team 179 6.14.10 Identification Review Board (IRB) 179 6.15 Computer-Assisted Dental Identification 179 6.15.1 Computer Assisted Post-Mortem Identification (CAPMI) 180 6.15.2 WinID3 181 6.15.3 Uvis/Udim 183 6.15.4 Dvi System International 186 6.15.5 OdontoSearch 187 6.16 Ethical Considerations 188 6.17 Demobilization and After-Action Reports 189 6.17.1 Demobilization 189 6.17.2 Preservation of Dental Data 189 6.17.2.1 Preservation of Antemortem Dental Data 189 6.17.2.2 Preservation of Postmortem Dental Data 190 6.17.3 Post-Action Follow-Up 190 6.17.4 Planning and Training 190 6.18 Conclusion 191 References 191 7 Fingerprints and DVI 195Bryan Johnson 7.1 Introduction 195 7.2 Role of Fingerprints in DVI 197 7.3 The DVI Process and Fingerprints 198 7.4 Postmortem Fingerprinting Station 200 7.5 Personnel and Postmortem Fingerprinting 203 7.6 Postmortem Fingerprinting Process 204 7.6.1 Inspection and Cleansing 205 7.6.2 Rehydration 205 7.6.2.1 Macerated Remains 209 7.6.2.1.1 Tissue Injection 209 7.6.2.1.2 Degloving 210 7.6.2.1.3 Boiling Method 210 7.6.2.2 Thermal Modification (Charred/burned Skin) 213 7.6.2.2.1 Tendon Release 214 7.6.2.2.2 Break and Twist Method 214 7.6.2.3 Desiccation (Mummification) 215 7.6.2.3.1 Sodium Hydroxide Reconditioning 217 7.6.2.3.2 Ammonium Hydroxide Reconditioning 217 7.6.2.3.3 Detergent Soaking Reconditioning 218 7.6.3 Collecting PM Prints 219 7.6.3.1 Digital Capture 219 7.6.3.2 Powder and Adhesive Lifters 220 7.6.3.3 Ink and Paper 222 7.6.3.4 Casting 224 7.6.3.5 Photography 225 7.7 Searching/AM Records 226 7.7.1 Database Searches 227 7.7.2 AM Purported Knowns 228 7.7.3 Palm Prints and Footprints 229 7.8 Conclusion 230 References 231 8 DNA Technology and the Future of Disaster Victim Identification 233Taylor M Dickerson III 8.1 Introduction 233 8.2 STRs and Mini-STRs 235 8.3 Lineage Markers 237 8.4 Next Generation Sequencing 240 8.5 Rapid DNA 241 8.6 Conclusion 243 References 243 9 The Victim Information Center and Data Collection: Its Evolving Role in DVI 249Jason H Byrd 9.1 Introduction 249 9.1.1 History of the Family Assistance Center 250 9.2 Overall Function of the Victim Information Center 251 9.2.1 Incident Operations 252 9.2.2 Meeting the Needs of Families and Survivors 253 9.2.3 Briefings and Communication 254 9.3 Components of the Victim Information Center 255 9.3.1 Temporary Reception Center 255 9.3.2 Call Centers 255 9.3.2.1 Missing Persons Call Center 256 9.3.2.2 Air Carrier Call Center 256 9.4 Accounting for the Victims 257 9.4.1 Victim Information Program 257 9.5 Considerations for the Victim Information Center 259 9.5.1 Equipment and Personnel 259 9.5.2 Function and Location 261 9.5.3 Closing the Victim Information Center 262 9.6 Available Resources 263 References 264 10 Ethical and Legal Considerations 265Victor W Weedn 10.1 Introduction 265 10.2 State Authority for Fatality Management 265 10.3 Federal Medicolegal Death Investigations 267 10.3.1 Assassination of the President or Other Federal Officials 267 10.4 Legislatively Mandated Scientific Identification 267 10.5 Missing Persons Acts and Presumptive Deaths 268 10.6 Rights of the Dead 269 10.7 Rights of Others in the Dead 269 10.8 Constitutional Considerations in Responding to Disasters 270 10.9 Emergency Powers 271 10.10 Stafford Act 271 10.11 Federal Executive Administration 274 10.12 State and Local Executive Administration 276 10.13 Military Assistance 276 10.14 Transportation Incidents 278 10.15 Terrorist Incidents 279 10.16 Infectious Epidemics 279 10.17 National Emergency Family Registry and Locator System/National Call Center 280 10.18 International Legal Considerations in DVI 281 10.18.1 The US Department of State 281 10.18.2 Nation-specific Laws 281 10.18.3 Obligation to Identify Victims 282 10.18.4 International Disaster Response Law 283 10.18.5 International Treaties 284 10.18.6 International Humanitarian Law 286 10.18.7 International Human Rights Law 287 10.18.8 Missing and Disappeared Treaties 288 10.18.9 International Resources 288 10.18.10 Aviation and Maritime Deaths 290 10.18.11 Presumed Deaths 291 10.18.12 Customs 292 10.18.13 Telecommunications 292 10.18.14 International Framework for Risk Reduction 292 10.19 Ethical Considerations in DVI 293 10.19.1 Community Resilience 295 10.19.2 Equal Treatment 296 10.19.3 Respectful Treatment of the Remains 296 10.19.4 Respect for the Beliefs of the Deceased 296 10.19.5 Respect for Loved Ones 296 10.19.6 Respectful Communications 297 10.19.7 Haitian Example [184–186] 297 10.20 Conclusion 298 References 299 11 DVI in the Changing Twenty-first Century 313Cynthia S Gavin 11.1 Introduction 313 11.2 Trend Analysis 314 11.2.1 Megatrend #1: Population Shift and Megacity Growth 315 11.2.2 Megatrend #2: Change in Disaster Types that Result in MFIs 315 11.2.3 Megatrend #3: Massive Technological Advancement 318 11.2.4 Megatrend #4: Social Media and Social Expectations 320 11.2.5 Megatrend #5: The Specialization of Ethics 321 11.2.6 Megatrend #6: A New Dynamic Disaster Management System 322 11.2.7 Megatrend #7: A New DVI Model 323 11.2.8 Megatrend #8: Healthcare and the National and International Privatization of Medicine 325 11.3 Forcefield Analysis 326 11.3.1 Drivers of Change: Regulation and Legal Factors 326 11.3.2 Drivers and Constrainers of Change: Politics 328 11.3.3 Constrainers of Change 332 11.3.4 A Neutral Context to Gain Insight regarding Driving and Constraining Forces 337 11.4 DVI Futures in the Twenty-first Century 339 11.4.1 The Quantum Forensics World 340 11.4.2 The Modern Crowners World 341 11.4.3 The Launch-Resistant Forensics World 342 11.4.4 The Hey Buddy Innovator World 342 11.5 Future DVI Strategy Performance 343 11.5.1 DVI Strategies 343 11.5.2 Stress-Testing Strategies Against DVI Futures 344 11.6 SWOT Analysis 350 11.6.1 Strengths 350 11.6.2 Weaknesses 351 11.6.3 Opportunities 351 11.6.4 Threats 352 11.7 Actionable Recommendations 352 11.7.1 Refresh the ME/C Mission Statement 352 11.7.2 Create an Enduring DVI Vision 354 11.7.3 Envision a Future Smart Independent Regional Forensic Science System and Move Toward Implementing This Model 356 11.7.4 Develop Alternate DVI Standards 358 11.8 Closing Thoughts 360 References 362 Index 371

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Book SynopsisBURNT HUMAN REMAINS An all-encompassing reference and guide designed for professionals involved in the forensic analysis of burnt remains Burnt Human Remains: Recovery, Analysis and Interpretation presents an in-depth multidisciplinary approach to the detection, recovery, analysis, and identification of thermally altered remains. Bridging the gap between research and practice, this invaluable one-stop reference provides detailed coverage of analytical techniques in forensic medicine and pathology, forensic anthropology, forensic odontology, and forensic chemistry and forensic biology. Contributions from a panel of expert authors review the newest findings in forensics research and discuss their applicability to forensic case work. Opening with a historical overview of the discipline, the book covers the search and recovery aspects of burnt human remains, medico-legal investigations, determination of the post mortem interval of burnt remains, structuTable of ContentsAbout the Editors xiii List of Contributors xv Preface xxvii Series Preface xxix 1 History of the Study of Burnt Remains 1Douglas H. Ubelaker and Austin A. Shamlou 1.1 Early Developments Prior to 1980 1 1.2 Post-1980 Advanced Experimentation and Casework 3 1.3 The 1990s: New Methods and Case Applications 4 1.4 Summary and Conclusions 6 References 7 Part 1 Search and Recovery of Burnt Human Remains from the Fire Scene 2 Fire Environments and Characteristic Burn Patterns of Human Remains from Four Common Types of Fatal Fire Scenes 13Elayne Pope 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Experimental Research of Fire and Human Bodies 14 2.3 How the Human Body Burns 14 2.4 Variables of Fire Environments 17 2.5 Structure Fires 18 2.6 Burning Directly on the Floor 19 2.7 The Body on Furnishings: Couches and Chairs 19 2.8 The Body on Furnishings: Bed 21 2.9 Loss of the Floor 22 2.10 Collapse into a Lower Level 23 2.11 Vehicle Fires 24 2.12 Driver and Passenger Space 25 2.13 Rear Passenger Space with Bench Seats 26 2.14 Trunk Environment 26 2.15 Confined Space Fires 28 2.16 Outdoor Space Fires 29 2.17 Ignitable Liquids on Bodies 29 2.18 Burning Outdoor Debris Piles 30 2.19 Post-Fire Fragmentation of Burnt Bones 31 2.20 Suppression 32 2.21 Recovery and Transport from Fatal Fire Scenes 33 2.22 Conclusions 35 References 35 3 Recovery and Interpretation of Human Remains from Fatal Fire Scenes 37Alexandra R. Klales; Allison Nesbitt; Dennis C. Dirkmaat and Luis L. Cabo 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Summary of Fires in the USA 39 3.3 Statement of the Problem 39 3.4 Current Fatal Fire Victim Recovery Protocols 42 3.5 NIJ Protocols 43 3.6 Special Circumstances 51 3.7 Conclusions 55 References 55 4 Considerations to Maximize Recovery of Post-mortem Dental Information to Facilitate Identification of Severely Incinerated Human Remains 59John Berketa and Denice Higgins 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Identification 59 4.3 Documentation 60 4.4 Preparation 61 4.5 Prepacked Scene Equipment 61 4.6 Scene Arrival 63 4.7 Safety Issues 63 4.8 Overall Scene Evaluation 65 4.9 Considerations Regarding DNA Evidence 66 4.10 Considerations Regarding Dental Evidence 67 4.11 Moving the Victim 69 4.12 Conclusions 71 References 71 Part 2 Examination and Identification of Burnt Human Remains 5 Methods for Analyzing Burnt Human Remains 75Amanda N. Williams 5.1 Anthropological Methods for Classifying Burnt Remains 76 5.2 Medicolegal Classification Methods 78 5.3 Need for New Model within the Forensic Sciences 79 5.4 A New Classification System 80 5.5 Best Practices in Applying this New Model 83 5.6 Case Study #1 83 5.7 Case Study #2 86 5.8 Case Study #3 88 5.9 Case Study #4 90 5.10 Case Study #5 92 5.11 Broader Implications 95 5.12 Conclusions 95 Acknowledgments 96 References 96 6 Burnt Human Remains and Forensic Medicine 99Sarah Ellingham; Joe Adserias-Garriga and Peter Ellis 6.1 Fire Death Statistics 99 6.2 Statistics of Manner of Fire-Related Deaths 100 6.2.1 Prevalence of Self-Immolation 100 6.2.2 Prevalence of Criminal Immolation 101 6.3 Fire Damage to the Body 102 6.4 Classification of the Degree of Fire Damage 103 6.5 Medicolegal Determination of Cause of Death 105 6.6 Medicolegal Determination of Manner of Death 106 6.7 The Use of Post-Mortem Imaging for the Analysis of Burn Victims 108 6.8 Conclusion 110 Acknowledgments 110 References 110 7 Skeletal Alteration of Burnt Remains through Fire Exposure 113Joe Adserias-Garriga 7.1 Assessment of the Severity of the Thermal Damage in the Forensic Context 114 7.2 Soft Tissue Alterations by Fire Exposure 115 7.3 Bone Alteration by Fire Exposure 116 7.4 Teeth Alteration by Fire Exposure 120 7.5 Signature Changes in Skeletal Elements after Cremation 122 7.6 Conclusions 129 References 130 8 Challenges of Biological Profile Estimation from Burnt Remains 133Tim J.U. Thompson 8.1 Why Does Burning Affect Methods of Identification? 134 8.2 How Does the Context of Burning Impede the Creation of Biological Profiles? 135 8.3 Challenges of Biological Profile Estimation of Burnt Remains 137 8.3.1 Morphological Methods 137 8.3.2 Metric Methods 139 8.3.3 Other Approaches to Biological Profile Estimation 140 8.4 Conclusions 142 References 142 9 Victim Identification: The Role of Incinerated Dental Materials 147Peter J. Bush; Mary A. Bush and Raymond Miller 9.1 Introduction 147 9.2 Microstructural Changes in Teeth after Incineration 148 9.3 Structural Changes Due to Restorative Procedures 149 9.4 Case Reports 151 9.4.1 Case Report 1: Airline Crash 151 9.4.2 Case Report 2: Double Homicide 161 9.5 Conclusions 165 References 166 10 Techniques for the Differentiation of Blunt Force Sharp Force and Gunshot Traumas from Heat Fractures in Burnt Remains 167Hanna Friedlander; Megan Moore and Pamela Mayne Correia 10.1 Introduction 167 10.2 Bone Fracture Biomechanics: Fresh Bone 168 10.3 Bone Fracture Biomechanics: Stages of Thermal Damage 170 10.4 Heat Fractures 171 10.5 Blunt Force Trauma in Burnt Remains 172 10.6 Sharp Force Trauma in Burnt Remains 175 10.7 Gunshot Trauma in Burnt Remains 177 10.8 Case Study: 3D Modelling of Traumatic and Heat Fractures in Cranial and Irregular Bone 179 10.9 Discussion 182 10.10 Conclusions 184 Acknowledgments 185 Permissions 185 References 185 Part 3 Analytical Approaches to the Analysis of Burnt Bone 11 Biochemical Alterations of Bone Subjected to Fire 193Sarah Ellingham and Sara C. Zapico 11.1 The Biological and Chemical Makeup of Fresh Bone 193 11.1.1 Introduction 193 11.2 Bone Transformation When Subjected to Heat 195 11.3 Analytical Approaches to Observing Bone Transformation 196 11.3.1 Colorimetry 196 11.3.2 SEM-EDX 196 11.3.3 Fourier Transform Infrared-Spectroscopy 198 11.3.4 Raman Spectroscopy 200 11.3.5 X-Ray Diffraction 201 11.3.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 202 11.3.7 Amino Acid Racemization 202 11.4 DNA 204 11.5 Changes to the Bone at Different Temperatures 205 11.5.1 100°C Exposure 205 11.5.2 200°C Exposure 206 11.5.3 300°C Exposure 206 11.5.4 400°C Exposure 207 11.5.5 500°C Exposure 207 11.5.6 600°C Exposure 207 11.5.7 700°C Exposure 207 11.5.8 800°C Exposure 208 11.5.9 900°C Exposure 208 11.5.10 1000°C Exposure 208 11.6 Conclusion 208 Acknowledgment 209 References 209 12 DNA Profiling from Burnt Remains 213Sara C. Zapico and Rebecca Stone-Gordon 12.1 Introduction 213 12.2 Research Studies on Burnt Remains 214 12.3 Forensic Cases 218 12.4 Alternative Approaches and New Technologies 221 12.4.1 Assessment of DNA Damage 221 12.4.2 Alternatives for DNA Extraction 222 12.4.3 New Technologies 223 12.5 Conclusions 225 References 226 13 Applying Colorimetry to the Study of Low Temperature Thermal Changes in Bone 229Christopher W. Schmidt and Alexandria McDaniel 13.1 Introduction 229 13.2 Colorimetry 230 13.3 Challenges of Colorimetry 232 13.4 Case Study 233 13.5 Conclusion 236 References 236 14 The Use of Histology to Distinguish Animal from Human Burnt Bone with Reference to Some Limitations 241Pamela Mayne Correia; Kalyna Horocholyn and Kassandra Pointer 14.1 Introduction 241 14.2 Bone Tissue 242 14.2.1 Primary Bone Tissue 243 14.2.2 Secondary Bone 252 14.3 Vertebrate Histology 254 14.4 Burnt Bone Histology 256 14.5 Case Study for Comparison of Histology of Cremated Bone 259 14.5.1 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis for Case Study 259 14.6 Discussion 264 14.7 Conclusion 266 References 267 15 Isotope Analysis from Cremated Remains 273Christophe Snoeck 15.1 Introduction 273 15.2 Infrared Analyses 274 15.3 Radiocarbon Dating 276 15.4 Isotope Analyses 277 15.4.1 Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Ratios 277 15.4.2 Strontium Isotope Ratios and Concentrations 281 15.5 Archaeological Case Studies 282 15.5.1 Stonehenge 282 15.5.2 Meuse Basin Belgium and the Netherlands 283 15.6 Conclusions 285 Acknowledgments 285 References 285 16 The Application of Imaging to Heat-Induced Bone 291Rachael M. Carew and David Errickson 16.1 Introduction 291 16.2 Technological Progression 292 16.3 The Current Technology 294 16.3.1 Two-Dimensional Imaging 294 16.3.2 Three-Dimensional Imaging 295 16.4 The Application of Imaging to Heat-Induced and Burnt Bodies 299 16.4.1 Locating and Identifying Burnt Bone 299 16.4.2 Visual Capture and Documentation for Recording and Archiving 300 16.4.3 Quantifying and Analyzing Burnt Remains 301 16.4.4 Reconstruction 302 16.4.5 Ethical and Legal Considerations within the Forensic Context 305 16.5 Discussion and Conclusion 306 References 308 17 The First Reference Collection for the Research of Burnt Human Skeletal Remains Stemming from the 21st Century Identified Skeletal Collection (Portugal) 313David Gonçalves; Calil Makhoul; Maria Teresa Ferreira and Eugénia Cunha 17.1 Introduction 313 17.1.1 The Challenge Posed by Burnt Skeletal Remains 313 17.1.2 Changing the Paradigm 315 17.1.3 The 21st Century Identified Skeletal Collection 320 17.1.4 Preparing the Skeletons 321 17.1.5 Composition of the Collection 323 17.2 Research Potential 324 17.3 Final Comments 327 Acknowledgments 328 References 328 Part 4 Case Studies 18 Analysis of Burnt Human Remains: Statistical Perspectives from Casework in Forensic Anthropology 337Douglas H. Ubelaker; Cassandra M. DeGaglia and Haley Khosrowshahi 18.1 Introduction 337 18.2 Materials and Methods 337 18.3 Results 339 18.4 Discussion 342 18.5 Conclusions 344 Literature Cited 344 19 The Challenge of Burnt Remains from the Brazilian “Microwave Oven” 345Melina Calmon Silva; Eugénia Cunha and Yara Vieira Lemos 19.1 Introduction 345 19.2 Brazilian Homicide Rates 346 19.3 The Relationship between Homicide and Drugs 347 19.4 The “Microwave Oven” Modality of Death / Disposability of Human Remains 348 19.4 Phases of Rubber Tire Combustion 350 19.5 The Challenges of Investigating “Microwave Oven” Deaths 351 19.6 The Role of Forensic Anthropology 353 19.6.1 Case Study 1 354 19.6.2 Case Study 2 359 19.7 Conclusion 365 Conflicts of Interest 366 Ethical Approval 366 Acknowledgments 366 References 367 20 Recovery and Identification of Fatal Fire Victims from the 2018 Northern California Camp Fire Disaster 371Colleen Milligan; Alison Galloway; Ashley Kendell; Lauren Zephro; P. Willey and Eric Bartelink 20.1 Overview of the Camp Fire 371 20.2 Wildfire Burn Environments and Condition of Remains 374 20.3 Field to Morgue: What’s Important for Identification Efforts? 375 20.4 Morgue Identification 379 20.5 Conclusions 381 References 381 21 Recovery and Identification of Burnt Remains in a Military Theatre of Operations: The Warrior Six 383Julie Roberts 21.1 Introduction 383 21.1.1 Improvised Explosive Devices and Blast Injuries 384 21.1.2 The Effects of Heat on Bone 384 21.2 Background to the Case 385 21.3 Assessment of the Vehicle and Recovered Remains 387 21.4 Excavation Strategy and Methodology 390 21.5 Examination of the Remains in the Temporary Mortuary 394 21.6 Examinations in the Role 3 Hospital 398 21.6.1 Soldier A 398 21.6.2 Soldier B 398 21.6.3 Soldier C 399 21.6.4 Soldier D 399 21.6.5 Soldier E 400 21.6.6 Soldier F 400 21.7 Post-mortem Examinations and Positive Identification in the UK 401 21.8 Conclusions 403 Acknowledgments 403 References 403 22 Volcanoes Bones and Heat: The Case of the AD 79 Victims of Vesuvius 407Pier paolo Petrone 22.1 Introduction 407 22.2 The AD 79 Eruption of Vesuvius 408 22.3 The Date of the Eruption 410 22.4 Historical and Archaeological Context of the Discovery 411 22.5 Bioarchaeological and Taphonomic Study 413 22.6 The Causes of Death 418 22.7 The Most Recent Studies 420 22.8 An Exceptional Discovery 427 22.9 Conclusions 430 References 431 Index 437

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xii About the Companion Website xiii Chapter 1 Research Ethics: The Best Ethical Practices Produce the Best Science 1 Judge yourself 6 Morality vs. ethics 6 Onward and upward 8 Inauspicious beginnings 8 How science works 10 Nothing succeeds like success 13 Summary 14 Chapter 2 How Honest Is Science? 15 Judge yourself 16 Sanctionable research misconduct: fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism 16 “Scientists behaving badly” 17 Do scientists behave worse with experience? 20 Judge yourself 20 Crime and punishment 21 Judge yourself 25 Discussion questions 27 Summary 28 Chapter 3 Research Misconduct: Plagiarize and Perish 29 Ideas 31 Sentences 32 Phrases 32 A hoppy example 33 What is plagiarism, really? 34 Judge yourself 34 How many consecutive identical and uncited words constitute plagiarism? 35 Self- plagiarism and recycling 36 Judge yourself 37 Judge yourself 44 Tools to discover plagiarism 46 iThenticate 46 References cited 48 Self- plagiarism and ethics revisited 51 Judge yourself 51 Is plagiarism getting worse? 52 The [true] case study: the plagiarizing novelist who also plagiarized her confession to plagiarism and the author of the website “Plagiarism Today” 54 Summary 55 Chapter 4 Finding the Perfect Mentor 56 Caveat 57 Choosing a mentor 58 Judge yourself 62 Choosing a graduate project 69 Judge yourself 69 Mentors for assistant professors 69 How to train your mentor 75 Discussion questions 78 Discussion questions 80 Summary 81 Chapter 5 Becoming the Perfect Mentor 82 Grants and contracts are a prerequisite to productive science 84 Judge yourself 85 Publications are the fruit of research 86 On a personal level 87 Judge yourself 88 Common and predictable mistakes scientist make at key stages in their training and careers and how being a good mentor can make improvements 88 Discussion questions 104 Summary 105 Chapter 6 Research Misconduct: Fabricating Data and Falsification 106 Why cheat? 107 Judge yourself 110 The case of Jan Hendrik Schön, “Plastic Fantastic” 110 The case of Woo- Suk Hwang: dog cloner, data fabricator 111 The case of Diederik Stapel, psychological serial fabricator 113 Judge yourself 114 Detection of image and data misrepresentation 116 Judge yourself 120 Lessons learnt 121 Summary 121 Chapter 7 Research Misconduct: Falsification and Whistleblowing 122 Reporting and adjudicating research misconduct 123 A “can of worms” indeed: the case of Elizabeth “Betsy” Goodwin 125 Judge yourself 128 Judge yourself 129 Judge yourself 131 Judge yourself 137 Judge yourself 140 Cultivating a culture of openness, integrity, and accountability 140 Summary 141 Chapter 8 Publication Ethics of Authorship: Who Is an Author on a Scientific Paper and Why 142 The importance of the scientific publication 143 Predatory publishing 145 Judge yourself 146 Who should be listed as an author on a scientific paper? 146 Judge yourself 150 How to avoid authorship quandaries and disputes 151 Authorship for works other than research papers 153 The difference between authorship on scientific papers and inventorship on patents 154 Other thoughts on authorship and publications 155 Judge yourself 157 Summary 162 Chapter 9 Grant Proposals: Ethics and Success Intertwined 163 Why funding is crucial 164 Judge yourself 168 Path to success in funding 168 Fair play and collaboration 170 Judge yourself 171 Judge yourself 173 Recordkeeping and fiscal responsibility 173 Pushing the limits on proposals 174 Summary 179 Chapter 10 Peer Review and the Ethics of Privileged Information 180 The history of peer review 181 The nature of journals and the purpose of peer review 182 Open- access journals vs. subscription journals 182 Which papers to review? 188 Open reviews and discussion 189 Judge yourself 190 Grant proposals 190 Confidentiality and privileged information 191 Reviewers 192 Judge yourself 192 Final thoughts 193 Summary 195 Chapter 11 Data and Data Management: The Ethics of Data 196 Stewardship of data 197 Judge yourself 199 Judge yourself 204 Judge yourself 208 The land of in- between: ethics of data presented at professional meetings 208 Judge yourself 213 Raw data, processed data, and data analysis: ways to go right and wrong 213 Summary 213 Discussion questions 215 Discussion questions 216 Chapter 12 Conflicts of Interest 217 The dynamic landscape of conflicts of interest 218 Potential conflicts of interest for university scientists 219 Judge yourself 226 Conflicts of interest within labs or universities 226 Judge yourself 228 Discussion questions 232 Discussion questions 237 Summary 238 Chapter 13 What Kind of Research Science World Do We Want? 239 A culture of discipline and an ethic of entrepreneurship 241 Judge yourself 243 Too much pressure? 243 Integrity awareness through ethics education 246 Accountability 246 Truth will win 247 We scientists 248 Summary 249 References 250 Index 256

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Introduction xChapter 1 The $1000 Pill: the Fiscal Consequences of Curing Hepatitis C 1 Chapter 2 Enter the Payers: Fda Approval Does Not Guarantee Commercial Success 10 Chapter 3 Pandemic: mRNA Vaccines And The Race For A Cure 19 Chapter 4 Federal Investment in R&d: Why the Government Does Not Deserve a Piece of Biopharma’s Profits? 34 Chapter 5 Insulin: the True Cost of a 100- Year- Old Drug 44 Chapter 6 The Costly Alzheimer’s Disease Drug: a Questionable Breakthrough 50 Chapter 7 Gene Therapy: How Much Is a Life Worth? 60 Chapter 8 Proving the Value of Expensive Drugs: Should We Pay For Drugs Whose Ultimate Value Is Unknown? 70 Chapter 9 Generic Drugs: Built- in Cost Controls 74 Chapter 10 About Those Soaring Pharma Profits: Are They Driving Healthcare Costs? 80 Chapter 11 Schemes to Lower Drug Prices: the Impact of Reduced Resources on R&d 84 Final Thoughts 96 Index 98

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