Pollution and threats to the environment Books

Book SynopsisWildland fires are occurring more frequently and affecting more of Earth's surface than ever before. These fires affect the properties of soils and the processes by which they form, but the nature of these impacts has not been well understood. Given that healthy soil is necessary to sustain biodiversity, ecosystems and agriculture, the impact of fire on soil is a vital field of research.Fire Effects on Soil Properties brings together current research on the effects of fire on the physical, biological and chemical properties of soil. Written by over 60 international experts in the field, it includes examples from fire-prone areas across the world, dealing with ash, meso and macrofauna, smouldering fires, recurrent fires and management of fire-affected soils. It also describes current best practice methodologies for research and monitoring of fire effects and new methodologies for future research. This is the first time information on this topic has been presented in a single vTable of ContentsPart 1 Review of fire effects on soil properties, Part 2 Methods used to study the effects of fire on soils.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsIntroduction and Overview. Data Requirements. Remedial Options. Costs of Remedial Activities. Biological Remediation. Exploration Notes and Techniques. Landfills, Brownfields, Barrier Walls, and Bottom Sealing. Modeling Notes. Phytoremediation. Index.

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Book Synopsis"A River Lost is superbly reported and written with clarity, insight, and great skill."—Washington Post Book WorldTrade Review"Harden's bold and well-supported commentary is a welcome addition to the literature of the majestic river."

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Book Synopsis"Superbly reported and written with clarity, insight, and great skill." —Washington Post Book WorldTrade Review"A hard-nosed, clear-eyed, tough-minded dispatch on the sort of contentious subject that is almost always distorted by ideology or obscured by a fog of sentiment . . . . A precise and brave book." -- Hal Espen - New York Times Book Review

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Book SynopsisThe coast cannot be left to nature to determine its fate. Wealth, property, economic interests, recreation, tourism and wildlife are all threatened. Coasts are an administrative battle ground and one of the most important and widely examined topics in environmental management.Coastal and Estuarine Management examines the issues surrounding the human use and abuse of estuarine and coastal environments. Emphasising the importance and significance of this natural resource, the uses and conflicts which occur and the results of human activity, this book explains the ways in which conservation and management policies and practices can protect this productive and diverse ecosystem.Examples and real-life case studies illustrate the effect of human intervention, both from an historic and contemporary perspective. Exposing the environmental consequences of estuarine pollution, Peter French highlights the need for management strategies to promote a sustainable development ethic fTrade Review'The text is written in a lucid but nontechnical style and should be amenable to all students of environmental management...this text has the capacity to influence the attitudes of the next generation of coastal managers.' - Progress in Physical Goegraphy, Vol 23, No.1 1999"The only 'textbook' which is both up-to-date and conprehensive in its coverage of this fast-developing subject" Dr Geoff Walker, West England UniversityTable of Contents1 Introduction to estuarine and coastal systems 2 The physical regime of coasts and estuaries 3 Land claim and coastal defence 4 The industrial use of coasts and estuaries 5 Coastal development for tourism 6 Causes of indirect impacts on the coast 7 Management frameworks for coastal and estuarine systems; The final word

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Book SynopsisThere is currently considerable concern with limiting the growth of transport demand, the use of resources and related pollution. This book makes a major contribution to the debate on transport and the environment.Trade Review'A fundamental first-stop for planners, environmentalists, academics and policymakers alike.' - Economic and Social Research CouncilTable of ContentsIntroduction. Transport and Global Warming: Modelling the Impacts of Alternative Policies. Forecasting Road Traffic Growth: Demograhpic Change and Alternative Policy Scenarios. Strategic Environmental Assessment in the Transort Sector. Public Attitudes to Transport Issues: Findings from the British Social Attitudes Surveys. Logistical Restructuring, Freight Traffic Growth and the Environment. Part 2: Regional Aspects. Introduction. Unintended Effects of Transport Policies. Transport Provision and Regional Development in Europe:Towards a Framework for Appraisal The Environment, Efficient Pricing and Investment in Transport: Environment, Efficient Pricing and Investment in Transport: A Model and Some Results for the UK. Creating Sustainable Supply Chain: Modelling and Key Relationships. Improving Air Quality: Lessons from California. Part 3: Local Aspects. Introduction. The Location of New Residential Developments: Its Influence on Car-Based Travel. ^ Movement and Mobility in the Post-Fordist City. Greener Transport Towns: Publicly Acceptable, Privately Resisted. Anomolies and Biases in the Contingent Valuation Method. Non-User Benefits from Investment in Urban Light Rail: Evidence from Sheffield. Conclusion. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents an overview of the chemistry, geology, toxicology and environmental impacts of arsenic, presenting information on relatively common arsenic minerals and their key properties. In addition, it includes discussions on the environmental impacts of the release of arsenic from mining and coal combustion. Although the environmental regulations of different nations vary and change over time, prominent International, North American, and European guidelines and regulations on arsenic will be reviewed. Includes information on recent environmental catastrophes (e.g. Bangladesh and China) A thorough discussion of the arsenic cycle, including the cosmological origin of arsenic Includes Appendices providing extensive glossary and measurement conversion tables Table of ContentsList of contributors xv Preface xvii 1. Introduction 1 Kevin R. Henke 1.1 Arsenic origin, chemistry, and use 1 1.2 Arsenic environmental impacts 2 1.3 Arsenic toxicity 3 1.4 Arsenic treatment and remediation 3 1.4.1 Introduction 3 1.4.2 Treatment and remediation of water 4 1.4.3 Treatment and remediation of solid wastes, soils, and sediments 4 1.4.4 Treatment of flue gases 5 References 5 2. Arsenic Chemistry 9 Kevin R. Henke and Aaron Hutchison 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Atomic structure and isotopes of arsenic 9 2.3 Arsenic valence state and bonding 10 2.4 Chemistry of arsenic solids 13 2.4.1 Elemental arsenic 13 2.4.2 Common arsenic minerals and other solid arsenic compounds 15 2.4.3 Arsine and other volatile arsenic compounds 24 2.4.4 Organoarsenicals 24 2.5 Introduction to arsenic oxidation and reduction 26 2.5.1 Arsenic oxidation 26 2.5.2 Arsenic reduction 27 2.6 Introduction to arsenic methylation and demethylation 28 2.7 Arsenic in water 30 2.7.1 Introduction 30 2.7.2 Aqueous solubility of arsenic compounds and thermodynamics 31 2.7.3 Dissolved arsenic species 40 2.7.4 Dissociation of arsenious and arsenic acids 42 2.7.5 Eh-pH diagrams, and their limitations 45 2.7.6 Sorption, ion exchange, precipitation, and coprecipitation of arsenic in water 46 2.8 Chemistry of gaseous arsenic emissions 57 References 59 3 Arsenic in Natural Environments 69 Kevin R. Henke 3.1 Introduction 69 3.2 Nucleosynthesis: the origin of arsenic 70 3.2.1 The Big Bang 70 3.2.2 Arsenic formation in stars 70 3.3 Arsenic in the universe as a whole 73 3.4 Arsenic chemistry of the solar system 73 3.4.1 Arsenic in the Sun, Moon, and planets 73 3.4.2 Arsenic in meteorites and tektites 74 3.5 Arsenic in the bulk Earth, crusts, and interior 77 3.5.1 Estimating arsenic concentrations of the bulk Earth and the Earth’s core and mantle 77 3.5.2 The core 78 3.5.3 The mantle 78 3.5.4 The Earth’s crusts 79 3.6 Arsenic in hydrothermal and geothermal fluids and their deposits 82 3.6.1 Introduction 82 3.6.2 Origins of hydrothermal fluids and their arsenic 83 3.6.3 Arsenic chemistry of hydrothermal fluids 85 3.6.4 Arsenic mineralogy of hydrothermal deposits 91 3.6.5 Surface and near-surface oxidation of hydrothermal arsenic 93 3.6.6 Arsenic chemistry in hot springs 94 3.6.7 Arsenic in geothermal power plant scales 95 3.6.8 Arsenic in volcanic gas emissions 96 3.6.9 Environmental impacts of arsenic in hydrothermal and geothermal fluids 96 3.7 Oxidation of arsenic-bearing sulfides in geologic materials and mining wastes 97 3.7.1 Oxidation of sulfide minerals 97 3.7.2 Factors influencing the oxidation of arsenic-bearing sulfide minerals 97 3.7.3 Environmental consequences of sulfide and arsenic oxidation 99 3.7.4 Oxidation chemistry of major arsenic-bearing sulfides 102 3.8 Interactions between arsenic and natural organic matter (NOM) 106 3.9 Sorption and coprecipitation of arsenic with iron and other (oxy)(hydr)oxides 106 3.9.1 Introduction 106 3.9.2 Iron, aluminum, and manganese (oxy)(hydr)oxides 107 3.9.3 Sulfate (oxy)(hydr)oxides and related compounds 108 3.10 Arsenate (inorganic As(V)) precipitation 110 3.11 Reductive dissolution of iron and manganese (oxy)(hydr)oxides 110 3.12 Arsenic and sulfide at < 50 ◦c 114 3.13 Arsenic and its chemistry in mined materials 115 3.13.1 Environmental issues with arsenic-bearing sulfide minerals in coal and ore deposits 115 3.13.2 Behavior of arsenic within mining wastes 115 3.13.3 Movement of arsenic from mining wastes and into the environment 116 3.14 Marine waters and sediments 117 3.14.1 Inorganic arsenic in seawater 117 3.14.2 Marine arsenic cycle 120 3.14.3 Arsenic methylation in marine environments 121 3.14.4 Arsenic in marine sediments 121 3.15 Estuaries 122 3.15.1 Arsenic in estuaries 122 3.15.2 Seasonal effects on arsenic in estuaries 125 3.15.3 Arsenic in pristine estuaries 125 3.15.4 Arsenic in contaminated estuaries 126 3.16 Rivers and other streams 127 3.17 Lakes 136 3.18 Wetlands 145 3.19 Groundwater 146 3.19.1 Subsurface water and groundwater 146 3.19.2 Impacts of arsenic contamination in shallow (< 1 km deep) groundwaters 148 3.19.3 ‘Dissolved’ and particulate arsenic in groundwater 148 3.19.4 Arsenic mobility in groundwater 148 3.19.5 Sources of arsenic contamination in groundwater 149 3.19.6 Arsenic chemistry in groundwater 161 3.20 Glacial ice and related sediments 162 3.21 Arsenic in air and wind-blown sediments 163 3.21.1 Arsenic emission sources 163 3.21.2 Arsenic atmospheric chemistry 165 3.21.3 Arsenic in precipitation 166 3.21.4 Arsenic in atmospheric dust 166 3.21.5 Arsenic in wind-blown sediment deposits (loess) 168 3.21.6 Arsenic in soil and sediment gases 168 3.22 Petroleum 168 3.23 Soils 169 3.23.1 Distinguishing between soils and sediments 169 3.23.2 Arsenic chemistry in soils 171 3.23.3 Soil porewater chemistry 178 3.24 Sedimentary rocks 178 3.24.1 Diagenesis and sedimentary rocks 178 3.24.2 Coal 180 3.24.3 Shales and oil shales 190 3.24.4 Other sedimentary rocks 195 3.25 Metamorphic rocks 196 References 198 Further reading 235 4 Toxicology and Epidemiology of Arsenic and its Compounds 237 Michael F. Hughes, David J. Thomas, and Elaina M. Kenyon 4.1 Introduction 237 4.2 Physical and chemical properties of arsenic 238 4.3 Exposure to arsenic 238 4.4 Arsenic disposition and biotransformation in mammals 240 4.4.1 Introduction 240 4.4.2 Respiratory deposition and absorption 240 4.4.3 Gastrointestinal absorption 241 4.4.4 Dermal absorption 242 4.5 Systemic clearance of arsenic and binding to blood components 243 4.6 Tissue distribution 244 4.7 Placental transfer and distribution in the fetus 246 4.8 Arsenic biotransformation 247 4.8.1 Introduction 247 4.8.2 Arsenic methylation in humans and other mammals 248 4.8.3 Significance of arsenic methylation 248 4.8.4 Molecular basis of the metabolism of inorganic arsenic 248 4.8.5 Reconciling experimental data and the Challenger scheme 251 4.9 Arsenic excretion 252 4.10 Effects of arsenic exposure 253 4.10.1 Acute exposure 253 4.10.2 Chronic exposure 254 4.11 Cardiovascular 254 4.11.1 Introduction 254 4.11.2 Peripheral vascular disease 255 4.11.3 Ischemic heart disease 255 4.11.4 Cerebrovascular disease 255 4.11.5 Atherosclerosis 255 4.11.6 Hypertension 256 4.12 Endocrine 256 4.13 Hepatic 257 4.14 Neurological 257 4.15 Skin 257 4.16 Developmental 258 4.17 Other organ systems 258 4.18 Cancer 259 4.18.1 Introduction 259 4.18.2 Skin 259 4.18.3 Lung 260 4.18.4 Bladder 260 4.19 Animal models for arsenic-induced cancer 260 4.20 Mechanism of action 261 4.20.1 Introduction 261 4.20.2 Replacement of phosphate 262 4.20.3 Enzyme inhibition 262 4.20.4 Oxidative stress 262 4.20.5 Genotoxicity 263 4.20.6 Alteration of DNA repair 263 4.20.7 Signal transduction 263 4.20.8 Gene transcription 263 4.20.9 DNA methylation 264 4.20.10 Growth factors 264 4.21 Regulation of arsenic 264 References 265 5 Arsenic in Human History and Modern Societies 277 Kevin R. Henke and David A. Atwood 5.1 Introduction 277 5.2 Early recognition and uses of arsenic by humans 278 5.3 Alchemy, development of methods to recover elemental arsenic, and the synthesis of arsenic compounds 279 5.4 Applications with arsenic 279 5.4.1 Medicinal applications: dangerous quackery and some important drugs 279 5.4.2 Pesticides and agricultural applications 280 5.4.3 Chemical weapons 282 5.4.4 Embalming fluids 282 5.4.5 Paints and dyes 283 5.4.6 Wood treatment 284 5.4.7 Semiconductors 286 5.5 Increasing health, safety, and environmental concerns 286 5.6 Arsenic in crime 287 5.7 Poisoning controversies: Napoleon Bonaparte 288 5.8 Arsenic in prospecting, mining, and markets 289 5.8.1 Arsenic as a pathfinder element in prospecting 289 5.8.2 Arsenic mining, production, and market trends 290 5.9 Arsenic in coal and oil shale utilization and their by-products 291 5.9.1 Coal cleaning and combustion 291 5.9.2 Arsenic behavior during combustion 291 5.9.3 Postcombustion flue gas treatment 295 5.9.4 Arsenic chemistry in coal combustion byproducts 295 5.9.5 Coal gasification 296 5.9.6 Oil shale utilization 296 References 297 6 Major Occurrences of Elevated Arsenic in Groundwater and Other Natural Waters 303 Abhijit Mukherjee, Alan E. Fryar, and Bethany M. O’Shea 6.1 Introduction 303 6.2 Arsenic speciation and mobility in natural waters 304 6.3 Immobilization of arsenic in hydrologic systems 304 6.3.1 Precipitation, coprecipitation, and association with sulfides 304 6.3.2 Arsenic sorption on metal (oxy)(hydr)oxides 305 6.3.3 Arsenic sorption on clay minerals 306 6.3.4 Carbonate interactions 306 6.4 Mobilization of arsenic in water 309 6.4.1 Competitive anion exchange 309 6.4.2 Effect of natural organic matter (NOM) 310 6.4.3 Effect of pH 310 6.4.4 Redox-dependent mobilization 311 6.4.5 Complex and colloid formation 311 6.5 Natural occurrences of elevated arsenic around the world 313 6.5.1 Introduction 313 6.5.2 Bengal basin, India and Bangladesh 317 6.5.3 Middle Ganges Plain, India 324 6.5.4 Donargarh rift belt, Chattisgarh, central India 326 6.5.5 Terai alluvial plain, Nepal 326 6.5.6 Indus alluvial system, Pakistan 327 6.5.7 Irrawaddy delta, Myanmar 328 6.5.8 Mekong plain and delta, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Laos 328 6.5.9 Red River delta, Vietnam 331 6.5.10 Yellow River plains, Inner Mongolia, China 332 6.5.11 Taiwan 333 6.5.12 Coastal aquifers of Australia 334 6.5.13 Sedimentary basins and basement complexes of West Africa 334 6.5.14 Western USA 335 6.5.15 New England, USA 336 6.5.16 Northern Chile 337 6.5.17 Chaco and Pampa plains of Argentina 338 References 339 7 Waste Treatment and Remediation Technologies for Arsenic 351 Kevin R. Henke 7.1 Introduction 351 7.2 Treatment technologies for arsenic in water 352 7.2.1 Introduction 352 7.2.2 Preoxidation of As(III) in water 353 7.2.3 Sorption and ion-exchange technologies 357 7.2.4 Precipitation/coprecipitation 390 7.2.5 Permeable reactive barriers 394 7.2.6 Filtration, membranes, and other separation technologies 395 7.2.7 Biological treatment and bioremediation 398 7.2.8 Natural remediation 401 7.3 Treatment technologies for arsenic in solids 401 7.3.1 Introduction 401 7.3.2 Review of various treatment technologies for arsenic in inorganic solids 402 7.3.3 Review of various treatment technologies for chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood 410 7.4 Treatment technologies for arsenic in gases 414 References 415 Appendices A Common Physical and Chemical Constants and Conversions for Units of Measure 431 B Glossary of Terms 437 B. 1 Introduction 437 B. 2 Glossary 437 References 472 C Arsenic Thermodynamic Data 475 C. 1 Introduction 475 C. 2 Modeling applications with thermodynamic data 493 C. 3 Thermodynamic data 493 References 493 D Locations of Significant Arsenic Contamination 495 References 524 E Regulation of Arsenic: A Brief Survey and Bibliography 545 E. 1 Introduction 545 E. 2 Regulation of arsenic in water 545 E.2. 1 Drinking water 546 E. 2 Arsenic standards of natural surface waters and groundwaters 549 E. 3 Regulation of arsenic in solid and liquid wastes 549 E.3. 1 Bangladesh 549 E.3. 2 European Union (EU) 550 E. 3 Japan 550 E.3. 4 Norway 550 E.3. 5 Taiwan 550 E.3. 6 United States of America 550 E. 4 Sediment and soil guidelines and standards for arsenic 553 E.4. 1 Introduction 553 E.4. 2 Australia 553 E.4. 3 Canada 553 E. 4 European Union 554 E.4. 5 Italy 554 E.4. 6 Japan 554 E.4. 7 Korea (South) 554 E.4. 8 Thailand 554 E.4. 9 United States of America 554 E. 5 Regulation of arsenic in food and drugs 555 E.5. 1 Australia and New Zealand 555 E.5. 2 Canada 555 E.5. 3 United States of America 555 E. 6 Regulation of arsenic in air 556 E.6. 1 European Union 556 E.6. 2 United States of America 556 References 556 Index 559

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Book SynopsisThis important resource provides an overview of the major environmental policy issues, both historic and topical, and explains how science plays a role in various forms of policy response.Table of ContentsFigures and Table ix Foreword xv Preface xix The Author xxi The Contributors xxiii Chapter 1: The Clean Air Act and the National Environmental Policy Act 1 The Clean Air Act 2 National Ambient Air Quality Standards 7 State Implementation Plans 9 Hazardous Air Pollutants 11 New Source Performance Standards 12 Prevention of Significant Deterioration 12 Clean Air Interstate Quality Rule 13 The National Environmental Policy Act 13 Chapter 2: Particulate Matter 17 Characteristics and Deposition 18 Health Effects 21 Cardiovascular Disease and Particulate Matter 32 Particulate Matter and Public Policy 37 Chapter 3: Ozone 41 Health Effects 42 Nitrogen Oxides 54 Chapter 4: Sulfur Dioxide and Acid Rain 63 SO2 Health Effects 65 Health Policy: National Ambient Air Quality Standards 69 Acid Rain 69 Environmental Effects of Acid Rain and Deposition 73 Acid Rain and Environmental Policy 75 Chapter 5: Environmental Tobacco Smoke 81 The History of Smoking and Disease 82 Tobacco Smoke and Disease 84 Health Effects of Passive Smoking 89 Lung Cancer Epidemiology 91 Carcinogens in Cigarette Smoke 92 Smoking Cessation 94 Policy Controls on Tobacco and Cigarette Smoking 95 Global Smoking Today 97 Chapter 6: Children’s Environmental Health: Mercury and Lead 101 Leonardo Trasande The Unique Vulnerability of Children 102 Mercury as a Case Study 104 Lead as a Case Study 106 Outdoor Air Pollution as a Case Study 107 The National Children’s Study 108 Regulatory Policy and Children 109 Chapter 7: The Role of Community Advocacy Groups in Environmental Protection: Example of September 11, 2001 113 Catherine McVay Hughes, Kimberly Flynn, Craig Hall, Joan Reibman The Disaster 116 Chapter 8: The Medical Response to an Environmental Disaster: Lessons from the World Trade Center Attacks 137 Caralee Caplan-Shaw, Angeliki Kazeros, Sam Parsia, Joan Reibman Immediate Response to Environmental Exposure 139 Analysis of World Trade Center Dust 140 Role of the Medical Community in Identifying Adverse Health Effects in Diverse Populations 143 Local Residents, Workers, and Children 148 WTC Environmental Health Center 151 The WTC Health Registry 153 Lessons Learned 155 Chapter 9: Chlorofluorocarbons and the Development of the Ozone Hole 159 Chlorofluorocarbons 160 Ozone Layer 160 Field Measurements of Atmospheric Trace Species 167 Ozone Depletion and UV-B Radiation 170 Policy and the Montreal Protocol 172 Ozone Depletion and Climate Change 174 Medihaler Impediments to Controlling Ozone Depletion 175 Chapter 10: Global Warming Science and Consequences 179 Global Warming Basic Science: Greenhouse Gases 181 Environmental Consequences of Global Warming and Climate Change 186 Human Health Effects 197 Global Warming and the International Community 203 Chapter 11: National Green Energy Plan 205 Energy Efficiency 206 Oil 208 Natural Gas 216 Coal 218 Biofuels 223 Nuclear 227 Wind 230 Geothermal Energy and Hydropower 232 Biomass and Hut Lung 234 Solar 236 Chapter 12: Climate Change Policy Options 241 International Efforts to Prevent Climate Change 244 State, City, and Private Actions on Global Warming 247 U.S. Judiciary Branch and Climate Change 250 U.S. Executive Branch and Climate Change 252 Congress: The Climate Stewardship Act of 2003 Through the Climate Security Acts of 2008 and 2009 254 Economic Factors Surrounding Global Warming and Potential Solutions 260 Prospects for Climate Change Legislation Going Forward 262 Chapter 13: Environmental Policy and the Land: Wilderness Preservation 267 William N. Rom, Kim Elliman The History of Wilderness Protection 269 The History of Wilderness Protection Evolving from New York State’s Leadership 275 Debates over Wilderness 283 Problems with Implementation of the Wilderness Act 287 Executive Orders for Wilderness Protection 289 Current Wilderness Legislation 292 The Land and Water Conservation Fund and the Forest Legacy Program 294 National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act 294 The Endangered Species Act 295 Chapter 14: Environmental Policy and Advocacy Groups: The Wilderness Society: A Case Study 299 William H. Meadows Federal Public Lands and Wilderness 300 Why Wilderness? 301 Political Framework 302 The Wilderness Society and Public Policy 304 Wilderness Future 313 Chapter 15: Alaska: America’s Wilderness Frontier: A Case Study 319 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 320 Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act: National Parks, Wildlife Refuges, and Wilderness 321 Oil Versus Wilderness on the ANWR 329 Chapter 16: The Clean Water Act and Water Ecosystems 337 The Clean Water Act 338 Safe Drinking Water Act 344 Water Ecosystems and Environmental and Public Health 348 Chapter 17: Toxic Chemicals in the Environment: Government Regulations and Public Health 355 Toxic Substances Control Act 356 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund) 360 Notes 369 Index 407ii

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Book SynopsisPollutants, Human Health and the Environment is a comprehensive, up-to-date overview of environmental pollutants that are of current concern to human health. Clearly structured throughout, the main body of the book is divided by pollutant type with a chapter devoted to each group of pollutants.Trade Review“Overall, the book offers a well-rounded overview of the complex and rapidly changing field of environmental toxicology. It will be of interest to anyone studying or working in the broad fields of health, safety and environmental science and of immense value to scientists or professionals involved in influencing environmental and public health policy.” (Occupational Medicine, 8 December 2013) “Overall, this book is valuable to the field of cancer disparity research and will be a good addition to any library, particularly those that cater to the disadvantaged members of the US population.” (Perspectives in Public Health, 6 July 2013) “This book provides a balanced view of the risks and benefits of several groups of substances such as essential, toxic, trace and radioactive elements; synthetic organic agricultural and industrial chemicals and pharmaceuticals; and particulates and nano-materials . . . The chapters may be useful as guidelines for the management of risk. The book will be quite useful for a wide spectrum of readership across the world.” (Environment & Ecology, 1 October 2012) “The book is clearly written, includes extensive references, and is well-illustrated.” (Book News, 1 April 2012)Table of ContentsForewords xi Tribute xiii The Editors xv Contributors xvii Acknowledgements xix Introduction 1 Jane A. Plant, Nikolaos Voulvoulis and K. Vala Ragnarsdottir 1 The scientific appraisal of hazardous substances in the environment 5 Olwenn V. Martin and Jane A. Plant 1.1 Introduction 5 1.2 Fundamental concepts of toxicology 5 1.3 Some notions of environmental epidemiology 13 1.4 Scientific evidence and the precautionary principle 19 1.5 Uncertainty and controversy: the endocrine disruption example 20 1.6 Concluding remarks 23 References 23 2 Regulatory systems and guidelines for the management of risk 27 Dieudonne-Guy Ohandja, Sally Donovan, Pamela Castle, Nikolaos Voulvoulis and Jane A. Plant 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Current regulation on chemicals 28 2.3 Guideline values 34 2.4 Conclusions and recommendations 47 References 47 3 Essential and beneficial trace elements 53 Xiyu Phoon, E. Louise Ander and Jane A. Plant 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Hazardous properties 56 3.3 Sources 59 3.4 Environmental pathways 63 3.5 Effects on human receptors 68 3.6 Risk reduction 77 References 79 4 Toxic trace elements 87 Jilang Pan, Ho-Sik Chon, Mark R. Cave, Christopher J. Oates and Jane A. Plant 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Hazardous properties 89 4.3 Sources 90 4.4 Environmental pathways 94 4.5 Effects on human receptors 101 4.6 Risk reduction 107 References 108 5 Radioactivity and radioelements 115 Jane A. Plant, Barry Smith, Xiyu Phoon and K. Vala Ragnarsdottir 5.1 Introduction 115 5.2 Hazardous properties 122 5.3 Sources 125 5.4 Environmental pathways 132 5.5 Bioaccessibility and bioavailability 136 5.6 Risk reduction 139 References 141 6 Industrial chemicals 147 Danelle Dhaniram, Alexandra Collins, Khareen Singh and Nikolaos Voulvoulis 6.1 Introduction 147 6.2 Hazardous properties 148 6.3 Sources 156 6.4 Environmental pathways 161 6.5 Human health 164 6.6 Risk reduction and future trends 170 References 172 7 Agricultural pesticides and chemical fertilisers 181 Rebecca McKinlay, Jason Dassyne, Mustafa B. A. Djamgoz, Jane A. Plant and Nikolaos Voulvoulis 7.1 Introduction 181 7.2 Pesticides 183 7.3 Fertilisers 195 7.4 Risk reduction for pesticides and chemical fertilisers 197 References 199 8 Pharmaceuticals and personal-care products 207 James Treadgold, Qin-Tao Liu, Jane A. Plant and Nikolaos Voulvoulis 8.1 Introduction 207 8.2 Hazardous properties 208 8.3 Anthropogenic sources 210 8.4 Pathways and environmental fate 215 8.5 Physiological effects 218 8.6 Risk assessment, communication and reduction 219 8.7 Future trends 220 References 221 9 Naturally occurring oestrogens 229 Olwenn V. Martin and Richard M. Evans 9.1 Introduction 229 9.2 Hazardous properties 231 9.3 Sources 240 9.4 Environmental pathways 241 9.5 Effects on humans 243 9.6 Risk reduction 248 References 249 10 Airborne particles 255 Edward Derbyshire, Claire J. Horwell, Timothy P. Jones and Teresa D. Tetley 10.1 Introduction 255 10.2 Hazardous properties 257 10.3 Sources 261 10.4 Global pathways 266 10.5 Health effects of inhaled particulate material 270 10.6 Risk reduction and future trends 277 References 281 11 Engineered nanomaterials 287 Superb K. Misra, Teresa D. Tetley, Andrew Thorley, Aldo R. Boccaccini and Eugenia Valsami-Jones 11.1 Introduction 287 11.2 Useful and hazardous properties 289 11.3 Sources of NPs 299 11.4 Environmental pathways 300 11.5 Regulation and effects on human receptors 301 11.6 Future trends and risk reduction 312 References 313 Conclusions: pollutants, risk and society 319 Richard Owen, Jane A. Plant, K. Vala Ragnarsdottir and Nikolaos Voulvoulis Index 327

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Book SynopsisWith petroleum-related spills, explosions, and health issues in the headlines almost every day, the issue of remediation of petroleum and petroleum products is taking on increasing importance, for the survival of our environment, our planet, and our future.Table of ContentsPreface xv 1. Introduction to Bioremediation 1 1. Introduction 1 2. Principles of Bioremediation 7 3. Bioremediation and Biodegradation 10 4. Mechanism of Biodegradation 15 5. Bioremediation Methods 22 6. Test Methods for Biodegradation 30 7. References 31 2. Petroleum Composition and Properties 39 1. Introduction 39 2. Composition 46 3. Properties 62 4. References 76 3. Refinery Products and By-Products 79 1. Introduction 79 2. Refinery Products 81 3. Refinery Chemicals 106 4. References 113 4. Composition and Properties of Gaseous Products 115 1. Introduction 115 2. Gaseous Products 118 3. Environmental Effects 129 4. Analysis 134 5. References 143 5. Composition and Properties of Liquid Products 147 1. Introduction 147 2. Naphtha 148 3. Fuel Oil 162 4. Wastewaters 177 5. References 180 6. Composition and Properties of Solid Products 183 1. Introduction 183 2. Residua and Asphalt 184 3. Coke 199 4. Sludge 208 5. References 210 7. Sample Collection and Preparation 213 1. Introduction 213 2. Petroleum Chemicals 215 3. Sample Collection and Preparation 218 4. Measurement 240 5. Accuracy 242 6. Precision 243 7. Method Validation 245 8. Quality Control and Quality Assurance 252 9. Method Detection Limit 256 10. References 256 8. Analytical Methods 259 1. Introduction 259 2. Chemical And Physical Properties 262 3. Petroleum Group Analyses 279 4. Other Analytical Methods 289 5. References 298 9. Biodegradation of Petroleum 305 1. Introduction 305 2. Biodegradation of Specific Constituents 307 3. Petroleum Biodegradation 319 4. Application to Spills 333 5. References 339 10. Biodegradation of Naphtha and Gasoline 361 1. Introduction 361 2. Identity and Origin 361 3. Remediation 363 4. BTEX and MTBE 377 5. References 382 11. Biodegradation of Kerosene and Diesel 385 1. Introduction 385 2. Identity and Origin of Kerosene and Diesel 385 3. Bioremediation 389 4. Jet Fuel 402 5. References 404 12. Biodegradation of Fuel Oil 413 1. Introduction 413 2. Identity and Origin of Fuel Oil 416 3. Biodegradation 421 4. References 427 13. Biodegradation of Lubricating Oil 431 1. Introduction 431 2. Identity and Origin of Lubricating Oil 434 3. Composition and Properties of Lubricating Oil 436 4. Biodegradation of Lubricating Oils 440 5. Bioremediation – The Challenge 452 6. Conclusion 453 7. References 453 14. Biodegradation of Residua and Asphalt 463 1. Introduction 463 2. Identity and Origin of Residua and Asphalt 467 3. Biodegradation of Residua and Asphalt 469 4. References 477 15. Bioremediation Methods 483 1. Land Ecosystems 486 2. Water Ecosystems 498 3. References 507 16. The Future of Bioremediation 515 1. Introduction 515 2. Status 517 3. Advantages and Disadvantages 524 4. Conclusion 526 5. References 528 Glossary 535 Conversion Factors 555 Index 559

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to Hazardous Waste Incineration, Second Edition The control of hazardous wastes is one of today's most critical environmental issues. Increasing numbers of engineers, technicians, and maintenance personnel are being confronted with problems in this important area.Trade Review"A text and reference for student and practicing environmental engineers...[the authors] discuss the fundamentals of incineration with practical application to wastes..." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2001) "Reviewing this book was an enjoyable experience...it is well-written and thoroughly covers the topic...a sterling book for both students and practitioners." (Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 89, No. 1, January 2002)Table of ContentsTHE HAZARDOUS WASTE PROBLEM. Hazardous Waste Incineration Overview. Other Options Standards and Regulations. INCINERATION PRINCIPLES. Basic Concepts. Stoichiometric and Thermodynamic Considerations. Thermochemical Applications. EQUIPMENT. Hazardous Waste Combustors. Waste Heat Boilers. Quenchers. Air Pollution Control Equipment. Materials Handling and Ancillary Equipment. FACILITY DESIGN. Design Principles. Economic Considerations. Design of a Hazardous Waste Incineration Facility. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive and up-to-date investigation of one of the deadliest toxins and its impact on ecological and human health. Part one contains a thorough treatment of the chemical nature of arsenic, its environmental behavior and its measurement through contemporary analytical methods. Part two deals with the latest findings from a wide range of international research groups into the repercussions of arsenic exposures on human health and the ecosystem.Table of ContentsArsenic: Historical Perspectives (J. Azcue & J. Nriagu). Arsenic Distribution in Soils (H. Yan-Chu).Arsenic Mobilization and Bioavailability in Soils (D. Bhumbla & R. Keefer). Mobilization of Arsenic in Contaminated River Waters (W. Mok & C. Wai). Removal of Arsenic in Drinking Water Treatment (M. Jekel). Biotransformation of Arsenic in the Freshwater Environment (S. Maeda). The Chemical Forms of Arsenic in Aquatic Organisms and Their Interrelationships (D. Phillips). Arsenic in Several Chinese Estuaries and Coastal Seas (L. Xiankun, et al.). Arsenic in Vegetation of Wetlands (M. Otte & W. Ernst). Arsenic Minerals Formed at Low Temperatures (F. Schaufelberger). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis professional reference tool combines basic concepts ofhydrology with the latest applications for landscape architectureand site engineering--including effective, eco-friendly, andpeople-friendly design methods for: * Wetlands construction * Groundwater recharge * Infiltration * Porous pavements * Stream restoration * Water harvesting Stormwater management is an essential component of all landscapearchitecture and site engineering projects. Introduction toStormwater helps solve environmental problems that arise in theprocess of planning, implementing, and evaluating the builtenvironment. This useful guide is of singular importance to landscapearchitects, civil engineers, architects, wetlands scientists, andother environmental professionals who must comply withever-changing government regulations. Concepts such as drainage,runoff quality, and drought control are presented in aneasy-to-learn, nontechnical format, using case studies drawn fromTable of ContentsStormwater and Environment. Stormwater and Human Experience. Introduction to Hydrologic Concepts. Storm Runoff. Water Balance. Conveyance. Detention. Extended Detention. Infiltration. Water Harvesting. Epilogue. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisA fresh and comprehensive overview of ecotoxicology today This book provides comprehensive single-source coverage of the entire field of ecotoxicology, from the ecological basics to the effects of chemicals on the environment and the latest test strategies. Contributions by leading figures in ecotoxicology from around the world reflect the broad scope of current thinking and research, making this volume essential reading for informed professionals and students. Areas covered include: * Ecosystem sensitivity, principles for analysis, and other fundamentals * Fate, distribution, and speciation of chemicals in the environment * Bioaccumulation and effects of chemicals * Ecotoxicological test systems * Concepts of ecological risk assessment Incorporating numerous examples and case studies, this cutting-edge reference is an invaluable resource for those working in environmental toxicology, chemistry, ecology, medicine, engineering, and other reTable of ContentsPartial table of contents: HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION AND ECOLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS. Ecotoxicological Research-Historical Development and Perspectives (S. Jørgensen). Sensitivity of Ecosystems and Ecotones (O. Fränzle). Community Ecology and Population Interactions in Freshwater Systems (B. Streit). CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT. Speciation of Chemical Elements in the Environment (R. Wilken). Abiotic Transformation Reactions (E. Weber). Ecochemistry of Toxaphene (M Coelhan & H. Parlar). BIOACCUMULATION AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS. Bioaccumulation of Chemicals by Aquatic Organisms (D. Connell). Process-Oriented Descriptions of Toxic Effects (S. Kooijman). Effects of Pollutants on Soil Invertebrates: Links between Levels (J. Weeks). CONTRIBUTIONS TO AN ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT. Current and Future Test Strategies in Terrestrial Ecotoxicology (R. Debus). Legislative Perspective in Ecological Risk Assessment (J. Ahlers & R. Diderich). Index.

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Book SynopsisUp-to-date coverage of vanadium research--in two accessible, self-contained volumes Vanadium in the Environment brings together the contributions of leading experts on the chemical and toxicological aspects of vanadium exposure and its effects on aquatic and terrestrial environments, human health, and wildlife. This second volume focuses on health effects and toxicology in living organisms, while Part One concentrates on chemistry and biochemistry. Topics in this second volume include: Health effects of environmental exposure to vanadium toxicology of vanadium in mammals Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity of vanadium Baseline vanadium levels and exposure tests in humans Vanadium and metabolic problems Vanadium and its significance in animal cell metabolism Hematological effects of vanadium in living organisms Genetic toxicology of vanadium compounds Vanadium and the cardiovascular system: reTable of ContentsHealth Effects of Environmental Exposure to Vanadium (J. Lener, etal.). Toxicology of Vanadium in Mammals (K. Thompson, et al.). Mutagenicity, Carcinogenicity, and Teratogenicity of Vanadium (A.Leonard & G. Gerber). Vanadium Exposure Tests in Humans: Hair, Nails, Blood, and Urine(J. Kucera, et al.). Baseline Vanadium Levels in Human Blood, Serum, and Urine (J.Kucera & E. Sabbioni). Vanadium and Metabolic Problems (V. Sitprija & S.Eiam-Ong). Vanadium and Its Significance in Animal Cell Metabolism (H.Zaporowska & A. Scibior). Hematological Effects of Vanadium on Living Organisms (H.Zaporowska & A. Scibior). Genetic Toxicology of Vanadium Compounds (M. Altamirano-Lozano, etal.). Vanadium and the Cardivascular System: Regulatory Effects andToxicity (M. Carmignani, et al.). Effects of Vanadate in Adrenal Gland of Mammals (M. Fauth, etal.). Oxidative Strees and Pro-Oxidant Biological Effects of Vanadium (J.Byczkowski & A. Kulkarni). Endocrine Control of Vanadium Accumulation (F. Hamel). Mechanisms of Actions of Vanadium in Mediating the BiologicalEffects of Insulin (G. Elberg, et al.). Antidiabetic Action of Vanadium Complexes in Animals: Blood GlucoseNormalizing Effect, Organ Distribution of Vanadium, and Mechanismfor Insulin-Mimetic Action (H. Sakurai & A. Tsuji). Vanadium Detoxification (E. Baran). Vanadium--A New Tool for Cancer Prevention (M. Chatterjee & A.Bishayee). Index.

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Book SynopsisA flexible and comprehensive framework for cost-effective pollution prevention Environmental compliance and hazardous waste disposal have become a fact of life --and a huge financial liability --for companies in many different industries.Table of ContentsEnvironmental Management Systems and Pollution Prevention. Conducting a Pollution Prevention Assessment. A Regulatory Foundation for Pollution PreventionOpportunities. Measuring P? Performance and Change. Implementing P? Purchasing Decisions. A Pollution Prevention Catalog. Achieving P? Implementation Excellence and Cost Savings. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisGas Chromatograpic Environmental Analysis is the first, truly complete, up-to-date, homogeneous coverage in book form, of the analytical techniques applied to the chemical study of environment. The book describes the use of gas chromatograpy in environmental analysis. After an introduction in the fundamentals of gas chromatograpy and a critical review of the different column types, the author describes the necessary instrumentation, with particular attention on the sample injection, detection and calibration systems. Special attention is paid to trace analysis which is important, e.g., in the recognation of specific fluorocarbons in the atmosphere. In addition, the author looks briefly at other techniques such as HPLC and mass spectrometry to give a complete picture of environmental analysis of today and tomorrow. Because it is written for chemists, analytical chemists in both industrial and academic contexts, chemical engineers, industrial hygienists, environmental biologists and Table of ContentsFrom the Contents: General Concepts of Gas Chromatographic Analysis/ Instrumentation for Gas Chromatographic Environmental Analysis/ The Mass Spectrometer and Its Use in Environmental Analysis/ The Chromatographic Analysis of Volatile Air and Water Pollutants/ Sample Preparation and Analysis of Organic Micro-Pollutants from Complex Matrices

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Book SynopsisAn in-depth look at the most promising technology for metal remediation. With current cleanup methodologies offering no real solution to the serious environmental implications of toxic metal contamination, there is a growing need among remediation professionals for effective, affordable, nonpolluting alternatives to energy-intensive engineering processes. This book presents one such promising alternative-the extraordinary new technology of phytoremediation. Through first-rate contributions from the top scientists in the field, Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals surveys worldwide pioneering efforts in the use of plants to treat contamination of such metals as lead, cadmium, chromium, and even radionuclides. The authors explore all major aspects of the technology-how it utilizes the metal-accumulating properties of selected or engineered plants to remove toxic metals from soils and water, how to transfer knowledge from the laboratory to the field, and what methods are mosTrade Review"For those who have an interest in the domain of plant adaptation to environmental constraints...this book has undoubtedly to be on the shelf, and for those who simply have some scientific and technologic curiosity, the book will give them a clear overview..." (Plant Science, Vol. 160, No. 5, 2001) "This collection of technical papers explores various aspects of phytoremediation: the use of plants to remove contaminants from the soil." (Industry and Environment, Vol. 23, no. 1-2, January-June 2000) "Fifteen contributions survey efforts in the use of plants to treat soil and water contaminated with such metals as lead, cadmium, chromium, and radionuclides." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 24, No. 4, December 2000) "..a good contribution to the raising literature on phytoremediation"(Ecotoxicology, Vol 9, 2000) "...a useful introduction to this technology...I strongly recommend this volume to scientists interested in alternatives to energy-intensive engineering processes for the remediation of water and soil." (Microchemical Journal, Vol. 69, 2001)Table of ContentsWhy Use Phytoremediation? (B. Ensley). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND GREEN PLANTS. Phytoremediation's Economic Potential (D. Glass). Phytoremediation and Public Acceptance (R. Tucker & J. Shaw). Regulatory Considerations for Phytoremediation (S. Rock & P. Sayre). TECHNOLOGIES FOR METAL PHYTOREMEDIATION. Phytoextraction of Metals (M. Baylock & J. Huang). Phytostabilization of Metals (S. Cunningham & W. Berti). Phytofiltration of Metals (Y. Kapulnik & S. Dushenkov). The Use of Plants for the Treatment of Radionuclide (M. Negri & R. Hinchman). Photostabilization of Metals Using Hybrid Poplar Trees (J. Schnoor). Phytoreduction of Environmental Mercury Pollution (C. Rugh, et al.). The Physiology and Biochemistry of Selenium Volatilization By Plants (M. de Souza, et al.). BIOLOGY OF METAL PHYTOREMEDIATION. Metal Accumulating Plants (R. Reeves & A. Baker). Mechanisms of Metal Hyperaccumulation in Plants (D. Salt & U. Kramer). Mechanisms of Metal Resistance: Phytochelatins and Metalothioneins (C. Cobbett & P. Goldsborough). Molecular Mechanisms of Ion Transport in Plant Cells (M. Guerinot).

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Book SynopsisAmstat News asked three review editors to rate their top five favorite books in the September 2003 issue. Statistical Methods for Detection and Quantification of Environmental Contamination was among those chosen.Trade Review"an indispensable book" (Int Jnl of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, No.82 2001)Table of ContentsAcknowledgments. Introduction. DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION IN THE LABORATORY. Conceptual Foundations. Statistical Foundations and Review. Calibration-Based Regression Models. Single-Concentration-Based Detection Limit Methods. Single-Concentration-Based Quantification Limit Methods. Calibration-Based Detection Limit Methods. Calibration-Based Quantification Limit Methods. Significant Digits. Experimental Design of Detection and Quantification Limit Studies and Related Studies. Between-Laboratory Detection and Quantification Limit Estimators. DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION IN THE FIELD. Comparison of a Single Measurement to a Regulatory Standard. Censored Data. Testing Distributional Assumptions. Testing for Outliers. Detecting Trend. Detection Monitoring. Assessment and Corrective Action Monitoring: Overview. Assessment and Corrective Action Monitoring: Comparison to a Standard. Assessment and Corrective Action Monitoring: Comparison to Background. Assessment and Corrective Action Monitoring: Case Studies. Review of Available Computer Software. Summary. Appendix: Land's Tables. Glossary of Measurement Terminology. Mathematical Symbols. Web References. Annotated Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis is a practical manual designed to help plant managers and emergency services personnel to deal with numerous spill situations. It covers ground spills, water spills, rail and truck spills and in-plant spills.Table of ContentsPre-Incident Activities. Crisis News Management for Hazardous Materials Incident Responders and Incident Managers. Personal Protection Equipment. Incident Risks and Safety. Spill Control. Air Monitoring. Tank Trucks. Rail Cars. Intermodal Tank Containers. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisAir Pollution and Community Health A Critical Review and Data Sourcebook Frederick W. Lipfert Air pollution has affected community health since the advent of the industrial age and arguably since the discovery of fire. While organized societies have taken important steps to reduce and control emissions, the quality of the air we breathe today remains a critical concern. Air Pollution and Community Health transforms the major epidemiological works of the past 40 years into a coherent picture of the effects of air pollution on respiration, hospitalization, and mortality. The book re-evaluates these studies to clarify their findings within a consistent analytical framework and to define statistical relationships between various measures of community health and air quality. Lipfert emphasizes observational studies and the quality of the data used. The book is organized by health endpoint rather than by pollutant, beginning with the major air pollution disasters that helped galvanize the enTable of ContentsPurpose and Scope. A Primer on Air Pollution, Past and Present. Methodological and Statistical Considerations. A Primer on Physiological Effects of Air Pollution and Measurementof Respiratory Function. MORTALITY STUDIES. The Air Pollution Disasters. Time-Series Studies of Mortality. Cross-Sectional Studies of Long-Term Effects on Mortality. Long-Term Temporal Studies of Mortality. STUDIES OF SELECTED MORBIDITY EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. Temporal Studies of Air Pollution and Hospital Use. Cross-Sectional Studies of Hospital Use/Summary of HospitalizationStudies. Air Pollution Effects on Lung Function. SYNTHESIS AND CONCLUSIONS. Respiratory Function as a Predictor of Mortality. Summary, Conclusions, and Implications. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe first comprehensive guide to all surface and dermal sampling methods. Written by one of the nation's foremost sampling experts, this authoritative guide offers an integrated approach that combines surface and dermal sampling methods with air and biological monitoring techniques.Table of ContentsCHEMICAL HAZARDS. Identifying Chemicals as Hazards. Factors Affecting Chemical Permeation. Chemical Protective Clothing. DEVELOPING STRATEGIES FOR SAMPLING. Assessment of Workplace Exposures. Assessment of Community Exposures. SURFACE MONITORING. Introduction to Surface Monitoring. Surface Sampling for Chemicals. Surface Sampling for Microorganisms. Surface Sampling for Low Level Radiation. Decontamination. DERMAL SAMPLING TECHNIQUES. Introduction to Dermal Monitoring. Skin Sampling, Part I: Wiping, Swabbing, and Washing. Skin Sampling Methods, Part II: Direct Reading. Pad Dosimetry Methods. Clothing for Dosimetry and Protection. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisEach year, thousands of people experiencing flu-like symptoms due to poor air quality and ventilation in the workplace. Other indoor environment dangers that can affect the health of workers range from exposed asbestos insulation to subtle psychological dangers such as limited sunlight.Table of ContentsDoes This Building Have an Indoor Environmental Quality Problem? (P. Hagan). What Factors Can Affect an Indoor Environmental Quality Complaint? (P. Hagan). Investigating Health Complaints (R. Gots). Indoor Air and Health: Clear-Cut, Equivocal, and Unlikely (R. Gots). What Can We Learn About Indoor Environmental Quality Concerns from Studies? (A. Hedge). Investigating Health Complaints: Behavioral Aspects (A. Hedge). Communicating Results of the Investigation (A. Hedge). Government Inspections of the Building (J. O'Reilly). Indoor Health Litigation and the Building Management (J. O'Reilly). Litigation by the Tenant's Employees (J. O'Reilly). Legal Options of the Complaining Occupant-Employees (J. O'Reilly). Complaints by the Tenant Company (J. O'Reilly). Building Owner's Options to Sue Persons Other Than Tenants (J. O'Reilly). Insurance Law Implications of Indoor Health Claims (J. O'Reilly). Case Study: The Brigham and Women's Hospital Experience (T. Ricciardone). Case Study: Anchorage, Alaska (A. Hedge). The Chicago High-Rise IEQ Case (R. Graham & C. Drew). Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisToxicology--the scientific study of environmental factors that are harmful to living organisms--was established more than 400 years ago by the Swiss physician Paracelsus.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Toxicology. Epidemiological and Toxicological Studies. Routes of Exposure. The Dose-Response Relationship. Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination of Toxics. Target Organ Effects. Survey of Toxic Substances. Radiation, Pathogens, and Naturally Occurring Toxins. Mutagens, Teratogens, and Carcinogens. Risk Assessment and Acute Exposure Treatment. Glossary. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisA volume for studying water related issues of the region. It includes information on the impact of pollution and development on the health of rivers, and how conservation and reclamation efforts can repair past damage.Table of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgments ix Chapter 1 Sabine River 1 Chapter 2 Guadalupe River 61 Chapter 3 Rio Grande 102 Chapter 4 Pecos Riverine System 172 Index 237

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Book SynopsisAn element in the earth's crust, an additive in livestock feed. a medicine in early civilization--and the toxin of toxins A pervasive part of our natural environment and everyday lives. arsenic has nonetheless earned a niche in history as a substance of diabolical suppleness.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Arsenic in Human Medicine (M. Gorby). Health Effects of Environmental Arsenic (W. Morton & D.Dunnette). Toxicity and Metabolism of Arsenic in Vertebrates (S. Naqvi, etal.). Effects of Arsenic on DNA Synthesis in Human Lymphocytes (Z.Meng). Chronic Arsenism from Drinking Water in Some Areas of Xinjiang,China (W. Lianfang & H. Jianzhong). Estimation of Human Exposure to and Uptake of Arsenic Found inDrinking Water (H. Xu, et al.). A Review of Arsenic Hazards to Plants and Animals with Emphasis onFishery and Wildlife Resources (R. Eisler). Arsenic in Marine Organisms: Chemical Forms and ToxicologicalAspects (K. Shiomi). Index.

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Book SynopsisAuthoritative, comprehensive, accessible-the definitive guide to a new approach in environmental policy Emissions Trading: Environmental Policy''s New Approach presents the work of an outstanding group of contributors on the successes and limitations of this new and exciting incentive-based tool for reducing environmental pollutants. By including the comments of emitters, regulators, public interest group representatives, and academics, the book reveals the criticisms, disagreements, and growing resolution of numerous environmental questions, including: * Can markets be used to correct market environmental failure? * Will decentralized decisions by emitters produce an improvement in air quality? * Can this approach realize significant control cost savings? * Can emissions trading be monitored and enforced effectively at a reduced cost? * Will affected groups support this dramatic innovation? Supported with sound analytical thinking and careful consideration of tTable of ContentsINCENTIVE-BASED ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY CONTROL. Emissions Trading Emerges from the Shadows (R. Kosobud). APPRAISING ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY'S NEW APPROACH. What Do We Really Know about Market-Based Approaches to Environmental Policy?: Lessons from Twenty-Five Years of Experience (R. Stavins). From Porcopolis to Carbopolis: The Evolution from Pork Bellies to Emissions Trading (W. Nordhaus). Some Observations on the Evolution of the International Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Market (R. Sandor & M. Walsh). VIEWS FROM THE MARKET DESIGNERS AND ADMINISTRATORS. Emissions Trading Designs in the OTAG Process (M. Gade & R. Kanerva). A Tale of Two Revolutions: Administration of the SO_2 Trading Program (J. Kruger, et al.). AN APPLICATION AT CENTER STAGE: THE PIONEERING NATIONAL CAP-AND-TRADE MARKET TO REDUCE ACID RAIN. Appraisal of the SO_2 Cap-and-Trade Market (D. Burtraw). From Autarkic to Market-Based Compliance: Learning from Our Mistakes (A. Ellerman). AN APPLICATION AT CENTER STAGE: THE PIONEERING REGIONAL CAP-AND-TRADE MARKET TO REDUCE URBAN SMOG. The RECLAIM Program (Los Angeles' Market-Based) Emissions Reduction Program) at Three Years (J. Lents). AN APPLICATION AT CENTER STAGE: VOLUNTARY DISCRETE EMISSION REDUCTIONS. Discrete Emission Reductions Trading: Practical Application in the Connecticut Regulatory Environment (J. Belanger). A PERSPECTIVE ON EMISSIONS TRADING. The Significance of Incentive-Based Regulation (M. Moskow). Acronyms. Contributors. Index.

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Book SynopsisProvides all new material on urban, industrial, and highway pollution, as well as on management and restoration of streams, lakes, and watershed management techniques. Includes revised chapters on agricultural diffuse pollution; control of urban, highway, and industrial diffuse pollution; and wetlands considerations.Table of ContentsPreface xix 1 Introduction 1 2 Causes of Diffuse Pollution 50 3 Basic Concepts of Diffuse Pollution 104 4 Hydrologic Considerations 134 5 Erosion and Sedimentation 205 6 Soil Pollution and Its Mitigation 259(Coauthored by Wim Salomons) 7 Groundwater and Base Flow Contamination 328 8 Urban and Highway Diffuse Pollution 374 9 Control of Urban Diffuse Pollution 430(Coauthored by Neal O’Reilly) 10 Abatement of Agricultural Diffuse Pollution 519(Coauthored by Susan Alexander) 11 Integrated Watershed Management 571 12 Water Body Assessment 626 13 Estimating Loads and Loading Capacity by Models 719 14 Water Body and Watershed Restoration and Waste Assimilative Capacity Enhancement 787 References 841 Appendix 847 Index 849

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Book SynopsisWritten for turf managers looking to reduce or eliminate their use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, this guide offers advice and practical steps for earth-conscious solutions to traditional fertilizers and pesticides.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments. Introduction. About the Author. Chapter 1. The Soil Ecosystem. Chapter 2. Fertility. Chapter 3. Compost. Chapter 4. Analysis. Chapter 5. Pests. Chapter 6. Cultural Practices. Chapter 7. Simplicity versus Stability. Sources and Resources. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisAimed at a first course in environmental physics, environmentalscience, environmental analysis, or environmental monitoring. Thistext can be used by first year students and above, and takes ascientific approach as opposed to a social or political one.Mathematics is kept to a minimum, although some background (school)knowledge of science is assumed. Courses would be taught inphysics, environmental science and physical sciencedepartments. Comprehensively covering the field, this book brings together thelatest developments, theories, research and concerns, from both thescientific and social sides. Placing the environment firmly at thecentre of the scientific agenda, it provides all the backgroundneeded by readers to fully understand this important and often''hype-driven'' subject. Whilst mathematics is introduced wherenecessary, it is carefully explained and kept simple, withderivations generally being avoided. Wherever possible, topics ofcurrent concern and relevance are includeTrade Review"...I would regards this as one of the more accessible and usefulintroductory texts in environmental physics..." (Chemistry &Industry, 19 August 2002) "...This book should be a good choice for environmental scienceteachers..." (Jnl of Environmental Quality (September/October2002) "...very valuable to all students taking a course inenvironmental sicence..." (The Int Jnl of Environmental Studies,Vol.59, 2002) "...well adapted to the needs of an environmental sciencecourse..." (Int Jnl of Environement & Pollution, Vol.18, No.1,2002) "...valuable to all students taking courses on environmentalsciences..." (Int Jnl of Environmental Analytical Chemistry,Vol.82, No.10, 2002) "...the material is fresh and to the point ...It is a highlyrecommended introductory text..." (Environmental Geology, January2003) "...an excellent overview...very well written...material isfresh and to the point...highly recommendable..." (EnvironmentalGeology, Vol 43(3), Jan 2003)Table of ContentsPreface Acknowledgements 1. Introduction: A Physical Approach to Environmental Problems What are Environmental Problems - Pollution The Economic and Social Context Sunlight and the Solar Spectrum The Greenhouse Effect Transport of Pollutants The Carbon Cycle 2. Weather and Climate Energy Transport The Atmsophere, Vertical Structure and Motion Horizontal Motion of Air The Oceans 3. Climate Change Natural Changes of Climate Human induced changes Consequences of Climate Change Reactions to Climate Change 4. Conventional Energy Physics of Heat Heat and Power: Thermodynamics Converting Heat into Power: Problems and 'Solutions' 5. Carbonfree Energies Renewable energies Nuclear Power 6. Making up the Balance Greenhouse Gases, Pollution and Resources Defining the task 7. Transport of Pollutants Basic Concepts Dispersion in the Air Dispersion in Surface Waters Dispersion by Groundwater 8. Noise Physics of Sound Human hearing Reducing Sound Levels 9. Environmental Spectroscopy Basic Spectrospcopy The Solar Spectrum at Ground Level Experimental Techniques in Environmental Spectroscopy Solar UV, Ozone and Life 10. Geophysical Methods Radioactive Clocks Isotope Ratios as Environmental Sensors Magnetic Surveys Seismic Probing 11. Science and Society Finite Resources of Energy Pollution and Health Effects Environmental Policy Thinijhng about the Environment and Human Life The Responsibility of the Scientist Appendices References Index

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Book SynopsisThe bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.), is used in products worldwide as a biological control agent for species of insect pest, either by crop spraying or genetic engineering of crop plants. This text provides information on the environmental, non-target and human safety of these products.Trade Review"The book can be recommended as a comprehensive and valuable source of information" (Journal of Plant Physiology, Vol 158/7, 2001) "This is a useful complement to the Bacillus thuringiensis literature that will find application in both teaching and research." (Microbiology Today, February 2002) "I recognise and salute the Herculean effort that was involved in producing a review of this scope and magnitude" (Biocontrol Science & Technology, No. 12 2002)Table of ContentsCharacterisation. Natural Occurrence and Role in the Environment. Production and Formulation. Toxicity to Insects. Effects on Non-target Microbes and Invertebrates. Effects on Vertebrates. Persistence and Activity in the Environment. Insect and Environmental Factors Affecting Toxicity. Transmission and Dispersal. Effects in Combination with Other Insecticidal Agents. Gene Transfer. Transgenic Use of Bt Toxin Genes. Resistance. Conclusions: Safety and Risks. References. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis is a complete introduction to the concepts, applications and techniques of aquatic chemistry. It has been revised and updated to focus upon pollution and its control, as well as the processes affecting the circulation of chemical substances in water.Table of ContentsChemical Thermodynamics and KineticsAcid and BasesDissolved Carbon DioxideAtmosphere-Water InteractionsMetal Ions in Aqueous Solution: Aspects of Coordination ChemistryPrecipitation and DissolutionOxidation and Reduction; Equilibria and Microbial MediationThe Solid-Solution InterfaceTrace Metals: Cycling, Regulation, and Biological RoleKinetics of Redox ProcessesPhotochemical ProcessesKinetics at the Solid-Water Interface: Adsorption, Dissolution of Minerals, Nucleation, and Crystal GrowthParticle-Particle Interaction: Colloids, Coagulation, and FiltrationRegulation of the Chemical Composition of Natural WatersReferencesAppendicesIndex

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Book SynopsisThis volume offers an examination of the role of microbiological processes related to environmental deterioration. Emphasizing new approaches, the book investigates the complex microbial processes involved in contamination and the methods of pollution control.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Bacteria in the Greenhouse: Modeling the Role of Oceanic Planktonin the Global Carbon Cycle (H. Ducklow & M. Fasham). Effect of Acid Rain on Soil Microbial Processes (D. Myroid & G.Nason). Transport of Pathogens Through Soils and Aquifers (G. Bitton &R. Harvey). Control of Enteric Pathogens in Developing Countries (S.Cairncross). Molecular Approaches to Environmental Management (B. Olson &Y.-L. Tsai). Bioremediation of Organic Contaminants in the Subsurface (E.Bouwer). Microbial Control of Plant Diseases (A. Sivan & I. Chet). Microbial Desulfurization of Coal (P. Bos, et al.). Index.

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Book SynopsisCorrelating chemical structure with toxicity to humans and the environment, and the chemical structure of compounds to their hazardous properties, A Comprehensive Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical Substances, 3rd Edition allows users to assess the toxicity of a substance even when no experimental data exists.Trade Review"…recommended for bookshelves in facility's health and safety office as well as in the laboratory." (Journal of Chemical Health and Safety) "This is a very comprehensive book containing much useful information (data and tables) which will enable those with a chemistry background to perform assessments of the hazards of chemical substances without prior data." (Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, January 2008) "…a valuable resource to scientists as well as to laymen interested in chemicals, their properties and their hazards." (Journal of Hazardous Materials, October 22, 2007)Table of ContentsPreface xix Preface to the First Edition xxi Acknowledgments xxiii PART A 1 I. Introduction 3 II. Glossary 6 III. Physical Properties of Compounds and Hazardous Characteristics 9 IV. Toxic Properties of Chemical Substances 17 V. Target Organs and Toxicology 26 VI. Cancer-Causing Chemicals 40 VII. Teratogenic Substances 45 VIII. Habit-Forming Addictive Substances 49 IX. Flammable and Combustible Properties of Chemical Substances 65 X. Explosive Characteristics of Chemical Substances 71 XI. Peroxide-Forming Substances 76 XII. Chemical Warfare Agents 79 XIII. Biological Warfare Agents and Bioterrorism 90 PART B 103 Chapter 1 Acids, Carboxylic 105 Chapter 2 Acids, Mineral 115 Chapter 3 Acids, Peroxy 127 Chapter 4 Alcohols 134 Chapter 5 Aldehydes 160 Chapter 6 Alkalies 193 Chapter 7 Alkaloids 200 Chapter 8 Amines, Aliphatic 235 Chapter 9 Amines, Aromatic 251 Chapter 10 Asbestos 269 Chapter 11 Azo Dyes 277 Chapter 12 Chlorohydrins 286 Chapter 13 Cyanides, Organic (Nitriles) 294 Chapter 14 Cyanides, Inorganic 317 Chapter 15 Dioxin and Related Compounds 336 Chapter 16 Epoxy Compounds 348 Chapter 17 Esters 370 Chapter 18 Ethers 390 Chapter 19 Gases, Common Toxic, and Flammable 402 Chapter 20 Glycol Ethers 410 Chapter 21 Haloethers 425 Chapter 22 Halogenated Hydrocarbons 438 Chapter 23 Halogens, Halogen Oxides, and Interhalogen Compounds 470 Chapter 24 Heterocyclic Compounds 484 Chapter 25 Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic and Alicyclic 496 Chapter 26 Hydrocarbons, Aromatic 516 Chapter 27 Industrial Solvents 537 Chapter 28 Isocyanates, Organic 551 Chapter 29 Ketones 568 Chapter 30 Metal Acetylides and Fulminates 592 Chapter 31 Metal Alkoxides 598 Chapter 32 Metal Alkyls 602 Chapter 33 Metal Azides 613 Chapter 34 Metal Carbonyls 622 Chapter 35 Metal Hydrides 630 Chapter 36 Metals, Reactive 643 Chapter 37 Metals, Toxic 650 Chapter 38 Mustard Gas and Sulfur Mustards 669 Chapter 39 Nerve Gases 674 Chapter 40 Nitro Explosives 691 Chapter 41 Oxidizers 704 Chapter 42 Particulates 715 Chapter 43 Peroxides, Organic 719 Chapter 44 Pesticides and Herbicides: Classification, Structure, and Analysis 741 Chapter 45 Pesticides, Carbamate 746 Chapter 46 Pesticides, Organochlorine 762 Chapter 47 Pesticides, Organophosphorus 782 Chapter 48 Herbicides, Chlorophenoxy Acid 804 Chapter 49 Herbicides, Triazine 811 Chapter 50 Herbicides, Urea 817 Chapter 51 Phenols 821 Chapter 52 Phosphorus and Its Compounds 834 Chapter 53 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 854 Chapter 54 Radon and Radioactive Substances 863 Chapter 55 Sulfate Esters 867 Chapter 56 Sulfur-Containing Organics (Miscellaneous) 872 Chapter 57 Miscellaneous Substances 882 Appendix A Federal Regulations 899 Appendix B IARC List of Carcinogenic Agents (Update 2006) 916 Appendix C NTP List of Carcinogens (2004) 11th Annual Report 937 Chemical Substances–CAS Registry Number Index 945 CAS Registry Number–Chemical Substances Index 1015 Subject Index 1045

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Book SynopsisThis CCPS Guideline book outlines current transportation risk analysis software programs and demonstrates several available risk assessment programs for land transport by rail, truck, and pipeline for consequences that may affect the public or the environment. Provides introductory transport risk considerations for process engineers Gives guidance on route selection, equipment factors and materials Describes transportation security risk issues and industry practices to mitigate them Includes loading and unloading checklists for several transport modes Develops specific operating procedures and checklists to reduce human error Discusses considerations for transportation security, including threat and vulnerability assessments and potential countermeasures Summarizes key transportation security regulations, guidelines and industry initiatives. Note: CD-ROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not inTable of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Items on the CD. Glossary. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Key Shareholders in the Supply Chain and Risk Management Process. 1.2 Transportation Risk Management. 1.3 Using These Guidelines. 2. Primary Management Systems. 2.1Regulatory Compliance. 2.2 Essential Components of a Transportation Management System. 2.3 XYZ Chemical Example- Primary Management Systems. 3. Risk Assessment Fundamentals. 3.1 Safety Risk Assessment Concepts. 3.2 Risk Definitions. 3.3 Risk Analysis Protocol. 3.4 Identification and Prioritization Activities. 3.5 XYZ Chemical Example- Identification and Prioritization 4. Qualitative and Semi- Quantitative Risk Analysis. 4.1 Qualitative and Semi- Quantitative Risk Assessments. 4.2 Qualitative Risk Analysis. 4.3 Semi- Quantitative Risk Analysis. 5. Quantitative Risk Analysis. 5.1 Overview. 5.2 QRA Data Sources. 5.3 Presentation of Quantitative Results. 5.4 XYZ Chemical Example- Quantitative Risk Analysis. 6. Transportation Security Considerations. 6.1 Overview of Transportation Security. 6.2 Transportation Security Concepts. 6.3 Security Prioritization Process. 6.4 Transportation Security Vulnerability Assessment. 6.5 Practical Transportation Security Elements. 6.6 XYZ Chemical Example- Security Analysis. 7. Risk Reduction Strategies. 7.1 Risk Reduction Initiatives. 7.2 Factors Influencing Risk Reduction Options. 7.3 Selection of Risk Reduction Options. 7.4 XYZ Chemical Example- Risk Reduction Strategies. 8. Program Sustainability. 8.1 Ongoing Commitment to Risk Management. 8.2 Continuous Improvement. 8.3 Emerging Safety and Security Trends. 8.4 Evolving Transportation Risk Analysis Practices. 8.5 XYZ Chemical Example- Program Sustainability. Index.

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Book SynopsisExplores how the emissions of acidifying gases in the atmosphere have caused the acidification of large freshwater areas in Europe and North America, and induced major changes in the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Acidic Emissions and Political Systems (T. Paces). The Relative Importance of Sulfur and Nitrogen Compounds in theAcidification of Freshwater (H. Van Miegroet). Lake Acidification and the Role of Paleolimnology (R. Battarbee& D. Charles). Role of Organic Acids in Acidification of Fresh Waters (H.Hemond). Effects of Acidification on Trace Metal Transport in Fresh Waters(J. Vesely). Biological Processes that Affect Water Chemistry (C. Kelly). The Biological Effects of Acid Episodes (S. Ormerod & A.Jenkins). Invertebrate Community Changes Caused by Reduced Acidification (G.Raddum & A. Fjellheim). Predicting Recovery of Freshwater Ecosystems: Trout in NorwegianLakes (B. Cosby, et al.). Indexes.

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Book SynopsisWhile not all metals in Soil--plant systems are inherently toxic, particularly in low concentrations, there is an increasing incidence of metal pollution from aerial fallout, spoils, wastes and agricultural amendments including sewage sludge. Toxic Metals in Soil--Plant Systems discusses the processes of trace-metal cycling in contaminated ecosystems under conditions where their concentrations become toxic through high loading rates, long-term exposure or altered environmental conditions. Other environmental and pedological concentration mechanisms are discussed, including cation exchange and anion adsorption onto different soil materials. The book is divided into two sections; the first part discusses the sources and fates of metals in ecosystems, with an up-to-date review of the processes which control metal speciation in soils, metal uptake mechanisms, and plant responses to toxic metal concentrations in soils. A clear understanding of these processes and their interactions in soil Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: THEORY AND PROCESSES. Sources and Forms of Potentially Toxic Metals in Soil-Plant Systems(S. Ross). Retention, Transformation and Mobility of Toxic Metals in Soils (S.Ross). Toxic Metals: Fate and Distribution in Contaminated Ecosystems (S.Ross). CASE STUDIES. Mechanisms of Ecosystem Recovery Following 11 Years of NutrientEnrichment in an Old-Field Community (S. Brewer, et al.). The Impact and Fate of Heavy Metals in an Oak Woodland Ecosystem(M. Martin & R. Bullock). Caesium Cycling in Heather Moorland Ecosystems (A. Horrill & G.Clint). A Metal Budget for a Monsoonal Wetland in Northern Australia (C.Finlayson). Index.

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Book SynopsisMetal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems is thefirst comprehensive review to deal with fundamental concepts andmodels, speciation measurements and field applications in metalspeciation and bioavailability in aquatic environments. This volumeprovides a thorough review of current developments concerning theinteractions between trace metals and aquatic organisms. MetalSpeciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems provides: * The first comprehensive approach to the subject covering allaspects of trace metal ecotoxicology in the environment. * Essential reading for researchers and graduate students who willappreciate critical reviews of classical and modern methods ofmetal speciation. * Contributions from leading scientists from many disciplinesassessing both analytical and physical methods applied to thisgrowing field of environmental analysis. * An introduction to the use of laboratory bioassays as predictivetools for understanding trace metal organism iTable of ContentsTransport of Metals Across Membranes (K. Simkiss & M.Taylor). Interactions between Trace Metals and Aquatic Organisms: A Critiqueof the Free-Ion Activity Model (P. Campbell). Environmental Organometallic Chemistry of Mercury, Tin and Lead:Present Status and Perspectives (E. Pelletier). Problems in Trace Metal Speciation Modeling (D. Turner). Trace Metal Speciation of Labile Chemical Species in Natural Water:Electrochemical Methods (A. Mota & M. Correia dosSantos). Trace Metal Speciation of Labile Chemical Species in Natural Watersand Sediments: Non-Electrochemical Approaches (S. Apter & G.Batley). Chromatographic Approaches to Trace Element Speciation ofNon-Labile Chemical Species (W. Marshall & G.-M. Momplaisir). The Trophic Transfer of Metals in Marine Systems (N. Fisher &J. Reinfelder). Biological Factors Involved in Metal Concentrations Observed inAquatic Organisms (W. Langston & S. Spence). Metal Detoxification in Aquatic Organisms (A. Mason & K.Jenkins). Prediction of Metal Toxicity in Nature from Bioassays: Limitationsand Research Needs (S. Luoma). Index.

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Book SynopsisEnvironmental Consultancy Recognition of contaminated land as a potential environment risk problem has come relatively late. However, in the 1990s there is an international agreement that dealing with such problems benefits from a risk management approach. This book provides a unique, practical guide to the effective conduct of risk assessments for contaminated sites. The risk-based approach requires recognition of site investigation as a component of (not merely an adjunct to) risk assessment and a systematic gathering of quality data relevant to making judgements about risks. This is an integrated and multidisciplinary subject. The book provides an understanding of the regulatory and social context in which contaminated land risks are managed; the interdisciplinary requirements, as well as the methodologies and their limitations for investigation and assessment. The opening chapters provide risk assessment and management background, stressing pragmatic approaches to the former. The cTable of ContentsContaminated Land Risk Management: Policies and Issues. Contaminated Land Risk Assessment: An Overview. Site Investigation in Risk Assessment: An Overview. Preliminary Investigations for Hazard Identification. Site Investigation in Risk Assessment: Soil Contamination. Investigation of the Water Environment. Gas and Vapour Invesitgations. Qualitative Risk Assessment. Risk Ranking and Semi-Quantified Assessment. Site-Specific, Quantified Risk Assessment. Risk Assessment and Comtaminated Land: Conclusions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisContaminated sites and facilities may pose significant risks to the local populations because of the potential health and environmental effects associated with environmental contamination problems. Also affected are property owners and financiers due to reduced property values and possible financial liabilities. The effective management of contaminated sites is therefore an important environmental issue, requiring careful planning. This book addresses the issues relevant to the investigation and management of contaminated sites, emphasising problem diagnosis/characterisation and the development of site restoration/corrective action programs. The book focuses on methodologies that will allow scientifically justifiable/defensible, technically feasible, and economically viable corrective action assessment and response decisions to be made. This includes methods for developing effectual site restoration tasks, methods for evaluating the progress of corrective action programs, and the appliTable of ContentsPROBLEM DIAGNOSIS. Investigating Potentially Contaminated Sites. Contaminant Fate and Transport in the Environment. Conceptualization of Contaminated Sites. Elements of a Site Characterization Activity. Risk Assessment as a Diagnostic Tool. DEVELOPMENT OF SITE RESTORATION. Development of Risk-Based Site Restoration Goals. Site Restoration Techniques. Corrective Measure Evaluation Tools. Evaluation of Site Restoration Options. Development of a Site Restoration Plan for a Contaminated SiteProblem: An Illustrative Example. Design of Corrective Action Response Programs. Additional Bibliography. Recommended Scientific Journals. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisEnvironmental Management Systems (EMSs) are a way in which business and industry can implement a system of self-regulation on their processes, in order to aid the promotion of clean technology. This book brings together wide ranging analysis and practical experience on Environmental Management Systems and Cleaner Production. This highlights the importance of a clear understanding of complex environmental issues and the relative impact of business and industry, linked to national and international standards and regulations, in developing an efficient Environmental Management System. The book begins by addressing the global dimension of EMSs and Cleaner Production by identifying the strategies and policies used to promote cleaner production in industry and the drivers for voluntary EMSs like the international standard ISO 14001; and their implications for business and trade. This is followed by focusing on selected national perspectives, examining the policies, strategies and initiativesTable of ContentsPartial table of contents: THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION. Drivers for International Integrated Environmental Management (J.Wolfe). The Possibility of Cleaner Production Worldwide (S. de Hoo). NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES. Management Systems: Getting Lean, Getting Green in the USA (J.Atcheson). Environmental Management Initiatives in China to Promote CleanerProduction (Y. Zhuang). REGULATION OR SELF-REGULATION? The Role of Regulatory Systems in Requiring Cleaner Processes andRelationships with Voluntary Systems (A. Duncan). EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL EXPERIENCE. Cleaner Production Through Environmental Management of ProcessInnovations (N. Thorsen). INDUSTRIAL EXPERIENCE FROM EMERGING AND TRANSITION ECONOMIES. The Greening of Lithuanian Industry: Past and Present (L.Rinkevicius). PRACTICAL CASE STUDIES FROM SMALLER COMPANIES. EMAS Adoption by an SME in the Chemical Sector (V. Biondi & M.Frey). Index.

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Book SynopsisProvides a timely and comprehensive review of all methods of remediation of land and water contaminated by pesticides with contributions from experts in industry, government and academia. The safe disposal of pesticide wastes is one of the most critical issues in the whole field of pesticide technology and this book covers all the main methods for reducing the concentration of pesticide waste, including incineration and destruction by micro-organisms (bioremediation). It discusses new remediation methods, pesticide production and generation of pesticide waste, focusing on the prevention of spills and accidental contamination. There is also a chapter on regulation authored by two members of the US Environment Agency. This is a first class book of interest to anyone involved in the production, use and clean-up of pesticides.Trade Review"...this is an excellent [volume] of considerable value to all professionals involved in the production, use and regrettably the clean-up of pesticides, which are now a requisite for increasing agricultural production and yields.", , , International Journal of Environmental Studies#"... a valuable contribution for those interested in dealing with the problems of pesticide waste and soil contamination treatment. It compiles a wealth of scientific and technological information which would be tedious to obtain otherwise.", , , European Journal of Soil Science#Table of ContentsUser Sites and the Generation of Pesticide Waste (A. Felsot). Industrial Aspects of Remediation--Environmental Safety (D. Paulson). Disposal Options Based on Properties of Pesticides in Soil and Water (P. Kearney & R. Wauchope). Pesticide Fate and Behavior in Soil at Elevated Concentrations (J. Gan & W. Koskinen). Incineration as a Pesticide Remediation Method (E. Steverson). Thermal Desportion (W. Troxler). Landfarming Pesticide-Contaminated Soils (A. Felsot). Direct Radical Oxidation Processes (C. Hapeman & A. Torrents). Pesticide Bioremediation: Genetic and Ecological Considerations (D. Shelton & J. Karns). Biostimulation: Enhancement of Cometabolic Processes to Remediate Pesticide-Contaminated Soils (R. Zablotowicz, et al.). Phytoremediation (E. Arthur & J. Coats). Innovation Remediation Technology (M. Rock, et al.). Photochemical Processes (L. Muszkat). Regulatory Aspects of Pesticide Remediation (N. Fitz & J. Jensen). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book outlines the techniques for reducing pesticide use internationally through using integrated pesticide management, and assesses the resulting environmental and economic benefits. The goal of the book is to focus on reducing pesticide use, not eliminating it, in order to maintain yields and current cosmetic food standards and provide a sustainable agriculture.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Pest Management in Agriculture (D. Pimentel). Environmental Ethics and Pesticide Use (H. Lehman). Environmental and Socio-Economic Costs of Pesticide Use (D. Pimentel & A. Greiner). Host-Plant Resistance to Insect Pests (H. van Emden). What is Durable Resistance? A General Outline (J. Parlevliet). Benefits of Minimum Pesticide Use in Insect and Mite Control in Orchards (T. Edland). IPM Practices for Reducing Fungicide Use in Field Crops (K. Bailey). IPM Techniques for Greenhouse Crops (J. Grant). Index.

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Book SynopsisThe text describes the impact and management of rivers and covers issues of river channel stability, flood control, water quality, amelioration of detrimental impacts of utilitarian uses and provision of in-stream habitat in a generally arid continent.Trade Review"for bringing together some inherently fascinating case studies into a satisfying package, we should be grateful" (Zeitschrift fur Geomorphology, March 2001)Table of ContentsIntroduction (B. Finlayson S. Brizga). Some Human Impacts on Australian Stream Channel Morphology (I.Rutherfurd). Channel Planform Adjustments Along the Waiau River 1946-1992:Assessment of the Impacts of Flow Regulation (G. Brierley K.Fitchett). The Hydrological and Geomorphological Impacts of the Tinaroo FallsDam on the Barron River, North Queensland, Australia (B. Yu). Managing Regulated Rivers for Environmental Values: Selected CaseStudies from Southeastern Australia (C. Gippel). Geomorphic Effects of Extractive Industries and Their Implicationsfor River Management: The Case of the Hawkesbury-Nepean River, NewSouth Wales (W. Erskine D. Green). The Impact of Mining Waste on the Rivers Draining into Georges Bay,Northeast Tasmania (J. Bird). The Role of Stormwater Management in Sydney's Urban Rivers (R.Warner). The Dispersal and Storage of Trace Metals in the Hawkesbury RiverValley (M. Thoms, et al.). The Role of European Disturbance in the Metamorphosis of the LowerBega River (A. Brooks G. Brierley). The Management of Unstable Rivers: The Avon River, Victoria,Australia (S. Brizga B. Finlayson). Measuring Stream Condition (A. Ladson L. White). Conclusions: Future Directions (S. Brizga B. Finlayson). Index.

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Book SynopsisPeroxy radicals are formed in biological systems, the atmosphere and agueous waste and are important intermediates in the breakdown both of organic molecules and several inorganic species. The implications of their chemistry are far reaching and of great importance. Until now their has been no one volume which bring together all aspects of peroxy radical chemistry - from their formation, to their wide and varied chemistry in the aqueous environment, biological systems, solid matrices, polymeric systems and the atmosphere. Peroxy radicals react with CFCs and HFCs in the atmosphere, resulting in the further destruction of the ozone layer - a point which is of topical interest.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Formation of Peroxyl Radicals in Solution (Z. Alfassi). Methods of Preparing Organic Peroxy Radicals for Laboratory Studies (O. Nielsen & T. Wallington). The Thermochemistry of Peroxides and Polyoxides, and their Free Radicals (S. Benson & N. Cohen). Ultraviolet Absorption Spectra of Peroxy Radicals in the Gas Phase (O. Nielsen & T. Wallington). Kinetic Studies of Organic Peroxyl Radicals in Aqueous Solutions and Mixed Solvents (Z. Alfassi, et al.). Electron Spin Resonance Studies of Peroxyl Radicals in Solid Matrices (C. Rhodes). Organic Peroxy Radicals in Polymeric Systems (Y. Hori). Peroxy Radicals and the Atmosphere (T. Wallington & O. Nielsen). Peroxyl Radicals in the Treatment of Waste Solutions (N. Getoff). Index.

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Book SynopsisWritten from a chemist's perspective, this book provides coverage of all aspects of the occurrence, toxicity and analysis of toxicants in the aqueous ecosystem. Chapters in the book deal with toxicity measurement, control of pollution regulation and toxicity data.Table of ContentsToxicity Evaluation--Water Analysis Based. Toxicity Evaluation--Animal Tissue Analysis Based. Control of Pollution Regulations. Toxicity Data. Effects on Creatures of Dissolved Metals in Freshwater andOceans. Effects on Creatures of Organic and Organometallic Compounds inWater. Pollution of Sedimentary Matter. Pollution of Sea Creatures, Phytoplankton, Algae and Weeds. Pollution of Potable Water. Radioactivity in the Environment. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis introduction to quantitative methods for the analysis of ecotoxicological data contains numerous tables, figures and worked examples to provide support in the planning and operation of laboratory and field ecotoxicological experiments.Trade Review"Overall there is enough value in this softcover edition to make it worth its cost for persons in ecology and toxicology." --Technometrics Vol. 42, No. 4 May 2001Table of ContentsBasic Concepts (P. Rotbery). Exploring the Data (D. French & D. Lindley). Field Experiments (D. Gadsden & T. Sparks). The Analysis of Laboratory Toxicity Experiments (R. Meister & P. Van den Brink). Analysis of Field Studies: Regression Analysis (E. Smith & C. Anderson-Cook). Multivariate Techniques (A. Scott & R. Clarke). Environmental Monitoring: Investigating Associations and Trends (L. Conquest). Organochlorines in Bird of Prey Eggs: A Terrestrial Case Study (T. Sparks, et al.). Statistical Techniques for the Ecological Risk Assessment of Chemicals in Freshwaters (M. Crane, et al.). Trying to Detect Impacts in Marine Habitats: Comparisons with Suitable Reference Areas (A. Underwood). Appendices. Index.

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