Philosophy: logic Books
Hackett Publishing Co, Inc Truth Vagueness and Paradox
Book SynopsisAwarded the 1988 Johnsonian Prize in Philosophy. Published with the aid of a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities.Trade ReviewIt is the only real treatise on truth in existence that takes full account of the liar paradox and other 'semantical' paradoxes and treats the sophisticated theories that have been developed in the last fifteen years. . . . The view of truth it expresses, the technical results obtained in working it out, and the general, self-contained treatment of the logical problems concerning truth combine to make this work a very important one. --Charles Parsons, Harvard University
£36.89
Hackett Publishing Co, Inc Philosophical Problems and Arguments An
Book Synopsis
£42.50
Hackett Publishing Co, Inc An Introduction to Logic
Book SynopsisWritten for independent study and suitable for an introductory course in logic, this classic text combines a sound presentation of logic with effective pedagogy and illustrates the role of logic in many areas of humanistic and scientific thought. Cohen and Nagel''s elegant integration of the history of philosophy, natural science, and mathematics helps earn this work its distinguished reputation.Trade ReviewAn admirable book in every way. A textbook in a class by itself. Refreshing, lucid, well reasoned, well written. --James Newman and Edward Kasner, Mathematics and the Imagination
£17.09
Hackett Publishing Co, Inc A Philosophical Companion To FirstOrder Logic
Book SynopsisThis volume of recent writings, some previously unpublished, follows the sequence of a typical intermediate or upper-level logic course and allows teachers to enrich their presentations of formal methods and results with readings on corresponding questions in philosophical logic.
£17.09
Hackett Publishing Co, Inc A Philosophical Companion To FirstOrder Logic
Book SynopsisFollows the sequence of a typical intermediate or upper-level logic course and allows teachers to enrich their presentations of formal methods and results with readings on corresponding questions in philosophical logic.
£36.89
Hackett Publishing Co, Inc An Introduction to Hegels Logic
Book SynopsisJustus Hartnack provides a highly accessible, philosophically astute introduction to Hegel''s logic--one of those rare books that rewards readers at any level of sophistication--and the ideal text for students about to embark on the study of this challenging topic.Trade ReviewOne of the best short introductions to Hegel's logic I know. It gives a comprehensive survey that is easy to understand. --Michael Wolff, Universitat BielefeldTable of ContentsContents: Preface; Introduction; With What Must the Science of Logic Begin?; Being; Quality; Quantity; Essence; Ground; Appearance; Relation; Actuality; Absolute Relations; The Concept; The Object; The Idea; Bibliography.
£16.14
Hackett Publishing Co, Inc Formal Logic
Book Synopsis The first beginning logic text to employ the tree method--a complete formal system of first-order logic that is remarkably easy to understand and use--this text allows students to take control of the nuts and bolts of formal logic quickly, and to move on to more complex and abstract problems. The tree method is elaborated in manageable steps over five chapters, in each of which its adequacy is reviewed; soundness and completeness proofs are extended at each step, and the decidability proof is extended at the step from truth functions to the logic of nonoverlapping quantifiers with a single variable, after which undecidability is demonstrated by example. The first three chapters are bilingual, with arguments presented twice, in logical notation and in English. The last three chapters consider the discoveries defining the scope and limits of formal methods that marked logic's coming of age in the 20th century: Godel's completeness and incompleteness theorems for first and s
£35.99
Hackett Publishing Co, Inc Companion To Lemmons Beginning Logic
Book SynopsisSupplements Lemmon's classic introductory logic text with almost 200 exercises, many of them solved, solutions to selected exercises in "Beginning Logic" itself, a helpful commentary on Lemmon's use of key technical terms, alternative formulations, and advice to students.
£8.50
Cambridge University Press GoalBased Reasoning for Argumentation
Book SynopsisThis book provides an argumentation model for means end-reasoning, a distinctive type of reasoning used for problem-solving and decision-making. Means end-reasoning is modelled as goal-directed argumentation from an agent''s goals and known circumstances, and from an action selected as a means, to a decision to carry out the action. Goal-based Reasoning for Argumentation provides an argumentation model of this kind of reasoning showing how it is employed in settings of intelligent deliberation where agents try to collectively arrive at a conclusion on what they should do to move forward in a set of circumstances. The book explains how this argumentation model can help build more realistic computational systems of deliberation and decision-making, and shows how such systems can be applied to solve problems posed by goal-based reasoning in numerous fields, from social psychology and sociology, to law, political science, anthropology, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, multi-agenTable of Contents1. Introduction to practical reasoning; 2. Practical reasoning in health product ads; 3. Formal and computational systems of practical reasoning; 4. Practical reasoning in arguments and explanations; 5. Explanations, motives, and intentions; 6. Practical argumentation in deliberation dialogue; 7. Goal-based argumentation in different types of dialogue; 8. Practical rationality.
£33.24
Cambridge University Press Conceptions of Set and the Foundations of Mathematics
Book SynopsisSets are central to mathematics and its foundations, but what are they? In this book Luca Incurvati provides a detailed examination of all the major conceptions of set and discusses their virtues and shortcomings, as well as introducing the fundamentals of the alternative set theories with which these conceptions are associated. He shows that the conceptual landscape includes not only the naïve and iterative conceptions but also the limitation of size conception, the definite conception, the stratified conception and the graph conception. In addition, hepresents a novel, minimalist account of the iterative conception which does not require the existence of a relation of metaphysical dependence between a set and its members. His book will be of interest to researchers and advanced students in logic and the philosophy of mathematics.Trade Review'Incurvati provides a veritable handbook for researchers and practitioners in the domain of logic and the foundations of mathematics … Each chapter raises significant foundational questions, fertile ground for further research.' R. L. Pour, ChoiceTable of Contents1. Concepts and conceptions; 2. The iterative conception; 3. Challenges to the iterative conception; 4. The naïve conception; 5. The limitation of size conception; 6. The stratified conception; 7. The graph conception.
£97.68
McGraw-Hill Education How to Think About Weird Things ISE
Book SynopsisHow to Think about Weird Things is a concise and engaging text that offers students a step-by-step process by which to determine when a claim is likely to be true. Schick and Vaughn provide a course on critical thinking, with a focus on neither debunking nor advocating specific claims. Rather, the authors clarify principles of good reasoning that enable students to evaluate any claim, no matter how strange, for themselves. By teaching readers how to distinguish good reasons from bad reasons for believing a claim, this text helps students improve their decision-making abilities and provides them with a powerful weapon against all forms of hucksterism.
£53.09
Createspace Independent Publishing Platform Stoicism: Ultimate Handbook to Stoic Philosophy,
Book Synopsis
£16.31
Broadview Press Ltd Scientific Thinking
Book SynopsisScientific Thinking is a practical guide to inductive reasoning – the sort of reasoning that is commonly used in scientific activity, whether such activity is performed by a scientist, a reporter, a political pollster, or any one of us in day-to-day life. The book provides comprehensive coverage of such topics as confirmation, sampling, correlations, causality, hypotheses, and experimental methods. Martin’s writing confounds those who would think that such topics must be dry-as-dust, presenting ideas in a lively and engaging tone and incorporating amusing examples throughout. This book underlines the importance of acquiring good habits of scientific thinking, and helps to instill those habits in the reader. Stimulating questions and exercises are included in each chapter.Trade Review“Robert Martin’s book is an excellent introduction to scientific thinking, and in that respect, to the philosophy of science … [it] renders a number of complex and difficult topics very accessible.” — Rich Hughen, Teaching Philosophy“Scientific Thinking is admirably clear and linear. It takes the student from the elementary position of undirected observation through problems in sampling to issues in explanation, causation and classification. The book’s informal language helps to make it easy to understand such things as the need for and practical difficulties involved with random sampling. … Scientific and historical examples are presented in an especially illuminating way.” — Carl Matheson, University of ManitobaTable of ContentsChapter 0: Not Your Usual IntroductionPart I: Induction, Proportions, CorrelationsChapter 1: Galileo and Mrs. SmithChapter 2: Induction, Deduction, ConfirmationChapter 3: SamplingChapter 4: SamplesChapter 5: Imprecision and Confidence LevelChapter 6: Statistical RelationsChapter 7: Correlations DescribedChapter 8: Correlations Calculated Part II: ExplanationsChapter 9: Explanations ExplainedChapter 10: Problems with D-N ModelChapter 11: Hypotheses and ExplanationsChapter 12: Two Strategies for HypothesizingChapter 13: Disconfirming HypothesesChapter 14: Empiricism RevisitedChapter 15: CategoriesChapter 16: Kinds and Laws Part III: CauseChapter 17: Seeing CausesChapter 18: Causal RelationsChapter 19: Causal ComplicationsChapter 20: Experimental ConfirmationChapter 21: Experimental ProceduresChapter 22: Non-Experimental MethodsChapter 23: The Truth Index
£38.66
Broadview Press Ltd Logical Options: An Introduction to Classical and
Book SynopsisLogical Options introduces the extensions and alternatives to classical logic which are most discussed in the philosophical literature: many-sorted logic, second-order logic, modal logics, intuitionistic logic, three-valued logic, fuzzy logic, and free logic. Each logic is introduced with a brief description of some aspect of its philosophical significance, and wherever possible semantic and proof methods are employed to facilitate comparison of the various systems. The book is designed to be useful for philosophy students and professional philosophers who have learned some classical first-order logic and would like to learn about other logics important to their philosophical work.Trade Review“I love this book; I would have written it if I’d known how!” — Richard Jeffrey, Princeton University“Logic teachers will love this book. Trees are probably the most accessible way to present logical systems to students and Bell, DeVidi and Solomon give tree formulations of a wide range of central logical systems—including truth-functional and quantificational logic, modal logic, provability logic, intuitionistic logic, three-valued logic, and free logic.… An excellent job.” — B. Jack Copeland, University of CanterburyTable of ContentsPreface1 Classical Propositional Logic Introductory Remarks Some Basic Concepts Formal Logics Propositional Logic Preliminaries Truth Values, Valuations, and validity Implication, Tautology, and Other Important Concepts Equivalence and Expressive Completeness Arithmetical Representation of Statements and Logical Operations Trees for Classical Propositional Logic Tree Rules for Classical Propositional Logic Trees as a Test for Validity Further Applications of the Tree Method Metatheorems Other Proof Methods Classical Propositional Calculus Natural Deduction Sequent Calculus 2 Classical Predicate Logic Introductory Remarks Tree Rules for Classical Predicate Logic Rules for Quantifiers Identity Functions Predicate Languages and Their Interpretations The Languages Interpretations: Preliminary Remarks Set Theory Sets Relations Equivalence Relations Orderings Functions Interpretations of Languages for Predicate Logic Validity, Satisfiability, and Models Correctness and Adequacy Some Difficulties Dealing with Difficulties The Proofs 3 Using and ExtendingPredicate Logic: Postulates, Sorts and Second-Order Logic Postulate Systems Postulate Systems for Arithmetic Noncategoricity of First-Order Peano Arithmetic Many Sorted Logic Introductory Remarks Many Sorted Languages and Interpretations Reducing Many Sorted to Unsorted Logic Second-Order Logic Languages and Interpretations Second-Order Trees The Strength of Second-Order Logic Metatheory of Second-Order Logic 4 Introducing Contextual Operators: Modal Logics The Propositional Modal Language and Models The Language Interpretations Classes of Frames and Different Logics Trees for Contextual Logics Proving Correctness for ▪ Counterexamples Proving Adequacy for ▪ Other Systems of Contextual (Modal) Logic Correctness and Adequacy for Trees Provability Logic Arithmetic Provability and Contextual Logic Frames and Provability Logic Trees for Provability Logic Multi-Modal Logic Quantificational Contextual Logic The Languages Introduction Semantics for Contextual Predicate Logic Concluding Remarks 5 Getting Away From Bivalence: Three-Valued and Intuitionistic Logic Three-Valued Logics Trees for Three-Valued Logic Intuitionistic Logic Introduction – Constructivism A More General Account Semantics and Countermodels Metatheorems for Intuitionistic Propositional Logic Comparing Intutionistic Logic to Other Logics Intuitionistic Predicate Logic Interpretations Trees for Intuitionistic Predicate Logic Intuitionistic Identity 6 A Sampling of Other Logics Fuzzy Logic Algebraic Logic Term Forming Operators and Free Logics Term Forming Operators Free Logics 7 Solutions to *-ed Exercises Solutions for Chapter 1 Solutions for Chapter 2 Solutions for Chapter 3 Solutions for Chapter 4 Solutions for Chapter 5 Solutions for Chapter 6 Index
£54.90
Broadview Press Ltd Logic with Added Reasoning
Book SynopsisThis concise text treats logic as a tool, “generated so that half the work involved in thinking is done for you by somebody else (the rules and laws of the logic).” Gabbay explains in a clear and careful manner how formal features of, and formal relations between, ordinary declarative sentences are captured by the systems of propositional and predicate logic.Table of Contents1. Arguments and Validity Validity and Arguments A little argument A theory of validity Examples of valid and invalid arguments Valid arguments Invalid arguments Validity and the structure of an argument Validity is independent of meaning Determining validity by changing to an easier meaning Other forms of argument Modus Ponens and friends More valid arguments Conclusions Exercises 2. Truth Functionality Embedded sentences Basic and simple sentences found in larger sentences Truth values Propositions Truth values of complex sentences Truth functional sentences Non-truth functional sentences Different words, same truth function Same word, different truth functions A problem for truth functionality Exercises 3. Formalisation of Truth Functions Formalising truth functions Formalising and, not and or Formalising sentences Truth Tables How to read truth tables Negation Conjunction Disjunction Material equivalence The formalisation of material equivalence Material equivalence in sentences Exercises 4. Truth Tables and Tautologies Tautologies and how to find them Truth tables with more than two letters How to write the exclusive “or” Exercises 5. Material Implication and Validity Material implication in theory The truth conditions of material implication The truth table for material implication Counterfactuals, a problem for the truth tables Material implication does not imply any causality Only if Material implication in practice More interesting tautologies DeMorgan’s Laws Some jolly big truth tables Truth tables for analysing arguments Exercises 6. The Tableaux Method Indirect Proof: a preliminary The way of the tableau for tautologies The rules of the tableau Exercises The way of the tableau for validity Exercises 7. Propositional Logic: The Interesting Bits What is so interesting? Only three truth functions are necessary Only two truth functions are necessary Only one truth function is necessary Sheffer stroke Another sufficient truth function The big problem with propositional logic Natural language is more than a few sentences Exercises 8. Where Sheffer Can Put His Stroke Everyone will have a stroke, eventually A shelf shuffling game An interesting property of truth tables Back to the shelf game What’s the connection? Sheffer stroke What we have just been doing 9. Syllogisms and Venn Diagrams The Syllogism The Greek’s theory The modern theory Formalising syllogisms Venn diagrams What to do with your Venn diagrams Some intuition for Venn diagrams Venn diagrams for validity Three circle Venn diagrams Venn and Aristotle Problems with Venn diagrams Complicated arguments can be difficult to draw Venn diagrams cannot do truth functions Exercises 10. Predicate Logic: On Natural Language Names and Predicates Formalisation of sentences Exercises Quantifiers and Variables An important and helpful convention Sentences with multiple Quantifiers Syllogisms in predicate logic Buckets of eggs Exercises 11. The Tableaux and Identity A BIG warning The extra rules Choice of variables Exercises Arguments in predicate logic The standard arguments Arguments with multiple qualifiers Exercises Identity Identity and more new rules Identity for sentences of quantity There is at least There are at most There are exactly Exercises Will it ever end? A. The complete tableaux rules B. Famous Truth Tables C. A brief summary of Classical LogicReferencesIndex
£53.10
Broadview Press Ltd Logicism and the Philosophy of Language:
Book SynopsisLogicism and the Philosophy of Language brings together the core works by Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell on logic and language. In their separate efforts to clarify mathematics through the use of logic in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, Frege and Russell both recognized the need for rigorous and systematic semantic analysis of language. It was their turn to this style of analysis that would establish the philosophy of language as an autonomous area of inquiry. This anthology gathers together these foundational writings, and frames them with an extensive historical introduction. This is a collection for anyone interested in questions about truth, meaning, reference, and logic, and in the application of formal analysis to these concepts.Trade Review“This is the only anthology devoted solely to classic writings of Frege and Russell. Sullivan’s book includes all the classic articles on philosophical logic by Frege and Russell that led from their project of logicism in the foundations of mathematics to our field of the philosophy of language. Everything one might want for a course on these two founders of early analytic philosophy is included, along with a seventy-five-page introduction that carefully lays out the contributions of each essay. No other collection has near so many papers from both Frege and Russell in one volume.” — Bernard Linsky, University of AlbertaTable of ContentsPrefaceNotes on the SelectionsIntroduction Overview Philosophical Background Prevalent Ideas about Semantics in Modern Philosophy A Sketch of Kant’s Philosophy Three Strands in Nineteenth-Century Philosophy The Logicist Thesis The Foundations of Mathematics Frege’s Program Russell’s Rediscovery of Logicism Philosophical Logic Modern Logic Function and Argument Analysis of Language as Philosophical Method Some Disputed Issues in Early Analytic Philosophy Meaning: Semantic Monism and Semantic Dualism Logical Form: On Denoting Philosophy of Logic The Legacy of LogicismWorks Cited Works of Gottlob Frege Conceptual Notation (1879), Preface and Chapter 1 On the Scientific Justification of a Conceptual Notation (1882) On the Aim of the “Conceptual Notation” (1882) The Foundations of Arithmetic (1884), Introduction Function and Concept (1891) On Concept and Object (1892) On Sense and Reference (1892) What is a Function? (1904) The Thought: A Logical Inquiry (1918) Works of Bertrand Russell Mathematics and the Metaphysicians (1901) On Denoting (1905) Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description (1911) Logic as the Essence of Philosophy (1914) Descriptions (1919) Mathematics and Logic (1919) Sources
£38.66
Broadview Press Ltd Essentials of Symbolic Logic
Book SynopsisThe third edition of Essentials of Symbolic Logic is a concise and clearly written introduction to the topic. Based on years of use in colleges and universities, the book provides an accessible and thorough grounding in sentence logic and predicate logic. While technical jargon is kept to a minimum, all necessary logical concepts and vocabulary are explained clearly. A standard system of natural deduction is developed, and readers are given suggestions for developing strategies for creating derivations (proofs) in this system. An instructor’s website is available with solutions to all the exercises in the text, including the many new exercises which have been added to this new edition. Trade Review“This is an excellent introduction to natural deduction systems—clear and very readable. It introduces rules gently and in a way that students will appreciate. A very good text.” — Ed Mares, Victoria University, New Zealand “Essentials of Symbolic Logic is particularly good at encouraging students to develop strategies for producing derivations in sentence and predicate logic, without ever suggesting that this is an easy task, so that students who persevere can end their courses with a genuine sense of real achievement. I have also liked the text because it is totally reliable—and my students have liked and respected it too.” — Ian Tipton, University of Wales-SwanseaTable of ContentsCHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION§1.1: The Aims of this Book§1.2: Primarily for the Student§1.3: Primarily for the InstructorCHAPTER TWOSENTENCE LOGIC§2.1: The Fundamentals§2.2: Truth Functions§2.3: Sentence Letters and Symbols§2.4: Metalanguage§2.5: Well-Formed Formulas§2.6: Exercises§2.7: Simple Translation: Negation§2.8: Simple Translation: Conjunction§2.9: Simple Translation: Disjunction§2.10: Simple Translation: the Horseshoe§2.11: Simple Translation: the Triplebar§2.12: Translating Complicated Sentences§2.13: Exercises§2.14: Defining the Operators§2.15: Truth Tables§2.16: Exercises§2.17: Types of Formulas§2.18: Exercises§2.19: Truth-Functional Equivalences§2.20: Exercises§2.21: Arguments§2.22: Exercises§2.23: Translating Arguments§2.24: Exercises§2.25: Summary of TopicsCHAPTER THREEDERIVATIONS IN SENTENCE LOGIC§3.1: Derivation Basics§3.2: Conjunction Introduction§3.3: Conjunction Elimination§3.4: Negation Elimination§3.5: Disjunction Introduction§3.6: Horseshoe Elimination§3.7: Triplebar Elimination§3.8: Exercises§3.9: Constructing Derivations§3.10: Exercises§3.11: Assumptions§3.12: Reiteration§3.13: Horseshoe Introduction§3.14: Triplebar Introduction§3.15: Negation Introduction§3.16: Disjunction Elimination§3.17: Exercises§3.18: More Derivation Construction§3.19: Exercises§3.20: Indirect Proof§3.21: Exercises§3.22: Categorical Derivations§3.23: Exercises§3.24: Summary of TopicsCHAPTER FOURPREDICATE LOGIC§4.1: Individuals and Predicates§4.2: One-Place and Multi-Place Predicates§4.3: Choices in Translation§4.4: Exercises§4.5: Quantifiers§4.6: The Existential Quantifier§4.7: The Universal Quantifier§4.8: Using Both Quantifiers§4.9: Exercises§4.10: People and Things§4.11: Exercises§4.12: Identity§4.13: Exercises§4.14: Translation Problems and Domains§4.15: Exercises§4.16: Arguments in Predicate Logic§4.17: Exercises§4.18: Simple Interpretations§4.19: Exercises§4.20: Summary of TopicsCHAPTER FIVEDERIVATIONS IN PREDICATE LOGIC§5.1: Predicate Logic Derivations§5.2: Existential Quantifier Introduction§5.3: Universal Quantifier Elimination§5.4: Existential Quantifier Elimination§5.5: Universal Quantifier Introduction§5.6: Identity Introduction§5.7: Identity Elimination§5.8: Exercises§5.9: Derivation Strategies§5.10: Exercises§5.11: More Derivation Strategies§5.12: Exercises§5.13: Categorical Derivations in Predicate Logic§5.14: Exercises§5.15: Summary of TopicsCHAPTER SIXMISCELLANEOUS MATTERS§6.1: The Scope of the Text§6.2: Existence and Translation Problems§6.3: The Names of the Rules§6.4: Unfamiliar Terminology and Symbols§6.5: A Glimpse at Modal Logic§6.6: Additional Derivation Rules§6.7: Replacement Rules§6.8: Avoiding Reiteration§6.9: Joint Denial and the Sheffer Stroke§6.10: Consistency and Truth TreesINDEXTechnical Terms
£47.45
Broadview Press Ltd An Introduction to Logical Theory
Book SynopsisThis book reclaims logic as a branch of philosophy, offering a self-contained and complete introduction to the three traditional systems of classical logic and the philosophical issues that surround those systems. The exposition is lucid, clear, and engaging. Practical methods are favoured over the traditional, and creative approaches over the merely mechanical. The author's guiding principle is to introduce classical logic in an intellectually honest way, and not to shy away from difficulties and controversies where they arise. Relevant philosophical issues, such as the relation between the meaning and the referent of a proper name, logical versus metaphysical possibility, and the conceptual content of an expression, are discussed throughout. In this way, the book is not only an introduction to the three main systems of classical logic, but also an introduction to the philosophy of classical logic.Trade Review“Aladdin Yaqub’s text artfully balances precision and clarity with an uncommon sensitivity to the philosophical issues that motivate interest in, and study of, formal logic. This is a first-rate introduction to an important and sometimes difficult subject.” — Roy T. Cook, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities“If one has philosophically sophisticated students who need to learn elementary symbolic logic but would benefit from a discussion of topics in more advanced logic and in the philosophy of logic, this is the right book to use. It would be fun to take a course with this as the text.” — Bernard Linsky, University of Alberta“I enjoyed logic when I first encountered it as an undergraduate, but I didn’t understand it. I thought it was basically a game in which one moved around meaningless symbols in accordance with made up rules. That was fun, even rather challenging, but what was the point? What I needed was Professor Yaqub’s book. In clear, careful prose he explains the real philosophical significance of logic. And he makes clear how the three historically important logical systems set out in the book, term logic, sentential logic, and predicate logic, attempt to deal with the deep issues of reasoning and thought that logic addresses. At the same time he somehow manages to keep the fun part. In fact, the exercises he provides look far more engaging than the ones I remember from my undergraduate days.” — G.F. Schueler, University of DelawareTable of ContentsIntroduction and Instructor’s GuideChapter One: Informal Logic1.1 Taxonomy of Arguments Definition of an argument Types of link Deductively valid and invalid arguments Deductively sound and unsound arguments Deductive logic Deductive Arguments Probabilistic arguments Probabilistic logic Cogent arguments 1.2 Classical Deductive Logic and the Notion of Logical Possibility Definition of a logical possibility Classical truth values and bivalence Deductive validity and logical consequence Definition of deductive validity Definition of deductive invalidity Definition of logical truth Definition of logical falsehood Definition of contingency Definition of logical equivalence Definition of consistency Definition of inconsistency Relevant logical possibilities Examples and counterexamples 1.3 ExercisesSolutions to the Starred ExercisesChapter Two: Term Logic (TL)2.1 The TL Worldview2.2 The Syntax of TL The basic vocabulary of TL TL sentences Non-recursive generative grammar 2.3 Translating English into TL General terms Singular terms Universal and existential quantifiers Translating English idioms into TL 2.4 The Semantics of TL TL diagrams Similar TL diagrams The truth conditions of TL sentences Truth values of TL sentences on similar TL diagrams 2.5 Logical Concepts in TL Definition of a TL argument Logical possibilities and TL diagrams Definition of deductive validity in TL Definition of deductive invalidity in TL Definition of logical truth in TL Definition of logical falsehood in TL Definition of contingency in TL Definition of logical equivalence in TL Definition of consistency in TL Definition of inconsistency in TL The decidability of logical concepts in TL The representability of logical possibilities by TL diagrams 2.6 ExercisesSolutions to the Starred ExercisesChapter Three: Sentence Logic (SL)3.1 The SL Worldview3.2 The Syntax of SL The basic vocabulary of SL SL sentences Types of SL compound sentences SL construction trees A convention Generative recursive grammar 3.3 Translating English into SL Translating English connectives into SL connectives Translating English idioms into SL 3.4 The Semantics of SL SL truth valuations The truth conditions of SL sentences Truth tables Truth analysis 3.5 Logical Concepts in SL Definition of an SL argument Logical possibilities and SL truth valuations Definition of deductive validity in SL Definition of deductive invalidity in SL Definition of logical truth in SL Definition of logical falsehood in SL Definition of contingency in SL Definition of logical equivalence in SL Definition of consistency in SL Definition of inconsistency in SL The decidability of logical concepts in SL The representability of logical possibilities by SL truth valuations 3.6 ExercisesSolutions to the Starred ExercisesChapter Four: Predicate Logic (PL)4.1 The PL Worldview4.2 The Syntax of PL The basic vocabulary of PL PL quantifiers and PL terms PL formulas Bound and free variables and PL sentences PL construction trees Three conventions Generative recursive grammar 4.3 Translating PL into English and English into PL4.4 The Semantics of PL PL interpretations The size of a PL interpretation The truth conditions of PL sentences Bivalence and classical truth 4.5 Logical Concepts in PL Definition of a PL argument Logical possibilities and PL interpretations Definition of deductive validity in PL Definition in deductive invalidity in PL Definition of logical truth in PL Definition of logical falsehood in PL Definition of contingency in PL Definition of logical equivalence in PL Definition of consistency in PL Definition of inconsistency in PL The undecidability of logical concepts in PL The relation between TL and PL and the relation between SL and PL The representability of logical possibilities by PL interpretations 4.6 ExercisesSolutions to the Starred ExercisesChapter Five: Classical Proof Theory5.1 The Notion of Demonstrative Proof5.2 The Notion of Formal Derivation Definition of a formal derivation The Soundness Theorem for PL The Completeness Theorem for PL Corollaries of the Soundness and Completeness Theorems The Compactness Theorem 5.3 The Natural Deduction System (NDS) Types of NDS rules The NDS rules of inference The Gentzen Deduction System (GDS) 5.4 Strategies for Constructing Formal Derivations5.5 ExercisesSolutions to the Starred ExercisesIndex
£35.96
Broadview Press Ltd The Logic of Our Language: An Introduction to
Book SynopsisThe Logic of Our Language teaches the practical and everyday application of formal logic. Rather than overwhelming the reader with abstract theory, Jackson and McLeod show how the skills developed through the practice of logic can help us to better understand our own language and reasoning processes.The authors’ goal is to draw attention to the patterns and logical structures inherent in our spoken and written language by teaching the reader how to translate English sentences into formal symbols. Other logical tools, including truth tables, truth trees, and natural deduction, are then introduced as techniques for examining the properties of symbolized sentences and assessing the validity of arguments. A substantial number of practice questions are offered both within the book itself and as interactive activities on a companion website.Trade Review“The Logic of Our Language, by Rodger L. Jackson and Melanie L. McLeod, is an excellent book. It has perhaps the most elusive of virtues, the one at which all logic books seem to aim, and so few achieve: it is abundantly accessible, but it is not in the least dumbed-down. Furthermore, Jackson and McLeod’s approach to the classic topics in formal logic really is fresh and often insightful. This is the best introductory logic book I have read in the last ten years, and the best examples since Lewis Carroll.” — Nathaniel Nicol, Washington State University“This text shows how to become fluent in the logic within language, using a carefully organized, step-by-step approach. Well-placed summaries of key points and extensive exercises assist the reader in developing insight and confidence.” — Peter Amato, Drexel UniversityTable of ContentsInstructor’s PrefaceUNIT ONE: WHAT DOES IT MEAN?Patterns of StatementsChapter One: Logic and LanguagesChapter Two: Names and PredicatesChapter Three: QuantifiersChapter Four: Negations and ConjunctionsChapter Five: Conditionals and DisjunctionsChapter Six: Biconditionals and IdentityUnit One ReviewUnit One: Answers to Selected ProblemsUNIT TWO: IS IT TRUE?Properties and Relations of StatementsChapter Seven: Connectives and Truth TablesChapter Eight: Truth TreesChapter Nine: Relationships between StatementsChapter Ten: Reintroducing Names, Predicates, Quantifiers, and IdentityUnit Two ReviewUnit Two: Answers to Selected ProblemsUNIT THREE: IS IT VALID?Patterns and Properties of ArgumentsChapter Eleven: Arguments, Trees, and TablesChapter Twelve: Method of ProofChapter Thirteen: Proof Rules for QuantifiersUnit Three Review Unit Three: Answers to Selected ProblemsPostscript: Logic in Real LifeIndex
£42.26
Broadview Press Ltd Critical Thinking: An Introduction to the Basic
Book SynopsisCritical Thinking is a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the essential skills of good reasoning, written by Canadian authors for Canadian readers. The book includes a thorough treatment of such central topics as deductive and inductive reasoning, logical fallacies, how to recognize and avoid ambiguity, and how to distinguish what is relevant from what is not. Later chapters discuss the application of critical thinking skills to particular topics and tasks, including scientific reasoning, moral reasoning, legal reasoning, media analysis, and essay writing. The book also provides access to a companion website containing additional questions, flashcards, and other useful critical thinking resources.Trade ReviewHere is a textbook of lasting value. It is accessible without being over-simplistic. It is unsurpassed in clarity and depth. And its examples, exercises, and questions for discussion offer the student unique and exciting materials for reflection and engagement." - Ahmad Rahmanian, University of New Brunswick"I have been using Hughes (now Hughes & Lavery) since the first edition. I have occasionally tried other texts but have yet to find one I like as much. It has all the essential materials, it's impeccably organized, and it's clear and accessible to our students." - Wayne I. Henry, University of the Fraser ValleyTable of Contents Acknowledgements Part One: Introduction Chapter 1: Reasoning and Critical Thinking Part Two: Meaning Chapter 2: Meaning and Definition Chapter 3: Clarifying Meaning Chapter 4: Reconstructing Arguments Part Three: Assessing Arguments Chapter 5: Strategies For Assessing Arguments Chapter 6: Assessing Truth-Claims Chapter 7: Assessing Relevance Chapter 8: Assessing Adequacy Chapter 9: Deductive Reasoning Chapter 10: Inductive Reasoning Part Four: Applications Chapter 11: Scientific Reasoning Chapter 12: Moral Reasoning Chapter 13: Legal Reasoning Chapter 14: Arguing Back Chapter 15: Irrational Techniques Of Persuasion Chapter 16: Critiquing The Media Chapter 17: Writing and Assessing Argumentative Essays Chapter 18: Strategies For Organizing An Argumentative Essay Appendices Glossary Permissions Acknowledgements Index
£57.95
Broadview Press Ltd Making Up Your Mind: A Textbook in Critical
Book SynopsisMaking Up Your Mind is oriented toward the writing of arguments. It gives students techniques that they can use to better understand, organize, and present their own thoughts. The book provides an exceptionally clear statement of what critical thinking adds to the study of logic, along with complete and systematic coverage of all crucial logical operators and major logical relations. It also offers exceptionally clear and informative discussions of the definition of argument, the distinction between induction and deduction, and the role of emotion in argument.The second half of the book presents an argument outline which students can use to organize virtually any ethical argument. This outline is also used to illustrate the most important informal fallacies and how they can be avoided. In its closing chapters, the book discusses the nature of good evidence and good sources of evidence and their role in argument. Included are discussions of scientific method, the logical form of arguments about causal theories, and arguments from analogy.Table of ContentsAcknowledgementsPrefaceIntroductionSection 1: ThinkingSection 2: AssertionsSection 3: Critical Thinking and LogicSection 4: Facts versus OpinionsSection 5: A Brief Introduction to ArgumentChapter One: AssertionsSection 1: Types of SentencesSection 2: AmbiguitySection 3: The Logical Form of an AssertionChapter Two: ImplicationSection 1: Implication between AssertionsSection 2: Implication within a ConditionalChapter Three: ContradictionSection 1: Subject-Predicate AssertionsSection 2: Conjunctions and DisjunctionsSection 3: Goals and AlternativesChapter Four: Conditionals and Universal AssertionsSection 1: ConditionalsSection 2: What Makes a Conditional TrueSection 3: Universal AssertionsSection 4: Contradicting a Universal AssertionSection 5: Contraries to a Universal AssertionSection 6: Counter-examplesSection 7: Quantified Assertions with Complex PredicatesChapter Five: Prescriptive AssertionsSection 1: Prescriptive TermsSection 2: Types of ValuesSection 3: Quantified Prescriptive AssertionsChapter Six: ExplanationsSection 1: Explanation IndicatorsSection 2: The Logical Form of a SyllogismSection 3: Causal ExplanationsChapter Seven: ArgumentsSection 1: Argument IndicatorsSection 2: The Argument OutlineChapter Eight: Validity, Deduction, and InductionSection 1: ValiditySection 2: Checking Syllogisms for ValiditySection 3: Validity and SoundnessSection 4: DeductionSection 5: InductionSection 6: Validity and Logical ConflictChapter Nine: Unstated PremisesSection 1: Implicit PremisesSection 2: General, Unstated PremisesSection 3: Argument ReconstructionChapter Ten: RelevanceSection 1: Direct RelevanceSection 2: Indirect RelevanceSection 3: Necessary and Sufficient ConditionsChapter Eleven: Basic Fallacies of RelevanceSection 1: Begging the QuestionSection 2: The Straw Man FallacySection 3: Ad Hominem FallaciesSection 4: Shifting the Burden of ProofChapter Twelve: Fallacies of Emotional AppealSection 1: Basic Types of EmotionSection 2: The Relevance of Emotion in ThinkingSection 3: The Relevance of Emotion in ArgumentSection 4: The Irrelevance of Emotion in ArgumentSection 5: Fallacious Appeals to AngerSection 6: Fallacious Appeals to GratitudeSection 7: Fallacious Appeals to FearSection 8: Fallacious Appeals to HopeChapter Thirteen: Sources of EvidenceSection 1: Primary Sources of EvidenceSection 2: Conditions of ObservationSection 3: Qualifications and ExpertiseSection 4: BiasSection 5: Consensus of OpinionChapter Fourteen: Causal ArgumentsSection 1: The Form of a Causal ArgumentSection 2: Post Hoc FallaciesSection 3: Correlation-to-Cause FallaciesSection 4: Scientific Causal ArgumentsChapter Fifteen: Arguments from AnalogySection 1: Inductive Generalization ArgumentsSection 2: Basic Inductive AnalogiesAnswer KeyIndex
£57.60
Broadview Press Ltd Is That A Fact?: A Field Guide to Statistical and
Book SynopsisHow much should we trust the polls on the latest electoral campaign? When a physician tells us that a diagnosis of cancer is 90% certain or a nutritionist tells us what is healthy to eat, what should we believe? Questions such as these are greatly important, yet many of us have only a vague sense of how to answer them. In Is That a Fact?, Mark Battersby aims not only to explain how to identify misleading statistics and research, but also to give readers the understanding necessary to evaluate and use statistical information in their own decision making. This second edition is revised and updated throughout and includes a new chapter on weighing risk in personal and public decision making.Trade ReviewPraise for Is That A Fact:“Is That a Fact? is conceived as an updating for the Internet Age of Darrell Huff’s immensely popular 1954 classic, How to Lie with Statistics, with a somewhat broader focus…. Huff’s book has sold more than a million copies. Is That a Fact? deserves a similarly large readership.” — David Hitchcock, McMaster University, in Informal Logic“Using timely and important examples, Professor Battersby provides a careful and well-documented discussion of statistics, and does this without sacrificing liveliness or readability. Is That a Fact? is a fascinating book about statistics to give to all your friends.” — Trudy Govier, University of Lethbridge“A delightful discussion that beautifully clarifies what is all too often confusing or just plain confused. The book will help ordinary citizens to better understand and evaluate all sorts of scientific claims as they occur in the popular press and public policy debates. Hats off to Mark Battersby!” — Harvey Siegel, University of Miami“Mark Battersby’s Is That a Fact? is not a statistics book, but rather a book that will help thoughtful people to better notice the actual grounds (or lack thereof) of claims they are called upon or inclined to believe. This second edition adds new material (such as that on internet polling) and new and better graphics.” — David Weber, Portland State University“One of the intellectual currents of our time has been a revolution in the study of reasoning and argument. Philosophers and other academics have broadened their horizons and turned their attention to the study and analysis of the reasoning, arguments, and attempts at persuasion that inundate our lives. Mark Battersby has been an integral part of the movement in this direction. In Is That a Fact? he provides an engaging and thoroughly readable introduction to critical thinking on statistical and scientific claims. It can usefully inform the thinking of everyone who has to contend with such claims in their professional or personal lives.” — Leo Groarke, President of Trent UniversityTable of ContentsAcknowledgementsIntroductionCHAPTER 1: How to Li(v)e with Statistics: Why We Need to Think about Statistical and Scientific InformationCHAPTER 2: Introduction to Critical ThinkingCHAPTER 3: Polling: The BasicsCHAPTER 4: Sampling Woes and Other BiasesCHAPTER 5: The Facts Ma’am, Nothing but the Facts: Getting Good DataCHAPTER 6: Making Sense of Data: What Does It All Mean?CHAPTER 7: The Power of GraphsCHAPTER 8: Correlations: What Goes with What?CHAPTER 9: Finding the Cause: Evaluating Causal ClaimsCHAPTER 10: Evaluating Scientific Claims: Looking at the ContextCHAPTER 11: Using What You’ve Learned: Finding and Evaluating Scientific InformationCHAPTER 12: Probability and JudgementCHAPTER 13: Studies Show, But So What?CHAPTER 14: Decision Making Examples: Individual Risk and Uncertainty and Public PolicyGlossaryIndex
£30.35
Broadview Press Ltd Critical Thinking: Concise Edition
Book SynopsisCritical Thinking is a comprehensive introduction to the essential skills of good reasoning, refined and updated through seven editions published over more than two decades. This concise edition offers a succinct presentation of the essential elements of reasoning that retains the rigor and sophistication of the original text. The authors provide a thorough treatment of such central topics as deductive and inductive reasoning, logical fallacies, how to recognize and avoid ambiguity, and how to distinguish what is relevant from what is not. A companion website provides a range of interesting supplements, including interactive review materials, supplemental readings, and writing tips.Trade ReviewComments on Critical Thinking: An Introduction to the Basic Skills:“Here is a textbook of lasting value. It is accessible without being over-simplistic. It is unsurpassed in clarity and depth. And its examples, exercises, and questions for discussion offer the student unique and exciting materials for reflection and engagement.” — Ahmad Rahmanian, University of New Brunswick“This textbook stands out from others for its clarity, which is due in large part to the conceptual organization of the material it covers. Rather than artificially carving out various aspects of critical thinking for individual treatment, the authors simply and carefully develop ideas, step by step. This approach makes clear how various aspects of careful, critical thinking come together, allowing students to develop their skills along the way.” — Joshua Smith, Central Michigan University“I have been using Hughes (now Hughes & Lavery) since the first edition. I have occasionally tried other texts but have yet to find one I like as much. It has all the essential materials, it’s impeccably organized, and it’s clear and accessible to our students.” — Wayne I. Henry, University of the Fraser ValleyTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsOnline MaterialsPART ONE: INTRODUCTIONChapter 1: Reasoning and Critical Thinking Reasoning The Concept of Logical Strength Truth, Logical Strength, and Soundness Critical Thinking Skills Critical Thinking and the Science of Logic Self-Test No. 1 Questions for Discussion PART TWO: MEANINGChapter 2: Meaning and Definition The Complexity of Language The Meaning of Language The Reference Theory of Meaning The Idea Theory of Meaning Meaning as Use The Main Functions of Language Self-Test No. 2 Questions for Discussion Definition The Purposes of Definition Reportive Definitions Stipulative Definitions Essentialist Definitions Methods of Definition Genus-Species Method Ostensive Method Synonym Method Operational Method Contextual Method Assessing Reportive Definitions Too Broad a Definition Too Narrow a Definition Too Broad and Too Narrow a Definition Circular Definition Obscure Definition Assessing Stipulative and Essentialist Definitions A Warning Self-Test No. 3 Questions for Discussion Chapter 3: Clarifying Meaning The Principle of Charity Linguistic Ambiguity Ambiguity and Vagueness Referential Ambiguity Grammatical Ambiguity Use and Mention Self-Test No. 4 Analytic, Contradictory, and Synthetic Statements Self-Test No. 5 Descriptive and Evaluative Meaning Self-Test No. 6 Necessary and Sufficient Conditions Self-Test No. 7 Questions for Discussion Chapter 4: Reconstructing Arguments Reconstruction Missing Premises and Conclusions Self-Test No. 8 Special Cases Reports of Arguments Explanations Self-Test No. 9 The Structure of Arguments Simple Arguments T Arguments V Arguments Complex Arguments Self-Test No. 10 Another Warning Questions for Discussion PART THREE: ASSESSING ARGUMENTSChapter 5: Strategies for Assessing Arguments The Fallacies Approach The Criterial Approach The Three Criteria of a Sound Argument Seven Rules for Assessing Arguments Rule 1. Identify the Main Conclusion Rule 2. Identify the Premises Rule 3. Identify the Structure of the Argument Rule 4. Check the Acceptability of the Premises Rule 5. Check the Relevance of the Premises Rule 6. Check the Adequacy of the Premises Rule 7. Look for Counter-Arguments Chapter 6: Assessing Truth-Claims Theories of Truth The Correspondence Theory The Coherence Theory The Pragmatic Theory Types of Truth-Claims Empirical Truth-Claims Non-Empirical Truth-Claims Acceptability Self-Test No. 11 Questions for Discussion Assessing the Acceptability of Premises Some Particular Fallacies Begging the Question Inconsistency Equivocation False Dichotomy Self-Test No. 12 Questions for Discussion Chapter 7: Assessing Relevance The Criterion of Relevance Recognizing Irrelevant Premises Appeals to Authority (1) Some Particular Fallacies Ad Hominem Tu Quoque Straw Man Self-Test No. 13 Questions for Discussion Chapter 8: Assessing Adequacy The Criterion of Adequacy Appeals to Authority (2) Appeals to Anecdotal Evidence Appeals to Ignorance The Slippery Slope Fallacy Causal Fallacies Post Hoc Confusing Cause and Effect Common Cause Self-Test No. 14 Questions for Discussion Chapter 9: Deductive Reasoning The Nature of Deductive Reasoning Truth-Functional Statements Formal Validity and Soundness Valid Argument Forms Formal Invalidity Self-Test No. 15 Questions for Discussion Chapter 10: Inductive Reasoning The Nature of Inductive Reasoning Inductive Generalization Statistical Syllogism Induction by Confirmation Analogical Reasoning Self-Test No. 16 Questions for Discussion Chapter 11: Arguing Back Explaining the Weakness Counter-Examples Absurd Examples Counter-Arguments Self-Test No. 17 Questions for Discussion Chapter 12: Irrational Techniques of Persuasion Loaded Terms Vague Terms Loaded Questions False Confidence Selectivity Misleading Statistics Humor Red Herring Guilt by Association Persuasive Redefinition Self-Test No. 18 Questions for Discussion Appendix: Answers to Self-TestsGlossaryIndex
£35.10
Broadview Press Ltd Formal Logic
Book SynopsisFormal Logic is an undergraduate text suitable for introductory, intermediate, and advanced courses in symbolic logic. The book’s nine chapters offer thorough coverage of truth-functional and quantificational logic, as well as the basics of more advanced topics such as set theory and modal logic. Complex ideas are explained in plain language that doesn’t presuppose any background in logic or mathematics, and derivation strategies are illustrated with numerous examples. Translations, tables, trees, natural deduction, and simple meta-proofs are taught through over 400 exercises. A companion website (complimentary for anyone who buys the book) offers supplemental practice software and tutorial videos.Trade Review“Formal Logic is clear, accessible, and intuitive, but it is also precise, explicit, and thorough. Complex and often confusing concepts are rolled out in a no-nonsense and direct manner with funny and demystifying terminology and helpful analogies. It's a pedagogical gem.” — Mary Kate McGowan, Wellesley College“This is an excellent introductory text in symbolic logic. It is accessible, with clear and concise explanations of key concepts, along with many helpful examples and practice problems, but also rigorous enough to prepare students for a second course in logic; indeed, I do not know of any book that better combines these virtues. I am looking forward to using Formal Logic in my courses.” — Kevin Morris, Tulane University“This book makes the ideas of sentential logic, predicate logic, and formal proof easily accessible by getting directly to the point of each in natural, non-technical language. It is concise while never hurried. It gets the details right, not by focusing on them as details, but through clear insight into why they are as they are.” — Colin McLarty, Case Western Reserve University“Paul Gregory’s Formal Logic is worth careful consideration for anyone adopting a new logic text. The inclusion of chapters on set theory and modal logic makes it a valuable resource for students looking to go beyond the standard introduction to logic.” — Michael Hicks, Miami UniversityTable of ContentsI: Informal Notions1: Informal Introduction1.1 Logic: What, Why, How?1.2 Arguments, Forms, and Truth Values1.3 Deductive Criteria1.3.1Quirky Cases of Deductive Validity1.4 Inductive Criteria1.5 Other Deductive Properties1.6 Exercises1.7 Chapter GlossaryII: Truth-Functional Logic2: The Language S2.1 Introducing S2.1.1 Compound Sentences and Truth-Functional Logic 2.1.2 Negation—It is not the case that…2.1.3 Conjunction—Both…and---2.1.4 Disjunction—Either…or---2.1.5 Material Conditional—If …, then---2.1.6 Material Biconditional—…if and only if---2.1.7 Conditionals and Non-Truth-Functionality2.2 Some Technical Bits2.2.1 Object Language and Metalanguage2.2.2 Use and Mention2.2.3 Metavariables2.2.4 Syntax and Semantics 2.3 The Syntax of S2.3.1 Defining the Language2.3.2 Syntactic Concepts and Conventions2.3.3 Exercises2.4 Alternate Symbols and Other Choices2.5 Chapter Glossary3: Formal Semantics for S3.1 Truth Value Assignments and Truth Tables3.2 Semantic Properties of Individual Wffs3.2.1 Exercises3.3 Semantic Properties of Sets of Wffs3.3.1 Exercises3.4 Semantic Properties, Their Interrelations, and Simple Metalogic3.4.1 Exercises3.5 Truth Trees3.5.1 Tests with Truth Trees3.5.2 Exercises3.6 Chapter Glossary4: SD: Natural Deduction in S4.1 The Basic Idea4.1.1 Reiteration4.1.2 Wedge Rules4.1.3 Arrow Rules4.1.4 Hook Rules4.1.5 Vee Rules4.1.6 Double Arrow Rules4.1.7 Exercises4.2 Derivations: Strategies and Notes4.3 Proof Theory in SD4.3.1 Exercises4.4 SDE, an Extension to SD4.4.1 The Inference Rules of SDE4.4.2 Exercises4.4.3 The Replacement Rules of SDE4.4.4 Exercises4.5 Chapter GlossaryIII: Quantificational Logic5: The Language P5.1 Introducing P5.1.1 Quantificational Logic5.1.2 Predicates and Singular Terms5.1.3 Predicate Letters and Individual Constants in P5.1.4 Pronouns and Quantifiers5.1.5 Variables and Quantifiers in P 5.2 The Syntax of P5.2.1 Defining the Language5.2.2 Syntactic Concepts and Conventions5.2.3 Exercises5.3 Simple Symbolizations5.3.1 Non-categorical Claims5.3.2 Exercises5.3.3 Categorical Claims5.3.4 Exercises5.4 Complex Symbolizations5.4.1 Basics of Overlapping Quantifiers5.4.2 Exercises5.4.3 Identity, Numerical Quantification, and Definite Descriptions5.4.4 Exercises5.5 Chapter Glossary6: Formal Semantics for P6.1 Semantics and Interpretations6.1.1 Basics of Interpretations6.1.2 Interlude: A Little Bit of Set Theory6.1.3 Formal Interpretation of P6.1.4 Constructing Interpretations6.2 Semantic Properties of Individual Wffs6.2.1 Exercises6.3 Semantic Properties of Sets of Wffs6.3.1 Exercises6.4 Quantifier Scope and Distribution6.4.1 Exercises6.5 Properties of Relations6.5.1 Exercises6.6 Chapter Glossary7: PD: Natural Deduction in P7.1 Derivation Rules for the Quantifiers7.1.1 Universal Elimination7.1.2 Existential Introduction7.1.3 Universal Introduction7.1.4 Existential Elimination7.1.5 Exercises7.2 Derivations: Strategies and Notes7.3 Proof Theory in PD7.3.1 Exercises7.4 PDE, an Extension to PD7.4.1 Quantifier Negation7.4.2 Exercises7.4 Chapter GlossaryIV: Advanced Topics8: Basic Set Theory, Paradox, and Infinity8.1 Basics of Sets8.2 Russell’s Paradox8.3 The Axiom Schema of Separation8.4 Subset, Intersection, Union, Difference8.4.1 Exercises8.5 Pairs, Ordered Pairs, Power Sets, Relations, and Functions8.6 Infinite Sets and Cantor’s Proof8.6.1 Exercises8.7 Chapter Glossary9: Modal Logic9.1 Necessity, Possibility, and Impossibility9.1.1 Modalities9.1.2 Logical, Metaphysical, Physical9.1.3 Possible Worlds9.2 The Language S9.2.1 The Syntax of S9.2.2 Exercises9.3 Basic Possible Worlds Semantics for S9.3.1 Semantic Properties of Wffs and Sets of Wffs9.3.2 Exercises9.3.3 Possible Worlds and Trees9.3.4 Exercises9.4 Natural Deduction in S9.4.1 System K9.4.2 System D9.4.3 System T9.4.4 System B9.4.5 System S49.4.6 System S59.4.7 Relations Between Modal Systems9.4.8 Exercises9.5 Chapter GlossaryV: AppendicesA: Answers to ExercisesB: GlossaryC: Truth Tables, Tree Rules, and Derivation RulesC.1 Characteristic Truth TablesC.2 Truth Tree Rules for SC.3 The Derivation System SDC.4 The Derivation System SDEC.5 The Derivation System PD
£51.30
Broadview Press Ltd The Argument Handbook
Book SynopsisThe Argument Handbook is a reference tool and classroom text designed to help students understand complex rhetorical situations and navigate the process of transforming private thoughts into persuasive, public statements. The Argument Handbook is organized around three lenses that help students focus on the practical challenges of persuasive writing. Its modular organization makes it easier for students to find what they need and easier for instructors to assign the content that fits their course.Trade Review“The Argument Handbook is a complete argument textbook. Students are systematically introduced to invention, audience research, genre—everything a rhetoric should have. Like any thorough treatment of argument, the Handbook is also readily adaptable for a variety of courses. Advanced writing classes will find it just as useful as first-year classes.” — Paul Lynch, Saint Louis University“This book is well researched and insightful. In the current climate in which facts are questioned, all sides argue in the most heated fashion, and too much news is labeled as fake, thoughtful study of argumentation is necessary for a thorough education. Throughout the text, K.J. Peters recognizes the needs of various types of learners. The modular organization is flexible and allows changes of focus in the curriculum. Some of the modules concern methods of reading and analyzing arguments, a common focus of freshman courses. Within these genres, students can further see the importance of audience and purpose, of research, of planning, and of vivid language.” — Katherine H. Adams, Loyola University New OrleansTable of Contents Introduction What’s inside: Instructor’s Introduction Invention, Audience, Authority Why This Book: Student’s Introduction Private Thoughts to Public Statements Invention, Audience, Authority Part 1: Invention and Research Ch. 1. Assembling Arguments: an Introduction Module I-1: Argument Defined Module I-2: Invention and Research: How Will You Find Ideas and Evidence? Module I-3: Audience: Who Will Consider Your Argument? Module I-4: Authority: What Will Persuade Your Audience? Ch. 2. Planning Your Writing and Research Module I-5: Why Do I Need A Plan? Module I-6: Making a Writing and Research Plan Module I-7: Framing Your Subject Ch. 3. Looking Within and Around to Invent Module I-8: Why Take Time to Invent? Module I-9: Elements of Effective Invention Module I-10: Invention Strategies Module I-11: Moving From Invention to Drafting Ch. 4. Looking to Research to Invent Module I-12: Why Use Research to Invent? Module I-13: Using Research to Find and Develop Ideas Module I-14: Searching Efficiently Part 2: Types of Argument Ch. 5. Understanding Argument Forms and Genres Module T-1: Why Do I Need to Know Forms and Genres? Module T-2: Using Forms and Genres to Help You Invent an Argument Module T-3: Using Forms and Genres to Discover Audience Expectations Module T-4: Using Forms and Genres to Establish Authority Ch. 6. Using Stasis Questions to Build Arguments Module T-5: Why Do I Need to Know Stasis Questions? Module T-6: Primary and Secondary Stasis Questions Module T-7: Building an Argument Using Stasis Questions Ch. 7. Persuading Module T-8: What Audiences Expect of a Persuasive Argument Module T-9: A Persuasive Genre – Advertisement Module T-10: A Persuasive Genre – Reflection Paper Module T-11: A Persuasive Genre – Opinion Piece Module T-12: Building a Persuasive Argument Ch. 8. Analyzing Arguments Module T-13: What Audiences Expect of a Rhetorical Analysis Module T-14: A Rhetorical Analysis of a Photograph Module T-15: A Rhetorical Analysis of an Opinion Piece Module T-16: Building an Effective Rhetorical Analysis Ch. 9. Stating the Facts Module T-17: What Audiences Expect in a State-The-Facts Argument Module T-18: A State-The-Facts Genre – Research Paper Module T-19: A State-The-Facts Genre – Visual Résumé Module T-20: A State-The-Facts Genre – News Article Module T-21: Building a State-The-Facts Argument Ch. 10. Defining Module T-22: What Audiences Expect in a Definition Argument Module T-23: A Definition Genre – Opinion Piece Module T-24: A Definition Genre – Youtube Commercial Module T-25: A Definition Genre –Research Paper Module T-26: Building a Definition Argument Ch. 11. Narrating Module T-27: What Audiences Expect in a Narrative Argument Module T-28: A Narrative Genre – Editorial Module T-29: A Narrative Genre – Advertisement Module T-30: A Narrative Genre – Personal Narrative Module T-31: Building a Narrative Argument Ch. 12. Analyzing and Evaluating Module T-32: What Audiences Expect From an Analysis and Evaluation Module T-33: an Analysis and Evaluation Genre – Blog Entry: Thrill-Ride Review Module T-34: an Analysis and Evaluation Genre – Online Restaurant Review Module T-35: an Analysis and Evaluation Genre – Review of a Cultural Event Module T-36: Building an Analysis and Evaluation Argument Ch. 13. Determining Cause Module T-37: What Audiences Expect of a Causal Argument Module T-38: A Causal Argument Genre – an Editorial Module T-39: A Causal Argument Genre – A Political Cartoon Module T-40: A Causal Argument Genre – A Research Paper Module T-41: Building a Causal Argument Ch. 14. Proposing a Solution Module T-42: What Audiences Expect of a Proposal Module T-43: A Proposal Genre – Advocacy Speech Module T-44: A Proposal Genre –Billboard Module T-45: A Proposal Genre – Position Paper Module T-46: Building a Proposal Part 3: Appealing to Your Audience Ch. 15. Understanding the Audience Module A-1: Rhetorical Situation Defined Module A-2: Audience Defined Module A-3: analyzing an Audience Module A-4: Using Appeals, Media, and Conventions to influence Your Audience Module A-5: Common Academic Assignments: What Does Your Audience Expect? Ch. 16. Understanding the Academic Situation Module A-6: What You Need to Know About Writing in Universities and Colleges Module A-7: The Humanities, the Liberal Arts and Sciences Module A-8: The Fine, Visual, and PerForming Arts Module A-9: Pre-Professional and Applied Sciences Module A-10: The Natural Sciences Ch. 17. Using Classical Rhetoric Module A-11: Classical Rhetoric and the Writing Process Module A-12: Arrangement of Argument Module A-13: Types of Appeals Module A-14: Building Authority Using Classical Virtues Ch. 18. Using Contemporary Rhetoric Module A-16: Toulmin’s Rhetoric Defined Module A-17: Using Toulmin’s Model to analyze Arguments Module A-18: Rogerian Rhetoric Defined Module A-19: A Rogerian Argument: A Persuasive Paper Module A-20: Reading Your Audience with Rogerian Rhetoric Part 4: Conducting Research to Build Authoritative Arguments Ch. 19. Using Databases and Search Engines Module R-1: Building Authority with Search Engines and Databases Module R-2: Using Databases and Search Engines Module R-3: Organizing Your Research Ch. 20. Evaluating Sources and Documents Module R-4: Why Do I Need to Evaluate Sources? Module R-5: How Do I Evaluate Sources? Module R-6: Evaluating for Relevance Module R-7: Evaluating for Authority Module R-8: Evaluating for Honesty Module R-9: Determining If a Source Is Questionable Ch. 21. Integrating Research and Avoiding Plagiarism Module R-10: Defining Plagiarism and Fair Use Module R-11: Avoiding Plagiarism Module R-12: integrating Sources Authoritatively Module R-13: integrating Sources Into an Argument: an Example Ch. 22. Citing and Documenting Sources Module R-14: Documentation Styles Express Authority Module R-15: MLA Style for in-Text Citation Module R-16: MLA List of Works Cited Module R-17: APA Style for in-Text Citation Module R-18: APA List of References Part 5: Projecting Authority Ch. 23. Crafting Style, Voice, and Presence Module P-1: Building Authority with Style Module P-2: Building Authority with Voice Module P-3: Building Authoritative Presence Ch. 24. Checking for Logical Fallacies and Flow Module P-4: Logical Fallacies Defined Module P-5: Awkwardness and Flow Defined Ch. 25. Using Conventions Persuasively Module P-8: Using Visuals in Your Argument Module P-9: Using Design Conventions in Your Argument Module P-10: Creating Effective Presentations Module P-11: Proofreading Your Argument
£44.96
Broadview Press Ltd A Pocket Guide to Formal Logic
Book SynopsisA Pocket Guide to Formal Logic is a succinct primer meant especially for those without any prior background in logic. Its brevity makes it well-suited to introductory courses with a formal logic component, and its friendly tone offers a welcoming introduction to this often-intimidating subject. The book provides a focused presentation of common methods used in statement logic, including translations, truth tables, and proofs. Supplemental materials, including more detailed treatments of select methods and concepts as well as additional sample questions and answers, are available on a companion website.Trade Review“A Pocket Guide to Formal Logic is an excellent and very affordable introduction to sentence logic. The text covers symbolization, truth-tables, and proofs in a lucid and non-technical manner. I highly recommend this text to any instructor who wants to add a symbolic logic component to a course on logic and critical thinking.” — René Jagnow, University of Georgia“Karl Laderoute manages to pack a lot of formal propositional logic into a relatively small space, and yet his book is friendly, moves at a peaceful pace, leaves out nothing germane to an introductory course, and explains well all the traditional topics of propositional logic. A Pocket Guide gets to the point, but is not hurried, nor is the discussion over-simplified. This is quite an achievement.” — Eric Dietrich, Binghamton University“A Pocket Guide to Formal Logic is a concise, affordable, and gentle introduction to propositional logic. The proof system uses intuitive rules, and includes many redundant rules, so constructing proofs is a breeze. This book would be a good choice for many critical thinking courses in philosophy departments.” — Thomas Donaldson, Simon Fraser UniversityTable of Contents Part I: Translating into Statement Logic Chapter 1: Symbolization Chapter 2: Truth tables Chapter 3: Logical operators Chapter 4: Brackets and Well-Formed Formulas Part II: Testing Validity with Truth Tables Chapter 5: The Long Truth Table Method Chapter 6: The Short Truth Table Method for Testing Validity Part III: Demonstrating Validity with Proofs Chapter 7: Valid and Invalid Argument Forms Chapter 8: Proofs Chapter 9: Advanced Proof Techniques: Conditional Proof and Indirect Proof Chapter 10: Logical Equivalents and Complex Proofs
£15.15
Hackett Publishing Co, Inc Classical Logic and Its Rabbit-Holes: A First
Book SynopsisMany students ask, 'What is the point of learning formal logic?' This book gives them the answer. Using the methods of deductive logic, Nelson Lande introduces each new element in exquisite detail, as he takes students through example after example, proof after proof, explaining the thinking behind each concept. Shaded areas and appendices throughout the book provide explanations and justifications that go beyond the main text, challenging those students who wish to delve deeper, and giving instructors the option of confining their course to the basics, or expanding it, when they wish, to more rigorous levels. Lande encourages students to think for themselves, while at the same time providing them with the level of explanation they need to succeed. It is a rigorous approach presented in a style that is informal, engaging, and accessible. Students will come away with a solid understanding of formal logic and why it is not only important, but also interesting and sometimes even fun. It is a text that brings the human element back into the teaching of logic. --Hans Halvorson, Princeton UniversityTrade Review"Many students ask, 'What is the point of learning formal logic?' This book gives them the answer. "Using the methods of deductive logic, Nelson Lande introduces each new element in exquisite detail, as he takes students through example after example, proof after proof, explaining the thinking behind each concept. "Shaded areas and appendices throughout the book provide explanations and justifications that go beyond the main text, challenging those students who wish to delve deeper, and giving instructors the option of confining their course to the basics, or expanding it, when they wish, to more rigorous levels. "Lande encourages students to think for themselves, while at the same time providing them with the level of explanation they need to succeed. It is a rigorous approach presented in a style that is informal, engaging, and accessible. Students will come away with a solid understanding of formal logic and why it is not only important, but also interesting and sometimes even fun. It is a text that brings the human element back into the teaching of logic." -- Hans Halvorson, Princeton University
£35.99
Hackett Publishing Co, Inc Classical Logic and Its Rabbit-Holes: A First
Book SynopsisMany students ask, 'What is the point of learning formal logic?' This book gives them the answer. Using the methods of deductive logic, Nelson Lande introduces each new element in exquisite detail, as he takes students through example after example, proof after proof, explaining the thinking behind each concept. Shaded areas and appendices throughout the book provide explanations and justifications that go beyond the main text, challenging those students who wish to delve deeper, and giving instructors the option of confining their course to the basics, or expanding it, when they wish, to more rigorous levels. Lande encourages students to think for themselves, while at the same time providing them with the level of explanation they need to succeed. It is a rigorous approach presented in a style that is informal, engaging, and accessible. Students will come away with a solid understanding of formal logic and why it is not only important, but also interesting and sometimes even fun. It is a text that brings the human element back into the teaching of logic. --Hans Halvorson, Princeton UniversityTrade Review"Many students ask, 'What is the point of learning formal logic?' This book gives them the answer. "Using the methods of deductive logic, Nelson Lande introduces each new element in exquisite detail, as he takes students through example after example, proof after proof, explaining the thinking behind each concept. "Shaded areas and appendices throughout the book provide explanations and justifications that go beyond the main text, challenging those students who wish to delve deeper, and giving instructors the option of confining their course to the basics, or expanding it, when they wish, to more rigorous levels. "Lande encourages students to think for themselves, while at the same time providing them with the level of explanation they need to succeed. It is a rigorous approach presented in a style that is informal, engaging, and accessible. Students will come away with a solid understanding of formal logic and why it is not only important, but also interesting and sometimes even fun. It is a text that brings the human element back into the teaching of logic." -- Hans Halvorson, Princeton University
£68.84
Hackett Publishing Co, Inc Puzzled?!: An Introduction to Philosophizing
Book SynopsisPuzzled?! seamlessly fuses two traditional approaches to the study of philosophy at the introductory level. It is thematic, examining fundamental issues in epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of religion, and more. It is also historical, introducing major philosophical arguments that have arisen throughout the history of Western philosophy. But its real innovation lies elsewhere. Each of its twelve chapters begins with a traditional argument of a thoroughly puzzling kind: a valid philosophical argument with highly plausible premises but a surprising conclusion. The remainder of the chapter shows how major innovations in the history of philosophy arise as logical responses to that argument. Written with a light touch, Puzzled?! nevertheless offers a rigorous introduction to the ideas it explores and to the foundations of critical thinking itself. It will serve as effectively as a main or supplementary text in an introduction to critical thinking as it will in Philosophy 101.
£15.19
Hackett Publishing Co, Inc Puzzled?!: An Introduction to Philosophizing
Book SynopsisPuzzled?! seamlessly fuses two traditional approaches to the study of philosophy at the introductory level. It is thematic, examining fundamental issues in epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of religion, and more. It is also historical, introducing major philosophical arguments that have arisen throughout the history of Western philosophy. But its real innovation lies elsewhere. Each of its twelve chapters begins with a traditional argument of a thoroughly puzzling kind: a valid philosophical argument with highly plausible premises but a surprising conclusion. The remainder of the chapter shows how major innovations in the history of philosophy arise as logical responses to that argument. Written with a light touch, Puzzled?! nevertheless offers a rigorous introduction to the ideas it explores and to the foundations of critical thinking itself. It will serve as effectively as a main or supplementary text in an introduction to critical thinking as it will in Philosophy 101.
£39.09
Hackett Publishing Co, Inc Reason in the Balance: An Inquiry Approach to
Book SynopsisUnlike most texts in critical thinking, Reason in the Balance focuses broadly on the practice of critical inquiry, the process of carefully examining an issue in order to come to a reasoned judgment. Although analysis and critique of individual arguments have an important role to play, this text goes beyond that dimension to emphasize the various aspects that go into the practice of inquiry, including identifying issues and relevant contexts, understanding competing cases, and making a comparative judgment.Distinctive Features of the Text: Emphasis on applying critical thinking to complex issues with competing arguments Inclusion of chapters on inquiry in specific contexts Attention to the dialogical aspects of inquiry, including sample dialogues Emphasis on the spirit of inquiry The Second Edition Features: Updated examples and items of current interest New dialogues on vaccination, prostitution, and climate change New material on biases in reasoning, including emotional, psychological, social, and cognitive The Reason in the Balance Website includes: An Appendix on Logic Exercises Quizzes Trade ReviewComments on the First Edition: "The approach taken to critical thinking in its pages is refreshingly ambitious, original, and in-touch with all of the major approaches to the study of argumentation. . . . The model of inquiry set forth in the book is robust enough to provide students with the foundation they need to develop real skill in critical, interpersonal reasoning – a boast few offerings in the critical thinking textbook field can truly make." —Steven Patterson, in Controversia "Reason in the Balance: An Inquiry Approach to Critical Thinking is distinctive in the emphasis it places not only on tools of critical inquiry (principles of logic and argumentation, etc.) but also the values and mindset that are required for the proper exercise of these tools, values like open-mindedness and fair-mindedness and critical scrutiny of assumptions. My own view is that critical thinking involves the simultaneous application of a number of different cognitive skills and attitudes in the service of improving the quality of our beliefs and judgments, and this text shares this multidimensional view of the components of critical thinking. This text understands that logic and argumentation are very different things, and the result is a more nuanced discussion of the relationships between logic, argumentation and critical inquiry than one normally sees in a critical thinking text." —Kevin deLaplante, Critical Thinker Academy and Iowa State University "This is a terrific text: witty, engagingly written, with strong focus on inquiry and reaching reasoned judgments on complex issues. Emphasizes the dialectical dimension of CT, the importance of context, and the spirit of inquiry. Focuses on realistic examples of actual inquiry on questions that matter (e.g., is it OK to eat meat?; pit bull legislation; capital punishment) and that are complex and detailed but fast-moving and very well presented. Emphasizes comparative evaluation of arguments to conflicting conclusions and tight interconnection of critical and creative thinking. Offers a neat way of assigning strength/weakness measures to arguments. All in all an innovative and effective text. Highly recommended!" —Harvey Siegel, University of Miami
£45.00
Hackett Publishing Co, Inc A Rulebook for Arguments
Book SynopsisFrom academic writing to personal and public discourse, the need for good arguments and better ways of arguing is greater than ever before. This timely fifth edition of A Rulebook for Arguments sharpens an already-classic text, adding updated examples and a new chapter on public debates that provides rules for the etiquette and ethics of sound public dialogue as well as clear and sound thinking in general.Trade ReviewComments on the previous edition: "This is the ultimate 'how-to' book for anyone who wants to use reasons and evidence in support of conclusions, to be clear instead of confusing, persuasive instead of dogmatic, and better at evaluating the arguments of others." --Debra Nails, Michigan State University
£34.19
Hackett Publishing Co, Inc Thinking Through Questions: A Concise Invitation
Book SynopsisThinking Through Questions is an accessible and compact guide to the art of questioning, covering both the use and abuse of questions. Animated by wide-ranging and engaging exercises and examples, the book helps students deepen their understanding of how questions work and what questions do, and builds the skills needed to ask better questions. Cowritten by two of today's leading philosopher-teachers, Thinking Through Questions is specifically designed to complement, connect, and motivate today’s standard curricula, especially for classes in critical thinking, philosophical questioning, and creative problem- solving (called here "expansive questioning"). Offering students a wide and appreciative look at questions and questioning, this small book will also appeal to faculty and students across the disciplines: in college writing courses, creativity workshops, education schools, introductions to college thinking, design thinking projects, and humanities and thinking classes. Open-ended, creative, and critically self-possessed thinking is its constant theme—what field doesn’t need more of that?Trade Review"This small book holds big value for teachers of philosophy and teachers of critical thinking in any discipline. If you want your students to be more ‘curious, critical, exploratory, and creative,’ this book will serve well as a supplementary or core text. It offers appreciation for the power of questioning, opportunities to identify types of questions, and practice in questioning skills. The authors, both recognized as master teachers, bring their own considerable pedagogical experience and engaging style to encouraging better questioning in all of us." —Donna Engelmann, Alverno College"Highly accessible, Thinking Through Questions guides students to greater freedom regarding how, why, when, and when not to ask or answer critical, expansive, and philosophical questions. It is an especially good choice for courses where critical thinking figures prominently, both because of its content and because of the practice exercises it contains. But more fundamentally, this book leaves readers more able to resist coercive questions, reconfigure false dilemmas, question more creatively, and diagnose embedded philosophical and other assumptions. It teaches how to profitably answer questions, do valuable things with questions other than answer them, ask better questions, and liberate oneself from cognitive traps many questions set." —David Concepción, professor of philosophy, Ball State University
£29.69
Hackett Publishing Co, Inc First-Order Logic: A Concise Introduction
Book Synopsis"In his introduction to this most welcome republication (and second edition) of his logic text, Heil clarifies his aim in writing and revising this book: 'I believe that anyone unfamiliar with the subject who set out to learn formal logic could do so relying solely on [this] book. That, in any case, is what I set out to create in writing An Introduction to First-Order Logic.' Heil has certainly accomplished this with perhaps the most explanatorily thorough and pedagogically rich text I’ve personally come across. "Heil's text stands out as being remarkably careful in its presentation and illuminating in its explanations—especially given its relatively short length when compared to the average logic textbook. It hits all of the necessary material that must be covered in an introductory deductive logic course, and then some. It also takes occasional excursions into side topics, successfully whetting the reader’s appetite for more advanced studies in logic. "The book is clearly written by an expert who has put in the effort for his readers, bothering at every step to see the point and then explain it clearly to his readers. Heil has found some very clever, original ways to introduce, motivate, and otherwise teach this material. The author's own special expertise and perspective—especially when it comes to tying philosophy of mind, linguistics, and philosophy of language into the lessons of logic—make for a creative and fresh take on basic logic. With its unique presentation and illuminating explanations, this book comes about as close as a text can come to imitating the learning environment of an actual classroom. Indeed, working through its presentations carefully, the reader feels as though he or she has just attended an illuminating lecture on the relevant topics!" —Jonah Schupbach, University of Utah
£36.89
Benediction Classics A System of Logic: Ratiocinative and Inductive
Book Synopsis
£33.91
Dynasty Press Ltd Postmodernity and the Creation of the
Book SynopsisThis book tells the story of human civilisation as a series of historical periods, from Prehistory to the present day, describing the way each evolved into the next. In so doing, it explains the reasons behind what happened in each period, in terms of their contribution to the whole. It describes the way the ideas process evolves along with society, and explains the myths, religions and philosophical ideas which developed in the Ancient world, and the way its great empires appeared. Then, according to new technology and principles, how the events of the Middle Ages led to the rediscovery of the Americas and took us into the Modern periods, where the industrial revolution gave rise to the Middle Classes, and a new type of politics featured more representative forms of government. However, after two world wars which redefined the era, Postmodernity emerged as a term for the structure of Cold War society, which gave rise to the success of digital technology, but also led to the new problem of terrorism. Hence, many questions have arisen over the direction of human society, how it has evolved out of history, and how we address its issues. What type of problems can we solve at each stage? Perhaps with computers we are now able to analyse data in a way which was not possible before and this will lead to the next era.
£22.49
Cosmo Publications The History of Logic
Book Synopsis
£23.99
£20.99
Oxford University Press Inc Ontology Without Borders
Book SynopsisOur experience of objects (and consequently our theorizing about them) is very rich. We perceive objects as possessing individuation conditions. They appear to have boundaries in space and time, for example, and they appear to move independently of a background of other objects or a landscape. In Ontology Without Boundaries Jody Azzouni undertakes an analysis of our concept of object, and shows what about that notion is truly due to the world and what about it is a projection onto the world of our senses and thinking. Location and individuation conditions are our product: there is no echo of them in the world. Features, the ways that objects seem to be, aren''t projections. Azzouni shows how the resulting austere metaphysics tames a host of ancient philosophical problems about constitution (Ship of Theseus, Sorities), as well as contemporary puzzles about reductionism. In addition, it''s shown that the same sorts of individuation conditions for properties, which philosophers use to dis
£28.97
Oxford University Press Mathematics and Scientific Representation
Book SynopsisMathematics plays a central role in much of contemporary science, but philosophers have struggled to understand what this role is or how significant it might be for mathematics and science. In this book Christopher Pincock tackles this perennial question in a new way by asking how mathematics contributes to the success of our best scientific representations. In the first part of the book this question is posed and sharpened using a proposal for how we can determine the content of a scientific representation. Several different sorts of contributions from mathematics are then articulated. Pincock argues that each contribution can be understood as broadly epistemic, so that what mathematics ultimately contributes to science is best connected with our scientific knowledge. In the second part of the book, Pincock critically evaluates alternative approaches to the role of mathematics in science. These include the potential benefits for scientific discovery and scientific explanation. A majorTrade Reviewa rare and fairly comprehensive philosophical account of the success of mathematics in science and after reading it you may be left with the impression that something like this should have been published years ago. This book is a major contribution to an otherwise underdeveloped area in the philosophy of science and is most likely to be well referenced ... this book is at the cutting-edge. * Stuart Rowlands, Science & Education *Mathematics and Scientific Representation is an engaging piece of contemporary philosophy of mathematics and science. Its deeply science-informed approach and focus on applied mathematics, with an aim to seriously tackle also more traditional issues in philosophy of mathematics, exemplify exciting and fertile scholarly 'border-hopping'. * Juha Saatsi, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews *Pincocks writing style is engaging, and the book is structured in a way that makes it easy to follow the contours of the main lines of argumentan...an impressive book and one that repays detailed reading and re-reading. * Alan Baker, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science *Pincock's book is an excellent analysis of some of the most important topics in philosophy of science and philosophy of mathematics, and is well worth a read for any philosopher interested in the issue of mathematical application. * Ashley Graham Kennedy, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science *Table of Contents1 Introduction ; 1.1 A Problem ; 1.2 Classifying Contributions ; 1.3 An Epistemic Solution ; 1.4 Explanatory Contributions ; 1.5 Other Approaches ; 1.6 Interpretative Flexibility ; 1.7 Key Claims ; I Epistemic Contributions ; 2 Content and Confirmation ; 2.1 Concepts ; 2.2 Basic Contents ; 2.3 Enriched Contents ; 2.4 Schematic and Genuine Contents ; 2.5 Inference ; 2.6 Core Conceptions ; 2.7 Intrinsic and Extrinsic ; 2.8 Confirmation Theory ; 2.9 Prior Probabilities ; 3 Causes ; 3.1 Accounts of Causation ; 3.2 A Causal Representation ; 3.3 Some Acausal Representations ; 3.4 The Value of Acausal Representations ; 3.5 Batterman and Wilson ; 4 Varying Interpretations ; 4.1 Abstraction as Variation ; 4.2 Irrotational Fluids and Electrostatics ; 4.3 Shock Waves ; 4.4 The Value of Varying Interpretations ; 4.5 Varying Interpretations and Discovery ; 4.6 The Toolkit of Applied Mathematics ; 5 Scale Matters ; 5.1 Scale and ScientificRepresentation ; 5.2 Scale Separation ; 5.3 Scale Similarity ; 5.4 Scale and Idealization ; 5.5 Perturbation Theory ; 5.6 Multiple Scales ; 5.7 Interpreting Multiscale Representations ; 5.8 Summary ; 6 Constitutive Frameworks ; 6.1 A Different Kind of Contribution ; 6.2 Carnap's Linguistic Frameworks ; 6.3 Kuhn's Paradigms ; 6.4 Friedman on the Relative A Priori ; 6.5 The Need for Constitutive Representations ; 6.6 The Need for the Absolute A Priori ; 7 Failures ; 7.1 Mathematics and Scientific Failure ; 7.2 Completeness and Segmentation Illusions ; 7.3 The Parameter Illusion ; 7.4 Illusions of Scale ; 7.5 Illusions of Traction ; 7.6 Causal Illusions ; 7.7 Finding the Scope of a Representation ; II Other Contributions ; 8 Discovery ; 8.1 Semantic and Metaphysical Problems ; 8.2 A Descriptive Problem ; 8.3 Description and Discovery ; 8.4 Defending Naturalism ; 8.5 Natural Kinds ; 9 Indispensability ; 9.1 Descriptive Contributions and Pure Mathematics ; 9.2 Quine and Putnam ; 9.3 Against the Platonist Conclusion ; 9.4 Colyvan ; 10 Explanation ; 10.1 Explanatory Contributions ; 10.2 Inference to the Best Mathematical Explanation ; 10.3 Belief and Understanding ; 11 The Rainbow ; 11.1 Asymptotic Explanation ; 11.2 Angle and Color ; 11.3 Explanatory Power ; 11.4 Supernumerary Bows ; 11.5 Interpretation and Scope ; 11.6 Batterman and Belot ; 11.7 Looking Ahead ; 12 Fictionalism 413 ; 12.1 Motivations ; 12.2 Literary Fiction ; 12.3 Mathematics ; 12.4 Models ; 12.5 Understanding and Truth ; 13 Facades ; 13.1 Physical and Mathematical Concepts ; 13.2 Against Semantic Finality ; 13.3 Developing and Connecting Patches ; 13.4 A New Approach to Content ; 13.5 Azzouni and Rayo ; 14 Conclusion: Pure Mathematics ; 14.1 Taking Stock ; 14.2 Metaphysics . ; 14.3 Structuralism ; 14.4 Epistemology ; 14.5 Peacocke and Jenkins ; 14.6 Historical Extensions ; 14.7 Non-conceptual Justification ; 14.8 Past and Future ; Appendices ; A Method of Characteristics ; B Black-Scholes Model ; C Speed of Sound ; D Two Proofs of Euler's Formula
£40.37
Oxford University Press A Logical Introduction to Probability and Induction
Book SynopsisA Logical Introduction to Probability and Induction is a textbook on the mathematics of the probability calculus and its applications in philosophy.On the mathematical side, the textbook introduces these parts of logic and set theory that are needed for a precise formulation of the probability calculus. On the philosophical side, the main focus is on the problem of induction and its reception in epistemology and the philosophy of science. Particular emphasis is placed on the means-end approach to the justification of inductive inference rules.In addition, the book discusses the major interpretations of probability. These are philosophical accounts of the nature of probability that interpret the mathematical structure of the probability calculus. Besides the classical and logical interpretation, they include the interpretation of probability as chance, degree of belief, and relative frequency. The Bayesian interpretation of probability as degree of belief locates probability in a subject''s mind. It raises the question why her degrees of belief ought to obey the probability calculus. In contrast to this, chance and relative frequency belong to the external world. While chance is postulated by theory, relative frequencies can be observed empirically.A Logical Introduction to Probability and Induction aims to equip students with the ability to successfully carry out arguments. It begins with elementary deductive logic and uses it as basis for the material on probability and induction. Throughout the textbook results are carefully proved using the inference rules introduced at the beginning, and students are asked to solve problems in the form of 50 exercises. An instructor''s manual contains the solutions to these exercises as well as suggested exam questions.The book does not presuppose any background in mathematics, although sections 10.3-10.9 on statistics are technically sophisticated and optional. The textbook is suitable for lower level undergraduate courses in philosophy and logic.
£28.97
Oxford University Press Thinking About Logic
Book SynopsisLogic deals with the inevitable - those consequences which follow inescapably from a given set of premisses. This fact has caused it to be seen as different from other more self-questioning branches of philosophy. In this book, Stephen Read sets out to rescue logic from its undeserved reputation as an inflexible, dogmatic discipline by demonstrating that its technicalities and processes are founded on assumptions which are themselves amenable to philosophical investigation.He examines the fundamental principles of consequence, logical truth and correct inference within the context of logic, and shows that the principles by which we delineate consequences are themselves not guaranteed free from error. Central to the notion of truth is the beguiling issue of paradox. Its philosophical value, Read shows, lies in exposing the invalid assumption on which the paradox is built. Thinking About Logic also discusses logical puzzles which introduce questions relating to language, the world, and t
£34.99
Oxford University Press, USA Hegels Dialectical Logic
Book SynopsisThis clear, accessible account of Hegelian logic makes a case for its enormous seductiveness, its surprising presence in the collective consciousness, and the dangers associated therewith. Offering comprehensive coverage of Hegel's important works, Bencivenga avoids getting bogged down in short-lived scholarly debates to provide a work of permanent significance and usefulness.Trade ReviewBencivenga's reading of the text, coming as it does from the direction of the philosophy of language, is both novel and challenging ... provides a remarkably refreshing interpretation of Hegel, generating numerous novel insights into his philosophy. It is a book that will repay close and careful study for any philosopher interested in Hegel - and many who are not. * Mind *
£50.35
Oxford University Press Kurt Godel Collected Works Volume III
Book SynopsisKurt Gödel (1906 - 1978) was the most outstanding logician of the twentieth century, famous for his hallmark works on the completeness of logic, the incompleteness of number theory, and the consistency of the axiom of choice and the continuum hypothesis. He is also noted for his work on constructivity, the decision problem, and the foundations of computability theory, as well as for the strong individuality of his writings on the philosophy of mathematics. He is less well known for his discovery of unusual cosmological models for Einstein''s equations, in theory permitting time travel into the past. The Collected Works is a landmark resource that draws together a lifetime of creative thought and accomplishment. The first two volumes were devoted to Gödel''s publications in full (both in original and translation), and the third volume featured a wide selection of unpublished articles and lecture texts found in Gödel''s Nachlass. These long-awaited final two volumes contain Gödel''s corTrade Review"The book....will certainly enlarge our appreciation of Gödel's scientific and philosophical thought as well as our understanding of his motivations. With great impatience we await now the succeeding volume...." --Mathematical Reviews"As a whole this volume is as indispensable as the two former ones for any serious student of Godel's ideas and achievements, but in this case it is also indispensable for philosophers interested in logic and mathematics. The fourth (and last?) volume of this formidable series will be devoted to Godel's correspondance, so we should look forward to having it to study."--Modern Logic"On the whole....the editors are to be wholeheartedly congratulated on bringing to the public work whi deserves careful study and which ought to do something to revitalise the philosophy of mathematics by presenting a point of view that, unusualy, combines intellectual rogour with a willingness to make bold and sweeping metaphysical claims." --Times Higher Education Supplement"This is the third volume of a comprehensive and critical edition of the works of Kurt Gödel. . .All these essays and lectures are most carefully written and remarkably rich. They give considerable insight into Gödel's own achievements in logic, set theory and physics and also into his philosophical views. . . .This volume was a desideratum for a long time. We also hope very strongly that volume 3 is not the last volume." --Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook 1997 contains unpublished materialTable of Contents1. The Nachlass of Kurt Godel: an overview ; 2. Godel's Gabelsberger shorthand ; 3. Godel *1930c: Introductory note to *1930c ; 4. Lecture on completeness of the functional calculus ; 5. Godel *1931?: Introductory note to *1931? ; 6. On undecidable sentences ; 7. Godel *1933c: Introductory note to *1933c ; 8. The present situation in the foundations of mathematics ; 9. Godel *1933?: Introductory note to *1933? ; 10. Simplified proof of a theorem of Steinitz ; 11. Godel *1938a: Introductory note to *1938a ; 12. Lecture at Zilsel's ; 13. Godel *1939b: Introductory note to *1939b and *1940a ; 14. Lecture at Gottingen ; 15. Godel *193?: Introductory note to *193? ; 16. Undecidable diophantine propositions ; 17. Godel *1940a ; 18. Lecture on the consistency of the continuum hypothesis ; 19. Godel *1941: Introductory note to *1941 ; 20. In what sense is intuitionistic logic constructive? ; 21. Godel *1946/9: Introductory note to *1946/9 ; 22. Some observations about the relationship between theory of relativity and Kantian philosophy ; 23. Godel *1949b: Introductory note to *1949b ; 24. Lecture on rotating universes ; 25. Godel *1951: Introductory note to *1951 ; 26. Some basic theorems on the foundations of mathematics and their implications ; 27. Godel *1953/9: Introductory note to *1953/9 ; 28. Is mathematics syntax of language? Version III ; 29. Is mathematics syntax of language? Version V ; 30. Godel *1961/?: Introductory note to *1961/? ; 31. The modern development of the foundations of mathematics in the light of philosophy ; 32. Godel *1970: Introductory note to *1970 ; 32. Ontological proof ; 33. Godel *1970a: Introductory note to *1970a, *1970b and *1970c ; 34. Some considerations leading to the probable conclusion that the true power of the continuum is N[2 ; 35. Godel *1970b ; 36. A proof of Cantor's continuum hypothesis from a highly plausible axiom about orders of growth ; 37. Godel *1970c ; 38. Unsent letter to Alfred Tarski ; Appendix A: Excerpt from *1946/9-A ; Appendix B: Texts relating to the ontological proof
£69.35
Oxford University Press The Last Word
Book SynopsisIn The Last Word, Thomas Nagel, a leading philosopher and Professor of Law, presents a sustained defense of reason against the attacks of subjectivism, delivering systematic rebuttals against its many relativistic claims in the fields of language, logic, ethics, and science. He proposes that reason reflects objective principles whose validity is independent of different points of view, and continues to argue that reason is universal because its only prerequisite is the ability to think systematically and with intelligence. Dismissing relativism as theoretical chic and inconsequential intellectual flourish, he predicts its ultimate stultifying effect on public discourse. The Last Word is a vigorous defense of reason and its universal narratives. Resisting what he describes as the eventual demise of intellectual discourse, Nagel''s work sets a new standard in the debate: this book presents the clarity and simplicity of objective reason.Nagel''s construction of a coherent framework beyondTrade ReviewReview from previous edition "Nagel's book is a ringing defense of the rationalist conception of reason, and an uncompromising attack on the subjectivist conception...The case that Nagel presents in these chapters should disturb all those who have been lulled, or bludgeoned, into the flabby relativism that is so rampant in contemporary intellectual culture..Nagel's argument is not only correct, it is also urgent...The Last Word is a book that should be read and pondered in this golden age of relativism." * Colin McGinn, The New Republic *"Thomas Nagel stands out among today's best philosophers in retaining closer links with big puzzles and mysteries that first attract most people to philosophy. He has a livelier sense of their depth and power than is conspicuous elsewhere in the academic study of philosophy, and admirably resists the widespread tendency to dent a thing's existence because it is difficult or perhaps impossible to understand." * The Times Literary Supplement *"...(Nagel's) book, which is concise, spare, and well-argued, will prolong discussion by setting it on a new path...what he has to say is challenging, impressive, and thought-provoking." * International Philosophical Quarterly *"...now comes Professor Nagel's fascinating, even brilliant, book..." * Commonweal *
£34.67
Oxford University Press Inc The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Mathematics and Logic
Book SynopsisMathematics and logic have been central topics of concern since the dawn of philosophy. Since logic is the study of correct reasoning, it is a fundamental branch of epistemology and a priority in any philosophical system. Philosophers have focused on mathematics as a case study for general philosophical issues and for its role in overall knowledge- gathering. Today, philosophy of mathematics and logic remain central disciplines in contemporary philosophy, as evidenced by the regular appearance of articles on these topics in the best mainstream philosophical journals; in fact, the last decade has seen an explosion of scholarly work in these areas. This volume covers these disciplines in a comprehensive and accessible manner, giving the reader an overview of the major problems, positions, and battle lines. The 26 contributed chapters are by established experts in the field, and their articles contain both exposition and criticism as well as substantial development of their own positionsTrade Review"The Oxford Handbook of the Philosophy of Mathematics and Logic is most certainly here to stay for a very long time. The quality of each of the contributions is reflected in the authors' stimulating writing. The handbook can add substantially to the emerging thoughts and studies on the subject."--Current Engineering Practice"The Oxford Handbook of the Philosophy of Mathematics and Logic is a very accessible, wide ranging work that serves not only to indicate the 'state of the art' in the given area, but, remarkably, also serves as a very fine introduction to the field. I recommend it highly, both to workers in the given field and, equally, to the 'general philosopher,' regardless of one's main area." --Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews
£48.49
Oxford University Press (UK) Time and Modality John Locke Lecture
£93.10
Oxford University Press, USA Truth Probability and Paradox Studies in Philosophical Logic Clarendon Library of Logic and Philosophy
Book SynopsisClassic work by one of the most brilliant figures in post-war analytic philosophy.
£72.20
