Physics Books

Book SynopsisDiscovering the Solar System, Second Editioncovers the Sun, the planets, their satellites and the host of smaller bodies that orbit the Sun. This book offers a comprehensive introduction to the subject for science students, and examines the discovery, investigation and modelling of these bodies.Following a thematic approach, chapters cover interiors, surfaces and the atmospheres of major bodies, including the Earth. The book starts with an overview of the Solar System and its origin, and then takes a look at small bodies, such as asteroids, comets and meteorites. Carefully balancing breadth of coverage with depth, Discovering the Solar System, Second Edition: Offers a comprehensive introduction, assuming little prior knowledge Includes full coverage of each planet, as well as the moon, Europa and Titan. The Second Edition includes new material on exoplanetary systems, and a general update throughout. Presents latest resultsTrade Review"This is a well written and fascinating book that covers a good deal of material, and will effectively support undergraduate learning about the solar system, as well as being of interest to a broader readership." (The Higher Education Academy Physical Sciences Centre, June 2008) "This book provide an up-to-date and comprehensive account of what is known about the present and the past of the solar system in a reader-friendly manner." (EOS, May 27, 3008) "...is strongly recommended both for its coverage and its style of presentation..." (Spaceflight) "...certainly qualifies as an authoritative text.... The author clearly has an encyclopaedic knowledge of the subject..." (Meteoritics and Planetary Science) "...liberally doused with relevant graphs, tables, and black and white figures of good quality..." (EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union) "...one of the best books on the Solar System.... The general accuracy and quality of the content is excellent..." (Journal of the British Astronomical Association) Table of ContentsList of Tables. Preface and Study Guide to the First Edition. Preface to the Second Edition. 1 The Sun and its Family. 1.1 The Sun. 1.1.1 The Solar Photosphere. 1.1.2 The Solar Atmosphere. 1.1.3 The Solar Interior. 1.1.4 The Solar Neutrino Problem. 1.2 The Sun’s Family – A Brief Introduction. 1.2.1 The Terrestrial Planets and the Asteroids. 1.2.2 The Giant Planets. 1.2.3 Pluto and Beyond. 1.3 Chemical Elements in the Solar System. 1.4 Orbits of Solar System Bodies. 1.4.1 Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion. 1.4.2 Orbital Elements. 1.4.3 Asteroids and the Titius–Bode Rule. 1.4.4 A Theory of Orbits. 1.4.5 Orbital Complications. 1.4.6 Orbital Resonances. 1.4.7 The Orbit of Mercury. 1.5 Planetary Rotation. 1.5.1 Precession of the Rotation Axis. 1.6 The View from the Earth. 1.6.1 The Other Planets. 1.6.2 Solar and Lunar Eclipses. 1.7 Summary of Chapter 1. 2 The Origin of the Solar System. 2.1 The Observational Basis. 2.1.1 The Solar System. 2.1.2 Exoplanetary Systems. 2.1.3 Star Formation. 2.1.4 Circumstellar Discs. 2.2 Solar Nebular Theories. 2.2.1 Angular Momentum in the Solar System. 2.2.2 The Evaporation and Condensation of Dust in the Solar Nebula. 2.2.3 From Dust to Planetesimals. 2.2.4 From Planetesimals to Planets in the Inner Solar System. 2.2.5 From Planetesimals to Planets in the Outer Solar System. 2.2.6 The Origin of the Oort Cloud, the E–K Belt, and Pluto. 2.3 Formation of the Satellites and Rings of the Giant Planets. 2.3.1 Formation of the Satellites of the Giant Planets. 2.3.2 Formation and Evolution of the Rings of the Giant Planets. 2.4 Successes and Shortcomings of Solar Nebular Theories. 2.5 Summary of Chapter 2. 3 Small Bodies in the Solar System. 3.1 Asteroids. 3.1.1 Asteroid Orbits in the Asteroid Belt. 3.1.2 Asteroid Orbits Outside the Asteroid Belt. 3.1.3 Asteroid Sizes. 3.1.4 Asteroid Shapes and Surface Features. 3.1.5 Asteroid Masses, Densities, and Overall Composition. 3.1.6 Asteroid Classes and Surface Composition. 3.2 Comets and Their Sources. 3.2.1 The Orbits of Comets. 3.2.2 The Coma, Hydrogen Cloud, and Tails of a Comet. 3.2.3 The Cometary Nucleus. 3.2.4 The Death of Comets. 3.2.5 The Sources of Comets. 3.2.6 The Oort Cloud. 3.2.7 The E–K Belt. 3.3 Meteorites. 3.3.1 Meteors, Meteorites, and Micrometeorites. 3.3.2 The Structure and Composition of Meteorites. 3.3.3 Dating Meteorites. 3.3.4 The Sources of Meteorites. 3.3.5 The Sources of Micrometeorites. 3.4 Summary of Chapter 3. 4 Interiors of Planets and Satellites: The Observational and Theoretical Basis. 4.1 Gravitational Field Data. 4.1.1 Mean Density. 4.1.2 Radial Variations of Density: Gravitational Coefficients. 4.1.3 Radial Variations of Density: The Polar Moment of Inertia. 4.1.4 Love Numbers. 4.1.5 Local Mass Distribution, and Isostasy. 4.2 Magnetic Field Data. 4.3 Seismic Wave Data. 4.3.1 Seismic Waves. 4.3.2 Planetary Seismic Wave Data. 4.4 Composition and Properties of Accessible Materials. 4.4.1 Surface Materials. 4.4.2 Elements, Compounds, Affinities. 4.4.3 Equations of State, and Phase Diagrams. 4.5 Energy Sources, Energy Losses, and Interior Temperatures. 4.5.1 Energy Sources. 4.5.2 Energy Losses and Transfers. 4.5.3 Observational Indicators of Interior Temperatures. 4.5.4 Interior Temperatures. 4.6 Summary of Chapter 4. 5 Interiors of Planets and Satellites: Models of Individual Bodies. 5.1 The Terrestrial Planets. 5.1.1 The Earth. 5.1.2 Venus. 5.1.3 Mercury. 5.1.4 Mars. 5.2 Planetary Satellites, Pluto, EKOs. 5.2.1 The Moon. 5.2.2 Large Icy-Rocky Bodies: Titan, Triton, Pluto, and EKOs. 5.2.3 The Galilean Satellites of Jupiter. 5.2.4 Small Satellites. 5.3 The Giant Planets. 5.3.1 Jupiter and Saturn. 5.3.2 Uranus and Neptune. 5.4 Magnetospheres. 5.4.1 An Idealised Magnetosphere. 5.4.2 Real Magnetospheres. 5.5 Summary of Chapter 5. 6 Surfaces of Planets and Satellites: Methods and Processes. 6.1 Some Methods of Investigating Surfaces. 6.1.1 Surface Mapping in Two and Three Dimensions. 6.1.2 Analysis of Electromagnetic Radiation Reflected or Emitted by a Surface. 6.1.3 Sample Analysis. 6.2 Processes that Produce the Surfaces of Planetary Bodies. 6.2.1 Differentiation, Melting, Fractional Crystallisation, and Partial Melting. 6.2.2 Volcanism and Magmatic Processes. 6.2.3 Tectonic Processes. 6.2.4 Impact Cratering. 6.2.5 Craters as Chronometers. 6.2.6 Gradation. 6.2.7 Formation of Sedimentary Rocks. 6.2.8 Formation of Metamorphic Rocks. 6.3 Summary of Chapter 6. 7 Surfaces of Planets and Satellites: Weakly Active Surfaces. 7.1 The Moon. 7.1.1 Impact Basins and Maria. 7.1.2 The Nature of the Mare Infill. 7.1.3 Two Contrasting Hemispheres. 7.1.4 Tectonic Features; Gradation and Weathering. 7.1.5 Localised Water Ice? 7.1.6 Crustal and Mantle Materials. 7.1.7 Radiometric Dating of Lunar Events. 7.1.8 Lunar Evolution. .2 Mercury. 7.2.1 Mercurian Craters. 7.2.2 The Highlands and Plains of Mercury. 7.2.3 Surface Composition. 7.2.4 Other Surface Features on Mercury. 7.2.5 The Evolution of Mercury. 7.3 Mars. 7.3.1 Albedo Features. 7.3.2 The Global View. 7.3.3 The Northerly Hemisphere. 7.3.4 The Southerly Hemisphere. 7.3.5 The Polar Regions. 7.3.6 Water-related Features. 7.3.7 Observations at the Martian Surface. 7.3.8 Martian Meteorites. 7.3.9 The Evolution of Mars. 7.4 Icy Surfaces. 7.4.1 Pluto and Charon. 7.4.2 Ganymede and Callisto. 7.5 Summary of Chapter 7. 8 Surfaces of Planets and Satellites: Active Surfaces. 8.1 The Earth. 8.1.1 The Earth’s Lithosphere. 8.1.2 Plate Tectonics. 8.1.3 The Success of Plate Tectonics. 8.1.4 The Causes of Plate Motion. 8.1.5 The Evolution of the Earth. 8.2 Venus. 8.2.1 Topological Overview. 8.2.2 Radar Reflectivity. 8.2.3 Impact Craters and Possible Global Resurfacing. 8.2.4 Volcanic Features. 8.2.5 Surface Analyses and Surface Images. 8.2.6 Tectonic Features. 8.2.7 Tectonic and Volcanic Processes. 8.2.8 Internal Energy Loss. 8.2.9 The Evolution of Venus. 8.3 Io. 8.4 Icy Surfaces: Europa, Titan, Enceladus, Triton. 8.4.1 Europa. 8.4.2 Titan. 8.4.3 Enceladus. 8.4.4 Triton. 8.5 Summary of Chapter 8. 9 Atmospheres of Planets and Satellites: General Considerations. 9.1 Methods of Studying Atmospheres. 9.2 General Properties and Processes in Planetary Atmospheres. 9.2.1 Global Energy Gains and Losses. 9.2.2 Pressure, Density, and Temperature Versus Altitude. 9.2.3 Cloud Formation and Precipitation. 9.2.4 The Greenhouse Effect. 9.2.5 Atmospheric Reservoirs, Gains, and Losses. 9.2.6 Atmospheric Circulation. 9.2.7 Climate. 9.3 Summary of Chapter 9. 10 Atmospheres of Rocky and Icy–Rocky Bodies. 10.1 The Atmosphere of the Earth. 10.1.1 Vertical Structure; Heating and Cooling. 10.1.2 Atmospheric Reservoirs, Gains, and Losses. 10.1.3 Atmospheric Circulation. 10.1.4 Climate Change. 10.2 The Atmosphere of Mars. 10.2.1 Vertical structure; heating and cooling. 10.2.2 Atmospheric Reservoirs, Gains, and Losses. 10.2.3 Atmospheric Circulation. 10.2.4 Climate Change. 10.3 The Atmosphere of Venus. 10.3.1 Vertical structure; heating and cooling. 10.3.2 Atmospheric Reservoirs, Gains, and Losses. 10.3.3 Atmospheric Circulation. 10.4 Volatile Inventories for Venus, the Earth, and Mars. 10.5 The Origin of Terrestrial Atmospheres. 10.5.1 Inert Gas Evidence. 10.5.2 Volatile Acquisition During Planet Formation. 10.5.3 Early Massive Losses. 10.5.4 Late Veneers. 10.5.5 Outgassing. 10.6 Evolution of Terrestrial Atmospheres, and Climate Change. 10.6.1 Venus. 10.6.2 The Earth. 10.6.3 Mars. 10.6.4 Life on Mars? 10.7 Mercury and the Moon. 10.8 Icy-Rocky Body Atmospheres. 10.8.1 Titan. 10.8.2 Triton and Pluto. 10.8.3 The Origin and Evolution of the Atmospheres of Icy-Rocky Bodies. 10.9 Summary of Chapter 10. 11 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets. 11.1 The Atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn Today. 11.1.1 Vertical Structure. 11.1.2 Composition. 11.1.3 Circulation. 11.1.4 Coloration. 11.2 The Atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune Today. 11.2.1 Vertical Structure. 11.2.2 Composition. 11.2.3 Circulation. 11.3 The Origin of the Giant Planets—A Second Look. 11.4 Summary of Chapter 11. 11.5 The End. Question Answers and Comments. Glossary. Electronic Media. Further Reading. Index. Plate Section.

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Book SynopsisChange and motion define and constantly reshape the world around us, on scales from the molecular to the global. In particular, the subtle interplay between chemical reactions and molecular transport gives rise to an astounding richness of natural phenomena, and often manifests itself in the emergence of intricate spatial or temporal patterns. The underlying theme of this book is that by setting chemistry in motion in a proper way, it is not only possible to discover a variety of new phenomena, in which chemical reactions are coupled with diffusion, but also to build micro-/nanoarchitectures and systems of practical importance. Although reaction and diffusion (RD) processes are essential for the functioning of biological systems, there have been only a few examples of their application in modern micro- and nanotechnology. Part of the problem has been that RD phenomena are hard to bring under experimental control, especially when the system's dimensions are small. Ultimately this book wTrade Review"In summary, this text can be viewed as a first stepping stone into the reaction-diffusion field. It is a quick, informative survey of what types of syntheses are possible in reaction-diffusion systems; it provides the necessary framework to begin an in-depth project in the field; and most importantly, it is an enjoyable read." (Angewandte Chemie, 2010) Table of ContentsPreface. List of Boxed Examples. 1 Panta Rei: Everything Flows. 1.1 Historical Perspective. 1.2 What Lies Ahead? 1.3 How Nature Uses RD. 1.3.1 Animate Systems. 1.3.2 Inanimate Systems. 1.4 RD in Science and Technology. References. 2 Basic Ingredients: Diffusion. 2.1 Diffusion Equation. 2.2 Solving Diffusion Equations. 2.2.1 Separation of Variables. 2.2.2 Laplace Transforms. 2.3 The Use of Symmetry and Superposition. 2.4 Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates. 2.5 Advanced Topics. References. 3 Chemical Reactions. 3.1 Reactions and Rates. 3.2 Chemical Equilibrium. 3.3 Ionic Reactions and Solubility Products. 3.4 Autocatalysis, Cooperativity and Feedback. 3.5 Oscillating Reactions. 3.6 Reactions in Gels. References. 4 Putting It All Together: Reaction–Diffusion Equations and the Methods of Solving Them. 4.1 General Form of Reaction–Diffusion Equations. 4.2 RD Equations that can be Solved Analytically. 4.3 Spatial Discretization. 4.3.1 Finite Difference Methods. 4.3.2 Finite Element Methods. 4.4 Temporal Discretization and Integration. 4.4.1 Case 1: τRxn ≥ τDiff. 4.4.1.1 Forward Time Centered Space (FTCS) Differencing. 4.4.1.2 Backward Time Centered Space (BTCS) Differencing. 4.4.1.3 Crank–Nicholson Method. 4.4.1.4 Alternating Direction Implicit Method in Two and Three Dimensions. 4.4.2 Case 2: τRxn < τDiff. 4.4.2.1 Operator Splitting Method. 4.4.2.2 Method of Lines. 4.4.3 Dealing with Precipitation Reactions. 4.5 Heuristic Rules for Selecting a Numerical Method. 4.6 Mesoscopic Models. References. 5 Spatial Control of Reaction–Diffusion at Small Scales: Wet Stamping (WETS). 5.1 Choice of Gels. 5.2 Fabrication. Appendix 5A: Practical Guide to Making Agarose Stamps. 5A.1 PDMS Molding. 5A.2 Agarose Molding. References. 6 Fabrication by Reaction–Diffusion: Curvilinear Microstructures for Optics and Fluidics. 6.1 Microfabrication: The Simple and the Difficult. 6.2 Fabricating Arrays of Microlenses by RD and WETS. 6.3 Intermezzo: Some Thoughts on Rational Design. 6.4 Guiding Microlens Fabrication by Lattice Gas Modeling. 6.5 Disjoint Features and Microfabrication of Multilevel Structures. 6.6 Microfabrication of Microfluidic Devices. 6.7 Short Summary. References. 7 Multitasking: Micro- and Nanofabrication with Periodic Precipitation. 7.1 Periodic Precipitation. 7.2 Phenomenology of Periodic Precipitation. 7.3 Governing Equations. 7.4 Microscopic PP Patterns in Two Dimensions. 7.4.1 Feature Dimensions and Spacing. 7.4.2 Gel Thickness. 7.4.3 Degree of Gel Crosslinking. 7.4.4 Concentration of the Outer and Inner Electrolytes. 7.5 Two-Dimensional Patterns for Diffractive Optics. 7.6 Buckling into the Third Dimension: Periodic ‘Nanowrinkles’. 7.7 Toward the Applications of Buckled Surfaces. 7.8 Parallel Reactions and the Nanoscale. References. 8 Reaction–Diffusion at Interfaces: Structuring Solid Materials. 8.1 Deposition of Metal Foils at Gel Interfaces. 8.1.1 RD in the Plating Solution: Film Topography. 8.1.2 RD in the Gel Substrates: Film Roughness. 8.2 Cutting into Hard Solids with Soft Gels. 8.2.1 Etching Equations. 8.2.1.1 Gold Etching. 8.2.1.2 Glass and Silicon Etching. 8.2.2 Structuring Metal Films. 8.2.3 Microetching Transparent Conductive Oxides, Semiconductors and Crystals. 8.2.4 Imprinting Functional Architectures into Glass. 8.3 The Take-Home Message. References. 9 Micro-chameleons: Reaction–Diffusion for Amplification and Sensing. 9.1 Amplification of Material Properties by RD Micronetworks. 9.2 Amplifying Macromolecular Changes using Low-Symmetry Networks. 9.3 Detecting Molecular Monolayers. 9.4 Sensing Chemical ‘Food'. 9.4.1 Oscillatory Kinetics. 9.4.2 Diffusive Coupling. 9.4.3 Wave Emission and Mode Switching. 9.5 Extensions: New Chemistries, Applications and Measurements. References. 10 Reaction–Diffusion in Three Dimensions and at the Nanoscale. 10.1 Fabrication Inside Porous Particles. 10.1.1 Making Spheres Inside of Cubes. 10.1.2 Modeling of 3D RD. 10.1.3 Fabrication Inside of Complex-Shape Particles. 10.1.4 ‘Remote’ Exchange of the Cores. 10.1.5 Self-Assembly of Open-Lattice Crystals. 10.2 Diffusion in Solids: The Kirkendall Effect and Fabrication of Core–Shell Nanoparticles. 10.3 Galvanic Replacement and De-Alloying Reactions at the Nanoscale: Synthesis of Nanocages. References. 11 Epilogue: Challenges and Opportunities for the Future. References. Appendix A: Nature’s Art. Appendix B: Matlab Code for the Minotaur (Example 4.1). Appendix C: C++ Code for the Zebra (Example 4.3). Index.

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Book SynopsisAn essential reference for optical sensor system design This is the first text to present an integrated view of the optical and mathematical analysis tools necessary to understand computational optical system design. It presents the foundations of computational optical sensor design with a focus entirely on digital imaging and spectroscopy.Trade Review?Designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in optical sensor design, and as a reference for sensor designers in radio and millimeter wave, X- ray, and acoustic systems, Brady's is the first text to present an integrated view of the optical and mathematical analysis tools necessary to understand computational optical system design.? ( Book News, September 2009)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. 1. Past, present and future. 1.1 Three revolutions. 1.2 Computational imaging. 1.3 Overview. 1.4 The fourth revolution. Problems. 2. Geometric imaging. 2.1 Visibility. 2.2 Optical elements. 2.3 Focal imaging. 2.4 Imaging systems. 2.5 Pinhole and coded aperture imaging. 2.6 Projection tomography. 2.7 Reference structure tomography. Problems. 3. Analysis. 3.1 Analytical tools. 3.2 Fields and transformations. 3.3 Fourier analysis. 3.4 Transfer functions and filters. 3.5 The Fresnel transformation. 3.6 The Whittaker-Shannon sampling theorem. 3.7 Discrete analysis of linear transformations. 3.8 Multiscale sampling. 3.9 B-splines. 3.10 Wavelets. Problems. 4. Wave imaging. 4.1 Waves and fields. 4.2 Wave model for optical fields. 4.3 Wave propagation. 4.4 Diffraction. 4.5 Wave analysis of optical elements. 4.6 Wave propagation through thin lenses. 4.7 Fourier analysis of wave imaging. 4.8 Holography. Problems. 5. Detection. 5.1 The Optoelectronic interface. 5.2 Quantum mechanics of optical detection. 5.3 Optoelectronic detectors. 5.3.1 Photoconductive detectors. 5.3.2 Photodiodes. 5.4 Physical characteristics of optical detectors. 5.5 Noise. 5.6 Charge coupled devices. 5.7 Active pixel sensors. 5.8 Infrared focal plane arrays. Problems. 6. Coherence imaging. 6.1 Coherence and spectral fields. 6.2 Coherence propagation. 6.3 Measuring coherence. 6.4 Fourier analysis of coherence imaging. 6.5 Optical coherence tomography. 6.6 Modal analysis. 6.7 Radiometry. Problems. 7. Sampling. 7.1 Samples and pixels. 7.2 Image plane sampling on electronic detector arrays. 7.3 Color imaging. 7.4 Practical sampling models. 7.5 Generalized sampling. Problems. 8. Coding and inverse problems. 8.1 Coding taxonomy. 8.2 Pixel coding. 8.3 Convolutional coding. 8.4 Implicit coding. 8.5 Inverse problems. Problems. 9. Spectroscopy. 9.1 Spectral measurements. 9.2 Spatially dispersive spectroscopy. 9.3 Coded aperture spectroscopy. 9.4 Interferometric Spectroscopy. 9.5 Resonant spectroscopy. 9.6 Spectroscopic filters. 9.7 Tunable filters. 9.8 2D spectroscopy. Problems. 10. Computational imaging. 10.1 Imaging systems. 10.2 Depth of field. 10.3 Resolution. 10.4 Multiple aperture imaging. 10.5 Generalized sampling revisited. 10.6 Spectral imaging. Problems. References.

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Book SynopsisEvolution of Stars and Stellar Populations offers a comprehensive coverage of the links between the theory of stellar evolution and its applications to the study of stellar populations in galaxies.Trade Review"...books in this field will be increasingly useful." (Physical Sciences Educational Reviews, December 2006) "…will serve generations of students to come as an authoritative reference which details how stars and stellar populations come to develop (and then evolve) over long blocks of time." (The Electric Review, March/April 2006) "Well and clearly written and well referenced and illustrated … a valuable and welcome contribution." (Observatory, August 2006) “…considerable achievement of collecting many fascinating and useful graphs and figures in one place.” (Physical Sciences Educational Reviews, December 2006) Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Stars and the Universe. 1.1Setting the stage. 1.2 Cosmic Kinematics. 1.3 Cosmic Dynamics. 1.4 Particles - and nucleosynthesis. 1.5 CMB fluctuations and structure formation. 1.6 Cosmological Parameters. 1.7 The inflationary Paradigm. 1.8 The role of Stellar Evolution. 2. Equation of State of the Stellar Matter. 2.1 Physical conditions of the stellar matter. 3. Equations of Stellar Structure. 3.1 Basic assumptions[. 3.2 Method of solution of the stellar structure equations. 3.3 Non-standard physical process. 4. Star Formation and Evolution. 4.1 Overall picture of stellar evolution. 4.2 Star formation. 4.3 Evolution along the Hayashi track. 5. The Hydrogen Burning Phase. 5.1 Overview. 5.2 The nuclear reactions. 5.3 The central H-burning phase in low main sequence stars. 5.4 The central H-burning phase in upper main sequence stars. 5.5 The dependence of MS tracks on chemical composition and convection efficiency. 5.6 Very low-mass stars. 5.7 The mass - Luminosity relations. 5.8 The Schonberg-Chandrasekhar limit. 5.9 Post-main sequence evolution. 5.10 Dependence of the main RGB features of physical and chemical parameters. 5.11 Evolutionary properties of very metal-poor stars. 6. The Helium Burning Phase. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 The nuclear reactions. 6.3 The zero age horizontal branch. 6.4 The core He-burning phase in low mass stars. 6.5 The central He-burning phase in more massive stars. 6.6 Pulsational properties of core He-burning stars. 7. The Advanced Evolutionary Phase. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 The asymptotic giant branch. 7.3 The Chandrasekhar limit and the evolution of stars with large CO cores. 7.4 carbon-oxygen white dwarfs. 7.5 The advanced evolutionary stages of massive stars. 7.6 Type la supernovae. 7.7 Neutron stars. 7.8 Black holes. 8. From Theory to Observations. 8.1 Spectroscopic notation of the stellar chemical composition. 8.2 From stellar models to observed spectra and magnitudes. 8.3 The effect of interstellar extinction. 8.4 K-correction for high red-shift objects. 8.5 Some general comments about colour-magnitude-diagrams. 9. Simple Stellar Populations. 9.1 Theoretical isochrones. 9.2 Old simple stellar populations. 9.3 Young simple stellar populations. 10. Unresolved Stellar Populations. 10.1 Definition and problems. 10.2 Determination of the star formation history. 10.3 Distance indicators. 11. Unresolved Stellar Populations. 11.1 Simple stellar populations. 11.2 Composite stellar populations. 11.3 Distance to unresolved stellar populations. Appendix I: Constants. Appendix II: Selected Web Sites. References. Index.

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Book Synopsisfamiliar examples from everyday life and modern technology, this book explains the seemingly inexplicable phenomena we encounter all around us.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Things That Move. Chapter 2. More Things That Move. Chapter 3. Mechanical Things. Chapter 4. More Mechanical Things. Chapter 5. Things Involving Fluids. Chapter 6. Things That Move With Fluids. Chapter 7. Thermal Things. Chapter 8. Things That Work With Heat. Chapter 9. Things With Resonances and Mechanical Waves. Chapter 10. Electric Things. Chapter 11. Magnetic and Electromagnetic Things. Chapter 12. Electronic Things. Chapter 13. Things That Use Electromagnetic Waves. Chapter 14. Things That Involve Light. Chapter 15. Optical Things. Chapter 16. Things That Use Recent Physics. Chapter 17. Things That Involve Materials. Chapter 18. Things That Involve Chemical Physics. Appendix A. Relevant Mathematics. Appendix B. Units, Conversion of Units. Glossary. Photo Credits. Index.

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Book SynopsisNOW UPDATEDTHE HIGHLY PRACTICAL GUIDE TO ANALYZING LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS The subject of liquid crystal displays has vigorously evolved into an exciting interdisciplinary field of research and development, involving optics, materials, and electronics. Updated to reflect recent advances, the Second Edition of Optics of Liquid Crystal Displays now offers a broader, more comprehensive discussion on the fundamentals of display systems and teaches readers how to analyze and design new components and subsystems for LCDs. New features of this edition include: Discussion of the dynamics of molecular reorientation Expanded information of the method of Poincaré sphere in various optical components, including achromatic wave plates and compensators Neutral and negative Biaxial thin films for compensators Circular polarizers and anti-reflection coatings The introduction of wide field-of-viewTrade Review"The book will be immensely helpful to young engineers in R and D to master the topics and make itcomfortable for students to progress in the field. I highly recommend Yeh and Gu's second edition." (Current Engineering Practice, 1 November 2010)Table of ContentsPreface. Preface to the First Edition. Chapter 1. Preliminaries. 1.1. Basic Components of LCDs. 1.2 Properties of Liquid Crystals. Chapter 2. Polarization of Optical Waves. 2.1. Monochromatic Plane Waves and Their Polarization States. 2.2. Complex Number Representation. 2.3. Jones Vector Representation. 2.4. Partially Polarized and Unpolarized Light. 2.5. Poincaré Sphere. Chapter 3. Electromagnetic Propagation in Anisotropic Media. 3.1. Maxwell Equations and Dielectric Tensor. 3.2. Plane Waves in Homogeneous Media and Normal Surface. 3.3. Light Propagation in Uniaxial Media. 3.4. Double Refraction at a Boundary. 3.5. Anisotropic Absorption and Polarizers. 3.6. Optical Activity and Faraday Rotation. 3.7. Light Propagation in Biaxial Media. Chapter 4. Jones Matrix Method. 4.1. Jones Matrix Formulation. 4.2. Intensity Transmission Spectrum. 4.3. Optical Properties of TN-LC (Adiabatic Following or Waveguiding). 4.4. Phase Retardation at Oblique Incidence. 4.5. Conoscopy. 4.6. Reflection Property of a General TN-LCD with a Back Mirror. 4.7. Phase Retardation of a Biaxial Plate. 4.8. Achromatic Wave Plates. 4.9. Broadband Quasi-Circular Polarizers. 4.10. Wide Field-of-View Elements. Chapter 5. Liquid Crystal Displays. 5.1. VA-LCDs. 5.2. IPS-LCDs. 5.3 TN-LCDs. 5.4. STN Displays. 5.5. Nematic Liquid Crystal Display (N-LCD) Modes. 5.6. Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Displays (PD-LCDs). 5.7. Reflective LCDs. 5.8. Transflective LCDs. 5.9. Projection Displays. 5.10. Other Display Systems. 5.11. Summary. Chapter 6. Matrix Addressing, Colors, and Properties of LCDs. 6.1. Multiplexed Displays. 6.2. Active Matrix (AM) Displays. 6.3. Optical Throughput of TFT-LCDs. 6.4. Colors in LCDs. Chapter 7. Optical Properties of Cholesteric Liquid Crystals. 7.1. Optical Phenomena in CLCs. 7.2. Dielectric Tensor of an Ideal CLC. 7.3. Exact Solutions at Normal Incidence. 7.4. Bragg Regime (nop < λ < nep)—Coupled-Mode Analysis. 7.5. Mauguin Regime (λ << 0.5 pΔn). 7.6. Circular Regime. Chapter 8. Extended Jones Matrix Method. 8.1. Mathematical Formulation and Applications. 8.2. Another Extended Jones Matrix Method. 8.3. 4 × 4 Matrix Method. 8.4. General Properties of A 4 × 4 Matrix. 8.5. Mueller Matrix Algebra and Jones Matrix Algebra. 8.6. Reciprocity Theorem in Anisotropic Layered Media. Chapter 9. Optical Compensators for Liquid Crystal Displays. 9.1. Viewing Angle Characteristics of LCDs. 9.2. Origin of Leakage of Light in LCDs and Compensators. 9.3. LCDs with Compensators. 9.4. Compensation Film with Positive Birefringence (O-Plate). 9.5. Biaxial Compensation Film. 9.6. Materials for Optical Phase Retardation Compensation. Appendix A. Elastic and Electromagnetic Energy Density. Appendix B. Electro-Optical Distortion—Tilt Mode. Appendix C. Electro-Optical Distortion—Twist Mode. Appendix D. Electro-Optical Distortion in a TN-LC. Appendix E. Electro-Optical Distortion in an STN-LC. Appendix F. Form Birefringence of Composite Media. Appendix G. Spherical Trigonometry. Appendix H. Mie Scattering and Diffusers. Appendix I. Variational Principles and Lagrange’s Equations. Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a state-of-the-art collection of papers presented at the 67th Conference on Glass Problems at The Ohio State University, October 31-November 1, 2006. Provides a state-of-the-art collection of recent papers on glass problems as presented at the 67th Conference on Glass Problems. Sections on furnaces, refractories, raw materials, and environmental issues are included.Table of ContentsForeword ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii MARKET TRENDS Container Glass Update 3Rick Bayer SAFETY Safety in Construction 15Laura Gray Elimination of Heat Stress in the Glass Manufacturing Environment 27Pat Pride The Gravity of Gravity--Safety's Number One Enemy 31Terry Berg The Legacy of Glass Research Activities by the U.S. Department of Energy's Industrial Technologies Program 35Elliott P. Levine and Keith Jamison MODELING Application of Rigorous Model-Based Predictive Process Control in the Glass Industry 49O.S. Verheijen, O.M.G.C. Op den Camp, A.C.M. Backx, and L. Husiman Use and Application of Modeling and Their Reliability 55H.P.H. Muysenberg, J. Chmelar, and G. Neff ENVIRONMENT Air Emission Requirements - Past, Present and Future 73C. Philip Ross Dry Sorbent Injection of Trona for SOx Mitigation 85John Maziuk ENERGY Energy Balances of Glass Furnaces: Parameters Determining Energy Consumption of Glass Melt Process 103Ruud Beerkens Leone Industries: Experience with Cullet Filter/Preheater 117Larry Barrickman and Peter Leone Petroleum Coke Technology for Glass Melting Furnaces 127M.A. Olin, R. Cabrera, I. Solis, and R. Valadez Coal Gasification 139John Brown Preheating Devices for Future Glass Making -- A 2nd Generation Approach 149Ann-Katrin Glusing MELTING AND REFRACTORIES Melting and Refining Conditions in an all Electric Melter for Borosilicate Glass 167Matthias Lindig Recent Developments in Submerged Combustion Melting 175David Rue, John Wagner, and Grigory Aronchik New Solutions for Checkers Working under Oxidizing and Reducing Conditions 183G. Heilemann, B. Schmalenbach, T. Weichert, S. Postrach, A. Lynker, and G. Gelbmann ER 2001 SLX: Very Low Exudation AZS Product for Glass Furnace Superstructure 195M. Gaubil, I. Cabodi, C. Morand, and B. Escaravage Author Index 203

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Book Synopsis* A modern, comprehensive text/reference describing intermolecular forces; it begins at atomic structure and advances through molecular and systemic structures.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Fundamental Concepts 1 1.1 Molecular Interactions in Nature 2 1.2 Potential Energies for Molecular Interactions 4 1.2.1 The Concept of a Molecular Potential Energy 4 1.2.2 Theoretical Classification of Interaction Potentials 6 1.2.2.1 Small Distances 7 1.2.2.2 Intermediate Distances 8 1.2.2.3 Large Distances 8 1.2.2.4 Very Large Distances 8 1.3 Quantal Treatment and Examples of Molecular Interactions 9 1.4 Long-Range Interactions and Electrical Properties of Molecules 21 1.4.1 Electric Dipole of Molecules 21 1.4.2 Electric Polarizabilities of Molecules 22 1.4.3 Interaction Potentials from Multipoles 23 1.5 Thermodynamic Averages and Intermolecular Forces 24 1.5.1 Properties and Free Energies 24 1.5.2 Polarization in Condensed Matter 25 1.5.3 Pair Distributions and Potential of Mean-Force 26 1.6 Molecular Dynamics and Intermolecular Forces 27 1.6.1 Collisional Cross Sections 27 1.6.2 Spectroscopy of van der Waals Complexes and of Condensed Matter 28 1.7 Experimental Determination and Applications of Interaction Potential Energies 29 1.7.1 Thermodynamics Properties 30 1.7.2 Spectroscopy and Diffraction Properties 30 1.7.3 Molecular Beam and Energy Deposition Properties 30 1.7.4 Applications of Intermolecular Forces 31 References 31 2 Molecular Properties 35 2.1 Electric Multipoles of Molecules 35 2.1.1 Potential Energy of a Distribution of Charges 35 2.1.2 Cartesian Multipoles 36 2.1.3 Spherical Multipoles 37 2.1.4 Charge Distributions for an Extended System 38 2.2 Energy of a Molecule in an Electric Field 40 2.2.1 Quantal Perturbation Treatment 40 2.2.2 Static Polarizabilities 41 2.3 Dynamical Polarizabilities 43 2.3.1 General Perturbation 43 2.3.2 Periodic Perturbation Field 47 2.4 Susceptibility of an Extended Molecule 49 2.5 Changes of Reference Frame 52 2.6 Multipole Integrals from Symmetry 54 2.7 Approximations and Bounds for Polarizabilities 57 2.7.1 Physical Models 57 2.7.2 Closure Approximation and Sum Rules 58 2.7.3 Upper and Lower Bounds 59 References 60 3 Quantitative Treatment of Intermolecular Forces 63 3.1 Long Range Interaction Energies from Perturbation Theory 64 3.1.1 Interactions in the Ground Electronic States 64 3.1.2 Interactions in Excited Electronic States and in Resonance 68 3.2 Long Range Interaction Energies from Permanent and Induced Multipoles 68 3.2.1 Molecular Electrostatic Potentials 68 3.2.2 The Interaction Potential Energy at Large Distances 70 3.2.3 Electrostatic, Induction, and Dispersion Forces 73 3.2.4 Interacting Atoms and Molecules from Spherical Components of Multipoles 75 3.2.5 Interactions from Charge Densities and their Fourier Components 76 3.3 Atom–Atom, Atom–Molecule, and Molecule–Molecule Long-Range Interactions 78 3.3.1 Example of Li++Ne 78 3.3.2 Interaction of Oriented Molecular Multipoles 79 3.3.3 Example of Li++HF 80 3.4 Calculation of Dispersion Energies 81 3.4.1 Dispersion Energies from Molecular Polarizabilities 81 3.4.2 Combination Rules 82 3.4.3 Upper and Lower Bounds 83 3.4.4 Variational Calculation of Perturbation Terms 86 3.5 Electron Exchange and Penetration Effects at Reduced Distances 87 3.5.1 Quantitative Treatment with Electronic Density Functionals 87 3.5.2 Electronic Rearrangement and Polarization 93 3.5.3 Treatments of Electronic Exchange and Charge Transfer 98 3.6 Spin-orbit Couplings and Retardation Effects 102 3.7 Interactions in Three-Body and Many-Body Systems 103 3.7.1 Three-Body Systems 103 3.7.2 Many-Body Systems 106 References 107 4 Model Potential Functions 111 4.1 Many-Atom Structures 111 4.2 Atom–Atom Potentials 114 4.2.1 Standard Models and Their Relations 114 4.2.2 Combination Rules 116 4.2.3 Very Short-Range Potentials 117 4.2.4 Local Parametrization of Potentials 117 4.3 Atom–Molecule and Molecule–Molecule Potentials 119 4.3.1 Dependences on Orientation Angles 119 4.3.2 Potentials as Functionals of Variable Parameters 124 4.3.3 Hydrogen Bonding 124 4.3.4 Systems with Additive Anisotropic Pair-Interactions 125 4.3.5 Bond Rearrangements 125 4.4 Interactions in Extended (Many-Atom) Systems 127 4.4.1 Interaction Energies in Crystals 127 4.4.2 Interaction Energies in Liquids 131 4.5 Interaction Energies in a Liquid Solution and in Physisorption 135 4.5.1 Potential Energy of a Solute in a Liquid Solution 135 4.5.2 Potential Energies of Atoms and Molecules Adsorbed at Solid Surfaces 139 4.6 Interaction Energies in Large Molecules and in Chemisorption 143 4.6.1 Interaction Energies Among Molecular Fragments 143 4.6.2 Potential Energy Surfaces and Force Fields in Large Molecules 145 4.6.3 Potential Energy Functions of Global Variables Parametrized with Machine Learning Procedures 148 References 152 5 Intermolecular States 157 5.1 Molecular Energies for Fixed Nuclear Positions 158 5.1.1 Reference Frames 158 5.1.2 Energy Density Functionals for Fixed Nuclei 160 5.1.3 Physical Contributions to the Energy Density Functional 162 5.2 General Properties of Potentials 163 5.2.1 The Electrostatic Force Theorem 163 5.2.2 Electrostatic Forces from Approximate Wavefunctions 164 5.2.3 The Example of Hydrogenic Molecules 165 5.2.4 The Virial Theorem 166 5.2.5 Integral Form of the Virial Theorem 168 5.3 Molecular States for Moving Nuclei 169 5.3.1 Expansion in an Electronic Basis Set 169 5.3.2 Matrix Equations for Nuclear Amplitudes in Electronic States 170 5.3.3 The Flux Function and Conservation of Probability 172 5.4 Electronic Representations 172 5.4.1 The Adiabatic Representation 172 5.4.2 Hamiltonian and Momentum Couplings from Approximate Adiabatic Wavefunctions 173 5.4.3 Nonadiabatic Representations 174 5.4.4 The Two-state Case 175 5.4.5 The Fixed-nuclei, Adiabatic, and Condon Approximations 176 5.5 Electronic Rearrangement for Changing Conformations 180 5.5.1 Construction of Molecular Electronic States from Atomic States: Multistate Cases 180 5.5.2 The Noncrossing Rule 181 5.5.3 Crossings in Several Dimensions: Conical Intersections and Seams 184 5.5.4 The Geometrical Phase and Generalizations 189 References 192 6 Many-Electron Treatments 195 6.1 Many-Electron States 195 6.1.1 Electronic Exchange and Charge Transfer 195 6.1.2 Many-Electron Descriptions and Limitations 198 6.1.3 Properties and Electronic Density Matrices 203 6.1.4 Orbital Basis Sets 205 6.2 Supermolecule Methods 209 6.2.1 The Configuration Interaction Procedure for Molecular Potential Energies 209 6.2.2 Perturbation Expansions 215 6.2.3 Coupled-Cluster Expansions 218 6.3 Many-Atom Methods 222 6.3.1 The Generalized Valence-Bond Method 222 6.3.2 Symmetry-Adapted Perturbation Theory 225 6.4 The Density Functional Approach to Intermolecular Forces 228 6.4.1 Functionals for Interacting Closed- and Open-Shell Molecules 228 6.4.2 Electronic Exchange and Correlation from the Adiabatic-Connection Relation 232 6.4.3 Issues with DFT, and the Alternative Optimized Effective Potential Approach 238 6.5 Spin-Orbit Couplings and Relativistic Effects in Molecular Interactions 243 6.5.1 Spin-Orbit Couplings 243 6.5.2 Spin-Orbit Effects on Interaction Energies 245 References 247 7 Interactions Between Two Many-Atom Systems 255 7.1 Long-range Interactions of Large Molecules 255 7.1.1 Interactions from Charge Density Operators 255 7.1.2 Electrostatic, Induction, and Dispersion Interactions 258 7.1.3 Population Analyses of Charge and Polarization Densities 260 7.1.4 Long-range Interactions from Dynamical Susceptibilities 262 7.2 Energetics of a Large Molecule in a Medium 265 7.2.1 Solute–Solvent Interactions 265 7.2.2 Solvation Energetics for Short Solute–Solvent Distances 268 7.2.3 Embedding of a Molecular Fragment and the QM/MM Treatment 270 7.3 Energies from Partitioned Charge Densities 272 7.3.1 Partitioning of Electronic Densities 272 7.3.2 Expansions of Electronic Density Operators 274 7.3.3 Expansion in a Basis Set of Localized Functions 277 7.3.4 Expansion in a Basis Set of Plane Waves 279 7.4 Models of Hydrocarbon Chains and of Excited Dielectrics 281 7.4.1 Two Interacting Saturated Hydrocarbon Compounds: Chains and Cyclic Structures 281 7.4.2 Two Interacting Conjugated Hydrocarbon Chains 284 7.4.3 Electronic Excitations in Condensed Matter 289 7.5 Density Functional Treatments for All Ranges 291 7.5.1 Dispersion-Corrected Density Functional Treatments 291 7.5.2 Long-range Interactions from Nonlocal Functionals 294 7.5.3 Embedding of Atomic Groups with DFT 297 7.6 Artificial Intelligence Learning Methods for Many-Atom Interaction Energies 300 References 303 8 Interaction of Molecules with Surfaces 309 8.1 Interaction of a Molecule with a Solid Surface 309 8.1.1 Interaction Potential Energies at Surfaces 309 8.1.2 Electronic States at Surfaces 314 8.1.3 Electronic Susceptibilities at Surfaces 319 8.1.4 Electronic Susceptibilities for Metals and Semiconductors 321 8.2 Interactions with a Dielectric Surface 324 8.2.1 Long-range Interactions 324 8.2.2 Short and Intermediate Ranges 329 8.3 Continuum Models 332 8.3.1 Summations Over Lattice Cell Units 332 8.3.2 Surface Electric Dipole Layers 333 8.3.3 Adsorbate Monolayers 335 8.4 Nonbonding Interactions at a Metal Surface 337 8.4.1 Electronic Energies for Varying Molecule–Surface Distances 337 8.4.2 Potential Energy Functions and Physisorption Energies 341 8.4.3 Embedding Models for Physisorption 347 8.5 Chemisorption 349 8.5.1 Models of Chemisorption 349 8.5.2 Charge Transfer at a Metal Surface 354 8.5.3 Dissociation and Reactions at a Metal Surface from Density Functionals 359 8.6 Interactions with Biomolecular Surfaces 363 References 367 Index 373

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Book SynopsisProvides a useful one-stop resource for understanding the most valuable aspects of ceramics in nuclear applications Logically organized and carefully selected articles give insight into ceramics in nuclear applications .Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Silicon Carbide and Carbon Composites. Single- and Multi- Layered Interphases in SiC/SiC Composites Exposed to Severe Conditions: An Overview (Roger Naslain, Rene Pailer, and Jacques Lamon). (Research and Developments on C/C Composite for Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) Application (Taiju Shibata, Junya Sumita, Taiyo Makita, Takashi Takagi, Eiki Kunimoto, and Kazuhiro Sawa). (X-Ray Tomographic Characterization of the Macroscopic Porosity of VCI SiC/SiC Composites-Effects on the Elastic Behavior (L. Gelebart, C. Chateau, M. Bornert, J Crepin, and E. Boller). (Mechanical Strength of CTP Triplex SiC Fuel Clad Tubes after Irradiation in MIT Research Reactor under PWR Collant Conditions (Herbert Feinroth, Matthew Ales, Eric Barringer, Gordon Kohse, David Carpenter, and Roger Jaramillo). Mechanical Properties. Behaviors of SiC Fibers at High Temperature (C. Colin, V. Fajanga, and L. Gelebart). Fracture Resitance of Silicon Carbide Composites Using Various Nothced Specimens (Takashi Nozawa, Hiroyasu Tanigawa, Joon-Soo Park, and Akira Kohyama). Optimization of an Interphase Thickness in Hot-Pressed SiC/SiC Composites (Weon-Ju Kim, John Hoon Lee, Dang-Hyok Yoon, and Ji Yeon Park). Validation of Ring-on Ring Flexural Test for Nuclear Ceramics Using Miniaturized Specimens (S.Kondo, Y. Katoh, J.W. Kim and L.L. Snead). Material and Component Processing. Design. Fabrication, and Testing of Silicon Infiltrated Ceramic Plate-Type Heat Exchangers (J. Schmidt, M. Scheiffele, M. Crippa, P.F. Peterson, K. Sridharan, Y. Chen, L.C. Olson, M.H. Anderson and T.R. Allen). Microstructural Studies of Hot PRessed Silicon Carbide Ceramic (Abhikit Ghosh, Abdul K. Gulnar, Ram K. Fotedar, Goutam K. Dey, and Ashok K. Suri). Diffusion Bonding of Silicon Carbide to Ferritic Steel (Zhihong Zhong, Tatsuya Hinoki, and Akira Kohyama). Creamics for Fuel Coating. Fracture Properties of SiC Layer in TRISO-Coated Fuel Particles (Thak Sang Byun, Jun Weon Kim, John D. Hunn, Jim H. Miller, and Lance L. Snead). Optimization of Fracture Strength Tests for the SiC Layer of Coated Fuel Particles by Finite Element Analysis (Jin Weon Kim, Thak Sang Byun, and Yutai Katoh). Laser Melting of Spark Plasma Sintered Zirconium Carbide: Thermophysical Properties of a Generation IV Very High Temperature Reactor Material (Heather F. Jackson, Doni J. Daniel, William J. Clegg, Mike J. Reece, Fawad Inam, Dario Manara, Carlo Perinetti Casoni, Franck De Bruycker, Konstantinos Boboridis, and William E. Lee). Nuclear Fuels and Waste. Development and Testing of a Cement Waste Form for TRU Effluent from the Savannah River Site Mixed Oxide Fuel Fabrication Facility (A.D. Cozzi and E.K. Hansen). Frit Optimization for Sludge Batch Processing at the Defense Waste Processing Facility (Kevin M. Fox, David. K. Peeler, and Thomas B. Edwards). Ceramic COated Particles for Safe Operation in HTRs and in Long-Term Storage (Heinz Nabielik, Hanno can der Merwe, Johannes Fachinger, Karl Verfondem, Werner von Lensa, Bernd Grambow, and Eva de Visser Tynova). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisFiber-optic communication systems have advanced dramatically over the last four decades, since the era of copper cables, resulting in low-cost and high-bandwidth transmission. Fiber optics is now the backbone of the internet and long-distance telecommunication.Trade Review“The detailed, worked examples and first-principles derivations of key results are helpful pedagogical features. Students seeking their first exposure to this field who also wish to learn about advanced topics will find their requirements met by this book.” (Optics and Photonics News, 28 August 2014) Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xvii 1 Electromagnetics and Optics 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Coulomb’s Law and Electric Field Intensity 1 1.3 Ampere’s Law and Magnetic Field Intensity 3 1.4 Faraday’s Law 6 1.4.1 Meaning of Curl 7 1.4.2 Ampere’s Law in Differential Form 9 1.5 Maxwell’s Equations 9 1.5.1 Maxwell’s Equation in a Source-Free Region 10 1.5.2 Electromagnetic Wave 10 1.5.3 Free-Space Propagation 11 1.5.4 Propagation in a Dielectric Medium 12 1.6 1-Dimensional Wave Equation 12 1.6.1 1-Dimensional Plane Wave 15 1.6.2 Complex Notation 16 1.7 Power Flow and Poynting Vector 17 1.8 3-Dimensional Wave Equation 19 1.9 Reflection and Refraction 21 1.9.1 Refraction 22 1.10 Phase Velocity and Group Velocity 26 1.11 Polarization of Light 31 Exercises 31 Further Reading 34 References 34 2 Optical Fiber Transmission 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Fiber Structure 35 2.3 Ray Propagation in Fibers 36 2.3.1 Numerical Aperture 37 2.3.2 Multi-Mode and Single-Mode Fibers 39 2.3.3 Dispersion in Multi-Mode Fibers 39 2.3.4 Graded-Index Multi-Mode Fibers 42 2.4 Modes of a Step-Index Optical Fiber* 44 2.4.1 Guided Modes 46 2.4.2 Mode Cutoff 51 2.4.3 Effective Index 52 2.4.4 2-Dimensional Planar Waveguide Analogy 53 2.4.5 Radiation Modes 54 2.4.6 Excitation of Guided Modes 55 2.5 Pulse Propagation in Single-Mode Fibers 57 2.5.1 Power and the dBm Unit 60 2.6 Comparison between Multi-Mode and Single-Mode Fibers 68 2.7 Single-Mode Fiber Design Considerations 68 2.7.1 Cutoff Wavelength 68 2.7.2 Fiber Loss 69 2.7.3 Fiber Dispersion 74 2.7.4 Dispersion Slope 76 2.7.5 Polarization Mode Dispersion 78 2.7.6 Spot Size 79 2.8 Dispersion-Compensating Fibers (DCFs) 79 2.9 Additional Examples 81 Exercises 89 Further Reading 91 References 91 3 Lasers 93 3.1 Introduction 93 3.2 Basic Concepts 93 3.3 Conditions for Laser Oscillations 101 3.4 Laser Examples 108 3.4.1 Ruby Laser 108 3.4.2 Semiconductor Lasers 108 3.5 Wave–Particle Duality 108 3.6 Laser Rate Equations 110 3.7 Review of Semiconductor Physics 113 3.7.1 The PN Junctions 118 3.7.2 Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission at the PN Junction 120 3.7.3 Direct and Indirect Band-Gap Semiconductors 120 3.8 Semiconductor Laser Diode 124 3.8.1 Heterojunction Lasers 124 3.8.2 Radiative and Non-Radiative Recombination 126 3.8.3 Laser Rate Equations 126 3.8.4 Steady-State Solutions of Rate Equations 128 3.8.5 Distributed-Feedback Lasers 132 3.9 Additional Examples 133 Exercises 136 Further Reading 138 References 138 4 Optical Modulators and Modulation Schemes 139 4.1 Introduction 139 4.2 Line Coder 139 4.3 Pulse Shaping 139 4.4 Power Spectral Density 141 4.4.1 Polar Signals 142 4.4.2 Unipolar Signals 142 4.5 Digital Modulation Schemes 144 4.5.1 Amplitude-Shift Keying 144 4.5.2 Phase-Shift Keying 144 4.5.3 Frequency-Shift Keying 145 4.5.4 Differential Phase-Shift Keying 146 4.6 Optical Modulators 149 4.6.1 Direct Modulation 149 4.6.2 External Modulators 150 4.7 Optical Realization of Modulation Schemes 158 4.7.1 Amplitude-Shift Keying 158 4.7.2 Phase-Shift Keying 160 4.7.3 Differential Phase-Shift Keying 162 4.7.4 Frequency-Shift Keying 163 4.8 Partial Response Signals∗ 163 4.8.1 Alternate Mark Inversion 169 4.9 Multi-Level Signaling∗ 172 4.9.1 M-ASK 172 4.9.2 M-PSK 174 4.9.3 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 178 4.10 Additional Examples 182 Exercises 185 Further Reading 186 References 187 5 Optical Receivers 189 5.1 Introduction 189 5.2 Photodetector Performance Characteristics 190 5.2.1 Quantum Efficiency 193 5.2.2 Responsivity or Photoresponse 197 5.2.3 Photodetector Design Rules 199 5.2.4 Dark Current 200 5.2.5 Speed or Response Time 201 5.2.6 Linearity 202 5.3 Common Types of Photodetectors 202 5.3.1 pn Photodiode 203 5.3.2 pin Photodetector (pin-PD) 203 5.3.3 Schottky Barrier Photodetector 204 5.3.4 Metal–Semiconductor–Metal Photodetector 204 5.3.5 Photoconductive Detector 206 5.3.6 Phototransistor 206 5.3.7 Avalanche Photodetectors 207 5.3.8 Advanced Photodetectors∗ 212 5.4 Direct Detection Receivers 219 5.4.1 Optical Receiver ICs 220 5.5 Receiver Noise 224 5.5.1 Shot Noise 224 5.5.2 Thermal Noise 226 5.5.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio, SNR 227 5.6 Coherent Receivers 227 5.6.1 Single-Branch Coherent Receiver 228 5.6.2 Balanced Coherent Receiver 232 5.6.3 Single-Branch IQ Coherent Receiver 234 5.6.4 Balanced IQ Receiver 237 5.6.5 Polarization Effects 239 Exercises 242 References 244 6 Optical Amplifiers 247 6.1 Introduction 247 6.2 Optical Amplifier Model 247 6.3 Amplified Spontaneous Emission in Two-Level Systems 248 6.4 Low-Pass Representation of ASE Noise 249 6.5 System Impact of ASE 251 6.5.1 Signal–ASE Beat Noise 253 6.5.2 ASE–ASE Beat Noise 256 6.5.3 Total Mean and Variance 256 6.5.4 Polarization Effects 258 6.5.5 Amplifier Noise Figure 260 6.5.6 Optical Signal-to Noise Ratio 262 6.6 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 263 6.6.1 Cavity-Type Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 264 6.6.2 Traveling-Wave Amplifiers 268 6.6.3 AR Coating 270 6.6.4 Gain Saturation 271 6.7 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier 274 6.7.1 Gain Spectrum 274 6.7.2 Rate Equations∗ 275 6.7.3 Amplified Spontaneous Emission 280 6.7.4 Comparison of EDFA and SOA 281 6.8 Raman Amplifiers 282 6.8.1 Governing Equations 283 6.8.2 Noise Figure 287 6.8.3 Rayleigh Back Scattering 287 6.9 Additional Examples 288 Exercises 298 Further Reading 300 References 300 7 Transmission System Design 301 7.1 Introduction 301 7.2 Fiber Loss-Induced Limitations 301 7.2.1 Balanced Coherent Receiver 306 7.3 Dispersion-Induced Limitations 313 7.4 ASE-Induced Limitations 315 7.4.1 Equivalent Noise Figure 317 7.4.2 Impact of Amplifier Spacing 318 7.4.3 Direct Detection Receiver 319 7.4.4 Coherent Receiver 322 7.4.5 Numerical Experiments 326 7.5 Additional Examples 327 Exercises 333 Further Reading 334 References 334 8 Performance Analysis 335 8.1 Introduction 335 8.2 Optimum Binary Receiver for Coherent Systems 335 8.2.1 Realization of the Matched Filter 342 8.2.2 Error Probability with an Arbitrary Receiver Filter 345 8.3 Homodyne Receivers 345 8.3.1 PSK: Homodyne Detection 347 8.3.2 On–Off Keying 349 8.4 Heterodyne Receivers 350 8.4.1 PSK: Synchronous Detection 351 8.4.2 OOK: Synchronous Detection 353 8.4.3 FSK: Synchronous Detection 356 8.4.4 OOK: Asynchronous Receiver 359 8.4.5 FSK: Asynchronous Detection 364 8.4.6 Comparison of Modulation Schemes with Heterodyne Receiver 367 8.5 Direct Detection 368 8.5.1 OOK 368 8.5.2 FSK 371 8.5.3 DPSK 374 8.5.4 Comparison of Modulation Schemes with Direct Detection 379 8.6 Additional Examples 381 Exercises 387 References 388 9 Channel Multiplexing Techniques 389 9.1 Introduction 389 9.2 Polarization-Division Multiplexing 389 9.3 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing 391 9.3.1 WDM Components 394 9.3.2 WDM Experiments 401 9.4 OFDM 402 9.4.1 OFDM Principle 402 9.4.2 Optical OFDM Transmitter 406 9.4.3 Optical OFDM Receiver 407 9.4.4 Optical OFDM Experiments 408 9.5 Time-Division Multiplexing 409 9.5.1 Multiplexing 409 9.5.2 Demultiplexing 410 9.5.3 OTDM Experiments 412 9.6 Additional Examples 413 Exercises 415 References 416 10 Nonlinear Effects in Fibers 419 10.1 Introduction 419 10.2 Origin of Linear and Nonlinear Refractive Indices 419 10.2.1 Absorption and Amplification 423 10.2.2 Nonlinear Susceptibility 424 10.3 Fiber Dispersion 426 10.4 Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation 428 10.5 Self-Phase Modulation 430 10.6 Combined Effect of Dispersion and SPM 433 10.7 Interchannel Nonlinear Effects 437 10.7.1 Cross-Phase Modulation 438 10.7.2 Four-Wave Mixing 448 10.8 Intrachannel Nonlinear Impairments 454 10.8.1 Intrachannel Cross-Phase Modulation 454 10.8.2 Intrachannel Four-Wave Mixing 455 10.8.3 Intra- versus Interchannel Nonlinear Effects 457 10.9 Theory of Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects 457 10.9.1 Variance Calculations 463 10.9.2 Numerical Simulations 466 10.10 Nonlinear Phase Noise 471 10.10.1 Linear Phase Noise 471 10.10.2 Gordon–Mollenauer Phase Noise 474 10.11 Stimulated Raman Scattering 478 10.11.1 Time Domain Description 481 10.12 Additional Examples 483 Exercises 491 Further Reading 493 References 493 11 Digital Signal Processing 497 11.1 Introduction 497 11.2 Coherent Receiver 497 11.3 Laser Phase Noise 498 11.4 IF Estimation and Compensation 501 11.5 Phase Estimation and Compensation 503 11.5.1 Phase Unwrapping 505 11.6 CD Equalization 506 11.6.1 Adaptive Equalizers 510 11.7 Polarization Mode Dispersion Equalization 513 11.8 Digital Back Propagation 516 11.8.1 Multi-Span DBP 521 11.9 Additional Examples 522 Exercises 524 Further Reading 525 References 525 AppendixA 527 Appendix B 533 Index 537

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Book Synopsis* Comprehensively and systematically covers cellular membrane domains * Each chapter focuses on a different domain and is supported by figures defining the domains * A concluding chapter compares the protein composition of each domain, highlighting differences and similarities .Table of ContentsPREFACE. CONTRIBUTORS. PART I MEMBRANE DOMAINS. CHAPTER 1 CYTOSKELETON-INDUCED MESOSCALE DOMAINS (Ziya Kalay, Takahiro K. Fujiwara, and Akihiro Kusumi). CHAPTER 2 CLATHRIN-COATED PITS (James R. Thieman and Linton M. Traub). CHAPTER 3 CAVEOLAE (Dan Tse and Radu V. Stan). CHAPTER 4 LIPID RAFTS (Leonard J. Foster). CHAPTER 5 MODELING MEMBRANE DOMAINS (Daniel Coombs, Raibatak Das, and Jennifer S. Morrison). PART II ORGANELLAR DOMAINS. CHAPTER 6 MITOCHONDRIA (Michael Zick and Andreas S. Reichert). CHAPTER 7 THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Jody Groenendyk and Marek Michalak). CHAPTER 8 THE GOLGI APPARATUS (James W. Dennis and Ivan R. Nabi). CHAPTER 9 ENDOSOMES (Thierry Galvez and Marino Zerial). CHAPTER 10 LYSOSOMES AND PHAGOSOMES (Guillaume Goyette and Michel Desjardins). CHAPTER 11 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM JUNCTIONS (Jesse T. Chao and Christopher J.R. Loewen). PART III CYTOSKELETAL DOMAINS. CHAPTER 12 THE ACTIN CYTOSKELETON (Jonathan A. Kelber and Richard L. Klemke). CHAPTER 13 MICROVILLI (Florent Ubelmann, Sylvie Robine, and Daniel Louvard). CHAPTER 14 MICROTUBULES (Geoffrey O. Wasteneys and Bettina Lechner). CHAPTER 15 CILIA (Laura K. Hilton and Lynne M. Quarmby). CHAPTER 16 INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS (Normand Marceau, Anne Loranger, Stéphane Gilbert, and François Bordeleau). PART IV ADHESIVE AND COMMUNICATING DOMAINS. CHAPTER 17 FOCAL ADHESIONS (Caitlin Tolbert and Keith Burridge). CHAPTER 18 THE ADHERENS JUNCTION (Christopher P. Toret and W. James Nelson). CHAPTER 19 SPECIALIZED INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS IN EPITHELIAL CELLS: THE TIGHT JUNCTION AND DESMOSOME (Keli Kolegraff, Porfi rio Nava, and Asma Nusrat). CHAPTER 20 GAP JUNCTIONS (Jared M. Churko and Dale W. Laird). PART V POLARIZED CELLULAR DOMAINS. CHAPTER 21 EPITHELIAL DOMAINS (Nancy Philp, Liora Shoshani, Marcelino Cereijido, and Enrique Rodriguez-Boulan). CHAPTER 22 NEURONAL DOMAINS (Jennifer S. Goldman and Timothy E. Kennedy). PART VI DOMAINS REGULATING GENE EXPRESSION. CHAPTER 23 NUCLEAR DOMAINS (Dale Corkery, Kendra L. Cann, and Graham Dellaire). CHAPTER 24 THE NUCLEAR PORE (Richard W. Wozniak, Christopher Ptak, and John D. Aitchison). CHAPTER 25 CYTOPLASMIC RNA DOMAINS (Henry Parker and Tom C. Hobman). INDEX.

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Book SynopsisNow updatedthe leading single-volume introduction to solid state and soft condensed matter physics This Second Edition of the unified treatment of condensed matter physics keeps the best of the first, providing a basic foundation in the subject while addressing many recent discoveries. Comprehensive and authoritative, it consolidates the critical advances of the past fifty years, bringing together an exciting collection of new and classic topics, dozens of new figures, and new experimental data. This updated edition offers a thorough treatment of such basic topics as band theory, transport theory, and semiconductor physics, as well as more modern areas such as quasicrystals, dynamics of phase separation, granular materials, quantum dots, Berry phases, the quantum Hall effect, and Luttinger liquids. In addition to careful study of electron dynamics, electronics, and superconductivity, there is much material drawn from soft matter physics, including liquid crystaTrade Review"The text also gives more leisurely attention to the topics of primary interest to most students: electron and phonon bond structures." (Booknews, 1 February 2011) "In this text intended for a one-year graduate course, Marder (physics, U. of Texas, Austin) comments in the preface that this second edition incorporates the many thousands of updates and corrections suggested by readers of the first edition published in 1999, and he even gives credit to several individuals who found the most errors. He also points out that "the entire discipline of condensed matter is roughly ten percent older than when the first edition was written, so adding some new topics seemed appropriate." These new topics - chosen because of increasing recognition of their importance - include graphene and nanotubes, Berry phases, Luttinger liquids, diffusion, dynamic light scattering, and spin torques. The text also gives more leisurely attention to the topics of primary interest to most students: electron and phonon bond structures." (Reference and Research Book News, February 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xix References xxii I ATOMIC STRUCTURE 1 1 The Idea of Crystals 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.1.1 Why are Solids Crystalline? 4 1.2 Two-Dimensional Lattices 6 1.2.1 Bravais Lattices 6 1.2.2 Enumeration of Two-Dimensional Bravais Lattices 7 1.2.3 Lattices with Bases 9 1.2.4 Primitive Cells 9 1.2.5 Wigner-Seitz Cells 10 1.3 Symmetries 11 1.3.1 The Space Group 11 1.3.2 Translation and Point Groups 12 1.3.3 Role of Symmetry 14 Problems 14 References 16 2 Three-Dimensional Lattices 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Monatomic Lattices 20 2.2.1 The Simple Cubic Lattice 20 2.2.2 The Face-Centered Cubic Lattice 20 2.2.3 The Body-Centered Cubic Lattice 22 2.2.4 The Hexagonal Lattice 23 2.2.5 The Hexagonal Close-Packed Lattice 23 2.2.6 The Diamond Lattice 24 2.3 Compounds 24 2.3.1 Rocksalt—Sodium Chloride 25 2.3.2 Cesium Chloride 26 2.3.3 Fluorite—Calcium Fluoride 26 2.3.4 Zincblende—Zinc Sulfide 27 2.3.5 Wurtzite—Zinc Oxide 28 2.3.6 Perovskite—Calcium Titanate 28 2.4 Classification of Lattices by Symmetry 30 2.4.1 Fourteen Bravais Lattices and Seven Crystal Systems 30 2.5 Symmetries of Lattices with Bases 33 2.5.1 Thirty-Two Crystallographic Point Groups 33 2.5.2 Two Hundred Thirty Distinct Lattices 36 2.6 Some Macroscopic Implications of Microscopic Symmetries 37 2.6.1 Pyroelectricity 37 2.6.2 Piezoelectricity 37 2.6.3 Optical Activity 38 Problems 38 References 41 3 Scattering and Structures 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Theory of Scattering from Crystals 44 3.2.1 Special Conditions for Scattering 44 3.2.2 Elastic Scattering from Single Atom 46 3.2.3 Wave Scattering from Many Atoms 47 3.2.4 Lattice Sums 48 3.2.5 Reciprocal Lattice 49 3.2.6 Miller Indices 51 3.2.7 Scattering from a Lattice with a Basis 53 3.3 Experimental Methods 54 3.3.1 Laue Method 56 3.3.2 Rotating Crystal Method 57 3.3.3 Powder Method 59 3.4 Further Features of Scattering Experiments 60 3.4.1 Interaction of X-Rays with Matter 60 3.4.2 Production of X-Rays 61 3.4.3 Neutrons 63 3.4.4 Electrons 63 3.4.5 Deciphering Complex Structures 64 3.4.6 Accuracy of Structure Determinations 65 3.5 Correlation Functions 66 3.5.1 Why Bragg Peaks Survive Atomic Motions 66 3.5.2 Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) 67 3.5.3 Dynamic Light Scattering 68 3.5.4 Application to Dilute Solutions 70 Problems 71 References 73 4 Surfaces and Interfaces 77 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Geometry of Interfaces 77 4.2.1 Coherent and Commensurate Interfaces 78 4.2.2 Stacking Period and Interplanar Spacing 79 4.2.3 Other Topics in Surface Structure 81 4.3 Experimental Observation and Creation of Surfaces 82 4.3.1 Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) 82 4.3.2 Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED) 84 4.3.3 Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) 84 4.3.4 Field Ion Microscopy (FIM) 85 4.3.5 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) 86 4.3.6 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 91 4.3.7 High Resolution Electron Microscopy (HREM) 91 Problems 91 References 94 5 Beyond Crystals 97 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2 Diffusion and Random Variables 97 5.2.1 Brownian Motion and the Diffusion Equation 97 5.2.2 Diffusion 98 5.2.3 Derivation from Master Equation 99 5.2.4 Connection Between Diffusion and Random Walks 100 5.3 Alloys 101 5.3.1 Equilibrium Structures 101 5.3.2 Phase Diagrams 102 5.3.3 Superlattices 103 5.3.4 Phase Separation 104 5.3.5 Nonequilibrium Structures in Alloys 106 5.3.6 Dynamics of Phase Separation 108 5.4 Simulations 110 5.4.1 Monte Carlo 110 5.4.2 Molecular Dynamics 112 5.5 Liquids 113 5.5.1 Order Parameters and Long-and Short-Range Order 113 5.5.2 Packing Spheres 114 5.6 Glasses 116 5.7 Liquid Crystals 120 5.7.1 Nematics, Cholesterics, and Smectics 120 5.7.2 Liquid Crystal Order Parameter 122 5.8 Polymers 123 5.8.1 Ideal Radius of Gyration 123 5.9 Colloids and Diffusing-Wave Scattering 128 5.9.1 Colloids 128 5.9.2 Diffusing-Wave Spectroscopy 128 5.10 Quasicrystals 133 5.10.1 One-Dimensional Quasicrystal 134 5.10.2 Two-Dimensional Quasicrystals—Penrose Tiles 139 5.10.3 Experimental Observations 141 5.11 Fullerenes and nanotubes 143 Problems 143 References 149 II ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE 153 6 The Free Fermi Gas and Single Electron Model 155 6.1 Introduction 155 6.2 Starting Hamiltonian 157 6.3 Densities of States 159 6.3.1 Definition of Density of States D 160 6.3.2 Results for Free Electrons 161 6.4 Statistical Mechanics of Noninteracting Electrons 163 6.5 Sommerfeld Expansion 166 6.5.1 Specific Heat of Noninteracting Electrons at Low Temper-atures 169 Problems 171 References 173 7 Non-Interacting Electrons in a Periodic Potential 175 7.1 Introduction 175 7.2 Translational Symmetry—Bloch’s Theorem 175 7.2.1 One Dimension 176 7.2.2 Bloch’s Theorem in Three Dimensions 180 7.2.3 Formal Demonstration of Bloch’s Theorem 182 7.2.4 Additional Implications of Bloch’s Theorem 183 7.2.5 Van Hove Singularities 186 7.2.6 Kronig-Penney Model 189 7.3 Rotational Symmetry—Group Representations 192 7.3.1 Classes and Characters 198 7.3.2 Consequences of point group symmetries for Schrödinger’s equation 201 Problems 203 References 206 8 Nearly Free and Tightly Bound Electrons 207 8.1 Introduction 207 8.2 Nearly Free Electrons 208 8.2.1 Degenerate Perturbation Theory 210 8.3 Brillouin Zones 211 8.3.1 Nearly Free Electron Fermi Surfaces 214 8.4 Tightly Bound Electrons 219 8.4.1 Linear Combinations of Atomic Orbitals 219 8.4.2 Wannier Functions 222 8.4.3 Geometric Phases 223 8.4.4 Tight Binding Model 226 Problems 227 References 232 9 Electron-Electron Interactions 233 9.1 Introduction 233 9.2 Hartree and Hartree-Fock Equations 234 9.2.1 Variational Principle 235 9.2.2 Hartree-Fock Equations 235 9.2.3 Numerical Implementation 239 9.2.4 Hartree-Fock Equations for Jellium 242 9.3 Density Functional Theory 244 9.3.1 Thomas-Fermi Theory 247 9.3.2 Stability of Matter 249 9.4 Quantum Monte Carlo 252 9.4.1 Integrals by Monte Carlo 252 9.4.2 Quantum Monte Carlo Methods 253 9.4.3 Physical Results 254 9.5 Kohn-Sham Equations 255 Problems 258 References 262 10 Realistic Calculations in Solids 265 10.1 Introduction 265 10.2 Numerical Methods 266 10.2.1 Pseudopotentials and Orthogonalized Planes Waves (OPW) 266 10.2.2 Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO) 271 10.2.3 Plane Waves 271 10.2.4 Linear Augmented Plane Waves (LAPW) 274 10.3 Definition of Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors 277 10.4 Brief Survey of the Periodic Table 279 10.4.1 Nearly Free Electron Metals 280 10.4.2 Noble Gases 282 10.4.3 Semiconductors 283 10.4.4 Transition Metals 284 10.4.5 Rare Earths 286 Problems 286 References 291 III MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 293 11 Cohesion of Solids 295 11.1 Introduction 295 11.1.1 Radii of Atoms 297 11.2 Noble Gases 299 11.3 Tonic Crystals 301 11.3.1 EwaldSums 302 11.4 Metals 305 11.4.1 Use of Pseudopotentials 307 11.5 Band Structure Energy 308 11.5.1 Peierls Distortion 309 11.5.2 Structural Phase Transitions 311 11.6 Hydrogen-Bonded Solids 312 11.7 Cohesive Energy from Band Calculations 312 11.8 Classical Potentials 313 Problems 315 References 318 12 Elasticity 321 12.1 Introduction 321 12.2 Nonlinear Elasticity 321 12.2.1 Rubber Elasticity 322 12.2.2 Larger Extensions of Rubber 324 12.3 Linear Elasticity 325 12.3.1 Solids of Cubic Symmetry 326 12.3.2 Isotropic Solids 328 12.4 Other Constitutive Laws 332 12.4.1 Liquid Crystals 332 12.4.2 Granular Materials 335 Problems 336 References 339 13 Phonons 341 13.1 Introduction 341 13.2 Vibrations of a Classical Lattice 342 13.2.1 Classical Vibrations in One Dimension 342 13.2.2 Classical Vibrations in Three Dimensions 346 13.2.3 Normal Modes 347 13.2.4 Lattice with a Basis 348 13.3 Vibrations of a Quantum-Mechanical Lattice 351 13.3.1 Phonon Specific Heat 354 13.3.2 Einstein and Debye Models 358 13.3.3 Thermal Expansion 361 13.4 Inelastic Scattering from Phonons 363 13.4.1 Neutron Scattering 364 13.4.2 Formal Theory of Neutron Scattering 366 13.4.3 Averaging Exponentials 370 13.4.4 Evaluation of Structure Factor 372 13.4.5 Kohn Anomalies 373 13.5 The Mössbauer Effect 374 Problems 376 References 377 14 Dislocations and Cracks 379 14.1 Introduction 379 14.2 Dislocations 381 14.2.1 Experimental Observations of Dislocations 383 14.2.2 Force to Move a Dislocation 386 14.2.3 One-Dimensional Dislocations: Frehkel-Kontorova Model 386 14.3 Two-Dimensional Dislocations and Hexatic Phases 389 14.3.1 Impossibility of Crystalline Order in Two Dimensions 389 14.3.2 Orientational Order 391 14.3.3 Kosterlitz-Thouless-Berezinskii Transition 392 14.4 Cracks 399 14.4.1 Fracture of a Strip 399 14.4.2 Stresses Around an Elliptical Hole 402 14.4.3 Stress Intensity Factor 404 14.4.4 Atomic Aspects of Fracture 405 Problems 406 References 409 15 Fluid Mechanics 413 15.1 Introduction 413 15.2 Newtonian Fluids 413 15.2.1 Euler’s Equation 413 15.2.2 Navier-Stokes Equation 415 15.3 Polymeric Solutions 416 15.4 Plasticity 423 15.5 Superfluid 4He 427 15.5.1 Two-Fluid Hydrodynamics 430 15.5.2 Second Sound 431 15.5.3 Direct Observation of Two Fluids 433 15.5.4 Origin of Superfluidity 434 15.5.5 Lagrangian Theory of Wave Function 439 15.5.6 Superfluid 3He 442 Problems 443 References 447 IV ELECTRON TRANSPORT 451 16 Dynamics of Bloch Electrons 453 16.1 Introduction 453 16.1.1 Drude Model 453 16.2 Semiclassical Electron Dynamics 455 16.2.1 Bloch Oscillations 456 16.2.2 k-p̂ Method 457 16.2.3 Effective Mass 459 16.3 Noninteracting Electrons in an Electric Field 459 16.3.1 Zener Tunneling 462 16.4 Semiclassical Equations from Wave Packets 465 16.4.1 Formal Dynamics of Wave Packets 465 16.4.2 Dynamics from Lagrangian 467 16.5 Quantizing Semiclassical Dynamics 470 16.5.1 Wannier-Stark Ladders 472 16.5.2 de Haas-van Alphen Effect 473 16.5.3 Experimental Measurements of Fermi Surfaces 474 Problems 477 References 480 17 Transport Phenomena and Fermi Liquid Theory 4S3 17.1 Introduction 483 17.2 Boltzmann Equation 483 17.2.1 Boltzmann Equation 485 17.2.2 Including Anomalous Velocity 486 17.2.3 Relaxation Time Approximation 487 17.2.4 Relation to Rate of Production of Entropy 489 17.3 Transport Symmetries 490 17.3.1 Onsager Relations 491 17.4 Thermoelectric Phenomena 492 17.4.1 Electrical Current 492 17.4.2 Effective Mass and Holes 494 17.4.3 Mixed Thermal and Electrical Gradients 495 17.4.4 Wiedemann-Franz Law 496 17.4.5 Thermopower—Seebeck Effect 497 17.4.6 Peltier Effect 498 17.4.7 Thomson Effect 498 17.4.8 Hall Effect 500 17.4.9 Magnetoresistance 502 17.4.10 Anomalous Hall Effect 503 17.5 Fermi Liquid Theory 504 17.5.1 Basic Ideas 504 17.5.2 Statistical Mechanics of Quasi-Particles 506 17.5.3 Effective Mass 508 17.5.4 Specific Heat 510 17.5.5 Fermi Liquid Parameters 511 17.5.6 Traveling Waves 512 17.5.7 Comparison with Experiment in 3He 515 Problems 516 References 520 18 Microscopic Theories of Conduction 523 18.1 Introduction 523 18.2 Weak Scattering Theory of Conductivity 523 18.2.1 Genera] Formula for Relaxation Time 523 18.2.2 Matthiessen’s Rule 528 18.2.3 Fluctuations 529 18.3 Metal-Insulator Transitions in Disordered Solids 530 18.3.1 Impurities and Disorder 530 18.3.2 Non-Compensated Impurities and the Mott Transition . . 531 18.4 Compensated Impurity Scattering and Green’s Functions 534 18.4.1 Tight-Binding Models of Disordered Solids 534 18.4.2 Green’s Functions 536 18.4.3 Single Impurity 539 18.4.4 Coherent Potential Approximation 541 18.5 Localization 542 18.5.1 Exact Results in One Dimension 544 18.5.2 Scaling Theory of Localization 547 18.5.3 Comparison with Experiment 551 18.6 Luttinger Liquids 553 18.6.1 Density of States 557 Problems 560 References 564 19 Electronics 567 19.1 Introduction 567 19.2 Metal Interfaces 568 19.2.1 Work Functions 569 19.2.2 Schottky Barrier 570 19.2.3 Contact Potentials 572 19.3 Semiconductors 574 19.3.1 Pure Semiconductors 575 19.3.2 Semiconductor in Equilibrium 578 19.3.3 Intrinsic Semiconductor 580 19.3.4 Extrinsic Semiconductor 581 19.4 Diodes and Transistors 583 19.4.1 Surface States 586 19.4.2 Semiconductor Junctions 587 19.4.3 Boltzmann Equation for Semiconductors 590 19.4.4 Detailed Theory of Rectification 592 19.4.5 Transistor 595 19.5 Inversion Layers 598 19.5.1 Heterostructures 598 f 9,5.2 Quantum Point Contact 600 19.5.3 Quantum Dot 603 Problems 606 References 607 V OPTICAL PROPERTIES 609 20 Phenomenological Theory 611 20.1 Introduction 611 20.2 Maxwell’s Equations 613 20.2.1 Traveling Waves 615 20.2.2 Mechanical Oscillators as Dielectric Function 616 20.3 Kramers-Kronig Relations 618 20.3.1 Application to Optical Experiments 620 20.4 The Kubo-Greenwood Formula 623 20.4.1 Bom Approximation 623 20.4.2 Susceptibility 627 20.4.3 Many-Body Green Functions 628 Problems 628 References 631 21 Optical Properties of Semiconductors 633 21.1 Introduction 633 21.2 Cyclotron Resonance 633 21.2.1 Electron Energy Surfaces 636 21.3 Semiconductor Band Gaps 638 21.3.1 Direct Transitions 638 21.3.2 Indirect Transitions 639 21.4 Excitons 641 21.4.1 Mott-Wannier Excitons 641 21.4.2 Frenkel Excitons 644 21.4.3 Electron-Hole Liquid 645 21.5 Optoelectronics 645 21.5.1 SolarCells 645 21.5.2 Lasers 646 Problems 652 References 656 22 Optical Properties of Insulators 659 22.1 Introduction 659 22.2 Polarization 659 22.2.1 Ferroelectrics 659 22.2.2 Berry phase theory of polarization 661 22.2.3 Clausius-Mossotti Relation 661 22.3 Optical Modes in Ionic Crystals 664 22.3.1 Polaritons 666 22.3.2 Polarons 669 22.3.3 Experimental Observations of Polarons 674 22.4 Point Defects and Color Centers 674 22.4.1 Vacancies 675 22.4.2 F Centers 676 22.4.3 Electron Spin Resonance and Electron Nuclear Double Res-onance 677 22.4.4 Other Centers 679 22.4.5 Franck-Condon Effect 679 22.4.6 Urbach Tails 683 Problems 684 References 686 23 Optical Properties of Metals and Inelastic Scattering 689 23.1 Introduction 689 23.1.1 Plasma Frequency 689 23.2 Metals at Low Frequencies 692 23.2.1 Anomalous Skin Effect 694 23.3 Plasmons 695 23.3.1 Experimental Observation of Plasmons 696 23.4 Interband Transitions 698 23.5 Brillouin and Raman Scattering 701 23.5.1 Brillouin Scattering 702 23.5.2 Raman Scattering 703 23.5.3 Inelastic X-Ray Scattering 703 23.6 Photoemission 703 23.6.1 Measurement of Work Functions 703 23.6.2 Angle-Resolved Photoemission 706 23.6.3 Core-Level Photoemission and Charge-Transfer Insulators 710 Problems 716 References 719 VI MAGNETISM 721 24 Classical Theories of Magnetism and Ordering 723 24.1 Introduction 723 24.2 Three Views of Magnetism 723 24.2.1 From Magnetic Moments 723 24.2.2 From Conductivity 724 24.2.3 From a Free Energy 725 24.3 Magnetic Dipole Moments 727 24.3.1 Spontaneous Magnetization of Ferromagnets 730 24.3.2 Ferrimagnets 731 24.3.3 Antiferromagnets 733 24.4 Mean Field Theory and the Ising Model 734 24.4.1 Domains 736 24.4.2 Hysteresis 739 24.5 Other Order-Disorder Transitions 740 24.5.1 Alloy Superlattices 740 24.5.2 Spin Glasses 743 24.6 Critical Phenomena 743 24.6.1 Landau Free Energy 744 24.6.2 Scaling Theory 750 Problems 754 References 757 25 Magnetism of Ions and Electrons 759 25.1 Introduction 759 25.2 Atomic Magnetism 761 25.2.1 Hund’s Rules 762 25.2.2 Curie’s Law 766 25.3 Magnetism of the Free-El ectron Gas 769 25.3.1 Pauli Paramagnetism 770 25.3.2 Landau Diamagnetism 771 25.3.3 Aharonov-Bohm Effect 774 25.4 Tightly Bound Electrons in Magnetic Fields Ill 25.5 Quantum Hall Effect 780 25.5.1 Integer Quantum Hall Effect 780 25.5.2 Fractional Quantum Hall Effect 785 Problems 791 References 794 26 Quantum Mechanics of Interacting Magnetic Moments 797 26.1 Introduction 797 26.2 Origin of Ferromagnetism 797 26.2.1 Heitler-London Calculation 797 26.2.2 Spin Hamiltonian 802 26.3 Heisenberg Model 802 26.3.1 Indirect Exchange and Superexchange 804 26.3.2 Ground State 805 26.3.3 Spin Waves 805 26.3.4 Spin Waves in Antiferromagnets 808 26.3.5 Comparison with Experiment 811 26.4 Ferromagnetism in Transition Metals 811 26.4.1 Stoner Model 811 26.4.2 Calculations Within Band Theory 813 26.5 Spintronics 815 26.5.1 Giant Magnetoresistance 815 26.5.2 Spin Torque 816 26.6 Kondo Effect 819 26.6.1 Scaling Theory 824 26.7 Hubbard Model 828 26.7.1 Mean-Field Solution 829 Problems 832 References 835 27 Superconductivity 839 27.1 Introduction 839 27.2 Phenomenology of Superconductivity 840 27.2.1 Phenomenological Free Energy 841 27.2.2 Thermodynamics of Superconductors 843 27.2.3 Landau-Ginzburg Free Energy 844 27.2.4 Type I and Type II Superconductors 845 27.2.5 Flux Quantization 850 27.2.6 The Josephson Effect 852 27.2.7 Circuits with Josephson Junction Elements 854 27.2.8 SQUIDS 855 27.2.9 Origin of Josephson’s Equations 856 27.3 Microscopic Theory of Superconductivity 858 27.3.1 Electron-Ion Interaction 859 27.3.2 Instability of the Normal State: Cooper Problem 863 27.3.3 Self-Consistent Ground State 865 27.3.4 Thermodynamics of Superconductors 869 27.3.5 Superconductor in External Magnetic Field 873 27.3.6 Derivation of Meissner Effect 876 27.3.7 Comparison with Experiment 879 27.3.8 High-Temperature Superconductors 881 Problems 888 References 890 APPENDICES 895 A Lattice Sums and Fourier Transforms 897 A. l One-Dimensional Sum 897 A. 2 Area Under Peaks 897 A. 3 Three-Dimensional Sum 898 A. 4 Discrete Case 899 A.5 Convolution 900 A. 6 Using the Fast Fourier Transform 900 References 902 B Variational Techniques 903 B. l Functionals and Functional Derivatives 903 B. 2 Time-Independent Schrodinger Equation 904 B. 3 Time-Dependent Schrodinger Equation 905 B. 4 Method of Steepest Descent 906 References 906 C Second Quantization 907 C. l Rules 907 C. 1.1 States 907 C. l.2 Operators 907 C. l.3 Hamiltonians 908 C.2 Derivations 909 C.2.1 Bosons 909 C.2.2 Fermions 910 Index

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Book SynopsisThe first book to aid in the understanding of multiconfigurational quantum chemistry, Multiconfigurational Quantum Chemistry demystifies a subject that has historically been considered difficult to learn.Table of ContentsPreface xi Conventions and Units xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 References 4 2 Mathematical Background 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Convenient Matrix Algebra 7 2.3 Many-Electron Basis Functions 11 2.4 Probability Basics 14 2.5 Density Functions for Particles 16 2.6 Wave Functions and Density Functions 17 2.7 Density Matrices 18 2.8 References 22 3 Molecular Orbital Theory 23 3.1 Atomic Orbitals 24 3.1.1 The Hydrogen Atom 24 3.1.2 The Helium Atom 26 3.1.3 Many Electron Atoms 28 3.2 Molecular Orbitals 29 3.2.1 The Born–Oppenheimer Approximation 29 3.2.2 The LCAO Method 30 3.2.3 The Helium Dimer 34 3.2.4 The Lithium and Beryllium Dimers 35 3.2.5 The B to Ne Dimers 35 3.2.6 Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules 37 3.2.7 Polyatomic Molecules 39 3.3 Further Reading 41 4 Hartree–Fock Theory 43 4.1 The Hartree–Fock Theory 44 4.1.1 Approximating the Wave Function 44 4.1.2 The Hartree–Fock Equations 45 4.2 Restrictions on The Hartree–Fock Wave Function 49 4.2.1 Spin Properties of Hartree–Fock Wave Functions 50 4.3 The Roothaan–Hall Equations 53 4.4 Practical Issues 55 4.4.1 Dissociation of Hydrogen Molecule 55 4.4.2 The Hartree-Fock Solution 56 4.5 Further Reading 57 4.6 References 58 5 Relativistic Effects 59 5.1 Relativistic Effects on Chemistry 59 5.2 Relativistic Quantum Chemistry 62 5.3 The Douglas–Kroll–Hess Transformation 64 5.4 Further Reading 66 5.5 References 66 6 Basis Sets 69 6.1 General Concepts 69 6.2 Slater Type Orbitals, STOs 70 6.3 Gaussian Type Orbitals, GTOs 71 6.3.1 Shell Structure Organization 71 6.3.2 Cartesian and Real Spherical Harmonics Angular Momentum Functions 72 6.4 Constructing Basis Sets 72 6.4.1 Obtaining Exponents 73 6.4.2 Contraction Schemes 73 6.4.3 Convergence in the Basis Set Size 77 6.5 Selection of Basis Sets 79 6.5.1 Effect of the Hamiltonian 79 6.5.2 Core Correlation 80 6.5.3 Other Issues 81 6.6 References 81 7 Second Quantization and Multiconfigurational Wave Functions 85 7.1 Second Quantization 85 7.2 Second Quantization Operators 86 7.3 Spin and Spin-Free Formalisms 89 7.4 Further Reading 90 7.5 References 91 8 Electron Correlation 93 8.1 Dynamical and Nondynamical Correlation 93 8.2 The Interelectron Cusp 94 8.3 Broken Bonds. (��)2→(��∗)2 97 8.4 Multiple Bonds, Aromatic Rings 99 8.5 Other Correlation Issues 100 8.6 Further Reading 102 8.7 References 102 9 Multiconfigurational SCF Theory 103 9.1 Multiconfigurational SCF Theory 103 9.1.1 The H2 Molecule 104 9.1.2 Multiple Bonds 107 9.1.3 Molecules with Competing Valence Structures 108 9.1.4 Transition States on Energy Surfaces 109 9.1.5 Other Cases of Near-Degeneracy Effects 110 9.1.6 Static and Dynamic Correlation 111 9.2 Determination of the MCSCF Wave Function 114 9.2.1 Exponential Operators and Orbital Transformations 115 9.2.2 Slater Determinants and Spin-Adapted State Functions 117 9.2.3 The MCSCF Gradient and Hessian 119 9.3 Complete and Restricted Active Spaces, the CASSCF and RASSCF Methods 121 9.3.1 State Average MCSCF 125 9.3.2 Novel MCSCF Methods 125 9.4 Choosing the Active Space 126 9.4.1 Atoms and Atomic Ions 126 9.4.2 Molecules Built from Main Group Atoms 128 9.5 References 130 10 The RAS State-Interaction Method 131 10.1 The Biorthogonal Transformation 131 10.2 Common One-Electron Properties 133 10.3 Wigner–Eckart Coefficients for Spin–Orbit Interaction 134 10.4 Unconventional Usage of RASSI 135 10.5 Further Reading 136 10.6 References 136 11 The Multireference CI Method 137 11.1 Single-Reference CI. Nonextensivity 137 11.2 Multireference CI 139 11.3 Further Reading 140 11.4 References 140 12 Multiconfigurational Reference Perturbation Theory 143 12.1 CASPT2 theory 143 12.1.1 Introduction 143 12.1.2 Quasi-Degenerate Rayleigh–Schrödinger Perturbation Theory 144 12.1.3 The First-Order Interacting Space 145 12.1.4 Multiconfigurational Root States 146 12.1.5 The CASPT2 Equations 148 12.1.6 IPEA, RASPT2, and MS-CASPT2 154 12.2 References 155 13 CASPT2/CASSCF Applications 157 13.1 Orbital Representations 158 13.1.1 Starting Orbitals: Atomic Orbitals 162 13.1.2 Starting Orbitals: Molecular Orbitals 164 13.2 Specific Applications 167 13.2.1 Ground State Reactions 167 13.2.2 Excited States–Vertical Excitation Energies 171 13.2.3 Photochemistry and Photophysics 184 13.2.4 Transition Metal Chemistry 194 13.2.5 Spin-Orbit Chemistry 202 13.2.6 Lanthanide Chemistry 207 13.2.7 Actinide Chemistry 209 13.2.8 RASSCF/RASPT2 Applications 212 13.3 References 216 Summary and Conclusion 219 Index 221

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Book SynopsisA key text for Psychiatrists, psychologists, psychotherapists, as well as trainees in the area. Presenting a clinical model which has close connections with American constructivist psychotherapy and Bowlby's Attachment Theory.Trade Review"This book will be an important addition to overcoming this problem. Well done Peter Martin!." (Society of Vacuum Coaters Bulletin, 2012)Table of Contents1 Properties of Solid Surfaces 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Tribological Properties of Solid Surfaces 7 1.3 Optical Properties of Solid Surfaces 25 1.4 Electrical and Opto-electronic Properties of Solid Surfaces 29 1.5 Corrosion of Solid Surfaces34 2 Thin Film Deposition Processes 39 2.1 Physical Vapor Deposition 40 2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition 90 2.3 Pulsed Laser Deposition 114 2.4 Hybrid Deposition Processes 120 3 Thin Film Structures and Defects 143 3.1 Thin Film Nucleation and Growth 144 3.2 Structure of Thin Films 155 3.3 Thin Film Structure Zone Models 172 4. Thin Film Tribological Materials 187 4.1 Wear Resistant Thin Film Materials 188 4.2 Ultrifunctional Nanostructured, Nanolaminate and Nanocomposite Triboligical Materials 256 5. Optical Thin Films and Composites 283 5.1 Optical Properties at an Interface 285 5.2 Single Layer Optical Coatings 292 5.3 Multilayer Thin Film Optical Coatings 296 5.4 Color and Chromaticity in Thin Films 307 5.5 Decorative and Architectural Coatings 330 6 Fabrication Processes for Electrical and Electro-Optical Thin Films 337 6.1 Plasma Processing: Introduction 338 6.2 Etching Processes 347 6.3 Wet Chemical Etching 359 6.4 Metallization 360 6.5 Photolithography 368 6.6 Deposition Process for Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Thin Films 372 6.7 Deposition Processes for Semiconductor Thin Films 376 7 Functionally Engineered Materials 387 7.1 Energy Band Structure of Solids 388 7.2 Low Dimensional Structures 392 7.3 Energy Band Engineering 400 7.4 Artificially Structured and Sculpted Micro and NanoStructures 431 8.0 Multifunctional Surface Engineering Applications 457 8.1 Thin Film Photovoltaics 457 8.2 Transparent Conductive Oxide Thin Films 462 8.3 Electrochromic and Thermochromic Coatings 480 8.4 Thin Film Permeation barriers 485 8.5 Photocatalytic Thin Films and Low Dimensional Structures 493 8.6 Frequency selective surfaces 498 9 Looking into the Future: Bio-Inspired Materials and Surfaces 509 9.1 Functional Biomaterials 509 9.2 Functional Biomaterials: Self Cleaning Biological Materials 515 9.3 Functional Biomaterials: Self Healing Biological Materials 522 9.4 Self Assembled and Composite Nanostructures 521 9.5 Introduction to Biophotonics 536 9.6 Advanced Biophotonics Applications 545Index 559

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Book SynopsisThis book is intended for undergraduates who take a third and fourth quarter of quantum physics, and thus limits itself to those topics that are absolutely necessary for understanding elementary particle physics and condensed matter.Trade Review"The material is intended for undergraduates who are planning to take up the study of elementary particle physics or condensed matter. The problem section given at the end of each chapter is a useful addition for a better understanding of the subject." (Zentralblatt MATH, 2011) Table of ContentsPreface ix PART 1 Relativistic Quantum Physics 1 1 Electromagnetic Radiation and Matter 3 1.1 Hamiltonian and Vector Potential 3 1.2 Second Quantization 10 1.2.1 Commutation Relations 10 1.2.2 Energy 12 1.2.3 Momentum 17 1.2.4 Polarization and Spin 19 1.2.5 Hamiltonian 23 1.3 Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory 24 1.4 Spontaneous Emission 28 1.4.1 First Order Result 28 1.4.2 Dipole Transition 30 1.4.3 Higher Multipole Transition 32 1.5 Blackbody Radiation 36 1.6 Selection Rules 39 Problems 44 2 Scattering 49 2.1 Scattering Amplitude and Cross Section 49 2.2 Born Approximation 52 2.2.1 Schrödinger Equation 52 2.2.2 Green’s Function Formalism 52 2.2.3 Solution of the Schrödinger Equation 55 2.2.4 Born Approximation 58 2.2.5 Electron-Atom Scattering 59 2.3 Photo-Electric Effect 63 2.4 Photon Scattering 67 2.4.1 Amplitudes 67 2.4.2 Cross Section 72 2.4.3 Rayleigh Scattering 73 2.4.4 Thomson Scattering 75 Problems 78 3 Symmetries and Conservation Laws 81 3.1 Symmetries and Conservation Laws 81 3.1.1 Symmetries 81 3.1.2 Conservation Laws 82 3.2 Continuous Symmetry Operators 84 3.2.1 Translations 84 3.2.2 Rotations 86 3.3 Discrete Symmetry Operators 87 3.4 Degeneracy 89 3.4.1 Example 89 3.4.2 Isospin 90 Problems 91 4 Relativistic Quantum Physics 93 4.1 Klein-Gordon Equation 93 4.2 Dirac Equation 95 4.2.1 Derivation of the Dirac Equation 95 4.2.2 Probability Density and Current 101 4.3 Solutions of the Dirac Equation, Anti-Particles 104 4.3.1 Solutions of the Dirac Equation 104 4.3.2 Anti-Particles 108 4.4 Spin, Non-Relativistic Limit and Magnetic Moment 111 4.4.1 Orbital Angular Momentum 111 4.4.2 Spin and Total Angular Momentum 112 4.4.3 Helicity 114 4.4.4 Non-Relativistic Limit 116 4.5 The Hydrogen Atom Re-Revisited 120 Problems 124 5 Special Topics 127 5.1 Introduction 127 5.2 Measurements in Quantum Physics 127 5.3 Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox 129 5.4 Schrödinger’s Cat 133 5.5 The Watched Pot 135 5.6 Hidden Variables and Bell’s Theorem 137 Problems 140 PART 2 Introduction to Quantum Field Theory 143 6 Second Quantization of Spin 1/2 and Spin 1 Fields 145 6.1 Second Quantization of Spin 1/2 Fields 145 6.1.1 Plane Wave Solutions 145 6.1.2 Normalization of Spinors 146 6.1.3 Energy 148 6.1.4 Momentum 151 6.1.5 Creation and Annihilation Operators 151 6.2 Second Quantization of Spin 1 Fields 155 Problems 159 7 Covariant Perturbation Theory and Applications 161 7.1 Covariant Perturbation Theory 161 7.1.1 Hamiltonian Density 161 7.1.2 Interaction Representation 165 7.1.3 Covariant Perturbation Theory 168 7.2 W and Z Boson Decays 171 7.2.1 Amplitude 171 7.2.2 Decay Rate 173 7.2.3 Summation over Spin 174 7.2.4 Integration over Phase Space 179 7.2.5 Interpretation 181 7.3 Feynman Graphs 183 7.4 Second Order Processes and Propagators 185 7.4.1 Annihilation and Scattering 185 7.4.2 Time-Ordered Product 187 Problems 193 8 Quantum Electrodynamics 195 8.1 Electron-Positron Annihilation 195 8.2 Electron-Muon Scattering 201 Problems 204 Index 207

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Book SynopsisThe main purpose of this book is to provide a comprehensive treatment of the materials aspects of group-IV, III-V and II-VI semiconductor alloys used in various electronic and optoelectronic devices. The topics covered in this book include the structural, thermal, mechanical, lattice vibronic, electronic, optical and carrier transport properties of such semiconductor alloys. The book reviews not only commonly known alloys (SiGe, AlGaAs, GaInPAs, and ZnCdTe) but also new alloys, such as dilute-carbon alloys (CSiGe, CSiSn, etc.), III-N alloys, dilute-nitride alloys (GaNAs and GaInNAs) and Mg- or Be-based II-VI semiconductor alloys. Finally there is an extensive bibliography included for those who wish to find additional information as well as tabulated values and graphical information on the properties of semiconductor alloys.Table of ContentsSeries Preface. Preface. Abbreviations and Acronyms. Introductory Remarks. A.1 An Alloy and a Compound. A.2 Grimm–Sommerfeld Rule. A.3 An Interpolation Scheme. References. 1 Structural Properties. 1.1 Ionicity. 1.2 Elemental Isotopic Abundance and Molecular Weight. 1.3 Crystal Structure. 1.4 Lattice Constant and Related Parameters. 1.5 Coherent Epitaxy and Strain Problem. 1.6 Structural Phase Transition. 1.7 Cleavage Plane. References. 2 Thermal Properties. 2.1 Melting Point and Related Parameters. 2.2 Specific Heat. 2.3 Debye Temperature. 2.4 Thermal Expansion Coefficient. 2.5 Thermal Conductivity and Diffusivity. References. 3 Elastic Properties. 3.1 Elastic Constant. 3.2 Third-order Elastic Constant. 3.3 Young’s Modulus, Poisson’s Ratio and Similar Properties. 3.4 Microhardness. 3.5 Sound Velocity. References. 4 Lattice Dynamic Properties. 4.1 Phonon Dispersion Relationships. 4.2 Phonon Frequency. 4.3 Mode Grüneisen Parameter. 5 Collective Effects and Some Response Characteristics. 5.1 Piezoelectric Constant. 5.2 Fröhlich Coupling Constant. References. 6 Energy-band Structure: Energy-band Gaps. 6.1 Introductory Remarks. 6.2 Group-IV Semiconductor Alloy. 6.3 III–V Semiconductor Ternary Alloy. 6.4 III–V Semiconductor Quaternary Alloy. 6.5 II–VI Semiconductor Alloy. References. 7 Energy-band Structure: Effective Masses. 7.1 Introductory Remarks. 7.2 Group-IV Semiconductor Alloy. 7.3 III–V Semiconductor Ternary Alloy. 7.4 III–V Semiconductor Quaternary Alloy. 7.5 II–VI Semiconductor Alloy. 7.6 Concluding Remarks. References. 8 Deformation Potentials. 8.1 Intravalley Deformation Potential: I Point. 8.2 Intravalley Deformation Potential: High-symmetry Points. 8.3 Intervalley Deformation Potential. References. 9 Heterojunction Band Offsets and Schottky Barrier Height. 9.1 Heterojunction Band Offsets. 9.2 Schottky Barrier Height. References. 10 Optical Properties. 10.1 Introductory Remarks. 10.2 Group-IV Semiconductor Alloy. 10.3 III–V Semiconductor Ternary Alloy. 10.4 III–V Semiconductor Quaternary Alloy. 10.5 II–VI Semiconductor Alloy. References. 11 Elasto-optic, Electro-optic and Nonlinear Optical Properties. 11.1 Elasto-optic Effect. 11.2 Linear Electro-optic Constant. 11.3 Quadratic Electro-optic Constant. 11.4 Franz–Keldysh Effect. 11.5 Nonlinear Optical Constant. References. 12 Carrier Transport Properties. 12.1 Introductory Remarks. 12.2 Low-field Mobility. 12.3 High-field Transport. 12.4 Minority-carrier Transport. 12.5 Impact Ionization Coefficient. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisHolographic Data Storage: From Theory to Practical Systems is a primer on the design and building of a holographic data storage system covering the physics, Servo, Data Channel, Recording Materials, and optics behind holographic storage, the requirements of a functioning system, and its integration into real-life systems. Later chapters highlight recent developments in holographic storage which have enabled readiness for commercial implementation and discuss the general outlook for the technology, including the transition from professional to consumer markets and the possibilities for mass reproduction.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. List of Contributors. 1 Introduction (Kevin Curtis, Lisa Dhar and Liz Murphy). 1.1 The Road to Holographic Data Storage. 1.2 Holographic Data Storage. 1.3 Holographic Data Storage Markets. 1.4 Summary. Acknowledgements. References. 2 Introduction to Holographic Data Recording (William Wilson, Alan Hoskins, Mark Ayres, Adrian Hill and Kevin Curtis). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Brief History of Holography. 2.3 Holographic Basics. 2.4 Volume Holograms. 2.5 Multiplexing Techniques. 2.6 Address Space Limitations on Holographic Densities. 2.7 Summary. References. 3 Drive Architectures (Kevin Curtis, Adrian Hill and Mark Ayres). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Collinear/Coaxial Architecture. 3.3 InPhase Architecture. 3.4 Monocular Architecture. Acknowledgements. References. 4 Drive Components (Kevin Curtis and Brad Sissom). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Laser. 4.3 SLM. 4.4 Image Sensor. 4.5 Beam Scanners. 4.6 Isoplanatic Lenses. 4.7 Polytopic Filter. Acknowledgements. References. 5 Materials for Holography (Kevin Curtis, Lisa Dhar and William Wilson). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Requirements for Materials for HDS. 5.3 Candidate Material Systems. 5.4 Summary. References. 6 Photopolymer Recording Materials (Fred Askham and Lisa Dhar). 6.1 Introduction to Photopolymers. 6.2 Photopolymer Design. 6.3 Holographic Recording in Photopolymers. 6.4 Rewritable. References. 7 Media Manufacturing (David Michaels and Lisa Dhar). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Tapestry Media Overview. 7.3 Media Manufacturing Process. 7.4 Specifications for the Tapestry Media. 7.5 Manufacturing of Higher Performance Tapestry Media. Acknowledgements. References. 8 Media Testing (Kevin Curtis, Lisa Dhar, Alan Hoskins, Mark Ayres and Edeline Fotheringham). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Plane Wave Material Testing. 8.3 Bulk Index Measurements. 8.4 Scatter Tester. 8.5 Spectrophotometers/Spectrometers. 8.6 Scanning Index Microscope. 8.7 Interferometers. 8.8 Research Edge Wedge Tester. 8.9 Defect Detection. 8.10 Digital Testing of Media Properties. 8.11 Accelerated Lifetime Testing. Acknowledgements. References. 9 Tapestry Drive Implementation (Kevin Curtis, Ken Anderson, Adrian Hill and Aaron Wegner). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Optical Implementation. 9.3 Mechanical Implementation. 9.4 Electronics and Firmware. 9.5 Basic Build Process. 9.6 Defect Detection. 9.7 Read and Write Transfer Rate Models. 9.8 Summary. Acknowledgements. References. 10 Data Channel Modeling (Lakshmi Ramamoorthy, V. K. Vijaya Kumar, Alan Hoskins and Kevin Curtis). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Physical Model. 10.3 Channel Identification. 10.4 Simple Channel Models. Acknowledgements. References. 11 Data Channel (Adrian Hill, Mark Ayres, Kevin Curtis and Tod Earhart). 11.1 Overview. 11.2 Data Page Formatting. 11.3 Data Channel Metrics. 11.4 Oversampled Detection. 11.5 Page Level Error Correction. 11.6 Fixed-Point Simulation of Data Channel. 11.7 Logical Format. Acknowledgements. References. 12 Future Data Channel Research (Mark Ayres and Kevin Curtis). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Homodyne Detection. 12.3 Phase Quadrature Holographic Multiplexing. 12.4 Other Research Directions. Acknowledgements. References. 13 Writing Strategies and Disk Formatting (Kevin Curtis, Edeline Fotheringham and Paul Smith). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Media Consumption. 13.3 Scheduling and Write Pre-compensation. 13.4 Media Formatting. Acknowledgements. References. 14 Servo and Drive Control (Alan Hoskins, Mark Ayres and Kevin Curtis). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Holographic System Tolerances. 14.3 Algorithms. 14.4 Drive Controls. Acknowledgements. References. 15 Holographic Read Only Memories (Ernest Chuang and Kevin Curtis). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 System Design Considerations. 15.3 Reader Design. 15.4 Media Design. 15.5 Two-Step Mastering. 15.6 Mastering and Replicating Disk Media. 15.7 Sub-mastering System. 15.8 Mastering System. 15.9 Replicating System. 15.10 Margin Tester System. 15.11 Experimental Results. 15.12 Asymmetric Phase Conjugation. 15.13 Non Fourier Plane Polytopic Filter Designs. 15.14 Cost Estimates. 15.15 Product Roadmap. 15.16 Summary and Future Improvements. Acknowledgements. References. 16 Future Developments (Kevin Curtis, Lisa Dhar, Liz Murphy and Adrian Hill). 16.1 Technology Evolution. 16.2 New Applications. 16.3 Summary. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe authors of RealTime Physics Active Learning Laboratories, Module 1: Mechanics, 3rd Edition - David Sokoloff, Priscilla Laws, and Ron Thornton - have been pioneers in the revolution of the physics industry.Table of ContentsLab 1: Introduction to Motion /1 Lab 2: Changing Motion /31 Lab 3: Force and Motion /61 Lab 4: Combining Forces /83 Lab 5: Force, Mass, and Acceleration /107 Lab 6: Gravitational Forces /125 Lab 7: Passive Forces and Newton’s Laws /147 Lab 8: One-Dimensional Collisions /175 Lab 9: Newton’s Third Law and Conservation of Momentum /197 Lab 10: Two-Dimensional Motion (Projectile Motion) /213 Lab 11: Work and Energy /231 Lab 12: Conservation of Energy /253 Appendix A: RealTime Physics Mechanics Experiment Configuration Files /271

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive introduction to this important subject, presenting the fundamentals of classical and statistical thermodynamics through carefully developed concepts which are supported by many examples and applications. * Each chapter includes numerous carefully worked out examples and problems * Takes a more applied approach rather than theoretical * Necessary mathematics is left simple * Accessible to those fairly new to the subjectTrade Review"...presents an introduction to classical and statistical thermodynamics." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 26, No. 2, June 2002) "...Recommended as a text for a range of thermodynamics courses..." (Physical Sciences Educational Reviews, November 2002) "...does full justice to this beautiful, self-contained, deductive structure of classical thermodynamics..." (Mathematical Reviews, 2003) "...a broad and yet deep introduction to thermodynamics and statistical mechanics...appealing and well-structure manner...derived with care and rigor..." (Zentralblatt Math, 2003)Table of ContentsThermodynamic Laws, Symbols and Units Some Further Preliminary Aspects of Thermodynamics Zeroth Law, Thermal Equilibrium and Thermometry The First Law of Thermodynamics Some Consequences of the First Law Some Applications of the First Law The Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Concept of Entropy Some Further Applications of the Combined First and Second Laws The Third Law of Thermodynamics Free Energy and Applications of Thermodynamic Principles Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium Fundamental Concepts of Statistical Mechanics Statistical Mechanics Applied to Classical Thermodynamics Phase Equilibria and Phase Transition Distribution Functions and Thermodynamics of Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein Gases Heat Capacities of Solids and Gases Solutions to Exercises Appendices Index

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Book SynopsisBringing a fresh approach to the physics of superconductivity, this work is based on the well established and convergent picture for most low Tc superconductors, provided by the BCS theory at the microscopic level, and London and Ginzburg Landau theories at the phenomenological level, as well as on experiences gathered in high Tc research.Trade Review"…offers a fresh look at the modern state of superconductivity." (Physics Today, September 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. I: BASIC TOPICS. 1. What is superconductivity? A brief overview. 2. Superconducting materials. 3. Fermi-liquids and attractive interactions. 4.The superconducting state. An electronic condensate. 5. Weak Links and Josephson Effects. 6. London Approximation to Ginzburg-Landau Theory (constant). 7. Applications of Ginzburg- Landau Theory (spatially varying). 8. More on the Flux-line System. II: ADVANCED TOPICS. 9. Two-dimensional superconductivity. Vortex-paired unbinding. 10. Dual description of the superconducting phase transition. III: SELECTED APPLICATIONS. 11. Small scale applications. 12. Superconducting Wire and Cable Technology. IV: TOPICAL CONTRIBUTIONS. 13. Topical Contributions. V: HISTORICAL NOTES. Historical notes on supeconductivity: the Nobel Laureates. References. Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThe Structure and Evolution of Galaxies is a concise introduction to this fascinating subject providing the reader with the fundamentals in a clear and accessible style. This user-friendly text assumes some prerequisite knowledge of astronomy, with the necessary mathematics kept to a minimum.Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 Galaxies in the universe 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 A brief history of galaxies 2 1.3 Distance measurements 5 1.4 Redshifts, distances and dynamics 9 1.5 Expansion of the universe 10 1.6 Hubble’s constant and the distance scale 12 1.7 The observable universe 16 2 A galaxy menagerie 19 2.1 Morphological types 19 2.2 Luminosities and sizes 21 2.3 Surface brightness 24 2.4 Surface brightness profiles 26 2.5 Apparent sizes 28 2.6 The luminosity function 30 2.7 Redshift surveys 33 2.7.1 Galactic extinction 33 2.7.2 k-corrections 36 2.7.3 Volume densities 36 2.8 Galaxies at all wavelengths 39 2.9 Active galaxies 41 2.10 Galaxy environments 41 3 Elliptical and lenticular galaxies 45 3.1 Numbers 45 3.2 Surface brightness laws 47 3.3 Shapes 52 3.4 Stellar populations 55 3.4.1 Stellar lifetimes 57 3.4.2 Stellar population evolution 58 3.4.3 Surface brightness fluctuations 61 3.5 Metallicity 61 3.6 Globular clusters 64 3.7 Hot gas 64 3.8 Dynamics 66 3.8.1 Rotation 67 3.8.2 The virial theorem 69 3.9 The Faber–Jackson relation and the fundamental plane 71 3.9.1 Peculiar velocities 72 3.9.2 Mass-to-light ratios 73 3.10 Mergers 75 3.10.1 Gravitational interactions 78 3.10.2 Timescales 81 3.11 Elliptical galaxy masses 83 3.12 Massive black holes 86 4 Spiral galaxies 87 4.1 Shapes and sizes 87 4.1.1 Spiral arms 89 4.1.2 Surface brightnesses 91 4.1.3 Numbers 94 4.2 Vertical structure 95 4.2.1 Thin and thick discs 96 4.2.2 Surface densities 97 4.3 Rotation 98 4.3.1 Oort’s constants 100 4.3.2 Epicyclic motions 102 4.3.3 The velocity ellipsoid 105 4.4 Stellar populations 105 4.4.1 Colours 108 4.4.2 The initial mass function 109 4.5 The interstellar medium 110 4.5.1 HI 111 4.5.2 Other constituents of the ISM 113 4.6 Neutral gas 114 4.6.1 HI observations 116 4.6.2 The HI and HII distributions 118 4.7 Ionised gas 120 4.8 ISM structure 122 4.8.1 Magnetic fields 123 4.8.2 The radio LF 125 4.8.3 Cosmic rays 125 4.9 Dust 126 4.9.1 Reddening 128 4.9.2 Optical depths 129 4.10 Spiral structure 131 4.10.1 Density waves 132 4.10.2 Bars 134 4.11 Star formation 134 4.11.1 The Jeans mass 135 4.12 Global star formation 137 4.12.1 Emission lines 137 4.12.2 Other star formation indicators 138 4.12.3 Densities and timescales 141 4.13 Chemical evolution 144 4.13.1 Closed box models 144 4.13.2 Gas flows 147 4.13.3 Radial gradients 150 4.14 Rotation of the gas 151 4.14.1 Rotation of gas in the Galaxy 154 4.15 The Tully–Fisher relation 155 4.16 The Galactic halo 158 4.17 The Galactic Centre 160 5 Irregulars, dwarfs and LSBGs 165 5.1 Local Group members 166 5.2 Irregulars 167 5.2.1 Metallicities 169 5.3 Early type dwarfs 172 5.3.1 Galactic winds 174 5.4 Star formation histories 176 5.5 Interactions 177 5.6 Interconnections 181 5.7 Low surface brightness discs 182 5.8 Numbers and selection effects 183 5.9 Dwarf galaxies in the past 186 6 Active galaxies 189 6.1 The discovery of AGN 189 6.2 AGN structure 194 6.2.1 Accretion discs 195 6.2.2 Broad line clouds and the molecular torus 196 6.2.3 Timescales 198 6.2.4 LINERs 199 6.3 Radio galaxies 200 6.4 Synchrotron emission 203 6.4.1 Energy loss rates 205 6.4.2 Acceleration processes 207 6.4.3 Energy densities 209 6.5 Jets and superluminal motion 211 6.6 Unification 212 7 Clusters and clustering 215 7.1 The distribution of galaxies 215 7.2 Rich clusters 216 7.3 Cluster masses 218 7.3.1 Virial masses 219 7.3.2 Gravitational lensing 221 7.3.3 X-ray clusters 225 7.3.4 X-ray luminosities 226 7.4 Cluster searches 227 7.5 Galaxy groups 229 7.6 Intergalactic matter 232 7.7 Large-scale structure 234 7.8 Clustering statistics 237 7.8.1 Correlation functions 237 7.8.2 Limber’s formula 239 7.8.3 Clustering lengths 241 7.8.4 The power spectrum 242 7.9 Velocities 243 8 Galaxy evolution 247 8.1 Looking back 247 8.2 Redshift and distance 248 8.2.1 Observable distances 250 8.3 Cosmological models 252 8.3.1 The density parameter 253 8.3.2 The cosmic scale factor 255 8.3.3 Distance revisited 258 8.4 The Hubble diagram 259 8.4.1 Evolutionary corrections 260 8.5 Galaxy colours, photometric redshifts and LBGs 263 8.5.1 Drop-outs 265 8.5.2 FIR and sub-millimetre sources 265 8.6 Number counts 266 8.6.1 Evolution again 267 8.6.2 Faint blue galaxies 270 8.6.3 Radio source counts 270 8.6.4 Quasars 271 8.7 The night sky brightness 272 8.7.1 Metal production 274 8.7.2 QSO absorption lines 274 8.8 The star formation history of the universe 276 8.8.1 Star formation models 277 8.8.2 Star formation at high z 279 8.9 Reionisation and the first stars 281 8.10 Galaxy formation theory 281 8.11 Further developments 284 Appendix: The magnitude system 285 Figure credits 289 Bibliography 295 Index 299

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Book Synopsis* Up-to-date and comprehensive coverage of both digital and analog electronics. * A central emphasis of the text is that electronics is hands-on; that the objective is to build something; and that no black-boxes should be left unopened.Table of Contents1 The Basics. 2 Introduction to Digital Electronics. 3 Combinational Logic. 4 Advanced Combinational Devices. 5 Sequential Logic. 6 AC Signals. 7 Filters and the Frequency Domain. 8 Diodes. 9 Transistors. 10 Operational Amplifiers. 11 Connecting Digital to Analog and to the World. Appendix A Logic Board. Appendix B If the Circuit Does Not Work. Appendix C Curve Tracker. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe first book of its kind to introduce the fundamentals, basic features and models, potential applications and novel phenomena and its important applications in liquid crystal technology. Recognized leader in the field Gaetano Assanto outlines the peculiar characteristics of nematicons and the promise they have for the future growth of this captivating new field.Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xvii Contributors xix Chapter 1. Nematicons 1 Gaetano Assanto, Alessandro Alberucci, and Armando Piccardi 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Nematic Liquid Crystals 1 1.1.2 Nonlinear Optics and Solitons 3 1.1.3 Initial Results on Light Self-Focusing in Liquid Crystals 3 1.2 Models 4 1.2.1 Scalar Perturbative Model 5 1.2.2 Anisotropic Perturbative Model 9 1.3 Numerical Simulations 13 1.3.1 Nematicon Profile 13 1.3.2 Gaussian Input 14 1.4 Experimental Observations 17 1.4.1 Nematicon–Nematicon Interactions 22 1.4.2 Modulational Instability 26 1.5 Conclusions 31 References 33 Chapter 2. Features of Strongly Nonlocal Spatial Solitons 37 Qi Guo, Wei Hu, Dongmei Deng, Daquan Lu, and Shigen Ouyang 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Phenomenological Theory of Strongly Nonlocal Spatial Solitons 38 2.2.1 The Nonlinearly Induced Refractive Index Change of Materials 38 2.2.2 From the Nonlocal Nonlinear Schr¨odinger Equation to the Snyder–Mitchell Model 39 2.2.3 An Accessible Soliton of the Snyder–Mitchell Model 42 2.2.4 Breather and Soliton Clusters of the Snyder–Mitchell Model 45 2.2.5 Complex-Variable-Function Gaussian Breathers and Solitons 46 2.2.6 Self-Induced Fractional Fourier Transform 47 2.3 Nonlocal Spatial Solitons in Nematic Liquid Crystals 49 2.3.1 Voltage-Controllable Characteristic Length of NLC 50 2.3.2 Nematicons as Strongly Nonlocal Spatial Solitons 52 2.3.3 Nematicon–Nematicon Interactions 54 2.4 Conclusion 61 Appendix 2.A: Proof of the Equivalence of the Snyder–Mitchell Model (Eq. 2.16) and the Strongly Nonlocal Model (Eq. 2.11) 61 Appendix 2.B: Perturbative Solution for a Single Soliton of the NNLSE (Eq. 2.4) in NLC 62 References 66 Chapter 3. Theoretical Approaches to Nonlinear Wave Evolution in Higher Dimensions 71 Antonmaria A. Minzoni and Noel F. Smyth 3.1 Simple Example of Multiple Scales Analysis 71 3.2 Survey of Perturbation Methods for Solitary Waves 77 3.3 Linearized Perturbation Theory for Nonlinear Schr¨odinger Equation 81 3.4 Modulation Theory: Nonlinear Schr¨odinger Equation 83 3.5 Radiation Loss 88 3.6 Solitary Waves in Nematic Liquid Crystals: Nematicons 91 3.7 Radiation Loss for The Nematicon Equations 96 3.8 Choice of Trial Function 101 3.9 Conclusions 105 Appendix 3.A: Integrals 106 Appendix 3.B: Shelf Radius 107 References 108 Chapter 4. Soliton Families in Strongly Nonlocal Media 111 Wei-Ping Zhong and Milivoj R. Beli¸c 4.1 Introduction 111 4.2 Mathematical Models 112 4.2.1 General 112 4.2.2 Nonlocality Through Response Function 113 4.3 Soliton Families in Strongly Nonlocal Nonlinear Media 115 4.3.1 One-Dimensional Hermite–Gaussian Spatial Solitons 115 4.3.2 Two-Dimensional Laguerre–Gaussian Soliton Families 116 4.3.3 Accessible Solitons in the General Model of Beam Propagation in NLC 118 4.3.4 Two-Dimensional Self-Similar Hermite–Gaussian Spatial Solitons 125 4.3.5 Two-Dimensional Whittaker Solitons 126 4.4 Conclusions 133 References 135 Chapter 5. External Control of Nematicon Paths 139 Armando Piccardi, Alessandro Alberucci, and Gaetano Assanto 5.1 Introduction 139 5.2 Basic Equations 140 5.3 Nematicon Control with External Light Beams 142 5.3.1 Interaction with Circular Spots 143 5.3.2 Dielectric Interfaces 145 5.3.3 Comments 146 5.4 Voltage Control of Nematicon Walk-Off 147 5.4.1 Out-of-Plane Steering of Nematicons 147 5.4.2 In-Plane Steering of Nematicon 149 5.5 Voltage-Defined Interfaces 152 5.6 Conclusions 156 References 156 Chapter 6. Dynamics of Optical Solitons in Bias-Free Nematic Liquid Crystals 159 Yana V. Izdebskaya, Anton S. Desyatnikov, and Yuri S. Kivshar 6.1 Summary 159 6.2 Introduction 159 6.3 From One to Two Nematicons 160 6.4 Counter-Propagating Nematicons 162 6.5 Interaction of Nematicons with Curved Surfaces 165 6.6 Multimode Nematicon-Induced Waveguides 167 6.7 Dipole Azimuthons and Charge-Flipping 170 6.8 Conclusions 172 References 173 Chapter 7. Interaction of Nematicons and Nematicon Clusters 177 Catherine Garc´ýa-Reimbert, Antonmaria A. Minzoni, and Noel F. Smyth 7.1 Introduction 177 7.2 Gravitation of Nematicons 179 7.3 In-Plane Interaction of Two-Color Nematicons 184 7.4 Multidimensional Clusters 190 7.5 Vortex Cluster Interactions 199 7.6 Conclusions 205 Appendix: Integrals 206 References 206 Chapter 8. Nematicons in Light Valves 209 Stefania Residori, Umberto Bortolozzo, Armando Piccardi, Alessandro Alberucci, and Gaetano Assanto 8.1 Introduction 209 8.2 Reorientational Kerr Effect and Soliton Formation in Nematic Liquid Crystals 210 8.2.1 Optically Induced Reorientational Nonlinearity 211 8.2.2 Spatial Solitons in Nematic Liquid Crystals 211 8.3 Liquid Crystal Light Valves 212 8.3.1 Cell Structure and Working Principle 213 8.3.2 Optical Addressing in Transverse Configurations 215 8.4 Spatial Solitons in Light Valves 216 8.4.1 Stable Nematicons: Self-Guided Propagation in the Longitudinal Direction 216 8.4.2 Tuning the Soliton Walk-Off 218 8.5 Soliton Propagation in 3D Anisotropic Media: Model and Experiment 220 8.5.1 Optical Control of Nematicon Trajectories 224 8.6 Soliton Gating and Switching by External Beams 224 8.7 Conclusions and Perspectives 227 References 229 Chapter 9. Propagation of Light Confined via Thermo-Optical Effect in Nematic Liquid Crystals 233 Marc Warenghem, Jean-Francois Blach, and Jean-Francois Henninot 9.1 Introduction 233 9.2 First Observation in NLC 235 9.3 Characterization and Nonlocality Measurement 240 9.4 Thermal Versus Orientational Self-Waveguides 246 9.5 Applications 248 9.5.1 Bent Waveguide 248 9.5.2 Fluorescence Recovery 249 9.6 Conclusions 250 References 252 Chapter 10. Discrete Light Propagation in Arrays of Liquid Crystalline Waveguides 255 Katarzyna A. Rutkowska, Gaetano Assanto, and Miroslaw A. Karpierz 10.1 Introduction 255 10.2 Discrete Systems 256 10.3 Waveguide Arrays in Nematic Liquid Crystals 258 10.4 Discrete Diffraction and Discrete Solitons 263 10.5 Optical Multiband Vector Breathers 265 10.6 Nonlinear Angular Steering 267 10.7 Landau–Zener Tunneling 268 10.8 Bloch Oscillations 270 10.9 Conclusions 272 References 273 Chapter 11. Power-Dependent Nematicon Self-Routing 279 Alessandro Alberucci, Armando Piccardi, and Gaetano Assanto 11.1 Introduction 279 11.2 Nematicons: Governing Equations 280 11.2.1 Perturbative Regime 282 11.2.2 Highly Nonlinear Regime 284 11.2.3 Simplified (1 + 1)D Model in a Planar Cell 285 11.3 Single-Hump Nematicon Profiles 287 11.3.1 (2 + 1)D Complete Model 288 11.3.2 (1 + 1)D Simplified Model 289 11.4 Actual Experiments: Role of Losses 290 11.4.1 BPM (1 + 1)D Simulations 291 11.4.2 Experiments 292 11.5 Nematicon Self-Steering in Dye-Doped NLC 293 11.6 Boundary Effects 298 11.7 Nematicon Self-Steering Through Interaction with Linear Inhomogeneities 302 11.7.1 Interfaces: Goos-H¨anchen Shift 303 11.7.2 Finite-Size Defects: Nematicon Self-Escape 304 11.8 Conclusions 305 References 306 Chapter 12. Twisted and Chiral Nematicons 309 Urszula A. Laudyn and Miroslaw A. Karpierz 12.1 Introduction 309 12.2 Chiral and Twisted Nematics 310 12.3 Theoretical Model 312 12.4 Experimental Results 314 12.4.1 Nematicons in a Single Layer 314 12.4.2 Asymmetric Configuration 315 12.4.3 Multilayer Propagation 317 12.4.4 Influence of an External Electric Field 317 12.4.5 Guiding Light by Light 319 12.4.6 Nematicon Interaction 319 12.5 Discrete Diffraction 321 12.6 Conclusions 323 References 323 Chapter 13. Time Dependence of Spatial Solitons in Nematic Liquid Crystals 327 Jeroen Beeckman and Kristiaan Neyts 13.1 Introduction 327 13.2 Temporal Behavior of Different Nonlinearities and Governing Equations 328 13.2.1 Reorientational Nonlinearity 328 13.2.2 Thermal Nonlinearity 331 13.2.3 Other Nonlinearities 333 13.3 Formation of Reorientational Solitons 333 13.3.1 Bias Voltage Switching Time 334 13.3.2 Soliton Formation Time 336 13.3.3 Experimental Observation of Soliton Formation 337 13.3.4 Influence of Flow Effects 341 13.4 Conclusions 344 References 344 Chapter 14. Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Light Bullets in Nematic Liquid Crystals 347 Marco Peccianti 14.1 Introduction 347 14.1.1 (2 + 1 + 1)D Nonlinear Wave Propagation in Kerr Media 348 14.2 Optical Propagation Under Multiple Nonlinear Contributions 349 14.2.1 Multiple Nonlinearities and Space–Time Decoupling of the Nonlinear Dynamics 349 14.2.2 Suitable Excitation Conditions 350 14.3 Accessible Light Bullets 351 14.3.1 From Nematicons to Spatiotemporal Solitons 351 14.3.2 Experimental Conditions for Accessible Bullets Observation 353 14.4 Temporal Modulation Instability in Nematicons 355 14.5 Soliton-Enhanced Frequency Conversion 355 14.6 Conclusions 357 References 358 Chapter 15. Vortices in Nematic Liquid Crystals 361 Antonmaria A. Minzoni, Luke W. Sciberras, Noel F. Smyth, and Annette L. Worthy 15.1 Introduction 361 15.2 Stabilization of Vortices in Nonlocal, Nonlinear Media 364 15.3 Vortex in a Bounded Cell 373 15.4 Stabilization of Vortices by Vortex–Beam Interaction 378 15.5 Azimuthally Dependent Vortices 382 15.6 Conclusions 387 References 389 Chapter 16. Dispersive Shock Waves in Reorientational and Other Optical Media 391 Tim R. Marchant 16.1 Introduction 391 16.2 Governing Equations and Modulational Instability 392 16.3 Existing Experimental and Numerical Results 394 16.4 Analytical Solutions for Defocusing Equations 396 16.5 Analytical Solutions for Focusing Equations 398 16.5.1 The 1 + 1 Dimensional Semianalytical Soliton 400 16.5.2 Uniform Soliton Theory 402 16.5.3 Comparisons with Numerical Solutions 403 16.6 Conclusions 406 References 407 Index 411

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Book SynopsisThis book brings together experts in the field who present material on a number of important and growing topics including lighting, displays, solar concentrators.The first chapter provides an overview of the field of nonimagin and illumination optics. Included in this chapter are terminology, units, definitions, and descriptions of the optical components used in illumination systems. The next two chapters provide material within the theoretical domain, including etendue, etendue squeezing, and the skew invariant. The remaining chapters focus on growing applications. This entire field of nonimaging optics is an evolving field, and the editor plans to update the technological progress every two to three years.The editor, John Koshel, is one of the most prominent leading experts in this field, and he is the right expert to perform the task.Trade Review“Aside from illumination engineers, the book could be useful for graduate electrical or optical engineering students.” (Optics & Photonics News, 13 September 2013)Table of ContentsPREFACE xiii CONTRIBUTORS xvii GLOSSARY xix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY 1 1.1 What Is Illumination? 1 1.2 A Brief History of Illumination Optics 2 1.3 Units 4 1.3.1 Radiometric Quantities 4 1.3.2 Photometric Quantities 6 1.4 Intensity 9 1.5 Illuminance and Irradiance 10 1.6 Luminance and Radiance 11 1.6.1 Lambertian 13 1.6.2 Isotropic 14 1.7 Important Factors in Illumination Design 15 1.7.1 Transfer Effi ciency 15 1.7.2 Uniformity of Illumination Distribution 16 1.8 Standard Optics Used in Illumination Engineering 17 1.8.1 Refractive Optics 18 1.8.2 Refl ective Optics 20 1.8.3 TIR Optics 22 1.8.4 Scattering Optics 24 1.8.5 Hybrid Optics 24 1.9 The Process of Illumination System Design 25 1.10 Is Illumination Engineering Hard? 28 1.11 Format for Succeeding Chapters 29 References 30 CHAPTER 2 ÉTENDUE 31 2.1 Étendue 32 2.2 Conservation of Étendue 33 2.2.1 Proof of Conservation of Radiance and Étendue 34 2.2.2 Proof of Conservation of Generalized Étendue 36 2.2.3 Conservation of Étendue from the Laws of Thermodynamics 40 2.3 Other Expressions for Étendue 41 2.3.1 Radiance, Luminance, and Brightness 41 2.3.2 Throughput 42 2.3.3 Extent 43 2.3.4 Lagrange Invariant 43 2.3.5 Abbe Sine Condition 43 2.3.6 Confi guration or Shape Factor 44 2.4 Design Examples Using Étendue 45 2.4.1 Lambertian, Spatially Uniform Disk Emitter 45 2.4.2 Isotropic, Spatially Uniform Disk Emitter 48 2.4.3 Isotropic, Spatially Nonuniform Disk Emitter 50 2.4.4 Tubular Emitter 52 2.5 Concentration Ratio 59 2.6 Rotational Skew Invariant 61 2.6.1 Proof of Skew Invariance 61 2.6.2 Refi ned Tubular Emitter Example 63 2.7 Étendue Discussion 67 References 68 CHAPTER 3 SQUEEZING THE ÉTENDUE 71 3.1 Introduction 71 3.2 Étendue Squeezers versus Étendue Rotators 71 3.2.1 Étendue Rotating Mappings 74 3.2.2 Étendue Squeezing Mappings 77 3.3 Introductory Example of Étendue Squeezer 79 3.3.1 Increasing the Number of Lenticular Elements 80 3.4 Canonical Étendue-Squeezing with Afocal Lenslet Arrays 82 3.4.1 Squeezing a Collimated Beam 82 3.4.2 Other Afocal Designs 83 3.4.3 Étendue-Squeezing Lenslet Arrays with Other Squeeze-Factors 85 3.5 Application to a Two Freeform Mirror Condenser 88 3.6 Étendue Squeezing in Optical Manifolds 95 3.7 Conclusions 95 Appendix 3.A Galilean Afocal System 96 Appendix 3.B Keplerian Afocal System 98 References 99 CHAPTER 4 SMS 3D DESIGN METHOD 101 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 State of the Art of Freeform Optical Design Methods 101 4.3. SMS 3D Statement of the Optical Problem 103 4.4 SMS Chains 104 4.4.1 SMS Chain Generation 105 4.4.2 Conditions 106 4.5 SMS Surfaces 106 4.5.1 SMS Ribs 107 4.5.2 SMS Skinning 108 4.5.3 Choosing the Seed Rib 109 4.6 Design Examples 109 4.6.1 SMS Design with a Prescribed Seed Rib 110 4.6.2 SMS Design with an SMS Spine as Seed Rib 111 4.6.3 Design of a Lens (RR) with Thin Edge 115 4.6.4 Design of an XX Condenser for a Cylindrical Source 117 4.6.5 Freeform XR for Photovoltaics Applications 129 4.7 Conclusions 140 References 144 CHAPTER 5 SOLAR CONCENTRATORS 147 5.1 Concentrated Solar Radiation 147 5.2 Acceptance Angle 148 5.3 Imaging and Nonimaging Concentrators 156 5.4 Limit Case of Infi nitesimal Étendue: Aplanatic Optics 164 5.5 3D Miñano–Benitez Design Method Applied to High Solar Concentration 171 5.6 Köhler Integration in One Direction 180 5.7 Köhler Integration in Two Directions 195 5.8 Appendix 5.A Acceptance Angle of Square Concentrators 201 5.9 Appendix 5.B Polychromatic Effi ciency 204 Acknowledgments 207 References 207 CHAPTER 6 LIGHTPIPE DESIGN 209 6.1 Background and Terminology 209 6.1.1 What is a Lightpipe 209 6.1.2 Lightpipe History 210 6.2 Lightpipe System Elements 211 6.2.1 Source/Coupling 211 6.2.2 Distribution/Transport 211 6.2.3 Delivery/Output 212 6.3 Lightpipe Ray Tracing 212 6.3.1 TIR 212 6.3.2 Ray Propagation 212 6.4 Charting 213 6.5 Bends 214 6.5.1 Bent Lightpipe: Circular Bend 214 6.5.2 Bend Index for No Leakage 215 6.5.3 Refl ection at the Output Face 216 6.5.4 Refl ected Flux for a Specifi c Bend 217 6.5.5 Loss Because of an Increase in NA 218 6.5.6 Other Bends 219 6.6 Mixing Rods 220 6.6.1 Overview 220 6.6.2 Why Some Shapes Provide Uniformity 221 6.6.3 Design Factors Infl uencing Uniformity 223 6.6.4 RGB LEDs 226 6.6.5 Tapered Mixers 228 6.7 Backlights 233 6.7.1 Introduction 233 6.7.2 Backlight Overview 234 6.7.3 Optimization 235 6.7.4 Parameterization 235 6.7.4.1 Vary Number 236 6.7.4.2 Vary Size 236 6.7.5 Peak Density 237 6.7.6 Merit Function 237 6.7.7 Algorithm 238 6.7.8 Examples 239 6.8 Nonuniform Lightpipe Shapes 245 6.9 Rod Luminaire 246 Acknowledgments 247 References 247 CHAPTER 7 SAMPLING, OPTIMIZATION, AND TOLERANCING 251 7.1 Introduction 251 7.2 Design Tricks 253 7.2.1 Monte Carlo Processes 254 7.2.2 Reverse Ray Tracing 257 7.2.3 Importance Sampling 260 7.2.4 Far-Field Irradiance 263 7.3 Ray Sampling Theory 266 7.3.1 Transfer Effi ciency Determination 266 7.3.2 Distribution Determination: Rose Model 268 7.4 Optimization 272 7.4.1 Geometrical Complexity 273 7.4.2 Merit Function Designation and Calculation 280 7.4.3 Optimization Methods 281 7.4.4 Fractional Optimization with Example: LED Collimator 282 7.5 Tolerancing 289 7.5.1 Types of Errors 290 7.5.2 System Error Sensitivity Analysis: LED Die Position Offset 290 7.5.3 Process Error Case Study: Injection Molding 291 References 297 INDEX 299

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Book SynopsisContributions from three Focused Sessions that were part of the 34th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC), in Daytona Beach, FL, January 24-29, 2010 are presented in this volume. The broad range of topics is captured by the Focused Session titles, which are listed as follows: FS1 - Geopolymers and other Inorganic Polymers; FS3 - Computational Design, Modeling Simulation and Characterization of Ceramics and Composites; and FS4 - Nanolaminated Ternary Carbides and Nitrides (MAX Phases). The session on Geopolymers and other Inorganic Polymers continues to attract growing attention from international researchers (USA, Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Czech Republic, and Viet Nam) and it is encouraging to see the variety of established and new applications being found for these novel and potentially useful materials. The session organizer gratefully acknowledges the support of the US Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xi GEOPOLYMERS AND OTHER INORGANIC POLYMERS Geomaterial Foam to Reinforce Wood 3 E. Prud'homme, P. Michaud, C. Peyratout, A. Smith, S. Rossignol, E. Joussein, and N. Sauvât Effect of Curing Conditions on the Porosity Characteristics of Metakaolin-Fly Ash Geopolymers 11 Tammy L. Metroke, Michael V. Henley, and Michael I. Hammons New Insights on Geopolymerisation using Molybdate, Raman, and Infrared Spectroscopy 17 C. H. Rüscher, E. Mielcarek, J. Wongpa, F. Jirasit, and W. Lutz Transformation of Polysialate Matrixes from Al-Rich and Si-Rich Metakaolins: Polycondensation and Physico-Chemical Properties 35 Elie Kamseu and Cristina Leonelli Effect of High Tensile Strength Polypropylene Chopped Fiber Reinforcements on the Mechanical Properties of Sodium Based Geopolymer Composites 47 Daniel R. Lowry and Waltraud M. Kriven Properties of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Geopolymer Composites 51 E. Rill, D. R. Lowry, and W. M. Kriven Novel Applications of Metal-Geopolymers 69 Oleg Bortnovsky, Petr Bezucha, Petr Sazama, Jiri Dëdecek, Zdena Tvarùzkovâ, and Zdenék Sobalik Making Foamed Concretes from Fly Ash Based on Geopolymer Method 83 Nhi Tuan Pham and Hoang Huy Le Preparation of Electrically Conductive Materials Based on Geopolymers with Graphite 91 Z. Cerny, I. Jakubec, P. Bezdicka, L. Sulc, J. Machacek, J. Bludskâ, and P. Roubicek Effect of Synthesis Parameters and Post-Cure Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Geopolymers Containing Slag 101 Tammy L. Metroke, Brian Evans, Jeff Eichler, Michael I. Hammons, and Michael V. Henley COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN, MODELING, SIMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION Electronic Structure and Band-Gaps of Eu-Doped LaSi3N5 Ternary Nitrides 109 L. Benco, Z. Lences, and P. Sajgalik First Principle Molecular Dynamic Simulations of Oxygen Plasma Etching of Organosilicate Low Dielectric Materials 119 Jincheng Du and Mrunal Chaudhari Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation of Cation Diffusion in Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia 127 Brian Good Dynamic Neutron Diffraction Study of Thermal Stability and Self-Recovery in Aluminium Titanate 139 I. M. Low and Z. Oo NANOLAMINATED TERNARY CARBIDES AND NITRIDES Titanium and Aluminium Based Compounds as a Precursor for SHSofTi2AIN 153 L. Chlubny, J. Lis, and M. M. Bucko Investigations on the Oxidation Behavior of Max-Phase Based Ti2AIC Coatings on 7-TiAI 161 Maik Fröhlich Study of High-Temperature Thermal Stability of Max Phases in Vacuum 171 I. M. Low, W. K. Pang, S. J. Kennedy, and R. I. Smith Detection of Amorphous Silica in Oxidized Maxthal Ti3SiC2 at 500-1000°C 181 W. K. Pang, I. M. Low, J. V. Hanna, and J. P. Palmquist Author Index 191

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Book SynopsisFunctional oxides have a wide variety of applications in the electronic industry. The discovery of new metal oxides with interesting and useful properties continues to drive much research in chemistry, physics, and materials science.Table of ContentsInorganic Materials Series Preface ix Preface xi List of Contributors xiii 1 Noncentrosymmetric Inorganic Oxide Materials: Synthetic Strategies and Characterisation Techniques 1 P. Shiv Halasyamani 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Strategies toward Synthesising Noncentrosymmetric Inorganic Materials 3 1.3 Electronic Distortions 4 1.3.1 Metal Oxyfluoride Systems 8 1.3.2 Salt-Inclusion Solids 9 1.3.3 Borates 11 1.3.4 Noncentrosymmetric Coordination Networks 12 1.4 Properties Associated with Noncentrosymmetric Materials 16 1.4.1 Second-Harmonic Generation 18 1.4.2 Piezoelectricity 21 1.4.3 Pyroelectricity 25 1.4.4 Ferroelectricity 27 1.5 Outlook – Multifunctional Materials 30 1.5.1 Perovskites 31 1.5.2 Hexagonal Manganites 32 1.5.3 Metal Halide and Oxy-Halide Systems 32 1.6 Concluding Thoughts 33 1.6.1 State of the Field 33 Acknowledgements 34 References 34 2 Geometrically Frustrated Magnetic Materials 41 John E. Greedan 2.1 Introduction 41 2.2 Geometric Frustration 42 2.2.1 Definition and Criteria: Subversion of the Third Law 42 2.2.2 Magnetism Short Course 43 2.2.3 Frustrated Lattices – The Big Four 46 2.2.4 Ground States of Frustrated Systems: Consequences of Macroscopic Degeneracy 46 2.3 Real Materials 52 2.3.1 The Triangular Planar (TP) Lattice 52 2.3.2 The Kagome´ Lattice 57 2.3.3 The Face-Centred Cubic Lattice 72 2.3.4 The Pyrochlores and Spinels 76 2.3.5 Other Frustrated Lattices 105 2.4 Concluding Remarks 108 References 109 3 Lithium Ion Conduction in Oxides 119 Edmund Cussen 3.1 Introduction 119 3.2 Sodium and Lithium b-Alumina 126 3.3 Akali Metal Sulfates and the Effect of Anion Disorder on Conductivity 132 3.4 LISICON and Related Phases 145 3.5 Lithium Conduction in NASICON-Related Phases 155 3.6 Doped Analogues of LiZr2(PO4)3 164 3.7 Lithium Conduction in the Perovskite Structure 175 3.7.1 The Structures of Li3xLa2/3xTiO3 181 3.7.2 Doping Studies of Lithium Perovskites 185 3.8 Lithium-Containing Garnets 187 References 197 4 Thermoelectric Oxides 203 Sylvie Hébert and Antoine Maignan 4.1 Introduction 203 4.2 How to Optimise Thermoelectric Generators (TEG) 204 4.2.1 Principle of a TEG 204 4.2.2 The Figure of Merit 207 4.2.3 Beyond the Classical Approach 210 4.3 Thermoelectric Oxides 213 4.3.1 Semiconducting Oxides and the Heikes Formula 215 4.3.2 NaxCoO2 and the Misfit Cobaltate Family 221 4.3.3 Degenerate Semiconductors 240 4.3.4 All-Oxide Modules 249 4.4 Conclusion 251 Acknowledgements 252 References 252 5 Transition Metal Oxides: Magnetoresistance and Half-Metallicity 257 Tapas Kumar Mandal and Martha Greenblatt 5.1 Introduction 257 5.2 Magnetoresistance: Concepts and Development 258 5.2.1 Phenomenon of Magnetoresistance: Metallic Multilayers and Anisotropic Magnetoresistance (AMR) 258 5.2.2 Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) Effect 259 5.2.3 Colossal Magnetoresistance (CMR) in Perovskite Oxomanganates 261 5.2.4 Tunnelling Magnetoresistance (TMR) and Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJ) 263 5.2.5 Powder, Intrinsic and Extrinsic MR 263 5.3 Half-Metallicity 264 5.3.1 Half-Metallicity in Heusler Alloys 264 5.3.2 Half-Metallic Ferro/Ferrimagnets, Antiferromagnets 265 5.4 Oxides Exhibiting Half-Metallicity 266 5.4.1 CrO2 266 5.4.2 Fe3O4 and Other Spinel Oxides 268 5.4.3 Perovskite Oxomanganates 270 5.4.4 Double Perovskites 272 5.5 Magnetoresistance and Half-Metallicity of Double Perovskites 273 5.5.1 Double Perovskite Structure 273 5.5.2 Ordering and Anti-Site (AS) Disorder in Double Perovskites 276 5.5.3 Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties of Double Perovskites 281 5.5.4 Magnetoresistance and Half-Metallicity in Double Perovskites 284 5.5.5 High Curie Temperature (TC) Double Perovskites and Room Temperature MR 285 5.6 Spintronics – The Emerging Magneto-Electronics 286 5.7 Summary 288 Acknowledgements 289 References 289 Index 295

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Book SynopsisProvides a large selection of classical physics laboratory experiments whose subject matter coincides with most first-year college physics texts. All experiments can be performed with a wide variety of appartus and multiple procedures are given to accommodate several popular approaches.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: MECHANICS. Determination of Length, Mass, and Density. Uniformly Accelerated Motion. Moment of Inertia. HEAT. Linear Coefficient of Expansion of Metals. Specific Heat and Temperature of a Hot Body. Relative Humidity. WAVE MOTION AND SOUND. A Study of Vibration Strings. Velocity of Sound in Air--Resonance Tube Method. Velocity of Sound in Metal--Kundt's Tube Method. ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. Mapping of Electric Fields. The Heating Effects of an Electric Current. Electromagnetic Induction. LIGHT. Reflection and Refraction of Light. The Laser. The Wavelength of Light. NUCLEAR PHYSICS. A Study in Scientific Investigation. Statistics of Sample Measurement. Properties of Radioactive Radiation. Appendices.

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Book SynopsisThe publication of the first edition of Physics in 1960 launched the modern era of physics textbooks. It was a new paradigm then and, after 40 years, it continues to be the dominant model for all texts. The big change in the market has been a shift to a lower level, more accessible version of the model.

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Book SynopsisPhysics by Inquiry is a set of laboratory-based modules that provide a step-by-step introduction to physics and the physical sciences. Through in-depth study of simple physical systems and their interactions, students gain direct experience with the process of science. Starting from their own observations, students develop basic physical concepts, use and interpret different forms of scientific representations, and construct explanatory models with predictive capability. All the modules have been explicitly designed to develop scientific reasoning skills and to provide practice in relating scientific concepts, representations, and models to real world phenomena.Table of ContentsPROPERTIES OF MATTER. Measurements of Matter. Pure Substances. Scientific Representations. Solutions of Solids in Water. Solutions of Solids, Liquids, and Gases. HEAT AND TEMPERATURE. Measurements of Heat and Temperature. Thermal Properties of Matter. LIGHT AND COLOR. Light and Shadows. Pigments and Colored Light. MAGNETS. Behavior of Magnets. Magnetic Materials. ASTRONOMY BY SIGHT: THE SUN, MOON, AND STARS. Appendices Index.

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Book SynopsisThe Advances in Chemical Physics series provides the chemical physics and physical chemistry fields with a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations of advances in every area of the discipline. Filled with cutting-edge research reported in a cohesive manner not found elsewhere in the literature, each volume of the Advances in Chemical Physics series serves as the perfect supplement to any advanced graduate class devoted to the study of chemical physics.Table of ContentsApplications of Doppler Spectroscopy to Photofragmentation (R. Gordon & G. Hall). Vibrational Predissociation Dynamics of Van Der Waals Complexes: Product Rotational State Distributions (M. Lester). Electron Scattering by Small Molecules (C. Winstead & V. McKoy). Time-Dependent Semiclassical Mechanics (M. Seulveda & F. Grossman). Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThe Advances in Chemical Physics series provides the chemical physics and physical chemistry fields with a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations of advances in every area of the discipline. Filled with cutting-edge research reported in a cohesive manner not found elsewhere in the literature, each volume of the Advances in Chemical Physics series serves as the perfect supplement to any advanced graduate class devoted to the study of chemical physics.Table of ContentsIntegral Equation Theories of the Structure, Thermodynamics, andPhase Transitions of Polymer Fluids (K. Schweizer & J.Curro). Dielectric Properties of Liquid Crystals Under High Pressure (S.Urban & A. Wurflinger). Electric Polarization of Polar Time-Dependent-Rigid Materials (S.Havriliak & S. Havriliak). Magnetic Relaxation in Fine- Particle Systems (J. Dormann, etal.). Complex Systems: Equilibrium Configurations of N Equal Charges on aSphere (2 Indexes.

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Book SynopsisAn indispensable resource for scientists and engineers concerned with high vacuum technology Vacuum technology has evolved significantly over the past thirty years and is now indispensable to various fields of scientific research as well as the medical technology, food processing, aerospace, and electronics industries.Table of ContentsKinetic Theory of Gases. Flow of Gases Through Tubes and Orifices. Positive Displacement Vacuum Pumps. Kinetic Vacuum Pumps. Capture Vacuum Pumps. Vacuum Gauges. Partial Pressure Analysis. Leak Detection and Leak Detectors. High-Vacuum System Design. Gas-Surface Interactions and Diffusion. Ultrahigh and Extreme High Vacuum. Calibration and Standards Appendix. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisFourier and Diffractive Optics is a required course in electrical engineering and physics programs. Based upon Professor Ersoy's class notes, Diffraction, Fourier Optics and Imaging is an innovative and comprehensive work, presenting both theory and applications using MATLAB in examples and exercises.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Diffraction, Fourier Optics and Imaging. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Examples of Emerging Applications with Growing Significance. 2. Linear Systems and Transforms. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Linear Systems and Shift Invariance. 2.3 Continuous-Space Fourier Transform. 2.4 Existence of Fourier Transform. 2.5 Properties of the Fourier Transform. 2.6 Real Fourier Transform. 2.7 Amplitude and Phase Spectra. 2.8 Hankel Transforms. 3. Fundamentals of Wave Propagation. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Waves. 3.3 Electromagnetic Waves. 3.4 Phasor Representation. 3.5 Wave Equations in a Charge-Free Medium. 3.6 Wave Equations in Phasor Representation in a Charge-Free Medium. 3.7 Plane EM Waves. 4. Scalar Diffraction Theory. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Helmholtz Equation. 4.3 Angular Spectrum of Plane Waves. 4.4 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Implementation of the Angular Spectrum of Plane Waves. 4.5 The Kirchoff Theory of Diffraction. 4.6 The Rayleigh–Sommerfeld Theory of Diffraction. 4.7 Another Derivation of the First Rayleigh–Sommerfeld Diffraction Integral. 4.8 The Rayleigh–Sommerfeld Diffraction Integral For Nonmonochromatic Waves. 5. Fresnel and Fraunhofer Approximations. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Diffraction in the Fresnel Region. 5.3 FFT Implementation of Fresnel Diffraction. 5.4 Paraxial Wave Equation. 5.5 Diffraction in the Fraunhofer Region. 5.6 Diffraction Gratings. 5.7 Fraunhofer Diffraction By a Sinusoidal Amplitude Grating. 5.8 Fresnel Diffraction By a Sinusoidal Amplitude Grating. 5.9 Fraunhofer Diffraction with a Sinusoidal Phase Grating. 5.10 Diffraction Gratings Made of Slits. 6. Inverse Diffraction. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Inversion of the Fresnel and Fraunhofer Representations. 6.3 Inversion of the Angular Spectrum Representation. 6.4 Analysis. 7. Wide-Angle Near and Far Field Approximations for Scalar Diffraction. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 A Review of Fresnel and Fraunhofer Approximations. 7.3 The Radial Set of Approximations. 7.4 Higher Order Improvements and Analysis. 7.5 Inverse Diffraction and Iterative Optimization. 7.6 Numerical Examples. 7.7 More Accurate Approximations. 7.8 Conclusions. 8. Geometrical Optics. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Propagation of Rays. 8.3 The Ray Equations. 8.4 The Eikonal Equation. 8.5 Local Spatial Frequencies and Rays. 8.6 Matrix Representation of Meridional Rays. 8.7 Thick Lenses. 8.8 Entrance and Exit Pupils of an Optical System. 9. Fourier Transforms and Imaging with Coherent Optical Systems. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Phase Transformation With a Thin Lens. 9.3 Fourier Transforms With Lenses. 9.4 Image Formation As 2-D Linear Filtering. 9.5 Phase Contrast Microscopy. 9.6 Scanning Confocal Microscopy. 9.7 Operator Algebra for Complex Optical Systems. 10. Imaging with Quasi-Monochromatic Waves. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Hilbert Transform. 10.3 Analytic Signal. 10.4 Analytic Signal Representation of a Nonmonochromatic Wave Field. 10.5 Quasi-Monochromatic, Coherent, and Incoherent Waves. 10.6 Diffraction Effects in a General Imaging System. 10.7 Imaging With Quasi-Monochromatic Waves. 10.8 Frequency Response of a Diffraction-Limited Imaging System. 10.9 Computer Computation of the Optical Transfer Function. 10.10 Aberrations. 11. Optical Devices Based on Wave Modulation. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Photographic Films and Plates. 11.3 Transmittance of Light by Film. 11.4 Modulation Transfer Function. 11.5 Bleaching. 11.6 Diffractive Optics, Binary Optics, and Digital Optics. 11.7 E-Beam Lithography. 12. Wave Propagation in Inhomogeneous Media. 12.1 Introduction. 12.4 Beam Propagation Method. 12.5 Wave Propagation in a Directional Coupler. 13. Holography. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Coherent Wave Front Recording. 13.3 Types of Holograms. 13.4 Computer Simulation of Holographic Reconstruction. 13.5 Analysis of Holographic Imaging and Magnification. 13.6 Aberrations. 14. Apodization, Superresolution, and Recovery of Missing Information. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Apodization. 14.2.1 Discrete-Time Windows. 14.3 Two-Point Resolution and Recovery of Signals. 14.4 Contractions. 14.5 An Iterative Method of Contractions for Signal Recovery. 14.6 Iterative Constrained Deconvolution. 14.7 Method of Projections. 14.8 Method of Projections onto Convex Sets. 14.9 Gerchberg–Papoulis (GP) Algorithm. 14.10 Other POCS Algorithms. 14.11 Restoration From Phase. 14.12 Reconstruction From a Discretized Phase Function by Using the DFT. 14.13 Generalized Projections. 14.14 Restoration From Magnitude. 14.15 Image Recovery By Least Squares and the Generalized Inverse. 14.16 Computation of Hþ By Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). 14.17 The Steepest Descent Algorithm. 14.18 The Conjugate Gradient Method. 15. Diffractive Optics I. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Lohmann Method. 15.3 Approximations in the Lohmann Method. 15.4 Constant Amplitude Lohmann Method. 15.5 Quantized Lohmann Method. 15.6 Computer Simulations with the Lohmann Method. 15.7 A Fourier Method Based on Hard-Clipping. 15.8 A Simple Algorithm for Construction of 3-D Point Images. 15.9 The Fast Weighted Zero-Crossing Algorithm. 15.10 One-Image-Only Holography. 15.11 Fresnel Zone Plates. 16. Diffractive Optics II. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Virtual Holography. 16.3 The Method of POCS for the Design of Binary DOE. 16.4 Iterative Interlacing Technique (IIT). 16.5 Optimal Decimation-in-Frequency Iterative Interlacing Technique (ODIFIIT). 16.5.1 Experiments with ODIFIIT. 16.6 Combined Lohmann-ODIFIIT Method. 17. Computerized Imaging Techniques I: Synthetic Aperture Radar. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Synthetic Aperture Radar. 17.3 Range Resolution. 17.4 Choice of Pulse Waveform. 17.5 The Matched Filter. 17.6 Pulse Compression by Matched Filtering. 17.7 Cross-Range Resolution. 17.8 A Simplified Theory of SAR Imaging. 17.9 Image Reconstruction with Fresnel Approximation. 17.10 Algorithms for Digital Image Reconstruction. 18. Computerized Imaging II: Image Reconstruction from Projections. 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 The Radon Transform. 18.3 The Projection Slice Theorem. 18.4 The Inverse Radon Transform. 18.5 Properties of the Radon Transform. 18.6 Reconstruction of a Signal From its Projections. 18.7 The Fourier Reconstruction Method. 18.8 The Filtered-Backprojection Algorithm. 19. Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing. 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Array Waveguide Grating. 19.3 Method of Irregularly Sampled Zero-Crossings (MISZC). 19.4 Analysis of MISZC. 19.4.1 Dispersion Analysis. 19.4.2 Finite-Sized Apertures. 19.5 Computer Experiments. 19.6 Implementational Issues. 20. Numerical Methods for Rigorous Diffraction Theory. 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 BPM Based on Finite Differences. 20.3 Wide Angle BPM. 20.4 Finite Differences. 20.5 Finite Difference Time Domain Method. 20.6 Computer Experiments. 20.7 Fourier Modal Methods. Appendix A: The Impulse Function. Appendix B: Linear Vector Spaces. Appendix C: The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform, The Discrete Fourier Transform and The Fast Fourier Transform. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe Manchester Physics Series is a collection of textbooks suitable for an undergraduate degree course in Physics. Each book has been individually developed to provide a reliable, self--contained text for an up--to--date course.Table of ContentsThe Study of the Properties of Matter Atoms, Molecules and the States of Matter Interatomic Potential Energies Energy, Temperature and the Boltzmann Distribution The Maxwell Speed Distribution and the Equipartition ofEnergy Transport Properties of Gases Liquids and Imperfect Gases Thermal Properties of Solids Defects in Solids: Liquids as Disordered Solids

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Book SynopsisThis collection is confined to an extremely fundamental level of subject matter common to the great majority of introductory physics courses. Questions range from simple to fairly sophisticated, extending over a variety of modes that emerge as essential components in the learning and understanding of physics. These modes include forming and applying basic concepts, operational definition, verbalization, connection of abstractions to everyday experience, checking for internal consistency and interpreting results.Table of ContentsScaling and Ratio Reasoning. Kinematics. Force and Dynamics. Momentum and Energy. Electricity. Direct Current Circuits. Electromagnetism. Particle Trajectories in E- and B-Fields. Wave Phenomena. Images with Mirrors and Lenses. Geometrical and Physical Optics. Fluids and Thermal Phenomena. Kinetic Theory. Modern Physics. Mixed Areas of Subject Matter. Naked Eye Astronomy. Learning Objectives. Term Paper Assignments.

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Book SynopsisWritten for the full year or three term Calculus-based University Physics course for science and engineering majors, the publication of the first edition of Physics in 1960 launched the modern era of Physics textbooks. It was a new paradigm at the time and continues to be the dominant model for all texts. Physics is the most realistic option for schools looking to teach a more demanding course.Table of ContentsMeasurment. Motion in on Dimension. Force and Newton's Laws. Motion in Two and Three Dimensions. Application of Newton's Law. Momentum. Systems of Particles. Rotational Kinematics. Rotational Dynamics. Angular Momentum. Energy 1: Work Kinetic Energy. Energy 2: Potential Energy. Energy 3: Conservation of Energy. Gravitation. Fluid Statics. Fluid Dynamics. Oscillations. Wave Motion. Sound Waves. The Special Theory of Relativity. Temperature. Molecular Properties of Gases. The First Law of Thermodynamics. Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Appendices. Amswers to Odd Numbered Problems. Photo Credits. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis is an introductory book that provides students with the tools to master the basic principles of physics and chemistry needed by the aspiring technology professional. Like all the books in the critically acclaimed Preserving the Legacy series, each chapter is divided into subsections featuring learning objectives and a Check Your Understanding section to help students focus on important concepts. Questions requiring written and mathematical answers at the end of each chapter provide students with the opportunity to further demonstrate their understanding of the concepts. The only book available that specifically addresses the emerging need for a course to teach physics and chemistry principles to the growing number of students entering the various fields of technology, it offers a thorough grounding in foundational concepts along with Technology boxes that offer practical applications. Physical Science: What the Technology Professional Needs to Know features: * Crucial topics sTable of ContentsTable of Contents. Preface. Acknowledgements. The Nature of Physical Science. Making Measurements. Measuring with Instruments and Reporting Data. The Nature of Matter. Matter in Motion and Newton's Laws. Energy. Chemical Reactions and Solutions. Electricity and Magnetism. Electromagnetic Radiation and Optics. Organic Chemistry. Nuclear Radiation, Reactions, and Energy. Appendix A - The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom. Appendix B - Inorganic Nomenclature. Appendix C - Derived Units. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis laboratory manual is designed to be used with the text, Physical Science: What the Technology Professional Needs to Know. Developed for the aspiring technology professional with little or no background in the study of physics or chemistry, it provides the experience necessary for students to develop skills in experimentation and data interpretation. Like all of the books in the critically acclaimed Preserving the Legacy series, this manual is easy to understand and use, with clear instructions and a discovery approach. The book contains 26 experiments that have been carefully selected to illustrate major physics and chemistry concepts. They require simple, inexpensive equipment and are designed to be completed within three hours. Each experiment starts with a review of the background concepts, information, and formulas necessary to carry out the experiment. Three or four investigations are then presented, each with its own objectives, procedures, and interpretation. Next, Table of ContentsTable of Contents. Preface. Acknowledgments. Note to the Student. Experiment/Text Correlation and Student Objectives. Concrete: A Common Mixture. Density-Buoyancy Relationships. Uncertainty, Error Bars, and Calibration. Percent Composition and Error Analysis. Estimating the Atomic Mass of Metals. Using Spreadsheets to Analyze Objects in Motion. Objects in Motion. Momentum and Friction in a Car Crash: A Forensic Investigation. Waves and Oscillations. Simple Machines. Volume and Temperature Relationships of Gases. Energy. Heat of Reaction. Exploration of Acids and Bases. Acid Concentrations and Strengths. Percent of Acetic Acid in Vinegar: An Acid/Base Titration. Build Your Own Voltmeter. Build Your Own Ammeter. Refraction. Diffraction Gratings. Optics of Thin Lenses. Spectrophotometry. Molecular Models. Organic Esters. Using Properties to Identify Organic Families. Simulating Nuclear Processes. Supplemental Exercises in Physics and Chemistry. Appendix A - Common Temperature Measurements. Appendix B - Prefixes Used with SI Fundamental Units. Appendix C - Derived Units.

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Book SynopsisThe common language of genius: Eureka! While the roads that lead to breakthrough scientific discovery can be as varied and complex as the human mind, the moment of insight for all scientists is remarkably similar.Trade Review"...engaging..." (Professional Engineering, 1 May 2002)Table of ContentsIntroduction: A Sudden Flash of Light. 1. A Breath of Immoral Air: Joseph Priestley and the Discovery of Oxygen. 2. Epiphany at Clapham Road: Fredrich Kekule and the Discovery of the Structure of Carbon Compounds. 3. A Visionary from Siberia: Dmitry Mendeleyev and the Invention of the Periodic Table. 4. The Birth of Amazing Discoveries: Isaac Newton and the Theory of Gravity. 5. The Happiest Thought: Albert Einstein and the Theory of Gravity. 6. The Forgotten Inventor: Philo Farnsworth and the Development of Television. 7. A Faint Shadow of its Former Self: Alexander Fleming and the Discovery of Penicillin. 8. A Flash of Light in Franklin Park: Charles Townes and the Invention of the Laser. 9. The Pioneer of Pangaea: Alfred Wegener and the Theory of Continental Drift. 10. Solving the Mystery of Mysteries: Charles Darwin and the Origin of Species. 11. Unraveling the Secret of Life: James Watson and Francis Crick and the Descovery of the Double Helix. 12. Broken Teacups and Infinite Coastlines: Benoit Mendelbrot and the Invention of Fractal Geometry. Recommended Reading. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis is the first comprehensive description of an important topic, both in terms of technology and pure research, in a number of different disciplines. It is beginning to be offered as a graduate-level course and there are many researchers and engineers who use ultrafast laser systems in their daily work.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction and Review 1 1.1 Introduction to Ultrashort Laser Pulses 1 1.2 Brief Review of Electromagnetics 4 1.2.1 Maxwell’s Equations 4 1.2.2 The Wave Equation and Plane Waves 6 1.2.3 Poynting’s Vector and Power Flow 8 1.3 Review of Laser Essentials 10 1.3.1 Steady-State Laser Operation 10 1.3.2 Gain and Gain Saturation in Four-Level Atoms 15 1.3.3 Gaussian Beams and Transverse Laser Modes 17 1.4 Introduction to Ultrashort Pulse Generation Through Mode-Locking 22 1.5 Fourier Series and Fourier Transforms 25 1.5.1 Analytical Aspects 25 1.5.2 Computational Aspects 28 Problems 30 2 Principles of Mode-Locking 32 2.1 Processes Involved in Mode-Locking 32 2.2 Active Mode-Locking 33 2.2.1 Time-Domain Treatment 34 2.2.2 Frequency-Domain Treatment 40 2.2.3 Variations of Active Mode-Locking 43 2.3 Passive Mode-Locking Using Saturable Absorbers 44 2.3.1 Saturation Model 47 2.3.2 Slow Saturable Absorber Mode-Locking 50 2.3.3 Fast Saturable Absorber Mode-Locking 54 2.4 Solid-State Laser Mode-Locking Using the Optical Kerr Effect 57 2.4.1 Nonlinear Refractive Index Changes 57 2.4.2 Self-Amplitude Modulation Self-Phase Modulation and Group Velocity Dispersion 58 2.4.3 Additive Pulse Mode-Locking 60 2.4.4 Kerr Lens Mode-Locking 64 2.4.5 Mode-Locking Solutions 75 2.4.6 Initiation of Mode-Locking 81 Problems 83 3 Ultrafast-pulse Measurement Methods 85 3.1 Terminology and Definitions 85 3.2 Electric Field Autocorrelation Measurements and the Power Spectrum 88 3.3 Electric Field Cross-Correlation Measurements and Spectral Interferometry 91 3.3.1 Electric Field Cross-Correlation 92 3.3.2 Spectral Interferometry 93 3.3.3 Application: Optical Coherence Tomography 96 3.4 Intensity Correlation Measurements 99 3.4.1 Correlation Measurements Using Second-Harmonic Generation 99 3.4.2 Experimental Procedures 108 3.4.3 Correlation Measurements Using Two-Photon absorption 110 3.4.4 Higher-Order Correlation Techniques 111 3.5 Chirped Pulses and Measurements in the Time–Frequency Domain 112 3.6 Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating 118 3.6.1 Polarization-Gating FROG 119 3.6.2 Self-Diffraction FROG 122 3.6.3 Second-Harmonic-Generation FROG 124 3.6.4 Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating Using Temporal Phase Modulation 125 3.6.5 Signal Recovery from FROG Traces 126 3.7 Pulse Measurements Based on Frequency Filtering 130 3.7.1 Single-Slit Approaches 131 3.7.2 Double-Slit Approach 134 3.8 Self-Referencing Interferometry 135 3.8.1 Time-Domain Interferometry of Chirped Pulses 135 3.8.2 Self-Referencing Spectral Interferometry 137 3.9 Characterization of Noise and Jitter 139 Problems 144 4 Dispersion and Dispersion Compensation 147 4.1 Group Velocity Dispersion 147 4.1.1 Group Velocity Definition and General Dispersion Relations 147 4.1.2 General Aspects of Material Dispersion 151 4.2 Temporal Dispersion Based on Angular Dispersion 155 4.2.1 Relation Between Angular and Temporal Dispersion 155 4.2.2 Angular Dispersion and Tilted Intensity Fronts 159 4.3 Dispersion of Grating Pairs 161 4.4 Dispersion of Prism Pairs 166 4.5 Dispersive Properties of Lenses 173 4.6 Dispersion of Mirror Structures 177 4.6.1 The Gires–Tournois Interferometer 178 4.6.2 Quarter-Wave Stack High Reflectors 180 4.6.3 Chirped Mirrors 182 4.7 Measurements of Group Velocity Dispersion 186 4.7.1 Interferometric Methods 187 4.7.2 Frequency-Domain Intracavity Dispersion Measurements 190 4.8 Appendix 191 4.8.1 Frequency-Dependent Phase Due to Propagation Through a Slab: Alternative Derivation 191 4.8.2 Impedance Method for Analysis of Dielectric Mirror Stacks 192 Problems 195 5 Ultrafast Nonlinear Optics: Second Order 198 5.1 Introduction to Nonlinear Optics 198 5.2 The Forced Wave Equation 201 5.2.1 Frequency-Domain Formulation 202 5.2.2 Time-Domain Formulation 203 5.3 Summary of Continuous-Wave Second-Harmonic Generation 204 5.3.1 Effect of Phase Matching 207 5.3.2 Phase Matching in Birefringent Media 209 5.3.3 Focusing Effects in Continuous-Wave SHG 215 5.4 Second-Harmonic Generation with Pulses 220 5.4.1 SHG in the Quasi-Continuous-Wave Limit 220 5.4.2 Ultrashort-Pulse SHG 221 5.4.3 Quasi-Phase Matching 228 5.4.4 Effect of Group Velocity Walk-off on SHG-Based Pulse Measurements 233 5.5 Three-Wave Interactions 237 5.5.1 Sum Frequency Generation 240 5.5.2 Difference Frequency Generation 244 5.5.3 Optical Parametric Amplification 245 5.6 Appendix 253 5.6.1 Spatial Walk-off and Pulse Fronts in Anisotropic Media 253 5.6.2 Velocity Matching in Broadband Noncollinear Three-Wave Mixing 254 Problems 256 6 Ultrafast Nonlinear Optics: Third Order 258 6.1 Propagation Equation for Nonlinear Refractive Index Media 258 6.1.1 Plane Waves in Uniform Media 260 6.1.2 Nonlinear Propagation in Waveguides 261 6.1.3 Optical Fiber Types 264 6.2 The Nonlinear Schr¨odinger Equation 266 6.3 Self-Phase Modulation 270 6.3.1 Dispersionless Self-Phase Modulation 270 6.3.2 Dispersionless Self-Phase Modulation with Loss 273 6.3.3 Self-Phase Modulation with Normal Dispersion 274 6.3.4 Cross-Phase Modulation 275 6.4 Pulse Compression 276 6.5 Modulational Instability 283 6.6 Solitons 286 6.7 Higher-Order Propagation Effects 291 6.7.1 Nonlinear Envelope Equation in Uniform Media 292 6.7.2 Nonlinear Envelope Equation in Waveguides 295 6.7.3 Delayed Nonlinear Response and the Raman Effect 296 6.7.4 Self-Steepening 306 6.7.5 Space–Time Focusing 308 6.8 Continuum Generation 310 Problems 313 7 Mode-Locking: Selected Advanced Topics 316 7.1 Soliton Fiber Lasers: Artificial Fast Saturable Absorbers 316 7.1.1 The Figure-Eight Laser 317 7.1.2 Energy Quantization 322 7.1.3 Soliton Sidebands 324 7.2 Soliton Mode-Locking: Active Modulation and Slow Saturable Absorbers 328 7.2.1 Harmonically Mode-Locked Soliton Fiber Lasers 328 7.2.2 The Net Gain Window in Soliton Mode-Locking 330 7.3 Stretched Pulse Mode-Locking 337 7.3.1 Stretched Pulse Mode-Locked Fiber Laser 337 7.3.2 Dispersion-Managed Solitons 340 7.3.3 Theoretical Issues 342 7.4 Mode-Locked Lasers in the Few-Cycle Regime 344 7.5 Mode-Locked Frequency Combs 347 7.5.1 Comb Basics 347 7.5.2 Measurement Techniques 350 7.5.3 Stabilization of Frequency Combs 354 7.5.4 Applications 356 Problems 360 8 Manipulation of Ultrashort Pulses 362 8.1 Fourier Transform Pulse Shaping 362 8.1.1 Examples of Pulse Shaping Using Fixed Masks 364 8.1.2 Programmable Pulse Shaping 369 8.1.3 Pulse-Shaping Theory 376 8.2 Other Pulse-Shaping Techniques 386 8.2.1 Direct Space-to-Time Pulse Shaping 386 8.2.2 Acousto-optic Dispersive Filters 390 8.3 Chirp Processing and Time Lenses 394 8.3.1 Space–Time Duality 394 8.3.2 Chirp Processing 397 8.3.3 Time Lens Processing 399 8.4 Ultrashort-Pulse Amplification 405 8.4.1 Amplification Basics 406 8.4.2 Special Issues in Femtosecond Amplifiers 411 8.5 Appendix 416 8.5.1 Fresnel Diffraction and Fourier Transform Property of a Lens 416 8.5.2 Wave Optics Model of a Grating 418 Problems 420 9 Ultrafast Time-Resolved Spectroscopy 422 9.1 Introduction to Ultrafast Spectroscopy 422 9.2 Degenerate Pump–Probe Transmission Measurements 426 9.2.1 Co-polarized Fields: Scalar Treatment 426 9.2.2 Vector Fields and Orientational Effects 431 9.3 Nondegenerate and Spectrally Resolved Pump–Probe: Case Studies 439 9.3.1 Femtosecond Pump–Probe Studies of Dye Molecules 440 9.3.2 Femtosecond Pump–Probe Studies of GaAs 444 9.4 Basic Quantum Mechanics for Coherent Short-Pulse Spectroscopies 451 9.4.1 Some Basic Quantum Mechanics 451 9.4.2 The Density Matrix 456 9.5 Wave Packets 460 9.5.1 Example: Semiconductor Quantum Wells 461 9.5.2 Molecules 462 9.6 Dephasing Phenomena 469 9.6.1 Linear Spectroscopies 469 9.6.2 Models of Dephasing 475 9.6.3 Measurement of Dephasing Using Transient Gratings 481 9.6.4 Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy 494 9.7 Impulsive Stimulated Raman Scattering 499 Problems 505 10 Terahertz Time-Domain Electromagnetics 507 10.1 Ultrafast Electromagnetics: Transmission Lines 507 10.1.1 Photoconductive Generation and Sampling 507 10.1.2 Electro-optic Sampling 513 10.2 Ultrafast Electromagnetics: Terahertz Beams 516 10.2.1 Generation and Measurement of Terahertz Pulses 517 10.2.2 Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging 527 Problems 531 References 533 Index 563

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive treatment of nonlinear optics emphasizing physical concepts and the relationhip between theory and experiment. Systematically describes a number of sub-topics in the field. Up-to-date references and numerous illustrations will help both beginners and practitioners interested in gaining a more thorough understanding of the subject.Trade Review“…provides an ideal introduction to the study and application of nonlinear optics…” (Zentralblatt Math, Vol. 1034, No.9, 2004)Table of ContentsIntroduction. Nonlinear Optical Susceptibilities. General Description of Wave Propagation in Nonlinear Media. Electrooptical and Magnetooptical Effects. Optical Rectification and Optical Field-Induced Magnetization. Sum-Frequency Generation. Harmonic Generation. Difference Frequency Generation. Parametric Amplification and Oscillation. Stimulated Raman Scattering. Stimulated Light Scattering. Two-Photon Absorption. High-Resolution Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy. Four-Wave Mixing. Four-Wave Mixing Spectroscopy. Optical-Field-Induced Birefringence. Self-Focusing. Multiphoton Spectroscopy. Detection of Rare Atoms and Molecules. Laser Manipulation of Particles. Transient Coherent Optical Effects. Strong Interaction of Light with Atoms. Infrared Multiphoton Excitation and Dissociation of Molecules. Laser Isotope Separation. Surface Nonlinear Optics. Nonlinear Optics in Optical Waveguides. Optical Breakdown. Nonlinear Optical Effects in Plasmas. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe Advances in Chemical Physics series provides the chemical physics field with a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations of advances in every area of the discipline. This special volume focuses on atoms and photos near meso- and nanobodies, an important area of nontechnology. Nanoscale particles are those between 1 and 100 nm, and they obey neither the laws of quantum physics nor of classical physics due to an extensive delocalization of the valence electrons, which can vary depending on size. This means that different physical properties can be obtained from the same atoms or molecules existing in a nanoscale particle size due entirely to differing sizes and shapes. Nanostructured materials have unique optical, magnetic, and electronic properties depending on the size and shape of the nanomaterials. A great deal of interest has surfaced in this arena as of late due to the potential technological applications.Table of ContentsTime-resolved X-Ray Diffraction From Liquids (Savo Bratos and Michael Wulff) Nonequilibrium Fluctuations in Small Systems: From Physics to biology (Felix Ritort) Generalized Entropy Theory of Polymer Glass Formation (Jacek Dudowicz, Karl F. Freed, and Jack F. Douglas) Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisWhat happens to light when it is trapped in a box? Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics addresses a fascinating question in physics: what happens to light, and in particular to its interaction with matter, when it is trapped inside a box? With the aid of a model-building approach, readers discover the answer to this question and come to appreciate its important applications in computing, cryptography, quantum teleportation, and opto-electronics. Instead of taking a traditional approach that requires readers to first master a series of seemingly unconnected mathematical techniques, this book engages the readers'' interest and imagination by going straight to the point, introducing the mathematics along the way as needed. Appendices are provided for the additional mathematical theory. Researchers, scientists, and students of modern physics can refer to Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics and examine the field thoroughly. Several key topics covered that readers cannot find in any other qTable of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. 1. Introduction. 2. Fiat Lux! 3. The Photon's Wavefunction. 4. A Box of Photons. 5. Let Matter Be! 6. Spontaneous Emission. 7. Macroscopic QED. 8. The Maser, the Laser, and their Cavity-QED Cousins. 9. Open Cavities. Appendix A: Perfect Cavity Modes. Appendix B: Perfect Cavity Boundary Conditions. Appendix C: Quaternions and Special Relativity. Appendix D: The Baker-Hausdorff Formula. Appendix E: Vectors and Vector Identities. Appendix F: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisCrystal growth technology involve processes for the production of crystals and multilayers which are essential for microelectronics, communication technologies, lasers and energy-producing and energy-saving technologies. This title presents a complete survey of this important interdisciplinary field.Table of ContentsContributors. Preface. PART 1: GENERAL ASPECTS OF CRYSTAL GROWTH TECHNOLOGY. 1. The Development of Crystal Growth Technology (H. J. ScheelI). Abstract. References. 2. Thermodynamic Fundamentals of Phase Transitions Applied to Crystal Growth Processes (P. Rudolph). References. 3. Interface-kinetics-driven Facet Formation During Melt Growth of Oxide Crystals (S. Brandon, A. Virozub and Y. Liu). Abstract. Acknowledgments. Note Added in Proof. References. 4. Theoretical and Experimental Solutions of the Striation Problem (H. J. Scheel). Abstract. References. 5. High-resolution X-Ray Diffraction Techniques for Structural Characterization of Silicon and other Advanced Materials (K. Lal). References. 6. Computational Simulations of the Growth of Crystals from Liquids (A. Yeckel and J. J. Derby). Acknowledgments. References. 7. Heat and Mass Transfer under Magnetic Fields (K. Kakimoto). Abstract. Acknowledgment. References. 8. Modeling of Technologically Important Hydrodynamics and Heat/Mass Transfer Processes during Crystal Growth (V. I. Polezhaev). Acknowledgments. References. PART 2: SILICON. 9. Influence of Boron Addition on Oxygen Behavior in Silicon Melts (K. Terashima). Abstract. Acknowledgments. References. 10. Octahedral Void Defects in Czochralski Silicon (M. Itsumi). References. 11. The Control and Engineering of Intrinsic Point Defects in Silicon Wafers and Crystals (R. Falster, V. V. Voronkov and P. Mutti). Abstract. Acknowledgments. References. 12. The Formation of Defects and Growth Interface Shapes in CZ Silicon (T. Abe). Abstract. References. 13. Silicon Crystal Growth for Photovoltaics (T. F. Ciszek). References. PART 3: COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS. 14. Fundamental and Technological Aspects of Czochralski Growth of High-quality Semi-insulating GaAs Crystals (P. Rudolph and M. Jurisch). Acknowledgement. References. 15. Growth of III-V and II-VI Single Crystals by the Verticalgradient-freeze Method (T. Asahi, K. Kainosho, K. Kohiro, A. Noda, K. Sato and O. Oda). References. 16. Growth Technology of III-V Single Crystals for Production (T. Kawase, M. Tatsumi and Y. Nishida). References. 17. CdTe and CdZnTe Growth (R. Triboulet). References. PART 4: OXIDES AND HALIDES. 18. Phase-diagram Study for Growing Electro-optic Single Crystals (S. Miyazawa). Abstract. Acknowledgment. References. 19. Melt Growth of Oxide Crystals for SAW, Piezoelectric, and Nonlinear-Optical Applications (K. Shimamura, T. Fukuda and V. I. Chani). References. 20. Growth of Nonlinear-optical Crystals for Laser-frequency Conversion (T. Sasaki, Y. Mori and M. Yoshimura). References. 21. Growth of Zirconia Crystals by Skull-Melting Technique (E. E. Lomonova and V. V. Osiko). Acknowledgments. References. 22. Shaped Sapphire Production (L. A. Lytvynov). References. 23. Halogenide Scintillators: Crystal Growth and Performance (A. V. Gektin and B. G. Zaslavsky). References. PART 5: CRYSTAL MACHINING. 24. Advanced Slicing Techniques for Single Crystals (C. Hauser and P. M. Nasch). Abstract. References. 25. Methods and Tools for Mechanical Processing of Anisotropic Scintillating Crystals (M. Lebeau). References. 26. Plasma-CVM (Chemical Vaporization Machining) (Y. Mori, K. Yamamura, and Y. Sano). Acknowledgements. References. 27. Numerically Controlled EEM (Elastic Emission Machining) System for Ultraprecision Figuring and Smoothing of Aspherical Surfaces (Y. Mori, K. Yamauchi, K. Hirose, K. Sugiyama, K. Inagaki and H. Mimura). Acknowledgement. References. PART 6: EPITAXY AND LAYER DEPOSITION. 28. Control of Epitaxial Growth Modes for High-performance Devices (H. J. Scheel). Abstract. General References. References. 29. High-rate Deposition of Amorphous Silicon Films by Atmospheric pressure Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (Y. Mori, H. Kakiuchi, K. Yoshii and K. Yasutake). Abstract. Acknowledgements. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisProviding an accessible introduction to a range of modern computational techniques, this volume is perfect for anyone with only a limited knowledge of physics.Trade Review"? Dieses Buch mit seinem klar eingegrenzten Themenspektrum ist ausgezeichnet - gut lesbar und informativ zugleich!" Chemistry in Britain Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. About the Author. About the Book. Introduction. Numerical Solutions to Schrödinger's Equation. Approximate Methods. Matrix Methods. Deterministic Simulations. Stochastic Simulations. Percolation Theory. Evolutionary Methods. Molecular Dynamics. Appendix A: FORTRAN Implementation of the Shooting Method. Appendix B: ² in Spherical Polar Coordinates. Appendix C: A Comment on the Computer Sourcecodes. Appendix D: Note for Tutors. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisProviding an accessible introduction to a range of modern computational techniques, this book is perfect for anyone with only a limited knowledge of physics. It leads readers through a series of examples, problems, and practical--based tasks covering the basics to more complex ideas and techniques.Trade Review"within its tightly defined scope, the book is excellent, being both readable and informative" (Chemistry in Britain, January 2002) "...The book is fresh in its spirit..." (Zentralblatt Math, Vol.987, No. 12, 2002) "...an excellent book for undergraduate courses..." (Physical Sciences Educational Reviews, November 2002)"? Dieses Buch mit seinem klar eingegrenzten Themenspektrum ist ausgezeichnet - gut lesbar und informativ zugleich!" Chemistry in BritainTable of ContentsPreface Introduction Numerical Solutions to Schrö dinger's Equation Approximate Methods Matrix Methods Deterministic Simulations Stochastic Simulations Percolation Theory Evolutionary Methods Molecular Dynamics Appendices References Index

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Book SynopsisFollowing on from the successful first (1984) and revised (1993) editions, this extended and revised text is designed as a short and simple introduction to quantum field theory for final year physics students and for postgraduate students beginning research in theoretical and experimental particle physics.Table of ContentsPreface xi Notes xiii 1 Photons and the Electromagnetic Field 1 1.1 Particles and Fields 1 1.2 The Electromagnetic Field in the Absence of Charges 2 1.2.1 The classical field 2 1.2.2 Harmonic oscillator 5 1.2.3 The quantized radiation field 7 1.3 The Electric Dipole Interaction 9 1.4 The Electromagnetic Field in the Presence of Charges 14 1.4.1 Classical electrodynamics 14 1.4.2 Quantum electrodynamics 16 1.4.3 Radiative transitions in atoms 17 1.4.4 Thomson scattering 18 1.5 Appendix: The Schrödinger, Heisenberg and Interaction Pictures 20 Problems 22 2 Lagrangian Field Theory 25 2.1 Relativistic Notation 26 2.2 Classical Lagrangian Field Theory 27 2.3 Quantized Lagrangian Field Theory 30 2.4 Symmetries and Conservation Laws 31 Problems 37 3 The Klein–Gordon Field 39 3.1 The Real Klein–Gordon Field 39 3.2 The Complex Klein–Gordon Field 43 3.3 Covariant Commutation Relations 46 3.4 The Meson Propagator 48 Problems 53 4 The Dirac Field 55 4.1 The Number Representation for Fermions 55 4.2 The Dirac Equation 57 4.3 Second Quantization 61 4.3.1 The spin-statistics theorem 65 4.4 The Fermion Propagator 66 4.5 The Electromagnetic Interaction and Gauge Invariance 70 Problems 71 5 Photons: Covariant Theory 73 5.1 The Classical Fields 73 5.2 Covariant Quantization 77 5.3 The Photon Propagator 81 Problems 84 6 The S-Matrix Expansion 87 6.1 Natural Dimensions and Units 88 6.2 The S-Matrix Expansion 90 6.3 Wick’s Theorem 94 7 Feynman Diagrams and Rules in QED 99 7.1 Feynman Diagrams in Configuration Space 100 7.2 Feynman Diagrams in Momentum Space 110 7.2.1 The first-order terms S(1) 112 7.2.2 Compton scattering 113 7.2.3 Electron–electron scattering 116 7.2.4 Closed loops 117 7.3 Feynman Rules for QED 118 7.4 Leptons 121 Problems 124 8 QED Processes in Lowest Order 127 8.1 The Cross-Section 128 8.2 Spin Sums 131 8.3 Photon Polarization Sums 133 8.4 Lepton Pair Production in (e+ e-) Collisions 135 8.5 Bhabha Scattering 139 8.6 Compton Scattering 142 8.7 Scattering by an External Field 147 8.8 Bremsstrahlung 153 8.9 The Infrared Divergence 155 Problems 158 9 Radiative Corrections 161 9.1 The Second-Order Radiative Corrections of QED 162 9.2 The Photon Self-Energy 167 9.3 The Electron Self-Energy 172 9.4 External Line Renormalization 176 9.5 The Vertex Modification 178 9.6 Applications 183 9.6.1 The anomalous magnetic moments 183 9.6.2 The Lamb shift 187 9.7 The Infrared Divergence 191 9.8 Higher-Order Radiative Corrections 193 9.9 Renormalizability 198 Problems 200 10 Regularization 203 10.1 Mathematical Preliminaries 204 10.1.1 Some standard integrals 204 10.1.2 Feynman parameterization 205 10.2 Cut-Off Regularization: The Electron Mass Shift 206 10.3 Dimensional Regularization 208 10.3.1 Introduction 208 10.3.2 General results 210 10.4 Vacuum Polarization 211 10.5 The Anomalous Magnetic Moment 214 Problems 217 11 Gauge Theories 219 11.1 The Simplest Gauge Theory: QED 220 11.2 Quantum Chromodynamics 222 11.2.1 Colour and confinement 222 11.2.2 Global phase invariance and colour conservation 225 11.2.3 SU(3) gauge invariance 227 11.2.4 Quantum chromodynamics 229 11.3 Alternative Interactions? 230 11.3.1 Non-minimal interactions 230 11.3.2 Renormalizability 233 11.4 Appendix: Two Gauge Transformation Results 235 11.4.1 The transformation law (11.26b) 236 11.4.2 The SU(3) gauge invariance of Eq. (11.34) 237 Problems 238 12 Field Theory Methods 241 12.1 Green Functions 241 12.2 Feynman Diagrams and Feynman Rules 246 12.2.1 The perturbation expansion 246 12.2.2 The vacuum amplitude 248 12.2.3 The photon propagator 249 12.2.4 Connected Green functions 252 12.3 Relation to S-Matrix Elements 254 12.3.1 Crossing 255 12.4 Functionals and Grassmann Fields 256 12.4.1 Functionals 257 12.4.2 Grassmann algebras and Grassmann fields 259 12.5 The Generating Functional 263 12.5.1 The free-field case 267 12.5.2 The perturbation expansion 270 Problems 272 13 Path Integrals 275 13.1 Functional Integration 275 13.1.1 Classical fields 276 13.1.2 Grassmann generators 281 13.1.3 Grassmann fields 283 13.2 Path Integrals 285 13.2.1 The generating functional 286 13.2.2 Free and interacting fields 287 13.2.3 The free electromagnetic field 289 13.2.4 The free spinor fields 291 13.3 Perturbation Theory 292 13.3.1 Wick’s theorem 292 13.3.2 Interactions 294 13.4 Gauge Independent Quantization? 297 Problems 298 14 Quantum Chromodynamics 299 14.1 Gluon Fields 299 14.1.1 The generating functional 300 14.1.2 A mathematical analogy 301 14.1.3 The Faddeev–Popov Method 303 14.1.4 Gauge fixing and ghosts 304 14.1.5 The electromagnetic field revisited 306 14.2 Including Quarks 307 14.2.1 The QCD Lagrangian 307 14.2.2 The generating functional 309 14.2.3 Free fields 310 14.3 Perturbation Theory 312 14.3.1 Wick’s theorem and propagators 312 14.3.2 The perturbation expansion 313 14.3.3 The vertex factors 313 14.4 Feynman Rules for QCD 318 14.5 Renormalizability of QCD 321 Problems 323 15 Asymptotic Freedom 325 15.1 Electron–Positron Annihilation 325 15.1.1 Two-jet events 326 15.1.2 Three-jet events 328 15.2 The Renormalization Scheme 330 15.2.1 The electron propagator 331 15.2.2 The photon propagator 333 15.2.3 Charge renormalization 335 15.3 The Renormalization Group 336 15.3.1 The renormalization group equations 337 15.3.2 Scale transformations 339 15.3.3 The running charge 341 15.4 The Strong Coupling Constant 343 15.4.1 Colour factors 344 15.4.2 Null diagrams 345 15.4.3 Renormalization of the coupling constant 346 15.4.4 The running coupling 351 15.5 Applications 352 15.6 Appendix: Some Loop Diagrams in QCD 357 15.6.1 The gluon self-energy graphs 357 15.6.2 The quark–gluon vertex corrections 360 Problems 362 16 Weak Interactions 363 16.1 Introduction 363 16.2 Leptonic Weak Interactions 365 16.3 The Free Vector Boson Field 369 16.4 The Feynman Rules for the IVB Theory 371 16.5 Decay Rates 372 16.6 Applications of the IVB Theory 373 16.6.1 Muon decay 373 16.6.2 Neutrino scattering 379 16.6.3 The leptonic decay of the W boson 380 16.7 Neutrino Masses 381 16.7.1 Neutrino oscillations 381 16.7.2 Dirac or Majorana neutrinos? 383 16.8 Difficulties with the IVB Theory 385 Problems 387 17 A Gauge Theory of Weak Interactions 389 17.1 QED Revisited 389 17.2 Global Phase Transformations and Conserved Weak Currents 391 17.3 The Gauge-Invariant Electroweak Interaction 395 17.4 Properties of the Gauge Bosons 399 17.5 Lepton and Gauge Boson Masses 401 18 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking 403 18.1 The Goldstone Model 404 18.2 The Higgs Model 408 18.3 The Standard Electroweak Theory 412 19 The Standard Electroweak Theory 419 19.1 The Lagrangian Density in the Unitary Gauge 420 19.2 Feynman Rules 424 19.3 Elastic Neutrino–Electron Scattering 432 19.4 Electron–Positron Annihilation 435 19.5 The Higgs Boson 442 19.5.1 Higgs boson decays 444 19.5.2 Higgs boson searches 446 Problems 448 Appendix A The Dirac Equation 451 A.1 The Dirac Equation 451 A.2 Contraction Identities 453 A.3 Traces 453 A.4 Plane Wave Solutions 455 A.5 Energy Projection Operators 456 A.6 Helicity and Spin Projection Operators 456 A.7 Relativistic Properties 458 A.8 Particular Representations of the -Matrices 460 Problems 462 Appendix B Feynman Rules and Formulae for Perturbation Theory 463 Index 473

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