Physical chemistry Books
Creative Media Partners, LLC The Absorptive Properties of Metallized Silica Gels and Their Catalytic Activity in the Simple Oxidation Reactions
£13.22
Creative Media Partners, LLC The Adsorption of Water Ethyl Alcohol Ethyl Acetate and Acetic Acid Vapors by Tungstic and ZirConium Oxides
£13.22
Springer New York The Physical Basis of Biochemistry The
Book SynopsisPrinciples of Biophysical Inquiry.- Introduction: To the Student First Edition.- Philosophy and Practice of Biophysical Study.- Overview of the Biological System Under Study.- Physical Thoughts, Biological Systems The Application of Modeling Principles to Understanding Biological Systems.- Probability and Statistics.- Foundations.- Energy and Force The Prime Observables.- Biophysical Forces in Molecular Systems.- Physical Principles: Quantum Mechanics.- Chemical Principles.- Measuring the Energy of a System: Energetics and the First Law of Thermodynamics.- Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics.- Which Way Is That System Going? The Gibbs Free Energy.- The Thermodynamics of Phase Equilibria.- Building a Model of Biomolecular Structure.- Water: A Unique Solvent and Vital Component of Life.- IonSolvent Interactions.- IonIon Interactions.- Lipids in Aqueous Solution.- Macromolecules in Solution.- Molecular Modeling Mapping Biochemical State Space.- The Electrified Interphase.- Function and Action Biological State Space.- Transport A Non-equilibrium Process.- Flow in a Chemical Potential Field: Diffusion.- Flow in an Electric Field: Conduction.- Forces Across Membranes.- Kinetics Chemical Kinetics.- Dynamic Bioelectrochemistry Charge Transfer in Biological Systems.- Methods for the Measuring Structure and Function.- Separation and Characterization of Biomolecules Based on Macroscopic Properties.- Analysis of Molecular Structure with Electronic Spectroscopy.- Molecular Structure from Scattering Phenomena.- Analysis of Structure Microscopy.- Epilogue.- Physical Constants.Table of ContentsPREFACE PART I: Principles of Biophysical Inquiry Chapter 1 Introduction: “To the Student” Chapter 2 Philosophy and Practice of Biophysical Study Chapter 3 Overview of the Biological System Under Study – Descriptive Models Chapter 4 Physical Thoughts, Biological Systems - The application of modeling principles to understanding biological systems Chapter 5 Probability and Statistics PART II: Foundations Chapter 6 Physical Principles: Energy - The Prime Observable Chapter 7 Biophysical Forces in Molecular Systems Chapter 8 An Introduction to Quantum Mechanics Chapter 9 Chemical Principles Chapter 10 Measuring the Energy of a System: Energetics and the First Law of Thermodynamics Chapter 11 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Chapter 12 Which Way Did That System Go? The Gibbs Free Energy Chapter 13 The Thermodynamics of Phase Equilibria PART III: Building a Model of Biomolecular Structure Chapter 14 Water: A Unique Structure, A Unique Solvent Chapter 15 Ion-Solvent Interactions Chapter 16 Ion-Ion Interactions Chapter 17 Lipids in Aqueous Solution Chapter 18 Macromolecules in Solution Chapter 19 Molecular Modeling - Mapping Biochemical State Space Chapter 20 The Electrified Interphase PART IV: Function and Action Biological State Space Chapter 21 Transport and Kinetics: Processes Not at Equilibrium Chapter 22 Flow in a Chemical Potential Field: Diffusion Chapter 23 Flow in an Electrical Field: Conduction Chapter 24 Forces Across Membranes Chapter 25 Kinetics - Chemical Kinetics Chapter 26 Bioelectrochemistry – Charge Transfer in Biological Systems PART V: Methods for the Measuring Structure and Function Chapter 27 Separation and Characterization of Biomolecules Based on Macroscopic Properties (with Kristin E. Bergethon) Chapter 28 Determining Structure by molecular interactions with photons: Electronic Spectroscopy (with Kristin Bergethon) Chapter 29 Determining Structure by molecular interactions with photons: ScatteringPhenomena Chapter 30 Analysis of Structure – Microscopy Chapter 31 Epilogue Chapter 32 Physical Constants PART VI: APPENDICES Appendix A Review of Mathematical Methods Appendix B Quantum Electrodynamics Appendix C The Pre-Socratic Roots of Modern Science Appendix D The Poisson Function Appendix E Assumptions of a Kinetic Theory of Ideal Gas Behavior Appendix F Determination of a Field from the Potential Appendix G Geometric Optics Appendix H The Compton Effect Appendix I Hamilton's Principle of Least Action/Fermat's Principle of Least Time Appendix J Energy of Interaction between ions Appendix K Derivation of the Statement, Qrev > Qirrev Appendix L Derivation of the Clausius-Clapeyron Equation Appendix M Derivation of the van't Hoff Equation for Osmotic Pressure Appendix N Pseudoforces Appendix O Work of charging and discharging a rigid sphere Appendix P Review of Electrical Circuits Appendix Q Fermi's Golden Rule Appendix R Adiabatic vs non-Adiabatic processes
£44.99
Springer New York The Chemical Cosmos A Guided Tour 3 Astronomers Universe
Book SynopsisIf you have ever wondered how we get from the awesome impersonality of the Big Bang universe to the point where living creatures can start to form, and evolve into beings like you, your friends and your family, wonder no more.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“The Chemical Cosmos: A Guided Tour is an astronomy book about chemistry – or perhaps a chemistry book about astronomy. … well-structured and unifies a number of different elements of astronomy. Miller is careful to explain the technical vocabulary that you need to discuss the subject. The writing is clear and he has a light and humorous touch. … I enjoyed reading the book and learned a number of new things. I think anyone with an interest in astronomy or chemistry would find it interesting.” (BellaOnline.com, August, 2013)“The book might well inspire A-level students or their teachers to see the Universe as a place with many very interesting chemistry problems.” (Mike Edmunds, The Observatory, Vol. 132 (1230), October, 2012)“This is another book aiming to summarize 13 billion years of cosmic history in relatively few pages. … Recent discoveries of potentially life-supporting niches in the solar system, as well as the numerous recently discovered exoplanets, are described in broad strokes. The index and annotated bibliography are helpful, and the volume includes many rarely seen and well-chosen illustrations. Suitable for lay readers … . Summing Up: Recommended. General audiences.” (T. R. Blackburn, Choice, Vol. 49 (10), June, 2012)“Steve Miller is a professor at UCL and an accomplished speaker at the RAS … . He’s written a book I’m pleased to recommend for its light touch and humour … and, above all, for his willingness to explain. After a most enjoyable read, I had quite a bit to think about and there is a useful section of recommended further reading.” (Roger O’Brien, Journal of the British Astronomical Association, Vol. 122 (1), 2012)Table of ContentsPrologue.- Purple haze: introducing our guide.- The early universe: the source of chemistry – and of our guide.- Shooting the rapids: the life, and death, of the earliest starlight.- Interlude - how our guide is hooked, lost and caught again.- Heading downstream and cooking by starlight.- Fishing for molecules.- Branching out: in the land of the giants and dwarves.- Interlude - trawling for our cosmic guide.- In the delta: exoplanets - worlds, but not as we know them.- Towards the sea of life.- Epilogue.- Annotated references and further reading to chapters.- Some useful numbers.- Index.
£32.29
Springer Surface Forces
Book Synopsis1. Forces Near Interfaces.- 2. Disjoining Pressure.- 3. The Thermodynamic Theory of Stability of Thin Films.- 4. Dispersion Forces in Thin Interlayers and Films.- 5. The Adsorption Component of Disjoining Pressure in Nonionic Solutions.- 6. The Electrostatic Component of Disjoining Pressure.- 7. The Structure of Boundary Layers of Liquids and the Structural Component of Disjoining Pressure.- 8. The Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (Dlvo) Theory of Stability of Lyophobic Colloids.- 9. The Theory of Heterocoagulation in Lyophobic Systems.- 10. Wetting Films.- 11. Surface Forces in Transport Phenomena.- Conclusion.Table of Contents1. Forces Near Interfaces.- 2. Disjoining Pressure.- 3. The Thermodynamic Theory of Stability of Thin Films.- 4. Dispersion Forces in Thin Interlayers and Films.- 5. The Adsorption Component of Disjoining Pressure in Nonionic Solutions.- 6. The Electrostatic Component of Disjoining Pressure.- 7. The Structure of Boundary Layers of Liquids and the Structural Component of Disjoining Pressure.- 8. The Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (Dlvo) Theory of Stability of Lyophobic Colloids.- 9. The Theory of Heterocoagulation in Lyophobic Systems.- 10. Wetting Films.- 11. Surface Forces in Transport Phenomena.- Conclusion.
£85.49
Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp Physical Chemistry Principles Second Edition
£10.62
Springer Mathematical Methods in Chemistry and Physics
Book SynopsisVectors.- Function Spaces.- Matrices.- Similarity Transforms and Projections.- Vibrations and Normal Modes.- Kinetics.- Statistical Mechanics.- Quantum Mechanics.- Driven Systems and Fluctuations.- Other Techniques: Perturbation Theory and Direct Products.- to Group Theory.Table of ContentsVectors.- Function Spaces.- Matrices.- Similarity Transforms and Projections.- Vibrations and Normal Modes.- Kinetics.- Statistical Mechanics.- Quantum Mechanics.- Driven Systems and Fluctuations.- Other Techniques: Perturbation Theory and Direct Products.- to Group Theory.
£123.49
de Gruyter CarbonBased Nanotubes
£73.35
de Gruyter Atmospheric Aerosol Chemistry
£73.35
de Gruyter Wearable Energy Storage Devices
£73.35
de Gruyter Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction
£64.35
Universal Publishers The Bases of Chemical Thermodynamics
£29.67
Universal Publishers The Bases of Chemical Thermodynamics
£29.67
Paragon Publishing Solutions of Problems in The Exergy Method of Thermal Plant Analysis
£15.61
Michael Terence Publishing Silent Tears: The Life and Times of a Nuclear Test Cloud-Chaser
£9.99
Zeticula Ltd On the Cucumber Tree
Book SynopsisScience and technology are the most potent influences driving the modern world. Most science is done in laboratories but, apart from a generalized image of an anonymous building populated by white-coated figures, few people outside the sciences have any idea how such places come into existence or how they work. This memoir approaches both issues from the author's personal experience. Peter Day's career took him to many countries and laboratories, including the Royal Institution in London, arguably the oldest continuously operating laboratory in the world - and, of course, much else besides. He looks at a selection of these places through the eyes of an 'incomer', trying to understand how they came into being and what makes them tick. He was the first member of his family to go to university and introductory chapters sketch his early life in a small Kentish village and tortuous route into science, along with vignettes of Oxford 50 years ago, a long-lost world. Laboratories, like most other human constructs, are brought into being through the ambition and hubris of individuals, kept going by intellect and sharp elbows, and sometimes brought low by blind egoism. This book shares examples of all these traits of humanity, observed, if not by an outsider then certainly by an incomer. Peter Day is an internationally recognised materials chemist who has received numerous honorary Fellowships, degrees and Academy memberships. From a small village in Kent, his career took him to Oxford and industrial research laboratories in the USA, followed by Directorship of a European institute in France and the Royal Institution in London. As well as many technical papers he has published books and articles about the practise of science, people who carry it out and organisations where it is done.Trade Review'This is the kind of book - an unassuming, informative, and entertaining memoir that ranges over personal, scientific, and administrative matters - that I think more of you should be writing. The book costs less than $20, and can be read on a long train trip. A historian will find many details about the grain of today's scientific life that are usually passed over in more formal or ambitious histories and biographies. We could use many more tales from the cucumber tree like this one.' Robert P. Crease, Chairman of the Department of Philosophy at Stony Brook University, New York. 'That Day almost chose arts instead of science at school shows in this elegantly written view of the influences on science and scientists in the later 20th century.' Derry Jones, Chemistry World, August 2012 'a wide-ranging and entertaining life story.' TW Magazine, 2013
£14.95
Paragon Publishing The Exergy Method of Thermal Plant Analysis
£21.54
R Buckingham MD, Facp How Dancing Really Stops the Clock
£24.99
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Entropy and the Tao of Counting: A Brief
Book SynopsisThis book provides a complete and accurate atomic level statistical mechanical explanation of entropy and the second law of thermodynamics. It assumes only a basic knowledge of mechanics and requires no knowledge of calculus. The treatment uses primarily geometric arguments and college level algebra. Quantitative examples are given at each stage to buttress physical understanding. This text is of benefit to undergraduate and graduate students, as well as educators and researchers in the physical sciences (whether or not they have taken a thermodynamics course) who want to understand or teach the atomic/molecular origins of entropy and the second law. It is particularly aimed at those who, due to insufficient mathematical background or because of their area of study, are not going to take a traditional statistical mechanics course.Table of Contents
£44.99
De Gruyter Solid-State Chemistry
Book SynopsisThis book invites you on a tour through the most relevant topics of solid-state chemistry. It provides an up-to-date overview about fascinating structures of inorganic matter and new research developments. The reader will also gain crucial insights into many aspects of material science, from ceramics to superconductors. One chapter is specifically dedicated to the most rapidly evolving field of material science: metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The book contains a chapter which is often neglected in others due to its complexity, the intermetallic phases. A concise but very didactic introduction to crystallographic specifications ensures that the reader will gain a deeper understanding of the crystal structures presented in the book. The book places special emphasis on the graphical illustrations which were specifically designed to promote real insights into the structural features. Instead of having to decipher hard to distinguish graphics the reader has an eye-opening experience. A further added value is that many references to the original research publications are given which enables easy follow-up for more detailed study.
£73.62
De Gruyter Photocatalysis
Book SynopsisThis book is a concise and up-to-date introduction to the topic of photocatalysis. It covers the fundamentals of photocatalysis, design of photoreactors and modelling and simulations for photoreaction. Also, industrial applications such as hydrogen production, water disinfection, degradation of air pollutants, pesticides and pharmaceuticals are described.
£65.55
De Gruyter Photovoltaic Modules: Reliability and Sustainability
Book SynopsisPhotovoltaic modules have developed into mass products sold in billions and applied all over the world enabling a renewable energy supply. Reliability and sustainability are key factors for the success of Photovoltaics in all climate zones. The second edition of this interdisciplinary book provides insight into relevant environmental aspects (climates), material and module testing equipment and approaches, service life prediction modelling and standardisation of wafer-based photovoltaic modules. The book also addresses recent research and developments on the sustainability assessment of photovoltaic modules including end of life measures and legislation.
£56.52
De Gruyter Physical Chemistry of Polymers: A Conceptual Introduction
Book SynopsisThis book introduces the concepts of physical chemistry of polymers in a format targeted for a blended-learning approach. It provides a basis to bridge polymer chemistry, which targets microscopic chain structures, and polymer engineering, which targets macroscopic material properties and functions. Topics covered are single chain statistics, multi-chain interactions, and chain dynamics, both from a viewpoint of structure, properties (mostly mechanical ones), and their interrelation. In all that, the author encourages the reader to think conceptually. Explains complex facts through simplifying models, diagrams, and illustrations Accessible to chemists, chemical engineers, materials scientists, and physicists Tailored content for an interactive blended-learning format
£56.52
£44.55
De Gruyter Chemistry for Environmental Scientists
Book SynopsisThe second edition of this book presents the fundamentals of chemistry in light of their importance for the environment and environmental processes. The new edition includes updated references and a more practical approach to the topic. The comprehensive discussion is structured in three parts: introducing the theory of physical chemistry, evaluating elements and compounds, and presenting principles of environmental chemistry.
£70.77
De Gruyter Symmetrie in der Instrumentellen Analytik
£53.68
De Gruyter Chemistry of High-Energy Materials
Book SynopsisChemistry of High-Energy Materials continues in this new and revised 6th edition to provide fundamental scientifi c insights into primary and secondary explosives, propellants, rocket fuels and pyrotechnics. It expands with new research developments, including new melt casts, reactive structure materials, a computational study on the detonation velocity of mixtures of solid explosives with non-explosive liquids, calculation of craters after explosions. This work is of interest to advanced students in chemistry, materials science and engineering, as well as to all those working in military and defense technology.
£65.55
De Gruyter Quantenchemie
Book Synopsis
£60.80
De Gruyter Chemische Thermodynamik
Book Synopsis
£62.96
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Supramolecular Chemistry: Concepts and Perspectives
Book SynopsisSupramolecular chemistry is a central theme not only in chemistry, but in neighboring disciplines including physics and the biological sciences. The author has introduced this notion and has been awarded the Nobel Prize for his achievements in this area. He presents here the concepts, lines of development and perspectives of this highly interdisciplinary and burgeoning field of research. Topics include: - molecular recognition - catalysis and transport processes - molecular and supramolecular devices - self-processes By placing the basic concepts into a broader perspective, the author succeeds in inspiring, stimulating and challenging the creative imagination of his reader.Table of ContentsFrom the Contents: From Molecular to Supramolecular Chemistry/ Anion Coordination Chemistry and the Recognition of Anionic Substrates/ Coreceptor Molecules and Multiple Recognition/ Supramolecular Reactivity and Catalysis/ Transport Processes and Carrier Design/ From Supermolecules to Polymolecular Assemblies/ Molecular and Supramolecular Devices/ Self-Processes/ Programmed (Supra)Molecular Systems/ From Structure to Information. The Challenge of Instructed Chemistry
£70.25
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Organic Reaction Mechanisms: 40 Solved Cases
Book Synopsis Organic Reaction Mechanisms shows readers how to interpret the experimental data obtained from an organic reaction, and specifically how an organic reaction mechanism can be considered or rejected based on the analysis of the experimental evidence. Whilst examining a series of selected examples of mechanisms, the text focuses on real cases and discusses them in detail. The examples are arranged to elucidate key aspects of organic reaction mechanisms. The authors employ all the types of information that the authors of the original work considered useful and necessary, including spectroscopic data, kinetic and thermodynamic data, isotopic labelling and organic reactivity. The book makes an excellent primer for advanced undergraduates in chemistry who are preparing for exams and is also useful for graduate students and instructors.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "The authors of this book utilise recently published research work to illustrate and instruct the reader on how to interpret experimental data to account for product stereochemical outcomes and propose reasonable reaction mechanisms. Matching mechanisms to justify experimental results with no or limited supportive experimental evidence is tricky as often more questions are raised than answered, but in the majority of the 40 papers presented, Gallego and Sierra are reasonably convincing with their discussion of plausible mechanisms….. This book is suitable for the hyper-enthusiastic advanced organic chemistry undergraduates who are destined to higher research degree studies and for graduates and professional organic chemists who like linking experimental data to organic structures."Chemistry in Australia, 10/2004, p. 30 "The book makes an excellent primer for advanced undergraduates in chemistry who are preparing for exams and is also useful for graduates students and instructors."Journal: Chimie Nouvelle – Societe Royale de Chimie, Vol. 22, Issue 87, p. 122 "Organic Reaction Mechanisms shows readers how to interpret the experimental data obtained from an organic reaction … . Examining a series of selected examples of mechanisms, Organic Reaction Mechanisms focuses on real cases and discusses them in detail … . The book makes an excellent primer for advanced undergraduates in chemistry who are preparing for exams and is also useful for graduate students and instructors." (Chimie Nouvelle Societe Royale de Chemie, Vol. 22(87), 2004) "Learning by doing is the approach pursued by Gallego and Sierra in their book … . The chemical concepts and reaction types introduced to the reader cover practically all of the addition, substitution, and elimination reactions known in traditional organic chemistry. … Ample space is also given to … . The book is a valuable resource for the preparation of seminars on organic reaction mechanisms, and as such it should be available in a good university library." (Hendrik Zipse, Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 116(37), 2004) "Organic Reaction Mechanisms: 40 Solved Cases presents cases of organic reaction mechanisms using formal representation … . The examples are treated in detail with an introduction, experimental data, discussion, key points and additional references. The approach of the authors is original since they do not approach the reaction … . This volume will be useful to advanced undergraduate students and researchers interested in understanding the mechanism of organic reactions." (John F. Kennedy, Francois Meullenet, Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 57, 2004) "Working with three-dimensional molecules, changes to solvent or catalyst and other such factors may dramatically alter the course of a reaction, and these subtleties are not readily appreciated by most students. … The authors of this book try to redress this deficiency by bringing together a series of organic reactions whose mechanistic details have been probed using a variety of techniques and approaches. … will also offer lecturers a useful set of worked problems with which to illustrate their courses." (Andrew Boa, Times Higher Education Supplement, February, 2005) "Organic Reaction Mechanics shows the readers how to interpret the experimental data obtained from an organic reaction … . This book in which the strategy of synthesis has been discussed will be useful for undergraduates, Ph. D. students and scientists … . Lecturers can find in the text new examples to illustrate topics of advanced chemistry. After reading this book specific interest can be found by a physicist who deals with investigations of chemical or biochemical processes by physical methods." (Yu. Galyametdinov, Applied Magnetic Resonance, Vol. 28 (1-2), 2005) "What resources do you need to teach mechanistic organic chemistry? More often than not, quick access to appropriate, contemporary examples … . For that reason alone I can commend Gomez Gallego and Sierra’s book … . The book is well organized. … The scope of the examples is a real asset. … The references are also valuable. … I can see it becoming a very useful resource for educators at advanced undergraduate and postgraduate level." (Jim Iley, Chemistry World, Vol. 2 (7), 2005) "The mechanism of a chemical reaction can be considered as a hypothetical motion picture of the behavior of the participating atoms. The reliability of the proposed mechanism increases if it leads to quantitative predictions as to how the speed of the reaction is affected by concentrations of reactants, temperature, solvent and the presence of catalysts. The interpretation of the experimental data is a key point in any type of experimentation. The book on Organic Reaction Mechanisms explains the various approaches to interpret the experimental data obtained from an organic reaction and specifically how an organic reaction mechanism can be considered or rejected based on the analysis of experimental evidence. ...All the cases presented in the book have been nicely illustrated that cover all the main topics of organic chemistry and this book is an innovative contribution to the subject. In conclusion, this book can be excellent source of information not only to the students but also to the academicians working in the area of organic chemistry." (John F. Kennedy, Univ. Birmingham; Journal: Carbohydrate Polymers, Issue 65, 2006) Table of ContentsLevel 1.- Case 1. A Surprise in the Synthesis of Guanacastepene A.- Case 2. Sulfenylation of Indole.- Case 3. Substrate Selective Reactions in the Presence of Lewis Acids.- Case 4. Diastereoselective Reductions of ?-Ketoesters.- Case 5. Rearrangements from Tetrahydropyran Derivatives.- Case 6. Stereospecific Substitution Reactions of Epoxy Sulfides.- Case 7. NaBH4 Reduction of ?,?-Unsaturated Chromium Carbene Complexes.- Case 8. Addition of Hydroxylamines to ?,?-Unsaturated Esters.- Case 9. Solvolysis of Electron-Deficient Norbornyl Triflates.- Case 10 Nucleophile Versus Base Catalysis.- Case 11. The Hydrolysis of p-Substituted Styrene Oxides.- Case 12. Elimination Reactions of Benzaldehyde O-Benzoyloximes.- Case 13. Oxygen Versus Sulfur Stabilization of Carbenium Ions.- Case 14. Cyclization of 2,3-Dibenzylidenesuccinates.- Case 15. Oxazoline N-Oxides as Dipoles in [3+2] Cycloadditions.- Case 16. Light-Induced Cycloadditions of N-Phthaloyl ?Amino Acids.- Level 2.- Case 17. Change in Rate-Determining Step in an E1 cB Mechanism: Aminolysis of Sulfamate Esters.- Case 18. Unusual Diels-Alder Reactivity of Acyclic 2-Azadienes.- Case 19. Chelate-Controlled Carbonyl Addition Reactions.- Case 20. Esterification of Carboxylic Acids with Dimethyl Carbonate and DBU.- Case 21. A Hammett Analysis in a Multistep Reaction: Rhodium(II)-Catalyzed Decomposition of ?Diazo Esters.- Case 22. Tandem Cycloadditions with Nitronates.- Case 23. Hydrolysis of 2-Aminobenzoate Esters.- Case 24. Rearrangements of Cyclobutenones.- Case 25. Epoxi Ester-Orthoester Rearrangement.- Case 26. 2-Chloro-1,3,5-triazines as Activating Groups of Carboxylic Acids in the Formation of Peptide Bonds.- Case 27. Acid-Catalyzed Isomerization of Imines.- Case 28. A Dearomatizing Disrotatory Electrocyclic Ring Closure.- Case 29. Stereoselective Debromination of Vicinal Dibromides.- Case 30. Diels-Alder Reactions of N-Acyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazines.- Case 31. Stereoselective Synthesis of 2-Acylaziridines.- Level 2.- Case 32. The Baylis-Hillman Reaction.- Case 33. The Rate-Determining Step in the SNAr Reaction.- Case 34. Helicenophanes and their Racemization.- Case 35. Solvolysis of Vinyl Iodonium Salts.- Case 36. Vicarious Nucleophilic Substitution.- Case 37. Base-promoted HF Elimination from 4-Fluoro-4-(4'-nitrophenyl)butan-2-one.- Case 38. Substitution of ?Halostyrenes Mes.- Case 39. Periodinane-Mediated Cyclization of Anilides.- Case 40. Solvolysis of 8-Deltacyclyl Brosylates.
£66.49
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Phase Diagrams and Heterogeneous Equilibria: A
Book SynopsisThis advanced comprehensive textbook introduces the practical application of phase diagrams to the thermodynamics of materials consisting of several phases. It describes the fundamental physics and thermodynamics as well as experimental methods, treating all material classes: metals, glasses, ceramics, polymers, organic materials, aqueous solutions. With many application examples and realistic cases from chemistry and materials science, it is intended for students and researchers in chemistry, metallurgy, mineralogy, and materials science as well as in engineering and physics. The authors treat the nucleation of phase transitions, the production and stability of technologically important metastable phases, and metallic glasses. Also concisely presented are the thermodynamics and composition of polymer systems. This innovative text puts this powerful analytical approach into a readily understandable and practical context, perhaps for the first time.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews : "This graduate textbook introduces the practical application of phase diagrams for students and researchers in materials science, chemistry, and mineralogy, as well as engineering and physics. Heterogeneous equilibria are illustrated by practical examples in different application fields, while theory is kept to a minimum. An emphasis is placed on providing tools for predicting energetic, structural, and physical quantities." (Materials Today) "Predel and colleagues offer a good resource for students and professionals who wish to learn more about the practical aspects of phase equilibria … . Unlike most other books on the subject, this practical introduction provides detailed, yet remarkably clear, description of physical phenomena … . The descriptions are enhanced with more than 250 phase diagrams, micrographs, and other illustrations involving both real and idealized systems. … Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals in materials-related fields." (D.D. Edwards, CHOICE, Vol. 42 (10), June, 2005) Table of Contents1 Fundamental Facts and Concepts.- 2 Phase Equilibria in One-Component Systems.- 3 Phase Equilibria in Two-Component Systems Under Exclusion of the Gas Phase.- 4 Phase Equilibria in Three-Component Systems and Four-Component Systems with Exclusion of the Gas Phase.- 5 Phase Equilibria Including a Vapor Phase.- 6 Thermodynamics.- 7 Nucleation During Phase Transitions.- 8 Metastable Phases.- 9 Effect of Diffusion on Phase Transformations.- 10 Organic and Polymeric Materials.
£44.99
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Oberflächen- und Dünnschicht-Technologie: Teil I:
Book SynopsisTable of Contents1 Oberflächentechnologien — ein Überblick.- 1.1 Einleitung.- 1.2 Überblick über Beschichtungsmethoden und ihre Anwendungen.- 1.2.1 PVD-Prozesse.- 1.2.2 CVD-Prozesse.- 1.2.3 Plasmapolymerisation.- 1.2.4 Elektrochemische Abscheidung.- 1.2.5 Chemische Abscheidung.- 1.2.6 Thermische Spritzverfahren.- 1.2.7 Auftragschweißen.- 1.2.8 Plattier-Verfahren.- 1.2.9 Abscheidung aus der metallischen Schmelze.- 1.2.10 Abscheidung von Schichten aus organischen Polymeren.- 1.2.11 Schichtdickenbereiche und Aufwachsraten.- 1.3 Überblick über die Methoden zur Modifizierung der Randschicht.- 1.4 Zur Unterscheidung: dünne Schicht - dicke Schicht.- 1.5 Zum Aufbau des Buches.- 2 Haftfestigkeit und MikroStruktur der Schichten, Vorbehandlung der Substrate.- 2.1 Einleitung.- 2.2 Übergangs(Interface)-Zone zwischen Substrat und Schicht.- 2.2.1 Keimbildung und Schichtaufbau.- 2.2.2 Mechanischer Übergang.- 2.2.3 Monoschicht/Monoschicht-Übergang.- 2.2.4 Verbindungsübergang.- 2.2.5 Diffusionsübergang.- 2.2.6 Pseudodiffusionsübergang.- 2.3 MikroStruktur von PVD-Kondensaten.- 2.3.1 Strukturzonen-Modelle.- 2.3.2 Einfluß des Inertgasdruckes auf die Struktur.- 2.3.3 Einfluß des Ionenbombardements auf die Struktur.- 2.4 Inkorporation von Fremdatomen.- 2.5 Innere Spannungen in der Schicht.- 2.6 Haftfestigkeit der Schicht.- 2.7 Zeitliche Änderungen der Haftfestigkeit.- 2.8 Folgerungen in bezug auf die Vorbereitung der Substrate.- 2.8.1 Glas-und Oxidkeramik-Oberflächen als Substrate.- 2.8.1.1 Vorreinigung.- 2.8.1.2 Glimmentladungsreinigung.- 2.8.1.3 Sputterreinigung.- 2.8.1.4 Möglichkeiten zur Verbesserung der Haftfestigkeit.- 2.8.2 Metalloberflächen als Substrate.- 2.8.3 Organische Polymere als Substrate.- 3 Meß- und Prüftechnik von Oberflächen und dünnen Schichten.- 3.1. Messung der Schichtdicke und der Depositionsrate.- 3.1.1 Gravimetrische Methoden.- 3.1.1.1 Schwingquarz-Methode.- 3.1.1.2 Mikrowägung.- 3.1.1.3 Dosierte Massezufuhr.- 3.1.1.4 Quantitative Beschichtung.- 3.1.2 Optische Methoden.- 3.1.2.1 Photometer-Methode.- 3.1.2.2 Weitere optische Methoden.- 3.1.3 Direkte Meßmethoden.- 3.1.3.1 Stylus-Methode.- 3.1.3.2 Messung mit dem Licht-und dem Elektronenmikroskop.- 3.1.4 Auf der Messung elektrischer oder magnetischer Größen beruhende Methoden.- 3.1.4.1 Widerstandsmeßmethode.- 3.1.4.2 Kapazitätsmeßmethode.- 3.1.4.3 Wirbelstrommeßmethode.- 3.1.4.4 Coulometrische Meßmethode.- 3.1.4.5 Magnetische Meßmethode.- 3.1.4.6 Methode der Durchschlagspannung.- 3.1.4.7 Ultraschall-Impulsecho-Methode.- 3.1.5 Auf Teilchen-Wechselwirkungen beruhende Methoden.- 3.1.5.1 Verdampfungsrate-Monitor und optische Emissionsspektrometrie.- 3.1.5.2 Weitere auf Wechselwirkungen beruhende Methoden.- 3.2 Analyse der chemischen Zusammensetzung.- 3.2.1 Elektronenstrahl-Mikroanalyse (EPM).- 3.2.2 Auger-Elektronenspektroskopie (AES).- 3.2.3 Photoelektronenspektroskopie (ESCA).- 3.2.4 Sekundärionen-Massenspektrometrie (SIMS).- 3.2.5 Sekundär-Neutralteilchen-Massenspektrometrie (SNMS).- 3.2.6 Ionen-Streuspektroskopie (ISS).- 3.2.7 Rutherford-Rückstreuungsspektroskopie (RBS) und andere Hochenergiemethoden.- 3.2.8 Zur Anwendung der Oberflächenanalytik.- 3.3 Untersuchung der mikrogeometrischen und der kristallinen Struktur.- 3.4 Untersuchung physikalischer Eigenschaften der Schichten.- 3.5 Untersuchung mechanisch-technologischer Eigenschaften.- 3.5.1 Mikrohärte.- 3.5.2 Haftfestigkeit.- 3.5.3 Reibung und Verschleiß.- 3.5.4 Eigenspannungen.- 3.6 Funktionsorientierte Prüfverfahren.- 4 Plasmen in der Oberflächentechnologie.- 4.1 Einleitung.- 4.2 Erzeugung von Niederdruckplasmen.- 4.3 Plasmakenngrößen.- 4.3.1 Trägerdichte und Ionisierungsgrad.- 4.3.2 Elektronen-und Ionentemperatur.- 4.3.3 Mittlere freie Weglänge und Wirkungsquerschnitte.- 4.3.4 Stoßfrequenzen.- 4.3.5 Beweglichkeiten und Diffusionskoefílzienten.- 4.3.6 Elektrische Leitfähigkeit.- 4.3.7 Teilchenbewegung im Magnetfeld.- 4.4 Kollektive Phänomene.- 4.4.1 Kenngrößen.- 4.4.2 Raumladungsschichten und Ströme auf Elektroden im Plasma.- 4.4.3 Bestimmung der Plasmaparameter.- 4.5 Hochfrequenzentladungen und das Prinzip des HF-Sputterns.- 4.6 Reaktionen im Plasma.- 4.6.1 Volumenreaktionen.- 4.6.2 Oberflächenreaktionen.- 4.6.2.1 Reaktionen durch Ionenbombardement.- 4.6.2.2 Reaktionen durch Elektronenbombardement.- 5 Bedampfungstechniken.- 5.1 Einleitung.- 5.2 Grundlagen des Bedampfungsprozesses.- 5.2.1 Forderungen an den Restgasdruck.- 5.2.2 Zum Vakuumsystem.- 5.2.3 Verdampfungsrate und Dampfdruck.- 5.2.4 Räumliche Verteilung der Dampfstromdichte und Verteilung der Schichtdicke auf verschiedenen Substraten.- 5.2.5 Substratträger und Schichtdickengleichmäßigkeit.- 5.2.6 Aufdampfmaterialien.- 5.2.6.1 Chemische Elemente.- 5.2.6.2 Chemische Verbindungen.- 5.2.6.3 Legierungen, Mischungen.- 5.2.7 Spezielle Verfahren zur Erzielung von Schichten definierter Zusammensetzung.- 5.2.7.1 Mehrquellenverdampfung.- 5.2.7.2 Eintiegelverdampfung mit kontinuierlicher Materialnachlieferung.- 5.2.7.3 Flash-Verdampfung.- 5.2.7.4 Reaktive Bedampfung.- 5.2.7.5 Aktivierte reaktive Bedampfung.- 5.3 Verdampfungsquellen.- 5.3.1 Widerstandsheizung.- 5.3.1.1 Direkte Widerstandsheizung.- 5.3.1.2 Indirekte Widerstandsheizung.- 5.3.2 Induktive Heizung.- 5.3.3 Elektronenstrahlverdampfer.- 5.3.3.1 Verdampfer mit Transversal-Elektronenkanone.- 5.3.3.2 Verdampfer mit Axial-Elektronenkanone.- 5.3.4 Weitere Verdampfungsmethoden.- 5.3.5 Kontinuierliche Verdampfung.- 5.4 Automatische Pumpstand- und Verdampfungssteuerungen.- 5.5 Ausführungsformen von Beschickungsanlagen.- 5.6 Anwendungen.- 6 Sputtertechniken.- 6.1 Einleitung.- 6.2 Gesetzmäßigkeiten des Sputterprozesses.- 6.2.1 Sputtern von elementaren, polykristallinen Materialien.- 6.2.1.1 Sputterausbeute.- 6.2.1.2 Energie-und Winkelverteilung der abgestäubten Atome.- 6.2.1.3 Mechanismus des Sputterprozesses.- 6.2.2 Sputtern von Legierungen.- 6.2.3 Sputtern von Verbindungen.- 6.2.4 Reaktives Sputtern.- 6.3 Praktische Ausführung verschiedener Sputtertechniken.- 6.3.1 Planare Dioden mit Gleich-und HF-Spannung.- 6.3.2 Triodensystem mit fremderregtem Plasma.- 6.3.3 Magnetron-Sputtersysteme.- 6.3.3.1 Zylindrische Magnetrons mit elektrostatischem Plasmaeinschluß.- 6.3.3.2 Zylindrische Magnetrons mit magnetischem Plasmaeinschluß.- 6.3.3.3 Planare Magnetrons und Sputter-Gun-Magnetrons.- 6.3.3.4 Hochfrequenzbetriebene Magnetrons.- 6.3.4 Ionenstrahl-Sputtern.- 6.3.5 Sputtertargets.- 6.3.5.1 Herstellung der Targetmaterialien.- 6.3.5.2 Kühlung der Targets..- 6.3.5.3 Mit planaren Magnetrons erzielbare Depositionsraten.- 6.3.6 Sputteranlagen.- 6.3.7 Anwendungen der Sputtertechniken.- 6.3.7.1 Anwendungen in der Elektronikindustrie.- 6.3.7.2 Optische Anwendungen.- 6.3.7.3 Reibungsarme Schichten.- 6.3.7.4 Verschleißfeste harte Schichten.- 6.3.7.5 Dekorative Schichten.- 7 Ionenplattieren.- 7.1 Einleitung.- 7.2 Mechanismus des Ionenplattierens.- 7.2.1 Beispiel eines Ionenplattierprozesses.- 7.2.2 Wirkungen des Teilchenbombardements auf die Substratoberfläche.- 7.2.3 Bildung der Interfaceschicht unter dem Einfluß des Teilchenbombardements.- 7.2.4 Einflüsse des Teilchenbombardements auf die Struktur und andere Eigenschaften der Schichten.- 7.2.5 Reaktives Ionenplattieren (RIP).- 7.3 Ausfuhrungsformen von Ionenplattier-Anlagen.- 7.3.1 Ionenplattieren mit DC-Glimmentladung.- 7.3.2 Ionenplattieren im Hochvakuum mit separater Ionenquelle.- 7.3.3 Ionenplattieren mit HF-Entladung.- 7.3.4 Ionenplattieren mit Plasmastrom.- 7.3.5 Ionenplattieren mit Triodenanordnung.- 7.3.6 Ionenplattieren mit elektronenstrahl-induziertem Plasma.- 7.3.7 Ionenplattieren mit Magnetron-Sputtertarget.- 7.3.8 Ionenplattieren mit Hohlkathoden-Bogenentladung.- 7.3.9 Ionenplattieren mit Niedervolt-Bogenentladung.- 7.3.10 Ionenplattieren mit thermischem Bogen (Are-Verdampfung).- 7.3.11 Ionenplattieren mit Ionen-Cluster-Strahl.- 7.4 Anwendungen des Ionenplattierens.- 7.4.1 Verschleißschutzschichten auf Werkzeugen und Bauteilen.- 7.4.2 Minderung der Reibung von Metalloberflächen.- 7.4.3 Fügetechnik (Bonding).- 7.4.4 Korrosionsschutz.- 7.4.5 Anwendungen in der Elektronik.- 7.4.6 Optische Schichten.- 7.4.7 Dekorative, goldfarbene TiN-Schichten.- 8 Chemische Abscheidung aus der Gasphase: CVD-Verfahren.- 8.1 Das CVD-Verfahren.- 8.2 Theoretische Grundlagen.- 8.3 CVD-Reaktoren.- 8.4 Eigenschaften der CVD-Schichten.- 8.4.1 Interface-Zone und Struktur der Schichten.- 8.4.2 Duktilität, Sprödigkeit.- 8.4.3 Haftfestigkeit.- 8.4.4 Schichtdicke, Abscheidungsrate und Gleichmäßigkeit.- 8.4.5 Reibungs- und Verschleißverhalten.- 8.5 Anwendungen von CVD-Schichten.- 8.5.1 Verschleiß-Schutzschichten.- 8.5.1.1 Beschichtete Werkzeuge aus Hartmetall.- 8.5.1.2 Beschichtete Werkzeuge aus Stahl.- 8.5.1.3 Instrumentenlager und Wälzlager.- 8.5.1.4 Weitere Beispiele für Verschleißschutzschichten.- 8.5.2 Korrosions-Schutzschichten.- 8.5.3 Spezielle Werkstoffe und Bauelemente.- 8.5.3.1 Materialien für die Halbleitertechnologie.- 8.5.3.2 Pyrolithischer Graphit.- 8.5.3.3 Pyrolithischer Kohlenstoff.- 8.5.3.4 Kompositwerkstoffe.- 8.5.3.5 Mikrokugeln und durch CVD erzeugte Bauteile.- 8.5.3.6 Oberflächen mit dendritischer Struktur für die Energietechnik.- 8.5.4 Lichtwellenleiter.- 8.5.4.1 CVD-Abscheidung auf rotierendem Substratstab, OVPO-Prozeß.- 8.5.4.2 CVD-Abscheidung auf der Stirnfläche eines Quarzstabes, AD-Prozeß.- 8.5.4.3 CVD-Abscheidung auf der Innenfläche eines rotierenden Quarzrohres, MCVD-Prozeß.- 8.5.4.4 Varianten des MCVD-Prozesses.- 8.5.4.5 Faserziehtechnologie.- 8.5.4.6 Weitere Herstellungsverfahren von Lichtwellenleitern.- 9 Plasma-aktivierte chemische Dampfabscheidung (PACVD).- 9.1 Einleitung.- 9.2 Physikalische und chemische Grundlagen des PACVD-Prozesses.- 9.2.1 Das Plasma beim PACVD-Prozeß.- 9.2.2 Plasmachemische Reaktionen.- 9.2.3 Schichtwachstum.- 9.3 Praktische Ausführung von PACVD-Reaktoren.- 9.4 Ergebnisse und Anwendungen.- 9.4.1 Harter amorpher Kohlenstoff (a-C:H).- 9.4.2 Metall-Kohlenstoff-Schichten.- 9.4.3 Amorphes Silizium (a-Si).- 9.4.3.1 Passivierung der Strukturdefekte von a-Si.- 9.4.3.2 Präparation von a-Si:H.- 9.4.3.3 Dotierung von a-Si:H.- 9.4.3.4 Mikrokristallines Silizium µx-Si:H.- 9.4.3.5 Weitere Präpationsmethoden für Si-Schichten.- 9.4.3.6 Anwendungen der a-Si:H-Technologie.- 9.4.4 Siliziumnitrid.- 9.4.5 Siliziumoxid und Siliziumoxinitrid.- 9.4.6 Siliziumcarbid.- 9.4.7 Weitere durch PACVD darstellbare Materialien.- 9.4.8 Plasmadotieren.- 10 Plasmapolymerisation.- 10.1 Merkmale der Plasmapolymerisation.- 10.2 Reaktoren.- 10.3 Monomere ..- 10.4 Depositionsraten plasmapolymerisierter Schichten als Funktion der Prozeßparameter.- 10.5 Anlagen für die Plasmapolymerisation.- 10.6 Anwendungen der Plasmapolymerisation.- 10.6.1 Membrantechnik.- 10.6.1.1 Inverse Osmose.- 10.6.1.2 Gastrennung.- 10.6.1.3 Diffusionsbarrieren gegen Gasabgabe und Permeation.- 10.6.2 Optische Schichten.- 10.6.2.1 Schutzschichten auf Metallspiegeln für die Solartechnik.- 10.6.2.2 Antireflexschichten auf Plexiglas (PMMA).- 10.6.2.3 Antireflexschichten auf Fenstern von IR-Lasern.- 10.6.2.4 Lichtleiter für die integrierte Optik.- 10.6.3 Elektronik.- 10.6.3.1 Plasmapolymerisierte MMA-Filme für die Elektronenstrahllithographie.- 10.6.3.2 Schutzfilme für elektronische Bauelemente.- 10.6.3.3 Dünnschicht-Bauelemente.- 10.6.4 Kunststofftechnik.- 10.6.5 Biomedizinische Technik.- 10.6.6 Pharmazeutische Technik.- 11 Elektrochemische und chemische Verfahren zur Herstellung von Schichten.- 11.1 Überblick.- 11.2 Galvanische Abscheidung von Schichten.- 11.2.1 Abscheidung aus wässerigen Elektrolyten.- 11.2.1.1 Grundlagen.- 11.2.1.2 Die experimentellen Parameter.- 11.2.1.3 Struktur und Eigenschaften der Metallschichten.- 11.2.1.4 Zur Ausführung des galvanischen Prozesses.- 11.2.1.5 Anwendungen von galvanischen Metall- und Legierungsschichten.- 11.2.1.6 Diffusionsschichten.- 11.2.1.7 Galvanisch abgeschiedene Dispersionsschichten.- 11.2.1.8 Beschichtung durch eine Verdrängungsreaktion an der Kathode.- 11.2.2 Galvanische Abscheidung aus nichtwässerigen Elektrolyten.- 11.2.2.1 Galvanisches Aluminieren.- 11.2.2.2 Halbleitende Metallchalcogenide.- 11.2.3 Elektrolytische Abscheidung aus der Salzschmelze.- 11.2.3.1. Zur Ausführung des Prozesses.- 11.2.3.2 Eigenschaften der Schichten.- 11.2.3.3 Anwendungen der Abscheidung aus der Salzschmelze.- 11.2.4 Galvanoformung.- 11.3 Anodische Oxidation.- 11.3.1 Die auf Aluminium entstehende Sperrschicht.- 11.3.2 Die auf Aluminium entstehende Duplexschicht.- 11.3.3 Duplexschichten und ihre Eigenschaften.- 11.3.4 Aluminium-Hartoxid-Schichten.- 11.3.5 Anodische Oxidation weiterer Metalle.- 11.4 Elektrochemische Spezialverfahren.- 11.4.1 Elektrophorese.- 11.4.2 Elektrotauchlackierung.- 11.4.3 Elektropolieren.- 11.5 Chemische Herstellung von Schichten aus der Lösung.- 11.5.1 Chemisch-reduktive Abscheidung.- 11.5.1.1 Beschichten durch autokatalytische Reduktion (electroless plating).- 11.5.1.2 Anwendungen des außenstromlosen, autokatalytischen Beschichtens.- 11.5.1.3 Weitere chemisch-reduktive Beschichtungsverfahren.- 11.5.2 Beschichten durch Pyrolyse-Sprühverfahren.- 11.5.3 Chemische Umwandlung von Metalloberflächen durch Chromatieren und Phosphatieren.- 12 Thermische Spritzverfahren.- 12.1 Einleitung.- 12.2 Verfahren der thermischen Spritztechnik.- 12.2.1 Flammspritzverfahren.- 12.2.2 Detonationsspritzverfahren.- 12.2.3 Lichtbogenspritzverfahren.- 12.2.4 Plasmaspritzverfahren.- 12.2.5 Vakuum-Plasmaspritzverfahren (VPS).- 12.2.6 Weitere thermische Spritzverfahren.- 12.2.7 Substrate und ihre Vorbereitung.- 12.2.8 Werkstoffe für Spritzverfahren.- 12.3 Eigenschaften der thermisch gespritzten Schichten.- 12.3.1 Struktur der Schichten.- 12.3.2 Dichte und Porosität.- 12.3.3 Oberflächenbeschaffenheit.- 12.3.4 Haftfestigkeit und innere Spannungen.- 12.3.5 Härte und Duktilität.- 12.4 Anwendungen der thermischen Spritzverfahren.- 12.4.1 Schutzschichten gegen Verschleiß.- 12.4.2 Schutzschichten gegen Korrosion.- 12.4.3 Wärmebarrieren.- 12.4.4 Schutzschichten gegen Hochtemperaturkorrosion.- 12.4.5 Herstellung ganzer Bauteile durch Plasmaspritzen.- 12.4.6 Einlauf-und Anlaufschichten.- 12.4.7 Reparatur von Schichten und Bauteilen.- 12.4.8 Oberflächen mit besonderen Eigenschaften, hergestellt durch Plasma- und Vakuum-Plasmaspritzen.- 13 Auftragschweißen und Plattieren.- 13.1 Überblick.- 13.2 Verfahren des Auftragschweißens.- 13.2.1 Flammen-Auftragschweißen.- 13.2.2 Lichtbogen-Auftragschweißen.- 13.2.2.1 Wolfram-Inertgas (WIG)-Auftragschweißen.- 13.2.2.2 Metall-Inertgas(MIG)-Auftragschweißen.- 13.2.2.3 Metall-Aktivgas (MAG)-Auftragschweißen.- 13.2.2.4 Unter-Pulver (UP)-Auftragschweißen.- 13.2.3 Elektro-Schlacke(ES)-Auftragschweißen.- 13.2.4 Plasma-Auftragschweißen.- 13.2.4.1 Plasma-Pulver- und Plasma-MIG-Auftragschweißen.- 13.2.4.2 Plasma-Heißdraht-Auftragschweißen.- 13.2.5 Zur Auswahl des Schichtmaterials.- 13.2.6 Anwendungen des Auftragschweißens.- 13.2.6.1 Beschichten von Maschinenteilen.- 13.2.6.2 Schweißplattieren in der Halbzeugfertigung.- 13.3 Plattier-Verfahren.- 13.3.1 Gießplattieren.- 13.3.2 Walzplattieren.- 13.3.3 Sprengplattieren.- 13.3.4 Punktplattieren.- 13.3.5 Reibplattieren.- 13.3.6 Aluminothermisches Plattieren.- 14 Durch Schmelztauchen und Rascherstarrung erzeugte Metallschichten.- 14.1 Schmelztauchverfahren.- 14.1.1 Diskontinuierliches Schmelz tauchverfahren.- 14.1.2 Kontinuierliches Schmelztauchverfahren.- 14.1.3 Eigenschaften und Anwendungen von Schmelztauchüberzügen auf Stahlband und Feinblech.- 14.1.3.1 Zinküberzüge.- 14.1.3.2 Aluminiumüberzüge.- 14.1.3.3 Zinnüberzüge.- 14.1.3.4 Bleiüberzüge.- 14.1.3.5 Weitere Metallüberzüge.- 14.2 Rascherstarrung aus der Schmelze (liquid quenching).- 14.2.1 Herstellung metallischer Gläser.- 14.2.2 Eigenschaften und Anwendungen metallischer Gläser.- 14.2.3 Weitere Verfahren zur Erzeugung amorpher Metalle.- 15 Schichten aus organischen Polymeren und dispersen Systemen.- 15.1 Beschichtungsmaterialien.- 15.2 Mechanismen der Schichtbildung.- 15.3 Lösungsmittelarme Lacke.- 15.4 Anwendungen von Polymerschichten.- 15.4.1 Dekorative Schichten.- 15.4.2 Schutz vor Korrosion und Verwitterung.- 15.4.3 Reibungsarme Polymerschichten.- 15.4.4 Antistatische Polymerschichten.- 15.4.5 Elektrische Anwendungen.- 15.5 Vorbehandlung der Substrate.- 15.6 Beschichtungsverfahren.- 15.6.1 Mechanische Verfahren.- 15.6.1.1 Lackieren und Drucken.- 15.6.1.2 Siebdruck elektrischer Schaltungen.- 15.6.1.3 Tauch-, Spin- und Gießbeschichten.- 15.6.1.4 Laminieren von Polymerschichten.- 15.6.2 Thermische Verfahren.- 15.6.2.1 Extrusion aus der Schmelze.- 15.6.2.2 Fließbettbeschichten.- 15.6.3 Spritzverfahren.- 15.6.3.1 Mechanische Spritzverfahren.- 15.6.3.2 Elektrostatische Spritzverfahren.- 15.6.3.3 Thermische Spritzverfahren.- 15.6.4 Weitere Verfahren zur Herstellung polymerer Schichten.- 15.7 Anwendungen des Tauchverfahrens und des elektrostatischen Spritzens auch auf andere nichtmetallische Werkstoffe.- Tabellenanhang.- Physikalische Eigenschaften von Schichtmaterialien für verschiedene Beschichtungsprozesse und Hinweise auf Anwendungen.- A 1 Chemische Elemente als Schichtmaterialien für PVD- und CVD-Prozesse.- A 2 Anwendungen chemischer Elemente als Schichtmaterialien in der Elektronik, Optik und Oberflächenvergütung.- A 3 Fluoride als Schichtmaterialien für PVD-Prozesse und Anwendungen.- A 4 Oxide und Oxid-Verbindungen als Schichtmaterialien für PVD-, CVD-und Tauchprozesse und Anwendungen.- A 5 Nichtoxidische Chalcogenide und einige Halbleiter als Schichtmaterialien und deren technische Anwendungen.- A 6 Legierungen und Cermets als Schichtmaterialien für PVD-Prozesse.- A 7 Boride als Schichtmaterialien und deren Anwendungen.- A 8 Carbide als Schichtmaterialien und deren Anwendungen.- A 9 Nitride als Schichtmaterialien und deren Anwendungen.- A 10 Suicide als Schichtmaterialien und deren Anwendungen.- Literatur.
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£94.99
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Luminescent Materials
Book SynopsisEveryone starting work in this field is faced with the lack of basic books. Here, two renowned researchers introduce the reader to luminescence and its applications, describing the principles of the luminescence processes in a clear way and dealing not only with physics, but also with the chemistry of systems. Particular attention is paid to materials such as lamp phosphors, cathode-ray and X-ray phosphors, scintillators and many other applications.Table of Contents1 A General Introduction to Luminescent Materials.- 2 How Does a Luminescent Material Absorb Its Excitation Energy?.- 2.1 General Considerations.- 2.2 The Influence of the Host Lattice.- 2.3 The Energy Level Diagrams of Individual Ions.- 2.3.1 The Transition Metal Ions (dn).- 2.3.2 The Transition Metal Ions with d0 Configuration.- 2.3.3 The Rare Earth Ions (4fn).- 2.3.4 The Rare Earth Ions (4f-5d and Charge-Transfer Transitions)….- 2.3.5 Ions with s2 Configuration.- 2.3.6 Ions with d10 Configuration.- 2.3.7 Other Charge-Transfer Transitions.- 2.3.8 Color Centers.- 2.4 Host Lattice Absorption.- References.- 3 Radiative Return to the Ground State: Emission.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 General Discussion of Emission from a Luminescent Center.- 3.3 Some Special Classes of Luminescent Centers.- 3.3.1 Exciton Emission from Alkali Halides.- 3.3.2 Rare Earth Ions (Line Emission).- 3.3.3 Rare Earth Ions (Band Emission).- 3.3.4 Transition Metal Ions.- 3.3.5d0 Complex Ions.- 3.3.6d10 Ions.- 3.3.7s2 Ions.- 3.3.8 The U6+ ion.- 3.3.9 Semiconductors.- 3.3.10 Cross-Luminescence.- 3.4 Afterglow.- 3.5 Thermoluminescence.- 3.6. Stimulated emission.- References.- 4 Nonradiative Transitions.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Nonradiative Transitions in an Isolated Luminescent Centre.- 4.2.1 The Weak-Coupling Case.- 4.2.2 The Intermediate- and Strong-Coupling Cases.- 4.3 Efficiency.- 4.4 Maximum Efficiency for High Energy Excitation [13].- 4.5 Photoionization and Electron-Transfer Quenching.- 4.6 Nonradiative Transitions in Semiconductors.- References.- 5 Energy Transfer.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Energy Transfer Between Unlike Luminescent Centers.- 5.3 Energy Transfer Between Identical Luminescent Centers.- 5.3.1 Weak-Coupling Scheme Ions.- 5.3.2 Intermediate-and strong-coupling scheme ions.- 5.4 Energy Transfer in Semiconductors.- References.- 6 Lamp Phosphors.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Luminescent Lighting [1–3].- 6.3 The Preparation of Lamp Phosphors.- 6.4 Photoluminescent Materials.- 6.4.1. Lamp Phosphors for Lighting.- 6.4.2 Phosphors for Other Lamp Applications.- 6.4.3 Phosphors for High-Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamps.- 6.4.4 Phosphors with Two-Photon Emission.- 6.5 Outlook.- References.- 7 Cathode-Ray Phosphors.- 7.1 Cathode-Ray Tubes: Principles and Display.- 7.2 Preparation of Cathode-Ray Phosphors.- 7.3 Cathode-Ray Phosphors.- 7.3.1 Some General Remarks.- 7.3.2 Phosphors for Black-and-White Television.- 7.3.3 Phosphors for Color Television.- 7.3.4 Phosphors for Projection Television.- 7.3.5 Other Cathode-Ray Phosphors.- 7.4 Outlook.- References.- 8 X-Ray Phosphors and Scintillators (Integrating Techniques).- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.1.1 X-Ray Absorption.- 8.1.2 The Conventional Intensifying Screen.- 8.1.3 The Photostimulable Storage Phosphor Screen.- 8.1.4 Computed Tomography.- 8.2 Preparation of X-ray Phosphors.- 8.2.1 Powder Screens.- 8.2.2 Ceramic Plates.- 8.2.3 Single Crystals.- 8.3 Materials.- 8.3.1 X-Ray Phosphors for Conventional Intensifying Screens.- 8.3.2 X-Ray Phosphors for Photostimulable Storage Screens.- 8.3.3 X-Ray Phosphors for Computed Tomography.- 8.4 Outlook.- References.- 9 X-Ray Phosphors and Scintillators (Counting Techniques).- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 The Interaction of Ionizing Radiation with Condensed Matter.- 9.3 Applications of Scintillator Crystals.- 9.4 Material Preparation (Crystal Growth).- 9.5 Scintillator Materials.- 9.5.1 Alkali Halides.- 9.5.2 Tungstates.- 9.5.3 Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO).- 9.5.4 Gd2SiO5: Ce3+ and Lu2SiO5: Ce3+.- 9.5.5 CeF3.- 9.5.6 Other Ce3+ Scintillators and Related Materials.- 9.5.7 BaF2 (Cross Luminescence; Particle Discrimination).- 9.5.8 Other Materials with Cross Luminescence.- 9.6 Outlook.- References.- 10 Other Applications.- 10.1 Upconversion: Processes and Materials.- 10.1.1 Upconversion Processes.- 10.1.2 Upconversion Materials.- 10.2 The Luminescent Ion as a Probe.- 10.3 Luminescence Immuno-Assay.- 10.3.1 Principle.- 10.3.2 Materials.- 10.4 Electroluminescence.- 10.4.1 Introduction.- 10.4.2 Light-Emitting Diodes and Semiconductor Lasers.- 10.4.3 High-Field Electroluminescence.- 10.5 Amplifiers and Lasers with Optical Fibers.- 10.6 Luminescence of Very Small Particles.- References.- Appendix 1. The Luminescence Literature.- Appendix 2. From Wavelength to Wavenumber and Some Other Conversions.- Appendix 3. Luminescence, Fluorescence, Phosphoresence.- Appendix 4. Plotting Emission Spectra.
£113.99
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Quantum Theory of Magnetism
Book SynopsisMagnetism is one of the oldest and most fundamental problems of Solid State Physics although not being fully understood up to now. On the other hand it is one of the hottest topics of current research. Practically all branches of modern technological developments are based on ferromagnetism, especially what concerns information technology. The book, written in a tutorial style, starts from the fundamental features of atomic magnetism, discusses the essentially single-particle problems of dia- and paramagnetism, in order to provide the basis for the exclusively interesting collective magnetism (ferro, ferri, antiferro). Several types of exchange interactions, which take care under certain preconditions for a collective ordering of localized or itinerant permanent magnetic moments, are worked out. Under which conditions these exchange interactions are able to provoke a collective moment ordering for finite temperatures is investigated within a series of theoretical models, each of them considered for a very special class of magnetic materials. The book is written in a tutorial style appropriate for those who want to learn magnetism and eventually to do research work in this field. Numerous exercises with full solutions for testing own attempts will help to a deep understanding of the main aspects of collective ferromagnetism.Table of ContentsBasic Facts.- Atomic Magnetism.- Diamagnetism.- Paramagnetism.- Exchange Interaction.- Ising Model.- Heisenberg Model.- Hubbard Model.
£85.49
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Introduction to Physics and Chemistry of Combustion: Explosion, Flame, Detonation
Book SynopsisMost of the material covered in this book deals with the fundamentals of chemistry and physics of key processes and fundamental mechanisms for various combustion and combustion related phenomena in gaseous combustible mixture. It provides the reader with basic knowledge of burning processes and mechanisms of reaction wave propagation. The combustion of a gas mixture (flame, explosion, detonation) is necessarily accompanied by motion of the gas. The process of combustion is therefore not only a chemical phenomenon but also one of gas dynamics. The material selection focuses on the gas phase and with premixed gas combustion. Premixed gas combustion is of practical importance in engines, modern gas turbine and explosions, where the fuel and air are essentially premixed, and combustion occurs by the propagation of a front separating unburned mixture from fully burned mixture. Since premixed combustion is the most fundamental and potential for practical applications, the emphasis in the present work is be placed on regimes of premixed combustion. This text is intended for graduate students of different specialties, including physics, chemistry, mechanical engineering, computer science, mathematics and astrophysics. Trade ReviewAus den Rezensionen: "Das vorliegende Buch richtet sich vor allem an ‘Graduate Students’, also an Studierende, die bereits mindestens einen Bachelorabschluss ... haben. ... Wer sich durch den 360-seitigen Text durcharbeitet, bekommt auf jeden Fall eine hervorragende Einführung in die Komplexität von Verbrennungsprozessen von Gasmischungen. ... Gut ist sicher, dass jedes Kapitel am Ende einige Aufgaben enthält … Das Buch liefert insgesamt eine sehr gute Einführung in das Thema und fundierte Kenntnisse auf dem Gebiet der Physik, speziell der Gasdynamik für Verbrennungsprozesse von Gasmischungen." (Thomas M. Klapötke, in: Nachrichtenb aus der Chemie, 2009, Vol. 57, Issue 1, S. 60 f.)Table of ContentsBasic Concepts of Thermodynamics.- Chemical Thermodynamics.- Combustion Chemistry.- Self-Accelerating Reactions, Explosions.- Velocity and Temperature of Laminar Flames.- to Hydrodynamics of Ideal Fluids.- Energy Dissipation in Gases and Liquids.- Detonation and Shock Waves.- Hydrodynamics of Propagating Flame.- Regimes of Premixed Flames.- Internal Combustion Engines.- Combustion and Environmental Concerns.
£103.99
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Solid Base Catalysis
Book SynopsisThe importance of solid base catalysts has come to be recognized for their environmentally benign qualities, and much significant progress has been made over the past two decades in catalytic materials and solid base-catalyzed reactions. The book is focused on the solid base. Because of the advantages over liquid bases, the use of solid base catalysts in organic synthesis is expanding. Solid bases are easier to dispose than liquid bases, separation and recovery of products, catalysts and solvents are less difficult, and they are non-corrosive. Furthermore, base-catalyzed reactions can be performed without using solvents and even in the gas phase, opening up more possibilities for discovering novel reaction systems. Using numerous examples, the present volume describes the remarkable role solid base catalysis can play, given the ever increasing worldwide importance of "green" chemistry. The reader will obtain an overall view of solid base catalysis and gain insight into the versatility of the reactions to which solid base catalysts can be utilized. The concept and significance of solid base catalysis are discussed, followed by descriptions of various methods for the characterization of solid bases, including spectroscopic methods and test reactions. The preparation and properties of base materials are presented in detail, with the two final chapters devoted to surveying the variety of reactions catalyzed by solid bases.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Characterization of Solid Base Catalysts.- Preparation and Catalytic Properties of Solid Base Catalysts - Metal Oxides.- Preparation and Catalytic Properties of Solid Base Catalysts - Specific Materials for Solid Bases.- Reactions Catalyzed by Solid Bases.- Solid Base Catalysts for Specific Subjects.
£132.28
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Die Korrosion der Metalle: Physikalisch-chemische
Book SynopsisDie „Klassiker der Technik“ sind unveränderte Neuauflagen traditionsreicher ingenieurwissenschaftlicher Werke. Wegen ihrer didaktischen Einzigartigkeit und der Zeitlosigkeit ihrer Inhalte gehören sie zur Standardliteratur. Hintergründe vieler computergestützter Verfahren erschließen sich erst durch das Studium dieses klassischen Wissens. In dem Klassiker zur Korrosion der Metalle wird der Stoff systematisch und didaktisch durchdacht dargestellt. Dabei beschränkt sich der Autor auf das Wesentliche und erläutert dennoch eine Fülle von Einzelfragen.Trade Review"... Es ist ... zur Vertiefung des Wissens von Insidern geeignet ... (es) wurden alle Kapitel über Korrosionsarten und -erscheinungen auf den neuesten Stand gebracht ... Doe Beschaffung der neuesten Auflage ist daher für Interessenten nahezu unumgänglich..." (Metall) "... Das Buch hat eine Vielzahl von Bildern und Tabellen und am Ende der einzelnen Kapitel jeweils eine ausführliche Literaturzusammenstellung. Die angesprochenen Sachverhalte sind klar und übersichtlich in logischer Abfolge dargestellt. Hervorzuheben bleibt die gelungene Verknüpfung zwischen den wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen und den praktischen Aspekten der Korrosion." (Schweißen und Schneiden)Table of ContentsKorrosionsreaktionen und Korrosionsprodukte.- Chemische Thermodynamik der Korrosion.- Der elektrolytische Mechanismus der Korrosion.- Die Kinetik der Elektrodenreaktionen.- Die Kinetik der gleichmäßigen Korrosion.- Inhibitoren der Säurekorrosion. Adsorption an Elektroden.- Besondere Aspekte der Korrosion von Legierungen.- Das Rosten des Eisens. Der Einfluß dicker Deckschichten.- Die Passivität der Metalle.- Die Einwirkung galvanischer Kurzschlußzellen auf die Korrosion.- Korrosions-Lochfraß, Lochkorrosion.- Interkristalline und intrakristalline Korrosion.- Wasserstoff in Eisen und Stahl: Beizblasen, Innenrisse, unterkritische Rißausbreitung.- Die Spannungsrißkorrosion.- Die Schwingungsrißkorrosion (Korrosionsermüdung).
£170.99
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Explosions- und Verbrennungsvorgänge in Gasen
Book SynopsisDieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.Table of ContentsErstes Kapitel: Einleitung von Explosionen (Selbstzündung) als Wärmephänomen.- 1. Vorbemerkung.- 2. Selbstzündung (Wärmeexplosion).- 3. Genauere Diskussion der Explosionsgleichungen.- 4. Beispiele von Wärmeexplosionen.- 5. Zündung durch erhitzte Oberflächen.- Anhang zum ersten Kapitel: Diskussion des experimentellen Materials über Zündtemperaturen.- Zweites Kapitel: Funkenzündung I. (Wärmetheorie der Funkenzündung).- 1. Grundtatsachen und Problemstellung.- 2. Ansätze für eine vereinfachte quantitative Behandlung.- 3. Besprechung von Versuchen vom Standpunkt der Wärmetheorie.- Drittes Kapitel: Fortpflanzung von Explosionen.- 1. Allgemeines.- 2. Die normale Verbrennungsgeschwindigkeit.- 3. Genauere Theorie der Bunsenflamme.- 4. Methodik der Bestimmung der normalen Verbrennungsgeschwindigkeit nach Gouy-Michelson.- 5. Fortpflanzung der Verbrennung in Rohren.- 6. Theorie der Flammenfortpflanzung.- 7. Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit und normale Verbrennungsgeschwindigkeit.- 8. Zündgrenzen.- 9. Beeinflussung der Zündgrenzen durch Zusätze.- Viertes Kapitel: Explosionen in geschlossenen Gefäßen.- 1. Übersicht über die Erscheinungen.- 2. Geschwindigkeit des Druckanstieges und Flammengeschwindigkeit.- 3. Theorie des Druckanstieges und des Temperaturgradienten bei Bombenexplosionen nach Mache.- 4. Besondere Beobachtungen bei Bombenexplosionen.- Fünftes Kapitel: Detonation.- 1. Besondere Phänomene bei sehr schnellen Flammen; die Detonation.- 2. Stoßwelle und Detonation.- 3. Experimentelle Bestimmung von Detonationsgeschwindigkeiten.- 4. Detonationsgrenzen.- 5. Einfluß äußerer Faktoren auf Einleitung und Fortpflanzung von Detonationen.- 6. Detonationsdrucke.- 7. Einfluß von Zusätzen auf die Entstehung von Detonationen.- 8. Beziehung zwischen Stoßwelle und Detonation; „Spin“ von Detonationen.- 9. Nachträge zur Theorie der Detonationsvorgänge.- Sechstes Kapitel: Flammen nicht vorgemischter Gase.- Siebentes Kapitel: Flammentemperaturen, Strahlungsuntersuchungen an Flammen.- 1. Messung von Flammentemperaturen.- 2. Berechnung maximaler Flammentemperaturen.- 3. Spektroskopische Untersuchungen von Flammen.- 4. Thermische Strahlung und Chemilumineszenz.- 5. Strahlung und Temperatur im Motor.- Achtes Kapitel: Kinetik der Verbrennungs- und Explosionsvorgänge.- 1. Grundlagen der chemischen Kinetik.- 2. Kinetische Gastheorie.- 3. Kettenreaktionen, an einem Beispiel erläutert.- 4. Reaktionen mit Kettenverzweigung.- 5. Die zeitliche Entwicklung einer Kettenexplosion.- 6. Beispiele von Kettenexplosionen.- Neuntes Kapitel: Die Knallgas- und Kohlenoxydverbrennung.- A. Die Knallgasverbrennung.- 1. Die untere Explosionsgrenze.- 2. Die obere Explosionsgrenze.- 3. Die Reaktion außerhalb der Explosionsgrenzen.- 4. Versuche mit freien Atomen und Radikalen.- 5. Mechanismus der Knallgasreaktion.- B. Die Kohlenoxydverbrennung.- 1. Die Explosionsgrenzen.- 2. Die Reaktion außerhalb der Explosionsgrenzen.- 3. Spektroskopische Untersuchungen über die CO-Verbrennung; CO-Explosionen in Gegenwart von Stickstoff.- 4. Der Mechanismus der CO-Verbrennung.- Zehntes Kapitel: Funkenzündung II, Reaktion in elektrischen Entladungen.- 1. Natur der Funkenentladung; ältere Untersuchungen über die Zündfähigkeit verschiedener Funken.- 2. Finchs Untersuchungen über die Reaktion explosiver Gemische in nicht zündenden Entladungen.- 3. Versuche über die Zündfähigkeit verschiedener Funken sowie der verschiedenen Komponenten eines Funkens.- 4. Sonstige Beobachtungen über „nichtthermische“ Zündung.- 5. Funkenzündung im Motor.- 6. Brewers Untersuchungen über Reaktionen in Entladungen.- 7. Ansätze zur Theorie der „nichtthermischen“ Zündung im Funken.- Elftes Kapitel: Die Verbrennung von Kohlenwasserstoffen.- Überblick über das Gebiet.- A. Die Verbrennung in der Flamme.- 1. Reaktionsprodukte bei Explosion und Verbrennung.- 2. Spektroskopische Beobachtungen; Reaktion freier Atome und Radikale.- 3. Flammengeschwindigkeiten.- B. Die langsame Oxydation von Kohlenwasserstoffen.- 1. Allgemeines.- 2. Kinetik der Oxydation niederer Aldehyde.- 3. Zerfall von Kohlenwasserstoffen und Zwischenprodukten; Absorptionsspektren.- 4. Die Oxydation der niedersten Kohlenwasserstoffe.- 5. Die langsame Oxydation weiterer Kohlenwasserstoffverbindungen; Kalte Flammen.- C. Die Entzündung von Kohlenwasserstoffen, besonders bei höheren Drucken.- D. Die Theorie der Kohlenwasserstoffoxydation.- Zwölftes Kapitel: Die Verbrennung im Otto-Motor.- 1. Überblick über die beobachteten Erscheinungen.- 2. Allgemeine Grundlagen und Thermodynamik der Verbrennung im Motor.- 3. Der Klopfvorgang.- 4. Phänomenologisches zum Verbrennungs- und Klopfvorgang im Motor.- 5. Messung des Klopfverhaltens.- 6. Untersuchung der dem Klopfen vorangehenden Vorgänge.- 7. Untersuchungen über Klopffeinde.- 8. Spektroskopische Untersuchungen am Motor.- 9. Klopfverhalten und chemische Konstitution; Reaktionskinetische Ansätze.- 10. Über Klopffeinde.- 11. Schlußbemerkungen.- Dreizehntes Kapitel: Verbrennung im Dieselmotor.- 1. Das Arbeitsverfahren des Dieselmotors.- 2. Allgemeines über den Verbrennungsablauf; Strahleinspritzung, Verdampfung, Zündung.- 3. Praktische Bestimmung der Zündwilligkeit von Dieselkraftstoffen.- 4. Reaktionskinetische Behandlung des Zündvorgangs im Dieselmotor.- 5. Weitere reaktionskinetische Betrachtungen zum Verbrennungsvorgang im Dieselmotor.- Anhang: Zusammenfassende Darstellungen des Gebietes.- Namenverzeichnis.
£64.99
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Atom- und Quantenphysik: Einführung in die experimentellen und theoretischen Grundlagen
Book Synopsis"...Einer der Vorteile dieses Lehrbuchs beruht auf der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Experimentalphysiker und Theoretiker als Autoren, wobei beide international bekannte und geschätzte Wissenschaftler sind. Dadurch kommen beide Aspekte der Quantenphysik, die entscheidenden Experimente und das mathematische Gerüst, zur Geltung..." (Physikalische Blätter)Table of ContentsListe der wichtigsten verwendeten Symbole.- 1. Einleitung.- 2. Masse und Größ.- 3. Die Isotopie.- 4. Kernstruktur des Atoms.- 5. Das Photon.- 6. Das Elektron.- 7. Einige Grundeigenschaften der Materiewellen.- 8. Das Bohrsehe Modell des Wasserstoff-Atoms.- 9. Das mathematische Gerüst der Quantentheorie.- 10. Quantenmechanik des Wasserstoff-Atoms.- 11. Aufhebung der l-Entartung in den Spektren der Alkali-Atome.- 12. Bahn- und Spin-Magnetismus, Feinstruktur.- 13. Atome im Magnetfeld, Experimente und deren halbklassische Beschreibung.- 14. Atome im Magnetfeld, quantenmechanische Behandlung.- 15. Atome im elektrischen Feld.- 16. Allgemeine Gesetzmäßigkeiten optischer Übergänge.- 17. Mehrelektronenatome.- 18. Röntgenspektren, innere Schale.- 19. Aufbau des Pseriodensystems, Grundzustände der Elemente.- 20. Kernspin, Hyperfeinstruktur.- 21. Der Laser.- 22. Moderne Methoden der optischen Spektroskopie.- 23. Fortschritte der Quantenphysik: Tieferes Verständnis undneue Anwendungen.- 24. Grundlagen der Quantentheorie der chemischen Bindung.- Mathematischer Anhang.- A. Die Diracsche Deltafunktion und die Normierung der Wellenfunktion eines kräftefreien Teilchens im unbegrenzten Raum.- B. Einige Eigenschaften des Harniltonoperators, seiner Eigenfunktionen und Eigenwerte.- C. Herleitung der Heisenbergschen Unschärferelation.- Lösungen zu den Aufgaben.- Literaturverzeichnis zur Ergänzung und Vertiefung.- Fundamental-Konstanten der Atomphysik (Vordere Einbandinnenseite).- Energie-Umrechnungstabelle (Hintere Einbandinnenseite).
£44.99
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG The Origin of the Chemical Elements and the Oklo Phenomenon
Book SynopsisAt about the time I was a student in the 1930's, it had become increasingly evident that all the elements existing on the Earth today had already been discovered. Scientists then began "discovering" new elements by means of their artificial synthesis and some of the man-made elements found important military as well as industrial applications. I have often wondered, however, if the importance of these artificial elements may not have been overly emphasized by contemporary scientists for their practical applications. It seemed to me that these man-made elements were destined to play an important role du ring the second half of the 20th century in the study of the origin of the elements in the Universe. This subject of study, which dates back to the days of ancient Greek philoso phers, may be regarded as the most fundamental in the entire compass of our modetn science. Since I joined the faculty of the University of Arkansas in the early 1950's, I have had the good fortune of being able to maintain a long-range research project, the ultimate goal of which was to elucidate the origin of the elements. I have presented the results from these and related investigations on numerous occasions. While serving as a tour speaker of the American Chemical Society for many years, I have had the privilege of visiting many ofthe local sections to present a lecture on the origin ofthe elements.Table of Contents1. Introduction.- 2. Abundance of the Elements.- 2.1. Mendeléeff and the Periodic Law.- 2.2. The Ideas of Crookes.- 2.3. Richards and Atomic Weights.- 2.4. Clarke’s Numbers.- 2.5. The Rule of Harkins.- 2.6. The 1930 Estimates by Noddack.- 2.7. The 1938 Estimates by Goldschmidt.- 2.8. Geochemical Classification of the Elements.- 2.9. The 1956 Estimates by Suess and Urey.- 3. Elements 43 and 61 in Nature.- 3.1. The All-Present Theory of Noddack.- 3.2. Discoveries of Elements 43 and 61 by Artificial Means.- 3.3. Magic Numbers.- 3.4. Technetium in Stars.- 3.5. Long-Lived Isotopes of Technetium.- 3.6. Reported Discoveries of Technetium in Terrestrial Minerals.- 3.7. Absence of Primordial Technetium in the Earth’s Crust.- 3.8. Molybdenum-99 in Non-Irradiated Uranium Salts.- 3.9. Technetium in Pitchblende.- 3.10. Promethium-147 in Non-Irradiated Uranium Salts.- 3.11. Promethium in Pitchblende.- 4. The Oklo Phenomenon.- 4.1. Discovery of Spontaneous Fission.- 4.2. Plutonium-239 in Nature.- 4.3. Large-Scale Nuclear Processes on the Earth.- 4.4. Xenon Isotopes in Radioactive Minerals.- 4.5. Radioactive Strontium Isotopes in Pitchblende.- 4.6. Iodine-129 in Pitchblende.- 4.7. Radioactive Iodine Isotopes in Aqueous Uranium Solutions.- 4.8. Resonance Capture of Neutrons in Pitchblende.- 4.9. The Theory of Natural Reactors.- 4.10. The Uranium-238 to -235 Ratio in Nature.- 4.11. The Uranium-234 to -238 Ratio in Nature.- 4.12. Discovery of the Oklo Reactor.- 4.13. Promethium-147 in the Oklo Reactor.- 4.14. Plutonium-239 in the Oklo Reactor.- 4.15. Technetium-99 in the Oklo Reactor.- 4.16. Search for Additional Natural Reactors.- 5. Synthesis of the Elements in Stars.- 5.1. Discovery of Helium in the Sun.- 5.2. The Concept of Frozen Thermodynamic Equilibria.- 5.3. Deficient Elements.- 5.4. The Rate of Thermonuclear Reactions.- 5.5. The C-N Cycle and the Proton-Proton Chain.- 5.6. Synthesis of the Elements in a Neutron-Rich Environment.- 5.7. The Big-Bang Theory of Gamow.- 5.8. The Polyneutron Hypothesis of Mayer and Teller.- 5.9. The Proton-Neutron Ratio Prior to the Big-Bang.- 5.10. Theories on the Evolution of Stars.- 5.11. Supernovae and Californium-254.- 5.12. Synthesis of the Elements in Stars.- 5.13. The e-Process According to B2FH.- 5.14. The s- and r-Processes According to B2 FH.- 5.15. Cosmic Black-Body Radiation.- 5.16. Pulsars or Neutron Stars.- 5.17. The World of Antimatter.- 5.18. Possible Climatic Effect of Supernova Explosion.- 5.19. Search for Neutrinos from the Sun.- 5.20. Temperature of the Sun.- 5.21. Further Studies on Nucleosynthesis in Stars.- 6. Plutonium-244 in the Early Solar System.- 6.1. Rutherford and Soddy’s View on the Transuranium Elements.- 6.2. Rutherford’s Calculation of the Age of the Elements.- 6.3. The Concept of Extinct Radioactivity.- 6.4. Half-life of Iodine-129 and the Age of the Elements.- 6.5. Excess 129Xe in Meteorites.- 6.6. The Plutonium-244 Hypothesis.- 6.7. Chronology of Nucleosynthesis.- 6.8. Plutonium-244 in the Early Solar System.- 6.9. Unsolved Problems in Xenology.- 6.10. Search for Superheavy Elements in Nature.- 6.11. Superheavy Elementary Particles and Quarks in Nature.- 7. Isotopic Anomalies in the Early Solar System.- 7.1. The Origin of Lithium, Beryllium and Boron.- 7.2. Isotopic Anomalies in Meteorites.- 7.3. A Unified Theory of Isotopic Anomalies.- 7.4. Neon.- 7.5. Argon.- 7.6. Krypton.- 7.7. Xenon.- 7.8. Barium.- 7.9. Gadolinium.- 7.10. Other Elements.- Appendices.- Appendix I. Goldschmidt’s table of the abundance of the elements (Originally compiled in 1938 and up-dated to 1954).- Appendix II. The 1956 Suess-Urey abundance table for the individual nuclei.- Appendix III. The 1965 abundance table compiled by Virginia Trimble.
£44.99
Editorial Academica Espanola Manual de prácticas, Laboratorio de fisicoquímica I
£22.79
Springer Grain Boundaries: From Theory to Engineering
Book SynopsisGrain boundaries are a main feature of crystalline materials. They play a key role in determining the properties of materials, especially when grain size decreases and even more so with the current improvements of processing tools and methods that allow us to control various elements in a polycrystal. This book presents the theoretical basis of the study of grain boundaries and aims to open up new lines of research in this area. The treatment is light on mathematical approaches while emphasizing practical examples; the issues they raise are discussed with reference to theories. The general approach of the book has two main goals: to lead the reader from the concept of ‘ideal’ to ‘real’ grain boundaries; to depart from established knowledge and address the opportunities emerging through "grain boundary engineering", the control of morphological and crystallographic features that affect material properties. The book is divided in three parts: I ‘From interganular order to disorder’ deals with the concept of the perfect grain boundary, at equilibrium, and questions the maintenance of its crystalline state. II ‘From the ideal to the real grain boundary’ deals with the concept of the faulted grain boundary. It attempts to reveal the influence of the grain boundary structure on its defects, their formation and their accommodation. III ‘From free to constrained grain boundaries’ is devoted to grain boundary ensembles starting from the triple junction (the elemental configuration) to real grain boundary networks in polycrystalsThis part covers a new and topical development in the field. It presents for the first time an avenue for researchers working on macroscopic aspects, to approach the scale of description of grain boundaries.Audience: graduate students, researchers and engineers in Materials Science and all those scientists pursuing grain boundary engineering in order to improve materials performance.Table of ContentsFrom the Contents: Part 1: From intergranular order to disorder.- Introduction: brief history of the intergranular order concept.- Geometrical order.- Mechanical stress order.- Atomic order.- Order or disorder at high temperature.- Grain boundary order and energy.- Grain boundary order or disorder: what conclusion?.- Part 2: From the ideal grain boundary to the real grain boundary.- Defects in the grain boundary structure.- Intergranular segregation.- Precipitation at grain boundaries.- Interactions between dislocations and grain boundaries.- Relaxation of the intergranular stresses.- Part 3: From the free grain boundary to the constrained grain boundary.- The triple junction.- Grain boundary network - grain boundary texture.
£79.99
Springer Liquid Film Coating: Scientific principles and their technological implications
Book SynopsisIn spite of all the activity in coating process wide range of available methods or to invent a research, there is no preceding comprehensive new one. Then, of course, the details of the text that summarizes results obtained in various coatingequipmentmustbespecifiedanddesigned, placesaroundtheworldandpublishedindifferent and feasibility of the process selected must be technicaljournals. Inparticular,thereisnosingle demonstrated for a desired range of operating textthatsystematicallyinterpretsallthe physical conditions. For anexistingproduct,on theother mechanisms that control coating processes, and hand, the most pressing issues are often to that explains implications ofscientific principles expand the range of successful operation, for on industrial coating applications. This is not to instance to higher coating speeds, thinner wet saythatnobooksorreviewsoncoatingtechnology layers, or more layers coated simultaneously; to have been written in the past. However, they all eliminate coating imperfections or defects that focus oneithercoatingequipment(Higgins 1965; degrade product quality; and to increase the Booth 1970; Weiss 1977; Satas 1984); on just a yield, or the fraction ofsalable material from an fewparticularcoatingmethods(Middleman 1977; entire lot coated. Coating engineers, together Ruschak 1985);oronparticularaspectsofcoating with formulation chemists, also respond to technology such as numerical methods (Kistler never-endingquests to improve the performance and Scriven 1983), process control (Frost and ofthe final products which, in some instances in Gutoff 1991), or wettability (Blake 1984; Berg very subtle ways and in others to a significant 1993). The recent volumes edited by Cohen and extent, depend on careful control of the micro- Gutoff(1992)and Benkreira(1993)emergedfrom structure or surface properties imparted on the shortcourseson coating technology. They cover coatedlayersbythecoatingflowprocessupstream.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Coating Science and Technology: an overview. Physics and material interactions of coating processes. Capillary hydrodynamics and interfacial phenomena. Wetting: static and dynamic contact lines. Surfactants: static and dynamic surface tension. Coating rheology: component influence in the rheological response and performance of water-borne coatings in roll applications . The fate of thin liquid films after coating. Methods of investigating coating processes. Experimental methods. Asymptotic methods for the mathematical analysis of coating flows. Advances in computational methods for free-surface films . Theory and practice of coating processes. Analysis and design of internal coating die cavities. Pre-metered coating processes. Self-metered coating processes. Free meniscus coating processes. Spin coating. Control and optimization of coating processes. Index
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