Physics Books

Book SynopsisIn order to give the reader a deeper insight into this research field, the contributing authors discuss their opinions on the main subjects in an enthralling virtual round table: in this way, the reader can get a direct comparison of the various viewpoints on the most controversial and interesting topics.Trade ReviewFoundations of Physics, Vol. 34, No. 8, August 2004 (© 2004) Book Review Relativity in Rotating Frames. Relativistic Physics in Rotating Reference Frames. Edited by G.Rizzi and M.L.Ruggiero, (Fundamental Theories of Physics 135), 452 pp., $193.00. ISBN 1-4020-1805-3. Soon after Einstein’s destruction of absolute simultaneity and Minkowski’s formulation of special relativity, the problem of the relativistic description of extended bodies in rotating reference frames led to Ehrenfest’s paradox with the subsequent Einstein’s answer and to an endless still on going debate about the instantaneous space and the geometry of a rotating disk and the associated Sagnac effect. As emphasized by Stachel in the Preface of this book, edited by G.Rizzi and M.L.Ruggiero and composed of invited contributions, from both "traditionalists" and "heretics", the existence of a structural difference between translations and rotations goes back to Aristotle. Only with Newton translations with constant velocity where privileged with respect to other types of motion through the introduction of the notion of inertial reference frame and the law of inertia. This notion survived in Einstein’s formulation of special relativity, but at the price of loosing the concept of instantaneous three-space: only the notion of being space-like with respect to an observer is well de.ned. Since a relativistic, either inertial or no inertial, observer has no "absolute present", the description of extended objects becomes a non-trivial problem. Given only the postulates of special relativity, namely the constancy and isotropy of the round-trip velocity of light involving only one observer and one clock, there is no unique de.nition of synchronization of clocks, of one-way velocity of light and of spatial distance in an instantaneous three-space. We must make some convention, for instance Einstein’s convention of simultaneity in inertial frames implying an isotropic one-way velocity of light and "equal time" hyper-planes, regarding one of these notions to have the other two de.ned. 1281 0015-9018/04/0800-1281/0 © 2004 Plenum Publishing Corporation 1282 Book Review As a consequence, since in non-inertial frames no convention, globally valid like Einstein’s one in inertial frames, is known, different conventions lead to different viewpoints especially in connection with non-inertial uniformly rotating frames and to the necessity of a still lacking interpretation of their equivalence. This so deeply non-Newtonian framework explains why extended objects like the uniformly rotating disk, which presents no conceptual difficulty at the Newtonian level, give rise to a so controversial and non-unique picture at the relativistic level. Grøn’s historical contribution shows how many, often contradictory, viewpoints have been developed in 90 years. This book is really welcome because it gives a snapshot of the existing spectrum of interpretations regarding rotating coordinate systems (Dieks, Bel, Nikolic, de Felice), the locality hypothesis (Mashhoon), inertial forces (Bini, Jantzen), the anisotropy of the velocity of light in rotating frames and the Sagnac effect (Klauber, Selleri, Sera.ni, Rizzi, Ruggiero, Weber, Sorge, Pascual-Sanchez, Vicente), what is the "space of a rotating disk" and how to de.ne length measurements in rotating frames (Rizzi, Ruggiero, Tartaglia, Grøn, Klauber, Nikolic), quantum mechanics in rotating frames and the gravitational .eld (Papini, Anandan, Suzuki). Only Mach’s principle is absent! The absence of agreement among the various interpretations, nicely made explicit through six virtual dialogues at the end of the book, is made more acute by the contributions of Rizzi and Sera.ni on the freedom in the choice of the notion of simultaneity in rotating frames and of Ashby on the relevance of the Sagnac effect in the Global Positioning System especially after the developments of modern technology oriented to space navigation and requiring the synchronization of the now existing ultra-precise atomic clocks till the order 1/c3. In conclusion, it is hoped that this book will be a stimulus to start a fresh search of the missing elements to arrive at a relativistic description of extended objects in arbitrary non-inertial frames. Such a description should include Maxwell equations and should lead to a well-posed Cauchy problem allowing us to get control on the energy balance of every physical system in a non-inertial reference frame. Luca Lusanna Firenze, Italy Table of ContentsI Historical Papers.- 1 Uniform Rotation of Rigid Bodies and the Theory of Relativity.- 2 The existence of the luminiferous ether demonstrated by means of the effect of a relative ether wind in an uniformly rotating interferometer.- II Papers.- 1 The Sagnac Effect in the Global Positioning System.- 2 Space, Time and Coordinates in a Rotating World.- 3 The Hypothesis of Locality and its Limitations.- 4 Sagnac effect: end of the mystery.- 5 Synchronization and desynchronization on rotating platforms.- 6 Toward a Consistent Theory of Relativistic Rotation.- 7 Elementary Considerations of the Time and Geometry of Rotating Reference Frames.- 8 Local and Global Anisotropy in the Speed of Light.- 9 Isotropy of the velocity of light and the Sagnac effect.- 10 The relativistic Sagnac effect: two derivations.- 11 Inertial forces: the special relativistic assessment.- 12 Eppur, si muove!.- 13 Does anything happen on a rotating disk?.- 14 Proper co-ordinates of non-inertial observers and rotation.- 15 Space geometry in rotating reference frames: A historical appraisal.- 16 Quantum Physics in Inertial and Gravitational Fields.- 17 Quantum Mechanics in a Rotating Frame.- 18 On rotating spacetimes.- III Round Table.- I Dialogue on the velocity of light in a rotating frame.- II Dialogue on synchronization and Sagnac effect.- III Dialogue on the measurement of lengths in a rotating frame.- IV Dialogue on the Brillet-Hall experiment.- V Dialogue on quantum effects in rotating systems.- VI Dialogue on non uniform motions and other details about Klauber’s and Selleri’s challenges.

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Book SynopsisNajmi's primer will be an indispensable resource for those in computer science, the physical sciences, applied mathematics, and engineering who wish to obtain an in-depth understanding and working knowledge of this fascinating and evolving field.Trade ReviewA complete, concise and clear exposition of the more traditional tools related to linear filtering. -- Davide Barbieri Mathematical Reviews Since their emergence in the last eighties and early nineties of the twentieth century, wavelets and other multi-scale transforms have become powerful signal and image processing tools. Najmi's book provides physicists and engineers with a clear and concise introduction to this fascinating field. -- Ignace Loris American Journal of PhysicsTable of ContentsList of TablesList of FiguresList of AcronymsPrefaceAcknowledgments1. Analysis in Vector and Function Spaces1.1. Introduction1.2. The Lebesgue Integral1.3. Discrete Time Signals1.4. Vector Spaces1.5. Linear Independence1.6. Bases and Basis Vectors1.7. Normed Vector Spaces1.8. Inner Product1.9. Banach and Hilbert Spaces1.10. Linear Operators, Operator Norm, the Adjoint Operator1.11. Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space1.12. The Dirac Delta Distribution1.13. Orthonormal Vectors1.14. Orthogonal Projections1.15. Multi-Resolution Analysis Subspaces1.16. Complete and Orthonormal Bases in L2 (R)1.17. The Dirac Notation1.18. The Fourier Transform1.19. The Fourier Series Expansion1.20. The Discrete Time Fourier Transform1.21. The Discrete Fourier Transform1.22. Band-Limited Functions and the Sampling Theorem1.23. The Basis Operator in L2(R)1.24. Biorthogonal Bases and Representations in L2 (R)1.25. Frames in a Finite Dimensional Vector Space1.26. Frames in L2 (R)1.27. Dual Frame Construction Algorithm1.28. Exercises2. Linear Time-Invariant Systems2.1. Introduction2.2. Convolution in Continuous Time2.3. Convolution in Discrete Time2.4. Convolution of Finite Length Sequences2.5. Linear Time-Invariant Systems and the Z Transform2.6. Spectral Factorization for Finite Length Sequences2.7. Perfect Reconstruction Quadrature Mirror Filters2.8. Exercises3. Time, Frequency, and Scale Localizing Transforms3.1. Introduction3.2. The Windowed Fourier Transform3.3. The Windowed Fourier Transform Inverse3.4. The Range Space of the Windowed Fourier Transform3.5. The Discretized Windowed Fourier Transform3.6. Time-Frequency Resolution of theWindowed Fourier Transform3.7. The Continuous Wavelet Transform3.8. The Continuous Wavelet Transform Inverse3.9. The Range Space of the Continuous Wavelet Transform3.10. The Morlet, the Mexican Hat, and the Haar Wavelets3.11. Discretizing the Continuous Wavelet Transform3.12. Algorithm A' Trous3.13. The Morlet Scalogram3.14. Exercises4. The Haar and Shannon Wavelets4.1. Introduction4.2. Haar Multi-Resolution Analysis Subspaces4.3. Summary and Generalization of Results4.4. The Spectra of the Haar Filter Coefficients4.5. Half-Band Finite Impulse Response Filters4.6. The Shannon Scaling Function4.7. The Spectrum of the Shannon Filter Coefficients4.8. Meyer's Wavelet4.9. Exercises5. General Properties of Scaling and Wavelet Functions5.1. Introduction5.2. Multi-Resolution Analysis Spaces5.3. The Inverse Relations5.4. The Shift-Invariant Discrete Wavelet Transform5.5. Time Domain Properties5.6. Examples of Finite Length Filter Coefficients5.7. Frequency Domain Relations5.8. Orthogonalization of a Basis Set: b1 Spline Wavelet5.9. The Cascade Algorithm5.10. Biorthogonal Wavelets5.11. Multi-Resolution Analysis Using Biorthogonal Wavelets5.12. Exercises6. Discrete Wavelet Transform of Discrete Time Signals6.1. Introduction6.2. Discrete Time Data and Scaling Function Expansions6.3. Implementing the DWT for Even Length h0 Filters6.4. Denoising and Thresholding6.5. Biorthogonal Wavelets of Compact Support6.6. The Lazy Filters6.7. Exercises7. Wavelet Regularity and Daubechies Solutions7.1. Introduction7.2. Zero Moments of the Mother Wavelet7.3. The Form of H0(z) and the Decay Rate of F(?)7.4. Daubechies Orthogonal Wavelets of Compact Support7.5. Wavelet and Scaling Function Vanishing Moments7.6. Biorthogonal Wavelets of Compact Support7.7. Biorthogonal Spline Wavelets7.8. The Lifting Scheme7.9. Exercises8. Orthogonal Wavelet Packets8.1. Introduction8.2. Review of the Orthogonal Wavelet Transform8.3. Packet Functions for Orthonormal Wavelets8.4. Discrete Orthogonal Packet Transform of Finite Length Sequences8.5. The Best Basis Algorithm8.6. Exercises9. Wavelet Transform in Two Dimensions9.1. Introduction9.2. The Forward Transform9.3. The Inverse Transform9.4. Implementing the Two-Dimensional Wavelet Transform9.5. Application to Image Compression9.6. Image Fusion9.8. ExercisesBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisExploring the potential for extraterrestrial life and the origins of our own planet, this comprehensive introduction to astrobiology is updated with the latest findings. Informed by the discoveries and analyses of extrasolar planets and the findings from recent robotic missions across the solar system, scientists are rapidly replacing centuries of speculation about potential extraterrestrial habitats with real knowledge about the possibility of life outside our own biosphereif it exists, and, if so, where. Casting new light on the biggest questions there arehow did we get here, and who else might be out there?this third edition of Kevin W. Plaxco and Michael Gross's widely acclaimed Astrobiology incorporates a decade's worth of new developments in space to bring readers the most comprehensive, up-to-date, and engaging introduction to the field available. Plaxco and Gross examine the factors that make our Universe habitable, from the origin of chemical elements and the formation of Trade ReviewI did not find a single page in this book that did not attract my interest.—Anna Faktorovich, Pennsylvania Literary JournalTable of ContentsPreface AcknowledgmentsChapter 1. What Is Life?Chapter 2. Origins of a Habitable UniverseChapter 3. Origins of a Habitable PlanetChapter 4. Primordial SoupChapter 5. The Spark of LifeChapter 6. From Molecules to CellsChapter 7. A Concise History of Life on EarthChapter 8. Life on the EdgeChapter 9. Habitable Worlds in the Solar System and BeyondChapter 10. The Search for ETEpilogueGlossaryIndex

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Book SynopsisThis book contains interviews with physicists, biologists, and chemists who have been involved in some of the most exciting discoveries in modern scientific thought. The conversations—with Bohm, Pattee, Penrose, Rosen, Rosenfeld, Somorjai, Weizsäcker, Wheeler, and Nobel prizewinners Heisenberg, Dirac, and Prigogine—explore issues which have shaped modern physics and those which hint at what may form the next scientific revolution.The discussions range over a set of basic problems in physical theory and their possible solutions—the understanding of space and time, quantum and relativity theories and recent attempts to unite them—and deal with related questions in theoretical biology. The approach is non-technical, with an emphasis on the assumptions of modern science and their implications for understanding the world we live in.The book, which originated in a highly successful radio series, provides a vivid first-hand account of some of the

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Book SynopsisProviding an updated and comprehensive account of the properties of solid polymers, the book covers all aspects of mechanical behaviour. This includes finite elastic behavior, linear viscoelasticity and mechanical relaxations, mechanical anisotropy, non-linear viscoelasicity, yield behavior and fracture. New to this edition is coverage of polymer nanocomposites, and molecular interpretations of yield, e.g. Bowden, Young, and Argon. The book begins by focusing on the structure of polymers, including their chemical composition and physical structure. It goes on to discuss the mechanical properties and behaviour of polymers, the statistical molecular theories of the rubber-like state and describes aspects of linear viscoelastic behaviour, its measurement, and experimental studies. Later chapters cover composites and experimental behaviour, relaxation transitions, stress and yielding. The book concludes with a discussion of breaking phenomena.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Structure of Polymers 1 1.1 Chemical Composition 1 1.1.1 Polymerisation 1 1.1.2 Cross-Linking and Chain-Branching 3 1.1.3 Average Molecular Mass and Molecular Mass Distribution 4 1.1.4 Chemical and Steric Isomerism and Stereoregularity 5 1.1.5 Liquid Crystalline Polymers 7 1.1.6 Blends, Grafts and Copolymers 8 1.2 Physical Structure 9 1.2.1 Rotational Isomerism 9 1.2.2 Orientation and Crystallinity 10 References 16 Further Reading 17 2 The Mechanical Properties of Polymers: General Considerations 19 2.1 Objectives 19 2.2 The Different Types of Mechanical Behaviour 19 2.3 The Elastic Solid and the Behaviour of Polymers 21 2.4 Stress and Strain 22 2.4.1 The State of Stress 22 2.4.2 The State of Strain 23 2.5 The Generalised Hooke’s Law 26 References 29 3 The Behaviour in the Rubber-Like State: Finite Strain Elasticity 31 3.1 The Generalised Definition of Strain 31 3.1.1 The Cauchy–Green Strain Measure 32 3.1.2 Principal Strains 34 3.1.3 Transformation of Strain 36 3.1.4 Examples of Elementary Strain Fields 38 3.1.5 Relationship of Engineering Strains to General Strains 41 3.1.6 Logarithmic Strain 42 3.2 The Stress Tensor 43 3.3 The Stress–Strain Relationships 44 3.4 The Use of a Strain Energy Function 47 3.4.1 Thermodynamic Considerations 47 3.4.2 The Form of the Strain Energy Function 51 3.4.3 The Strain Invariants 51 3.4.4 Application of the Invariant Approach 52 3.4.5 Application of the Principal Stretch Approach 54 References 58 4 Rubber-Like Elasticity 61 4.1 General Features of Rubber-Like Behaviour 61 4.2 The Thermodynamics of Deformation 62 4.2.1 The Thermoelastic Inversion Effect 64 4.3 The Statistical Theory 65 4.3.1 Simplifying Assumptions 65 4.3.2 Average Length of a Molecule between Cross-Links 66 4.3.3 The Entropy of a Single Chain 67 4.3.4 The Elasticity of a Molecular Network 69 4.4 Modifications of Simple Molecular Theory 72 4.4.1 The Phantom Network Model 73 4.4.2 The Constrained Junction Model 73 4.4.3 The Slip Link Model 73 4.4.4 The Inverse Langevin Approximation 75 4.4.5 The Conformational Exhaustion Model 79 4.4.6 The Effect of Strain-Induced Crystallisation 80 4.5 The Internal Energy Contribution to Rubber Elasticity 80 4.6 Conclusions 83 References 83 Further Reading 85 5 Linear Viscoelastic Behaviour 87 5.1 Viscoelasticity as a Phenomenon 87 5.1.1 Linear Viscoelastic Behaviour 88 5.1.2 Creep 89 5.1.3 Stress Relaxation 91 5.2 Mathematical Representation of Linear Viscoelasticity 92 5.2.1 The Boltzmann Superposition Principle 93 5.2.2 The Stress Relaxation Modulus 96 5.2.3 The Formal Relationship between Creep and Stress Relaxation 96 5.2.4 Mechanical Models, Relaxation and Retardation Time Spectra 97 5.2.5 The Kelvin or Voigt Model 98 5.2.6 The Maxwell Model 99 5.2.7 The Standard Linear Solid 100 5.2.8 Relaxation Time Spectra and Retardation Time Spectra 101 5.3 Dynamical Mechanical Measurements: The Complex Modulus and Complex Compliance 103 5.3.1 Experimental Patterns for G 1 , G 2 and so on as a Function of Frequency 105 5.4 The Relationships between the Complex Moduli and the Stress Relaxation Modulus 109 5.4.1 Formal Representations of the Stress Relaxation Modulus and the Complex Modulus 111 5.4.2 Formal Representations of the Creep Compliance and the Complex Compliance 113 5.4.3 The Formal Structure of Linear Viscoelasticity 113 5.5 The Relaxation Strength 114 References 116 Further Reading 117 6 The Measurement of Viscoelastic Behaviour 119 6.1 Creep and Stress Relaxation 119 6.1.1 Creep Conditioning 119 6.1.2 Specimen Characterisation 120 6.1.3 Experimental Precautions 120 6.2 Dynamic Mechanical Measurements 123 6.2.1 The Torsion Pendulum 124 6.2.2 Forced Vibration Methods 126 6.2.3 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) 126 6.3 Wave-Propagation Methods 127 6.3.1 The Kilohertz Frequency Range 128 6.3.2 The Megahertz Frequency Range: Ultrasonic Methods 129 6.3.3 The Hypersonic Frequency Range: Brillouin Spectroscopy 131 References 131 Further Reading 133 7 Experimental Studies of Linear Viscoelastic Behaviour as a Function of Frequency and Temperature: Time–Temperature Equivalence 135 7.1 General Introduction 135 7.1.1 Amorphous Polymers 135 7.1.2 Temperature Dependence of Viscoelastic Behaviour 138 7.1.3 Crystallinity and Inclusions 138 7.2 Time–Temperature Equivalence and Superposition 140 7.3 Transition State Theories 143 7.3.1 The Site Model Theory 145 7.4 The Time–Temperature Equivalence of the Glass Transition Viscoelastic Behaviour in Amorphous Polymers and the Williams, Landel and Ferry (WLF) Equation 147 7.4.1 The Williams, Landel and Ferry Equation, the Free Volume Theory and Other Related Theories 153 7.4.2 The Free Volume Theory of Cohen and Turnbull 154 7.4.3 The Statistical Thermodynamic Theory of Adam and Gibbs 154 7.4.4 An Objection to Free Volume Theories 155 7.5 Normal Mode Theories Based on Motion of Isolated Flexible Chains 156 7.6 The Dynamics of Highly Entangled Polymers 160 References 163 8 Anisotropic Mechanical Behaviour 167 8.1 The Description of Anisotropic Mechanical Behaviour 167 8.2 Mechanical Anisotropy in Polymers 168 8.2.1 The Elastic Constants for Specimens Possessing Fibre Symmetry 168 8.2.2 The Elastic Constants for Specimens Possessing Orthorhombic Symmetry 170 8.3 Measurement of Elastic Constants 171 8.3.1 Measurements on Films or Sheets 171 8.3.2 Measurements on Fibres and Monofilaments 181 8.4 Experimental Studies of Mechanical Anisotropy in Oriented Polymers 185 8.4.1 Sheets of Low-Density Polyethylene 186 8.4.2 Filaments Tested at Room Temperature 186 8.5 Interpretation of Mechanical Anisotropy: General Considerations 192 8.5.1 Theoretical Calculation of Elastic Constants 192 8.5.2 Orientation and Morphology 197 8.6 Experimental Studies of Anisotropic Mechanical Behaviour and Their Interpretation 198 8.6.1 The Aggregate Model and Mechanical Anisotropy 198 8.6.2 Correlation of the Elastic Constants of an Oriented Polymer with Those of an Isotropic Polymer: The Aggregate Model 198 8.6.3 The Development of Mechanical Anisotropy with Molecular Orientation 201 8.6.4 The Sonic Velocity 206 8.6.5 Amorphous Polymers 208 8.6.6 Oriented Polyethylene Terephthalate Sheet with Orthorhombic Symmetry 209 8.7 The Aggregate Model for Chain-Extended Polyethylene and Liquid Crystalline Polymers 212 8.8 Auxetic Materials: Negative Poisson’s Ratio 216 References 220 9 Polymer Composites: Macroscale and Microscale 227 9.1 Composites: A General Introduction 227 9.2 Mechanical Anisotropy of Polymer Composites 228 9.2.1 Mechanical Anisotropy of Lamellar Structures 228 9.2.2 Elastic Constants of Highly Aligned Fibre Composites 230 9.2.3 Mechanical Anisotropy and Strength of Uniaxially Aligned Fibre Composites 233 9.3 Short Fibre Composites 233 9.3.1 The Influence of Fibre Length: Shear Lag Theory 234 9.3.2 Debonding and Pull-Out 236 9.3.3 Partially Oriented Fibre Composites 236 9.4 Nanocomposites 238 9.5 Takayanagi Models for Semi-Crystalline Polymers 241 9.5.1 The Simple Takayanagi Model 242 9.5.2 Takayanagi Models for Dispersed Phases 242 9.5.3 Modelling Polymers with a Single-Crystal Texture 245 9.6 Ultra-High-Modulus Polyethylene 250 9.6.1 The Crystalline Fibril Model 250 9.6.2 The Crystalline Bridge Model 252 9.7 Conclusions 255 References 256 Further Reading 259 10 Relaxation Transitions: Experimental Behaviour and Molecular Interpretation 261 10.1 Amorphous Polymers: An Introduction 261 10.2 Factors Affecting the Glass Transition in Amorphous Polymers 263 10.2.1 Effect of Chemical Structure 263 10.2.2 Effect of Molecular Mass and Cross-Linking 265 10.2.3 Blends, Grafts and Copolymers 266 10.2.4 Effects of Plasticisers 267 10.3 Relaxation Transitions in Crystalline Polymers 269 10.3.1 General Introduction 269 10.3.2 Relaxation in Low-Crystallinity Polymers 270 10.3.3 Relaxation Processes in Polyethylene 272 10.3.4 Relaxation Processes in Liquid Crystalline Polymers 278 10.4 Conclusions 282 References 282 11 Non-linear Viscoelastic Behaviour 285 11.1 The Engineering Approach 286 11.1.1 Isochronous Stress–Strain Curves 286 11.1.2 Power Laws 287 11.2 The Rheological Approach 289 11.2.1 Historical Introduction to Non-linear Viscoelasticity Theory 289 11.2.2 Adaptations of Linear Theory – Differential Models 294 11.2.3 Adaptations of Linear Theory – Integral Models 299 11.2.4 More Complicated Single-Integral Representations 303 11.2.5 Comparison of Single-Integral Models 306 11.3 Creep and Stress Relaxation as Thermally Activated Processes 306 11.3.1 The Eyring Equation 307 11.3.2 Applications of the Eyring Equation to Creep 308 11.3.3 Applications of the Eyring Equation to Stress Relaxation 310 11.3.4 Applications of the Eyring Equation to Yield 312 11.4 Multi-axial Deformation: Three-Dimensional Non-linear Viscoelasticity 313 References 315 Further Reading 318 12 Yielding and Instability in Polymers 319 12.1 Discussion of the Load–Elongation Curves in Tensile Testing 320 12.1.1 Necking and the Ultimate Stress 321 12.1.2 Necking and Cold-Drawing: A Phenomenological Discussion 323 12.1.3 Use of the Considère Construction 325 12.1.4 Definition of Yield Stress 326 12.2 Ideal Plastic Behaviour 327 12.2.1 The Yield Criterion: General Considerations 327 12.2.2 The Tresca Yield Criterion 327 12.2.3 The Coulomb Yield Criterion 328 12.2.4 The von Mises Yield Criterion 329 12.2.5 Geometrical Representations of the Tresca, von Mises and Coulomb Yield Criteria 331 12.2.6 Combined Stress States 331 12.2.7 Yield Criteria for Anisotropic Materials 333 12.2.8 The Plastic Potential 334 12.3 Historical Development of Understanding of the Yield Process 335 12.3.1 Adiabatic Heating 336 12.3.2 The Isothermal Yield Process: The Nature of the Load Drop 337 12.4 Experimental Evidence for Yield Criteria in Polymers 338 12.4.1 Application of Coulomb Yield Criterion to Yield Behaviour 339 12.4.2 Direct Evidence for the Influence of Hydrostatic Pressure on Yield Behaviour 339 12.5 The Molecular Interpretations of Yield 342 12.5.1 Yield as an Activated Rate Process 343 12.5.2 Yield Considered to Relate to the Movement of Dislocations or Disclinations 351 12.6 Cold-Drawing, Strain Hardening and the True Stress–Strain Curve 359 12.6.1 General Considerations 359 12.6.2 Cold-Drawing and the Natural Draw Ratio 359 12.6.3 The Concept of the True Stress–True Strain Curve and the Network Draw Ratio 361 12.6.4 Strain Hardening and Strain Rate Sensitivity 363 12.6.5 Process Flow Stress Paths 364 12.6.6 Neck Profiles 365 12.6.7 Crystalline Polymers 366 12.7 Shear Bands 366 12.8 Physical Considerations behind Viscoplastic Modelling 369 12.8.1 The Bauschinger Effect 370 12.9 Shape Memory Polymers 371 References 372 Further Reading 378 13 Breaking Phenomena 379 13.1 Definition of Tough and Brittle Behaviour in Polymers 379 13.2 Principles of Brittle Fracture of Polymers 380 13.2.1 Griffith Fracture Theory 380 13.2.2 The Irwin Model 381 13.2.3 The Strain Energy Release Rate 382 13.3 Controlled Fracture in Brittle Polymers 385 13.4 Crazing in Glassy Polymers 386 13.5 The Structure and Formation of Crazes 391 13.5.1 The Structure of Crazes 392 13.5.2 Craze Initiation and Growth 395 13.5.3 Crazing in the Presence of Fluids and Gases: Environmental Crazing 397 13.6 Controlled Fracture in Tough Polymers 400 13.6.1 The J-Integral 401 13.6.2 Essential Work of Fracture 404 13.6.3 Crack Opening Displacement 407 13.7 The Molecular Approach 413 13.8 Factors Influencing Brittle–Ductile Behaviour: Brittle–Ductile Transitions 414 13.8.1 The Ludwig–Davidenkov–Orowan Hypothesis 414 13.8.2 Notch Sensitivity and Vincent’s σ B –σ Y Diagram 416 13.8.3 A Theory of Brittle–Ductile Transitions Consistent with Fracture Mechanics: Fracture Transitions 419 13.9 The Impact Strength of Polymers 422 13.9.1 Flexed-Beam Impact 422 13.9.2 Falling-Weight Impact 426 13.9.3 Toughened Polymers: High-Impact Polyblends 427 13.9.4 Crazing and Stress Whitening 429 13.9.5 Dilatation Bands 429 13.10 The Tensile Strength and Tearing of Polymers in the Rubbery State 430 13.10.1 The Tearing of Rubbers: Extension of Griffith Theory 430 13.10.2 Molecular Theories of the Tensile Strength of Rubbers 431 13.11 Effect of Strain Rate and Temperature 432 13.12 Fatigue in Polymers 434 References 439 Further Reading 447 Index 449

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Book SynopsisThis volume comprises contributions from faculty and postdoctoral finalists of the 2012 New York Academy of Science Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists. The Awards recognize highly innovative, multidisciplinary accomplishments in the life sciences, physical sciences, mathematics, and engineering. Included in this volume are manuscripts of the individual finalists’ areas of research, which provide a glimpse of some of today’s most compelling scholarly work. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For more information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit: http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.111/(ISSN)1749-6632 ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information on becoming a member.

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Book SynopsisIn volume one of Einstein's Mass-Energy Equation, the authors examine the history and philosophical significance of several demonstrations Einstein published for his mass-energy relation, which is often expressed by the iconic equation E = mc2. Their goal is to illustrate how these demonstrations display a clear shift away from a reliance on electromagnetic phenomena culminating in Einstein's 1934 purely dynamic demonstration. Philosophically, this trend signals the importance of recognizing special relativity as what Einstein called a principle theor. Volume two of this work examines the role that Einstein's mass-energy relation played in the development of quantum mechanics and general relativity. The authors also discuss the first empirical confirmation of E = mc2 and some contemporary debates concerning the philosophical interpretation of this important result.

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Book SynopsisHe called the first atomic bomb “technically sweet,” yet as he watched its brilliant light explode over the New Mexico desert in 1945 in advance of the black horrors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, he also thought of the line from the Hindu epic The Bhagavad Gita: “I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.” Physicist J. RobertOppenheimer, the scientific director of the Manhattan Project, the single most recognizable face of the atomic bomb, and a man whose name has become almost synonymous with Cold War American nuclear science, was and still is a conflicted, controversial figure who has come to represent an equally ambivalent technology.The Meanings of J. Robert Oppenheimer examines how he has been represented over the past seven decades in biographies, histories,fiction, comics, photographs, film, television, documentaries, theater, and museums. Lindsey Michael Banco gathers an unprecedented group of cultural texts and seeks to understand the multiple meanings Oppenheimer has held in American popular culture since 1945. He traces the ways these representations of Oppenheimer have influenced public understanding of the atomic bomb, technology, physics, the figure of the scientist, the role of science in war, and even what it means to pursue knowledge of the world around us. Questioning and unpacking both how and why Oppenheimer is depicted as he is across time and genre, this book is broad in scope, profound in detail, and offers unique insights into the rise of nuclear culture and how we think about the relationship between history, imagination, science, and nuclear weapons today.

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Book SynopsisThe Vlasov equation is the master equation which provides a statistical description for the collective behavior of large numbers of charged particles in mutual, long-range interaction. In other words, a low collision (or “Vlasov”) plasma. Plasma physics is itself a relatively young discipline, whose “birth” can be ascribed to the 1920s. The origin of the Vlasov model, however, is even more recent, dating back to the late 1940s. This “young age” is due to the rare occurrence of Vlasov plasma on Earth, despite the fact it characterizes most of the visible matter in the universe. This book – addressed to students, young researchers and to whoever wants a good understanding of Vlasov plasmas – discusses this model with a pedagogical presentation, focusing on the general properties and historical development of the applications of the Vlasov equation. The milestone developments discussed in the first two chapters serve as an introduction to more recent works (characterization of wave propagation and nonlinear properties of the electrostatic limit). Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1 Introduction to a Universal Model: the Vlasov Equation 1 1.1 A historical point of view 1 1.2 Individual and collective effects in plasmas 5 1.3 Graininess parameter 7 1.4 The collective description of a Coulomb gas: an intuitive approach 8 1.5 From N-body to Vlasov 12 1.6 The graininess parameter and 1D, 2D or 3D models 16 1.7 The Vlasov equation at the microscopic fluctuations level 19 1.8 The Wigner equation (Vlasov equation for quantum systems) 21 1.9 The relativistic Vlasov–Maxwell model 26 1.10 References 28 Chapter 2 A Paradigm for a Collective Description of a Plasma: the 1D Vlasov–Poisson Equations 31 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 The linear Landau problem 33 2.2.1 The Maxwellian case 34 2.2.2 Landau poles and others 36 2.2.3 Unstable plasma: two-stream instability 38 2.3 The 1D cold plasma model: nonlinear oscillations 39 2.3.1 Hydrodynamic description 39 2.3.2 Lagrangian formulation through the Von Mises transformation 40 2.3.3 The wave-breaking phenomenon 42 2.4 The water bag model 44 2.4.1 Basic equations 44 2.4.2 Linearized theory 47 2.4.3 Water bag hydrodynamic description 48 2.5 Connection between the hydrodynamic, water bag and Vlasov models 50 2.5.1 A Vlasov hydrodynamic description 50 2.5.2 Vlasov numerical simulations of Pn−3 52 2.5.3 The fundamental contribution of poles besides Landau 56 2.6 The multiple water bag model 58 2.6.1 A multifluid description 59 2.6.2 Linearized analysis 63 2.7 Further remarks 66 2.8 References 71 Chapter 3 Electromagnetic Fields in Vlasov Plasmas: General Approach to Small Amplitude Perturbations 75 3.1 Introduction and overview of the chapter 75 3.2 Linear analysis of the Vlasov–Maxwell system: general approach 77 3.2.1 Dispersion relation and response matrix 81 3.2.2 The choice of the basis for the response tensor 83 3.2.3 About the number of “waves” in plasmas 89 3.2.4 Real or complex values of k and ω: steady state and initial value problems 92 3.3 Polynomial approximations of the dispersion relation: why and how to use them 93 3.3.1 Truncated-Vlasov and fluid–plasma descriptions for the linear analysis 96 3.3.2 Wave dispersion and resonances allowed by inclusion of high-order moments in fluid models 99 3.3.3 An example: fluid moments and Finite–Larmor–Radius effects 103 3.3.4 Key points about approximated normal mode analysis 108 3.4 Vlasov plasmas as collisionless conductors with polarization and finite conductivity: meaning of plasma’s “dielectric tensor” 109 3.4.1 Polarization charges and wave equation in dielectric materials 112 3.4.2 The “equivalent” dielectric tensor and its complex components 115 3.4.3 Temporal and spatial dispersion in plasmas 120 3.4.4 Conductivity and collisional resistivity in Vlasov plasmas 122 3.5 Symmetry properties of the complex components of the equivalent dielectric tensor and energy conservation 126 3.5.1 Onsager’s relations 126 3.5.2 Poynting’s theorem 129 3.5.3 Symmetry of the coefficients of the equivalent dielectric tensor 130 3.5.4 More about Onsager’s relations for wave dispersion 134 3.5.5 Energy dissipation versus real and imaginary parts of σij and Єij 138 3.6 References 141 Chapter 4 Electromagnetic Fields in Vlasov Plasmas: Characterization of Linear Modes 147 4.1 Introduction 147 4.2 Characterization of electromagnetic waves and of wave-packets 148 4.2.1 Polarization of electromagnetic waves in plasmas 153 4.2.2 Phase velocity, group velocity and refractive index 156 4.2.3 Example of propagation in unmagnetized plasmas: underdense and overdense regimes 161 4.2.4 Example of propagation in magnetized plasmas: ion-cyclotron resonances and Faraday’s rotation effect 166 4.2.5 Wave–particle resonances, Landau damping and wave absorption 172 4.2.6 Resonance and cut-off conditions on the refractive index 176 4.2.7 Graphical representations of the dispersion relation 178 4.3 Instabilities in Vlasov plasmas: some terminology and general features 182 4.3.1 Linear instabilities 184 4.3.2 Absolute and convective instabilities and some other classification criteria 192 4.4 On some complementary interpretations of the collisionless damping mechanism in Vlasov plasmas 198 4.4.1 Landau damping as an inverse Vavilov–Cherenkov radiation 199 4.4.2 Landau damping in N-body “exact” models 203 4.4.3 Some final remarks about interpretative issues of collisionless damping in Vlasov mean field theory 206 4.5 References 207 Chapter 5 Nonlinear Properties of Electrostatic Vlasov Plasmas 215 5.1 The Vlasov–Poisson system 215 5.2 Invariants of the Vlasov–Poisson model 216 5.3 Stationary solutions: Bernstein–Greene–Kruskal equilibria 217 5.4 Some mathematical properties of the Vlasov equation 220 5.5 The Bernstein–Greene–Kruskal solutions 229 5.5.1 The case of (electrostatic) two-stream instability 230 5.5.2 Chain of BGK equilibria 235 5.5.3 Stability of the periodic BGK steady states 236 5.6 Traveling waves of BGK-type solutions 242 5.7 Role of minority population of trapped particles 245 5.7.1 Nonlinear Landau damping and the emergence of the nonlinear Langmuir-type wave 247 5.7.2 Electron acoustic wave in the nonlinear Landau damping regime 254 5.7.3 Kinetic electrostatic electron nonlinear waves 260 5.7.4 Emergent resonance for KEEN waves 268 5.8 Nature of KEEN waves and NMI 270 5.8.1 Adiabatic model for a single linear wave: the (electrostatic) trapped electron mode model 270 5.8.2 The Dodin and Fisch model connected to the emergence of KEEN waves 274 5.9 Electron hole and plasma wave interaction 281 5.10 References 291 Index 297

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Book SynopsisThe text sets out in simple and accessible terms the various methods of acoustic analysis of speech, placing them in their historical context, allowing a better understanding of the mathematical and technical solutions adopted today in phonetics and experimental phonology. Without mathematical complications, the operating bases of the many speech analysis software currently available are exposed so that everyone can understand the limits and avoid errors and misinterpretations in their implementation.Table of Contents1. The sound 2. Pure sound and real 3. In the good old days 4. From the mechanism of phonation to the speech signal 5. Fourier has arrived: the harmonic representation 6. Prony has also arrived: the source-filter model 7. Fourier, Prony and speech analysis 8. Wavelet analysis 9. Laryngeal frequency and fundamental frequency 10. Return to sources: from the speech signal to phonation 11. Articulatory models 12. Reading spectrograms 13. Morphing prosodic 14. Automatic alignment 15. Synthesis of speech 16. Machines and algorithms 17. Practical work 18. Appendices

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Book Synopsis Since 1960, with the advent of musical electronics, composers and musicians have been using ever more sophisticated machines to create sonic material that presents innovation, color and new styles: electro-acoustic, electro, house, techno, etc. music. The music of Pierre Henry, Kraftwerk, Pink Floyd, Daft Punk and many others has introduced new sounds, improbable rhythms and a unique approach to composition and notation. Electronic machines have become essential: they have built and influenced the music of the most recent decades and set the trend for future productions. This book explores the theory and practice related to the different machines which constitute the universe of musical electronics, omitting synthesizers which are treated in other works. Sequencers, drum machines, samplers, groove machines and vocoders from 1960 to today are studied in their historical, physical and theoretical context. More detailed approaches to the Elektron Octatrack sequencer-sampler and the Korg Electribe 2 groove machine are also included. Table of ContentsForeword xi Preface xiii Introduction xvii Chapter 1. Electronic Music 1 1.1. Musique concrète 1 1.2. The beginnings of electronic music 3 1.3. Electroacoustic music 3 1.4. Acousmatic music 4 1.5. And much, much more 6 1.6. Maturity 6 1.7. Different paths to music 6 1.8. Today and tomorrow 10 1.9. Electronic music and counter-culturalism 11 1.10. Final remarks 14 Chapter 2. When Revolution Holds Us in Its Grasp 15 2.1. From analog to digital 15 2.2. Popular music and electronic music 23 2.2.1. New wave 25 2.2.2. House music 26 2.2.3. Techno 28 2.2.4. New beat 29 2.2.5. Acid house 30 2.2.6. Acid jazz 32 2.2.7. Ambient 33 2.2.8. Hip-hop and rap 35 2.2.9. Trance 35 2.2.10. Electro or contemporary electro 36 2.3. Final remarks 37 Chapter 3. The MIDI Standard 41 3.1. History 41 3.2. How MIDI works 42 3.2.1. The hardware level 42 3.2.2. The software level 45 3.3. Examples of MIDI transmission 49 3.3.1. Note-on/note-off messages 49 3.3.2. Program change message 50 3.4. The MIDI implementation chart 51 3.5. The General MIDI standard 52 3.5.1. Specifications 52 3.6. The General MIDI 2 standard 54 3.7. The GS format 54 3.8. The XG format 55 3.9. The structure of a MIDI file 56 3.9.1. Header chunks 56 3.9.2. Track chunks 57 3.9.3. Example of a MIDI file 64 3.10. MIDI devices 67 3.10.1. MIDI boxes, mergers, and patchers 67 3.10.2. Musical instruments 69 3.10.3. Studio hardware 70 3.10.4. MIDI to computer 71 3.11. Conclusion 73 Chapter 4. Sequencers 75 4.1. Mechanical and electrical machines 75 4.1.1. Music boxes 76 4.1.2. Mechanical pianos 77 4.1.3. Barrel organs 80 4.1.4. Fairground organs 82 4.2. Analog sequencers 83 4.3. Digital sequencers 86 4.4. Software sequencers 88 4.5. Final remarks 91 Chapter 5. Drum Machines 93 5.1. On the subject of electromechanical rhythm 93 5.2. Drum machines with presets 97 5.3. Programmable drum machines 103 5.4. The MIDI age 106 5.5. Drum machines with sampled sounds 107 5.6. Rhythms, software, and computers 111 5.7. Final remarks 115 Chapter 6. Samplers 117 6.1. History of samplers 117 6.1.1. Basic principles 118 6.1.2. The arrival of the Mellotron 119 6.1.3. Samplers 123 6.1.4. Software samplers 133 6.2. History of musical styles 139 6.3. Architecture and principles 142 6.4. Final remarks 144 Chapter 7. Groove Machines 147 7.1. Structure 147 7.2. Famous groove machines 148 7.2.1. E-mu SP12 (1985) 149 7.2.2. AKAI MPC-60 (1988) 150 7.2.3. Roland MC-303 (1996) 151 7.2.4. AKAI MPC 2000XL (1999) 152 7.2.5. Roland MC-909 (2003) 153 7.2.6. Elektron Octatrack DPS 1 (2011) 155 7.2.7. Korg Electribe 2 (2014) and Korg Electribe Sampler (2015) 156 7.2.8. Novation Circuit (2015) 158 7.2.9. Teenage Electronics Pocket Operator PO-32 (2017) 159 7.3. Software groove machines 160 7.3.1. Image Line Groove Machine 162 7.3.2. Propellerhead Reason 163 7.3.3. Ableton Live 169 7.4. Controllers and software 172 7.4.1. Native Instruments Maschine (2009) 172 7.4.2. Roland MPC Studio Black (2017) 174 7.5. iGroove machines 176 7.6. Final remarks 176 Chapter 8. Vocoders 179 8.1. History 179 8.2. Working principle of the vocoder 183 8.3. Machines and equipment 184 8.3.1. EMS Vocoder 2000 184 8.3.2. EMS Vocoder 5000 185 8.3.3. EMS Vocoder 3000 185 8.3.4. Roland VP-330 186 8.3.5. Korg VC-10 187 8.3.6. Moog Vocoder 188 8.3.7. Roland SVC-350 188 8.3.8. Electrix Warp Factory 189 8.3.9. Korg MS2000 189 8.3.10. Microkorg 190 8.3.11. Roland VP-550 191 8.3.12. The Music and More VF11 192 8.3.13. Novation Mininova 192 8.3.14. Digitech Talker 193 8.3.15. Electro-Harmonix V256 194 8.3.16. A few more unusual examples 194 8.4. Software vocoders 195 8.5. One step further 196 8.5.1. Talkbox 196 8.5.2. Auto-Tune 198 8.6. Final remarks 199 Chapter 9. Octatrack: Maintenance, Repairs, and Tips 201 9.1. Updating the software 201 9.1.1. Updating the operating system 203 9.2. Testing the OT 206 9.2.1. Testing the push buttons 207 9.2.2. Testing the dials 210 9.2.3. Testing the x-fader 211 9.2.4. Analysis and results 211 9.3. Hardware repairs 211 9.3.1. Opening up the OT 212 9.3.2. Replacing the push buttons 215 9.3.3. Replacing the battery 220 9.3.4. Replacing the x-fader 222 9.3.5. Replacing an incremental encoder 225 9.4. Final remarks 228 Chapter 10. Octatrack: MIDI Sequences and Arpeggios 229 10.1. Setup and configuration 229 10.1.1. Connections and software settings 229 10.1.2. Creating a new project 231 10.1.3. Creating a THRU device (machine) 231 10.1.4. Setting up the MIDI connection between the OT and the instrument 232 10.2. Creating a MIDI sequence using triggers 234 10.2.1. MIDI track 234 10.2.2. Creating a musical sequence 235 10.2.3. A multi-page sequence 238 10.3. Creating a sequence with the arpeggiator 240 10.3.1. Presentation of the arpeggiator 241 10.3.2. A simple arpeggio 242 10.3.3. Defining an arpeggio graphically 244 10.3.4. More complex arpeggios 246 10.3.5. Triggers in chromatic mode 247 10.3.6. Saving a MIDI sequence from an external instrument 248 10.4. Creating a MIDI sequence with a drum machine 251 10.5. MIDI sequences, rhythms, and CC codes 255 Chapter 11. Korg Electribe: Maintenance and Hardware Tips 263 11.1. Overview 263 11.1.1. Electribe 2 264 11.1.2. Electribe Sampler 266 11.2. MIDI cables 267 11.2.1. Male 3.5 mm jack to female 5-pin DIN adapter 267 11.2.2. Male 3.5 mm jack to male 5-pin DIN cable 268 11.3. Updating the operating system 269 11.4. Electribe 2 to Electribe Sampler 272 11.4.1. Migrating to the Electribe Sampler 274 11.4.2. Reverting to the Electribe 2 276 11.4.3. Downgrading the Electribe 277 11.4.4. Editing the operating system files 277 11.4.5. Major operating system versions of the Electribe 2 280 11.5. Conclusion 280 Chapter 12. Korg Electribe: Software Tips 281 12.1. Menu tree of the Electribe 2 and the Electribe Sampler 281 12.2. Shortcuts 295 12.3. Using the audio input 295 12.3.1. Through the Electribe 296 12.3.2. Saving a carrier pattern 297 12.3.3. Filtering and applying effects 300 12.3.4. Sending commands to the synthesizer using triggers 302 12.3.5. Sequencer, synthesizer, filters, and effects 304 12.4. Extra tips 305 12.4.1. Octave switching 305 12.4.2. Viewing the current settings of a PART 305 12.4.3. Controlling two different synthesizers from the MIDI out 305 12.5. Final remarks 306 Conclusion 307 Appendices 309 Appendix 1. CV/Gate 311 Appendix 2. Digital Inputs/Outputs 319 Appendix 3. The General MIDI (GM) Standard 329 Appendix 4. Plugins 333 Appendix 5. Control and MIDI Dump Software 335 Bibliography 341 Index 349

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Book SynopsisThis book is dedicated to the application of the different theoretical models described in Volume 1 to identify the near-, mid- and far-infrared spectra of linear and nonlinear triatomic molecules in gaseous phase or subjected to environmental constraints, useful for the study of environmental sciences, planetology and astrophysics. The Van Vleck contact transformation method, described in Volume 1, is applied in the calculation and analysis of IR transitions between vibration–rotation energy levels. The extended Lakhlifi–Dahoo substitution model is used in the framework of Liouville’s formalism and the line profiles of triatomic molecules and their isotopologues subjected to environmental constraints are calculated by applying the cumulant expansion. The applications presented in this book show how interactions at the molecular level modify the infrared spectra of triatomics trapped in a nano-cage (substitution site of a rare gas matrix, clathrate, fullerene, zeolite) or adsorbed on a surface, and how these interactions may be used to identify the characteristics of the perturbing environment.Table of ContentsForeword ix Preface xi Chapter 1 Symmetry of Triatomic Molecules 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. The symmetry group of the Hamiltonian of a triatomic molecule 3 1.3. Symmetry of the nonlinear triatomic molecule (O3) 6 1.3.1. The nonlinear asymmetric molecule O3 ( 16O16O18O (668)) 8 1.3.2. The nonlinear symmetric molecule O3 (16O16O16O (666)) 9 1.3.3. Symmetry of eigenstates of a nonlinear molecule 11 1.4. Symmetry of the linear triatomic molecule (CO2) 15 1.4.1. The linear asymmetric molecule CO2 (16O12C18O (628)) 17 1.4.2. The linear symmetric molecule CO2 (16O12C16O (626)) 19 1.5. Selection rules 20 1.5.1. Symmetry of the eigenstates of a triatomic molecule taking into account the nuclei spins 21 Chapter 2 Energy Levels of Triatomic Molecules in Gaseous Phase 25 2.1. Introduction 26 2.2. Vibrational–rotational movements of an isolated molecule 27 2.3. Vibrational movements of an isolated triatomic molecule 34 2.3.1. Nonlinear triatomic molecules 35 2.3.2. Linear triatomic molecules 36 2.3.3. Introduction of the perturbative Hamiltonians H1, H2, H3 37 2.3.4. Transitions between two vibrational levels: selection rules 38 2.4. Rotational movement of an isolated rigid molecule 40 2.4.1. Linear triatomic molecules 42 2.4.2. Symmetric top molecules 42 2.4.3. Nonlinear triatomic molecules 43 2.4.4. Transitions between rotational levels 46 2.5. Vibrational–rotational energy levels of an isolated triatomic molecule 47 2.6. Rovibrational transitions: selection rules 48 2.6.1. Dipole moment in terms of normal coordinates 50 2.7. Appendices 56 2.7.1. Rotational matrix 56 2.7.2. Perturbative Hamiltonians of vibration and vibration–rotation coupling 59 2.7.3. Components of the angular momentum 60 2.7.4. Rotational Hamiltonian of a symmetric top 60 2.7.5. Elements of the rotational matrix 61 2.7.6. Vibrational anharmonic constants 62 Chapter 3 Clathrate Nano-Cages 65 3.1. Introduction 66 3.2. Clathrate structures 67 3.3. Inclusion model of a triatomic molecule in a clathrate nano-cage 69 3.3.1. Inclusion model 69 3.3.2. Interaction potential energy 71 3.4. Thermodynamic model of clathrates 73 3.4.1. Occupation fractions and Langmuir constants 74 3.4.2. Determination of the Langmuir constants 74 3.4.3. Application to triatomic molecules 75 3.5. Infrared spectrum of a triatomic in clathrate matrix 79 3.5.1. Infrared absorption coefficient 79 3.5.2. Hamiltonian of the system and separation of movements 79 3.5.3. Vibrational motions 83 3.5.4. Orientational motion 83 3.5.5. Translational motion 84 3.5.6. Bar spectra 84 3.6. Application to the CO2 molecule 86 3.6.1. Vibrational motions 86 3.6.2. Orientational motion 88 3.6.3. Translational motion 94 3.6.4. Bar spectra 95 3.7. Appendices 98 3.7.1. Non-zero orientation matrix elements used to calculate the corrections to first-order perturbation energies 98 3.7.2. Correction to eigenenergies of the orientation Hamiltonian 99 3.7.3. Expressions of the vector components derivatives of the dipole moment with respect to the normal vibrational coordinates 102 3.7.4. Expressions of the orientational transition elements in the approximation of harmonic librators 102 Chapter 4 Nano-Cages of Noble Gas Matrices 107 4.1. Introduction 108 4.2. The theoretical molecule–matrix model 110 4.2.1. Site inclusion model 110 4.2.2. 12-6 L-J potential 112 4.2.3. Site distortion 116 4.2.4. Coupling of the molecule–matrix system 118 4.2.5. Vibrational frequency displacements 119 4.2.6. The calculation of the orientational modes 123 4.2.7. Bar spectra and spectral profiles 124 4.3. Application to triatomic molecules 126 4.3.1. The triatomic molecule C3 126 4.3.2. The nonlinear triatomic molecule O3 135 4.4. Appendix: Program for determining the equilibrium configuration of an O3 molecule in a noble gas matrix nano-cage 140 Chapter 5 Effect of Nano-Cages on Vibration 145 5.1. Introduction 145 5.2. The theoretical molecule–matrix model 146 5.3. Calculation of the shift of vibrational frequencies 147 5.3.1. Calculation principle 147 5.3.2. Application of the MAPLE program 151 5.4. Application to linear triatomic molecules 155 5.4.1. Experimental study of linear triatomic molecules (CO2, N2O) 155 5.4.2. Frequency shift calculation for degenerate mode ν2 156 5.4.3. Calculation results for linear triatomic molecules (CO2, N2O) 158 5.5. Appendices 163 5.5.1. Transition from Cartesian coordinates to normal coordinates 163 5.5.2. MAPLE program for displacement/shifts of vibrational frequency modes of a CO2 molecule in a noble gas nano-cage matrix 166 Chapter 6 Adsorption on a Graphite Substrate 173 6.1. Molecule adsorbed on a graphite substrate (1000) at low temperature 173 6.1.1. Astrophysical context 173 6.1.2. Molecule adsorbed onto a graphite substrate 175 6.1.3. Graphite substrate–molecule interaction energy 176 6.2. Adsorption observables at low temperature 178 6.2.1. Equilibrium configuration and potential energy surface 178 6.2.2. Adsorption energy 181 6.2.3. Diffusion constant 181 6.3. Interaction energy between two molecules 183 6.3.1. Electrostatic contribution 184 6.3.2. Induction contribution 187 6.3.3. Dispersion–repulsion contribution 188 6.4. Appendices 188 6.4.1. Expressions of action tensors 188 6.4.2. Multipolar moments and dipolar polarizability of a molecule relative to the fixed (absolute) reference frame 191 6.4.3. Code in the FORTRAN language for the calculation of the interaction potential energy between two molecules 191 Bibliography 203 Index 211

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Book SynopsisBy power of thought alone, Albert Einstein gave us a fresh conception of the universe. He showed us that space and time are elastic - shrinking or expanding, speeding up or slowing down, depending on your movement. Beginning with an inspiring foreword by eminent Professor of Mathematics Sir Roger Penrose, the book is then divided into two parts: a biographical essay that provides a concise overview of Einstein's life, achievements, personal loves and public controversies; and a Q&A dialogue based on rigorous research and incorporating Einstein's actual spoken or written words whenever possible. Research physicist Carlos Calle brings Einstein to life through meticulously researched biographical interpretations of Einstein's revolutionary mathematical work. Relax and chat with this genius as he tells you about his work on relativity, his quest for a grand unifying theory of the cosmos, and personal matters - from the pleasures of sailing and music to his anxieties about the nuclear bomb he had helped unleash.

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Book SynopsisThis book on liquid crystals reports on the new perspectives that have been brought about by the recent expansion of frontiers and overhaul of common beliefs.First, it explores the interaction of light with mesophases, when the light or matter is endowed with topological defects. It goes on to show how electrophoresis, electro-osmosis and the swimming of flagellated bacteria are affected by the anisotropic properties of liquid crystals.It also reports on the recent progress in the understanding of thermomechanical and thermohydrodynamical effects in cholesterics and deformed nematics and refutes the common belief that these effects could explain Lehmann’s observations of the rotation of cholesteric droplets subjected to a temperature gradient. It then studies the physics of the dowser texture, which has remarkable properties. This is of particular interest in regards to nematic monopoles, which can easily be generated, set into motion and collided within it.Finally, this book deals with the spontaneous emergence of chirality in nematics made of achiral molecules, and provides a brief historical context of chiralityTable of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Singular Optics of Liquid Crystal Defects 1Etienne BRASSELET 1.1. Prelude from carrots 1 1.2. Liquid crystals, optics and defects: a long-standing trilogy 1 1.3. Polarization optics of liquid crystals: basic ingredients 3 1.3.1. The few liquid crystal phases at play in this chapter 3 1.3.2. Liquid crystals anisotropy and its main optical consequence 3 1.3.3. Polarization state representation in the paraxial regime 5 1.3.4. Polarization state evolution through uniform director fields 6 1.3.5. Effective birefringence 8 1.3.6. Polarization state evolution through twisted director fields 9 1.4. Liquid crystal reorientation under external fields 15 1.5. Customary optics from liquid crystal defects 16 1.5.1. Localized defects structures in frustrated cholesteric films 17 1.5.2. Elongated defects structures in frustrated cholesteric films 20 1.5.3. Regular optics from other topological structures 24 1.5.4. Assembling photonic building blocks with liquid crystal defects 31 1.6. From regular to singular optics 34 1.6.1. What is singular optics? 34 1.6.2. A nod to liquid crystal defects 37 1.6.3. Singular paraxial light beams 38 1.6.4. Generic singular beam shaping strategies 41 1.7. Advent of self-engineered singular optical elements enabled by liquid crystals defects 44 1.7.1. Optical vortices from a cholesteric slab: dynamic phase option 44 1.7.2. Optical vortices from a nematic droplet: geometric phase option 45 1.8. Singular optical functions based on defects: a decade of advances 47 1.8.1. Custom-made singular dynamic phase diffractive optics 47 1.8.2. Spontaneous singular geometric phase optics 47 1.8.3. Directed self-engineered geometric phase optics 52 1.8.4. From single to arrays of optical vortices 58 1.9. Emerging optical functionalities enabled by liquid crystal defects 58 1.9.1. Spectrally and spatially adaptive optical vortex coronagraphy 59 1.9.2. Multispectral management of optical orbital angular momentum 67 1.10. Conclusion 69 1.11. References 70 Chapter 2. Control of Micro-Particles with Liquid Crystals 81Chenhui PENG and Oleg D. LAVRENTOVICH 2.1. Introduction 81 2.2. Control of micro-particles by liquid crystal-enabled electrokinetics 82 2.2.1. Liquid-crystal enabled electrophoresis 85 2.2.2. Liquid crystal-enabled electro-osmosis 91 2.3. Controlled dynamics of microswimmers in nematic liquid crystals 96 2.4. Conclusion 104 2.5. Acknowledgments 107 2.6. References 107 Chapter 3. Thermomechanical Effects in Liquid Crystals 117Patrick OSWALD, Alain DEQUIDT and Guilhem POY 3.1. Introduction 117 3.2. The Ericksen–Leslie equations 121 3.2.1. Conservation equations 121 3.2.2. Molecular field 123 3.2.3. Constitutive equations 125 3.3. Molecular dynamics simulations of the thermomechanical effect 130 3.3.1. Molecular models 130 3.3.2. Constrained ensembles 131 3.3.3. Computation of the transport coefficients 133 3.3.4. Analysis of the results 134 3.4. Experimental evidence of the thermomechanical effect 135 3.4.1. The static Éber and Jánossy experiment 136 3.4.2. Another static experiment proposed in the literature 140 3.4.3. Continuous rotation of translationally invariant configurations 142 3.4.4. Drift of cholesteric fingers under homeotropic anchoring 165 3.5. The thermohydrodynamical effect 174 3.5.1. A proposal for measuring the TH Leslie coefficient μ: theoretical prediction 175 3.5.2. About the measurement of the TH Akopyan and Zel’dovich coefficients 178 3.6. Conclusions and perspectives 184 3.7. References 185 Chapter 4. Physics of the Dowser Texture 193Pawel PIERANSKI and Maria Helena GODINHO 4.1. Introduction 193 4.1.1. Disclinations and monopoles 193 4.1.2. Road to the dowser texture 197 4.1.3. The dowser texture 201 4.2. Generation of the dowser texture 207 4.2.1. Setups called “Dowsons Colliders” 207 4.2.2. “Classical” generation of the dowser texture 208 4.2.3. Accelerated generation of the dowser texture using the DDC2 setup 208 4.3. Flow-assisted homeotropic ⇒ dowser transition 210 4.3.1. Experiment using the DDC2 setup 210 4.3.2. Flow-assisted bowser-dowser transformation in capillaries 212 4.3.3. Flow-assisted homeotropic-dowser transition in the CDC2 setup 213 4.3.4. Theory of the flow-assisted homeotropic-dowser transition 214 4.3.5. Summary and discussion of experimental results 216 4.4. Rheotropism 217 4.4.1. The first evidence of the rheotropism 217 4.4.2. Synchronous winding of the dowser field 219 4.4.3. Asynchronous winding of the dowser field 225 4.4.4. Hybrid winding of the dowser field with CDC2 228 4.4.5. Rheotropic behavior of π- and 2π-walls 228 4.4.6. Action of an alternating Poiseuille flow on wound up dowser fields 231 4.5. Cuneitropism, solitary 2π-walls 233 4.5.1. Generation of π-walls by a magnetic field 233 4.5.2. Generation and relaxation of circular 2π-walls 236 4.5.3. Cuneitropic origin of the circular 2π-wall 236 4.6. Electrotropism 239 4.6.1. Definition of the electrotropism 239 4.6.2. Flexo-electric polarization 241 4.6.3. Setup 241 4.6.4. The first evidence of the flexo-electric polarization 242 4.6.5. Measurements of the flexo-electric polarization 243 4.7. Electro-osmosis 246 4.7.1. One-gap system of electrodes 246 4.7.2. Two-gap system of electrodes 250 4.7.3. Convection of the dowser field 252 4.8. Dowser texture as a natural universe of nematic monopoles 253 4.8.1. Structures and topological charges of nematic monopoles 253 4.8.2. Pair of dowsons d+ and d- seen as a pair of monopoles 255 4.8.3. Generation of monopole–antimonopole pairs by breaking 2π-walls 257 4.9. Motions of dowsons in a wound up dowser field 262 4.9.1. Single dowson in a wound up dowser field 262 4.9.2. The Lorentz-like force 263 4.9.3. Velocity of dowsons in wound up dowser fields 266 4.9.4. The race of dowsons 266 4.9.5. Trajectories of dowsons observed in natural light 270 4.9.6. Trajectories of dowsons observed in polarized light 272 4.10. Collisions of dowsons 279 4.10.1. Pair of dowsons (d+,d-) inserted in a wound up dowser field 280 4.10.2. Cross-section for annihilation of dowsons’ pairs 282 4.10.3. Rheotropic control of the collisions outcome 283 4.11. Motions of dowsons in homogeneous fields 285 4.12. Stabilization of dowsons systems by inhomogeneous fields with defects 287 4.12.1. Gedanken experiment 287 4.12.2. Triplet of dowsons stabilized in MBBA by a quadrupolar electric field 289 4.12.3. Septet of dowsons in MBBA stabilized by a quadrupolar electric field` 290 4.12.4. Dowsons d+ stabilized by corner singularities of the electric field 290 4.13. Dowser field submitted to boundary conditions with more complex geometries and topologies 291 4.13.1. Ground state of the dowser field in an annular droplet 291 4.13.2. Wound up metastable states of the dowser field in the annular droplet 293 4.13.3. Dowser field in a square network of channels, four-arm junctions 293 4.13.4. Triangular network, six-arm junctions 294 4.13.5. Three-arm junctions 296 4.13.6. General discussion of n-arm junctions 296 4.14. Flow-induced bowson-dowson transformation 298 4.15. Instability of the dowson’s d- position in the stagnation point 301 4.16. Appendix 1: equation of motion of the dowser field 303 4.16.1. Elastic torque 303 4.16.2. Viscous torques 304 4.16.3. Magnetic torque 306 4.16.4. Electric torque 306 4.17. References 306 Chapter 5. Spontaneous Emergence of Chirality 311Mohan SRINIVASARAO 5.1. Introduction 311 5.2. Chirality: a historical tour 312 5.2.1. Chirality and optics 316 5.2.2. Chiral symmetry breaking and its misuse 322 5.2.3. Spontaneous emergence of chirality or chiral structures in liquid crystals 323 5.2.4. Spontaneous emergence of chirality due to confinement 326 5.2.5. Spontaneous emergence of chirality due to cylindrical confinement 329 5.2.6. Some misconceptions about optical rotation 339 5.3. Concluding remarks 341 5.4. Acknowledgments 342 5.5. References 342 List of Authors 347 Index 349

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses in great detail the best theory of gravitation known to date: Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. Based on this theory, Gravitation examines compact objects (including white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes) and gravitational waves, and then explores the importance of relativity in cosmology, the Big Bang and the organization of structure in the universe. Many practical examples are also provided throughout the book.

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Book SynopsisMathematical methods in engineering are characterized by a wide range of techniques for approaching various problems. Moreover, completely different analysis techniques can be applied to the same problem, which is justified by the difference in specific applications. Therefore, the study of the analyses and solutions of specific problems leads the researcher to generate their own techniques for the analysis of similar problems continuously arising in the process of technical development. Computational Methods and Mathematical Modeling in Cyberphysics and Engineering Applications contains solutions to specific problems in current areas of computational engineering and cyberphysics.

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Book SynopsisResearchers and students have not yet had access to a book which would enable them to trace the origins of the concepts that explain the behavior of materials under irradiation. This book fills the gap. As far back as antiquity, the notions of purity and disorder have been evoked to explain the different properties of materials. It was geologists who developed the subject in the 19th century. Then, with the discovery of X-rays and radioactivity, disorder in materials became the domain of physicists and chemists. The first observations focused on the color changes of ionic crystals, then gradually all the techniques for characterising materials were used. However, questions about the resistance of the components of the first atomic piles to irradiation led to the development of irradiation studies. This book describes the historical approaches to particle transport and defect creation mechanisms. Several chapters detail the history of irradiation of different types of materials: metals, semiconductors, iono-covalent insulators, polymers and radiolysis of water. The final two chapters deal with irradiation tools and applications.

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Book SynopsisReconciliation of Geometry and Perception in Radiation Physics approaches the topic of projective geometry as it applies to radiation physics and attempts to negate its negative reputation. With an original outlook and transversal approach, the book emphasizes common geometric properties and their potential transposition between domains. After defining both radiation and geometric properties, authors Benoit and Pierre Beckers explain the necessity of reconciling geometry and perception in fields like architectural and urban physics, which are notable for the regularity of their forms and the complexity of their interactions.Table of Contents1. Discovering the Central Perspective. 2. Main Properties of Central Projections. 3. Any Scene Carried to a Sphere and the Sphere to a Point. 4. Geometry and Physics: Radiative Exchanges.

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Book SynopsisQuantum physicists have reached a point commonly only attained by mystics: they understand something with amazing clarity yet can only talk about it in parables and metaphors. In this context, qigong with its Daoist background is a powerful way to integrate these apparently opposing ways of apperception and understanding. It allows us to realise cosmic oneness in the activities of daily life. This book succeeds in presenting both an easily accessible outline of quantum physics and also an appreciation of mysticism beyond vagueness and obscurity. From here it describes the physical and mental movements of qigong as a way of integrating body and mind, head and heart, detailing specific exercises and outlining their rationale and effects.

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Book SynopsisIn this second volume, the authors examine the role that Einstein's mass–energy equation played in the development of two important theories in early twentieth century physics: de Broglie's "matter waves" and general relativity as a theory of gravitation.They also discuss the first empirical confirmation of E = mc2 by Cockcroft and Walton, and investigate the somewhat surprising fact that Cockcroft and Walton's paper reporting their result makes no mention of either Einstein or his famous equation. Finally, they examine some of the contemporary debates concerning how the mass–energy relation should be taught and understood philosophically, and they close with some suggestions for future research.

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Book SynopsisThe definitive guide on non-destructive testing. Non-Destructive Testing and Testability of Materials and Structures encompasses a wide range of methods for inspecting an object without modifying it. Analysis must be unambiguous, particularly in sensitive industrial sectors such as nuclear and aeronautics. This book provides an exhaustive presentation of the parameters for carrying out this sort of evaluation, the conditions under which it can occur, and the characteristics of potential defects. Additionally, it explores the physical principles, technology, and current methods of non-destructive testing (NDT), both common and specific. This manual also describes methods for identifying factors that can deteriorate measurements and distort analysis. In this way, it introduces and defines the concepts of structural noise and environmental parameters. The book also proposes solutions to these challenges, notably based on progress made in phenomena modeling and inversion methods. Finally, it deals with information post-processing (both of signals and images) and presents a new approach called Recommandations de Conception basées sur des règles de Contrôle Non-Destructif (RC-CND). Aimed at both experienced professionals and students of NDT, this book will constitute a precious and lasting reference. Table of Contents1 Non-Destructive Testing in Context2 Choosing an Optimal NDT Method3 Visual Testing4 Penetrant Testing5 Magnetic Testing6 Radiographic Testing7 Ultrasonic Testing8 Eddy Current Testing9 Acoustic Emission Testing10 Infrared Thermographic Testing11 Leak Testing12 Other Testing Methods13 Noise And Hostile Environments: The Factors of Degradation of Non-Destructive Measurements

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Book SynopsisThis volume represents both recent research in pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM), as well as emerging innovations in how PCK is applied in practice. The notion of “research to practice” is critical to validating how effectively PCK works within the clinic and how it can be used to improve STEM learning. ​As the need for more effective educational approaches in STEM grows, the importance of developing, identifying, and validating effective practices and practitioner competencies are needed. This book covers a wide range of topics in PCK in different school levels (middle school, college teacher training, teacher professional development), and different environments (museums, rural). The contributors believe that vital to successful STEM education practice is recognition that STEM domains require both specialized domain knowledge as well as specialized pedagogical approaches. The authors of this work were chosen because of their extensive fieldwork in PCK research and practice, making this volume valuable to furthering how PCK is used to enlighten the understanding of learning, as well as providing practical instruction. This text helps STEM practitioners, researchers, and decision-makers further their interest in more effective STEM education practice, and raises new questions about STEM learning.Table of ContentsSection 1: PCK Research in Formal Teaching Practice1. Analysis of Practice and Teacher PCK: Inferences from Professional Development Research.2. The intertwined roles of teacher content knowledge and knowledge of scientific practices in support of a science learning community3. Personal and Canonical PCK: A Synergistic Relationship?4. From Budgets to Bus Schedules: Contextual Barriers and Supports for Science Instruction in Elementary Schools.5. Teacher Knowledge and Visual Access to Mathematics.Section 2: PCK in Formal Pre-Service Teacher Learning6. Teacher Inquiry as a Vehicle for Developing Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Pre-service Teachers.7. Biology Teacher Preparation and PCK: Perspectives from the discipline.8. Pedagogical Content Knowledge in a Mathematics Adolescent Education Master of Arts Program: A Case Study.9. Evaluation of PCK in STEM Residency Programs: Challenges and Opportunities.Section 3: PCK in Informal Learning10. Pre-Service Teachers Developing PCK in a Natural History Museum.11. Engineering STEM Teacher Learning: Using Design-Make-Play to develop disciplinary teaching knowledge.12. Collaborative PCK in Practice: Bringing Together Secondary, Tertiary and Informal Learning in a STEM Residency Program.13. Developing Educative Materials to Support Middle School Science Teachers' PCK for Argumentation: Comparing Multimedia to Text-based Supports.14. Teacher Education for Maker Education: Helping teachers develop appropriate PCK for engaging children in educative making.Index

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Book SynopsisThis book explores the premise that a physical theory is an interpretation of the analytico–canonical formalism. Throughout the text, the investigation stresses that classical mechanics in its Lagrangian formulation is the formal backbone of theoretical physics. The authors start from a presentation of the analytico–canonical formalism for classical mechanics, and its applications in electromagnetism, Schrödinger's quantum mechanics, and field theories such as general relativity and gauge field theories, up to the Higgs mechanism.The analysis uses the main criterion used by physicists for a theory: to formulate a physical theory we write down a Lagrangian for it. A physical theory is a particular instance of the Lagrangian functional. So, there is already an unified physical theory. One only has to specify the corresponding Lagrangian (or Lagrangian density); the dynamical equations are the associated Euler–Lagrange equations. The theory of Suppes predicates as the main tool in the axiomatization and examples from the usual theories in physics. For applications, a whole plethora of results from logic that lead to interesting, and sometimes unexpected, consequences.This volume looks at where our physics happen and which mathematical universe we require for the description of our concrete physical events. It also explores if we use the constructive universe or if we need set–theoretically generic spacetimes.Trade Review“This book is a compilation, ‘an essay’, of the bulk of their work from 1990 to the present. This 191 page essay includes some historical background and lots of snippets and parts of da Costa and Doria’s work on the meta-mathematics of mathematical physics. It starts with a primer on graduate-level basic physics … ending with a consideration of hypercomputation.” (Deborah Konkowski, zbMATH 1494.00005, 2022)Table of ContentsForeword1. PreliminaryPart I. Physics: A Primer2. Classical mechanics3. Variational calculus4. Lagrangian formulation5. Hamilton’s equations6. Hamilton–Jacobi theory7. Where the action is8. From classical to quantum9. Field theory10. Electromagnetism11. Special relativity12. General relativity13. Gauge field theoriesPart II. Axiomatics14. Axiomatizations in ZFCPart III. Technicalities15. HierarchiesPart IV. More applications16. Arnol’d’s 1974 problems17. Forcing and gravitation18. Economics and ecology.Part V. Computer science19. Fast–growing functionsPart VI. Hypercomputation20. HypercomputationReferences

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Book SynopsisCosmic Origins tells the story of how physicists and astronomers have struggled for more than a century to understand the beginnings of our universe, from its origins in the Big Bang to the modern day. The book will introduce the science as a narrative, by telling the story of the scientists who made each major discovery. It will also address and explain aspects of our theories that some cosmologists are still hesitant to accept, as well as gaps in our knowledge and even apparent inconsistencies in our measurements. Clearly written by a master of scientific exposition, this book will fascinate the curious general reader as well as providing essential background reading for college-level courses on physics and astronomy.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- The Expanding Universe.- The Discovery of the Big Bang.- Behind the Veil.- The Dark Universe.- The Age of Precision Cosmology.

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Book SynopsisBased on Jost function theory this book presents an approach useful for different types of quantum mechanical problems. These include the description of scattering, bound, and resonant states, in a unified way. The reader finds here all that is known about Jost functions as well as what is needed to fill the gap between the pure mathematical theory and numerical calculations. Some of the topics covered are: quantum resonances, Regge poles, multichannel scattering, Coulomb interaction, Riemann surfaces, multichannel analog of the effective range theory, one- and two-dimensional problems, many-body problems within the hyperspherical approach, just to mention few of them. These topics are relevant in the fields of quantum few-body theory, nuclear reactions, atomic collisions, and low-dimensional semiconductor nanostructures. In light of this, the book is meant for students, who study quantum mechanics, scattering theory, or nuclear reactions at the advanced level as well as for post-graduate students and researchers in the fields of nuclear and atomic physics. Many of the arguments that are traditional for textbooks on quantum mechanics and scattering theory, are covered here in a different way, using the Jost functions. This gives the reader a new insight into the subject, revealing new features of various mathematical objects and quantum phenomena.Trade Review“This book has to be recommended to graduate students and to young researchers as well who want to enter the difficult field of modern scattering theory.” (Giorgio Cattapan, Mathematical Reviews, July, 2023)Table of ContentsChapter 1: The Basic Concepts.- Part I: Single-Channel Problems.- Chapter 2: Schr¨Odinger Equation and its Solutions.- Chapter 3: Riemann Surface and the Spectral Points.- Chapter 4: Scattering States and the S-Matrix.- Chapter 5: Complex Angular Momentum.- Chapter 6: Green’s Functions.- Chapter 7: Short-Range Potential Extending to Infinity.- Chapter 8: Single-Channel Potential with Coulombic Tail.- Part II: Multi-Channel Problems.- Chapter 9: Non-Central Potential.- Chapter 10: Systems with Non-Zero Spin.- Chapter 11: Multi-Channel Schr Odinger Equation.- Chapter 12: Multi-Channel Jost Matrix.- Chapter 13: Riemann Surfaces for Multi-Channel Systems.- Chapter 14: Multi-Channel Problems of Charged Particles.- Chapter 15: Effective-Range Expansion and its Generalizations.- Part III: Special Issues.- Chapter 16: Singular and Low-Dimensional Potentials.- Chapter 17: Miscellaneous Extensions of the Jost Function Approach.- Chapter 18: Some Exactly Solvable Potential Models.- Appendices.- References and Index.

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Book SynopsisModels of Time and Space from Astrophysics and World Cultures explores how our conceptions of time, space, and the physical universe have evolved across cultures throughout the centuries. Developed with a humanistic approach, this book blends historical sources, biographical profiles of exceptional scientists, and the latest discoveries in both astrophysics and particle physics. This rich read describes the incredible insights and ultimate limits of our knowledge, the physical universe, and how ideas old and new have converged, across the world, to build our current understanding of reality. From the Large Hadron Collider to the James Webb Space Telescope, we have mapped the universe from the smallest to largest scales; allowing us to gain fundamental knowledge that has transformed our understanding of the universe. The chapters herein will teach you about dark matter and dark energy, gravitational waves and other complex parts of the cosmos. Along the way, you will learn a thing or two about quantum mechanics, parallel universes, and the ultimate boundaries of the observable universe. This book cultivates insight from a variety of cultural traditions, including perspectives from both modern and ancient cultures, in order to show how our modern conceptions of space and time have arisen from the ongoing explorations within ancient world civilizations.It is a valuable, intriguing and insightful volume for those interested in the fields of historical astronomy and cultural astronomy, as well as for anyone interested in learning about the latest finds from the field of physics and astrophysics.Table of ContentsChapter 1: IntroductionChapter 2: Microscopic Reality – Particles and Waves, Quantum Mechanics and the limits of our knowledge Chapter 3: The Light Cone – the Boundary of the Observable Universe, and its structure based on cosmology Chapter 4: Beyond the Observable Universe – the new science of Multiverses and unseen matter Chapter 5: Macroscopic Quantum reality – Quantum computing, Bose-Einstein condensates and the ways in which quantum physics shapes our large-scale universe Chapter 6: Notions of Time, Space and Matter from across cultures Chapter 7: Consciousness and Beyond – How Neuroscience and Ancient Cultures describe Thought and Experience Chapter 8: Emptiness and Eternity from Physics, Buddhism and other World Cultures

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Book SynopsisThe Barnard Objects have fascinated professional and amateur astronomers for over one hundred years. Many of those objects first imaged by E.E. Barnard on black-and-white photographic plates are now being captured daily in thousands of color astrophotographs. This book tells of Barnard’s story; describing his life and work as well as how the fields of astronomy and astrophotography have transformed ever since.The chapters in this book are equal parts history and science. It will provide readers with an introduction to nebula science and the incredible discoveries made in this field over the decades; including an overview of popular astronomical catalogues and a detailed look at how astronomical imaging has advanced since Barnard’s time, from early plates to digital imaging and chips. In addition, the book features a comprehensive guide to viewing and imaging these objects yourself. A glossary of astronomical and photographic terms is provided, along with detailed references. And, an updated table displaying the locations of these Barnard Objects; including the missing twenty-five objects from E.E. Barnard’s original catalogue.Richly researched and illustrated, this fascinating reference will attract astronomers of all skill levels interested in astrophotography and how it has changed over the past hundred years.Table of ContentsPreface Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter2. Nebulae – an overview Bright nebulae Dark nebulae Classical nebulae: HII regions, planetary nebulae, supernova remnants Diffuse nebulae Bok globules Chapter 3. Astronomical Catalogs – an overview Messier NGC IC Sharpless Cederblad DG Lynds Chapter 4. EE Barnard, his life, observations, and his catalogs Max Wolf (1863-1932) Objects discovered and named after Barnard Barnard’s awards and honors Catherine Wolfe Bruce (1816-1900) Bruce photographic telescopes (Yerkes, Mt. Wilson, Heidelberg) Comet observations, Comet Halley Planet observations Barnard’s star Barnard Objects Chapter 5. Visual Observation of Barnard Objects Astronomical League Dark Nebulae Observing Program Chapter 6. Modern Imaging of the Barnard Objects: images and imaging technique What to look for – nova, variable stars, change in nebulosity, astrometry, B&W and color imaging, history of color imaging Imaging techniques Chapter 7. Selected Important Barnard Objects Chapter 8. Filling in the Missing Barnard Objects- #176-200 Chapter 9. Conclusions Glossary and Table of Astronomical Catalogs Acknowledgements Index

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive investigation into the concept of typicality and its significance for physics and the philosophy of science. It identifies typicality as a fundamental way of reasoning, central to how natural laws explain and are tested against phenomena. The book discusses various applications of typicality to foundational questions in physics and beyond.These include: a unified interpretation of objective probabilities in classical mechanics and quantum mechanics a detailed discussion of Boltzmann's statistical mechanics, entropy, and the second law of thermodynamics a novel account of the asymmetry of causation and the arrow of time Finally, the book turns to the question: "What are laws of nature"? It argues that typicality extends to a powerful way of reasoning in metaphysics that can and should inform our commitments about the fundamental ontology of the world. On this basis, it develops an argument against the Humean best system account, according to which laws of nature are merely an efficient summary of contingent regularities. Table of Contents1. Introduction.- Part I: Probability.- 2. Typicality in Probability Theory.- 3. Cournot’s Principle.- 4. A Typicality Theory of Probability.- 5. The Mentaculus: Typicality versus Humean Chances.- 6. The Structure of Typicality.- Part II: Physics.- 7. From the Universe to Subsystems.- 8. Boltzmann’s Statistical Mechanics.- 9. It’s Complicated: The Relationship of Physics and Mathematics.- 10. Boltzmann Equation and the H-theorem.-11. Past Hypothesis and the Arrow of Time.-12. Causality and the Arrow of Time.-13. Quantum Mechanics.- Part III: Beyond Physics.-14. Other Applications of Typicality.-15. Special Science Laws.-16. Typicality and the Metaphysics of Laws.- Appendix A Time-reversal Invariance.- Appendix B Proof of Theorems

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Book SynopsisThis textbookcontains acomprehensive collection of exercises in medical physics with numerous illustrations – ideally suited for teaching and learning. Introductory sections summarize contents and learning targets of each chapter.

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Book SynopsisThis highly regarded textbook provides a general introduction to solid state physics. It covers a wide range of physical phenomena occurring in solids and discusses fundamental concepts for describing them. Traditional themes are complimented by modern topics, like low dimensional systems, strongly correlated materials, nanoscale systems and non-crystalline solids, which are gaining increasing technical and scientific importance. Helpful for exam preparation are numerous exercises in all chapters.

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Book SynopsisThis book fills a clear gap in the literature for a technically-focused book covering nuclear proliferation and related issues post-9/11. Using a concept-led approach which serves a broad readership, it provides detailed overview of nuclear weapons, nuclear proliferation and international nuclear policy. The author addresses topics including offensive and defensive missile systems, command and control, verification, weapon effects, and nuclear testing. A chronology of nuclear arms is presented including detailed discussion of the Cold War, proliferation, and arms control treaties. The book is tailored to courses on nuclear proliferation, and the general reader will also find it a fascinating introduction to the science and strategy behind international nuclear policy in the modern era. Trade Review“Finally, a spritely, accessible overview of the nuclear world in historical context from someone who has both seen it from the U.S. State Department and Congressional policy trenches and taught it for 43 years. A gift to both concerned citizens and interested students.”Frank von Hippel, Prof. Public and International Affairs (emeritus), Princeton University“The threat of nuclear weapons has been with the world community for a long time. Global destruction was narrowly avoided three or four times or more during the Cold War with the use of such weapons remaining an immediate threat in some parts of the world, such as Northeast Asia and South Asia. Since the end of the Cold War the risk of terrorist acts committed with a nuclear weapon in addition has increased significantly. Lastly new militarily useable weapons such as cyber weapons have been added to the dangers that confront us. In order to develop workable policies to deal with this situation the threat must be understood from many perspectives: overall security policy, diplomatic, military, technical and so forth. David Hafmeister's outstanding new book provides the reader this essential review of the threat, taking into account its many manifestations in a careful and thorough way. It should not be missed.”Thomas Graham, Jr., former Special Representative of the President for Arms Controland Non-proliferation“Hafemeister's Nuclear Proliferation and Terrorism contains a wealth of information about nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction. The reader -- whether professionally involved with these weapons or a citizen seeking to become better informed -- will come away with a sober appreciation of the dangers, and with increased insight into how the world seeks to eliminate them.”Pierce Corden, former Admin. Exec. Officer, Comprehensive Nuclear–Test–Ban Treaty Commission“For more than 70 years since August 9, 1945, nuclear weapons have not been detonated in war, and terrorists have yet to acquire these weapons. Will humanity be so fortunate for the next 70 years? To learn what can and should be done to further reduce the risks of these and other dangers, read David Hafemeister’s excellent book.”Charles D. Ferguson, President, Federation of American ScientistsTable of Contents1. History of the Atomic Age. 1.1. Survey of Events. 1.2. Conflict Literature. 1.2. Nuclear Arms Chronology. 2. Nuclear Weapons. 2.1. The Nuclear Age. 2.2. Nuclear Proliferation. 2.3. Fission Energy. 2.4. Critical Mass. 2.5. Neutron Generations, Yield. 2.6. Plutonium Implosion Weapons. 2.7. Boosted Primaries, H–Bombs. 2.8. Neutron Bomb. 2.9. Exotic Weapons. 2.10. Nuclear Weapon Effects. 2.11. EMP Attack on Power Grid. 2.12. Stockpile Stewardship. 3. Nuclear Reactors and Radiation. 3.1. Nuclear Reactors. 3.2. Nuclear Safety. 3.3. New Reactor Designs. 3.4. Low–Dose Radiation. 3.5. Radiation Standards. 3.6. Weapon Accidents and Indoor Radon. 4. Missiles and War Games. 4.1. Rocket Motion. 4.2. ICBM Accuracy. 4.3. Kill Probability. 4.4. Launch on Warning? 4.5. Nuclear Conflict and MAD. 4.6. Conventional Conflict. 5. Ballistic Missile Defense. 5.1. ABM History. 5.2. Target Interactions. 5.3. Nuclear ABMs. 5.4. Particle Beam Weapons. 5.5. Laser Weapons. 5.6. Orbital Chemical Lasers. 5.7. Earth-Based Lasers. 5.8. Nuclear Explosion X-ray Laser. 5.9. Kinetic Kill Vehicles. 5.10. Airborne Laser. 5.11. Anti-Satellite Weapons. 6. Verification and Arms Control Treaties. 6.1. Verification Context. 6.2. Arms Control Treaties. 6.3. Optical Reconnaissance. 6.4. Radar Monitoring. 6.5. How Much Verification is Enough? 7. Winding Down the Cold War. 7.1. Then and Now. 7.2. Controls on Warheads and Fissile Materials. 7.3. Warhead Monitoring in INF and START. 7.4. Post Cold–War Initiatives. 7.5. Initiatives to Limit Fissile Materials. 7.6. Warhead Monitoring after START. 7.7. Quo Vadis after Cold War. 8. Nuclear Proliferation. 8.1. Proliferation History. 8.2. The NPT. 8.3. Non-Proliferation Policy. 9. Proliferation Technologies. 9.1. Special Nuclear Material. 9.2. Uranium Enrichment. 9.3. Uranium Details. 9.4. Plutonium Details. 9.5. Missile Technologies. 9.6. Safeguard Technologies. 10. Proliferated States. 10.1. Technology Transfer. 10.2. Five P–5 NWS. 10.3. Four Defacto NWS. 10.4. Iran, a Work in Progress. 10.5. Nine NNWS Successes. 10.6. Eight more NNWS Successes. 11. Nuclear Testing and the NPT. 11.1. Comprehensive Nuclear–Test–Ban Treaty. 11.2. NPT–CTBT Connection. 11.3. Nuclear Tests in Atmosphere and Space. 11.4. Underground Nuclear Tests. 11.5. National Academy on CTBT Monitoring. 11.6. Covert Cavity Tests. 12. Terrorism. 12.1. Terrorism in 21st Century. 12.2. Attack of 11 September 2001. 12.3. Long–Term Response. 12.4. Vulnerability to Terrorism. 12.5. Insider Threats. 13. Nuclear Terrorism. 13.1. Improvised Devices. 13.2. Improvised Nuclear Devices. 13.3. Dirty Bombs. 13.4. Nuclear Industry. 13.5. Drones. 14. Cyber Terrorism. 14.1. Cyber Introduction. 14.2. Stuxnet. 14.3. Cyber Details. 14.4. Cyber Governance. 14.5. Cyber Diplomacy. 15. Biological and Chemical Weapons.15.1. BW History. 15.2. BW Control with BWC. 15.3. CW History. 15.4. CW Control with CWC. A. Reflections on Nuclear Arms Control. A.1. Soviet–American Back-Channel. A.2. Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty. A.3. Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty. A.4. Cold War Ends. A.5. Soviet Union’s Final Days. A.6. Monitoring Warhead Destruction. A.7. Ratification of START. A.8. Verification Standard for START. A.9. Nuclear Test Ban Treaties. B. Reflections on Nuclear Proliferation. B.1. Selected Proliferation History. B.2. Nuclear Proliferation Policy. B.3. Nuclear Export Legislation. B.4. Sanctions Legislation. B.5. Nuclear Fuel Cycle Issues. B.6. End of US Plutonium Economy. B.7. Response to US Non–Proliferation Policy. C. Glossary. D. Index.

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Book SynopsisDiese Starthilfe erleichtert den Studierenden an Universitäten und Fachhochschulen den Einstieg in das Fachgebiet und das Verständnis für thermodynamische Aufgabenstellungen. Sie beschränkt sich bewusst auf die wesentlichen Grundlagen, die erfahrungsgemäß die meisten Schwierigkeiten bereiten. Thematische Schwerpunkte sind das Zustandsverhalten einfacher Systeme, die thermodynamischen Hauptsätze und ihre technischen Anwendungen bis hin zu den Kreisprozessen. Die der Thermodynamik eigene Betrachtung von Systemen und die Bilanzierung der Erhaltungsgrößen an ihnen bilden den Leitfaden durch den Text. Die exakte und verständliche Darstellung wird durch die Lösung zahlreicher Beispiele anschaulich unterstützt. Das Buch eignet sich damit auch für die Vorbereitung auf Klausuren und Prüfungen.Table of ContentsThermodynamische Grundbegriffe - Zustandsverhalten einfacher Systeme - Thermodynamische Hauptsätze - Zustandsänderungen perfekter Gase - Bilanzierung offener Systeme - Technische Anwendungen - Kreisprozesse und Energiewandlung

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Book SynopsisVon verschiedenen Seiten wurde ich in den letzten Jahren aufgefordert, eine biographische Zusammenstellung meiner wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten auf­ zuschreiben, insbesondere, da ich ja durch mein Arbeitsgebiet an einer Entwick­ lung der Wissenschaft teilgenommen hätte, die sich aus dem kleinen Pflänzlein der Schwärzung der photographischen Platte durch ein Uranmineral zu dem großen Bau der Nutzbarmachung der Atomenergie entwickelt hat. Die Menschen, die die Entdeckung der Radioaktivität im Jahre 1896 unmittel­ bar mitgemacht haben, sind nicht mehr unter uns. Als ich vor 58 Jahren durch einen glücklichen Zufall mit dem neuen Gebiet in Verbindung kam, da war seine Bedeutung zwar schon erkannt, aber es war den damals lebenden Chemikern doch noch etwas unheimlich, und die "klassischen Chemiker" konnten sich mit den neuen Erkenntnissen der Radioaktivität nur sehr schwer abfinden. So darf ich mich vielleicht zu denen rechnen, die die Entwicklung der Radiumforschung von ihren Anfängen an tätig miterlebt haben. Es war die Frage, ob ich mit einer übersicht über meine wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten meine vielen persönlichen Erinnerungen in einem einzelnen Buch dar­ stellen könne, ohne dem wissenschaftlich interessierten Leser ein zu großes Buch zuzumuten. Ich habe mich also entschlossen, meinen wissenschaftlichen Werde­ gang ohne allzuviel Ballast aufzuschreiben. Im vorliegenden Buche sind deshalb nach einer kurzen Erinnerung an meine Jugendjahre im Anschluß an die ver­ schiedenen Arbeitsstätten und nur bei besonderem äußeren Anlaß Einlagen persönlicher Art aufgenommen. Vielleicht ist es mir noch vergönnt, die persönlichen Erinnerungen meines langen Lebens etwas ausführlicher zu erzählen.Table of ContentsI. Jugend- und Studienjahre.- II. In London bei William Ramsay (Herbst 1904 bis Sommer 1905).- 1. Radiothorium.- 2. Rückblick auf London.- III. In Montreal bei Ernest Rutherford (Herbst 1905 bis Sommer 1906).- 1. Thorium C, Radioactinium.- 2. Rückblick auf Montreal.- IV. Berlin — Im Chemischen Institut der Universität (1906–1912).- 1. Mesothorium.- 2. Die Muttersubstanz des Radiums.- 3. Arbeiten über ?-Strahlen — mit Lise Meitner.- 4. Radioaktiver Rückstoß.- 5. Vor 50 Jahren — Rückblick.- 6. Ausklang aus der „Holzwerkstatt“ — Gründung der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft.- V. Wissenschaftliche Kommissionen.- 1. Die Atomgewichtskommissionen.- 2. Die Internationale Radiumstandardkommission.- VI. Im Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Chemie (1913–1944).- A. Arbeiten mit natürlich radioaktiven Elementen und Atomarten.- 1. Aktivität von Rubidium und Kalium. Eine neue Methode zur geologischen Altersbestimmung (Strontiummethode).- 2. Protactinium, die Muttersubstanz des Actiniums — mit Lise Meitner.- 3. Uran Z, erstes Beispiel einer Kernisomerie.- 4. ?- und ?-Strahlen — mit Lise Meitner.- 5. Das Jahr 1933 und Fritz Haber.- 6. Einige Kapitel aus der „angewandten Radiochemie“.- a) Fällung und Adsorption kleiner Substanzmengen; normale und anomale Mischkristalle.- b) Über Blei und Helium in Steinsalz und Sylvin.- c) Suche nach inaktivem Radium und nach einem Ekacäsium.- d) Indikatormethode.- 7. Die Emaniermethode.- B. Arbeiten mit künstlich radioaktiven Atomarten.- 1. Bestrahlung des Urans und Thoriums mit Neutronen — mit Lise Meitner und Fritz Straßmann.- a) Einleitung.- b) Das Fermische Eka-Rhenium, Element 93.- c) Die zwangsläufige Aufstellung der sogenannten Trans-Uran-Reihen.- d) Ein künstliches Uran-Isotop von 23 min Halbwertszeit.- 2. Nicht erkannte Spaltung des Thoriums.- 3. Lise Meitner, ihr Fortgang aus Berlin.- 4. Fritz Straßmann.- 5. Die sogenannten „Radium“-Isotope.- 6. Die „Radium“-Isotope war en Barium.- 7. Indikatoren-Beweise für die Zerspaltung von Uran und Thorium.- 8. Entwirrung der bei der Zerspaltung auftretenden aktiven Atomarten.- a) Nachweis kurzlebiger Spaltprodukte durch die Emanierfähigkeit von Uran- und Thoriumverbindungen.- b) Direkte Messung der bei der Spaltung auftretenden Edelgase.- c) Getrennte Abscheidung der bei der Uranspaltung entstehenden Krypton- und Xenon-Isotope.- d) Über eine bei der Uranspaltung auftretende Kern-Isomerie.- 9. Welchen Elementen entsprachen „unsere“ Trans-Urane?.- 10. Abscheidung des Elements 93 Neptunium.- 11. Radiometrische Adsorptionsanalyse.- 12. Schluß.- Rückblick.- Anhang I.- Nachweis der Entstehung aktiver Bariumisotope aus Uran und Thorium durch Neutronenbestrahlung; Nachweis weiterer aktiver Bruchstücke bei der Uranspaltung. Von Otto Hahn und Fritz Straßmann.- Anhang II.- Einiges über die experimentelle Entwirrung der bei der Spaltung des Urans auftretenden Elemente und Atomarten. Nach Versuchen von Otto Hahn, Fritz Straßmann und Hans Götte.- Anhang III.- Die chemische Abscheidung der bei der Spaltung des Urans entstehenden Elemente und Atomarten (Allgemeiner Teil). Von Otto Hahn und Fritz Straßmann.- Errata.

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