Physical geography and topography Books

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisHidden between the ice and snow of Antarctica is a world unlike any other. In this closely observed account, leading marine ecologist James McClintock gives us an unprecedented look at the ravages of the polar environment. This is a highly original and distinctive look at a mysterious world before it disappears forever.Trade Review"McClintock offers a vivid portrait."-The Washington Post 'A veteran of the extreme south, McClintock shares the otherworldly wonders unveiled by decades of research. The book is packed with joys.'-Nature 'A close look at the life of a scientist in a strange wilderness for months at a time, and a revelatory exploration of the region's unique wildlife... McClintock is a determined, evenhanded guide.'-Smithsonian magazine 'A richly informative memoir from a veteran scientist who has devoted his career to Antarctica ... Entertaining natural history.'-Kirkus Reviews "With rare clarity, humor, high adventure and deep, sobering insight, gifted scientist-explorer-writer James McClintock shares decades of experience on, around and under the wildest ocean on Earth. Every person alive should read- and heed- this riveting account of the swift changes now sweeping Antarctica - and the world. If Indiana Jones were a marine biologist, he would aspire to be James McClintock." - Sylvia Earle, National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence and founder of Deep Search 'James B. McClintock's Lost Antarctica is a disturbing distress signal about the traumas and strains of the South Pole in the Age of Global Warming. McClintock is a marvelous writer with a keen eye for the natural world. His knowledge of polar science is exemplary. Highly recommended!'-Douglas Brinkley author of The Quiet World and The Wilderness Warrior "Lost Antarctica is a very original, readable, and authoritative introduction to a little known part of Earth's natural environment, and has increasing threat to its existence."- Edward O. Wilson "Lost Antarctica is an intimate tour of a rapidly changing continent, led by one of the scientists who knows it best. James McClintock has written an important and timely book"- Elizabeth Kolbert "James McClintock shares his deep love of Antarctica vividly in this colorful narrative. He issues a stark warning about the catastrophe facing this remarkable place - and our globe - from the twin dangers of climate change and ocean acidification. Lost Antarctica reminds us of the urgency of finding new energy systems that do not use our atmosphere or oceans as a waste dump." - Bill Gates "Jim McClintock takes us with him on an extraordinary field trip to Antarctica, the frigid part of the Garden of Eden. With superb descriptions of the ice and biosphere of the great white continent, he carefully documents how climate change is having a big impact on the penguins, seals and other sea creatures that inhabit the polar waters." - Henry Pollack, Ph.D., author of A World without IceTable of ContentsJourneys South It is All About the Ice Life Adrift: The Small Organisms Matter Antarctic Seafloor: An Oasis in the Desert Polar Acid Seas The March of the King Crabs Ghost Rookeries: The Decline of the Adelie Penguin Closing the Gap: Antarctica as a Global Solution

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Book Synopsis Current worldwide trends are not sustainable. The Club of Rome''s warnings published in the book Limits to Growth are still valid. Remedies that are acceptable for the great majority tend to make things worse. We seem to be in a philosophical crisis.  Pope Francis says it clearly: our common home is in deadly danger. Analyzing the philosophical crisis, the book comes to the conclusion that the world may need a new enlightenment; one that is not based solely on doctrine, but instead addresses a balance between humans and nature, as well as a balance between markets and the state, and the short versus long term. To do this we need to leave behind working in silos in favor of a more systemic approach that will require us to rethink the organization of science and education. However, we have to act now; the world cannot wait until 7.6 billion people have struggled to reach a new enlightenment.  This book is full of optimistic case studies and policy proposTrade Review“The new book is essential reading for all of us. … The book offers many positive, practical examples, success stories and opportunities. Many areas of action concern policies at EU level and are of direct relevance to the current policy debate, for example, a move towards a circular economy can help overcome mineral scarcity, significantly lower carbon emissions and increase the number of jobs or regenerative agriculture can stop soil erosion, enhance yields and build carbon in the soil.” (Rod Janssen, energyindemand.com, April, 2018)Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments Executive Summary Part One - C’mon! Don’t tell me the current trends are sustainable! 1.1 Introduction: The World in Disarray 1.2 Limits to Growth - how relevant was its message? 1.3 Planetary Boundaries 1.4 The Anthropocene 1.5 The Climate Challenge 1.6 Other disasters ahead 1.7 Unsustainable population growth – and urbanisation 1.8 Unsustainable agriculture and food system 1.9 Trade versus environment 1.10 The 2030 Agenda – the devil is in implementation 1.11 Do we like disruptions? The case of the digital revolution 1.12 From Empty World to Full World Part Two - C’mon! Don’t stick to outdated philosophies! 2.1 Laudato Sí: The Pope raises His voice 2.2 Change the Story, Change the Future 2.3 1991: „The First Global Revolution“ 2.4 Capitalism got arrogant 2.5 The failure of the market doctrine 2.6 Philosophical errors of the market doctrine 2.7 Reductionist philosophy is shallow and inadequate 2.8 Gaps between Theory, Education and Social Reality 2.9 Tolerance and long-term perspectives 2.10 We may need a New Enlightenment Part Three Come On! Join us on an exciting journey towards a sustainable world! 3.1 A regenerative economy 3.2 Development Alternatives 3.3 The Blue Economy 3.4 Decentralized energy 3.5 Some agricultural success stories 3.6 Regenerative urbanization: Ecopolis 3.7 Climate: Some good news, but bigger challenges 3.8 Circular economy requires a new economic logic 3.9 Five-fold resource productivity 3.10 Healthy disruption 3.11 Reform of the financial sector 3.12 Reform of the economic set-up 3.13 Benign investment 3.14 Measuring well-being rather than GDP 3.15 Civil Society, Social Capital and Collective Leadership 3.16 Global Governance 3.17 National level action: China and Bhutan 3.18 Education for a sustainable civilization Conclusion: We invite readers to ‘come on’IndexBlurbs

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Book SynopsisCastles were among the most dominant features of the medieval landscape and many remain impressive structures to the present day. This paperback edition of a book first published in hardback in 2002 is a fascinating and provocative study which looks at castles in a new light, using the theories and methods of landscape studies. For the first time castles are examined not as an isolated phenomenon, but in relation to their surrounding human as well as physical landscapes. Taking a thematic approach, the study examines a broad range of evidence - archaeological, documentary and topographical - to put castles back into the medieval landscape and assess their contribution to its evolution. Far more than simply a book about castles, this is a study of the impact of power and authority on the landscapeTrade Review'... a must-read, not just for castle buffs, but for anyone interested in the English medieval landscape' Landscape History 'The book is masterly, with a massing of details which holds your attention.' Current ArchaeologyTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Castles and Their Contexts; 3. Castle Siting and Distribution; 4. The Castle as Icon: Landscapes of Status and Symbolism; 5. The Castle as Estate Centre: Tenurial Landscapes; 6. Power, Patronage and Parish: Castles and Ecclesiastical Landscapes; 7. Castles and Urbanism; 8. Castles in the Countryside; 9. Overview; Glossary

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Book SynopsisThis open access book highlights the complexities around making adaptation decisions and building resilience in the face of climate risk. It is based on experiences in sub-Saharan Africa through the Future Climate For Africa (FCFA) applied research programme. It begins by dealing with underlying principles and structures designed to facilitate effective engagement about climate risk, including the robustness of information and the construction of knowledge through co-production. Chapters then move on to explore examples of using climate information to inform adaptation and resilience through early warning, river basin development, urban planning and rural livelihoods based in a variety of contexts. These insights inform new ways to promote action in policy and praxis through the blending of knowledge from multiple disciplines, including climate science that provides understanding of future climate risk and the social science of response through adaptation.The book will be of interest to advanced undergraduate students and postgraduate students, researchers, policy makers and practitioners in geography, environment, international development and related disciplines.Table of Contents‘These insights inform new ways to promote action in policy and praxis through the blending of knowledge from multiple disciplines, including climate science that provides understanding of future climate risk and the social science of response through adaptation.’

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Book SynopsisCommunity dependence on the wild habitats: A case study from Manipur, Indo-Burma Hotspot region.- A qualitative study on people's dependence on ecosystem services in Har-ki-Dun Valley, Uttarakhand, Garhwal Himalayas.- Impacts of land use changes in Indian Himalayas: A socio-economic and ecological perspective.- Interconnection between Agriculture and Livelihoods in Har-Ki-Dun Valley, Uttarakhand, Indian Himalaya.- Waste management Challenges and Potential Solutions in the Indian Himalayan Region.- Trade-Offs between Plant Conservation and Ecosystem Services Entail Intricate Socioecological System in Northeast India.-Biodiversity conservation as an optimistic approach to tackle the Climate  Change in the Indian Himalayan Region.- Where the wild things are: Identifying the factors behind and mitigation measures for biodiversity conservation crisis in Himalayas.- Cinchona plantation in the Eastern Himalayas and its potential in prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and other viral diseases.- A Comparative Analysis of Sustainable Development in Bhutan Himalaya & India Himalaya, from a Conservation Perspective.- Rights of Indigenous Peoples vis-a-vis Environmental Justice in the Himalayan Region.- Environmental Justice in the Himalayan Region.- Assessment of Ecosystem Service Reliance: A Case Study of Upper Valley of Kullu district, Himachal Pradesh.

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Book SynopsisThe soils are fundamental to our existence, delivering water and nutrients to plants, that feed us. But they are in many ways in danger and their conservation is therefore a most important focus for science, governments and society as a whole. A team of world recognised researchers have prepared this first English edition based on the 16th European edition. • The precursors and the processes of soil development • The physical, biological and chemical properties of soils • Nutrients and Pollutants • The various soil classifications with the main focus on the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) • The most important soils and soil landscapes of the world • Soil Evaluation Techniques • Basic Principles of Soil Conservation Whoever works with soils needs this book. Trade Review“Each chapter is well organized with numerous subsections discussing specific topics. The text is also well illustrated to clarify relationships for the soil functions discussed. … The textbook is suitable for teaching advanced students in soil science or allied curricula. It is also an excellent resource for professionals with backgrounds in engineering, biology, ecology, and agriculture. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals/practitioners.” (S. G. Shetron, Choice, Vol. 53 (10), June, 2016)

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Book SynopsisThe soils are fundamental to our existence, delivering water and nutrients to plants, that feed us. But they are in many ways in danger and their conservation is therefore a most important focus for science, governments and society as a whole. A team of world recognised researchers have prepared this first English edition based on the 16th European edition. • The precursors and the processes of soil development • The physical, biological and chemical properties of soils • Nutrients and Pollutants • The various soil classifications with the main focus on the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) • The most important soils and soil landscapes of the world • Soil Evaluation Techniques • Basic Principles of Soil Conservation Whoever works with soils needs this book. Trade Review“Each chapter is well organized with numerous subsections discussing specific topics. The text is also well illustrated to clarify relationships for the soil functions discussed. … The textbook is suitable for teaching advanced students in soil science or allied curricula. It is also an excellent resource for professionals with backgrounds in engineering, biology, ecology, and agriculture. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals/practitioners.” (S. G. Shetron, Choice, Vol. 53 (10), June, 2016)

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Book SynopsisThis highly practical handbook is an exhaustive treatment of eddy covariance measurement that will be of keen interest to scientists who are not necessarily specialists in micrometeorology. The chapters cover measuring fluxes using eddy covariance technique, from the tower installation and system dimensioning to data collection, correction and analysis.With a state-of-the-art perspective, the authors examine the latest techniques and address the most up-to-date methods for data processing and quality control. The chapters provide answers to data treatment problems including data filtering, footprint analysis, data gap filling, uncertainty evaluation, and flux separation, among others. The authors cover the application of measurement techniques in different ecosystems such as forest, crops, grassland, wetland, lakes and rivers, and urban areas, highlighting peculiarities, specific practices and methods to be considered. The book also covers what to do when you have all your data, summarizing the objectives of a database as well as using case studies of the CarboEurope and FLUXNET databases to demonstrate the way they should be maintained and managed. Policies for data use, exchange and publication are also discussed and proposed.This one compendium is a valuable source of information on eddy covariance measurement that allows readers to make rational and relevant choices in positioning, dimensioning, installing and maintaining an eddy covariance site; collecting, treating, correcting and analyzing eddy covariance data; and scaling up eddy flux measurements to annual scale and evaluating their uncertainty.Table of ContentsPrefaceChapter 1 : The eddy covariance method1.1 History1.2 Preliminaries1.3. One point conservation equations1.4 Integrated relations1.5 Spectral analysisChapter 2 : Measurement set-up2.1 Introduction2.2 Tower considerations2.3 Sonic Anemometer2.4 Eddy CO2 / H2O analyzer2.5 Profile measurementChapter 3 : Data Acquisition and Flux Calculations3.1 Data Transfer and Acquisition3.2 Flux calculation from raw data3.3 Flux DeterminationChapter 4 : Corrections and data quality control4.1. Flux data correction4.2. Effect of the unclosed energy balance4.3 Data quality analysis4.4. Accuracy of turbulent fluxes after correction and quality control4.5 Overview of available correction softwareChapter 5 : Night time Flux correction5.1 Introduction5.2 Is this problem really important?5.3. How to implement the filtering procedure ?5.4 Correction proceduresChapter 6: Data gap filling6.1 Introduction6.2 Gap-filling: why and when is it needed?6.3 Gap-filling methods6.4 Uncertainty and quality flags6.5 Final remarksChapter 7: Uncertainty quantification7.1 Introduction7.2 Random errors in flux measurements7.3 Systematic errors in flux measurements7.4 Closing ecosystem carbon budgetsConclusionChapter 8 : Footprint analysis8.1 Concept of footprint8.2 Footprint models for atmospheric boundary layer8.3 Footprint models for high vegetation8.4 Complicated landscapes and inhomogeneous canopies8.5 Quality assessment using footprint models8.6 Validation of footprint modelsChapter 9: Partitioning of net fluxes9.1 Motivation9.2 Definitions9.3 Standard methods9.4 Additional considerations and new approaches9.5 RecommendationsChapter 10 : Disjunct eddy covariance method10.1 Introduction10.2 Theory10.3 Practical applications of DEC10.4 DEC in spectral space10.5 Uncertainty due to DEC10.6 On the history of the DEC approachChapter 11: Eddy covariance measurements over forests11.1 Introduction11.2 Flux computation, selection and dependence11.3 Additional measurements11.4 Impact of ecosystem management and manipulationChapter 12: Eddy covariance measurements over crops12.1 Introduction12.2 Measurement system12.3 Flux calculation12.4 Flux corrections12.5. Data gap filling and footprint evaluation12.6. Cumulated carbon exchange12.7. Additional measurements12.8. Future experimentationsChapter 13: Eddy covariance measurements over grasslands13.1 Historic overview of grassland EC flux measurements13.2 Peculiarities of eddy covariance flux measurements over grasslands13.3 Estimating grassland carbon sequestration from flux measurements13. 4 Additional measurements13.5 Other green house gasesChapter 14: Eddy covariance measurements over wetlands14.1 Introduction14.2 Historic overview14.3 Ecosystem-specific considerations14.4 Complementary measurements14.5 EC measurements in the wintertime14.6 Carbon balances and climate effects14.7 Concluding remarksChapter 15: Eddy covariance measurements over lakes15.1. Introduction15.2. Existing studies15.3. Surface-specific siting problemsChapter 16: Eddy covariance measurements over urban areas16.1 Introduction16.2 Conceptual framework for urban EC measurements16.3 Challenges in the siting of urban EC stations16.4 Implications of the peculiarities of the urban boundary layer on EC measurements16.5 Summary and conclusionsChapter 17: Database maintenance, data sharing policy, collaboration17.1 Data Management17.2 Data Practices17.3 Data User Services17.4 Data Sharing and Policy of UsesSymbol IndexSubject Index

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Book SynopsisThe Companion Encyclopedia of Geography provides an authoritative and provocative source of reference for all those concerned with the earth and its people. Examining both physical and human geography and charting human activities within their habitat up to the present day, this Companion also asks what lies in the future:* A differentiated world* A world transformed by the growth of a global economy* The global scale of habitat modification* A world of questions* Changing worlds, changing geographies* Geographical futures.The forty-five self contained chapters are bound into a unifying whole by the editors'' general and part introductions; each chapter provides details of the most useful sources of further reading and research, and the volume is concluded with a comprehensive index. This is an invaluable resource not only for students, teachers and researchers in the academic domain but also professionals in interested commercial and pTable of ContentsGeneral Introduction PART I: A DIFFERENTIATED WORLD Introduction 1 Planet Earth 2 The ever-changing climate 3 The biosphere 4 Human evolution 5 The geography of language 6 Religion: nature and origins 7 The modification of the earth by humans in pre-industrial times PART II: A WORLD TRANSFORMED BY THE GROWTH OF A GLOBAL ECONOMY Introduction 8 European settlement, 1450–1750 9 European expansion and land cover transformation 10 The origins of the capitalist world economy 11 Industrialization and world agriculture 12 Changes in global demography 13 Origins of modern environmentalism 14 The saviour city: beneficial effects of urbanization in England and Wales 15 From a ‘cultural’ world to a ‘political’ one PART III: THE GLOBAL SCALE OF HABITAT MODIFICATION Introduction 16 Unity and division in global political geography 17 The geography of conflicts and the prospects for peace 18 A new ‘geo-economy’: patterns, processes, problems 19 Third World urbanization 20 From riches to rags: the international debt crisis 21 Monitoring, modelling and mothering the environment: the impact of science and technology since the Second World War 22 Environmentalism on the move PART IV: A WORLD OF QUESTIONS Introduction 23 Climatic variation and global change 24 Ocean uses, environment and management 25 Water: confronting the critical dilemma 26 Surface instability and human modification in geomorphic systems 27 The tropical rain forest 28 Humanity’s resources 29 Environmental hazards 30 The sustainability of sustenance: land and agricultural production in the Third World 31 Famines and surplus in world food production 32 The nature of Third World cities 33 Western cities and their problems 34 Changing countrysides 35 The quality of life: human welfare and social justice PART V: CHANGING WORLDS, CHANGING GEOGRAPHIES Introduction 36 The expansion and fragmentation of geography in higher education 37 Achievements of spatial science 38 Geography and humanism in the late twentieth century 39 Structural themes in geographical discourse 40 Challenging the boundaries: survival and change in a gendered World 41 Place PART VI: GEOGRAPHICAL FUTURES 42 Concern for geography: a case for equal emphasis of the geographical traditions 43 Home and world, cosmopolitanism and ethnicity: key concepts in contemporary human geography 44 Palaeoenvironmental narrative and scenario science 45 Geographical futures: some personal speculations

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Book SynopsisThe Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) is the next-generation multispectral imaging instrument to fly on US operational, polar-orbiting meteorological satellites. VIIRS will gather data across 22 spectral bands and be used to create products for a variety of applications including weather forecasting and climate change studies. VIIRS consolidates the best features of heritage instruments, including near-constant resolution and nighttime visible imagery. Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite: A New Operational Cloud Imager provides the first comprehensive guide on the design and exploitation of cloud data collected by the VIIRS.Expert researchers Hutchison and Cracknell discuss the fundamental principles necessary to interpret surface and cloud features in multispectral meteorological satellite imagery. They begin by tracing the evolution of satellite meteorology and detailing previous instruments on which VIIRS is based. Next, they examine tTable of ContentsIntroduction. Meteorological Satellite Systems. VIIRS Imagery Design Analysis. VIIRS Imagery Requirements Analysis. Principles in Image Interpretation. Multicolor Composites of Multispectral Imagery. Case Studies in the Use of Multicolor Composites for Scene Interpretation. Automated 3-D Cloud Analyses from NPOESS. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe book Maintenance Engineering and Management deals with the management principles and practices that govern the maintenance function apart from the engineering techniques. It gives the maintenance engineer the latest developments in maintenance engineering techniques like wear debris analysis, preventive maintenance and condition monitoring as well as management concepts like reliability based maintenance, logical fault location and lean maintenance.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Principles of Maintenance Planning. Categories of Maintenance. Reliability and Machine Availability. Preventive Maintenance. Condition Monitoring. Logical Fault Location. Wear Debris Analysis. Reliability Based Maintenance. Lubrication. Cutting Fluids. Maintenance Costs. Failure Modes and Effects Analysis. Lean Maintenance. Spare Part Inventory Control. Scientific Inventory Management. Total Productive Maintenance. System Approach to Management Theory. Organisation for Maintenance. Equipment Record. Work Order Systems. Computerized Maintenance Management System. Replacement of Machinery and Equipment. Environmental Issues. Industrial Safety. Job Hazard Analysis.

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Book SynopsisThe second edition of Bruce Gervais' Living Physical Geography offers a fresh approach to the study of physical geography, combining print and digital media to create a scientifically substantive work that is written for students. Living Physical Geography focuses on human-physical geography interactions, using pedagogical features in the textbook.Each of the four major parts in Living Physical Geography focuses on energy flows within Earth's physical systems. Additionally, landscape analysis underpins the body of the text. Step-by-step examples are used to illustrate how landforms and systems develop, evolve, and change through time.  The new edition of Living Physical Geography  is now supported in Achieve, Macmillan's new online learning platform. Achieve is the culmination of years of development work put toward creating the most powerful online learning tool for Geography students. It houses all of

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Book SynopsisDiscover the existential threats facing 50 unique places across the globe and the possible solutions that may save them from vanishing forever.Learn more about endangered places across all seven continents, from natural wonders like the rainforests of Borneo and the Great Barrier Reef to cultural icons like the Giza pyramids and New York City.Begin by understanding the background of each place, including key characteristics, history, and ecological or cultural significance, before going on to explore the problems that threaten the site. From rising sea levels and droughts to unchecked tourism, war, and civil unrest and in many cases a combination of factors readers will understand the complex and nuanced challenges facing these places. Each profile also includes a section on possible solutions. In some cases, these measures and programs are already being implemented, while in others individuals and governments will need to act quickly before it's too late. C

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Book SynopsisComputer Modeling Applications for Environmental Engineers in its second edition incorporates changes and introduces new concepts using Visual Basic.NET, a programming language chosen for its ease of comprehensive usage. This book offers a complete understanding of the basic principles of environmental engineering and integrates new sections that address Noise Pollution and Abatement and municipal solid-waste problem solving, financing of waste facilities, and the engineering of treatment methods that address sanitary landfill, biochemical processes, and combustion and energy recovery. Its practical approach serves to aid in the teaching of environmental engineering unit operations and processes design and demonstrates effective problem-solving practices that facilitate self-teaching. A vital reference for students and professional sanitary and environmental engineers this work also serves as a stand-alone problem-solving text with well-defined, real-work examples aTrade Review"… written in a down-to-earth engineering style for a wide audience and bookworms. The volume helps in the design, treatment and control of water and air pollution by using mathematical equations, measured relationships and software applications that help programming water and groundwater sources and process design techniques to control gaseous contaminants and radiation harms. Equally, the scientific content of the book has a very great rank as it is linked to computer applications. Surely, it appeals to technical readers, students, engineers, consultants, environmental and health doctors, civilians, industrialists, technologists, agriculturalists, urban planners, consulting companies and policy makers, as well as a wide range of general readers."—Dr. Eng. Elham Munir Baddour, University of Tishreen and University of Aleppo, Syria"An introduction to Visual Basic.NET programming with examples from several environmental domains, including water resources management, air quality modelling and solid waste management. Suitable for freshmen, as it follows a step-by-step approach, it is especially suited for environmental engineering students with very little programming experience who want to do their first steps with Visual Basic." —I.N. Athanasiadis, Wageningen University, Netherlands"Computer Modeling Applications for Environmental Engineers is one of the greatest books that helped many students, researchers, and engineers alike to manage the ever-growing environmental data. The book institutes a step by step guide to solving different environmental problems using normal and modelling approaches. In addition to normal chapters in the first edition, the Second Edition added two new valuable chapters on municipal solid waste collection, segregation, treatment, reuse, recycle and final disposal together with noise pollution aspects and control. This is one of the most enticing books that addresses both practical problems and a computer program solution to solve it. The book will essentially help students, engineers and application developers in most environmental and engineering trends. I personally recommend this book if you are a student, engineer or a researcher in the environmental sector."—Dr. Faris Gorashi Faris, International Technical College at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"This complementary guide and superlative new source is a must read for today's graduate and undergraduate students as well as professionals working in environmental sciences." — Ismail Anil, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"Computer Modeling Applications for Environmental Engineers delivers an interesting ‘manual’ on Visual Basic (VB) coding for the engineering students, educators and practicing engineers. Starting with the introduction to the computer programming concept, then authors provide extensive code samples that applies in water properties, water resources, water and waste water treatment system, solid waste, air pollution and noise pollution. The codes are well written and easy to follow even for a beginner. At the end of each chapter, the practical problems require reader to do a computer code that is very useful and challenging. The samples given in the book can also be used as a basis for the readers to develop their own computer code." —Jazuri Abdullah, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Selangor, MalaysiaTable of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. List of Computer Programs. Appendix Contents. Preface. Authors. List of Symbols and Abbreviations. Chapter 1 Programming Concepts. Chapter 2 Computer Modeling Applications for Water and Wastewater Properties. Chapter 3 Computer Modeling Applications for Water Resources, Usage, Groundwater and Water Storage and Distribution. Chapter 4 Computer Modeling Applications for Water Treatment. Chapter 5 Computer Modeling Applications for Wastewater Collection System and Treatment Technology and Disposal. Chapter 6 Computer Modeling Applications for Municipal Solid Waste Classification, Quantities, Properties, Collection, Processing, Material Separation, and Cost Estimates. Chapter 7 Computer Modeling Applications for Air Pollution Control Technology. Chapter 8 Computer Modeling Applications for Noise Pollution and Abatement. Appendices. Index.

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Book Synopsis“Lakes is my favorite kind of natural history: meticulously researched, timely, comprehensive, and written with imagination and verve.”—Jerry Dennis, author of The Living Great Lakes Lakes might be the most misunderstood bodies of water on earth. And while they may seem commonplace, without lakes our world would never be the same. In this revealing look at these lifegiving treasures, John Richard Saylor shows us just how deep our connection to still waters run. Lakes is an illuminating tour through the most fascinating lakes around the world. Whether it’s Lake Vostok, located more than two miles beneath the surface of Antarctica, whose water was last exposed to the atmosphere perhaps a million years ago; Lake Baikal in southern Siberia, the world’s deepest and oldest lake formed by a rift in the earth’s crust; or Lake Nyos, the so-called Killer Lake that exploded in 1986, resulting in hundreds of deaths, Saylor reveals to us the wonder that exists in lakes found throughout the world. Along the way we learn all the many forms that lakes take—how they come to be and how they feed and support ecosystems—and what happens when lakes vanish.

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Book Synopsis'Extraordinary... A fascinating and intelligent book.' Sunday TimesNew islands are being built at an unprecedented rate whether for tourism or territorial ambition, while many islands are disappearing or fragmenting because of rising sea levels. It is a strange planetary spectacle, creating an ever-changing map which even Google Earth struggles to keep pace with. In The Age of Islands, explorer and geographer Alastair Bonnett takes the reader on a compelling and thought-provoking tour of the world's newest, most fragile and beautiful islands and reveals what, he argues, is one of the great dramas of our time.From a 'crannog', an ancient artificial island in a Scottish loch, to the militarized artificial islands China is building in the South China Sea; from the disappearing islands that remain the home of native Central Americans to the ritzy new islands of Dubai; from Hong Kong and the Isles of Scilly to islands far away and near: all have urgent stories to tell.Trade ReviewExtraordinary... Bonnett writes with an acerbic charm... A fascinating and intelligent book. It brings geography to life in a way that felt-tip drawings of Dutch polders never could. * Sunday Times *Fascinating... Man-made territories provide the most interesting moments in Alastair Bonnett's tour of our planet's many islands. * Daily Mail *A knowledgeable world tour of different types of islands, much enhanced by self-deprecating accounts of his own often shoestring visits... Bonnett expertly covers the different kinds of islands... and rightly points out the ecological consequences of human building projects worldwide. -- James Hamilton-Paterson * Literary Review *A beguiling, fact-filled account of the world's headlong dash to build artificial islands. * TLS *As well as being a love letter from a geographer to his subject, it serves as a whistle-stop tour of a world in flux and crisis. * Newcastle Evening Chronicle *In The Age of Islands, Alastair Bonnett combines a deep knowledge of history and contemporary geopolitics with a seasoned travel writer's eye for the telling detail, as he gives us a tour of our terrifying but often beautiful new world. -- Joshua Keating, author of Invisible Countries: Journeys to the Edge of NationhoodAlastair Bonnett's reporting of islands new and ancient: from trash islands to military islands to brand-new, environment-trashing 'ultra-star' islands to approaching-extinction islands is a well-researched and open-handed cautionary tale for our times. -- Dan Boothby, author of Island of Dreams: A Personal History of a Remarkable PlaceAn ambitious journey by wing, sail, rubber and road to find the lost, emerging, off-limits and artificial islands of our fast-changing world. Once again, Bonnett respectfully drags geography back to its roots. -- Brad Garrett, author of Bunker: Building for the End TimesSheer vulnerability and bold architecture live cheek by jowl in this Age of Islands. If islands did not exist, we would have to invent them. And now we do. This book helps us understand how and why. -- Godfrey Baldacchino, University of Malta; President, International Small Islands Studies Association (ISISA)A great primer on the concept of islands in the modern age. . . . Engagingly written. * Library Journal *Table of Contents0: Introduction Part One: Rising 1: Why We Build Islands 2: Flevopolder, The Netherlands 3: The World, Dubai 4: Chek Lap Kok, Airport Island, Hong Kong 5: Fiery Cross Reef, South China Sea 6: Phoenix Island, China 7: Ocean Reef, Panama 8: Natural, Overlooked and Accidental: Other New Islands 9: Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai, Tonga 10: The Accidental Islands of Pebble Lake, Hungary 11: Trash Islands Part Two: Disappearing 12: Disappearing Islands 13: The San Blas Islands of Guna Yala, Panama 14: Tongatapu and Fafa, Tonga 15: The Isles of Scilly, UK Part Three: Future 16: Future Islands 17: Seasteading 18: Dogger Bank Power Link Island, North Sea 19: East Lantau Metropolis, Hong Kong 20: Not an Ending

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Book SynopsisMany traditional approaches to rural land management are strictly sectoral, with a rigid introspective focus. Consequently the impact of silo-driven change on other land users they can often be overlooked or not appreciated. This book critically reviews why there has yet to be a clear route to upland resource management and provides insight and options for integrated transdisciplinary land management solutions for rural areas, specifically uplands. It considers the problem in order to derive appropriate solutions enhanced by a number of in-depth case studies by resource management professionals and the use of many examples of contemporary good practice from different uplands, organisations, projects and programmes.The overarching approach of the book is to provide a tool kit for those individuals, groups or organisations looking to manage the upland resource for the benefit of all. Readers are provided with a range of practical options to develop their own solutions. The book is written in such a way that readers can dip in and out of sections to plug knowledge gaps or read in its entirety for those experiencing a first foray into the complexities of upland resource management.Increasingly, rural areas are becoming recognised as a wider resource beyond traditional food, fibre and water, leading to inevitable management tensions. Goal setting, vision and strategy development, management planning, aims, objectives and prescription (actions) are considered and some of the new agendas for resource use in uplands which may be worth consideration for individual projects are explored. This comprehensive book deals with the implementation, advantages and disadvantages of a range of traditional and contemporary resource management approaches which are then expanded upon by a range of resource management professionals based on their own experiences. These case studies demonstrate the development of more effective projects and the book concludes by considering how work can be monitored and evaluated before ideas are synthesised for best practice.Trade Review'...this is a competent and thorough contribution, demostrating extensive knowledge and diligent research. It should serve as a standard reference of rural planning and economics, agriculture, human geography etc. It is also relevant to specialists within government departments, local authorities, national park administrations, environmental charities, environmental consultancies, land and forestry agents and larger rural estate offices...' Scottish Forestry, the RSFS journal​ -------------------- `A wonderfully comprehensive and insightful exploration of the multiplicity of issues affecting the uplands. The focus boxes are really good'. John Clarkson, Senior Lecturer Wildlife Conservation, Nottingham Trent University -------------------- `...we need more and better livelihoods in the uplands - Lois Mansfield's new book shows, with some much needed intellectual rigour, how this can be achieved. There's a nice set of tables...giving a pick-and-mix menu for upland resource management which is well worth thumbing through'. Alan Spedding, RuSource the rural information network and Royal Agricultural Society of England Members' Agri-Bulletin -------------------- `...an invaluable blueprint for the future. ...a narrative, interspersed with diagrams, coloured charts, tables, lists of all kinds to which you can refer for evidence and information. The results of an immense amount of research are summarised and acknowledged. Most interesting are the large sections of case studies of `working with people', and `working with territories'. ...this most complete reference book for the professionals, the scientist, the academic, or the amateur upland enthusiast. It's a one-book degree-course - highly recommended'. George Macpherson, Consultant Editor to Appropriate Technology MagazineTable of ContentsUpland resource management: why has it failed?; The character of traditional upland resource use; Setting goals for uplands; Resource appraisal techniques; Approaches to resource management; Case studies: working with people; Case studies: working with territories; Monitoring and evaluation; Upland resource management: new agendas; Glossary; References; Index

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Book Synopsis"Geomorphology for Engineers" presents a worldwide view of geomorphology for engineers and other professionals on the near-surface engineering problems associated with the various landscapes. This new and completely revised edition has additional chapters with an improved format and is broadly divided into three parts. Although geomorphological landforms and processes exert a strong influence on surface engineering works, comparatively little systematic information on geomorphology is available to engineers - until now! The first part is concerned with the major factors which control the materials, form and processes on the Earth's surfaces. The second part deals with the geomorphological processes which help shape land surfaces and influence their engineering characteristics and the final part covers environments and landscapes, including some specialist chapters. Each chapter is written by leading authorities on the subject and is both self-contained and referenced with other chapters as appropriate to make a balanced whole.Trade Review'Both engineers and geologists have very important roles, and both need to be aware of the impact that geomorphology has on their subject area. This volume goes a long way to fulfilling this requirement. ... the editorial team provides both broad and comprehensive knowledge of the subject area presented in this book, witnessed by the high calibre of chapter authors who come from all parts of the geo-world. ... it may seem an expensive volume, but considering the depth, coverage and detail contained within the volume, this must be considered excellent value for money. It is a must for all professionals in the geo-world, and the editors should be applauded for the book's comprehensive nature and clarity of presentation. And it is a must-have for any libraries who are serious in supporting any geo-professional, be they in working companies or in research institutions.' to be published in Geology Today 'This book will find its place on the close-in bookshelf of many geologists, engineers and physical geographers. Not as a text, but as a ready first reference to the myriad of ideas, formulas, and challenges of the emerging discipline of engineering geomorphology.' GeomorphologyTable of ContentsIntroduction. Part 1 - Geomorphological Controls: Climate and weathering; Sedimentology; Tectonics; Stratigraphy; The Quaternary; Engineering soils; Part II - Geomorphological Processes: Landslips; Neotectonics; Rivers; Soil erosion; Subsidence; Part III - Environments and landscapes: Glacial environments; Periglacial environments; Temperate environments; Hot drylands; Savanna; Hot wetlands; Mountains and highlands; Estuarine environments; Coasts: environments and landforms; Continental shelves; Volcanic landscapes; Soluble rock landscapes; Loess landscape; Chalk landscape; Urban geomorphology. Glossary. Appendices.

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Book SynopsisGeography science aims to observe the dynamics in describing earth's surface as a place and space for humans to carry out their lives, starting from simple identification using recording and sketching models, then utilizing tools such as maps, satellite imagery, statistics and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). In the development of geography science, it is appropriate to explain phenomena of the earth in the present context along with the process of developing science and technology using suitable and effective methods. Physical geography is the branch of natural science that deals with the study of processes and patterns in the natural environment such as the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. This book covers the methodology of the study for all aspects of physical geography, biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere. A comprehensive geography textbook consists of a detailed research methodology for physical geography research including a few selected case studies in Asia. The uniqueness of this book is due to the contribution of several professors and subject experts from South East and East Asia with special particular reference to cases studies from a particular region. This book covered selected methodological approaches for hydrology, climatology and geomorphology including the discovery of the best method for exploring and assessing mysterious physical phenomena using a diversity of methodologies. This book explains the principal concept, basic method, optional method, detailed description of each method, and the advantages and disadvantages of the various methods. The technique of data selection, data acquisition, method of analysis, data interpretation and data analysis techniques with a specific focus on deterministic modeling, geography techniques, geospatial modeling with Geographic Information System (GIS), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and Automated machine techniques and combination of statistical analysis. This book attempts to explore different approaches, methodological possibilities and challenges in conducting geographical research in physical geography. New digital geographic data sources and GIS applications can help researchers to receive clearer concepts and obtain better measurements of the relevant attributes changes in the physical environment. Opportunity to critically examine the conceptualization and identification of the field in geographical research and how digital media has not only expanded the scope of what constitutes the field but has redefined the field in itself as well as the practices of observing, knowing, and analyzing the real world.Table of Contents1. Epistemology of Geography2. The Methodological Approaches In Physical Geography3. Research Methods and Techniques in Physical Geography4. Digital geography and its methods5. A Methodological Discourse of Urban River Restoration6. Methods and Approaches of Flood Susceptibility Assessment and Mapping7. Automated in situ Water Quality Monitoring – Characterizing System Dynamics in Urban-Impacted and Natural Environments8.The Application of a Data-Driven Method for Spatial Analysis and Prediction of Gully Erosion Susceptibility9. Site Selection Method in Freshwater Aquaculture Using the Geographic Information System (GIS) And Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)10. The Methodological Approach of Assessing Urban Vertical Expansion Using Satellite Remote Sensing Techniques

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Book SynopsisDas Eiszeitalter ist eine Zeit extremer Klimaschwankungen, die bis heute nicht beendet sind. Zeitweilig bedeckten gewaltige Inlandeismassen große Teile der Nordkontinente. Zu anderen Zeiten war die Sahara grün und von Menschen besiedelt, und der Tschadsee war so groß wie die Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Was sich im Eiszeitalter abgespielt hat, kann nur aus Spuren rekonstruiert werden, die im Boden zurückgeblieben sind. Die Eiszeit hat andere Schichten hinterlassen als andere Erdzeitalter. Dieses Buch beschreibt die Prozesse, unter denen sie gebildet worden sind und die Methoden, mit denen man sie untersuchen kann. Die Arbeit des Geowissenschaftlers gleicht der eines Detektivs, der aus Indizien den Ablauf des Geschehens rekonstruieren muss. Und diese Tätigkeit ist genauso spanned wie die eines Detektivs. Von den in diesem Buch vorgestellten Untersuchungsergebnissen werden einige hier zum ersten Mal veröffentlicht. Das Eiszeitalter ist auch der Zeitabschnitt, in dem der Mensch in die Gestaltung der Erde eingreift. Welche Veränderungen das mit sich bringt, kann jeder selbst verfolgen. Alle relevanten Daten sind frei verfügbar; dieses Buch beschreibt, wie man sie erhält. Dr. Jürgen Ehlers arbeitet seit 1978 als Quartärgeologe für das Geologische Landesamt Hamburg, wo er für die Geologische Landesaufnahme zuständig ist. Er hat darüber hinaus Forschungsprojekte im In- und Ausland durchgeführt. Zusammen mit Prof. Philip L. Gibbard, Cambridge, hat er für die International Union for Quaternary Research das Projekt ‚Extent and Chronology of Quaternary Glaciations‘ durchgeführt. Er gilt als einer der hervorragendsten deutschen Kenner der Eiszeitgeologie. Er ist Autor mehrerer Bücher über das Quartär (Enke und Wiley) und die Nordsee (WBG) und auch als Autor von Kriminalgeschichten bekannt geworden.Table of Contents1 Einführung: Am Anfang war die Sintflut / Präkambrium, Ordovizium, Permokarbon - die Eiszeiten der Erdgeschichte / Kasten: Eiszeit in der Wüste - Gletscherspuren in Libyen 2 Der Ablauf des Eiszeitalters: Günz, Mindel, Riss, Würm - gilt die Gliederung noch? / Milankovich und die Folgen / Spuren in der Tiefsee / Die Klimakurve / Die Schichtenfolge auf dem Festland hat viele Lücken / Wann begann das Quartär?3 Eis und Wasser: Heutige Gletscher - vom Kargletscher bis zum Inlandeis / Kasten: Verformbarer Untergrund, Schlagartige Vereisung? / Entstehung der Gletscher / Wie bewegt sich ein Gletscher? / Schmelzwasser4 Grundmoränen und Endmoränen - die Spuren der Gletscher: Die Grundmoräne – eine bunte Mischung? / Ferntransport – Nahtransport / Ablagerung von Moränenmaterial / Viele Untersuchungsmöglichkeiten – aber wie unabhängig sind die Ergebnisse? / Die Dynamik der Eisschilde5 Von der Gletschermühle bis zum Urstromtal: Abflussverhalten heutiger Gletscherflüsse / Spuren pleistozäner Schmelzwassertätigkeit / Fjorde, Rinnen, Oser / Sanderflächen und Schotterterrassen / Urstromtäler6 Karten - wo sind wir denn hier eigentlich?: Karten und Satellitenbilder - Basisdaten für die Eiszeitforschung / Projektionen und Ellipsoide - der Teufel steckt im Detail7 Wie weit reichten die Gletscher?: Europa - wie weit reichte das Eis? / Barents-See - die Entdeckung eines Eisschildes / Asien - das Rätsel von Tibet / Nordamerika - die Eiszeiten werden älter / Südamerika - Vulkane und Gletscher / Afrika, Australien, Ozeanien - wo gab es Gletscher? Und wann? / Antarktis - Ewiges Eis? / Versuch eines Überblicks8 Eis im Boden - die Formung der Periglazialgebiete: Heutiger Dauerfrostboden / Periglazialbildungen / Verwitterung und Einebnung / Blockgletscher - Gletscher (fast) ohne Eis / Verwürgungen und Bodenfließen / Frostspalten und Eiskeile / Pingos, Palsas und andere Frostbeulen9 Nilpferde an der Themse - die Geschichte der Warmzeiten: Vegetationsentwicklung / Entwicklung der Fauna / Verwitterung und Bodenbildung10 Ablauf der Enteisung: Eiszerfall / Nach dem Eis die Sintflut - Lake Missoula und andere Eisstauseen / Die Entstehung der Sölle / Gletscherschrammen und andere Spuren der letzten Eisbewegung11 Wind, Sand und Steine - die äolischen Prozesse: Dünen, Flugsand, Löß / Wasser in der Wüste - die Verschiebung der Klimazonen / Veränderungen des Regenwaldes / Spuren des Periglazialklimas 12 Was geschah mit den Flüssen?: Terrassen, Trockentäler, Deltas - fluviale Vorgänge / Der Rhein - beeinflusst von alpinem und nordischem Eis / Die Elbe floss zur Ostsee / Die sibirischen Flüsse und der größte See der Erde13 Nord- und Ostsee - die Geschichte der Randmeere: Die Entwicklung der Nordsee / Die Entstehung der Nordsee / Die Entstehung der Küstenbarriere mit den Inseln / Vom Eisstausee zum Randmeer - die Entwicklung der Ostsee14 Der Mensch greift ein: Ausbreitung der Menschen / Neanderthaler / Postglaziale Entwicklung15 Klimarekonstruktionen und Modelle: Vergletscherungsmodelle / Modelle der Meereskunde / Klimamodelle16 Literatur; Index

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Book SynopsisWith its unique approach, Visualizing Physical Geography 2nd Edition captures the reader''s attention and demonstrates why physical geography is relevant to them. It relies heavily on the integration of National Geographic and other visuals with narrative to explore key concepts. New emphasis is placed on environmental issues, such as climate change, overpopulation and deforestation, from a geographical perspective. Readers will appreciate this approach because it vividly illustrates the interconnectedness of physical processes that weave together to create our planet''s dynamic surface and atmosphere.Table of ContentsPreface 1 Discovering the Earth's Dimensions 2 The Earth's Global Energy Balance 3 Air Temperature 4 Atmospheric Moisture and Precipitation 5 Global Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation 6 Weather Systems 7 Global Climates and Climate Change 8 Earth from the Inside Out 9 Plate Tectonics, Earthquakes, and Volcanoes 10 Weathering and Mass Wasting 11 Fresh Water of the Continents 12 Landforms Made by Running Water 13 Landforms Made by Wind and Waves 14 Glacial and Periglacial Landforms 15 Global Soils 16 Biogeographic Processes 17 Global Biogeography Appendix: Answers to Self-Tests Glossary References Text, Table and Line Art Credits Photo Credits Index

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Book SynopsisThis text uses stratigraphy, geomorphology and hydrology to explain the distribution and development of soil on a landscape. The approach is three-dimensional, considering the surface geology, geomorphology and hydrology and their combined influence on soil properties and distribution.Table of ContentsStratigraphy. Textural Characteristics of Soil Materials. Fluvial Systems. Hillslope Sediments. Transitional Environments and Terrigenous Marine ShelfSediments. Volcanic Materials. Saprolite. Geomorphology. How Landscapes Evolve. Rates of Denudation. Streams. Hillslope Processes and Mass Movement. Time and Soil Formation. Hydrology. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe purpose of this book is to demonstrate that the land-based geomorphological evidence of environmental change from late Pleistocene, Holocene, historical and contemporary time periods remain central to the understanding of environmental change both at the global and regional scale.Trade Review"...a useful introduction to the topic..." (Aslib Book Guide, August 2000) "...an excellent source of information...gives an excellent insight into the ways in which human activity can affect the geomorphic process..." (Civil Engineering Surveyor, January 2001) "...the book is a well written demonstration that modern geomorphology has indeed a high potential to contribute to the study of global environmental change..." (Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie) "...There is plenty here to stimulate thought..." (The Geographical Journal, March 2002)Table of ContentsList of Contributors Preface and Acknowledgements Section A Introduction 1. Global Environmental Change: The Global Agenda (by Olav Slaymaker) Section B Tectonics, Sea Level and Climate Forcing Introduction 2. Glacial Landforms in Taiwan and a Reinterpretation of the Last Glacial Snowline Depression (by Margot Böse) 3. The Effects of Relative Sea Level Changes on the Coastal Morphology of Southern Apulia (Italy) during the Holocene (by Michela Dini, Giuseppe Mastronuzzi and Paolo Sansò) 4. Estimating Pleistocene Tectonic Uplift Rates in the Southeastern Apennines (Italy) from Erosional Land Surfaces and Marine Terraces (by Annalisa Amato) Section C Regional Hydrologic and Lacustrine Impacts of Global Environmental Change Introduction 5. Slope-Channel Linkage as a Control on Geomorphic Sensitivity in Alpine Basins, Cascade Mountains, British Columbia (by Martin Evans) 6. A Holocene Debris-Flow Chronology for an Alpine Catchment, Colorado Front Range (by Brian Menounos) 7. Holocene Paleoenvironments in Central Spain Reconstructed by Sedimentological Investigation of Playa Lake Systems (by Brigitta Schütt) 8. Rainfall Increase, Land Use and Morphodynamic Changes in Northwestern Argentina as Indicators of the Effects of Future Climatic Changes (by J.M. Sayago and M. Toledo) 9. Some Considerations Regarding Climatic Change and Specific Erosion in Central Italy (by Walter Dragoni and Daniela Valigi) Section D Human Activity and Global Environmental Change Introduction 10. Sensitivity of Fluvial Systems to Climate Change and Human Impact: A Case Study from Central Europe (by Monika Igl, Roland Mäusbacher, Heike Schneider and Jussi Baade) 11. Geomorphological Change on the Tsengwen Coastal Plain in Southwestern Taiwan (by Jul-Chin Chang) 12. Environmental Impact of Land Use Change in the Inner Alentejo (Portugal) in the 20th century (by Denise de Brum Ferreira) 13. Classification of Spatial and Temporal Changes to a Developed Barrier Island, Seven Mile Beach, New Jersey, USA (by Nancy L. Jackson, Karl F. Nordstrom, Michael S. Bruno and Valerie L. Spalding) 14. Impact of Human Activities on Geomorphic Processes in the Almora Region, Central Himalaya, India (by J.S. Rawat, Geeta Rawat and S.P. Rai) Section E Conclusion 15. Reflections on the Actual and Potential Role of Geomorphology in Global Environmental Change Research (by Olav Slaymaker) Index

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Book SynopsisThis volume contains essays which describe key developments in the areas of human, physical and environmental geography over the 20th century. It also examines how the teaching of geography has changed, highlighting alterations to the structure and character of the educational agenda.Table of ContentsMadingley Revisited? NEW PERSPECTIVES FOR GEOGRAPHY: OVERVIEW AND ISSUES. Geography into the Next Century. Academic Geography: The Key Questions for Discussion. School Geography: The Key Questions for Discussion. GEOGRAPHY IN HIGHER EDUCATION. A Place in Geography. Only Connect: Approaches to Human Geography. DEVELOPMENTS IN PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. Environmentalism and Geography: A Union Still to BeConsummated. GEOGRAPHY IN THE SCHOOL CURRICULUM. Geography 5 to 19: Retrospect and Prospect. Developments at A Level. DEVELOPMENTS IN GEOGRAPHY 14-19. Defining and Measuring Progression in Geography. Trends in School Geography and Information Technology. Geography in the Scottish School Curriculum. Geography 5-19: Some Issues for Debate. LEARNING FROM THE DIALOGUE. Geography at the Secondary/Higher Education Interface: ChangeThrough Diversity. Human and Regional Geography in Schools and Higher Education. The Experience of Physical Geography in Schools and HigherEducation. Teaching Environmental Issues in Schools and HigherEducation. The Contribution of Geography to Personal and SocialEducation. CONCLUSION. New Perspectives for Geography: An Agenda for Action.

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Book SynopsisThe fourth edition of this highly acclaimed text on the natural environment of the earth has now been thoroughly revised and updated and includes a new chapter on The Organic World, more windows, new illustrations, and a range of other features. Please visit the accompanying website at: www.blackwellpublishers.co.uk/goudie to view sample material from both the new edition and forthcoming instructor''s manual online. Fully updated with an entirely new chapter, and new features throughout. Now features a list of key concepts and points for review. Includes increased number of windows, updated and expanded reading guides, and new plates and diagrams. Well illustrated with updated examples and case studies. Puts more stress on the importance of hazards, natural environmental changes, and human impacts. Trade Review"Andrew Goudie has drawn on his wide experience to produce an up-to-date, accessible and comprehensive introduction to physical geography. Throughout the book, the issue of scale is emphasized - from global to local. Human impact on earth surface systems is another important and topical theme. This is an excellent book, elegantly written, which will appeal to a wide variety of readers." Professor Tim Burt, University of Durham "This classic text is now in its fourth edition ... the text excels in presenting classification schemes." Scottish Geographical JournalTable of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Part I: The Global Framework:. 1. Global Geological Background. The Ancient Earth. Core, Mantle and Crust. The Nature of the Ocean Floors. The Surface of the Land. Earthquakes. The Shape of the Continents. The Question of Plates. Microplates and Exotic Terraces. The Earth's Rock Types. The Subdivisions of the Earth's History. Conclusions. Key Terms and Concepts. Points for Review. Further Reading for Chapter 1. 2. Global Climatic Background. A Vertical Profile Through the Atmosphere. Global Climate. World Patterns of Precipitation. World Patterns of Temperature. The Major Climatic Zones. The Hydrological Cycle. Ocean Currents. Ocean Atmosphere Interactions. Climatic Change. Causes Long-Term Climatic Change. Sea-Level Changes. Future Climates. Conclusions. Key Terms and Concepts. Points for Review. Further Reading for Chapter 2. 3. The Organic World. Major Vegetation Types. Human Modifications of Major Vegetation Types. Floral Realms. Faunal Realms. The World's Great Soil Orders. Human Modifications of Soil. Climatic Geomorphology: The Influence of Climate, Soil and Vegetation. Key Terms and Concepts. Points for Review. Further Reading for Chapter 3. Part II: Major World Zones:. 4. Cold Environments. Polar Climates. Vegetation and Wildlife. Glacier Types. The Formation of Glacier Ice. How Glaciers Move. Glacial Erosion. Glacial Deposits. Glacier Ice and Sea-Level Changes. Permafrost. Ground Ice. Thermokarst. Ice Segregation and Frost Heaving. Frost Shattering and Soil Formation. Slope Processes, Avalanches and River Regimes. Key Terms and Concepts. Points for Review. Further Reading for Chapter 4. 5. The Mid-latitudes. The Westerlies. Cyclones and Anticyclones. Air Masses. Cool Temperate Climates. Western Margin Warm Temperate Climates (The Mediterranean Type). Eastern Margin Warm Temperate Climates. Boreal Forest. Deciduous Forests. Mid-Latitude Grasslands. Mediterranean Evergreen Woodlands. Soils of Cool Temperate Climates. Soils of Warm Temperate Climates. The Impact of Climatic Change on the Landscape. Loess Sheets. Dry Valleys and Mis Fit Stream. Tors. Natural Hazards in Western Europe. Key Terms and Concepts. Points for Review. Further Reading for Chapter 5. 6. Deserts. Introduction. What Causes Aridity?. Desert Rainfall. Desert Temperatures. Past Climates in Deserts. Desert Vegetation and Animals. Soils and Surface Materials. Insolation and Salt Weathering. Wind Action in Deserts. Sand Deposition - Dunes. The Work of Rivers. Desert Slopes. Dams, Reservoirs and Inter-Basin Water Transfer. Land Degradation. Problems of the Desert Realm. Key Terms and Concepts. Points for Review. Further Reading for Chapter 6. 7. The Tropics. The General Atmospheric Circulation. The Wet Tropics. Tropical Season Climates. Monsoons. Tropical Disturbances. Tropical Rainforests. Secondary Forest. Tropical Seasonal Forest and Savannah. Mangrove Swamps. Coral Reefs. Weathering of Rocks. Slope Movements. Some Problems of the Humid Tropics. Key Terms and Concepts. Points for Review. Further Reading for Chapter 7. Part III: Mountain and Maritime Environments:. 8. Mountains. Introduction. Mountain Climates. Snow and the Snow-Line. Mountain Vegetation. The Timber-Line. Alpine Tundra. Mountain Hazards. Changing Climates. Key Terms and Concepts. Points for Review. Further Reading for chapter 8. 9. Coasts. Coastlines. Waves. Barrier Beaches and Related Forms. Tides. Storm Surges. Estuaries. Coastal Dunes. Salt Marshes. Coast Erosion. The Human Impact on the Coastline. Key Terms and Concepts. Points for Review. Further Reading for Chapter 9. Part IV: Landscapes and Ecosystems:. 10. Plants and Animals. Ecology and Ecosystems. Plants and Their Habitats. Life in the Oceans. Community. Succession. Dispersal and Migration of Plants. Dispersal and Migration of Animals. The Importance of Area. Human Impact on Plants and Animals. Domestication. Introductions. Pollution. Habitat Change. Extinction. Conservation. Key Terms and Concepts. Points for Review. Further Reading for Chapter 10. 11. Tectonic Features. Introduction. Volcanoes. Intrusive Igneous Rocks. Earthquakes. Man-Made Seismic Activity. Faults. Folding. Key Terms and Concepts. Points for Review. Further Reading for Chapter 11. 12. Slopes. Mass Movements. Slope Instability. Other Processes Operating on Slopes. Slope Forms. Slope Development Through Time. Key Terms and Concepts. Points for Review. Further Reading for Chapter 12. 13. Soils and Weathering. Factors of Soil Formation. Soil Profiles. Types of Weathering. Mechanical Weathering. Chemical Weathering. Accelerated Soil Erosion. Key Terms and Concepts. Points for Review. Further Reading for Chapter 13. 14. The Hydrological Cycle. Introduction. Precipitation. Interception. Evapotranspiration. Infiltration. Surface Runoff. Groundwater. Streamflow and the Hydrograph. Annual River Regimes. Lakes. Key Terms and Concepts. Points for Review. Further Reading for Chapter 14. 15. Rivers. Introduction. Morphometry of Drainage Basins. Drainage Basin Patterns. Concave Long Profiles. Channel Cross-Section and Hydraulic Geometry. Channel Patterns. Flood Plains. Terraces. Deltas. Stream Transport. Rates of Fluvial Denudation. Floods. The Human Impact on Rivers. Key Terms and Concepts. Points for Review. Further Reading for Chapter 15. 16. Cities. Introduction. The Climate of Cities. Air Pollution and its Problems. Urbanisation and River Flow. Thermal Pollution River Water. Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield Associated with Construction and Urbanisation. Animals in Cities. Key Terms and Concepts. Points for Review. Further Reading for Chapter 16. Part V: Conclusion:. 17. Nature, Humans and the Environment. Introduction. Environmental Complexity. Environmental Interactions. The Importance of Scale. The Influence of Environment on Humans. The Human Impact. The Ever-Changing Environment. Humans or Nature?. Equifinality. The Relevance and Application of Physical Geography. Index.

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Book SynopsisRevised edition of: A neotropical companion. 2nd ed., rev. and expanded. c1997.Trade Review"The New Neotropical Companion describes, explains, and provides insight into the unique ecosystems of the Neotropics... Written by an ornithologist who is also a birder and who embraces the world from an ecological viewpoint that sees birds as part of larger systems of evolution, succession, and mutualism, The New Neotropical Companion is the textbook-that-is-not-a-textbook you always wanted to read, though you may not know it yet... [The New Neotropical Companion] will prepare you to walk through the rainforest and observe Neotropical birds. You may even begin to feel a sense of belonging in this very different world."--10,000 Birds blog Praise for A Neotropical Companion: "John Kricher's Neotropical Companion is an incredible accretion of facts, figures and anecdotes. Kricher outlines the region's ecology, pharmacology, evolutionary theory, anthropology, climatology, ornithology and conservation, with lots of personal stories to bring it all to life."--Simon Garrett, Times Literary Supplement Praise for A Neotropical Companion: "The book is exactly what it says it is, a companion to take with you on your travels in the New World tropics."--Journal of Natural History Praise for A Neotropical Companion: "Well-illustrated and beautifully written... [A Neotropical Companion] contains a wealth of information, explanations and curious facts about the region's natural history, and is the kind of overview that Alfred Russel Wallace, Henry Bates and other early scientific explorers of Amazonia would have given fingers from their collecting hand to have possessed."--Adrian Barnett, New Scientist Praise for A Neotropical Companion: "Kricher has created a highly readable, comprehensive overview of Neotropical ecosystems, which can serve on many levels: as a traveler's companion, as an introductory text for students, or as recreational reading material for those interested in tropical ecosystems."--ChoiceTable of ContentsPreface 9 Acknowledgments 11 How to Use This Book 12 1 Welcome to the Torrid Zone 15 2 Why It Is Hot, Humid, and Rainy in the Tropics 29 3 Rain Forest: The Realm of the Plants 39 4 Finding Animals in Rain Forest 58 5 Sun Plus Rain Equals Rain Forest 73 6 Essential Dirt: Soils and Cycling 81 7 If a Tree Falls ... Rain Forest Disturbance Dynamics 95 8 Evolutionary Cornucopia 113 9 Why Are There So Many Species? 134 10 Tropical Intimacy: Mutualism and Coevolution 155 11 Evolutionary Arms Races: More Coevolution, More Complexity 181 12 Cruising the Rivers to the Sea 205 13 Scaling the Andes 235 14 Don't Miss the Savannas and Dry Forests 250 15 Neotropical Birds: The Bustling Crowd 262 16 From Monkeys to Tarantulas: Endless Eccentricities 319 17 Human Ecology in the Tropics 365 18 The Future of the Neotropics 377 Appendix Words of Caution: Be Sure to Read This 389 Further Reading 392 Index 417

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Book SynopsisIn August 2007 a Russian flag was planted under the North Pole during a scientific expedition triggering speculation about a new scramble for resources beneath the thawing ice.Trade Review"A rich historical, geopolitical and social anthropoligical account of soverign space-making practices." International Affairs "Leading polar scholars Klaus Dodds and Mark Nuttall reveal the nuances in the scramble for the poles, as they are unveiled by the potent combination of climate change and enabling technologies in a context of resource pursuit and the changing global order. Polar security in the broadest sense, depends on constraining this scramble over coming decades."Alan D. Hemmings, Gateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury "This powerful book details the myriad contrasts and connections between the contemporary Polar Regions. Using the metaphor of scrambles, Dodds and Nuttall provide a major, comparative statement for the future social and political study of the poles."Richard Powell, University of Oxford"A thought-provoking book."Polar RecordTable of ContentsPreface List of Figures and Maps Chapter 1: Scrambling for the Extraordinary Chapter 2: Making and Remaking the Polar Regions Chapter 3: Under Ice and Snow Chapter 4: Governing the Arctic and Antarctic Chapter 5: New Resource Frontiers Chapter 6: Opening up the Poles Chapter 7: Polar Demands and Demanding Polar Regions Notes References

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Book SynopsisIn August 2007 a Russian flag was planted under the North Pole during a scientific expedition triggering speculation about a new scramble for resources beneath the thawing ice.Trade Review"A rich historical, geopolitical and social anthropoligical account of soverign space-making practices." International Affairs "Leading polar scholars Klaus Dodds and Mark Nuttall reveal the nuances in the scramble for the poles, as they are unveiled by the potent combination of climate change and enabling technologies in a context of resource pursuit and the changing global order. Polar security in the broadest sense, depends on constraining this scramble over coming decades."Alan D. Hemmings, Gateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury "This powerful book details the myriad contrasts and connections between the contemporary Polar Regions. Using the metaphor of scrambles, Dodds and Nuttall provide a major, comparative statement for the future social and political study of the poles."Richard Powell, University of Oxford"A thought-provoking book."Polar RecordTable of ContentsPreface List of Figures and Maps Chapter 1: Scrambling for the Extraordinary Chapter 2: Making and Remaking the Polar Regions Chapter 3: Under Ice and Snow Chapter 4: Governing the Arctic and Antarctic Chapter 5: New Resource Frontiers Chapter 6: Opening up the Poles Chapter 7: Polar Demands and Demanding Polar Regions Notes References

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Book SynopsisA digital elevation model (DEM) is a digital representation of ground surface topography or terrain. It is also widely known as a digital terrain model (DTM). A DEM can be represented as a raster (a grid of squares) or as a vector based triangular irregular network (TIN). DEMs are commonly built using remote sensing techniques, but they may also be built from land surveying. DEMs are used often in geographic information systems, and are the most common basis for digitally-produced relief maps. The terrain surface can be described as compromising of two different elements; random and systematic. The random (stochastic) elements are the continuous surfaces with continuously varying relief. It would take an endless number of points to describe exactly the random terrain shapes, but these can be described in practice with a network of point. It is usual to use a network that creates sloping triangles or regular quadrants. This book examines how the methods and data sources used to generTable of ContentsList of Figures x List of Tables xiv Preface xvi Abbreviations xviii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Role of DEMS 3 1.2 Role of Scale 6 1.3 Survey of Applications 12 1.4 Study Site and Software Tools 16 1.5 Structure of Book 20 2 Constructing Digital Elevation Models 23 2.1 Elevation Data Networks 23 2.2 Elevation Data Sources 29 2.2.1 Ground Surveys 31 2.2.2 Kinematic GPS Surveys 32 2.2.3 Topographic Maps 33 2.2.4 Photogrammetry Datasets 35 2.2.5 Airborne Laser Scanning Datasets 36 2.2.6 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Datasets 37 2.2.7 Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission DEMs 38 2.2.8 Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflectance Radiometer DEMs 40 2.2.9 WorldDEM Datasets 43 2.3 Fitness]For]Use 43 2.4 Data Preprocessing and DEM Construction 44 2.5 US National Elevation Dataset 50 3 Calculating Land Surface Parameters 53 3.1 Primary Land Surface Parameters 54 3.1.1 Elevation and Surface Area 54 3.1.2 Slope, Aspect, and Curvature 59 3.1.3 Slope Direction and Width 69 3.1.4 Flow Accumulation 100 3.1.5 Elevation Residuals 105 3.1.6 Statistical Parameters 109 3.1.7 Upslope Parameters 113 3.1.8 Downslope Parameters 114 3.1.9 Visibility and Visual Exposure 114 3.2 Secondary Land Surface Parameters 115 3.2.1 Water Flow and Soil Redistribution 116 3.2.2 Energy and Thermal Regimes 135 3.3 Final Comments 148 4 Delineating Land Surface Objects and Landforms 150 4.1 Extracting and Classifying Specific Landform Elements 152 4.1.1 Fuzzy Concepts and Fuzzy Classification Methods 154 4.2 Extraction and Classification of Land Surface Objects Based on Flow Variables 158 4.2.1 Drainage Networks and Channel Attributes 159 4.2.2 Basin Boundaries and Attributes 164 4.3 Extracting and Classifying Specific (Fuzzy) Landforms 165 4.4 Extracting and Classifying Repeating Landform Types 168 4.5 Discrete Geomorphometry: Coupling Multiscale Pattern Analysis and Object Delineation 174 5 Measuring Error and Uncertainty 179 5.1 Identification and Treatment of Error and Uncertainty 180 5.1.1 Error 182 5.1.2 Uncertainty 194 5.2 Fitness]for]Use Revisited 199 5.2.1 Predictive Vegetation Modeling 199 5.2.2 Modeling Soil Erosion and Deposition 203 5.2.3 Numerical Simulations of Landscape Development 205 5.2.4 Modeling Soil–Water–Vegetation Interactions 207 5.2.5 Modeling Global Wetlands 209 5.3 Multiscale Analysis and Cross]scale Inference 214 5.4 The US National Water Model 223 6 Terrain Modeling Software and Services 228 6.1 Changes in Data Capture and Computing Systems 230 6.2 Esri’s ArcGIS Ecosystem 234 6.3 Third]party Esri Add]ons 244 6.3.1 ArcGIS Geomorphometry Toolbox 244 6.3.2 ArcGIS Geomorphometry and Gradient Metrics Toolbox 245 6.3.3 ArcGeomorphometry Toolbox 246 6.4 Other Software Choices 248 6.4.1 GRASS 248 6.4.2 ILWIS 250 6.4.3 LandSerf 251 6.4.4 MicroDEM 252 6.4.5 QGIS 253 6.4.6 RiverTools 254 6.4.7 SAGA 255 6.4.8 TauDEM 257 6.4.9 Whitebox GAT 258 6.5 Future Trends 259 7 Conclusions 261 7.1 Current State of the Art 263 7.2 Future Needs and Opportunities 269 7.2.1 Finding Ways to Use Provenance, Credibility, and Digital Terrain Modeling Application context Knowledge 269 7.2.2 Rediscovering and Using What We Already Know! 270 7.2.3 Developing New Digital Terrain Methods 272 7.2.4 Clarifying and Strengthening the Role of Theory 274 7.2.5 Developing High]fidelity, Multi]resolution Digital Elevation Models 275 7.2.6 Developing and Embracing New Visualization Opportunities 275 7.2.7 Adopting and Using New Information Technologies and Workflows 276 7.2.8 Solving “Wicked” Problems of Varying Magnitudes 277 7.3 Call To Action 278 References 279 Index 333

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Book SynopsisThe only book that offers a comprehensive and fully up-to-date coverage of hydroacoustic ocean exploration, this work deals with the diagnostics of non-uniformities in a water medium using the hydroacoustic parametric antenna. The non-uniformities of the water medium in the study are of geometrically regular shape, i.e., the shape of a sphere, a cylinder, and a spheroid. An account is given of theoretical and experimental studies of wave processes that occur in the event of the scattering of non-linearly interacting acoustic waves at a sphere, a cylinder, and a spheroid. Scattering problems are formulated; solutions to the inhomogeneous wave equation are found in the first and second approximations using the successive approximations method. For the first time, high-frequency asymptotic expressions of acoustic pressure for all spectral components of the secondary field are obtained for the nonlinear scattering problem. The scattering diagrams are calculated and plotted, and tTable of ContentsIntroduction 1 1 Scattering of Nonlinear Interacting Plane Acoustic Waves by a Sphere 7 1.1 Review of Studies Dealing with the Scattering of Plane Acoustic Waves by a Sphere 7 1.2 Problem Statement 10 1.3 Solving via the Inhomogeneous Equation with the Successive Approximations Method 13 1.4 Investigation of Acoustic Field of Difference Frequency 16 1.5 Investigation of Acoustical Field of the Sum Frequency Wave 34 1.6 Investigation of Acoustical Field of the Second Harmonics 36 1.7 Experimental Investigation Scattering of the Field of Acoustic Parametric Antenna by a Hard Sphere 48 1.7.1 Experimental Setup and Metrological Support for the Experiment 48 1.7.2 Results of the Experiments 52 1.7.3 Analysis of Combined Scattering Diagrams of the Nonlinear Interacting Plane Acoustic Waves by a Hard Sphere 61 1.8 A Comparative Analysis of Assumption and Experimental Scattering Diagrams for Secondary Field Waves 65 1.9 Conclusion 68 2 Scattering of Nonlinear Interacting Plane Acoustic Waves by a Cylinder 71 2.1 Review of Plane Acoustic Waves Scattering by a Cylinder 71 2.2 Statement of Problem 75 2.3 Investigation of Acoustic Field of Difference Frequency 79 2.4 Investigation of Acoustic Field of Sum Frequency 93 2.5 Investigation of Acoustic Field of the Second Harmonic 96 2.6 Discussion and Comparison of Results 108 2.7 Conclusion 113 3 Research of the Scattering of Nonlinear Interacting Plane Acoustic Waves by an Elongated Spheroid 115 3.1 Review of Plane Acoustic Waves Scattering by an Elongated Spheroid 115 3.2 Wave problems in Elongated Spheroidal Coordinates 118 3.3 Statement of Problem 120 3.4 Investigation of the Acoustic Field of Difference Frequency Wave 124 3.5 Investigation of the Acoustic Field of Sum Frequency 142 3.6 Investigation of the Acoustic Field of Second Harmonics 148 3.7 Discussion and Comparison of Results 160 3.8 Conclusion 164 References 165 Index 173

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Book SynopsisDunes is the first book in over a decade to incorporate the latest research in this active and fast-developing field. It discusses the shapes, sizes, patterns, distribution, history and care of wind-blown dunes, and covers all aspects of dunes, terrestrial and in the Solar System. The only book to cover all dunes, terrestrial and in the Solar System, in deserts, on coasts, and in the past Represents the most current update on the research of dunes for over a decade Incorporates the latest research to come out of China where the field is most rapidly expanding Discusses the most recent range of skills and technology now focused on the study of dunes Brings up-to-date a rapidly expanding field Trade Review “This is a terrific read for both specialists and nonspecialists. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals/practitioners.” (Choice, 1 February 2014)Table of ContentsList of Figures xi Acknowledgements xv Introduction 1 Part One <10 m2; <10 years 5 1 Wind and Sand 7 Wind versus Bed 7 The Law of the Wall 8 Improving the wind/bed model 9 Lift-Off 12 Holding down by gravity 12 Holding down by cohesion 12 Raising by lift 13 Raising by drag 13 Raising by bombardment 14 Thresholds 14 Grain size 16 The slope of the bed 17 The dynamics of water content 17 Crusts 19 Pellets 20 Sand in Motion 20 Saltation 20 Streamers and other medium-scale patterns of saltating sand 22Reptation 22 Creep 23 Other near-surface activity 23 Suspension 24 The vertical distribution of load and grain size 24 The saturation length 24 The fetch effect 26 The response of a loose bed to erosion by the wind 27 The Transport Rate 27 Shapes, densities and mixtures of size 29 Hard surfaces 30 Rough surfaces 30 Moisture, temperature and humidity 31 Rain 31 References 31 2 Ripples 32 Subtypes 35 Models 36 Flow response 36 Gravity wave 36 Saltation length 37 Shadow zone 37 Mathematical 37 Pattern 38 3 The Form and Behaviour of Free Dunes 39 Definitions 39 Early Stages 39 Start 39 Minimum size 40 The Profile of a Fully Grown Dune 41 Toe 41 Windward slope (or ‘stoss slope’) 43 Crest 45 Lee slope 46 Movement 53 Turnover time, bulk transport 56 Size 56 Flow-hierarchy models 57 Grain-size models 57 The time/supply model 58 References 58 Part Two 1000 to 10,000 m2; 100 to 1000 years 59 4 Pattern in Free Dunes 61 Definitions 61 Wind-Directional Regimes 62 Global winds 62 Local wind systems 62 The Classification of Wind-Directional Regimes 65 Wind-Directional Regimes and Dune Pattern 66 Transverse Dunes 66 Two-dimensional pattern: vertical and downwind 67 Two-dimensional pattern: horizontal and transverse to the wind 68 Self-organisation 69 Barchans 71 Quasi-transverse patterns 75 Linear Dunes 80 Introduction 80 Models of formation 82 Sand Sheets 88 Dunes with Distinctive Sand 90 Gravel dunes 90 Zibars 91 Clay dunes 92 Lunettes 92 Gypsum dunes 93 Diatomite sands 93 Volcanic sands 93 Snow and ice dunes 94 Niveo-aeolian deposits 94 References 94 5 Forced Dunes 96 Dunes Built around Bluff Obstacles 96 Climbing and echo dunes 96 Flanking and lee dunes 97 Cliff-top and falling dunes 99 Dunes on Gently Sloping Terrain 99 Reference 99 6 Dunes and Plants 100 Wind, Sand and Plants 100 Rigid objects 100 Spatial pattern 101 Porosity 102 Flexibility 102 Plants as living things 103 The broader time/space framework 104 Dunes among Plants 104 Nebkhas 104 Blowouts 107 Parabolic dunes 109 References 111 7 Coastal Dunes 112 Coastal Dunes and Climate 112 The Beach–Dune System 114 Exclusively Coastal Dunes 117 Embryo dunes 117 Fore-dunes (‘frontal dunes’ or ‘retention ridges’) 118 Tsunamis 120 Coastal sand sheets 120 References 121 Part Three >0.3 mm; <2,200,000,000 years 123 8 Sand Seas 125 Terms 125 Large Sand Seas 127 Growth and Development 127 Sand Seas in Tectonic Basins 129 Topographically Unconfined Sand Seas 131 Transfer between Sand Seas 133 9 A History of Dune Sand 134 Provenance 134 Recycling 137 Maturation 139 Mineralogy 139 Size characteristics 141 Shape and surface texture 141 Redness 144 Relationships between Dune Fields and the Sources of Their Sand 145 Source-bordering dune fields 145 Dune fields that have migrated away from their source 145 Sand seas that have taken sand from many local sources 146 The Australian sand seas and some aeolian sandstones 146 References 146 10 A History of Inland Dunes 147 Very Ancient Dunes: Siliceous Windblown Sandstones 147 The Emergence of Familiar Spatial and Dynamic Patterns 151 Dune Historiography 153 Dating 153 Dune-building environments 156 The long-term development of sand seas: sediment state 160 Quaternary Dune-Building Climates 160 Dunes in the Early- and Mid-Pleistocene 162 Late Pleistocene Dunes 163 The main theatres of dune formation in the Late Pleistocene 165 Dunes in the Holocene 175 The deglaciated North 176 The mid-latitudes 177 The semi-arid tropics 178 The present deserts 178 References 179 11 A History of Coastal Dunes 181 Long Sequences 181 Sea Level 181 Other Controls 182 Calcareous Aeolianite 184 Reference 185 12 Mars, Venus, Titan 186 Similarities 186 Differences 187 Sand 188 Ripples and Transverse Aeolian Ridges 190 Dunes 191 Mars 191 Venus 194 Titan 194 Reference 195 Part Four Care 197 13 Local, Short-Term Care (<1000 m2; <10 years) 199 Dunes in Deserts 199 Folk science 199 New approaches 200 Stabilised Dunes in Semi-Arid Areas 204 Coastal Dunes 204 References 207 14 Sustainability (>100,000 m2; >10 years) 208 Constraints 208 Complexity 208 Uncertainty 210 Environmental change 210 Sustainability 211 Coastal dunes 211 Stabilised inland dunes 212 References 213 Index 214

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Book SynopsisDunes is the first book in over a decade to incorporate the latest research in this active and fast-developing field. It discusses the shapes, sizes, patterns, distribution, history and care of wind-blown dunes, and covers all aspects of dunes, terrestrial and in the Solar System. The only book to cover all dunes, terrestrial and in the Solar System, in deserts, on coasts, and in the past Represents the most current update on the research of dunes for over a decade Incorporates the latest research to come out of China where the field is most rapidly expanding Discusses the most recent range of skills and technology now focused on the study of dunes Brings up-to-date a rapidly expanding field Trade Review “This is a terrific read for both specialists and nonspecialists. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals/practitioners.” (Choice, 1 February 2014)Table of ContentsList of Figures xi Acknowledgements xv Introduction 1 Part One <10 m2; <10 years 5 1 Wind and Sand 7 Wind versus Bed 7 The Law of the Wall 8 Improving the wind/bed model 9 Lift-Off 12 Holding down by gravity 12 Holding down by cohesion 12 Raising by lift 13 Raising by drag 13 Raising by bombardment 14 Thresholds 14 Grain size 16 The slope of the bed 17 The dynamics of water content 17 Crusts 19 Pellets 20 Sand in Motion 20 Saltation 20 Streamers and other medium-scale patterns of saltating sand 22 Reptation 22 Creep 23 Other near-surface activity 23 Suspension 24 The vertical distribution of load and grain size 24 The saturation length 24 The fetch effect 26 The response of a loose bed to erosion by the wind 27 The Transport Rate 27 Shapes, densities and mixtures of size 29 Hard surfaces 30 Rough surfaces 30 Moisture, temperature and humidity 31 Rain 31 References 31 2 Ripples 32 Subtypes 35 Models 36 Flow response 36 Gravity wave 36 Saltation length 37 Shadow zone 37 Mathematical 37 Pattern 38 3 The Form and Behaviour of Free Dunes 39 Definitions 39 Early Stages 39 Start 39 Minimum size 40 The Profile of a Fully Grown Dune 41 Toe 41 Windward slope (or ‘stoss slope’) 43 Crest 45 Lee slope 46 Movement 53 Turnover time, bulk transport 56 Size 56 Flow-hierarchy models 57 Grain-size models 57 The time/supply model 58 References 58 Part Two 1000 to 10,000 m2; 100 to 1000 years 59 4 Pattern in Free Dunes 61 Definitions 61 Wind-Directional Regimes 62 Global winds 62 Local wind systems 62 The Classification of Wind-Directional Regimes 65 Wind-Directional Regimes and Dune Pattern 66 Transverse Dunes 66 Two-dimensional pattern: vertical and downwind 67 Two-dimensional pattern: horizontal and transverse to the wind 68 Self-organisation 69 Barchans 71 Quasi-transverse patterns 75 Linear Dunes 80 Introduction 80 Models of formation 82 Sand Sheets 88 Dunes with Distinctive Sand 90 Gravel dunes 90 Zibars 91 Clay dunes 92 Lunettes 92 Gypsum dunes 93 Diatomite sands 93 Volcanic sands 93 Snow and ice dunes 94 Niveo-aeolian deposits 94 References 94 5 Forced Dunes 96 Dunes Built around Bluff Obstacles 96 Climbing and echo dunes 96 Flanking and lee dunes 97 Cliff-top and falling dunes 99 Dunes on Gently Sloping Terrain 99 Reference 99 6 Dunes and Plants 100 Wind, Sand and Plants 100 Rigid objects 100 Spatial pattern 101 Porosity 102 Flexibility 102 Plants as living things 103 The broader time/space framework 104 Dunes among Plants 104 Nebkhas 104 Blowouts 107 Parabolic dunes 109 References 111 7 Coastal Dunes 112 Coastal Dunes and Climate 112 The Beach–Dune System 114 Exclusively Coastal Dunes 117 Embryo dunes 117 Fore-dunes (‘frontal dunes’ or ‘retention ridges’) 118 Tsunamis 120 Coastal sand sheets 120 References 121 Part Three >0.3 mm; <2,200,000,000 years 123 8 Sand Seas 125 Terms 125 Large Sand Seas 127 Growth and Development 127 Sand Seas in Tectonic Basins 129 Topographically Unconfined Sand Seas 131 Transfer between Sand Seas 133 9 A History of Dune Sand 134 Provenance 134 Recycling 137 Maturation 139 Mineralogy 139 Size characteristics 141 Shape and surface texture 141 Redness 144 Relationships between Dune Fields and the Sources of Their Sand 145 Source-bordering dune fields 145 Dune fields that have migrated away from their source 145 Sand seas that have taken sand from many local sources 146 The Australian sand seas and some aeolian sandstones 146 References 146 10 A History of Inland Dunes 147 Very Ancient Dunes: Siliceous Windblown Sandstones 147 The Emergence of Familiar Spatial and Dynamic Patterns 151 Dune Historiography 153 Dating 153 Dune-building environments 156 The long-term development of sand seas: sediment state 160 Quaternary Dune-Building Climates 160 Dunes in the Early- and Mid-Pleistocene 162 Late Pleistocene Dunes 163 The main theatres of dune formation in the Late Pleistocene 165 Dunes in the Holocene 175 The deglaciated North 176 The mid-latitudes 177 The semi-arid tropics 178 The present deserts 178 References 179 11 A History of Coastal Dunes 181 Long Sequences 181 Sea Level 181 Other Controls 182 Calcareous Aeolianite 184 Reference 185 12 Mars, Venus, Titan 186 Similarities 186 Differences 187 Sand 188 Ripples and Transverse Aeolian Ridges 190 Dunes 191 Mars 191 Venus 194 Titan 194 Reference 195 Part Four Care 197 13 Local, Short-Term Care (<1000 m2; <10 years) 199 Dunes in Deserts 199 Folk science 199 New approaches 200 Stabilised Dunes in Semi-Arid Areas 204 Coastal Dunes 204 References 207 14 Sustainability (>100,000 m2; >10 years) 208 Constraints 208 Complexity 208 Uncertainty 210 Environmental change 210 Sustainability 211 Coastal dunes 211 Stabilised inland dunes 212 References 213 Index 214

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Book SynopsisStreetcars and the Shifting Geographies of Toronto visually compares historic and contemporary images of different parts of Toronto to better understand how and why the city has changed.Table of ContentsList of Figures List of Tables Introduction: Streetcar Photography and the Changing City 1. The Changing Geography of Toronto 2. Toronto in a Global Context 3. Neighbourhood Change 4. Visual Methodologies and Repeat Photography 5. Photographing Streetcars; Picturing Toronto 6. A short History of Toronto’s Streetcars Portfolio 1: Downtown Portfolio 2: (De)industrialisation Portfolio 3: Neighbourhoods 7. Interpreting Visual Change in a Divided City 8. Neighbourhood Change, Mobility and Socially-Just Solutions References

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