Physics Books

Book SynopsisThe fascinating story of science in pursuit of the ghostly, ubiquitous subatomic particle—the neutrino.Isaac Asimov once observed of the neutrino: “The only reason scientists suggested its existence was their need to make calculations come out even. And yet the nothing-particle was not a nothing at all.” In fact, as one of the most enigmatic and most populous particles in the universe—about 100 trillion are flying through you every second—the neutrino may hold the clues to some of our deepest cosmic mysteries. In Ghost Particle, Alan Chodos and James Riordon recount the dramatic history of the neutrino—from the initial suggestion that the particle was merely a desperate solution to a puzzle that threatened to undermine the burgeoning field of particle physics to its modern role in illuminating the universe via neutrino telescopes. Alan Chodos and James Riordon are deft and engaging guides as they conduct readers thr

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Book SynopsisThe intricacies, politics, and prospects of international cooperation, particularly with China, to address climate change.No country in the world releases more greenhouse gases than China. And no country has a greater capacity—and ambition—to mitigate climate change. This deeply informed, urgently needed book examines the global cooperation such a monumental effort demands and inspires, necessarily focusing on China’s outsize role in the development and dissemination of clean energy technologies. Drawing on decades of work in clean energy and climate technology and policy, Joanna Lewis provides a clear and thorough account of the motivations, science, and politics behind international clean energy technology collaboration—and an in-depth look at why different clean energy partnerships result in different political and technological outcomes. The first comprehensive analysis of international clean energy partnerships with China, Coo

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Book SynopsisA fun and fascinating look at great scientific paradoxes.Throughout history, scientists have come up with theories and ideas that just don't seem to make sense. These we call paradoxes. The paradoxes Al-Khalili offers are drawn chiefly from physics and astronomy and represent those that have stumped some of the finest minds. For example, how can a cat be both dead and alive at the same time?  Why will Achilles never beat a tortoise in a race, no matter how fast he runs? And how can a person be ten years older than his twin?With elegant explanations that bring the reader inside the mind of those who've developed them, Al-Khalili helps us to see that, in fact, paradoxes can be solved if seen from the right angle. Just as surely as Al-Khalili narrates the enduring fascination of these classic paradoxes, he reveals their underlying logic. In doing so, he brings to life a select group of the most exciting concepts in human knowledge. Paradox is mind-e

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Book SynopsisAbout our author James Walker obtained his Ph.D. in theoretical physics from the University of Washington in 1978. He subsequently served as a post-doc at the University of Pennsylvania, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the University of California at San Diego before joining the physics faculty at Western Washington University. Professor Walker's research interests include statistical mechanics, critical phenomena, and chaos. His many publications on the application of renormalization-group theory to systems ranging from absorbed monolayers to binary-fluid mixtures have appeared in Physical Review, Physical Review Letters, Physica, and a host of other publications. He has also participated in observations on the summit of Mauna Kea, looking for evidence of extra-solar planets. Jim Walker likes to work with students at all levels, from judging elementary school science fairs to writing research papers with graduate students, and has tauTable of ContentsPhysics, 5th Edition includes Chapters 1-32 but is also available as 2 separate volumes: Volume 1 contains Chapters 1-18 Volume 2 contains Chapters 19-32 Introduction to Physics I. MECHANICS One-Dimensional Kinematics Vectors in Physics Two-Dimensional Kinematics Newtons Laws of Motion Applications of Newtons Laws Work and Kinetic Energy Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy Linear Momentum and Collisions Rotational Kinematics and Energy Rotational Dynamics and Static Equilibrium Gravity Oscillations About Equilibrium Waves and Sound Fluids II. THERMAL PHYSICS Temperature and Heat Phases and Phase Changes The Laws of Thermodynamics III. ELECTROMAGNETISM Electric Charges, Forces, and Fields Electric Potential and Electric Potential Energy Electric Current and Direct-Current Circuits Magnetism Magnetic Flux and Faradays Law of Induction Alternating-Current Circuits IV. LIGHT AND OPTICS Electromagnetic Waves Geometrical Optics Optical Instruments Physical Optics: Interference and Diffraction V. MODERN PHYSICS Relativity Quantum Physics Atomic Physics Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Radiation

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Book SynopsisA fun, dazzling exploration of the strange numbers that illuminate the ultimate nature of reality.For particularly brilliant theoretical physicists like James Clerk Maxwell, Paul Dirac, or Albert Einstein, the search for mathematical truths led to strange new understandings of the ultimate nature of reality. But what are these truths? What are the mysterious numbers that explain the universe? In Fantastic Numbers and Where to Find Them, the leading theoretical physicist and YouTube star Antonio Padilla takes us on an irreverent cosmic tour of nine of the most extraordinary numbers in physics, offering a startling picture of how the universe works. These strange numbers include Graham's number, which is so large that if you thought about it in the wrong way, your head would collapse into a singularity; TREE(3), whose finite nature can never be definitively proved, because to do so would take so much time that the universe would experience a Poincaré Rec

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"This is not a physics book. It is a history of where the equation [E=mc2] came from and how it has changed the world. After a short chapter on the equation's birth, Bodanis presents its five symbolic ancestors in sequence, each with its own chapter and each with rich human stories of achievement and failure, encouragement and duplicity, love and rivalry, politics and revenge. Readers meet not only famous scientists at their best and worst but also such famous and infamous characters as Voltaire and Marat...Bodanis includes detailed, lively and fascinating back matter...His acknowledgements end, 'I loved writing this book.' It shows." —The Cleveland Plain Dealer"E=mc2, focusing on the 1905 theory of special relativity, is just what its subtitle says it is: a biography of the world's most famous equation, and it succeeds beautifully. For the first time, I really feel that I understand the meaning and implications of that equation, as Bodanis takes us through each symbol separately, including the = sign...there is a great 'aha!' awaiting the lay reader." —St. Louis Post-Dispatch"'The equation that changed everything' is familiar to even the most physics-challenged, but it remains a fuzzy abstraction to most. Science writer Bodanis makes it a lot more clear." —Discover"Excellent...With wit and style, he explains every factor in the world's most famous and least understood equation....Every page is rich with surprising anecdotes about everything from Einstein's youth to the behind-the-scenes workings of the Roosevelt administration. Here's a prediction: E=mc2 is one of those odd, original, and handsomely written books that will prove more popular than even its publisher suspects." —Nashville Scene"You'll learn more in these 300 pages about folks like Faraday, Lavoisier, Davy and Rutherford than you will in many a science course...a clearly written, astonishingly understandable book that celebrates human achievement and provides some idea of the underlying scientific orderliness and logic that guides the stars and rules the universe." —Parade"Bodanis truly has a gift for bringing his subject matter to life." —Library Journal [starred review]"Entertaining...With anecdotes and illustrations, Bodanis effectively opens up E=mc2 to the widest audience." —Booklist"Accessible...he seeks, and deserves, many readers who know no physics. They'll learn a handful-more important, they'll enjoy it, and pick up a load of biographical and cultural curios along the way." —Publishers WeeklyTable of ContentsPrefacePart 1: Birth1. Bern Patent Office, 1905Part 2: Ancestors of E=mc²2. E is for Energy3. =4. m Is for mass5. c Is for celeritas6. ²Part 3: The Early Years7. Einstein and the Equation8. Into the Atom9. Quiet in the Midday SnowPart 4: Adulthood10. Germany's Turn11. Norway12. America's Turn13. 8:16 AM - Over JapanPart 5: Til the End of Time14. The Fires of the Sun15. Creating the Earth16. A Brahmin Lifts His Eyes Unto the SkyEpilogue: What Else Einstein DidAppendix: Follow-Up of Other Key ParticipantsNotesGuide to Further ReadingAcknowledgmentsIndex

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Book SynopsisThe publication of this fourth edition, more than ten years on from the publication of Radiation Therapy Physics third edition, provides a comprehensive and valuable update to the educational offerings in this field. Led by a new team of highly esteemed authors, building on Dr Hendee's tradition, Hendee's Radiation Therapy Physics offers a succinctly written, fully modernised update. Radiation physics has undergone many changes in the past ten years: intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) has become a routine method of radiation treatment delivery, digital imaging has replaced film-screen imaging for localization and verification, image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) is frequently used, in many centers proton therapy has become a viable mode of radiation therapy, new approaches have been introduced to radiation therapy quality assurance and safety that focus more on process analysis rather than specific performance testing, and the explosion in patient-anTrade Review"The book is well structured and gives an excellent overview on all practical aspects of modern radiotherapy and the physics involved. The many examples and problems allow for immediate check of the understanding of the text and make it fun to read. The new editors certainly did a very good job in carrying on the tradition of the original book" Physica Medica, Feb 2017. Full review available here "The newly published fourth edition of Hendee’s Radiation Therapy Physics (Authors: Todd Pawlicki, Daniel J. Scanderbeg, George Starkschall) provides an updated overview, analysis and practical guidance of the various aspects of the radiation therapy physics. Published ten years after the publication of the third edition, this book reviews all newly introduced modalities and approaches inRadiation therapy - intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT), digital imaging, CT simulation, proton therapy, radiation therapy informatics. An important part of the book is the focus on the professional approaches in radiation protection, patient safety, quality assurance, quality improvement and even training for residents. The book is written by experts in the field – all three authors are well known professionals working in the field of Radiation Physics and Radiation Medicine. Throughout this book the reader finds scientific, educational and practical information from the very basics of radiation physics to the latest achievements in the field of Radiation Therapy. Each chapter is well structured, giving a good balance between the theoretical and practical aspects. The appendix is dedicated to solving practical problems and provides professional advice, as well as self-tests......This book is both an excellent reference which will be useful in all medical physics departments and at the same time a perfect guidance material for professionals in related specialties. It continues very well the line set by Prof. William Hendee (past IOMP ExCom member). The Content and Structure of the book are excellent. These are really necessary for a book with such coverage and volume. Thefourth edition of Hendee’s Radiation Therapy Physics is yet another fundamental book that will be very useful reference for various specialists for many yearsahead" - Medical Physics World 2016Table of ContentsPreface to the Fourth Edition, vi Preface to the Third Edition, vii Preface to the Second Edition, viii Preface to the First Edition, ix 1 Atomic Structure and Radioactive Decay, 1 2 Interactions of X Rays and Gamma Rays, 16 3 Interactions of Particulate Radiation with Matter, 29 4 Machines for Producing Radiation, 35 5 Measurement of Ionizing Radiation, 57 6 Calibration of Megavoltage Beams of X Rays and Electrons, 77 7 Central-axis Point Dose Calculations, 96 8 External Beam Dose Calculations, 110 9 External Beam Treatment Planning and Delivery, 123 10 The Basics of Medical Imaging, 146 11 Diagnostic Imaging and Applications to Radiation Therapy, 154 12 Tumor Targeting: Image-guided and Adaptive Radiation Therapy, 170 13 Computer Systems, 182 14 Radiation Oncology Informatics, 197 15 Physics of Proton Radiation Therapy, 204 16 Sources for Implant Therapy and Dose Calculation, 215 17 Brachytherapy Treatment Planning, 231 18 Radiation Protection, 248 19 Quality Assurance, 267 20 Patient Safety and Quality Improvement, 294 Appendix: Answers to Selected Problems, 310 Index, 317

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Book SynopsisUtilizes an encyclopedic approach to cover the developments in polyolefins and styrenics during the last decade This book focuses on common types of polymers belonging to the class of polyolefins and styrenics. The text is arranged according to the chemical constitution of polymers and reviews the developments that have taken place in the last decade. A brief introduction to the polymer type is given and previous monographs and reviews dealing with the topic are listed for quick reference. The text continues with monomers, polymerization, fabrication techniques, properties, application, as well as safety issues. Providing a rather encyclopedic approach to polyolefins and styrenics, The Handbook of Engineering and Specialty Thermoplastics: Presents a listing of suppliers and commercial grades Reviews current patent literature, essential for the engineer developing new products Contains as extensive tradenames Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Metathesis Polymers. 1.1 Monomers. 1.2 Polymerization and Fabrication. 1.3 Properties. 1.4 Fabrication Methods. 1.5 Fluorinated Polymers. 1.6 Special Additives. 1.7 Applications. 1.8 Suppliers and Commercial Grades. 1.9 Safety. References. 2 Cyclic Olefin Copolymers. 2.1 Monomers. 2.2 Polymerization and Fabrication. 2.3 Properties. 2.4 Applications. 2.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades. 2.6 Safety. 2.7 Environmental Impact and Recycling. References. 3 Ultra HighMolecularWeight Poly(ethylene). 3.1 Monomers. 3.2 Polymerization and Fabrication. 3.3 Properties. 3.4 Special Additives. 3.5 Applications. 3.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades. 3.7 Safety. References. 4 Poly(methyl)pentene. 4.1 Monomers. 4.2 Polymerization and Fabrication. 4.3 Properties. 4.4 Applications. 4.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades. References. 5 Ionomers. 5.1 Monomers. 5.2 Polymerization and Fabrication. 5.3 Properties. 5.4 Special Additives. 5.5 Applications. 5.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades. References. 6 Poly(isobutylene). 6.1 Monomers. 6.2 Polymerization and Fabrication. 6.3 Properties. 6.4 Special Additives. 6.5 Applications. 6.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades. 6.7 Environmental Impact and Recycling. References. 7 Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymers. 7.1 Monomers. 7.2 Polymerization and Fabrication. 7.3 Properties. 7.4 Applications. 7.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades. References. 8 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Polymers. 8.1 Monomers. 8.2 Polymerization and Fabrication. 8.3 Properties. 8.4 Special Additives. 8.5 Applications. 8.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades. 8.7 Safety. 8.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling. References. 9 High Impact Poly(styrene). 9.1 Monomers. 9.2 Polymerization and Fabrication. 9.3 Properties. 9.4 Special Additives. 9.5 Applications. 9.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades. 9.7 Safety. 9.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling. References. 10 Styrene/Acrylonitrile Polymers. 10.1 Monomers. 10.2 Polymerization and Fabrication. 10.3 Properties. 10.4 Special Additives. 10.5 Applications. 10.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades. 10.7 Environmental Impact and Recycling. References. 11 Methyl methacrylate/Butadiene/Styrene Polymers. 11.1 Monomers. 11.2 Polymerization and Fabrication. 11.3 Properties. 11.4 Special Additives. 11.5 Applications. 11.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades. References. 12 Acrylonitrile/Styrene/Acrylate Polymers. 12.1 Monomers. 12.2 Polymerization and Fabrication. 12.3 Properties. 12.4 Special Additives. 12.5 Applications. 12.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades. References. Index. Tradenames. Acronyms. Chemicals. General Index.

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Book SynopsisThis final volume in the Handbook of Engineering and Speciality Thermoplastics covers Nylons and details the developments of the last decade with respect to their polymerization, properties, synthesis, and applications. Volume 4 on Nylons is a unique compilation and covers many of the recent technical research accomplishments in the area of engineering polymers, such as nitrogen containing main chain polymers (Nylons). The book emphasizes the various aspects of preparation, structure, processing, morphology, properties and applications of engineering polymers. Recent advances in the development and characterization of multi component polymer blends and composites (maco, micro and nano) based on engineering polymers are also be discussed in detail. It covers an up-to-date record on the major findings and observations in the field. This state-of-the-art volume: Has chapters on Polyamide Imides, Polyphthalamides, Polyetherimides, Aromatic PolyamideTable of ContentsList of Contributors xi 1. Engineering and Specialty Thermoplastics: Nylons 1 P. M. Visakh and Sabu Thomas 1.1 Polyamide-imides 1 1.2 Polyetherimide (PEI) 2 1.3 Poly(Ether-Block-Amide) 2 1.4 Aromatic Polyamides 3 1.5 Polyaniline 5 1.6 Polyimides 6 1.7 New Challenges and Opportunities 8 References 9 2. Polyamide Imide 11 Zulkifl i Ahmad 2.1 Introduction and History 11 2.2 Polymerization 13 2.3 Properties 19 2.4 Processing 27 2.5 Applications 30 2.6 Recent development on blends and composite 33 2.7 Conclusions 38 Refernces 38 3. Polyphthalamides 43 J. I. Iribarren, C. Alemán, J. Puiggali 3.1 Introduction and History 43 3.2 Polymerization and Fabrication 47 3.3 Properties 53 3.4 Chemical Stability 61 3.5 Processing 66 3.6 Applications 68 3.7 Developments in polyphthalamide based blends and composites and their applications 71 References 75 4. Polyetherimide 79 Sabrina Carraccio, Concetto Puglisi, and Giorgio Montaudo 4.1 Introduction and Hystory 79 4.2 Polymerization 82 4.3 Properties 88 4.4 Stability 92 4.5 Special Additives 99 4.6 Processing 99 4.7 Applications 101 4.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling 102 4.9 Recent Developments in Polyetherimides Based Blends and Composities 102 References 105 5. Poly(ether-block-amide) Copolymers, Properties and Applications 111 Annarosa Gugliuzza 5.1 Introduction 111 5.2 Synthesis and Micro-phase Separated Morphology 113 5.3 Nomenclature, Properties and Relevant Area Applications 117 5.4 Compounding and Special Additives 122 5.5 Environmental Impact and Recycling 123 5.6 Poly ether-block-amides Membrane in Separation Processes 124 5.7 Poly(ether-block-amide) Membranes in Food 133 5.8 Concluding Remarks 135 References 136 6. Aromatic Polyamides (Aramids) 141 José M. García, Félix C. García, Felipe Serna, and José L. de la Peña 6.1 Introduction and History 142 6.2 Polymerization and Fabrication 145 6.3 Properties 149 6.4 Chemical Stability 154 6.5 Special Additives 154 6.6 Processing 157 6.7 Applications 158 6.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling 161 6.9 Recent Developments in Aromatic Polyamides and their Applications 162 7. Polyaniline 183 Melek Kiristi and Aysegul Uygun 7.1 Introduction and History 183 7.2 Polymerization and Fabrication 184 7.3 Properties 186 7.4 Chemical Stability 188 7.5 Compounding and Special Additives 189 7.6 Processing 195 7.7 Applications 197 7.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling 202 7.9 Recent Developments in Polyaniline Based Blends and Composites and their Applications 203 References 205 8. Polyimides: Synathesis, Properties, Characterization and Applications 211 Abdolreza Hajipour, Fatemeh Rafiee, Ghobad Azizi 8.1 Introduction 211 8.2 Synthesis and Properties of Polyimides 213 8.3 Characterization and Analysis of Polyimides 258 8.4 Applications 261 References 277 Index 289

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Book SynopsisThe book summarizes many of the recent technical research accomplishments in the area of engineering polymers, such as oxygen containing main chain polymers (Polyether and Polyesters). Thebookemphasizes the various aspects of preparation, structure, processing, morphology, properties and applications of engineering polymers. Recent advances in the development and characterization of multi component polymer blends and composites (maco, micro and nano) based on engineering polymers are discussed in detail. The content of the book is unique as there are no books which deal with the recent advances synthesis, morphology, structure, properties and applications of engineering polymers and their blends and composites including nanocomposites. It covers an up-to-date record on the major findings and observations in the field.Table of ContentsList of Contributors. 1. Engineering and Specialty Thermoplastics: Polyethers and Polyesters (Sabu Thomas and Visakh P.M.). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Polyesters Synthesis. 1.3 Polyethers. 1.4 Individual Polyethers and Polyesters and Their Application. 1.5 New Challenges and Opportunities. 2. Poly(phenylene oxide) (Mong Liang). 2.1 Introduction and History. 2.2 Monomer. 2.3 Polymerization and Mechanism. 2.4 Properties. 2.5 Compounding and Special Additives. 2.6 Processing. 2.7 Applications. 2.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling. 2.9 Recent Developments in Poly Phenylene Oxide Based Blends and Composites and Their Applications. 3. Polyether Ether Ketone (Jinwen Wang). 3.1 Introduction and History. 3.2 Polymerization and Fabrication. 3.3 Properties. 3.4 Chemical Properties. 3.5 Environmental Resistance. 3.6 Compounding and Special Additives. 3.7 Processing. 3.8 Applications. 3.9 Environmental Impact and Recycling. 3.10 Recent Developments in PEEK Based Blends and Composites and Their Applications. 4. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (Benedicte Lepoittevin and Philippe Roger). 4.1 Introduction and History. 4.2 Polymerization and Fabrication. 4.3 Solid-State Properties. 4.4 Chemical Stability. 4.5 Compounding and Special Additives. 4.6 Processing. 4.7 Applications. 4.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling. 4.9 Recent Developments in Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Based Blends and Composites and Their Applications. 4.10 Recent Advances in Surface Modification of PET Materials. 5. Poly(butylene terephthalate) - Synthesis, Properties, Application (Vesna V. Antio and Marija V. Pergal). 5.1 Introduction and History. 5.2 Polymerization and Fabrication. 5.3 Physical and Chemical Properties. 5.4 Processing. 5.5 Applications. 5.6 Compounding and Special Additives. 5.7 Thermoplastic Polyester Elastomers (TPEE). 5.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling. 5.9 Conclusions. 6. Polyesters Based on Cyclohexanedimethanol (A. Martinez de Ilarduya and S. Munoz Guerra). 6.1. Introduction and History. 6.2 Polymerization and Fabrication. 6.3 Properties. 6.4 Chemical Stability. 6.5 Compounding and Special Additives. 6.6 Processing. 6.7 Applications. 6.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling. 6.9 Recent Developments in Blends and Composites and Their Aplications. 7. Bisphenol-A (Piotr Czub). 7.1 Introduction and History. 7.2 Fabrication Methods. 7.3 Mineral Acid Catalysts. 7.4 Ion-exchange Resin Catalysts. 7.5 Solid Acid Catalysts. 7.6 BPA Yield and Selectivity. 7.7 BPA Waste Disposal. 7.8 Alternative Paths for the BPA Synthesis. 7.9 Properties. 7.10 Applications. 7.11 Environmental and Human Health Impact. 8. Liquid Crystal Polyesters (A.B.Samui and V. Srinivasa Rao). 8.1 Introduction and History. 8.2 Polymerization and Fabrication. 8.3 Properties. 8.4 Chemical and Thermal Stability. 8.5 Compounding and Special Additives. 8.6 Processing. 8.7 Applications. 8.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling. 8.9 Recent Developments in Liquid Crystal Polyesters. 9 Polylactide (Minna Hakkaratnen and Anna Finne-Wistrand). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Polymerization and Fabrication. 9.3 Properties. 9.4 Chemical Stability. 9.5 Compounding and Special Additives. 9.6 Processing. 9.7 Applications. 9.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling. 9.9 Recent Developments in Polylactide-based Blends and Their Applications. 10. Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomers (Jasna Djonlagic and Marija S. Ntkoltc). 10.1 Introduction and History. 10.2 Polymerization and Fabrication of Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomers. 10.3 Structure of Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomers. 10.4 Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomers. 10.5 Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomers with Different Chemical Composition. 10.6 Chemical Stability of Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomers. 10.7 Compounding and Special Additives for Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomers. 10.8 Processing of Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomers. 10.9 Applications of Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomers. 10.10 Environmental Impact and Recycling of Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomers. 10.11 Recent Developments in Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomers Based Blends and Composites and Their Applications. 10.12 Conclusions and Future Trends in Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomers 11. Poly(meth)aerylates (Qintnin Pan, Hut Wang, Garry L. Rempel). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Polymerization. 11.3 Polymerization Techniques. 11.4 Processing. 11.5 Applications. 11.6 Environmental Impact, Degradation, and Recycling. 11.7 Recent Advances in Poly(meth)acrylate Based Blends and Composites. 12. Polycarbonates (Filippo Samperi, Maurizio S. Montaudo, and Giorgio Montaudo). 12.1 Introduction and History. 12.2 Polymerization and Fabrication. 12.3 Properties. 12.4 Chemical Stability. 12.5 Thermal Stability. 12.6 Thermo and Photo-oxidative Stability. 12.7 Compounding and Special Additives. 12.8 Processing. 12.9 Applications. 12.10 Environmental Impact and Recycling. 12.11 Recent Developments in Blends and Composites Based on Polycarbonate. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisAdvanced Interconnects for ULSI Technology is dedicated to the materials and methods which might be suitable replacements. It covers a broad range of topics, from physical principles to design, fabrication, characterization, and application of new materials for nano-interconnects.Table of ContentsAbout the Editors xv List of Contributors xvii Preface xxi List of Abbreviations xxv Section I Low-k Materials 1 1 Low-k Materials: Recent Advances 3 Geraud Dubois and Willi Volksen 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Integration Challenges 5 1.2.1 Process-Induced Damage 6 1.2.2 Mechanical Properties 9 1.3 Processing Approaches to Existing Integration Issues 10 1.3.1 Post-deposition Treatments 11 1.3.2 Prevention or Repair of Plasma-Induced Processing Damage 14 1.3.3 Multilayer Structures 15 1.4 Material Advances to Overcome Current Limitations 16 1.4.1 Silica Zeolites 16 1.4.2 Hybrid Organic–Inorganic: Oxycarbosilanes 19 1.5 Conclusion 22 2 Ultra-Low-k by CVD: Deposition and Curing 35 Vincent Jousseaume, Aziz Zenasni, Olivier Gourhant, Laurent Favennec and Mikhail R. Baklanov 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Porogen Approach by PECVD 37 2.2.1 Precursors and Deposition Conditions 37 2.2.2 Mystery Still Unsolved: From Porogens to Pores 41 2.3 UV Curing 42 2.3.1 General Overview of Curing 42 2.3.2 UV Curing Mechanisms 43 2.4 Impact of Curing on Structure and Physical Properties: Benefits of UV Curing 49 2.4.1 Porosity 49 2.4.2 Chemical Structure and Mechanical Properties 50 2.4.3 Electrical Properties 56 2.5 Limit/Issues with the Porogen Approach 57 2.5.1 Porosity Creation Limit 58 2.5.2 Porogen Residues 59 2.6 Future of CVD Low-k 62 2.6.1 New Matrix Precursor 62 2.6.2 Other Deposition Strategies 64 2.6.3 New Deposition Techniques 66 2.7 Material Engineering: Adaptation to Integration Schemes 68 2.8 Conclusion 70 3 Plasma Processing of Low-k Dielectrics 79 Hualing Shi, Denis Shamiryan, Jean-Francois de Marneffe, Huai Huang, Paul S. Ho and Mikhail R. Baklanov 3.1 Introduction 79 3.2 Materials and Equipment 80 3.3 Process Results Characterization 82 3.4 Interaction of Low-k Dielectrics with Plasma 85 3.4.1 Low-k Etch Chemistries 85 3.4.2 Patterning Strategies and Masking Materials 87 3.4.3 Etch Mechanisms 88 3.5 Mechanisms of Plasma Damage 92 3.5.1 Gap Structure Studies 93 3.5.2 Effect of Radical Density 95 3.5.3 Effect of Ion Energy 96 3.5.4 Effect of Photon Energy and Intensity 99 3.5.5 Plasma Damage by Oxidative Radicals 103 3.5.6 Hydrogen-Based Plasma 105 3.5.7 Minimization of Plasma Damage 108 3.6 Dielectric Recovery 112 3.6.1 CH4 Beam Treatment 112 3.6.2 Dielectric Recovery by Silylation 113 3.6.3 UV Radiation 119 3.7 Conclusions 121 4 Wet Clean Applications in Porous Low-k Patterning Processes 129 Quoc Toan Le, Guy Vereecke, Herbert Struyf, Els Kesters and Mikhail R. Baklanov 4.1 Introduction 129 4.2 Silica and Porous Hybrid Dielectric Materials 130 4.3 Impact of Plasma and Subsequent Wet Clean Processes on the Stability of Porous Low-k Dielectrics 134 4.3.1 Stability in Pure Chemical Solutions 134 4.3.2 Stability in Commercial Chemistries 135 4.3.3 Hydrophobicity of Hybrid Low-k Materials 138 4.4 Removal of Post-Etch Residues and Copper Surface Cleaning 141 4.5 Plasma Modification and Removal of Post-Etch 193 nm Photoresist 146 4.5.1 Modification of 193 nm Photoresist by Plasma Etch 146 4.5.2 Wet Removal of 193 nm Photoresist 153 Section II Conductive Layers and Barriers 173 5 Copper Electroplating for On-Chip Metallization 175 Valery M. Dubin 5.1 Introduction 175 5.2 Copper Electroplating Techniques 176 5.3 Copper Electroplating Superfill 177 5.3.1 The Role of Accelerator 177 5.3.2 The Role of Suppressor 178 5.3.3 The Role of Leveler 180 5.4 Alternative Cu Plating Methods 182 5.4.1 Electroless Plating 182 5.4.2 Direct Plating 182 5.5 Electroplated Cu Properties 184 5.5.1 Resistivity 184 5.5.2 Impurities 184 5.5.3 Electromigration 185 5.6 Conclusions 186 6 Diffusion Barriers 193 Michael Hecker and René Hübner 6.1 Introduction 193 6.1.1 Cu Metallization, Barrier Requirements and Materials 193 6.1.2 Barrier Deposition Techniques 195 6.1.3 Characterization of Barrier Performance 196 6.2 Metal-Based Barriers as Liners for Cu Seed Deposition 198 6.2.1 Ta-Based Barriers 198 6.2.2 W-Based Barriers 209 6.2.3 Ti-Based Barriers 210 6.2.4 Further Systems 211 6.3 Advanced Barrier Approaches 212 6.3.1 Barriers for Direct Cu Plating 212 6.3.2 Metal Capping Layers 214 6.3.3 Self-Forming Diffusion Barriers 216 6.3.4 Self-Assembled Molecular Nanolayers and Polymer-Based Barriers 218 6.4 Conclusions 221 Section III Integration and Reliability 235 7 Integration and Electrical Properties 237 Sridhar Balakrishnan, Ruth Brain and Larry Zhao 7.1 Introduction 237 7.2 On-Die Interconnects in the Submicrometer Era 237 7.3 On-Die Interconnects at Sub-100 nm Nodes 240 7.4 Integration of Low-k Dielectrics in Sub-65 nm Nodes 241 7.4.1 Degradation of Dielectric Constant during Integration 243 7.4.2 Integration Issues in ELK Dielectrics Due to Degraded Mechanical Properties 246 7.5 Patterning Integration at Sub-65 nm Nodes 248 7.5.1 Patterning Challenges 249 7.6 Integration of Conductors in Sub-65 nm Nodes 252 7.6.1 Narrow Line Copper Resistivity 253 7.6.2 Integrating Novel Barrier/Liner Materials and Deposition Techniques for Cu Interconnects 254 7.6.3 Self-Forming Barriers and Their Integration 256 7.6.4 Integration to Enable Reliable Copper Interconnects 257 7.7 Novel Air-Gap Interconnects 258 7.7.1 Unlanded Via Integration with Air-Gap Interconnects 258 7.7.2 Air-Gap Formation Using Nonconformal Dielectric Deposition 259 7.7.3 Air-Gap Formation Using a Sacrificial Material 260 8 Chemical Mechanical Planarization for Cu–Low-k Integration 267 Gautam Banerjee 8.1 Introduction 267 8.2 Back to Basics 268 8.3 Mechanism of the CMP Process 268 8.4 CMP Consumables 271 8.4.1 Slurry 271 8.4.2 Pad 273 8.4.3 Pad Conditioner 274 8.5 CMP Interactions 276 8.6 Post-CMP Cleaning 281 8.6.1 Other Defects 286 8.6.2 Surface Finish 286 8.6.3 E-Test 287 8.7 Future Direction 287 References 288 9 Scaling and Microstructure Effects on Electromigration Reliability for Cu Interconnects 291 Chao-Kun Hu, René Hübner, Lijuan Zhang, Meike Hauschildt and Paul S. Ho 9.1 Introduction 291 9.2 Electromigration Fundamentals 293 9.2.1 EM Mass Flow 293 9.2.2 EM Lifetime and Scaling Rule 294 9.2.3 Statistical Test Method 296 9.2.4 Effect of Current Density on EM Lifetime 298 9.3 Cu Microstructure 300 9.3.1 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 300 9.3.2 Electron Backscatter Diffraction in the Scanning Electron Microscope 302 9.3.3 Orientation Imaging Microscopy in the Transmission Electron Microscope 304 9.4 Lifetime Enhancement 306 9.4.1 Effect of a Ta Liner 306 9.4.2 Upper-Level Dummy Vias 308 9.4.3 Plasma Pre-clean and SiH4 Soak 310 9.4.4 CVD and ECD Cu and the Effect of Nonmetallic Impurities 311 9.4.5 Cu Alloys 314 9.4.6 CoWP Cap Near-Bamboo and Polycrystalline Cu Lines 319 9.5 Effect of Grain Size on EM Lifetime and Statistics 321 9.6 Massive-Scale Statistical Study of EM 326 9.7 Summary 329 10 Mechanical Reliability of Low-k Dielectrics 339 Kris Vanstreels, Han Li and Joost J. Vlassak 10.1 Introduction 339 10.2 Mechanical Properties of Porous Low-k Materials 340 10.2.1 Techniques to Measure Mechanical Properties of Thin Films 340 10.2.2 Effect of Porosity on the Stiffness of Organosilicate Glass Films 342 10.2.3 Hybrid Dielectrics Containing Organic/Inorganic Bridging Units 344 10.2.4 Effect of UV Wavelength and Porogen Content on the Hardening Process of PECVD Low-k Dielectrics 349 10.3 Fracture Properties of Porous Low-k Materials 352 10.3.1 Adhesion Measurement Methods 352 10.3.2 Fracture Toughness Measurement Techniques 354 10.3.3 Effect of Porosity and Network Structure on the Fracture Toughness of Organosilicate Glass Films 355 10.3.4 Effects of UV Cure on Fracture Properties of Carbon-Doped Oxides 357 10.3.5 Water Diffusion and Fracture Properties of Organosilicate Glass Films 359 10.4 Conclusion 361 11 Electrical Breakdown in Advanced Interconnect Dielectrics 369 Ennis T. Ogawa and Oliver Aubel 11.1 Introduction 369 11.1.1 Dual-Damascene Integration of Low-k Dielectrics 370 11.1.2 Low-k Types and Integrating Low-k Dielectrics 373 11.2 Reliability Testing 378 11.2.1 Measurement of Dielectric Degradation 378 11.2.2 Reliability Analysis 390 11.3 Lifetime Extrapolation and Models 397 11.4 Future Trends and Concerns 403 Section IV New Approaches 435 12 3D Interconnect Technology 437 John U. Knickerbocker, Lay Wai Kong, Sven Niese, Alain Diebold and Ehrenfried Zschech 12.1 Introduction 437 12.2 Dimensional Interconnected Circuits (3DICs) for System Applications 438 John U. Knickerbocker 12.2.1 Introduction 438 12.2.2 System Needs 441 12.2.3 3D Interconnect Design and Architecture 444 12.2.4 3D Fabrication and Interconnect Technology 446 12.2.5 Trade-offs in Application Design and Product Applications 464 12.2.6 Summary 466 12.3 Advanced Microscopy Techniques for 3D Interconnect Characterization 467 Lay Wai Kong, Sven Niese, Alain Diebold and Ehrenfried Zschech 12.3.1 Scanning Acoustic Microscopy 467 12.3.2 IR Microscopy 473 12.3.3 Transmission X-ray Microscopy and Tomography 474 12.3.4 Microstructure Analysis 480 12.4 Summary 486 13 Carbon Nanotubes for Interconnects 491 Mizuhisa Nihei, Motonobu Sato, Akio Kawabata, Shintaro Sato and Yuji Awano 13.1 Introduction 491 13.2 Advantage of CNT Vias 492 13.3 Fabrication Processes of CNT Vias 493 13.4 Electrical Properties of CNT Vias 496 13.5 Current Reliability of CNT Vias 498 13.6 Conclusion 501 14 Optical Interconnects 503 Wim Bogaerts 14.1 Introduction 503 14.2 Optical Links 505 14.2.1 Waveguides 507 14.2.2 Waveguide Filters and (De)multiplexers 510 14.2.3 Transmitter: Light Source 513 14.2.4 Transmitter: Modulators 514 14.2.5 Receiver: Photodetector 517 14.2.6 Power Consumption and Heat Dissipation 517 14.2.7 Different Materials 518 14.2.8 Conclusion 519 14.3 The Case for Silicon Photonics 519 14.3.1 Waveguides and WDM Components 519 14.3.2 Modulators, Tuners and Switches 523 14.3.3 Photodetectors 526 14.3.4 Light Sources 526 14.3.5 Conclusion 527 14.4 Optical Networks on a Chip 528 14.4.1 WDM Point-to-Point Links 529 14.4.2 Bus Architecture 529 14.4.3 (Reconfigurable) Networks 530 14.5 Integration Strategies 532 14.5.1 Front-End-of-Line Integration 533 14.5.2 Backside Integration 535 14.5.3 Back-End-of-Line Integration 535 14.5.4 3D Integration 536 14.5.5 Flip-Chip Integration 537 14.5.6 Conclusion 537 14.6 Conclusion 538 15 Wireless Interchip Interconnects 543 Takamaro Kikkawa 15.1 Introduction 543 15.2 Wireless Interconnect Technologies 547 15.2.1 Figure of Merit for Wireless Interconnects 547 15.2.2 Capacitively Coupled Wireless Interconnects 549 15.2.3 Inductively Coupled Wireless Interconnects 550 15.2.4 Antennas and Propagation 553 15.3 Conclusion 561 References 561 Index

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Book SynopsisThe goal of this book is to teach undergraduate students how to use Scientific Notebook (SNB) to solve physics problems. SNB software combines word processing and mathematics in standard notation with the power of symbolic computation. As its name implies, SNB can be used as a notebook in which students set up a math or science problem, write and solve equations, and analyze and discuss their results. Written by a physics teacher with over 20 years experience, this text includes topics that have educational value, fit within the typical physics curriculum, and show the benefits of using SNB. This easy-to-read text: Provides step-by-step instructions for using Scientific Notebook (SNB) to solve physics problems Features examples in almost every section to enhance the reader''s understanding of the relevant physics and to provide detailed instructions on using SNB Follows the traditional physics cuTable of ContentsPreface xv So we’re all on the same page... xvii What is science? xviii To the Student xix To the Teacher xx Contact Information xx Acknowledgments xxi 1 Introduction to SNB 1 Why SNB? 1 The Basics 2 Physics à la mode: Math or Text 8 Creating Mathematical Expressions 8 Evaluate and Evaluate Numerically 11 Scientific Notation 13 Substitution and Endpoint Evaluation 14 Solving Equations 17 Solve Exact 18 Solve Numeric 21 Systems of Equations 24 The Compute Menu 25 Simplify and Expand 25 Factor 26 Rewrite and Combine 28 Check Equality 29 Polynomials 31 Power Series 32 Definitions 35 Other Good Stuff 37 Computing In-place 37 Making Assumptions About Variables 37 Limits 40 A Few Words About Calculus 42 Units 46 Converting Units 47 User-Defined Units 51 Plotting 52 Plot 2D Rectangular 54 Other 2-Dimensional Plots 55 Plot 3D Rectangular 58 Cylindrical and Spherical Plots 60 Plotting Data 63 Fitting a Curve to Data 63 Differential Equations 67 Solve ODE Exact and Laplace 68 Solve ODE Numeric 70 Problems 75 2 One-Dimensional Kinematics 83 Constant Acceleration 83 Displacement and Position 83 Velocity and Acceleration 84 Equations of Motion 86 Signs of the Times 88 Free Fall 89 Varying Acceleration 91 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration 91 Equations of Motion 93 Gravity and Air Resistance 96 Resisting Air Resistance is Futile 97 Long-Distance Free Fall 99 Problems 102 3 Vectors 105 Components of a Vector 107 Magnitude and Direction 108 Adding Vectors 111 The Component Method 112 The SNB Method 113 The Graphing Method 115 Unit Vectors 119 Multiplying Vectors 120 Dot Product 121 Cross Product 122 Problems 125 4 Projectile Motion 127 No Air Resistance 127 Trajectory 132 Time of Flight 134 Maximum Height 135 Linear Air Resistance 137 Trajectory 141 Time of Flight and Range 143 Maximum Height 145 Turn Off the Air! 146 Turn Down the Air! 147 Quadratic Air Resistance 151 Height-Dependent Air Resistance 152 Problems 154 5 Newton’s Laws of Motion 157 Newton’s First Law 157 Newton’s Second Law for Constant Forces 158 Newton’s Second Law for Varying Forces 165 Time-Dependent Forces 165 Velocity-Dependent Forces 167 Position-Dependent Forces 170 Newton’s Third Law 173 Problems 175 6 Conservation Laws 179 Definitions 179 Conservation of Energy 181 Work 181 The Work-Energy Theorem 185 Potential Energy 186 Mechanical Energy is Conserved 188 A Complete Bookkeeping 191 Conservation of Momentum 193 Collisions in 1-Dimension 193 Collisions in 2-Dimensions 196 Rockets 199 Deep Space 199 Launch 202 Air Resistance 207 Varying Gravity and Air Resistance 213 Problems 216 7 Circular Motion 221 Uniform Circular Motion 222 The Rotating Umbrella 224 Rotational Kinematics 227 The Compact Disk 229 Newton’s Second Law and Circular Motion 233 Uniform Circular Motion and the 2nd Law 233 Non-Uniform Circular Motion and the 2nd Law 235 Sliding on a Sphere 236 Problems 248 8 Harmonic Motion 251 Simple Harmonic Motion, Simply 251 Energy and SHM 254 Not-Quite-as-Simple Harmonic Motion 255 Energy and SHM, Again 257 Damped Harmonic Motion 259 Underdamped (β2 < ω20) 259 Critically Damped (β2 = ω20) 261 Overdamped (β2 > ω20) 262 Driven Harmonic Motion 263 Constant Driving Force, no Damping 263 Sinusoidal Driving Force, no Damping 264 Constant Driving Force with Damping 265 Sinusoidal Driving Force with Damping 267 Small Oscillations 270 Not-so-Simple Harmonic Motion 272 Problems 275 9 Central Forces 279 Equations of Motion 279 Newtonian Gravitation 285 Kepler’s Laws 286 The Effective Potential 292 Two Special Forces 296 The 3-d Harmonic Oscillator 296 The Inverse-Square Force 299 Numerical Stuff 303 Problems 305 10 Fluids 309 Density and Pressure 309 Static Fluids 311 Buoyancy 312 Fluids in Motion 314 Bernoulli’s Equation 316 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation 318 A More Realistic Approach 320 Flow in a Pipe 321 Stokes’ Law 330 Problems 331 11 Temperature and Heat 335 Temperature Scales 335 Absolute Temperature 337 Heat and Work 338 Heat Flow 339 Change in Temperature: Specific Heat 339 Change in State: Latent Heat 340 Calorimetry 341 Varying Specific Heat 344 The Specific Heat of Solids 345 Problems 353 12 Special Relativity 359 The Two Postulates 360 The Consequences 361 Time Dilation 363 Length Contraction 364 Addition of Velocities 365 Simultaneity 367 The Lorentz Transformation 367 Space-Time 370 Relativistic Momentum and Energy 375 Relativistic Collisions 378 Relativistic Dynamics 382 Four-Vectors 387 Problems 392 A Topics in Classical Physics 397 Newton’s Nose-Cone Problem 397 Simple Shapes 398 Frusta and Fudges 403 Newton’s Minimizer 409 Indented Tips and the Minimizer 411 The Shape of the Eiffel Tower 414 An Interesting Classical Orbit 417 Fisher’s Crystal 421 Problems 428 B Topics in Modern Physics 435 The Tale of the Traveling Triplets 435 Trip 1: Constance goes to Vega 435 Relativistic Interlude: Constant Acceleration 437 Trip 2: Axel goes to Vega 441 What happens on the way to Vega... 443 Orbits in General Relativity 445 Angular Momentum 447 Precessing Ellipses and Periodic Orbits 451 Be the Ball: Embedding Diagrams 456 Classical Lifetime of a Hydrogen Atom 460 Missed It By That Much 460 Can Special Relativity Save the Day? 462 Quantum Mechanical Bound States 465 Infinite Square Well (“Particle in a Box”) 467 Finite Square Well 470 V-shaped Linear Well 477 Problems 483 References and Suggested Reading 491 Index 495

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Book SynopsisWritten by the world s leading experts, this book focuses major topics like the physics required to develop novel plasma discharges for medical applications, the medicine to apply the technology, and the biology to understand complicated bio-chemical processes involved in plasma interaction with living tissues.Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgements xvii 1 Introduction to Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Plasma Medicine 1 1.1 Plasma medicine as a novel branch of medical technology 1 1.2 Why plasma can be a useful tool in medicine 4 1.3 Natural and man-made, completely and weakly ionized plasmas 5 1.4 Plasma as a non-equilibrium multi-temperature system 7 1.5 Gas discharges as plasma sources for biology and medicine 9 1.6 Plasma chemistry as the fundamental basis of plasma medicine 13 1.7 Non-thermal plasma interaction with cells and living tissues 14 1.8 Applied plasma medicine 15 2 Fundamentals of Plasma Physics and Plasma Chemistry for Biological and Medical Applications 19 2.1 Elementary plasma generation processes 19 2.2 Excited species in plasma medicine: Excitation, relaxation and dissociation of neutral particles in plasma 31 2.3 Elementary plasma-chemical reactions of excited neutrals and ions 39 2.4 Plasma statistics, thermodynamics, and transfer processes 46 2.5 Plasma kinetics: Energy distribution functions of electrons and excited atoms and molecules 58 2.6 Plasma electrodynamics 68 3 Selected Concepts in Biology and Medicine for Physical Scientists 81 3.1 Molecular basis of life: Organic molecules primer 81 3.2 Function and classification of living forms 96 3.3 Cells: Organization and functions 97 3.4 Overview of anatomy and physiology 124 4 Major Plasma Disharges and their Applicability for Plasma Medicine 165 4.1 Electric breakdown and steady-state regimes of non-equilibrium plasma discharges 165 4.2 Glow discharge and its application to biology and medicine 177 4.3 Arc discharge and its medical applications 191 4.4 Radio-frequency and microwave discharges in plasma medicine 208 4.5 Coronas, DBDs, plasma jets, sparks and other non-thermal atmospheric-pressure streamer discharges 232 4.6 Discharges in liquids 253 5 Mechanisms of Plasma Interactions with Cells 269 5.1 Main interaction stages and key players 269 5.2 Role of plasma electrons and ions 272 5.3 Role of UV, hydrogen peroxide, ozone and water 276 5.4 Biological mechanisms of plasma interaction for mammalian cells 281 6 Plasma Sterilization of Different Surfaces and Living Tissues 293 6.1 Non-thermal plasma surface sterilization at low pressures 293 6.2 Surface microorganism inactivation by non-equilibrium high-pressure plasma 295 6.3 Plasma species and factors active for sterilization 304 6.4 Physical and biochemical effects of atmospheric-pressure air plasma on microorganisms 313 6.5 Animal and human living tissue sterilization 320 6.6 Generated active species and plasma sterilization of living tissues 324 6.7 Deactivation/destruction of microorganisms due to plasma sterilization: Are they dead or just scared to death? 329 7 Plasma Decontamination ofWater and Air Streams 339 7.1 Non-thermal plasma sterilization of air streams 339 7.2 Direct and indirect effects in non-thermal plasma deactivation of airborne bacteria 347 7.3 Non-thermal plasma in air-decontamination: Air cleaning from SO2 and NOx 353 7.4 Non-thermal plasma decontamination of air from volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions 361 7.5 Plasma desinfection and sterilization of water 378 8 Plasma Treatment of Blood 389 8.1 Plasma-assisted blood coagulation 389 8.2 Effect of non-thermal plasma on improvement of rheological properties of blood 395 9 Plasma-assisted Healing and Treatment of Diseases 403 9.1 Wound healing and plasma treatment of wounds 403 9.2 Treatment of inflammatory dysfunctions 418 9.3 Plasma treatment of cancer 422 9.4 Plasma applications in dentistry 428 9.5 Plasma surgery 433 10 Plasma Pharmacology 435 10.1 Non-thermal plasma treatment of water 435 10.2 Deionized water treatment with DBD in different gases: Experimental setup 436 10.3 Deionized water treatment with DBD in different gases: Results and discussion 438 10.4 Enhanced antimicrobial effect due to organic components dissolved in water 442 10.5 Summary 446 11 Plasma-assisted Tissue Engineering and Plasma Processing of Polymers 447 11.1 Regulation of biological properties of medical polymer materials 447 11.2 Plasma-assisted cell attachment and proliferation on polymer scaffolds 448 11.3 Plasma-assisted tissue engineering in control of stem cells and tissue regeneration 451 11.4 Plasma-chemical polymerization of hydrocarbons and formation of thin polymer films 453 11.5 Interaction of non-thermal plasma with polymer surfaces 461 References 483 Index 497

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Book SynopsisClassical Mechanics is a comprehensive yet concise introduction to classical mechanics and relativity. Assuming only a minimum of mathematical knowledge, the book combines a user-friendly style with an authoritative approach to its subject, beginning with Newton's laws and advancing onto an exposition of Einstein's Special Relativity.Trade Review"This book aimed at undergraduate physics and engineering students, presents in a user-friendly style an authoritative approach to the complementary subjects of classical mechanics and relativity." (Zentralblatt MATH, 2011) ""When McCall (Imperial College London) decided to produce a second edition of his introductory textbook, he was keen to keep it accessible to third-year undergraduates with minimal background in mathematics. So he has embellished the original material rather than expanding into more advanced areas. New discussions include a body free-falling a large distance under gravity, a demonstration that snooker balls always scatter at 90 degrees, the rotation of arbitrary bodies, and the tennis racket theorem." (Reference and Research Book News, February 2011)Table of ContentsPreface to Second Edition xi Preface to First Edition xiii 1 Newton’s Laws 1 1.1 What is Mechanics? 1 1.2 Mechanics as a Scientific Theory 1 1.3 Newtonian vs. Einsteinian Mechanics 2 1.4 Newton’s Laws 3 1.5 A Deeper Look at Newton’s Laws 5 1.6 Inertial Frames 7 1.7 Newton’s Laws in Noninertial Frames 10 1.8 Switching Off Gravity 11 1.9 Finale – Laws, Postulates or Definitions? 12 1.10 Summary 12 1.11 Problems 13 2 One-dimensional Motion 15 2.1 Rationale for One-dimensional Analysis 15 2.2 The Concept of a Particle 16 2.3 Motion with a Constant Force 17 2.4 Work and Energy 17 2.5 Impulse and Power 19 2.6 Motion with a Position-dependent Force 19 2.7 The Nature of Energy 21 2.8 Potential Functions 22 2.9 Equilibria 25 2.10 Motion Close to a Stable Equilibrium 25 2.11 The Stability of the Universe 26 2.12 Trajectory of a Body Falling a Large Distance Under Gravity 30 2.13 Motion with a Velocity-dependent Force 32 2.14 Summary 34 2.15 Problems 35 3 Oscillatory Motion 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Prototype Harmonic Oscillator 39 3.3 Differential Equations 40 3.4 General Solution for Simple Harmonic Motion 41 3.5 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion 43 3.6 Damped Oscillations 44 3.7 Light Damping – the Q Factor 47 3.8 Heavy Damping and Critical Damping 49 3.9 Forced Oscillations 51 3.10 Complex Number Method 57 3.11 Electrical Analogue 60 3.12 Power in Forced Oscillations 61 3.13 Coupled Oscillations 62 3.14 Summary 67 3.15 Problems 69 4 Two-body Dynamics 75 4.1 Rationale 75 4.2 Centre of Mass 75 4.3 Internal Motion: Reduced Mass 76 4.4 Collisions 77 4.5 Elastic Collisions 78 4.6 Inelastic Collisions 81 4.7 Centre-of-mass Frame 83 4.8 Rocket Motion 88 4.9 Launch Vehicles 90 4.10 Summary 92 4.11 Problems 93 5 Relativity 1: Space and Time 97 5.1 Why Relativity? 97 5.2 Galilean Relativity 98 5.3 The Fundamental Postulates of Relativity 99 5.4 Inertial Observers in Relativity 102 5.5 Comparing Transverse Distances Between Frames 103 5.6 Lessons from a Light Clock: Time Dilation 105 5.7 Proper Time 107 5.8 Interval Invariance 108 5.9 The Relativity of Simultaneity 109 5.10 The Relativity of Length: Length Contraction 110 5.11 The Lorentz Transformations 111 5.12 Velocity Addition 115 5.13 Particles Moving Faster than Light: Tachyons 116 5.14 Summary 118 5.15 Problems 119 6 Relativity 2: Energy and Momentum 123 6.1 Energy and Momentum 123 6.2 The Meaning of Rest Energy 129 6.3 Relativistic Collisions and Decays 130 6.4 Photons 131 6.5 Units in High-energy Physics 133 6.6 Energy/Momentum Transformations Between Frames 134 6.7 Relativistic Doppler Effect 136 6.8 Summary 137 6.9 Problems 139 7 Gravitational Orbits 143 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 Work in Three Dimensions 143 7.3 Torque and Angular Momentum 144 7.4 Central Forces 147 7.5 Gravitational Orbits 151 7.6 Kepler’s Laws 157 7.7 Comments 159 7.8 Summary 160 7.9 Problems 160 8 Rigid Body Dynamics 165 8.1 Introduction 165 8.2 Torque and Angular Momentum for Systems of Particles 166 8.3 Centre of Mass of Systems of Particles and Rigid Bodies 167 8.4 Angular Momentum of Rigid Bodies 169 8.5 Kinetic Energy of Rigid Bodies 174 8.6 Bats, Cats, Pendula and Gyroscopes 175 8.7 General Rotation About a Fixed Axis 181 8.8 Principal Axes 186 8.9 Examples of Principal Axes and Principal Moments of Inertia 187 8.10 Kinetic Energy of a Body Rotating About a Fixed Axis 191 8.11 Summary 192 8.12 Problems 193 9 Rotating Frames 199 9.1 Introduction 199 9.2 Experiments on Roundabouts 200 9.3 General Prescription for Rotating Frames 202 9.4 The Centrifugal Term 204 9.5 The Coriolis Term 205 9.6 The Foucault Pendulum 207 9.7 Free Rotation of a Rigid Body – Tennis Rackets and Matchboxes 211 9.8 Final Thoughts 213 9.9 Summary 214 9.10 Problems 214 Appendix 1: Vectors, Matrices and Eigenvalues 217 A.1 The Scalar (Dot) Product 217 A.2 The Vector (Cross) Product 218 A.3 The Vector Triple Product 219 A.4 Multiplying a Vector by a Matrix 220 A.5 Calculating the Determinant of a 3 × 3 Matrix 220 A.6 Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues 221 A.7 Diagonalising Symmetric Matrices 223 Appendix 2: Answers to Problems 225 Appendix 3: Bibliography 229 Index 230

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Book SynopsisAdvanced textbook on inorganic glasses suitable for both undergraduates and researchers.Trade Review"The target audience for this text is graduate students and researchers in functionalizing properties for photonic applications. Anyone concerned with the structure-property relationship of materials, however, will profit from reading this book" The Oprical Society, July 2017Table of ContentsSeries Preface xiii Preface xv 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Definition of Glassy States 1 1.2 The Glassy State and Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) 1 1.3 Kauzmann Paradox and Negative Change in Entropy 4 1.4 Glass-Forming Characteristics and Thermodynamic Properties 5 1.5 Glass Formation and Co-ordination Number of Cations 14 1.6 Ionicity of Bonds of Oxide Constituents in Glass-Forming Systems 20 1.7 Definitions of Glass Network Formers, Intermediates and Modifiers and Glass-Forming Systems 23 1.7.1 Constituents of Inorganic Glass-Forming Systems 24 1.7.2 Strongly Covalent Inorganic Glass-Forming Networks 26 1.7.3 Conditional Glass Formers Based on Heavy-Metal Oxide Glasses 29 1.7.4 Fluoride and Halide Network Forming and Conditional Glass-Forming Systems 31 1.7.5 Silicon Oxynitride Conditional Glass-Forming Systems 36 1.7.6 Chalcogenide Glass-Forming Systems 37 1.7.7 Chalcohalide Glasses 45 1.8 Conclusions 46 Selected Biography 46 References 46 2. Glass Structure, Properties and Characterization 51 2.1 Introduction 51 2.1.1 Kinetic Theory of Glass Formation and Prediction of Critical Cooling Rates 51 2.1.2 Classical Nucleation Theory 52 2.1.3 Non-Steady State Nucleation 54 2.1.4 Heterogeneous Nucleation 55 2.1.5 Nucleation Studies in Fluoride Glasses 56 2.1.6 Growth Rate 58 2.1.7 Combined Growth and Nucleation Rates, Phase Transformation and Critical Cooling Rate 59 2.2 Thermal Characterization using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) Techniques 62 2.2.1 General Features of a Thermal Characterization 62 2.2.2 Methods of Characterization 63 2.2.3 Determining the Characteristic Temperatures 64 2.2.4 Determination of Apparent Activation Energy of Devitrification 66 2.3 Coefficients of Thermal Expansion of Inorganic Glasses 68 2.4 Viscosity Behaviour in the near-Tg, above Tg and in the Liquidus Temperature Ranges 71 2.5 Density of Inorganic Glasses 75 2.6 Specific Heat and its Temperature Dependence in the Glassy State 76 2.7 Conclusion 77 References 77 3. Bulk Glass Fabrication and Properties 79 3.1 Introduction 79 3.2 Fabrication Steps for Bulk Glasses 80 3.2.1 Chemical Vapour Technique for Oxide Glasses 80 3.2.2 Batch Preparation for Melting Glasses 81 3.2.3 Chemical Treatment Before and During Melting 81 3.3 Chemical Purification Methods for Heavier Oxide (GeO2 and TeO2) Glasses 84 3.4 Drying, Fusion and Melting Techniques for Fluoride Glasses 87 3.4.1 Raw Materials 88 3.4.2 Control of Hydroxyl Ions during Drying and Melting of Fluorides 88 3.5 Chemistry of Purification and Melting Reactions for Chalcogenide Materials 91 3.6 Need for Annealing Glass after Casting 96 3.7 Fabrication of Transparent Glass Ceramics 97 3.8 Sol–Gel Technique for Glass Formation 99 3.8.1 Background Theory 99 3.8.2 Examples of Materials Chemistry and Sol–Gel Forming Techniques 103 3.9 Conclusions 105 References 105 4. Optical Fibre Design, Engineering, Fabrication and Characterization 109 4.1 Introduction to Geometrical Optics of Fibres: Geometrical Optics of Fibres and Waveguides (Propagation, Critical and Acceptance Angles, Numerical Aperture) 109 4.2 Solutions for Dielectric Waveguides using Maxwell’s Equation 114 4.2.1 Analysis of Mode Field Diameter in Single Mode Fibres 115 4.3 Materials Properties Affecting Degradation of Signal in Optical Waveguides 117 4.3.1 Total Intrinsic Loss 117 4.3.2 Electronic Absorption 118 4.3.3 Experimental Aspects of Determining the Short Wavelength Absorption 121 4.3.4 Scattering 121 4.3.5 Infrared Absorption 124 4.3.6 Characterization of Vibrational Structures using Raman and IR Spectroscopy 126 4.3.7 Experimental Aspects of Raman Spectroscopic Technique 127 4.3.8 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy 128 4.3.9 Examples of the Analysis of Raman and IR spectra 130 4.4 Fabrication of Core–Clad Structures of Glass Preforms and Fibres and their Properties 141 4.4.1 Comparison of Fabrication Techniques for Silica Optical Fibres with Non-silica Optical Fibres 143 4.4.2 Fibre Fabrication using Non-silica Glass Core–Clad Structures 151 4.4.3 Loss Characterization of Fibres 153 4.5 Refractive Indices and Dispersion Characteristics of Inorganic Glasses 158 4.5.1 Experimental Procedure for Measuring Refractive Index of a Glass or Thin Film 163 4.5.2 Dependence of Density on Temperature and Relationship with Refractive Index 166 4.5.3 Effect of Residual Stress on Refractive Index of a Medium and its Effect 169 4.6 Conclusion 170 References 170 5. Thin-film Fabrication and Characterization 178 5.1 Introduction 178 5.2 Physical Techniques for Thick and Thin Film Deposition 179 5.3 Evaporation 179 5.3.1 General Description 179 5.3.2 Technique, Materials and Process Control 179 5.4 Sputtering 181 5.4.1 Principle of Sputtering 181 5.5 Pulsed Laser Deposition 183 5.5.1 Introduction and Principle 183 5.5.2 Process 184 5.5.3 Key Features of PLD process 186 5.5.4 Controlling Parameters and Materials Investigated 187 5.5.5 Fabrication of Thin Film Structures using PLD and Molecular Beam Epitaxy 188 5.6 Ion Implantation 192 5.6.1 Introduction 192 5.6.2 Technique and Structural Changes 192 5.6.3 Governing Parameters for Ion Implantation 193 5.6.4 Materials Systems Investigated 194 5.7 Chemical Techniques 194 5.7.1 Characteristics of Chemical Vapour Deposition Processes 195 5.7.2 Materials System Studied and Applications 196 5.7.3 Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) 196 5.8 Ion-Exchange Technique 197 5.9 Chemical Solution or Sol–Gel Deposition (CSD) 200 5.9.1 Introduction 200 5.9.2 CSD Technique and Materials Deposited 202 5.10 Conclusion 203 References 203 6. Spectroscopic Properties of Lanthanide (Ln3+) and Transition Metal (M3+)-Ion Doped Glasses 209 6.1 Introduction 209 6.2 Theory of Radiative Transition 209 6.3 Classical Model for Dipoles and Decay Process 212 6.4 Factors Influencing the Line Shape Broadening of Optical Transitions 214 6.5 Characteristics of Dipole and Multi-Poles and Selection Rules for Optical Transitions: 218 6.5.1 Analysis of Dipole Transitions Based on Fermi’s Golden Rule 219 6.5.2 Electronic Structure and Some Important Properties of Lanthanides 221 6.5.3 Laporte Selection Rules for Rare-Earth and Transition Metal Ions 224 6.6 Comparison of Oscillator Strength Parameters, Optical Transition Probabilities and Overall Lifetimes of Excited States 227 6.6.1 Radiative and Non-Radiative Rate Equation 231 6.6.2 Energy Transfer and Related Non-Radiative Processes 233 6.6.3 Upconversion Process 237 6.7 Selected Examples of Spectroscopic Processes in Rare-Earth Ion Doped Glasses 238 6.7.1 Spectroscopic Properties of Trivalent Lanthanide (Ln3+)-Doped Inorganic Glasses 239 6.7.2 Brief Comparison of Spectroscopic Properties of Er3+-Doped Glasses 241 6.7.3 Spectroscopic Properties of Tm3+-Doped Inorganic Glasses 247 6.8 Conclusions 257 References 257 7. Applications of Inorganic Photonic Glasses 261 7.1 Introduction 261 7.2 Dispersion in Optical Fibres and its Control and Management 261 7.2.1 Intramodal Dispersion 262 7.2.2 Intermodal Distortion 265 7.2.3 Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) 266 7.2.4 Methods of Controlling and Managing Dispersion in Fibres 267 7.3 Unconventional Fibre Structures 269 7.3.1 Fibres with Periodic Defects and Bandgap 269 7.3.2 TIR and Endlessly Single Mode Propagation in PCF with Positive Core–Cladding Difference 272 7.3.3 Negative Core–Cladding Refractive Index Difference 272 7.3.4 Control of Group Velocity Dispersion (GVD) 273 7.3.5 Birefringence in Microstructured Optical Fibres 274 7.4 Optical Nonlinearity in Glasses, Glass-Ceramics and Optical Fibres 275 7.4.1 Theory of Harmonic Generation 275 7.4.2 Nonlinear Materials for Harmonic Generations and Parametric Processes 279 7.4.3 Fibre Based Kerr Media and its Application 285 7.4.4 Resonant Nonlinearity in Doped Glassy Hosts 287 7.4.5 Second Harmonic Generation in Inorganic Glasses 288 7.4.6 Electric-Field Poling and Poled Glass 289 7.4.7 Raman Gain Medium 291 7.4.8 Photo-induced Bragg and Long-Period Gratings in Fibres 292 7.5 Applications of Selected Rare-earth ion and Bi-ion Doped Amplifying Devices 294 7.5.1 Introduction 294 7.5.2 Examples of Three-Level or Pseudo-Three-Level Transitions 296 7.5.3 Examples of Four-Level Laser Systems 300 7.6 Emerging Opportunities for the Future 302 7.7 Conclusions 303 References 304 Supplementary References 311 Symbols and Notations Used 315 Index 317

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Book SynopsisRealTime Physics is a series of introductory laboratory modules that use computer data acquisition tools (microcomputer-based lab or MBL tools) to help students develop important physics concepts while acquiring vital laboratory skills. Besides data acquisition, computers are used for basic mathematical modeling, data analysis, and simulations. There are 4 RealTime Physics modules: Module 1: Mechanics, Module 2: Heat and Thermodynamics, Module 3: Electricity and Magnetism, and Module 4: Light and Optics.Table of ContentsLab 1: Introduction to Light 1 Lab 2: Reflection and Refraction of Light 17 Lab 3: Geometrical Optics—Lenses 33 Lab 4: Geometrical Optics—Mirrors 53 Lab 5: Polarized Light 75 Lab 6: Waves of Light 91 Appendix A: RealTime Physics Light and Optics Experiment Configuration Files 107

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Book SynopsisThe authors of RealTime Physics - David Sokoloff, Priscilla Laws, and Ron Thornton - have been pioneers in the revolution of the physics industry. In this edition, they provide a set of labs that utilize modern lab technology to provide hands-on information, as well as an empirical look at several new key concepts.Table of ContentsLab 1: Introduction to Heat and Temperature /1 Lab 2: Energy Transfer and Temperature Change /23 Lab 3: Heat Energy Transfer /43 Lab 4: The First Law of Thermodynamics /63 Lab 5: The Ideal Gas Law /83 Lab 6: Heat Engines /99 Appendix A: RealTime Physics Heat and Thermodynamics Experiment Configuration Files /123

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Book SynopsisA revision of the defining book covering the physics and classical mathematics necessary to understand electromagnetic fields in materials and at surfaces and interfaces. The third edition has been revised to address the changes in emphasis and applications that have occurred in the past twenty years.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Electrostatics. Boundary--Value Problems in Electrostatics: I. Boundary--Value Problems in Electrostatics: II. Multipoles, Electrostatics of Macroscopic Media, Dielectrics. Magnetostatics, Faradaya s Law, Quasi--Static Fields. Maxwell Equations, Macroscopic Electromagnetism, Conservation Laws. Plane Electromagnetic Waves and Wave Propagation. Waveguides, Resonant Cavities, and Optical Fibers. Radiating Systems, Multipole Fields and Radiation. Scattering and Diffraction. Special Theory of Relativity. Dynamics of Relativistic Particles and Electromagnetic Fields. Collisions, Energy Loss, and Scattering of Charged Particles, Cherenkov and Transition Radiation. Radiation by Moving Charges. Bremsstrahlung, Method of Virtual Quanta, Radiative Beta Processes. Radiation Damping, Classical Models of Charged Particles. Appendices. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisStudent Study Guide to Accompany Physics, 5th edition:Written for the full year or three term Calculus-based University Physics course for science and engineering majors, the publication of the first edition of Physics in 1960 launched the modern era of Physics textbooks. It was a new paradigm at the time and continues to be the dominant model for all texts. Physics is the most realistic option for schools looking to teach a more demanding course.

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Book SynopsisSince the publication of the first edition over 50 years ago, Introduction to Solid State Physics has been the standard solid state physics text for physics students. The author's goal from the beginning has been to write a book that is accessible to undergraduates and consistently teachable.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE. Periodic Array of Atoms. Fundamental Types of Lattices. Index System for Crystal Planes. Simple Crystal Structures. Direct Imaging of Atomic Structure. Nonideal Crystal Structures. Crystal Structure Data. CHAPTER 2: WAVE DIFFRACTION AND THE RECIPROCAL LATTICE. Diffraction of Waves by Crystals. Scattered Wave Amplitude. Brillouin Zones. Fourier Analysis of the Basis. CHAPTER 3: CRYSTAL BINDING AND ELASTIC CONSTANTS. Crystals of Inert Gases. Ionic Crystals. Covalent Crystals. Metals. Hydrogen Bonds. Atomic Radii. Analysis of Elastic Strains. Elastic Compliance and Stiffness Constants. Elastic Waves in Cubic Crystals. CHAPTER 4: PHONONS I. CRYSTAL VIBRATIONS. Vibrations of Crystals with Monatomic Basis. Two Atoms per Primitive Basis. Quantization of Elastic Waves. Phonon Momentum. Inelastic Scattering by Phonons. CHAPTER 5: PHONONS II. THERMAL PROPERTIES. Phonon Heat Capacity. Anharmonic Crystal Interactions. Thermal Conductivity. CHAPTER 6: FREE ELECTRON FERMI GAS. Energy Levels in One Dimension. Effect of Temperature on the Fermi-Dirac Distribution. Free Electron Gas in Three Dimensions. Heat Capacity of the Electron Gas. Electrical Conductivity and Ohm's Law. Motion in Magnetic Fields. Thermal Conductivity of Metals. CHAPTER 7: ENERGY BANDS. Nearly Free Electron Model. Bloch Functions. Kronig-Penney Model. Wave Equation of Electron in a Periodic Potential. Number of Orbitals in a Band. CHAPTER 8: SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS. Band Gap. Equations of Motion. Intrinsic Carrier Concentration. Impurity Conductivity. Thermoelectric Effects. Semimetals. Superlattices. CHAPTER 9: FERMI SURFACES AND METALS. Construction of Fermi Surfaces. Electron Orbits, Hole Orbits, and Open Orbits. Calculation of Energy Bands. Experimental Methods in Fermi Surface Studies. CHAPTER 10: SUPERCONDUCTIVITY. Experimental Survey. Theoretical Survey. High-Temperature Superconductors. CHAPTER 11: DIAMAGNETISM AND PARAMAGNETISM. Langevin Diamagnetism Equation. Quantum Theory of Diamagnetism of Mononuclear Systems. Paramagnetism. Quantum Theory of Paramagnetism. Cooling by Isentropic Demagnetization. Paramagnetic Susceptibility of Conduction Electrons. CHAPTER 12: FERROMAGNETISM AND ANTIFERROMAGNETISM. Ferromagnetic Order. Magnons. Neutron Magnetic Scattering. Ferrimagnetic Order. Antiferromagnetic Order. Ferromagnetic Domains. Single Domain Particles. CHAPTER 13: MAGNETIC RESONANCE. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Line Width. Hyperfine Splitting. Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance. Ferromagnetic Resonance. Antiferromagnetic Resonance. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance. Principle of Maser Action. CHAPTER 14: PLASMONS, POLARITONS, AND POLARONS. Dielectric Function of the Electron Gas. Plasmons. Electrostatic Screening. Polaritons. Electron-Electron Interaction. Electron-Phonon Interaction: Polarons. Peierls Instability of Linear Metals. CHAPTER 15: OPTICAL PROCESSES AND EXCITONS. Optical Reflectance. Excitons. Raman Effects in Crystals. Energy Loss of Fast Particles in a Solid. CHAPTER 16: DIELECTRICS AND FERROELECTRICS. Macroscopic Electric Field. Local Electric Field at an Atom. Dielectric Constant and Polarizability. Structural Phase Transitions. Ferroelectric Crystals. Displacive Transitions. CHAPTER 17: SURFACE AND INTERFACE PHYSICS. Surface Crystallography. Surface Electronic Structure. Magnetoresistance in a Two-Dimensional Channel. p-n Junctions. Heterostructures. Semiconductor Lasers. Light-Emitting Diodes. CHAPTER 18: NANOSTRUCTURES. Imaging Techniques for Nanostructures. Electronic Structure of 1D Systems. Electrical Transport in 1D. Electronic Structure of 0D Systems. Electrical Transport in 0D. Vibrational and Thermal Properties of Nanostructures. CHAPTER 19: NONCRYSTALLINE SOLIDS. Diffraction Pattern. Glasses. Amorphous Ferromagnets. Amorphous Semiconductors. Low Energy Excitations in Amorphous Solids. Fiber Optics. CHAPTER 20: POINT DEFECTS. Lattice Vacancies. Diffusion. Color Centers. CHAPTER 21: DISLOCATIONS. Shear Strength of Single Crystals. Dislocations. Strength of Alloys. Dislocations and Crystal Growth. Hardness of Materials. CHAPTER 22: ALLOYS. General Consideration. Substitutional Solid Solutions - Hume-Rotherby Rules. Order-Disorder Transformation. Phase Diagrams. Transition Metal Alloys. Kondo Effect.

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Book SynopsisThe Workshop Physics Activity Guide is a set of student workbooks designed to serve as the foundation for a two-semester calculus-based introductory physics course. It consists of 28 units that interweave text materials with activities that include prediction, qualitative observation, explanation, equation derivation, mathematical modeling, quantitative experiments, and problem solving. Students use a powerful set of computer tools to record, display, and analyze data, as well as to develop mathematical models of physical phenomena. The design of many of the activities is based on the outcomes of physics education research. The Workshop Physics Activity Guide is supported by an Instructor's Website that: (1) describes the history and philosophy of the Workshop Physics Project; (2) provides advice on how to integrate the Guide into a variety of educational settings; (3) provides information on computer tools (hardware and software) and apparatus; and (4) includesTable of ContentsMODULE 1. Unit 1. Introduction and Computing. Unit 2. Measurement and Uncertainty. Unit 3. One Dimensional Motion I—A Graphical Description. Unit 4. One-Dimensional Motion II—A Mathematical Description of Constant Acceleration. Unit 5. One-Dimensional Forces, Mass, and Motion. Unit 6. Gravity and Projectile Motion. Unit 7. Applications of Newton's Laws. MODULE 2. Unit 8. One-Dimensional Collisions. Unit 9. Two-Dimensional Collisions. Unit 10. Work and Energy. Unit 11. Energy Conservation. Unit 12. Rotational Motion. Unit 13. Rotational Momentum and Torque as Vectors. Unit 14. Harmonic Motion. Unit 15. Oscillations, Determinism, and Chaos. MODULE 3. Unit 16. Temperature and Heat Transfer. Unit 17. The First Law of Thermodynamics. Unit 18. Heat Engines. MODULE 4. Unit 19. Electric Fields. Unit 20. Electric Flux and Gauss' Law. Unit 21. Electrical and Gravitational Potential. Unit 22. Batteries, Bulbs, and Current Flow. Unit 23. Direct Current Circuits. Unit 24. Capacitors and RC Circuits. Unit 25. Electronics. Unit 26. Magnetic Fields. Unit 27. Electricity and Magnetism. MODULE 5. Unit 28. Radioactivity and Radon. Appendix A: Computer Spreadsheets and Graphs. Appendix B: Computer Data Acquisition Software and Hardware. Appendix C: Statistical Measures of Uncertainty. Appendix D: Graphing Data with Uncertainties-Error Bar and Eyeballs. Appendix E: Mathematical Modeling to Fit Data. Appendix F: Uncertainty Propagation-Uncertainties After Calculations. Appendix G: The Method of Least Squares Analysis. Appendix H: The VideoPoint Software. Appendix I: Introduction to Mathematica® and Maple®. Appendix J: Notation and Constants. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe Workshop Physics Activity Guide is a set of student workbooks designed to serve as the foundation for a two-semester calculus-based introductory physics course. It consists of 28 units that interweave text materials with activities that include prediction, qualitative observation, explanation, equation derivation, mathematical modeling, quantitative experiments, and problem solving. Students use a powerful set of computer tools to record, display, and analyze data, as well as to develop mathematical models of physical phenomena. The design of many of the activities is based on the outcomes of physics education research.Table of ContentsUnit 1. Introduction and Computing. Unit 2. Measurement Uncertainty. Unit 3. One-Dimensional Motion Iâ??A Graphical Description. Unit 4. One-Dimensional Motion IIâ??A Mathematical Description of Constant Acceleration. Unit 5. One-Dimensional Forces, Mass, and Motion. Unit 6. Gravity and Projectile Motion. Unit 7. Applications of Newtonâ??s Laws.

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Book SynopsisThe Workshop Physics Activity Guide is a set of student workbooks designed to serve as the foundation for a two-semester calculus-based introductory physics course. It consists of 28 units that interweave text materials with activities that include prediction, qualitative observation, explanation, equation derivation, mathematical modeling, quantitative experiments, and problem solving. Students use a powerful set of computer tools to record, display, and analyze data, as well as to develop mathematical models of physical phenomena. The design of many of the activities is based on the outcomes of physics education research. The Workshop Physics Activity Guide is supported by an Instructor's Website that: (1) describes the history and philosophy of the Workshop Physics Project; (2) provides advice on how to integrate the Guide into a variety of educational settings; (3) provides information on computer tools (hardware and software) and apparatus; anTable of ContentsModule 1. Unit 1. Introduction and Computing. Unit 2. Measurement and Uncertainty. Unit 3. One Dimensional Motion I-A Graphical Description. Unit 4. One-Dimensional Motion II-A Mathematical Description of Constant Acceleration. Unit 5. One-Dimensional Forces, Mass, and Motion. Unit 6. Gravity and Projectile Motion. Unit 7. Applications of Newton's Laws. Module 2. Unit 8. One-Dimensional Collisions. Unit 9. Two-Dimensional Collisions. Unit 10. Work and Energy. Unit 11. Energy Conservation. Unit 12. Rotational Motion. Unit 13. Rotational Momentum and Torque as Vectors. Unit 14. Harmonic Motion. Unit 15. Oscillations, Determinism, and Chaos. Module 3. Unit 16. Temperature and Heat Transfer. Unit 17. The First Law of Thermodynamics. Unit 18. Heat Engines. Module 4. Unit 19. Electric Fields. Unit 20. Electric Flux and Gauss' Law. Unit 21. Electrical and Gravitational Potential. Unit 22. Batteries, Bulbs, and Current Flow. Unit 23. Direct Current Circuits. Unit 24. Capacitors and RC Circuits. Unit 25. Electronics. Unit 26. Magnetic Fields. Unit 27. Electricity and Magnetism. Module 5. Unit 28. Radioactivity and Radon. Appendix A- Computer Spreadsheets and Graphs. Appendix B- Computer Data Acquisition Software and Hardware. Appendix C- Statistical Measures of Uncertainty. Appendix D- Graphing Data with Uncertainties-Error Bar and Eyeballs. Appendix E- Mathematical Modeling to Fit Data. Appendix F- Uncertainty Propagation-Uncertainties After Calculations. Appendix G- The Method of Least Squares Analysis. Appendix H- The VideoPoint Software. Appendix I- Introduction to Mathematica® and Maple®. Appendix J- Notation and Constants. Index.

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Book SynopsisA set of student workbooks designed to serve as the foundation for a two semester calculus based introductory physics course.Table of ContentsModule 1. Unit 1. Introduction and Computing. Unit 2. Measurement and Uncertainty. Unit 3. One-Dimensional Motion I-A Graphical Description. Unit 4. One-Dimensional Motion II-A Mathematical Description of Constant Acceleration. Unit 5. One-Dimensional Forces, Mass, and Motion. Unit 6. Gravity and Projectile Motion. Unit 7. Applications of Newton's Laws. Module 2. Unit 8. One-Dimensional Collisions. Unit 9. Two-Dimensional Collisions. Unit 10. Work and Energy. Unit 11. Energy Conservation. Unit 12. Rotational Motion. Unit 13. Rotational Momentum and Torque as Vectors. Unit 14. Harmonic Motion. Unit 15. Oscillations, Determinism, and Chaos. Module 3. Unit 16. Temperature and Heat Transfer. Unit 17. The First Law of Thermodynamics. Unit 18. Heat Engines. Module 4. Unit 19. Electric Fields. Unit 20. Electric Flux and Gauss' Law. Unit 21. Electrical and Gravitational Potential. Unit 22. Batteries, Bulbs, and Current Flow. Unit 23. Direct Current Circuits. Unit 24. Capacitors and RC Circuits. Unit 25. Electronics. Unit 26. Magnetic Fields. Unit 27. Electricity and Magnetism. Module 5. Unit 28. Radioactivity and Radon. Appendix A- Computer Spreadsheets and Graphs. Appendix B - Computer Data Acquisition Software and Hardware. Appendix C- Statistical Measures of Uncertainty. Appendix D- Graphing Data with Uncertainties-Error Bar and Eyeballs. Appendix E- Mathematical Modeling to Fit Data. Appendix F- Uncertainty Propagation-Uncertainties After Calculations. Appendix G- The Method of Least Squares Analysis. Appendix H- The VideoPoint Software. Appendix I- Introduction to Mathematica® and Maple®. Appendix J- Notation and Constants. Index.

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Book SynopsisFor over two decades, physics education research has been transforming physics teaching and learning. Now in this new algebra-based introductory physics text, Jerry Touger taps this work to support new teaching methodologies in physics.

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisFROM ONE OF THE MOST BRILLIANT MINDS OF OUR TIME COMES A BOOK THAT CLARIFIES HIS MOST IMPORTANT IDEAS   Stephen Hawking’s worldwide bestseller A Brief History of Time remains a landmark volume in scientific writing. But for readers who have asked for a more accessible formulation of its key concepts—the nature of space and time, the role of God in creation, and the history and future of the universe—A Briefer History of Time is Professor Hawking’s response.   Although “briefer,” this book is much more than a mere explanation of Hawking’s earlier work. A Briefer History of Time both clarifies and expands on the great subjects of the original, and records the latest developments in the field—from string theory to the search for a unified theory of all the forces of physics. Thirty-seven full-color illustrations enhance the text and make A Briefer History of Time an exhil

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Book SynopsisA physics professor and a popular online cartoonist use their signature brand of humor honed on their podcast ?Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe? to provide short, accessible and lighthearted answers to questions about time, space, gravity, and wormholes. Illustrations.

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisUnderstand the rules that make the universe run. Understanding the laws of physics is essential for all scientific studies, but many students are intimidated by their complexities. This completely revised and updated book makes it easy to understand the most important principles. From the physics of the everyday world to the theory of relativity, PHYSICS MADE SIMPLE covers it all. Each chapter is introduced by anecdotes that directly apply the concepts to contemporary life and ends with practice problems—with complete solutions—to reinforce the concepts. Humorous illustrations and stories complete the text, making it not only easy but fun to learn this important science. Topics covered include:*force*motion *energy*waves *electricity and magnetism *the atom *quantum physics*relativity*spectroscopy *particle physicsLook for these Made Simple titlesAccounting Made SimpleAri

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Book SynopsisIncluded is a famous nineteenth-century debate about scientific reasoning between the hypothetico-deductivist William Whewell and the inductivist John Stuart Mill; and an account of the realism-antirealism dispute about unobservables in science, with a consideration of Perrin's argument for the existence of molecules in the early twentieth century.Table of ContentsPart I: Descaries' Rationalism and Laws of Motion; 1. Descartes' Methodological Rules; 2. Descartes' Ontological Proof of God; 3. Descartes' Laws of Motion; 4. A Discussion of Descartes' Methodology; Part II: Newton's Inductivism and the Law of Gravity; 5. Newton's Methodological Rules; 6. Newton's "Phenomena" and Derivation of the Law of Gravity; 7. Newton on "Hypotheses," God, and Gravity; 8. Cohen's Discussion of Newton's Methodology; 9. Whewell's Critique of Newton's Methodology; Part III: Hypothetico-Deductivism, the Mill-Whewell Debate, and the Wave Theory of Light; 10. Young's Wave Theory of Light; 11. Whewell's Hypothetico-Deductivism; 12. Popper's Falsificationism; 13. Mill's Inductivism and Debate with Whewell; 14. The Mill-Whewell Debate; Part IV: Realism vs. Antirealism and Molecular Reality; 15. Duhem's Antirealism; 16. Van Fraassen's Antirealism; 17. Perrin's Realism and Argument for Molecules; 18. Salmon's Empirical Defense of Realism; 19. Realism and Perrin's Argument for Molecules; Part V: Galileo's Tower Argument and Rejections of Universal Rules of Method; 20. Galileo's Refutation of the Tower Argument; 21. Feyerabend's Rejection of Universal Rules; 22. A Critique of Feyerabend's Anarchism; 23. Kuhn's Rejection of Universal Rules; 24. A Discussion of Kuhn's "Values"

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Book SynopsisWith Brainteaser Physics, students and veteran physicists alike can sharpen their critical and creative thinking-and have fun at the same time.Trade ReviewI highly recommend this book. About.com 2007 Provides a fun, casual approach to learning the science of physics... Perfect for high school or general-interest collections seeking reinforcements to physics principles. Midwest Book Review 2007 A good mix of problem types... Highly recommended. General readers; lower- and upper-division undergraduates. Choice 2007 Instructors could use Brainteaser Physics in a variety of ways... The book is also recommended just because it is entertaining to read. -- Alan J. DeWeerd Physics Teacher 2008 I found it hard to put down... A useful resource for Physics teachers and lecturers. The puzzles are interesting, and the explanations and mathematics very clear. Australian Physics 2007Table of ContentsPreface1. Ten Hits2. No Math Required3. Are You Sure?4. Forces and Currents5. Not Exact but Still Relevant6. Challenges for Your CreativityCoda

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Book SynopsisHe describes techniques that astronomers use to explore the remote recesses of the cosmos in their quest to understand its composition, evolution, and ultimate fate.Trade ReviewA lucid essay on the cosmos-past, present and future-accompanied by clear diagrams, computer graphics and luminous telescopic photos... conveys the excitement of scientists tackling the largest problem yet uncovered. Wall Street Journal 2007 Full of lavish illustrations in beautiful colour-though not of course of dark matter and dark energy-it is a first-class overview for the non-specialist, with enough meaty detail for scientists too. New Scientist 2007 For the general reader and armchair astronomer alike, Nicolson's fascinating account shows how our ideas about the nature and the content of the universe have developed. Lunar and Planetary Information Bulletin 2007 Not just for college-level science collections strong in astronomy, but for the general-interest lending library catering to non-scientist readers. Midwest Book Review 2007 I particularly enjoyed how Nicolson explores topics that take a back seat in the mainstream media. -- Monica Bobra Sky and Telescope 2007 Beautifully illustrated... a valuable contribution to popular scientific literature. Choice 2007Table of Contents1. Anatomy of the Cosmos2. Big Bang and Cosmic Destiny3. More than Meets the Eye4. The Rise and Fall of MACHOs5. It's Matter: But Not as we Know it6. The Challenge of MOND: Does Dark Matter Exist at All?7. The WIMP Hunters8. Matter is not Enough9. Runaway Universe: Exploding Stars Point to Accelerating Expansion10. Einstein's Greatest Blunder11. Dark Energy – the Prime Mover12. Testing the New CosmologyEpilogue: A Good Time to be HereEndnotesIndexImage Credits

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Book SynopsisWhether you are an inquisitive landlubber who has never set foot in a boat, a casual weekend sailor, or an old salt who lives for the sea, Float Your Boat! is an accessible guide to the physics of sailing.Trade ReviewIntelligent and understandable explanations of the physics of sailing... If you want to sound smart the next time you try explaining sailing to someone, read this book! Latitudes & Attitudes Armed with a PhD in physics, Denny fills a gap by addressing the evolution of this ancient means of transportation and the science that has affected its development... this book will appeal to those interested in the history and/or physics of sailing. Choice A light-hearted yet informative look at the physics of sailing ships... Clearly, the connections between physics and sailing run deep; as Denny points out, even Einstein was an avid weekend sailor. Physics World So comprehensive is Denny's narrative that it revisits prehistoric coracles made of animal skins and antlers before fast-forwarding to the Industrial Revolution. -- Steve Goddard www.historywire.com Denny's book is an entertaining read for any sailor, or any armchair physicist for that matter. Ocean Navigator An excellent approach for any nautical library. Midwest Book ReviewTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. Evolution: From Prehistory to the Age of Sail2. Analysis: Square-Rigged Ship Motion3. Evolution: From the Age of Sail to the Modern Yacht4. Analysis: Fore-and-Aft Boat Motion—Introducing Lift and Drag5. A Lot of Torque6. Flying through Water7. WindsurfingAppendix: Lifting the VeilNotesGlossaryAdditional ReadingsIndex

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Book Synopsisdifferent, then Froth! is for you.Trade ReviewMark Denny's beer book is different. Neither an 'ultra-technical account of the brewing process' nor a 'how-to plus a lot of recipes,' Froth! is a theoretical physicists exploration of the math and science behind the beer-brewing process. Packed with humor, history, and DIY enthusiasm, Denny shares with readers how he uses physics to home-brew his own beers that froth higher and taste better. Seed Magazine 2009 Froth! offers a delicious blend of history and science that will delight beer aficionados and science buffs everywhere. Book of the Month Club 2009 Accomplished home brewer and physicist Mark Denny has crafted a scientific yet extremely accessible, investigation of the physics and chemistry of beer. Beers of the World Magazine 2009 Froth! is a nice read, garnished with just the sort of wit I'd expect from a British-born beer aficionado. It will be especially useful to home brewers, as it explains step by step how to make the stuff yourself. -- Andy Coghlan New Scientist 2009 Froth! earns a solid 'A' for bringing science, brewing, and good writing together. Beerfestivals.org 2009 For a scientist, Denny's approach is delightfully down to earth... There's plenty for the beerophile in Froth! -- Vince Costanzo The Age 2009 Denny provides a scientifically sound and often witty investigation of the physics and chemistry of beer. -- Greg Rienzi JHU Gazette 2009 Beer is intriguing enough, but Denny's enjoyment of the subject adds to the fun. -- Stephanie Stone SpinSheet 2009 A lively yet scientific examination of the physics and chemistry of beer. Midwest Book Review 2009 Books about beer tend to be either purely descriptive or wholly scientific. Rarely does a book combine the two, much less with genuine wit and charm. Froth!... is the exception. It is a great joy to read and contains a wealth of information for a wide audience... Highly recommended. Choice 2010 Denny... keeps the book interesting with his light and informal writing style and a good sense of humor... Froth! is a perfect book for the home-brewing beer aficionado who is looking for more than 'Brewing 101' but less than a master's degree in the subject. -- Megan Just Sacramento Book Review 2009 Anyone with an interest specifically in how traditional craft relates to science-based industry would also find Froth! an entertaining and illuminating case study. -- Joseph Schultz Technology and Culture 2010Table of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. The Evolution of Beer2. How to Make Good Beer at Home3. Yeast Population Dynamics4. Brewing Thermodynamics5. Bubbles6. Fluid Flow7. Final ThoughtsGlossaryBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisZimba illustrates the laws with more than 350 diagrams, an innovative presentation that offers a fresh way to teach the fundamentals in introductory physics, mechanics, and kinematics courses.Trade ReviewForce and Motion is an excellent choice for a general physics class supplement, especially if an in-depth analysis of mechanics is important. If not incorporated into a course, the book is still very useful for teachers by providing real-world applications, in-class exercises, conceptual questions, test problems, diagrams and figures, lab exercises, and new ways to explain Newtonian mechanics. -- John L. Hubisz The Physics Teacher 2010 Zimba presents a careful and comprehensive development of the concepts, algebra, and trigonometry underlying Newton's three laws of motion at the high-school and introductory-college level. The text is well written and the diagrams are simple sketches, well suited to a classroom presentation or student's notebook. Choice 2010 As an exposition on how to teach this crucial topic, it is definitely worth consideration by teachers and, if the approach finds favour, could benefit students too. -- Rick Marshall School Science Review 2010Table of ContentsPrefaceAcknowledgmentsIndex of Key MaterialPart I: Describing Motion1. Graphing Relationships2. Rates of Change3. Introducing Position and Velocity4. Vectors5. Position and Velocity, Revisited6. Introducing Acceleration7. Acceleration as a Rate of Change8. Focus on a-Perp9. Case Study: Straight-Line MotionPart II: Explaining and Predicting Motion10. The Concept of Force11. Combining Forces That Act on the Same Target12. "Newton's Little Law"13. Newton's Second Law14. Dynamics15. Newton's Third Law16. Kinds of Force17. Strategies for Applying Newton's LawsAppendix: Derivation of Huygen's FormulaAnswers to Focused ProblemsReferencesIndex of Problem SituationsSubject Index

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Book SynopsisDrawing on newly unearthed documents, including a series of letters from Einstein to his sons, Neffe presents a rich psychological portrait of a man whose character has too often been lost in the bright glow of celebrity.Trade Review[Einstein's] are some of the most powerful ideas in all of science... Neffe does an especially thorough job tracing their origins in Einstein's early obsessions, and he shows how completely the latest cosmic theories are constructed atop the general theory of relativity. New York Times Book Review You would never know you were reading a translation. Converted into evocative, idiomatic English by Shelley Frisch, the book abandons the traditional chronological framework to make oblique swipes across Einstein's timeline-like those bullets flying through a train. Los Angeles Times Coupling insights into Einstein's character with clear descriptions of the physicist's groundbreaking research, Neffe creates a fascinating portrait of... one of the most intriguing figures of the 20th century. Publishers Weekly Neffe's biography reads more like an American novel. The language is fresh and lively-a nod to Neffe's English translator, Shelley Frisch. San Diego Union-Tribune A comprehensive, sympathetic, and very readable portrait of the man, the celebrity, the scientist, and the theories that transformed physics and the modern world... Stellar research and prose combine in a splendid biography of physics' most luminous supernova. Kirkus Reviews (starred review)Table of ContentsTranslator's PrefacePrologue: The Immortal: Einstein's Secret1. His Second Birth: The Fateful Year 19192. How Albert Became Einstein: The Psychological Makeup of a Genius3. "A New Era!": From Industrialist's Son to Inventor4. Of Dwarfs and Giants: A Brief History of Science, According to Einstein5. The Burden of Inheritance: Einstein Detectives in Action6. "Elsa or Ilse": The Physicist and the Women7. The Miraculous Path to the Miraculous Year: Einstein's Angels8. Squaring the Light: Why Einstein Had to Discover the Theory of Relativity9. Why Is the Sky Blue? Einstein—A Career10. "Dear Boys . . . Your Papa": The Drama of the Brilliant Father11. Anatomy of a Discovery: How Einstein Found the General Theory of Relativity12. Lambda Lives: Einstein, "Chief Engineer of the Universe"13. Spacetime Quakes: The Theory of Relativity Put to the Test14. His Best Foe: Einstein, Germany, and Politics15. "I Am Not a Tiger": Einstein, the Human Side16. A Jew Named Albert: His God Was a Principle17. The End Justifies the Doubts: Einstein and Quantum Theory18. Of the Magnitude of Failure: The Quest for the Unified Theory19. From Barbaria to Dollaria: Einstein's America20. "People Are a Bad Invention": Einstein, the Atomic Bomb, McCarthy, and the EndNotesBibliographyAcknowledgmentsIndex

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Book SynopsisDrawn from the Hoover Institution's Shultz-Stephenson Task Force on Energy Policy January 2010 conference, this discusses critical energy issues, including energy and synthetic biology, cap and trade and carbon tax policies, energy efficiency, international energy relationships, and other key topics.Table of Contents Preface Introduction by George P. Shultz Recommendations Sessions 1 Distributed Energy 2 What Can We Do To Boost Energy Efficiency? 3 The Nuclear Fuel Cycle 4 Synthetic Biology and Its Applications in Energy 5 Putting a Price on Carbon 6 A Sustained Research and Development Policy 7 Emerging International Energy Relationships Appendix 1 Working with China and India What Can America Do with China? by David Victor The U.S.-India Climate and Energy Relationship: Dealing with a Power-Starved Country by Jeremy Carl Appendix 2 Members of the Shultz-Stephenson Task Force on Energy Policy Appendix 3 Conference Agenda Conference Participants

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Book SynopsisIt is becoming increasingly obvious that the United States needs reliable and inexpensive energy to propel the economy and protect national security interests. Game Changers presents five research and development efforts from American universities that offer a cheaper, cleaner, and more secure national energy system.

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