Physics Books

Book SynopsisBoth recalling his life story and recounting many of the major advances in twentieth-century science, a renowned physicist shares his autobiography through letters.Trade Review"[The letters] cover a remarkable range of scientific interests, acquaintances, opinions and adventures… He says what you wouldn’t expect; if Dyson has a pattern, perhaps it is contrariety… The one Dysonian pattern for which the letters hold unequivocal evidence is delight. He uses the word often and invokes it even more…Maybe with some people, you don’t look for patterns. You just enjoy their multivariate company." -- Ann Finkbeiner, Nature"There is much in the letters collected here to enjoy; Mr. Dyson writes wonderfully well." -- Ray Monk, The Wall Street Journal"A firsthand account of one of the greatest periods of scientific discovery…. A historic account of modern science and some of its most influential thinkers… An informative collection." -- Library Journal"Who but Dyson formulates revolutionary physics while riding on a Greyhound bus through Iowa cornfields? In other episodes in this remarkable epistolary autobiography, readers join Dyson as he assesses with Gödel equations for a rotating version of Einstein’s universe, as he defends Feynman’s quantum theorems against Oppenheimer’s doubts, and as he explores with Bohr the prospects for a nuclear spaceship. Readers will naturally value what Dyson reveals about how he built his towering reputation as a scientist. But Dyson draws the substance of his narrative from letters he sent his parents between 1940 and 1980, letters in which he discloses quite unscientific aspects of his life—including the joys of romance, marriage, and fatherhood, as well as the trauma of divorce…. Dyson never lets readers forget that, for all of their exceptional intellectual gifts, scientists live human lives defined more by family ties and friendships than by laboratory results." -- Booklist [Starred Review]"Advocates of science will find in Dyson an admirable model. Why go to Mars when we could irrigate the Sahara, he asks. The science of space travel may be 10 times the benefit in the end, he writes, but 'the main purpose is a general enlargement of human horizons.' A pleasure for science students and particularly of science humanely practiced." -- Kirkus Reviews

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Book SynopsisAdvanced level consolidation of the technology, physics and design aspects of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) lubistors No comprehensive description of the physics and possible applications of the Lubistor can be found in a single source even though the Lubistor is already being used in SOI LSIs. The book provides, for the first time, a comprehensive understanding of the physics of the Lubistor. The author argues that a clear understanding of the fundamental physics of the pn junction is essential to allowing scientists and engineers to propose new devices. Since 2001 IBM has been applying the Lubistor to commercial SOI LSIs (large scale integrated devices) used in PCs and game machines. It is a key device in that it provides electrostatic protection to the LSIs. The book explains the device modeling for such applications, and covers the recent analog circuit application of the voltage reference circuit. The author also reviews the physics and the modeling of Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xv Introduction to an Exotic Device World xvii Part One BRIEF REVIEWAND MODERN APPLICATIONS OF PN-JUNCTION DEVICES 1 Concept of an Ideal pn Junction 3 References 4 2 Understanding the Non-ideal pn Junction – Theoretical Reconsideration 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Bulk pn-Junction Diode 8 2.2.1 Assumptions 8 2.2.2 Model A – Low Doping Case 9 2.2.3 Model B – High Doping Case 18 2.3 Bulk pn-Junction Diode – Reverse Bias 24 2.3.1 Model A – Low Doping Case 24 2.3.2 Model B – High Doping Case 25 2.4 The Insulated-Gate pn Junction of the SOI Lubistor – Forward Bias 32 2.4.1 The Positive Gate Voltage Condition 32 2.4.2 The Negative Gate Voltage Condition 35 2.5 The Insulated-Gate pn Junction of the SOI Lubistor – Reverse Bias 35 References 37 3 Modern Applications of the pn Junction 39 References 40 Part Two PHYSICS AND MODELING OF SOI LUBISTORS – THICK-FILM DEVICES 4 Proposal of the Lateral, Unidirectional, Bipolar-Type Insulated-Gate Transistor (Lubistor) 43 4.1 Introduction 43 4.2 Device Structure and Parameters 43 4.3 Discussion of Current–Voltage Characteristics 45 4.4 Summary 47 References 47 5 Experimental Consideration for Modeling of Lubistor Operation 49 5.1 Introduction 49 5.2 Experimental Apparatus 49 5.3 Current–Voltage Characteristics of Lubistors 52 5.4 Lubistor Potential Profiles and Features 56 5.5 Discussion 57 5.5.1 Simplified Analysis of Lubistor Operation 57 5.5.2 On the Design of Lubistors 60 5.6 Summary 61 References 61 6 Modeling of Lubistor Operation Without an EFS Layer for Circuit Simulations 63 6.1 Introduction 63 6.2 Device Structure and Measurement System 63 6.3 Equivalent Circuit Models of an SOI Lubistor 65 6.3.1 Device Simulation 65 6.3.2 Equivalent Circuit Models 68 6.4 Summary 72 References 73 7 Noise Characteristics and Modeling of Lubistor 75 7.1 Introduction 75 7.2 Experiments 75 7.2.1 Device Structure 75 7.2.2 Measurement System 77 7.3 Results and Discussion 77 7.3.1 I–V Characteristics of an SOI Lubistor and a Simple Analytical Model 77 7.3.2 Noise Spectral Density of SOI Lubistors and Their Feature 81 7.3.3 Advanced Analysis of Anode Noise Spectral Density 83 7.4 Summary 86 References 86 8 Supplementary Study on Buried Oxide Characterization 89 8.1 Introduction 89 8.2 Physical Model for the Transition Layer 90 8.3 Capacitance Simulation 93 8.3.1 A Structure to Evaluate Capacitance 93 8.3.2 Numerical Simulation Technique 94 8.4 Device Fabrication 95 8.5 Results and Discussion 96 8.5.1 Electrode-to-Electrode Capacitance Dependence on Frequency 96 8.5.2 Drain-to-Substrate Capacitance Dependence on Bias 98 8.5.3 Electrode-to-Electrode Capacitance Dependence on Transition Layer Thickness 101 8.6 Summary 101 References 102 Part Three PHYSICS AND MODELING OF SOI LUBISTORS – THIN-FILM DEVICES 9 Negative Conductance Properties in Extremely Thin SOI Lubistors 105 9.1 Introduction 105 9.2 Device Fabrication and Measurements 105 9.3 Results and Discussion 106 9.4 Summary 109 References 109 10 Two-Dimensionally Confined Injection Phenomena at Low Temperatures in Sub-10-nm-Thick SOI Lubistors 111 10.1 Introduction 111 10.2 Experiments 111 10.2.1 Anode Common Configuration 113 10.2.2 Cathode Common Configuration 113 10.3 Physical Models and Simulations 114 10.3.1 Fundamental Models 114 10.3.2 Theoretical Simulations 118 10.3.3 Influences on Characteristics of Extremely Ultra-Thin SOI MOSFET Devices 122 10.4 Summary 122 Appendix 10A: Intrinsic Carrier Concentration (niq) and the Fermi Level in 2DSS 122 Appendix 10B: Calculation of Electron and Hole Densities in 2DSS 125 References 125 11 Two-Dimensional Quantization Effect on Indirect Tunneling in SOI Lubistors with a Thin Silicon Layer 127 11.1 Introduction 127 11.2 Experimental Results 128 11.2.1 Junction Current Dependence on Anode Voltage 128 11.2.2 Junction Current Dependence on Gate Voltage 132 11.3 Theoretical Discussion 134 11.3.1 Qualitative Consideration of the Low-Dimensional Indirect Tunneling Process 134 11.3.2 Theoretical Formulations of Tunneling Current and Discussion 134 11.4 Summary 140 Appendix 11A: Wave Function Coupling Effect in the Lateral Two-Dimensional-System-to-Three-Dimensional-System (2D-to-3D) Tunneling Process 141 References 141 12 Experimental Study of Two-Dimensional Confinement Effects on Reverse-Biased Current Characteristics of Ultra-Thin SOI Lubistors 143 12.1 Introduction 143 12.2 Device Structures and Experimental Apparatus 144 12.3 Results and Discussion 145 12.3.1 I–V Characteristics under the Reverse-Biased Condition 145 12.4 Summary 151 Appendix 12A: Derivation of Equations (12.6) and (12.9) 151 References 153 13 Supplementary Consideration of I-V Characteristics of Forward-Biased Ultra-Thin Lubistors 155 13.1 Introduction 155 13.2 Device Structures and Bias Configuration 155 13.3 Results and Discussion 156 13.4 Summary 157 References 158 14 Gate-Controlled Bipolar Action in the Ultra-Thin Dynamic Threshold SOI MOSFET 159 14.1 Introduction 159 14.2 Device and Experiments 159 14.3 Results and Discussion 159 14.3.1 ID–VG and IG–VG Characteristics of the Ultra-Thin-Body DT-MOSFET 159 14.3.2 Control of Bipolar Action by the MOS Gate 162 14.4 Channel Polarity Dependence of Bipolar Action 162 14.4.1 ID–VG and gm–VG Characteristics of the Ultra-Thin-Body DT-MOSFET 162 14.4.2 Difference of Bipolar Operation between the n-Channel DT-MOS and the p-Channel DT-MOS 163 14.4.3 Impact of Body Thickness on Bipolar Operation 164 14.5 Summary 166 References 166 15 Supplementary Study on Gate-Controlled Bipolar Action in the Ultra-Thin Dynamic Threshold SOI MOSFET 167 15.1 Introduction 167 15.2 Device Structures and Parameters 167 15.3 Results and Discussion 169 15.3.1 SOI MOSFET Mode and DT-MOSFET Mode 169 15.3.2 Temperature Evolution of Transconductance (gm) Characteristics and Impact of Channel Length on gm Characteristics 170 15.3.3 Impact of SOI Layer Thickness on gm Characteristics 173 15.4 Summary 173 References 174 Part Four CIRCUIT APPLICATIONS 16 Subcircuit Models of SOI Lubistors for Electrostatic Discharge Protection Circuit Design and Their Applications 179 16.1 Introduction 179 16.2 Equivalent Circuit Models of SOI Lubistors and their Applications 180 16.2.1 Device Structure and Device Simulation 180 16.2.2 Equivalent Circuit Models 183 16.3 ESD Protection Circuit 183 16.4 Direct Current Characteristics of the ESD Protection Devices and Their SPICE Models 186 16.5 ESD Event and Performance Evaluation of an ESD Protection Circuit 189 16.6 Summary 196 References 196 17 A New Basic Element for Neural Logic Functions and Capability in Circuit Applications 199 17.1 Introduction 199 17.2 Device Structure, Model, and Proposal of a New Logic Element 199 17.2.1 Device Structure and Fundamental Characteristics 199 17.2.2 Device Model for the Lubistor 201 17.2.3 Proposal of a New Logic Element 203 17.3 Circuit Applications and Discussion 206 17.3.1 Examples of Fundamental Elements for Circuit Applications 206 17.3.2 On the Further Improvement of Functions of the Basic Logic Element 211 17.4 Summary 211 References 211 18 Sub-1-V Voltage Reference Circuit Technology as an Analog Circuit Application 213 18.1 Review of Bandgap Reference 213 18.2 Challenging Study of Sub-1-V Voltage Reference 214 References 215 19 Possible Implementation of SOI Lubistors into Conventional Logic Circuits 217 References 218 Part Five OPTICAL DEVICE APPLICATIONS OF SOI LUBISTORS 20 Potentiality of Electro-Optic Modulator Based on the SOI Waveguide 223 20.1 Introduction 223 20.2 Characterization of the Quasi-One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Waveguide 224 20.3 Electro-Optic Modulator Based on the SOI Waveguide 230 20.4 Summary 233 References 234 Part Six SOI LUBISTOR AS A TESTING TOOL 21 Principles of Parameter Extraction 237 References 239 22 Charge Pumping Technique 241 22.1 Introduction 241 22.2 Experimental and Simulation Details 241 22.3 Results and Discussion 243 22.4 Summary 246 References 246 Part Seven FUTURE PROSPECTS 23 Overview 249 23.1 Introduction 249 23.2 i-MOS Transistor 249 23.3 Tunnel FET 251 23.4 Feedback FET 254 23.5 Potential of Offset-Gate Lubistor 256 23.6 Si Fin LED with a Multi-quantum Well 258 23.7 Future of the pn Junction 258 References 259 24 Feasibility of the Lubistor-Based Avalanche Phototransistor 261 24.1 Introduction 261 24.2 Theoretical Formulation of the Avalanche Phenomenon in Direct-Bandgap Semiconductors 261 24.3 Theoretical Formulation of the Avalanche Phenomenon in Indirect-Bandgap Semiconductors 264 24.4 Theoretical Consideration of the Avalanche Phenomenon in a One-Dimensional Wire pn Junction 265 24.5 Summary 269 References 269 Part Eight SUMMARY OF PHYSICS FOR SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AND MATHEMATICS FOR DEVICE ANALYSES 25 Physics of Semiconductor Devices for Analysis 273 25.1 Free Carrier Concentration and the Fermi Level in Semiconductors 273 25.2 Impurity Doping in Semiconductors 275 25.3 Drift and Diffusion of Carriers and Current Continuity in Semiconductors 275 25.4 Stationary-State Schr€odinger Equation to Analyze Quantum-Mechanical Effects in Semiconductors 276 25.5 Time-dependent Schr€odinger Equation to Analyze Dynamics in Semiconductors 277 25.6 Quantum Size Effects in Nano-Scale Semiconductors 278 25.7 Tunneling through Energy Barriers in Semiconductors 281 25.8 Low-Dimensional Tunneling in Nano-Scale Semiconductors 282 25.9 Photon Absorption and Electronic Transitions 284 25.9.1 Fundamental Formulations 284 25.9.2 Interband Transition – Direct Bandgap 285 25.9.3 Interband Transition – Indirect Bandgap 286 References 287 26 Mathematics Applicable to the Analysis of Device Physics 289 26.1 Linear Differential Equation 289 26.2 Operator Method 290 26.3 Klein–Gordon-Type Differential Equation 291 References 292 Bibliography 293 Index 295

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Book SynopsisEdited by the academic who first discovered this important phenomenon, Aggregation-Induced Emission is the first book to cover the applications of Aggregation-Induced Emission. This groundbreaking text explores the high-tech applications of AIE materials in optoelectronic devices, chemical sensors, and biological probes. A valuable resource for scientists, physicists, and biological chemists, topics covered include: AIE materials for LEDs and lasers; mechanochromic AIE materials; new chemo- and biosensors based on AIE fluorophores; AIE dye-encapsulated nanoparticles for optical bioimaging; and chiral recognition and enantiomeric excess determination based on AIE.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xi Preface xiii 1 AIE or AIEE Materials for Electroluminescence Applications 1 Chiao-Wen Lin and Chin-Ti Chen 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 EL Background, EL Efficiency, Color Chromaticity, and Fabrication Issues of OLEDs 2 1.3 AIE or AIEE Silole Derivatives for OLEDs 7 1.4 AIE or AIEE Maleimide and Pyrrole Derivatives for OLEDs 10 1.5 AIE or AIEE Cyano-Substituted Stilbenoid and Distyrylbenzene Derivatives for OLEDs 14 1.6 AIE or AIEE Triarylamine Derivatives for OLEDs 17 1.7 AIE or AIEE Triphenylethene and Tetraphenylethene Derivatives for OLEDs 17 1.8 White OLEDs Containing AIE or AIEE Materials 31 1.9 Perspectives 36 References 37 2 Crystallization-Induced Phosphorescence for Purely Organic Phosphors at Room Temperature and Liquid Crystals with Aggregation-Induced Emission Characteristics 42 Wang Zhang Yuan, Yongming Zhang, and Ben Zhong Tang 2.1 Crystallization-Induced Phosphorescence for Purely Organic Phosphors at Room Temperature 42 2.1.1 Introduction 42 2.1.2 Molecular luminogens with crystallization-induced phosphorescence at room temperature 43 2.2 Liquid crystals with aggregation-induced emission characteristics 51 2.2.1 Luminescent liquid crystals 51 2.2.2 Aggregation-induced emission strategy towards high-efficiency luminescent liquid crystals 52 2.3 Conclusions and Perspectives 56 References 57 3 Mechanochromic Aggregation-Induced Emission Materials 60 Zhenguo Chi and Jiarui Xu 3.1 Introduction 60 3.2 Mechanochromic Non-AIE Compounds 61 3.3 Mechanochromic AIE Compounds 63 3.4 Conclusion 81 References 82 4 Chiral Recognition and Enantiomeric Excess Determination Based on Aggregation-Induced Emission 86 Yan-Song Zheng 4.1 Introduction to Chiral Recognition 86 4.2 Chiral Recognition and Enantiomeric Excess Determination of Chiral Amines 87 4.3 Chiral Recognition and Enantiomeric Excess Determination of Chiral Acids 90 4.3.1 Enantiomeric excess determination of chiral acids using chiral AIE amines 90 4.3.2 Enantiomeric excess determination of chiral acids using a chiral receptor in the presence of an AIE compound 97 4.4 Mechanism of chiral recognition based on AIE 100 4.4.1 Mechanism of chiral recognition by a chiral AIE monoamine 101 4.4.2 Mechanism of chiral recognition by a chiral AIE diamine 101 4.5 Prospects for chiral recognition based on AIE 103 References 104 5 AIE Materials Towards Efficient Circularly Polarized Luminescence, Organic Lasing, and Superamplified Detection of Explosives 106 Jianzhao Liu, Jacky W.Y. Lam, and Ben Zhong Tang 5.1 Introduction 106 5.2 AIE Materials with Efficient Circularly Polarized Luminescence and Large Dissymmetry Factor 106 5.2.1 Aggregation-induced circular dichroism 107 5.2.2 AIE, fluorescence decay dynamics and theoretical understanding 109 5.2.3 Aggregation-induced circularly polarized luminescence 112 5.2.4 Supramolecular assembly and structural modeling 114 5.3 AIE Materials for Organic Lasing 117 5.3.1 Fabrication of nano-structures 117 5.3.2 Lasing performances 118 5.4 AIE Materials for Superamplified Detection of Explosives 120 5.4.1 Hyperbranched polymer-based sensor 121 5.4.2 Mesoporous material-based sensor 126 5.5 Conclusion 126 References 127 6 Aggregation-Induced Emission and Applications of Aryl-Substituted Pyrrole Derivatives 129 Bin Tong and Yuping Dong 6.1 Introduction 129 6.2 Luminescence Properties of Triphenylpyrrole Derivatives in the Aggregated State 130 6.3 Applications 134 6.4 Aggregation-Induced Emission of Pentaphenylpyrrole 145 6.5 AIEE Mechanism of Pentaphenylpyrrole 148 6.6 Conclusion 150 References 150 7 Biogenic Amine Sensing with Aggregation-Induced Emission-Active Tetraphenylethenes 154 Takanobu Sanji and Masato Tanaka 7.1 Introduction 154 7.1.1 Biogenic amines 154 7.1.2 Sensing methods for biogenic amines 154 7.2 Fluorimetric Sensing of Biogenic Amines with AIE-Active TPEs 155 7.2.1 Design for fluorimetric sensing of biogenic amines 155 7.2.2 Sensing studies and statistical analysis 155 7.2.3 Determination of histamine concentration 159 7.2.4 Fluorimetric sensing of melamine with AIE-active TPEs 160 7.3 Summary and Outlook 160 References 161 8 New Chemo-/Biosensors with Silole and Tetraphenylethene Molecules Based on the Aggregation and Deaggregation Mechanism 162 Ming Wang, Guanxin Zhang, and Deqing Zhang 8.1 Introduction 162 8.2 Cation and Anion Sensors 163 8.3 Fluorimetric Biosensors for Biomacromolecules 166 8.4 Fluorimetric Assays for Enzymes 170 8.5 Fluorimetric Detection of Physiologically Important Small Molecules 177 8.6 Miscellaneous Sensors 180 8.7 Conclusion and Outlook 182 References 182 9 Carbohydrate-Functionalized AIE-Active Molecules as Luminescent Probes for Biosensing 186 Qi Chen and Bao-Hang Han 9.1 Introduction 186 9.2 Carbohydrate-Bearing AIE-Active Molecules 187 9.2.1 Carbohydrate-bearing siloles 188 9.2.2 Carbohydrate-bearing phosphole oxides 189 9.2.3 Carbohydrate-bearing tetraphenylethenes 190 9.3 Luminescent Probes for Lectins 192 9.4 Luminescent Probes for Enzymes 196 9.5 Luminescent Probes for Viruses and Toxins 200 9.6 Conclusion 202 Acknowledgments 202 References 202 10 Aggregation-Induced Emission Dyes for In Vivo Functional Bioimaging 205 Jun Qian, Dan Wang, and Sailing He 10.1 Introduction 205 10.2 AIE Dyes for Macro In Vivo Functional Bioimaging 206 10.2.1 AIE dye-encapsulated phospholipid–PEG nanomicelles 206 10.2.2 AIE dye-encapsulated nanomicelles for SLN mapping of mice 206 10.2.3 AIE dye-encapsulated nanomicelles for tumor targeting of mice 212 10.2.4 Other types of AIE-nanoparticles for in vivo functional bioimaging 217 10.3 Multiphoton-Induced Fluorescence from AIE Dyes and Applications in In Vivo Functional Microscopic Imaging 219 10.3.1 Two- and three-photon-induced fluorescence of AIE dyes 219 10.3.2 AIE dye-encapsulated nanomicelles for two-photon blood vessel imaging of live mice 223 10.3.3 AIE dye-encapsulated nanomicelles for two-photon brain imaging of live mice 226 10.4 Summary and Perspectives 228 Acknowledgments 230 References 230 11 Specific Light-Up Bioprobes with Aggregation-Induced Emission Characteristics for Protein Sensing 234 Jing Liang, Haibin Shi, Ben Zhong Tang, and Bin Liu 11.1 Introduction 234 11.2 In Vitro Detection of Integrin avb3 Using a TPS-Based Probe 235 11.2.1 Detection mechanisms 236 11.2.2 Synthesis and characterization of the TPS-2cRGD probe 236 11.2.3 Detection of integrin in solutions 238 11.2.4 In vitro sensing of integrin in cancer cells 239 11.3 Real-Time Monitoring of Cell Apoptosis and Drug Screening with a TPE-Based Probe 240 11.3.1 Design principles 240 11.3.2 Synthesis and characterization of Ac-DEVEK-TPE probe 241 11.3.3 Detection of caspase and kinetic study of caspase activities in solutions 242 11.3.4 Imaging of cell apoptosis and screening of apoptosis-inducing agents 243 11.4 In Vivo Monitoring of Cell Apoptosis and Drug Screening with PyTPE-Based Probe 246 11.4.1 Working principles 246 11.4.2 Synthesis and characterization of DEVD-PyTPE probe 247 11.4.3 Monitoring of caspase activities in solutions 248 11.4.4 In vitro and in vivo imaging of cell apoptosis 248 11.5 Conclusion 250 Acknowledgments 250 References 251 12 Applications of Aggregation-Induced Emission Materials in Biotechnology 254 Yuning Hong, Jacky W.Y. Lam, and Ben Zhong Tang 12.1 Introduction 254 12.2 AIE Materials for Nucleic Acid Studies 255 12.2.1 Quantitation and gel visualization of DNA and RNA 255 12.2.2 Specific probing of G-quadruplex DNA formation 257 12.3 AIE Materials for Protein Studies 258 12.3.1 Quantitation and PAGE staining of proteins 258 12.3.2 Fluorescence immunoassay by AIE materials 261 12.3.3 Monitoring of the unfolding/refolding process of human serum albumin 261 12.3.4 Monitoring and inhibition of amyloid fibrillation of insulin 262 12.4 AIE Materials for Live Cell Imaging 264 12.4.1 AIE bioprobes for long-term cell tracking 264 12.4.2 AIE nanoparticles for cell staining 264 12.5 Conclusion 266 References 267 Index 271

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Book SynopsisEnvironmental Noise and Management Selma Kurra, Istanbul Technical University and dBKES Engineering Ltd, Turkey A comprehensive overview of environmental noise pollution from the standpoint of environmental impact and control Environmental noise is studied, regulated and monitored by many governments and institutions, as well as forming the basis for a number of different occupations due to the adverse effects of noise exposure. Environmental Noise and Management provides a comprehensive overview of environmental noise pollution. The book begins by covering the fundamentals of noise and acoustics, major noise sources and prediction and evaluation techniques. Developments in noise measuring techniques, and mapping and improvement of legislation to control noise pollution are then discussed, and international regulations are presented. Technological advances and recent developmeTable of ContentsAbout the Author xii List of Figures xiii List of Tables xxxv Series Preface xxxvii Acknowledgments xxxviii Introduction xxxix 1 Acoustics and Noise Fundamentals 1 1.1 Acoustics and Brief History: Pioneers and Subsequent Researchers 1 1.2 Fundamentals of Sound 14 1.2.1 Sound Waves 23 1.2.2 Basic Units and Relations 30 1.3 Sound Sources 51 1.3.1 Source Types and Sound Powers 52 1.3.2 Directionality Characteristics of Sources 55 1.3.3 Wave Propagation and Sound Pressures in Relation to Source Type 59 1.3.4 Acoustic Fields 72 1.4 Sound Propagation and Disturbances 74 1.4.1 Sound Reflection 74 1.4.2 Sound Scattering (Diffusion) 80 1.4.3 Sound Absorption 81 1.4.4 Sound Transmission into Solid Media 84 1.4.5 Sound Refraction 86 1.4.6 Sound Diffraction 89 1.5 Conclusion 91 References 92 Further Reading 93 2 Noise 94 2.1 Definition and Concepts 94 2.2 Spectral Characteristics of Noise 95 2.2.1 Filters in Frequency Analysis 97 2.2.2 Fourier Analysis 98 2.2.3 Test Signals 100 2.2.4 Frequency Weighting Networks 102 2.3 Spatial Variation of Noise 104 2.3.1 The Distance Effect 105 2.3.2 Effect of Air Absorption 106 2.3.3 Meteorological Factors 109 2.3.4 The Ground Effect 117 2.3.5 Effects of Forests and Vegetation 122 2.3.6 Effect of Barriers 124 2.3.7 Vertical Surfaces 137 2.3.8 Total Effect of the Physical Environmental Factors 137 2.4 Temporal Variation of Noise 139 2.5 Noise Metrics and Descriptors 141 2.5.1 Basic Noise Units 142 2.5.2 Noise Descriptors 145 2.6 Conclusion 148 Appendix 2.A 149 2.A.1 Barrier Design, Constructions, and Samples 149 2.A.2 Overview of the Design Principles of Noise Barriers 150 2.A.3 Noise Barriers (Screens) for Other Sources 161 References 164 3 Environmental Noise Sources 171 3.1 Introduction to Environmental Noise Sources 171 3.1.1 Outdoor Noise Sources 172 3.1.2 Indoor Noise Sources 172 3.2 Transportation Noise Sources 174 3.2.1 Road Traffic Noise 175 3.2.2 Noise from Railways 193 3.2.3 Aircraft and Airport Noise 206 3.2.4 Waterway Traffic Noise 218 3.3 Industrial and Mechanical Noise Sources 227 3.3.1 Noise Emission from Single Machines and Installations 227 3.3.2 Noise Emission from Industrial Premises 230 3.4 Wind Farm Noise 232 3.4.1 Emission of Noise from Wind Turbines 233 3.4.2 Noise Emission of Wind Farms in Relation to the Environment 234 3.5 Construction Noise 235 3.5.1 Noise Emissions from Construction Equipment and Operations 235 3.5.2 Noise Emission of Construction Sites 239 3.6 Entertainment Noise 243 3.6.1 Noise Emission from Sound Amplification Systems 244 3.6.2 Noise Emission from Entertainment Premises 245 3.7 Shooting Noise 247 3.7.1 Noise Emission of Firing Weapons 247 3.7.2 Noise Emission of Shooting Ranges 248 3.8 Other Public Noise Sources 248 3.9 Noise Sources in Buildings 251 3.9.1 Noise Emission of Individual Sources in Buildings 252 3.9.2 Noise Emission of Specific Buildings (e.g. an Industrial Building) 252 3.10 Conclusion 253 References 253 4 Prediction Models for Environmental Noises 260 4.1 Development of Acoustic Modeling 260 4.1.1 Analytical Models 261 4.1.2 Empirical Models 261 4.1.3 Numerical Methods with Advanced Computer Techniques 262 4.2 Prediction Models for Road Traffic Noise 264 4.2.1 Development of the Models 264 4.2.2 The NMPB Method 283 4.2.3 The Harmonoise Model 287 4.2.4 The Cnossos-EU Traffic Noise Model 288 4.3 Prediction Models for Railway Noise 289 4.3.1 Development of the Models 289 4.3.2 Analytical Models 290 4.3.3 The RMRS Model 296 4.3.4 The Cnossos-EU Railway Noise Model 299 4.4 Prediction Models for Aircraft Noise 300 4.4.1 Development of the Models 300 4.4.2 Guidelines and Simulation Models 301 4.4.3 The ECAC Model 305 4.4.4 The Cnososs-EU Aircraft Noise Model 309 4.5 Prediction Models for Industrial Noise 310 4.5.1 Development of the Models 310 4.5.2 The ISO 9613 Model 313 4.5.3 The ISO 13474 Blast Noise Model 314 4.5.4 The Cnossos-EU Industrial Noise Model 318 4.6 Prediction Models for Construction Noise 318 4.6.1 Development of the Models 319 4.6.2 Analytical Models 319 4.6.3 Guideline Models 320 4.7 Prediction Models for Other Sources 324 4.7.1 Waterway Noise Prediction Models 324 4.7.2 Shooting Noise Prediction Models 324 4.7.3 Wind Turbine Noise Prediction Models 327 4.8 Validation of Models 329 4.8.1 Comparison of Analytical Models 329 4.8.2 Comparison with the Field Measurements 330 4.8.3 Validation with the Laboratory Experiments 330 4.9 Conclusion 330 References 331 5 Noise Measurements 338 5.1 Brief History of Advances in Noise Measurements 338 5.2 Objectives of Noise Measurements 343 5.3 Basic Acoustic Measurements 346 5.3.1 Measurement of Sound Pressure 346 5.3.2 Measurements of Sound Power and Sound Energy 346 5.3.3 Measurement of Sound Intensity 364 5.4 Measurement Methods and Techniques to Acquire Emission Data for Environmental Noise Sources 368 5.4.1 Emission Measurements of Industrial Noise Sources 368 5.4.2 Emission Measurements of Transportation Noise Sources 376 5.4.3 Emission Measurements of Building Service Equipment 389 5.5 Measurement Methods and Techniques to Acquire Immision Data for Environmental Noise Sources (Field Measurements and Analysis) 391 5.5.1 Objectives of the Field Measurements 392 5.5.2 Observations in the Field 393 5.5.3 Measurement Units 394 5.5.4 Overview of the Measurement Methods in the Field 395 5.5.5 Dealing with Background Noise in the Measurements 409 5.5.5.1 Comparison with Noise Limits and Evaluations 409 5.5.6 Analyses of the Measured Data 410 5.5.7 Reporting the Measurement Results 413 5.5.8 Outline of Source-Specific Measurements in the Field 415 5.6 Errors in Measurements and Determination of Uncertainty 431 5.6.1 Accuracy of the Measurements 431 5.6.2 Determination of Uncertainty in Different Standards 433 5.7 Occupational Noise Measurements 439 5.7.1 Hearing Tests 439 5.7.2 Assessment of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Workplaces 442 5.8 Scale Model Measurements 444 5.9 Sound Insulation Measurements 453 5.9.1 Basic Knowledge about Sound Transmission 454 5.9.2 Laboratory Measurement for Sound Insulation 457 5.9.3 Field Measurement for Sound Insulation 463 5.9.4 Sound Intensity Technique for Sound Insulation Measurements 466 5.9.5 Evaluation of the Measured Sound Insulation 467 5.9.6 Measurements of Room Acoustics Parameters 467 5.10 Performance Measurements for Noise Abatement Devices 471 5.10.1 Measurements of Silencers 471 5.10.2 Measurement of Low Noise Surfaces 472 5.10.3 Measurements of Barrier Performance 473 5.11 Instrumentation for Noise Measurements 479 5.11.1 Overview of the Measurement Systems from Past to Present 479 5.11.2 Basic Instrumentation for Acoustic and Noise Measurements From the Past to the Present 481 5.11.3 Computer-Based Data Acquisition System and Network-Based Data Control 499 5.11.4 Purchasing Noise Measurement Equipment 507 5.12 Conclusion 508 References 509 6 Noise Mapping 524 6.1 Descriptions and Objectives of Noise Mapping 524 6.2 Strategic Noise Maps 525 6.3 Noise Mapping Techniques 526 6.3.1 Development of Noise Mapping 526 6.3.2 Preliminary Determinations for Noise Mapping 532 6.3.3 Measurements for Noise Mapping 538 6.3.4 Computation Models and Input Parameters for Noise Mapping 539 6.3.5 Strategies of emission calculations 543 6.3.6 Strategies of immission calculations 548 6.3.7 Insertion of Data into the Software 551 6.3.8 Performing Operations 556 6.3.9 Managing the Outputs 557 6.4 Evaluation of Noise Maps 568 6.4.1 Identifying Noise Zones 568 6.4.2 Rating Noise Impact and Noise Scores 570 6.5 Uncertainty and Validity of Noise Maps 574 6.5.1 Sources of Uncertainty in Noise Mapping 575 6.5.2 Determination of Uncertainty 577 6.5.3 Required Accuracy 581 6.5.4 Validation of Noise Maps 581 6.6 Reporting the Results of Noise Maps 582 6.7 Examples of Noise Mapping Practices 584 6.7.1 Large-Scale Maps (Regional Maps) 584 6.7.2 Small-Scale Maps (Local Maps) 590 6.7.3 Noise Mapping for Specific Environmental Noise Sources 592 6.7.4 Recent advances in noise mapping 592 6.8 Conclusion 598 References 599 7 Effects of Noise and Noise Control Criteria 604 7.1 The Concept of Hearing, Perception, and Loudness 605 7.1.1 Anatomy of the Hearing System 605 7.1.2 The Hearing Mechanism 606 7.2 Effects of Noise on Human Health, Comfort, and Work Performance 610 7.2.1 Physical Effects: Noise-Induced Hearing Loss 612 7.2.2 Physiological Effects of Noise 615 7.2.3 Effects of Noise on Human Performance 620 7.2.4 Psychological Effects of Noise 624 7.2.5 Adaptation to Noise 630 7.3 Noise Impact Studies and Dose-Response Relations 631 7.3.1 Annoyance and Related Factors 631 7.3.2 Methodology for Noise Impact Studies 634 7.3.3 Laboratory Experiments on Annoyance 662 7.3.4 Comparison of Field and Laboratory Study Results on Annoyance Responses 667 7.3.5 Investigations on the Effects of Noise in Schools 668 7.3.6 Noise Impact Assessment in General 668 7.4 Community Reactions to Environmental Noise 668 7.5 The Soundscape Concept, Objectives, and Implementations 670 7.5.1 Sound Quality and Soundscape 671 7.5.2 Methodology of Soundscape Research and Design 675 7.5.3 Overview of Soundscape Studies 679 7.6 The Concept of Noise Pollution 681 7.7 Noise Criteria and Limits 682 7.7.1 Hearing Risk Criteria 683 7.7.2 Environmental Noise Criteria 685 7.7.3 Building Acoustics Criteria for Noise Control 691 7.7.4 Implementation of Criteria and Noise Control 699 7.8 Conclusion 701 References 701 8 Regulations on Environmental Noise 715 8.1 Legislative Terminology 715 8.2 Overview of Noise Regulations 718 8.2.1 A Survey on Noise Regulation 720 8.2.2 Noise Regulations in Different Countries 721 8.3 Recommendations by International Organizations 726 8.3.1 Legislative Actions in the European Union 727 8.3.2 State-of-the-Art practices of Noise Regulations in the EU 731 8.3.3 Labeling of Noise Emissions 731 8.4 Development of Noise Regulations 732 8.4.1 Principles of Better Noise Regulation 732 8.4.2 Community Noise Regulation Practices 733 8.4.3 Validity of Noise Regulation 735 8.4.4 Strengthening Enforcement of Noise Regulation 736 8.4.5 Involving Complaints 736 8.5 Education and Training for Proficiency in Implementation of Regulations 738 8.5.1 Necessity and Objectives of Training 738 8.5.2 Organization of Training Programs 740 8.5.3 Framework of Efficient Training 740 8.5.4 Acoustic Consultancy 741 8.6 Regulations on Protection of Buildings Against Noise 743 8.6.1 An Example Regulation for the Protection of Buildings Against Noise 743 8.7 Conclusion 747 References 748 9 Environmental Noise Management 753 9.1 Concepts of Noise Policy, Strategy, and Management 753 9.1.1 Noise Policy and Key Elements 754 9.1.2 Noise Management 758 9.2 Development of Action Plans 760 9.2.1 Interaction of Noise Control Concept and Action Plans 760 9.2.2 General Characteristics of Action Plans 761 9.2.3 Framework of the Development of an Action Plan 763 9.3 Overview of the Action Plans in the EU 784 9.3.1 State-of-the-Art Implementations of Action Plans 784 9.3.2 International Projects Contributing to Noise Management 790 9.4 Quiet Areas and Quiet Façades 791 9.4.1 Definition of Noise Limits for Quiet Areas 791 9.4.2 Overview of Actions for Quiet Areas in Europe 793 9.4.3 Concept of Quiet Façades 794 9.5 Economic Impacts of Noise Management 794 9.5.1 Risk Valuation 795 9.5.2 Economic Impacts of Noise Management in EU Member States 797 9.6 Conclusion 798 References 798 Index 805

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Book SynopsisCeramic Engineering and Science Proceedings Volume 35, Issue 1, 74th Conference on Glass Problems S.K. Sundaram, Editor In continuing the tradition that dates back to 1934, this volume is a collection of 25 papers presented at the 74th Glass Problems Conference, October 1417, 2013 in Columbus, Ohio. These papers are essential reading for all who need to stay abreast of the latest research in the glass manufacturing field. Content is grouped into the below five sections: Batching and Forming Glass Melting Modeling, Sensing and Control Refractories I Refractories II Table of ContentsForeword ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Batching and Forming Long Term Results of Oxy Fuel Forehearth, Heating Technology for E-Glass Fibers 3Christian Windhoevel, Chendhil Periasarny, George Todd, Justin Wang, Bertrand Leroux, and Youssef Joumani Glass Production Losses Originating from Contaminants in Cullet and Raw Materials 15J. Terry Fisk Developing a Better Understanding of Boron Emissions from Industrial Glass Furnaces 25Andrew Zamurs, Tim Batson, David Lever, Simon Cook, and Suresh Donthu New Developments Batch Briquetting 33Khaled Al Harndan, Heiko Hessenkemper, and Sven Wiltzach Application of Self-Supporting Precious Metal Stirrers in the Melting of Soda-Lime Glass 43Alexander Fuchs Glass Melting Application of an Energy Balance Model for Improving the Energy Efficiency of Glass Melting Furnaces 53Adriaan Lankhorst, Luuk Thielen, Johan van der Dennen, and Miriam del Hoyo Arroyo Observation of Batch Melting and Glass Melt Fining and Evolved Gas Analysis 69Penny Marson, Ruud Beerkens, and Mathi Rongen Thermochemical Recuperation to Increase Glass Furnace Energy Efficiency 81David Rue, Aleksandr Kozlov, Mark Khinkis, and Harry Kurek Dry Batch Optimizer-Gain All Benefits of Water-Wetting While Reducing the Drawbacks 93F. Philip Yu, Tom Hughes, and Blaine Krause Modeling, Sensing, and Control In-Situ CO and O2 Laser Sensor for Burner Control in Glass Furnaces 103A.J. Faberm M. van Kersbergen, and H. van Limpt Radiation Impact on the Two-Dimensional Modeling of Glass Sheet Sagging and Tempering 109Dominique Lochegnies, Fabien Béchet, Norbert Sledow, and Philippe Moreau An Advanced Expert Control System and Batch Imaging Software for an Improved Automatic Melter Operation 117H.P.H. (Erik) Muijsenberg, Robert Bodi, Menno Eisenga, and Glenn Neff How Can Predictive Strategies Contribute to Improved Power Management and Decreased Energy Comsumption? 133Rene Meuleman How Many Chambers are Enough? - A Float Furnace Modeling Study 141Matthias Lindig Two-Dimensional Modeling of the Entire Glass Sheet Forming Process, Including Radiative Effects 147Fabien Bechet, Norbert Siedow, and Dominique Lochegnies Refractories I Hot Bottom Repairs: Global Impact, Performance Case Study and Development for the Americas 165S. Cristina Sánchez Franco, Kevin Pendleton, Dennis Cawthom, and Bryn Snow Process Improvements with Bonded Alumina Channels 177Elmer Sperry and Laura Lowe Bonded Refractories for Extreme Conditions in the Top of Regenerators 189Rongxing Bei, Klaus Santowski, Christian Majcenovic, Goetz Heilemann, and Mathew Wheeler New Fused Cast Refractory for Metal Line Protection 197Olivier Bories, Isabelle Cabodi, Michael Gaubil, and Bruno Malphettes Ancorro-Refinement Technology for Refractory in Glass Melt Contact 203Rolf Weigand, Heiko Hessenkemper, Anne-Katrin Rössel, David Tritschel, and Romy Kühne Refractories II An Update on the Technological Evolution (Or Lack Thereof) of Chinese Manufacturers of Fused Cast Refractories and the Value vs. Cost Proposition 211P. Carlo Ratto Monolithic Crown and Its Benefits, Colloidal Silica Bonded Refractories Technology 217Ali Farhadi, Tom Fisher, Alonso Gonzalez Rodriguez, and Marlo Estrada High Emissivity Coatings in Glass Furnaces 225Tom Kleeb and Bill Fausey New Recycling Solution for Refractories from Insulation Glass Furnaces 233O. Citti, C. Linnot, T. Champion, and P. Lenfant Furnace Repair after a Hurrican Flooding at Monterrey, Mexico 245Roberto Cabrera Author Index 251

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Book SynopsisElectric currents are fundamental to the structure and dynamics of space plasmas, including our own near-Earth space environment, or geospace.This volume takes an integrated approach to the subject of electric currents by incorporating their phenomenology and physics for many regions in one volume. It covers a broad range of topics from the pioneers of electric currents in outer space, to measurement and analysis techniques, and the many types of electric currents. First volume on electric currents in space in over a decade that provides authoritative up-to-date insight on the current status of researchReviews recent advances in observations, simulation, and theory of electric currentsProvides comparative overviews of electric currents in the space environments of different astronomical bodies Electric Currents in Geospace and Beyond serves as an excellent reference volume for a broad community of space scientists, astronomers, and astrophysicists who are studying space plasmas in the solar system. Read an interview with the editors to find out more: https://eos.org/editors-vox/electric-currents-in-outer-space-run-the-showTable of ContentsDedication v Contributors ix Preface xiii Part I: Introduction 1 Pioneers of Electric Currents in Geospace 3Asgeir Brekke 2 Current Systems in Planetary Magnetospheres: A Comparative Overview 17Krishan K. Khurana and Jiang Liu 3 Electric Currents in the Solar Atmosphere 43Gregory D. Fleishman and Alexei A. Pevtsov 4 Multipoint Analysis of Electric Currents in Geospace Using the Curlometer Technique 67M. W. Dunlop, S. Haaland, X‐C. Dong, H. R. Middleton, C. P. Escoubet, Y.-Y. Yang, Q.-H. Zhang, J‐K. Shi, and C. T. Russell 5 Inferring Currents from the Zeeman Effect at the Solar Surface 81Graham Barnes and K. D. Leka Part II: Ring Currents 6 ENA Imaging of Planetary Ring Currents 95P. C. Brandt, S. Y. Hsieh, R. DeMajistre, and D. G. Mitchell 7 Terrestrial Ring Current: A Review of Cluster Results Based on the Curlometer Technique 115I. Dandouras, S. Rochel‐Grimald, C. Vallat, and M. W. Dunlop 8 The Nature of Jupiter’s Magnetodisk Current System 127N. Achilleos 9 The Ring Current of Saturn 139N. Sergis, E. J. Bunce, J. F. Carbary, S. W. H. Cowley, X. Jia, D. C. Hamilton, S. M. Krimigis, D. G. Mitchell, and M. K. Dougherty Part III: Current Sheets 10 Review on the Characteristics of the Current Sheet in the Earth’s Magnetotail 157A. T. Y. Lui 11 Recent Advances Regarding the Mars Magnetotail Current Sheet 177Michael W. Liemohn and Shaosui Xu 12 Current Sheets at the Giant Planets 191Christopher S. Arridge and Carley J. Martin 13 Planetary Magnetopause and Heliopause Current Sheets 207E. S. Belenkaya 14 MHS Models of Current Layers in the Solar Atmosphere 219Clare E. Parnell 15 Large‐Scale Current Sheets in Flares and CMEs 239Jun Lin and Lei Ni Part IV: Field‐Aligned Currents 16 A Review of Birkeland Current Research Using AMPERE 259John C. Coxon, Stephen E. Milan, and Brian J. Anderson 17 Birkeland Currents at Mercury: Review and Comparison With Earth 279Brian J. Anderson, Catherine L. Johnson, Haje Korth, and Lydia C. Philpott 18 Recent Advances in the Study of Upward Field‐aligned Currents Generated Near the Earth’s Magnetopause Boundary 303Simon Wing, Jay R. Johnson, and Marius Echim 19 The Current System of Dipolarizing Flux Bundles and Their Role as Wedgelets in the Substorm Current Wedge 323Jiang Liu, V. Angelopoulos, Zhonghua Yao, Xiangning Chu, Xu‐Zhi Zhou, and A. Runov 20 Cusp Current System: An Energy Source View 339M. Yamauchi and R. Slapak 21 Magnetospheric and Atmospheric Controls of Giant Planet Auroral Currents 359L. C. Ray 22 The Ambivalent Role of Field‐Aligned Electric Currents in the Solar Atmosphere 371Manolis K. Georgoulis 23 Solar Active Region Electric Currents Before and During Eruptive Flares 391B. Schmieder and G. Aulanier Part V: Ionospheric Currents 24 Review of Data Analysis Techniques for Estimating Ionospheric Currents Based on MIRACLE and Satellite Observations 409H. Vanhamäki and L. Juusola 25 Earth’s Ionosphere: Theory and Phenomenology of Cowling Channels 427Akimasa Yoshikawa and Ryoichi Fujii 26 Ionospheric Currents at Mars and Their Electrodynamic Effects 445Matthew Fillingim 27 Ionospheric Currents due to Ionosphere‐Magnetosphere Coupling at Jupiter and Saturn 459G. J. Hunt, S. W. H. Cowley, and J. D. Nichols Part VI: Other Current Systems 28 The Bow Shock Current System 479Ramon E. Lopez 29 Current Systems of Inert Moons 497M. Holmström and S. Fatemi 30 Currents in Cometary Comae 513Martin Volwerk Index 535

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents13 Electric Field 14 Electric Fields and Matter 15 Electric Field of Distributed Charges 16 Electric Potential 17 Magnetic Field 18 Electric Field and Circuits 19 Circuit Elements 20 Magnetic Force 21 Patterns of Field in Space 22 Faraday's Law 23 Electromagnetic Radiation The Supplements can be found at the web site, www.wiley.com/college/chabay Supplement S1 Gases and Heat Engines S1-1 Supplement S2 Semiconductor Devices S2-1 Supplement S3 Waves S3-1

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1 Interactions and Motion 2 The Momentum Principle 3 The Fundamental Interactions 4 Contact Interactions 5 Determining Forces from Motion 6 The Energy Principle 7 Internal Energy 8 Energy Quantization 9 Translational, Rotational, and Vibrational Energy 10 Collisions 11 Angular Momentum 12 Entropy: Limits on the PossibleThe Supplements can be found at the web site, www.wiley.com/college/chabay Supplement S1 Gases and Heat Engines S1-1 Supplement S2 Semiconductor Devices S2-1 Supplement S3 Waves S3-1

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1 Measurement 1 1.1 Measuring Things, Including Lengths 1 1.2 Time 5 1.3 Mass 6 2 Motion Along a Straight Line 13 2.1 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity 13 2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed 18 2.3 Acceleration 20 2.4 Constant Acceleration 23 2.5 Free-Fall Acceleration 28 2.6 Graphical Integration In Motion Analysis 30 3 Vectors 44 3.1 Vectors and Their Components 44 3.2 Unit Vectors, Adding Vectors By Components 50 3.3 Multiplying Vectors 52 4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions 67 4.1 Position and Displacement 67 4.2 Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity 70 4.3 Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration 73 4.4 Projectile Motion 75 4.5 Uniform Circular Motion 82 4.6 Relative Motion In One Dimension 84 4.7 Relative Motion In Two Dimensions 86 5 Force and Motion—I 101 5.1 Newton's First and Second Laws 101 5.2 Some Particular Forces 109 5.3 Applying Newton's Laws 113 6 Force and Motion—II 132 6.1 Friction 132 6.2 The Drag Force and Terminal Speed 138 6.3 Uniform Circular Motion 140 7 Kinetic Energy and Work 156 7.1 Kinetic Energy 156 7.2 Work and Kinetic Energy 158 7.3 Work Done By The Gravitational Force 163 7.4 Work Done By A Spring Force 167 7.5 Work Done By A General Variable Force 170 7.6 Power 174 8 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy 186 8.1 Potential Energy 186 8.2 Conservation of Mechanical Energy 193 8.3 Reading A Potential Energy Curve 196 8.4 Work Done On A System By An External Force 201 8.5 Conservation of Energy 205 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum 225 9.1 Center of Mass 225 9.2 Newton's Second Law For A System of Particles 229 9.3 Linear Momentum 234 9.4 Collision and Impulse 236 9.5 Conservation of Linear Momentum 240 9.6 Momentum and Kinetic Energy In Collisions 243 9.7 Elastic Collisions In One Dimension 247 9.8 Collisions In Two Dimensions 251 9.9 Systems With Varying Mass: A Rocket 252 10 Rotation 270 10.1 Rotational Variables 270 10.2 Rotation With Constant Angular Acceleration 279 10.3 Relating The Linear and Angular Variables 281 10.4 Kinetic Energy of Rotation 285 10.5 Calculating The Rotational Inertia 286 10.6 Torque 291 10.7 Newton's Second Law For Rotation 292 10.8 Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy 296 11 Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum 310 11.1 Rolling As Translation and Rotation Combined 310 11.2 Forces and Kinetic Energy of Rolling 313 11.3 The Yo-Yo 316 11.4 Torque Revisited 317 11.5 Angular Momentum 320 11.6 Newton's Second Law In Angular Form 322 11.7 Angular Momentum of A Rigid Body 325 11.8 Conservation of Angular Momentum 328 11.9 Precession of A Gyroscope 333 12 Equilibrium and Elasticity 344 12.1 Equilibrium 344 12.2 Some Examples of Static Equilibrium 349 12.3 Elasticity 355 13 Gravitation 372 13.1 Newton's Law of Gravitation 372 13.2 Gravitation and The Principle of Superposition 375 13.3 Gravitation Near Earth's Surface 377 13.4 Gravitation Inside Earth 381 13.5 Gravitational Potential Energy 383 13.6 Planets and Satellites: Kepler's Laws 387 13.7 Satellites: Orbits and Energy 390 13.8 Einstein and Gravitation 393 14 Fluids 406 14.1 Fluids, Density, and Pressure 406 14.2 Fluids At Rest 409 14.3 Measuring Pressure 412 14.4 Pascal's Principle 413 14.5 Archimedes' Principle 415 14.6 The Equation of Continuity 419 14.7 Bernoulli's Equation 423 15 Oscillations 436 15.1 Simple Harmonic Motion 436 15.2 Energy In Simple Harmonic Motion 444 15.3 An Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator 446 15.4 Pendulums, Circular Motion 448 15.5 Damped Simple Harmonic Motion 453 15.6 Forced Oscillations and Resonance 456 16 Waves—I 468 16.1 Transverse Waves 468 16.2 Wave Speed On A Stretched String 476 16.3 Energy and Power of A Wave Traveling Along A String 478 16.4 The Wave Equation 480 16.5 Interference of Waves 482 16.6 Phasors 487 16.7 Standing Waves and Resonance 490 17 Waves—II 505 17.1 Speed of Sound 505 17.2 Traveling Sound Waves 508 17.3 Interference 511 17.4 Intensity and Sound Level 515 17.5 Sources of Musical Sound 518 17.6 Beats 522 17.7 The Doppler Effect 524 17.8 Supersonic Speeds, Shock Waves 529 18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics 541 18.1 Temperature 541 18.2 The Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales 545 18.3 Thermal Expansion 547 18.4 Absorption of Heat 550 18.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics 556 18.6 Heat Transfer Mechanisms 562 19 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 578 19.1 Avogadro's Number 578 19.2 Ideal Gases 579 19.3 Pressure, Temperature, and Rms Speed 583 19.4 Translational Kinetic Energy 586 19.5 Mean Free Path 587 19.6 The Distribution of Molecular Speeds 589 19.7 The Molar Specific Heats of An Ideal Gas 593 19.8 Degrees of Freedom and Molar Specific Heats 597 19.9 The Adiabatic Expansion of An Ideal Gas 600 20 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 613 20.1 Entropy 613 20.2 Entropy In The Real World: Engines 620 20.3 Refrigerators and Real Engines 626 20.4 A Statistical View of Entropy 629 21 Coulomb's Law 641 21.1 Coulomb's Law 641 21.2 Charge is Quantized 652 21.3 Charge is Conserved 654 22 Electric Fields 665 22.1 The Electric Field 665 22.2 The Electric Field Due To A Charged Particle 668 22.3 The Electric Field Due To A Dipole 670 22.4 The Electric Field Due To A Line of Charge 673 22.5 The Electric Field Due To A Charged Disk 679 22.6 A Point Charge In An Electric Field 680 22.7 A Dipole In An Electric Field 683 23 Gauss' Law 696 23.1 Electric Flux 696 23.2 Gauss' Law 701 23.3 A Charged Isolated Conductor 705 23.4 Applying Gauss' Law: Cylindrical Symmetry 708 23.5 Applying Gauss' Law: Planar Symmetry 710 23.6 Applying Gauss' Law: Spherical Symmetry 713 24 Electric Potential 724 24.1 Electric Potential 724 24.2 Equipotential Surfaces and The Electric Field 729 24.3 Potential Due To A Charged Particle 733 24.4 Potential Due To An Electric Dipole 736 24.5 Potential Due To A Continuous Charge Distribution 738 24.6 Calculating The Field From The Potential 741 24.7 Electric Potential Energy of A System of Charged Particles 743 24.8 Potential of A Charged Isolated Conductor 746 25 Capacitance 759 25.1 Capacitance 759 25.2 Calculating The Capacitance 761 25.3 Capacitors In Parallel and In Series 765 25.4 Energy Stored In An Electric Field 770 25.5 Capacitor With A Dielectric 774 25.6 Dielectrics and Gauss' Law 778 26 Current and Resistance 789 26.1 Electric Current 789 26.2 Current Density 792 26.3 Resistance and Resistivity 796 26.4 Ohm's Law 801 26.5 Power, Semiconductors, Superconductors 805 27 Circuits 816 27.1 Single-Loop Circuits 816 27.2 Multiloop Circuits 826 27.3 The Ammeter and The Voltmeter 833 27.4 Rc Circuits 833 28 Magnetic Fields 850 28.1 Magnetic Fields and The Definition of 850 28.2 Crossed Fields: Discovery of The Electron 855 28.3 Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect 857 28.4 A Circulating Charged Particle 861 28.5 Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons 866 28.6 Magnetic Force On A Current-Carrying Wire 869 28.7 Torque On A Current Loop 872 28.8 The Magnetic Dipole Moment 874 29 Magnetic Fields Due to Currents 886 29.1 Magnetic Field Due To A Current 886 29.2 Force Between Two Parallel Currents 892 29.3 Ampere's Law 894 29.4 Solenoids and Toroids 899 29.5 A Current-Carrying Coil As A Magnetic Dipole 901 30 Induction and Inductance 915 30.1 Faraday's Law and Lenz's Law 915 30.2 Induction and Energy Transfers 923 30.3 Induced Electric Fields 927 30.4 Inductors and Inductance 932 30.5 Self-Induction 934 30.6 Rl Circuits 935 30.7 Energy Stored In A Magnetic Field 940 30.8 Energy Density of A Magnetic Field 942 30.9 Mutual Induction 943 31 Electromagnetic Oscillations and Alternating Current 956 31.1 LC Oscillations 956 31.2 Damped Oscillations In An Rlc Circuit 963 31.3 Forced Oscillations of Three Simple Circuits 966 31.4 The Series Rlc Circuit 974 31.5 Power In Alternating-Current Circuits 982 31.6 Transformers 985 32 Maxwell's Equations; Magnetism of Matter 998 32.1 Gauss' Law For Magnetic Fields 998 32.2 Induced Magnetic Fields 1000 32.3 Displacement Current 1003 32.4 Magnets 1007 32.5 Magnetism and Electrons 1009 32.6 Diamagnetism 1015 32.7 Paramagnetism 1016 32.8 Ferromagnetism 1019 33 Electromagnetic Waves 1032 33.1 Electromagnetic Waves 1032 33.2 Energy Transport and The Poynting Vector 1040 33.3 Radiation Pressure 1043 33.4 Polarization 1045 33.5 Reflection and Refraction 1050 33.6 Total Internal Reflection 1056 33.7 Polarization By Reflection 1059 34 Images 1072 34.1 Images and Plane Mirrors 1072 34.2 Spherical Mirrors 1076 34.3 Spherical Refracting Surfaces 1083 34.4 Thin Lenses 1086 34.5 Optical Instruments 1094 34.6 Three Proofs 1098 35 Interference 1111 35.1 Light As A Wave 1111 35.2 Young's Interference Experiment 1117 35.3 Interference and Double-Slit Intensity 1122 35.4 Interference From Thin Films 1126 35.5 Michelson's Interferometer 1135 36 Diffraction 1148 36.1 Single-Slit Diffraction 1148 36.2 Intensity In Single-Slit Diffraction 1153 36.3 Diffraction By A Circular Aperture 1158 36.4 Diffraction By A Double Slit 1162 36.5 Diffraction Gratings 1166 36.6 Gratings: Dispersion and Resolving Power 1170 36.7 X-Ray Diffraction 1173 37 Relativity 1186 37.1 Simultaneity and Time Dilation 1186 37.2 The Relativity of Length 1196 37.3 The Lorentz Transformation 1199 37.4 The Relativity of Velocities 1204 37.5 Doppler Effect For Light 1205 37.6 Momentum and Energy 1209 38 Photons and Matter Waves 1225 38.1 The Photon, The Quantum of Light 1225 38.2 The Photoelectric Effect 1227 38.3 Photons, Momentum, Compton Scattering, Light Interference 1230 38.4 The Birth of Quantum Physics 1236 38.5 Electrons and Matter Waves 1238 38.6 Schrödinger's Equation 1242 38.7 Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle 1244 38.8 Reflection From A Potential Step 1246 38.9 Tunneling Through A Potential Barrier 1248 39 More About Matter Waves 1258 39.1 Energies of A Trapped Electron 1258 39.2 Wave Functions of A Trapped Electron 1264 39.3 An Electron In A Finite Well 1268 39.4 Two- and Three-Dimensional Electron Traps 1270 39.5 The Hydrogen Atom 1275 40 All About Atoms 1293 40.1 Properties of Atoms 1293 40.2 The Stern–Gerlach Experiment 1300 40.3 Magnetic Resonance 1303 40.4 Exclusion Principle and Multiple Electrons In A Trap 1304 40.5 Building The Periodic Table 1308 40.6 X Rays and The Ordering of The Elements 1310 40.7 Lasers 1314 41 Conduction of Electricity in Solids 1327 41.1 The Electrical Properties of Metals 1327 41.2 Semiconductors and Doping 1336 41.3 THE P-N Junction and The Transistor 1341 42 Nuclear Physics 1352 42.1 Discovering The Nucleus 1352 42.2 Some Nuclear Properties 1355 42.3 Radioactive Decay 1362 42.4 Alpha Decay 1365 42.5 Beta Decay 1368 42.6 Radioactive Dating 1371 42.7 Measuring Radiation Dosage 1372 42.8 Nuclear Models 1373 43 Energy from The Nucleus 1385 43.1 Nuclear Fission 1385 43.2 The Nuclear Reactor 1392 43.3 A Natural Nuclear Reactor 1396 43.4 Thermonuclear Fusion: The Basic Process 1398 43.5 Thermonuclear Fusion In The Sun and Other Stars 1400 43.6 Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion 1402 44 Quarks, Leptons, and The Big Bang 1410 44.1 General Properties of Elementary Articles 1410 44.2 Leptons, Hadrons, and Strangeness 1419 44.3 Quarks and Messenger Particles 1425 44.4 Cosmology 1431 Appendices A The International System of Units (SI) A-1 B Some Fundamental Constants of Physics A-3 C Some Astronomical Data A-4 D Conversion Factors A-5 E Mathematical Formulas A-9 F Properties of The Elements A-12 G Periodic Table of The Elements A-15 Answers To Checkpoints and Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems AN-1 Index I-1

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1 Introduction and Mathematical Concepts 1 2 Kinematics in One Dimension 29 3 Kinematics in Two Dimensions 59 4 Forces and Newton’s Laws of Motion 86 5 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion 131 6 Work and Energy 158 7 Impulse and Momentum 191 8 Rotational Kinematics 218 9 Rotational Dynamics 243 10 Simple Harmonic Motion and Elasticity 280 11 Fluids 316 12 Temperature and Heat 356 13 The Transfer of Heat 394 14 The Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory 416 15 Thermodynamics 441 16 Waves and Sound 478 17 The Principle of Linear Superposition and Interference Phenomena 513 18 Electric Forces and Electric Fields 541 19 Electric Potential Energy and the Electric Potential 578 20 Electric Circuits 609 21 Magnetic Forces and Magnetic Fields 653 22 Electromagnetic Induction 693 23 Alternating Current Circuits 733 24 Electromagnetic Waves 759 25 The Reflection of Light: Mirrors 788 26 The Refraction of Light: Lenses and Optical Instruments 813 27 Interference and the Wave Nature of Light 860 28 Special Relativity 893 29 Particles and Waves 920 30 The Nature of the Atom 945 31 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity 979 32 Ionizing Radiation, Nuclear Energy, and Elementary Particles 1007

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsVolume 1 1 Measurement 2 Motion Along a Straight Line 3 Vectors 4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions 5 Force and Motion—I 6 Force and Motion—II 7 Kinetic Energy and Work 8 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum 10 Rotation 11 Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum 12 Equilibrium and Elasticity 13 Gravitation 14 Fluids 15 Oscillations 16 Waves—I 17 Waves—II 18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics 19 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 20 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Volume 2 21 Coulomb’s Law 22 Electric Fields 23 Gauss’ Law 24 Electric Potential 25 Capacitance 26 Current and Resistance 27 Circuits 28 Magnetic Fields 29 Magnetic Fields Due to Currents 30 Induction and Inductance 31 Electromagnetic Oscillations and Alternating Current 32 Maxwell’s Equations; Magnetism of Matter 33 Electromagnetic Waves 34 Images 35 Interference 36 Diffraction 37 Relativity 38 Photons and Matter Waves 39 More About Matter Waves 40 All About Atoms 41 Conduction of Electricity in Solids 42 Nuclear Physics 43 Energy from the Nucleus 44 Quarks, Leptons, and the Big Bang

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsVolume 1 1 Measurement 2 Motion Along a Straight Line 3 Vectors 4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions 5 Force and Motion—I 6 Force and Motion—II 7 Kinetic Energy and Work 8 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum 10 Rotation 11 Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum 12 Equilibrium and Elasticity 13 Gravitation 14 Fluids 15 Oscillations 16 Waves—I 17 Waves—II 18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Lawof Thermodynamics 19 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 20 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Volume 2 21 Coulomb’s Law 22 Electric Fields 23 Gauss’ Law 24 Electric Potential 25 Capacitance 26 Current and Resistance 27 Circuits 28 Magnetic Fields 29 Magnetic Fields Due to Currents 30 Induction and Inductance 31 Electromagnetic Oscillations and Alternating Current 32 Maxwell’s Equations; Magnetism of Matter 33 Electromagnetic Waves 34 Images 35 Interference 36 Diffraction 37 Relativity 38 Photons and Matter Waves 39 More About Matter Waves 40 All About Atoms 41 Conduction of Electricity in Solids 42 Nuclear Physics 43 Energy from the Nucleus 44 Quarks, Leptons, and the Big Bang

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsVolume 1 1 Measurement 2 Motion Along a Straight Line 3 Vectors 4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions 5 Force and Motion—I 6 Force and Motion—II 7 Kinetic Energy and Work 8 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum 10 Rotation 11 Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum 12 Equilibrium and Elasticity 13 Gravitation 14 Fluids 15 Oscillations 16 Waves—I 17 Waves—II 18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics 19 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 20 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Volume 2 21 Coulomb’s Law 22 Electric Fields 23 Gauss’ Law 24 Electric Potential 25 Capacitance 26 Current and Resistance 27 Circuits 28 Magnetic Fields 29 Magnetic Fields Due to Currents 30 Induction and Inductance 31 Electromagnetic Oscillations and Alternating Current 32 Maxwell’s Equations; Magnetism of Matter 33 Electromagnetic Waves 34 Images 35 Interference 36 Diffraction 37 Relativity 38 Photons and Matter Waves 39 More About Matter Waves 40 All About Atoms 41 Conduction of Electricity in Solids 42 Nuclear Physics 43 Energy from the Nucleus 44 Quarks, Leptons, and the Big Bang

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1 Introduction and Mathematical Concepts 1 2 Kinematics in One Dimension 29 3 Kinematics in Two Dimensions 59 4 Forces and Newton’s Laws of Motion 86 5 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion 131 6 Work and Energy 158 7 Impulse and Momentum 191 8 Rotational Kinematics 218 9 Rotational Dynamics 243 10 Simple Harmonic Motion and Elasticity 280 11 Fluids 316 12 Temperature and Heat 356 13 The Transfer of Heat 394 14 The Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory 416 15 Thermodynamics 441 16 Waves and Sound 478 17 The Principle of Linear Superposition and Interference Phenomena 513

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents18 Electric Forces and Electric Fields 541 19 Electric Potential Energy and the Electric Potential 578 20 Electric Circuits 609 21 Magnetic Forces and Magnetic Fields 653 22 Electromagnetic Induction 693 23 Alternating Current Circuits 733 24 Electromagnetic Waves 759 25 The Reflection of Light: Mirrors 788 26 The Refraction of Light: Lenses and Optical Instruments 813 27 Interference and the Wave Nature of Light 860 28 Special Relativity 893 29 Particles and Waves 920 30 The Nature of the Atom 945 31 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity 979 32 Ionizing Radiation, Nuclear Energy, and Elementary Particles 1007

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Book SynopsisRotating Thermal Flows in Natural and Industrial Processes provides the reader with a systematic description of the different types of thermal convection and flow instabilities in rotating systems, as present in materials, crystal growth, thermal engineering, meteorology, oceanography, geophysics and astrophysics.Trade Review“Given such a comprehensive review on this topic, this book can be highly recommended to crystal growth Researchers . . . It is also an ideal handbook for graduate students and researchers working in the field of fluid mechanics, geophysical and astrophysical fluid dynamics, thermal, mechanical and material science and engineering.” (Journal of Experimental and Industrial Crystallography, 1 May 2013) “It will be a useful resource for researchers in the appropriate fields of physics. An extensive, 36-page list of references supports the text. Summing Up: Recommended. Researchers and professionals.” (Choice, 1 June 2013) “As such, it should henceforth be considered as a reference work for any student, engineer and researcher in fluid mechanics, interested in either broadening their knowledge or in delving into one of the numerous subjects of interest developed here.” (The International Journal of Geophysical & Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics, 1 April 2013)Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xvii 1 Equations, General Concepts and Nondimensional Numbers 1 1.1 The Navier-Stokes and Energy Equations 1 1.1.1 The Continuity Equation 2 1.1.2 The Momentum Equation 2 1.1.3 The Total Energy Equation 2 1.1.4 The Budget of Internal Energy 3 1.1.5 Closure Models 3 1.2 Some Considerations about the Dynamics of Vorticity 5 1.2.1 Vorticity and Circulation 5 1.2.2 Vorticity in Two Dimensions 7 1.2.3 Vorticity Over a Spherical Surface 8 1.2.4 The Curl of the Momentum Equation 10 1.3 Incompressible Formulation 10 1.4 Buoyancy Convection 13 1.4.1 The Boussinesq Model 13 1.4.2 The Grashof and Rayleigh Numbers 14 1.5 Surface-Tension-Driven Flows 14 1.5.1 Stress Balance 15 1.5.2 The Reynolds and Marangoni Numbers 16 1.5.3 The Microgravity Environment 18 1.6 Rotating Systems: The Coriolis and Centrifugal Forces 19 1.6.1 Generalized Gravity 20 1.6.2 The Coriolis, Taylor and Rossby Numbers 21 1.6.3 The Geostrophic Flow Approximation 22 1.6.4 The Taylor–Proudman Theorem 23 1.6.5 Centrifugal and Stratification Effects: The Froude Number 23 1.6.6 The Rossby Deformation Radius 24 1.7 Some Elementary Effects due to Rotation 25 1.7.1 The Origin of Cyclonic and Anticyclonic flows 25 1.7.2 The Ekman Layer 26 1.7.3 Ekman Spiral 28 1.7.4 Ekman Pumping 28 1.7.5 The Stewartson Layer 30 2 Rayleigh-Benard Convection with Rotation 33 2.1 Rayleigh-Benard Convection with Rotation in Infinite Layers 34 2.1.1 Linear Stability Analysis 35 2.1.2 Asymptotic Analysis 36 2.2 The Kuppers-Lortz Instability and Domain Chaos 38 2.3 Patterns with Squares 41 2.4 Typical Phenomena for Pr= 2.4.1 Spiral Defect Chaos and Chiral Symmetry 42 2.4.2 The Interplay between the Busse Balloon and the KL Instability 45 2.5 The Low-Pr Hopf Bifurcation and Mixed States 48 2.5.1 Standing and Travelling Rolls 50 2.5.2 Patterns with the Symmetry of Square and Hexagonal Lattices 52 2.5.3 Other Asymptotic Analyses 55 2.5.4 Nature and Topology of the Bifurcation Lines in the Space of Parameters (Pr) 56 2.6 Laterally Confined Convection 58 2.6.1 The First Bifurcation and Wall Modes 60 2.6.2 The Second Bifurcation and Bulk Convection 63 2.6.3 Square Patterns Driven by Nonlinear Interactions between Bulk and Wall Modes 64 2.6.4 Square Patterns as a Nonlinear Combination of Bulk Fourier Eigenmodes 67 2.6.5 Higher-Order Bifurcations 69 2.7 Centrifugal Effects 71 2.7.1 Stably Thermally Stratified Systems 71 2.7.2 Interacting Thermogravitational and Centrifugally Driven Flows 74 2.7.3 The Effect of the Centrifugal Force on Domain Chaos 84 2.8 Turbulent Rotating RB Convection 86 2.8.1 The Origin of the Large-scale Circulation 87 2.8.2 Rotating Vortical Plumes 89 2.8.3 Classification of Flow Regimes 91 2.8.4 Suppression of Large-scale Flow and Heat Transfer Enhancement 98 2.8.5 Prandtl Number Effects 102 3 Spherical Shells, Rossby Waves and Centrifugally Driven Thermal Convection 107 3.1 The Coriolis Effect in Atmosphere Dynamics 107 3.1.1 The Origin of the Zonal Winds 107 3.1.2 The Rossby Waves 110 3.2 Self-Gravitating Rotating Spherical Shells 114 3.2.1 Columnar Convective Patterns 115 3.2.2 A Mechanism for Generating Differential Rotation 119 3.2.3 Higher-Order Modes of Convection 121 3.2.4 Equatorially Attached Modes of Convection 126 3.2.5 Polar Convection 127 3.3 Centrifugally Driven Thermal Convection 128 4 The Baroclinic Problem 135 4.1 Energetics of Convection and Heuristic Arguments 136 4.2 Linear Stability Analysis: The Classical Eady’s Model 139 4.3 Extensions of the Eady’s model 148 4.4 Fully Developed Nonlinear Waveforms 154 4.5 The Influence of the Prandtl Number 162 4.6 The Route to Chaos 166 4.7 Hybrid Baroclinic Flows 172 4.8 Elementary Application to Atmospheric Dynamics 175 4.8.1 Spiralling Eddy Structures 176 4.8.2 The Baroclinic Life-Cycle and the ‘Barotropization’ Mechanism 177 4.8.3 The Predictability of Weather and Climate Systems 179 5 The Quasi-Geostrophic Theory 183 5.1 The Potential Vorticity Perspective 183 5.1.1 The Rossby-Ertel’s Potential Vorticity 183 5.1.2 The Quasi-Geostrophic (QG) Pseudo-Potential Vorticity 184 5.2 The Perturbation Energy Equation 189 5.3 Derivation of Necessary Conditions for Instability 191 5.3.1 The Rayleigh’s Criterion 192 5.3.2 The Charney–Stern Theorem 193 5.4 A Generalization of the Potential Vorticity Concept 195 5.4.1 The Origin of the Sheets of Potential Vorticity 196 5.4.2 Gradients of Potential Vorticity in the Interior 199 5.5 The Concept of Interlevel Interaction 201 5.6 The Counter-Propagating Rossby-Wave Perspective on Baroclinic Instability 205 5.6.1 The Heuristic Interpretation 206 5.6.2 A Mathematical Framework for the ‘Action-at-a-Distance’ Dynamics 208 5.6.3 Extension and Rederivation of Earlier Results 211 5.7 Barotropic Instability 215 5.8 Extensions of the CRW Perspective 218 5.9 The Over-reflection Theory and Its Connections to Other Theoretical Models 222 5.10 Nonmodal Growth, Optimal Perturbations and Resonance 225 5.11 Limits of the CRW Theory 229 6 Planetary Patterns 231 6.1 Jet Sets 232 6.2 A Rigorous Categorization of Hypotheses and Models 236 6.3 The Weather-Layer Approach 237 6.4 The Physical Mechanism of Vortex Merging 238 6.4.1 The Critical Core Size 240 6.4.2 Metastability and the Axisymmetrization Principle 241 6.4.3 Topology of the Streamline Pattern and Its Evolution 242 6.5 Freely Decaying Turbulence 246 6.5.1 Two-dimensional Turbulence 246 6.5.2 Invariants, Inertial Range and Phenomenological Theory 247 6.5.3 The Vortex-Dominated Evolution Stage 250 6.6 Geostrophic Turbulence 254 6.6.1 Relationship with 2D Turbulence 254 6.6.2 Vortex Stretching and 3D Instabilities 256 6.7 The Reorientation of the Inverse Cascade into Zonal Modes 258 6.7.1 A Subdivision of the Spectrum: Rossby Waves and Turbulent Eddies 258 6.7.2 Anisotropic Dispersion and Weak Nonlinear Interaction 259 6.7.3 The Stability of Zonal Mean Flow 262 6.8 Baroclinic Effects, Stochasting Forcing and Barotropization 262 6.9 Hierarchy of Models and Scales 264 6.9.1 The Role of Friction 264 6.9.2 The One-Layer Perspective and the Barotropic Equation 265 6.9.3 Classification of Models 266 6.9.4 Characteristic Wavenumbers 267 6.10 One-Layer Model 268 6.10.1 Historical Background 268 6.10.2 The Wavenumber Sub-space 276 6.11 Barotropicity, Baroclinicity and Multilayer Models 278 6.11.1 Eddy Variability and Zonally Averaged Properties 279 6.11.2 Polygonal Wave Structures 283 6.12 The Ocean–Jupiter Connection 286 6.13 Wave–Mean-Flow Dynamics 287 6.13.1 The Barotropic Instability of Rossby Waves 288 6.13.2 The Transition from Inflectional to Triad Resonance Instability 291 6.13.3 Destabilization of Mixed Rossby–Gravity Waves 296 6.13.4 Relaxation of the Triad Resonance Condition 299 6.13.5 Interaction with Critical Lines 300 6.14 Solitary Vortex Dynamics 302 6.14.1 The Zoo of Vortex Instabilities on the f-Plane 302 6.14.2 Free Vortices on the β Plane 309 6.14.3 Gyres and Rossby-Wave-Induced Gradual Vortex Decay 311 6.14.4 The Influence of Zonal Flow on Vortex Stability 317 6.15 Penetrative Convection Model 323 6.15.1 Limits of the Shallow Layer Approach 323 6.15.2 Differential Rotation and Deep Geostrophic Convection 324 6.16 Extension and Unification of Existing Theories and Approaches 330 6.16.1 The Classical Bowl-Based Experiment 330 6.16.2 Models with B Sign Reversal 333 6.16.3 Models with Scaling Discontinuities 337 6.16.4 Open Points and Future Directions of Research 342 7 Surface-Tension-Driven Flows in Rotating Fluids 345 7.1 Marangoni–Benard Convection 346 7.1.1 Classical Patterns and Theories 346 7.1.2 Stationary and Oscillatory Flows with Rotation 347 7.2 The Return Flow 352 7.3 The Hydrothermal Instability 354 7.3.1 A LSA Including the Effect of Rotation 356 7.4 The Annular Pool 360 7.4.1 Liquid Metals and Semiconductor Melts 363 7.4.2 Travelling and Stationary Waves 365 7.4.3 Transparent Organic Liquids 366 7.4.4 Modification of the Fundamental Hydrothermal Mechanism 368 8 Crystal Growth from the Melt and Rotating Machinery 371 8.1 The Bridgman Method 372 8.2 The Floating Zone 382 8.2.1 The Liquid Bridge 383 8.2.2 Rotating Liquid Bridge with Infinite Axial Extent 385 8.2.3 Rotation, Standing Waves and Travelling Waves 386 8.2.4 Self-Induced Rotation and PAS 390 8.3 The Czochralski Method 394 8.3.1 Spoke and Wave Patterns 396 8.3.2 Mixed Baroclinic-Hydrothermal States 399 8.3.3 Other Effects, Cold Plumes and Oscillating Jets 406 8.3.4 Geostrophic Turbulence 411 8.4 Rotating Machinery 413 8.4.1 The Taylor–Couette Flow 413 8.4.2 Cylinders with Rotating Endwalls 422 9 Rotating Magnetic Fields 431 9.1 Physical Principles and Characteristic Numbers 432 9.1.1 The Hartmann, Reynolds and Magnetic Taylor Numbers 432 9.1.2 The Swirling Flow 434 9.2 Stabilization of Thermo-gravitational Flows 438 9.3 Stabilization of Surface-Tension-Driven Flows 442 9.4 Combining Rotation and RMF 446 10 Angular Vibrations and Rocking Motions 449 10.1 Equations and Relevant Parameters 450 10.1.1 Characteristic Numbers 453 10.1.2 The Mechanical Equilibrium 454 10.2 The Infinite Layer 454 10.2.1 The Stability of the Equilibrium State 455 10.2.2 Combined Translational-Rotational Vibrations 460 10.3 The Vertical Coaxial Gap 462 10.4 Application to Vertical Bridgman Crystal Growth 467 References 473 Index 509 509 509

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Book SynopsisPhysics of Energy Sourcesprovides readers with a balanced presentation of the fundamental physics needed to understand and analyze conventional and renewable energy sources including nuclear, solar, wind and water power. It also presents various ways in which energy can be stored for future use.Table of ContentsEditors’ preface to the Manchester Physics Series xiAuthor’s preface xiii1 Introduction 11.1 Energy consumption 11.2 Energy sources 31.3 Renewable and non-renewable energy sources 51.4 The form and conversion of energy 61.4.1 Thermal energy sources 71.4.2 Mechanical energy sources 71.4.3 Photovoltaic sources 71.4.4 Energy storage 8Problems 1 92 The atomic nucleus 112.1 The composition and properties of nuclei 122.1.1 The composition of nuclei 122.1.2 The size of a nucleus 142.1.3 The distributions of nuclear matter and charge 192.1.4 The mass of a nucleus 212.1.5 The charge of a nucleus 242.1.6 Nuclear binding energy 272.1.7 Binding energy curve of the nuclides 302.1.8 The semi-empirical mass formula 322.2 Nuclear forces and energies 352.2.1 Characteristics of the nuclear force 352.2.2 Nuclear energies 362.2.3 Quantum mechanical description of a particle in a potential well 392.3 Radioactivity and nuclear stability 472.3.1 Segré chart of the stable nuclides 482.3.2 Decay laws of radioactivity 492.3.3 α, β and γ decay 57Problems 2 673 Nuclearpower 713.1 How to get energy from the nucleus 713.2 Nuclear reactions 733.2.1 Nuclear reactions 733.2.2 Q-value of a nuclear reaction 743.2.3 Reaction cross-sections and reaction rates 763.3 Nuclear fission 823.3.1 Liquid-drop model of nuclear fission 833.3.2 Induced nuclear fission 863.3.3 Fission cross-sections 873.3.4 Fission reactions and products 883.3.5 Energy in fission 903.3.6 Moderation of fast neutrons 923.3.7 Uranium enrichment 933.4 Controlled fission reactions 973.4.1 Chain reactions 973.4.2 Control of fission reactions 1013.4.3 Fission reactors 1033.4.4 Commercial nuclear reactors 1053.4.5 Nuclear waste 1073.5 Nuclear fusion 1093.5.1 Fusion reactions 1103.5.2 Energy in fusion 1113.5.3 Coulomb barrier for nuclear fusion 1133.5.4 Fusion reaction rates 1133.5.5 Performance criteria 1153.5.6 Controlled thermonuclear fusion 117Problems 3 1234 Solar power 1274.1 Stellar fusion 1284.1.1 Star formation and evolution 1284.1.2 Thermonuclear fusion in the Sun: the proton–proton cycle 1314.1.3 Solar radiation 1324.2 Blackbody radiation 1344.2.1 Laws of blackbody radiation 1354.2.2 Emissivity 1374.2.3 Birth of the photon 1414.3 Solar radiation and its interaction with the Earth 1454.3.1 Characteristics of solar radiation 1454.3.2 Interaction of solar radiation with Earth and its atmosphere 1474.3.3 Penetration of solar energy into the ground 1554.4 Geothermal energy 1594.4.1 Shallow geothermal energy 1604.4.2 Deep geothermal energy 1614.5 Solar heaters 1624.5.1 Solar water heaters 1624.5.2 Heat transfer processes 1654.5.3 Solar thermal power systems 1724.6 Heat engines: converting heat into work 1744.6.1 Equation of state of an ideal gas 1754.6.2 Internal energy, work and heat: the first law of thermodynamics 1774.6.3 Specific heats of gases 1814.6.4 Isothermal and adiabatic expansion 1834.6.5 Heat engines and the second law of thermodynamics 185Problems 4 1965 Semiconductor solar cells 2015.1 Introduction 2015.2 Semiconductors 2045.2.1 The band structure of crystalline solids 2045.2.2 Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors 2085.3 The p–n junction 2145.3.1 The p–n junction in equilibrium 2145.3.2 The biased p–n junction 2175.3.3 The current–voltage characteristic of a p–n junction 2195.3.4 Electron and hole concentrations in a semiconductor 2225.3.5 The Fermi energy in a p–n junction 2275.4 Semiconductor solar cells 2295.4.1 Photon absorption at a p–n junction 2295.4.2 Power generation by a solar cell 2315.4.3 Maximum power delivery from a solar cell 2355.4.4 The Shockley–Queisser limit 2385.4.5 Solar cell construction 2405.4.6 Increasing the efficiency of solar cells and alternative solar cell materials 243Problems 5 2486 Windpower 2516.1 A brief history of wind power 2516.2 Origin and directions of the wind 2536.2.1 The Coriolis force 2536.3 The flow of ideal fluids 2566.3.1 The continuity equation 2576.3.2 Bernoulli’s equation 2586.4 Extraction of wind power by a turbine 2636.4.1 The Betz criterion 2656.4.2 Action of wind turbine blades 2686.5 Wind turbine design and operation 2716.6 Siting of a wind turbine 277Problems 6 2807 Water power 2837.1 Hydroelectric power 2847.1.1 The hydroelectric plant and its principles of operation 2847.1.2 Flow of a viscous fluid in a pipe 2867.1.3 Hydroelectric turbines 2887.2 Wave power 2917.2.1 Wave motion 2927.2.2 Water waves 3067.2.3 Wave energy converters 3197.3 Tidal power 3247.3.1 Origin of the tides 3257.3.2 Variation and enhancement of tidal range 3357.3.3 Harnessing tidal power 341Problems 7 3468 Energy storage 3498.1 Types of energy storage 3508.2 Chemical energy storage 3518.2.1 Biological energy storage 3518.2.2 Hydrogen energy storage 3518.3 Thermal energy storage 3528.4 Mechanical energy storage 3558.4.1 Pumped hydroelectric energy storage 3558.4.2 Compressed air energy storage 3578.4.3 Flywheel energy storage 3618.5 Electrical energy storage 3648.5.1 Capacitors and super-capacitors 3658.5.2 Superconducting magnetic storage 3678.5.3 Rechargeable batteries 3688.5.4 Fuel cells 3708.6 Distribution of electrical power 372Problems 8 374Solutions to problems 377Index 397

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Book SynopsisIncompressible Flow The latest edition of the classic introduction to fluid dynamics This textbook offers a detailed study of fluid dynamics. Equal emphasis is given to physical concepts, mathematical methods, and illustrative flow patterns. The book begins with a precise and careful formulation of physical concepts followed by derivations of the laws governing the motion of an arbitrary fluid, the Navier-Stokes equations. Throughout, there is an emphasis on scaling variables and dimensional analysis. Incompressible flow is presented as an asymptotic expansion of solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations with low Mach numbers and arbitrary Reynolds numbers. The different physical behaviors of flows with low, medium, and high Reynolds number are thoroughly investigated. Additionally, several special introductory chapters are provided on lubrication theory, flow stability, and turbulence. In the Fifth Edition, a chapter on gas dynamics has been added. Gas dynamics

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Book SynopsisMaster physics with Debora Katz's new, ground-breaking calculus-based physics program, PHYSICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS: FOUNDATIONS AND CONNECTIONS. Dr. Katz's one-of-a-kind case study approach enables you to connect math and physics concepts in a modern, interactive way. By leveraging physics education research (PER) best practices and her extensive classroom experience, Debora Katz addresses the areas where students like you struggle the most: linking physics to the real world, overcoming common preconceptions, and connecting the concept being taught with the mathematical steps to follow. How Dr. Katz deals with these challengeswith case studies, student dialogues, and detailed two-column examplesdistinguishes this text from any other and will assist you in going beyond the quantitative to master your physics course.Table of ContentsPART I: CLASSICAL MECHANICS. 1. Getting Started. 2. One-Dimensional Motion. 3. Vectors. 4. Two- and Three-Dimensional Motion. 5. Newton���s Laws of Motion. 6. Applications of Newton���s Laws of Motion. 7. Gravity. 8. Conservation of Energy. 9. Energy in Nonisolated Systems. 10. Systems of Particles and Conservation of Momentum. 11. Collisions. 12. Rotation I: Kinematics and Dynamics. 13. Rotation II: A Conservation Approach. PART II: MECHANICS OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS. 14. Static Equilibrium, Elasticity, and Fracture. 15. Fluids. 16. Oscillations. 17. Traveling Waves. 18. Superposition and Standing Waves. 19. Temperature, Thermal Expansion, and Gas Laws. 20. Kinetic Theory of Gases. 21. Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics. 22. Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. PART III: ELECTRICITY. 23. Electric Forces. 24. Electric Fields. 25. Gauss���s Law. 26. Electric Potential. 27. Capacitors and Batteries. 28. Current and Resistance. 29. Direct Current (DC) Circuits. PART IV: MAGNETISM. 30. Magnetic Fields and Forces. 31. Gauss���s Law for Magnetism and Amp��re���s Law. 32. Faraday���s Law of Induction. 33. Inductors and AC Circuits. 34. Maxwell���s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves. PART V: LIGHT. 35. Diffraction and Interference. 36. Applications of the Wave Model. 37. Reflection and Images Formed by Reflection. 38. Refraction and Images Formed by Refraction. PART VI: 20TH CENTURY PHYSICS. 39. Relativity. 40. The Origin of Quantum Physics 41. Schr��dinger's Equation 42. Atoms 43. Nuclear and Particle Physics. Appendix A. Mathematics. Appendix B. Reference Tables. Periodic Table of the Elements. Answers to Concept Exercises and Odd-Numbered Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisIf you've ever wondered whether you have what it takes to be the ultimate human-machine hero, then this book is for you.Trade Review"Back in the sixties, when I first dreamed up the concept of Iron Man, I thought, 'What if a man had a suit of armor, like the knights of old - but modern armor that housed all sorts of miniaturized, technical weaponry? Such a man would seem to be the ultimate superhero.' At first, I didn't give much thought to what that suit of armor might mean to the man inside - how it might affect his body and/or his brain and subtly blur the line between human and machine. But now, almost 40 years later, E. Paul Zehr has tackled that very subject. Inventing Iron Man is his fascinating vision of the real life implications of my original concept." (Stan Lee, comic icon and creator of Iron Man) "E. Paul Zehr, surely one of the coolest of professors, has done something interesting, enlightening, and maybe just a bit quixotic; he has built a bridge between the fantasy science of superhero comics and the eyes-front innovations of real-life technological innovators." (Dennis O'Neil, Iron Man writer and editor)"Table of ContentsForeword, by Warren EllisPreface: The Stark Reality of RoboticsPart I: It's More Than Skin Deep: Tony learns to live inside a suit of iron1. Origins of the Iron Knight: Bionics, Robotic Armor, and Anthropomorphic Suits2. Building the Body with Biology: When the Man of Metal Needs to Muscle In3. Accessing the Brain of the Armored Avenger: Can We Connect the Cranium to a Computer?The First De cades of Iron: "He Lives! He Walks! He Conquers!"Part II: Use It or Lose It: Will time tarnish the Golden Avenger?4. Multitasking and the Metal Man: How Much Can Iron Man's Mind Manage?5. Softening Up a Superhero: Why the Man with a Suit of Iron Could Get a Jelly Belly6. Brain Drain: Will Tony's Gray Matter Give Way?The Next De cades of Iron: "I Can Envision the Future"Part III: Armored Avenger in Action: If we build it, what will come?7. Trials and Tribulations of the Tin Man: What Happens When the Human Machine Breaks Down8. Visions of the Vitruvian Man: Is Invention Really Only One Part Inspiration?9. Deal or No Deal? Could Iron Man Exist?Appendix: Ten Momentous Moments of the Metal ManBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisExploring the potential for extraterrestrial life and the origins of our own planet, this comprehensive introduction to astrobiology is updated with the latest findings. Informed by the discoveries and analyses of extrasolar planets and the findings from recent robotic missions across the solar system, scientists are rapidly replacing centuries of speculation about potential extraterrestrial habitats with real knowledge about the possibility of life outside our own biosphereif it exists, and, if so, where. Casting new light on the biggest questions there arehow did we get here, and who else might be out there?this third edition of Kevin W. Plaxco and Michael Gross's widely acclaimed Astrobiology incorporates a decade's worth of new developments in space to bring readers the most comprehensive, up-to-date, and engaging introduction to the field available. Plaxco and Gross examine the factors that make our Universe habitable, from the origin of chemical elements and the formation of Trade ReviewI did not find a single page in this book that did not attract my interest.—Anna Faktorovich, Pennsylvania Literary JournalTable of ContentsPreface AcknowledgmentsChapter 1. What Is Life?Chapter 2. Origins of a Habitable UniverseChapter 3. Origins of a Habitable PlanetChapter 4. Primordial SoupChapter 5. The Spark of LifeChapter 6. From Molecules to CellsChapter 7. A Concise History of Life on EarthChapter 8. Life on the EdgeChapter 9. Habitable Worlds in the Solar System and BeyondChapter 10. The Search for ETEpilogueGlossaryIndex

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Book SynopsisThe new QuickStudy Booklets cover the key information on some of the toughest courses today, helping students boost their grades. The books are presented in the clear, concise format readers have come to expect from QuickStudy. Everything you need to know about Physics.

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Book SynopsisEssential terminology for Physics study pulled together in one guide to maximize success in College and High School courses. Succinct definitions by our resident Harvard Ph.D., Chemistry author and professor ensure the usefulness of this handy guide from high school to college.

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