Philosophy: logic Books

Book SynopsisIn this wide--ranging work, now available in paperback, Habermas presents his views on the nature of the social sciences and their distinctive methodology and concerns.Trade Review'On the logic of the Social Sciences is a fine tribute to the care with which Habermas prepared his [intellectual] expedition. His survey of the literature of social scientific theory is inclusive and incisive.' Times Higher Education Supplement 'The vision of this book remains powerful and there is still much to be learned and gained from this, one of Habermas's most accessible, practical, and relevant texts.' Environment and PlanningTable of ContentsIntroduction. Translator's Note. Preface. Part I. The Dualism of the Natural and Cultural Sciences:. 1. A Historical Reconstruction. 2. Sociology and History: The Contemporary Discussion. Part II. On the Methodology of General Theories of Social Action:. 3. Normative-Analytic and Empirical-Analytic Approaches to Social Science. 4. Intentional Action and Stimulus-Response Behaviour. 5. Three Forms of Functionalism. Part III. On the Problem of Understanding Meaning in the Empirical-Analytic Sciences of Action:. 6. The Phenomenological Approach. 7. The Linguistic Approach. 8. The Hermeneutic Approach. Part IV. Sociology as Theory of the Present:. 9. The Limits of Linguistically Oriented Interpretive Sociology. 10. Open Questions. Notes. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis robust, clear, and well-researched textbook for classes in logic introduces students to both formal logic and to the virtues of intellectual inquiry. Part 1 challenges students to develop the analytical skills of deductive and inductive reasoning, showing them how to identify and evaluate arguments. Part 2 helps students develop the intellectual virtues of the wise inquirer. The book includes helpful pedagogical features such as practice exercises and a concluding summary with definitions of key concepts for each chapter. Resources for professors and students are available through Baker Academic''s Textbook eSources.Table of ContentsContentsPreface for InstructorsPart 1: The Skills of Reasoning1. Introduction to Arguments1.1 Arguments vs. NonargumentsExercise 1.11.2 Evaluating ArgumentsExercise 1.22. Deductive Logic2.1 Famous Forms MethodExercise 2.12.2 Counterexample MethodExercise 2.22.3 Venn Diagram MethodExercise 2.32.4 Proof MethodExercise 2.42.5 Expanded Proof Method with Predicates and QuantifiersExercise 2.53. Inductive Logic3.1 Statistical SyllogismExercise 3.13.2 Induction by EnumerationExercise 3.23.3 Arguments from AuthorityExercise 3.33.4 Arguments from AnalogyExercise 3.43.5 Inference to the Best ExplanationExercise 3.5Part 2: The Virtues of Inquiry4. Internal Virtues4.1 Love of Intellectual ExcellenceExercise 4.14.2 Intellectual Courage and CautionExercise 4.24.3 Introspective VigilanceExercise 4.35. Virtues of Intellectual Dependence5.1 TrustExercise 5.15.2 Interpretive CharityExercise 5.25.3 Intellectual EmpathyExercise 5.36. Virtues of Intellectual Dependability6.1 Intellectual GenerosityExercise 6.16.2 Communicative ClarityExercise 6.26.3 Audience SensitivityExercise 6.3Appendix: Argument Forms and Proof RulesGlossary of Key Terms

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Book SynopsisAre psychopaths morally responsible? Should we argue with them? Remonstrate with them, blame them, sometimes even praise them? In this book, Jim Baxter aims to find serious answers to these philosophical questions, drawing on contemporary insights from psychiatry, psychology, neuroscience and law.Trade Review'… an excellent introduction and a clear conclusion … Highly recommended.' W. Simkulet, ChoiceTable of ContentsIntroduction; 1. Moral Responsibility; 2. Psychopathy; 3. Psychopathy and Moral Responsibility; 4. Emotions and Value; 5. Empathy and Moral Development; 6 Psychopathy in the Criminal Law; Conclusions; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisMy Philosophical Development is Russell''s intellectual autobiography and provides a fascinating insight into the extraordinary energy and philosophical ambition that saw him write over 40 books. As well as offering some fascinating glimpses into the changing nature of his philosophical beliefs, Russell also reflects on the fundamental themes that governed his thinking in later life.Beginning with an account of his decisive turn against the philosophical idealism that was prevalent in Cambridge at the turn of the century, Russell takes us through his engagement with the foundations of mathematics and the writing, with A.N. Whitehead, of Principia Mathematica. Russell also provides important insights into his theory of knowledge and the mind and conscious experience, before finishing with reflections on his work on language, universals and particulars and his theory of truth. An ideal philosophical companion to Russell''s own AutobiograpTrade Review'A work of immense fascination and distinction' - The Observer'Bertrand Russell is not only the most brilliant philosopher of this century; he is also one of the most self-critical. These qualities come out clearly in his philosophical autobiography.' - A.J.AyerTable of ContentsForeword to the Routledge Classics Edition Nicholas Griffin Prefatory note 1. Introductory Outline 2. My Present View of the World 3. First Efforts 4. Excursion into Idealism 5. Revolt into Pluralism 6. Logical Technique in Mathematics 7. Principia Mathematica: Philosophical Aspects 8. Principia Mathematica: Mathematical Aspects 9. The External World 10. The Impact of Wittgenstein 11. Theory of Knowledge 12. Consciousness and Experience 13. Language 14. Universals and Particulars and Names 15. The Definition of 'Truth' 16. Non-Demonstrative Inference 17. The Retreat from Pythagoras 18. Some Replies to Criticism Russell's Philosophy: A Study of its Development Alan Wood. Index

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Book SynopsisQuine''s set theory, New Foundations, has often been treated as an anomaly in the history and philosophy of set theory. In this book, Sean Morris shows that it is in fact well-motivated, emerging in a natural way from the early development of set theory. Morris introduces and explores the notion of set theory as explication: the view that there is no single correct axiomatization of set theory, but rather that the various axiomatizations all serve to explicate the notion of set and are judged largely according to pragmatic criteria. Morris also brings out the important interplay between New Foundations, Quine''s philosophy of set theory, and his philosophy more generally. We see that his early technical work in logic foreshadows his later famed naturalism, with his philosophy of set theory playing a crucial role in his primary philosophical project of clarifying our conceptual scheme and specifically its logical and mathematical components.Trade Review'Sean Morris's book fills a heretofore gaping hole in our understanding of the origins and history of set theory, explaining how Quine's New Foundations is not the isolated, idiosyncratic system it is sometimes taken to be, but is instead deeply connected - historically, philosophically, and mathematically - to other, now more mainstream, accounts of the nature of sets.' Roy T. Cook, University of Minnesota, Twin CitiesTable of ContentsPreface; Introduction; Part I: 1. Cantor and the early development of set theory; 2. Cantor, Russell, and Zermelo and the set-theoretic paradoxes; 3. NF and the beginnings of Quine's philosophy of set theory; Part II: 4. Quine's philosophy of set theory; 5. Clarifying our conceptual scheme: set theory and the role of explication; Part III: 6. The iterative conception and set theory; 7. NF, the axiom of choice, and arithmetic; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive account of the concept and practices of deduction is the first to bring together perspectives from philosophy, history, psychology and cognitive science, and mathematical practice. Catarina Dutilh Novaes draws on all of these perspectives to argue for an overarching conceptualization of deduction as a dialogical practice: deduction has dialogical roots, and these dialogical roots are still largely present both in theories and in practices of deduction. Dutilh Novaes'' account also highlights the deeply human and in fact social nature of deduction, as embedded in actual human practices; as such, it presents a highly innovative account of deduction. The book will be of interest to a wide range of readers, from advanced students to senior scholars, and from philosophers to mathematicians and cognitive scientists.Trade Review'The Dialogical Roots of Deduction displays a formidable command of an impressive range of sources from ancient and mediaeval logic to the latest work in cognitive science. The depth of Catarina Dutilh Novaes's scholarship is evident throughout as she defends a novel and provocative thesis: that deduction as dialogue is conceptually and historically prior to its conventional monologue presentation. I expect the book to be influential and widely discussed.' Andrew Aberdein, Florida Institute of Technology'Reframing the philosophy of logic, this pathbreaking book develops a historically informed and philosophically powerful new conception of how the pragmatic foundations of logical deductive relations, and so the semantics of logical concepts, can be found in dialogic social practices that suitably balance cooperation and competition.' Bob Brandom, University of Pittsburgh'Philosophers and scientists working on human cognition have much to gain from assimilating the careful research put into this book.' Tricia Mae Barcelita, Metascience'Dutilh Novaes has already made a substantial contribution to this literature, and her new book develops this program in new and exciting directions by drawing on a tradition of deductive reasoning that descends from the public debates of the Athenian democracy, through a central strand in Western intellectual history, and into current scientific research into human cognition. Philosophers and scientists working on human cognition have much to gain from assimilating the careful research put into this book.' Preston Stovall, Metascience'This book is required reading not only for those interested in the history and philosophy of logic. It has something to teach any of us who are interested in what we are doing when we reason together. The lessons we learn will help us address some of our old questions from new perspectives, and will leave us asking fresh questions, too.' Greg Restall, MINDTable of ContentsPreface; Part I. The Philosophy of Deduction: 1. The trouble with deduction; 2. Back to the roots of deduction; 3. The Prover-Skeptic dialogues; 4. Deduction as a dialogical notion; Part II. The History of Deduction: 5. Deduction in mathematics and dialectic in Ancient Greece; 6. Aristotle's syllogistic, and other ancient logical traditions; 7. Logic and deduction in the Middle Ages and the modern period; Part III. Deduction and Cognition: 8. How we reason, individually and in groups; 9. The ontogeny of deductive reasoning; 10. The phylogeny of deductive reasoning; 11. A dialogical account of proofs in mathematical practice; Conclusions.

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Book SynopsisThis Element aims to chart out a very elementary but abstract framework to approach contradictions in Christian theology. It charts a few salient abstract options for thinking about contradictions in the face of logical entailment.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Part I. Tools, Terminology and Basic Ideas: 1. Entailment, contradiction and theories; 2. The threat of contradiction; 3. Outline of target abstract responses in general; Part II. Two Principal Examples: 4. One central example: incarnation; 5. Partial theology: responses to the incarnation; 6. Robust theology: responses to the incarnation; 7. Another central example: trinity; 8. Partial theology: responses to the trinity; 9. Robust theology: responses to the trinity; Part III. Towards Other Examples of Contradiction: Part IV. Some Common Objections to Glut-Theoretic Theology: Part V. Closing Takeaways: References.

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Book SynopsisFor more than six decades, and for thousands of students, Introduction to Logic has been the gold standard in introductory logic texts. In this fifteenth edition, Carl Cohen and Victor Rodych update Irving M. Copi's classic text, improving on its many strengths and introducing new and helpful material that will greatly assist both students and instructors.In particular, chapters 1, 8, and 9 have been greatly enhanced without disturbing the book's clear and gradual pedagogical approach. Specifically: Chapter 1 now uses a simpler and better definition of deductive validity, which enhances the rest of the book (especially chapters 1 and 8-10, and their new components). Chapter 8 now has: Simpler definitions of simple statement and compound statement More and more detailed examples of the Complete Truth-Table Method. Chapter 9 now has: Table of ContentsPart I: Logic and Language 1. Basic Logical Concepts 2. Analyzing Arguments 3. Language and Definitions 4. Fallacies Part II: Deduction 5. Categorical Propositions 6. Categorical Syllogisms 7. Syllogisms in Ordinary Language 8. Propositional Logic I: Truth-Functional Statements and Arguments 9. Propositional Logic II: Methods of Deduction 10. Predicate Logic: Quantification Theory Part III: Induction 11. Analogical Reasoning 12. Causal Reasoning 13. Science and Hypothesis 14. Probability Logic Overviews

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Book SynopsisYou shouldn't drink too much. The Earth is round. Milk is good for your bones.' Are any of these claims true? How can you tell? Can you ever be certain you are right? For anyone tackling philosophical logic for the first time, here is a practical guide to the skills required to think critically. From the basics of good reasoning to the difference between claims, evidence and arguments, Jamie Carlin Watson, Robert Arp and Skyler King cover the topics found in an introductory course.Now revised and fully updated, this 3rd edition gives you the chance to develop critical thinking skills that can be used in and out of the classroom. Two new chapters on reasoning in the age of conspiracy theories and fake news demonstrate how to apply reason and avoid being dissuaded by the persuasive power of evidence-free emoting. Features include a glossary, chapter goals, more student-friendly exercises, study questions, diagrams, and suggestions for further reading. Chapter

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Book SynopsisWith the same intellectual goals as the first edition, this innovative introductory logic textbook explores the relationship between natural language and logic, motivating the student to acquire skills and techniques of formal logic. This new and revised edition includes substantial additions which make the text even more useful to students and instructors alike. Central to these changes is an Appendix, 'How to Learn Logic', which takes the student through fourteen compact and sharply directed lessons with exercises and answers.Trade Review"The book is truly comprehensive, detailed and lucid throughout; in fact it is one of the friendliest introductions to logic I have ever read." Nimrod Bar-Am, Tel Aviv UniversityTable of ContentsPreface to First Edition. Preface to Second Edition. 1. Thinking. 2. Arguments. 3. Strategy. 4. Primitive. 5. Sentential. 6. Decision. 7. Translating into Sentential. 8. The Strategy Applied and Extended. 9. Deduction. 10. Sentential and the Strategy. 11. Predicate: Part I. 12. Predicate: Part II. 13. Translating into Predicate. 14. Validity. 15. Identity, Problems and Prospects. 16. Modal. 17. Truth. Appendix 1: How to Learn Logic. Appendix 2: Truth Trees. Appendix 3: Alternative Notations. Answers to Selected Exercises. Reading List. Index.

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Book SynopsisOur finances, politics, media, opportunities, information, shopping and knowledge production are mediated through algorithms and their statistical approaches to knowledge; increasingly, these methods form the organizational backbone of contemporary capitalism. Revolutionary Mathematics traces the revolution in statistics and probability that has quietly underwritten the explosion of machine learning, big data and predictive algorithms that now decide many aspects of our lives. Exploring shifts in the philosophical understanding of probability in the late twentieth century, Joque shows how this was not merely a technical change but a wholesale philosophical transformation in the production of knowledge and the extraction of value. This book provides a new and unique perspective on the dangers of allowing artificial intelligence and big data to manage society. It is essential reading for those who want to understand the underlying ideological and philosophical changes that have fueled the rise of algorithms and convinced so many to blindly trust their outputs, reshaping our current political and economic situation.Trade ReviewPraise for Deconstruction Machines: Writing in the Age of Cyberwar:Deconstruction machines provides a powerful insight into how cyberwar serves to militarize writing, threatens civic infrastructure and thereby brings war into the code and software that governs our everyday lives. * International Affairs *Praise for Deconstruction Machines: Writing in the Age of Cyberwar:This book makes an important contribution to the future of philosophy under the threat posed by cyberwar and calls us to reconsider and continue working on the philosophical and deconstructive notion of spatiality. -- Catherine MalabouRevolutionary Mathematics critically explores the mathematical systems behind the machinery of abstraction that drives capitalism today - in particular, the machine learning algorithms at the heart of the global platform economy. In linking Marxist theories of real abstraction to mathematical paradigms, such as Bayesian statistics, this challenging work equips critical thought with the tools to contest the hidden codes that run our world. -- Alex Williams, University of East AngliaI have never before read a book on statistics at one gulp, but Justin Joque's investigation into the mathematical premises of algorithmic capital is a tour de force of radical forensics as compelling as any noir thriller. -- Nick Dyer-Witheford, University of Western OntarioWhile almost everyone today is a critic of the capricious algorithms that saturate our lives, Joque takes us into the metaphysical underpinnings of these systems: the statistical methods that provide a phantom objectivity to machine learning, financial derivatives, and even scientific research writ large. Both intensely focused and rich with philosophical asides, Revolutionary Mathematics is an original and vital contribution towards understanding -- and overcoming -- digitized capitalism and its manifold oppressions. -- Gavin Mueller, author of Breaking Things at Work

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Book SynopsisHow do you tell what's right from what's wrong? Can you always? What's the difference between deduction, induction and abduction? What are the best techniques for making an argument logically sound? In this fascinating little book, the smallest on its subject ever produced, philosopher Dr Earl Fontainelle explores the ancient art of Logic and demonstrates some of the techniques that have long been used to triumph over the debates and deceptions which assail us every day.

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Book SynopsisThis accessible, SHORT introduction to symbolic logic includes coverage of sentential and predicate logic, translations, truth tables, and derivations. The author's engaging style makes this the most informal of introductions to formal logic. Topics are explained in a conversational, easy-to-understand way for readers not familiar with mathematics or formal systems, and the author provides patient, reader-friendly explanations—even with the occasional bit of humour.The first half of the book deals with all the basic elements of Sentential Logic: the five truth-functional connectives, formation rules and translation into this language, truth-tables for validity, logical truth/falsity, equivalency, consistency and derivations. The second half deals with Quantifier Logic: the two quantifiers, formation rules and translation, demonstrating certain logical characteristics by “Finding an Interpretation” and derivations.There are plenty of exercises scattered throughout, more than in many texts, arranged in order of increasing difficulty and including separate answer keys.Trade Review“The tidiest logic text on the market. Just what you need and no more, presented with a light and student-friendly touch.” - Adam Morton, University of AlbertaTable of ContentsINTRODUCTIONWhat Symbolic Logic IsWhat It’s Good ForWhat You Should DoCHAPTER ONE: SENTENCE LOGICSentencesArgumentsValidity and InvaliditySoundnessConsistency and InconsistencyNecessary Truth and FalsityLogical Truth, Falsity, IndeterminacyLogical EquivalencyPeculiar ConsequencesSentential LogicAtomic SentencesConjunctionsDisjunctionsConditionalsBiconditionalNegationsCompound SentencesTruth Tables for Compound SentencesTranslatingUsing Truth TablesTruth-Functional Logical PropertiesAnswers to Exercises in Chapter OneCHAPTER TWO: SENTENCE DERIVATIONSDerivationsConjunction RulesConditional RulesDisjunction RulesNegation RulesBiconditional RulesReiterationList of All the RulesAbout This Set of RulesLearning the Derivation SystemStrategiesRules of ThumbWhat Derivations ProveHow to learn the SkillAnswers to Exercises in Chapter TwoCHAPTER THREE: QUANTIFIER LOGICPredicates and ConstantsThe Universal QuantifierThe Existential QuantifierWell-Formed Quantified SentencesUnderstanding Quantified SentencesMultiple QuantificationQuantificational Logical PropertiesProving Quantificational Logical PropertiesAnswers to Exercises in Chapter ThreeCHAPTER FOUR: QUANTIFIER DERIVATIONSAbout Quantifier DerivationsUndischarged AssumptionsMain ConnectiveSubstitution InstanceUniversal EliminationExistential IntroductionUniversal IntroductionExistential EliminationList of All the Additional Quantifier RulesUsing Derivations (Again)Answers to Exercises in Chapter Four

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Book SynopsisThe Critical Thinking Book covers not only standard topics such as definitions, fallacies, and argument identification, but also other pertinent themes such as consumer choice in a market economy and political choice in a representative democracy. Interesting historical asides are included throughout, as are images, diagrams, and reflective questions. A wealth of exercises is provided, both within the text and on a supplemental website for instructors.Trade Review“Gary James Jason has pulled off something that I have long hoped for—one book that covers all the necessary components of critical thinking. This text offers such a range of methods and approaches that it gives instructors choice as to how to map out their courses. I find the Concept Maps, thought questions, and historical accounts of important thinkers to be great supplements to the main text. The author uses cool examples such as dialogues and advertisements, and these visual components make the book fun and engaging for students.” — Jacqueline Alvarez, California State University, Fresno“The Critical Thinking Book is an excellent choice for courses in critical thinking, rhetoric, and informal logic. The cross-disciplinary approach is engaging, and the contemporary examples from fields such as marketing and politics will hold the reader’s attention. Students will benefit considerably from the abundant exercises and the Concept Map in each chapter. This is a text that instructors will want to use and students will want to read.” — Jeff Lawrence, North Island College“The Critical Thinking Book provides remarkably thorough coverage of the main topics in this field. As a critical thinking instructor, I have been looking for a text that strikes a balance between formal and informal reasoning; Jason's book does this well, as it is comprehensive in its coverage without being overly technical.” — Tuomas Manninen, Arizona State UniversityTable of ContentsPart One: The Elements of Critical Thinking: Statements, Questions, Arguments, Cases, and DialoguesChapter 1: Critical Thinking: Developing an Effective Worldview 1. Critical Thinking and Mental Models 2. Clarity and Consistency 3. Relevance 4. Justification and Explanatory/Predictive Power 5. The Usefulness of Critical Thinking 6. Impediments to Critical Thinking 7. Critical Thinking as an Academic Discipline 8. The Organization of This Book Chapter 2: Assertions 1. Assertions and Sentences 2. Statement Forms: Simple and Compound 3. Statement Forms: Particular and General 4. Statement Content: Necessary versus Contingent 5. Statement Content: Descriptive versus Evaluative Chapter 3: Questions 1. Questions and Sentences 2. Types of Questions 3. Responsive Answers 4. Fallacies of Questions Chapter 4: Identifying Single Arguments 1. Premises and Conclusions 2. Identifying Single Arguments: Rhetorical Devices 3. Identifying Single Arguments: Rhetorical Expansion 4. Identifying Single Arguments: Rhetorical Compression 5. Telling Arguments from Other Things 6. The Uses of Arguments 7. Two Types of Evidential Relations 8. Deductive Argument Forms 9. Inductive Argument Forms and the IBE Chapter 5: Multiple Arguments, Cases, and Dialogues 1. Diagramming Multiple Arguments 2. The Case Structure 3. The IBE as a Compressed Case 4. Dialogues Part Two: The Goals of Critical Thinking: Clarity, Relevance, Consistency, Justification, and Explanatory PowerChapter 6: Pitfalls of Language 1. Pitfalls of Language 2. Verbosity and Jargon 3. Vagueness 4. Loaded Language and Circular Argument 5. Understatement and Overstatement 6. Ambiguity 7. Synonymy 8. Figurative Language 9. Review of Major Fallacies Discussed so Far Chapter 7: Definition, Classification, and Concept Mapping 1. Three Tools for Organizing Thought and Clarifying Language 2. Types of Definition 3. Sense and Reference 4. Methods of Definition 5. Rules for Explicit Definitions 6. Analogical Definition 7. Classification 8. Concept Mapping Chapter 8: Topical Relevance 1. Relevance and Questions 2. Fallacies of Refusing to Answer 3. Fallacies of Irrelevant Emotional Appeal 4. Fallacies of Ignoring the Issue 5. How to Explain Fallacies of Relevance 6. Review of the Major Fallacies Discussed so Far Chapter 9: Deductive Reasoning I: Truth-Functional Logic 1. Two Types of Consistency 2. Cognitive Dissonance Theory 3. Basic Concepts of Deductive Logic 4. Truth Table Calculations 5. Symbolization 6. Truth Table Testing for Consistency 7. Truth Table Testing for Implication and Validity 8. Truth Table Testing for Other Deductive Concepts 9. Summary Chapter 10: Deductive Reasoning II: Class Logic 1. A Closer Look at Statements 2. Statements Involving Two Classes 3. Venn Testing for Consistency 4. Venn Testing for Implication and Validity 5. Venn Testing for Other Concepts 6. Summary of Concepts 7. The Limitations of Truth-Functional and Class Logic Chapter 11: Inductive Reasoning I: Observation, Memory, and Testimony 1. Sensing, Observing, and Reporting 2. Assessing Observation 3. Special Issues Concerning Observation in Natural Science 4. Assessing Memory 5. Assessing Eyewitness Testimony 6. Assessing Expert Testimony 7. The Fallacy of Faulty Appeal to Authority 8. Special Issues Concerning Expert Testimony in Journalism 9. Special Issues Concerning Expert Testimony in Legal Proceedings 10. Observation, Memory, and Testimony IBE and CBE Chapter 12: Inductive Reasoning II: Inductive Generalization and Inductive Instantiation 1. The Pervasiveness of Inductive Generalization 2. Criteria for Assessing Generalizations 3. The Fallacy of Faulty Generalization 4. Defeasibility and General Rules 5. The Statistical Syllogism 6. The Fallacy of Faulty Instantiation 7. A Common Confusion 8. Inductive Generalization and Inductive Instantiation as IBE and CBE 9. Stereotypes and Prejudice Chapter 13: Inductive Reasoning III: Analogies 1. The Uses of Analogy 2. Descriptive and Definitional Analogies 3. Assessing Analogical Arguments 4. The Heuristic Use of Analogies 5. Models in Science 6. Analogies in Legal Reasoning 7. Analogical Arguments as IBE and CBE Chapter 14: Inductive Reasoning IV: Causal Inference 1. The Relation of Cause and Effect 2. Evidence for Causal Claims: Temporal and Statistical Linkages 3. Establishing Deterministic Causes 4. A More Formal Approach to Causal Reasoning 5. Establishing Statistical Causes 6. Special Issues in Medical and Pharmaceutical Research 7. The Fallacy of Faulty Causal Reasoning 8. Causal Inference as IBE and CBE 9. Review of the Five Inductive Fallacies 10. Review of All of the Previous Major Fallacies Chapter 15: Inductive Reasoning V: Explanation, Hypothesis, and Prediction 1. Key Concepts 2. Types of Explanation 3. A Closer Look at Causal Explanations 4. Rules for Forming Hypotheses 5. Rules for Assessing Hypotheses Part Three: Applications of Critical Thinking: Decisions in a Democratic Market EconomyChapter 16: Classical Decision Theory: Its Uses and Problems 1. Utility and Preferences 2. Decision under Certainty: The Rational Choice Model 3. Decision under Risk 4. Decision under Uncertainty 5. Decision under Conflict 6. Challenges to Classical Decision Theory I: Several Narrow Criticisms 7. Challenges to Classical Decision Theory II: The Opacity of Costs and Benefits 8. Challenges to Classical Decision Theory III: Behavioral Decision Theory 9. Challenges to Classical Decision Theory IV: Manipulation by Others Chapter 17: Application I: Rational versus Irrational Marketing 1. Two Main Branches of Rhetoric 2. When Is Marketing Rational? 3. Why Is Marketing so Often Irrational? 4. Psychological Mechanisms Exploited by Marketing Agents 5. Examples of Irrational Marketing Techniques 6. Special Issues in Advertising to Children 7. How to Combat Deceptive Marketing Chapter 18: Application II: Rational versus Irrational Propaganda 1. Political Agents and Propaganda 2. Is Deceptive Propaganda More Prevalent Than Deceptive Marketing? 3. Examples of Irrational Propaganda Techniques 4. How to Combat Deceptive Propaganda 5. Propaganda in a Dictatorship Chapter 19: Application III: Science versus Pseudo-Science 1. Healthy Science versus Pseudo-Science 2. Symptoms of Pseudo-Science 3. First Example of Pseudo-Science: Astrology 4. Second Example of Pseudo-Science: Lysenkoism 5. A Borderline Case GlossaryBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisHow to Think Critically begins with the premise that we are all, every day, engaged in critical thinking. But just as we may develop bad habits in daily life if we don't scrutinize our practices, so we are apt to develop bad habits in critical thinking if we are careless in our reasoning. Readers are presented with a traditional step-by-step method for analysis that can be applied to all argument forms. Hundreds of exercises (with solutions) are included, as are several random statement generators which can be used to create thousands of additional examples. Venn diagrams, truth tables, and other essential concepts are presented not as definitions for academic study but as tools for better thinking and living. This second edition is substantially revised and improved throughout, and includes an all-new chapter on the applications of critical thinking in online contexts.Trade ReviewReviews on the First Edition:“Jeff McLaughlin’s How to Think Critically covers all of the topics important for introductory courses in Critical Thinking, and it does so without bogging down the reader or instructor with extraneous material. The examples and illustrations will, I believe, resonate well with students, and, in particular, with students at Canadian universities. I look forward to using this text the next time I offer Critical Thinking.” - G.K.D. Crozier, Laurentian University“How to Think Critically is a very good text. It is clear and comprehensive and includes an abundance of examples. It provides a plausible and sensible take on arguments as they really do occur.” - Michael Stack, University of Manitoba“McLaughlin’s book is clearly written and infused with an engaging sense of humour that sustains interest in a subject area that too often is presented in a dry and uninteresting fashion. McLaughlin uses pedagogically sound techniques and strategies to build competency and confidence in thinking critically.” - Jill Hunter, Athabasca UniversityTable of ContentsChapter 1: Identifying Arguments and Non-Arguments 1.1 Arguments, Not Fight 1.2 Critical Thinking and Reasoning 1.3 Arguments vs. Unsupported Claims 1.4 Premises and Conclusions: The Building Blocks of Arguments 1.5 Identifying Statements and Arguments Statement Generator: Moral Issues Statements Chapter 2: The Use and Abuse of Language 2.1 Meaning, Denotation, and Connotation 2.2 Defining Words 2.3 Vagueness and Ambiguity 2.4 Emotional Language & Prejudicial Language 2.5 Scope and Conviction Chapter 3: Argument Structure and Assessment 3.1 Standardizing Arguments 3.2 Editing Arguments 3.3 Complex Arguments Chapter 4: Argument Evaluation 4.1 The S-Test 4.2 Step 1: Satisfactory Premises 4.3 Step 2: Supporting Premises 4.4 Step 3: Sufficient Support 4.5 Passing the S-Test 4.6 Failing the S-Test Statement Generator: Moral Issues Statement Generator: Business Issues Chapter 5: Argument Types 5.1 Deductive Arguments 5.2 Inductive Arguments 5.3 Arguments from Analogy Chapter 6: Fallacies 6.1 List of Fallacies 6.2 Fallacies in Advertising Chapter 7: Categorical Logic 7.1 Categorical Logic and Categorical Statements 7.2 The Square of Opposition 7.3 Rules of Inference 7.4 Depicting Categorical Statements Using Venn Diagrams 7.5 Depicting Categorical Syllogisms Using Venn Diagrams 7.6 Using Rules to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms 7.7 Missing/Implicit Statements in Categorical Syllogisms Chapter 8: Propositional Logic Using Truth Tables 8.1 Translating Propositions 8.2 Basic Truth Tables for And, Or, Not, and If, Then 8.3 Creating Long Truth Tables 8.4 Creating Short Truth Tables Chapter 9: Critical Thinking Online 9.1 Tools and Tips 9.2 Developing Safe Search Habits 9.3 How (not to) Argue Online Glossary of Key Terms

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Book SynopsisAn exploration of quantum entanglement and the ways in which it contradicts our everyday assumptions about the ultimate nature of reality.Quantum physics is notable for its brazen defiance of common sense. (Think of Schrödinger's Cat, famously both dead and alive.) An especially rigorous form of quantum contradiction occurs in experiments with entangled particles. Our common assumption is that objects have properties whether or not anyone is observing them, and the measurement of one can't affect the other. Quantum entanglement—called by Einstein “spooky action at a distance”—rejects this assumption, offering impeccable reasoning and irrefutable evidence of the opposite. Is quantum entanglement mystical, or just mystifying? In this volume in the MIT Press Essential Knowledge series, Jed Brody equips readers to decide for themselves. He explains how our commonsense assumptions impose constraints—from which entangled particles break free.<

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Book SynopsisPhilosophical Logic is a clear and concise critical survey of nonclassical logics of philosophical interest written by one of the world's leading authorities on the subject. After giving an overview of classical logic, John Burgess introduces five central branches of nonclassical logic (temporal, modal, conditional, relevantistic, and intuitionistiTrade Review"Burgess has managed to pack an amazing amount of good material into this short monograph, and it can be confidently recommended to any philosopher who wishes to go beyond an introductory logic course and venture into the wilds of philosophical logic. The technical details are of necessity sketchy, but the author provides the reader with helpful lists for further reading at the end of each chapter, as well as a good bibliography. This is an excellent little book, and deserves wide success."--Alasdair Urquhart, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews "This book is interesting and useful. It enables readers to learn much in a short time... It could be valuable for philosophers working in metaphysics and the philosophy of language who are not logic specialists."--Stephen McLeod, Philosophy in Review "[A] good starting point for exploring philosophical questions about logic, importantly by pondering the reasons for Burgess' sympathies and antipathies."--Paloma Nrez-llzarbe, Mathematical Reviews "Burgess does an admirable job of giving intuitive explanations of the concepts... This book provides a solid overview of several important fields of philosophical logic. It gives the reader a crash course in a few, select, areas and points the reader in the right direction for more information."--Jared Smith, Plurilogue "Burgess does an admirable job of giving intuitive explanations of the concepts... The book provides a solid overview of several important fields of philosophical logic. It gives the reader a crash course in a few, select, areas and points the reader in the right direction for more information in a given part of the field. It is not a bad choice for a student interested in what is out there in the philosophical logic field, so long as he or she accepts the dense technicalities."--Jared Smith, PlurilogueTable of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgments ix CHAPTER ONE: Classical Logic 1 CHAPTER TWO: Temporal Logic 13 CHAPTER THREE: Modal Logic 40 CHAPTER FOUR: Conditional Logic 71 CHAPTER FIVE: Relevantistic Logic 99 CHAPTER SIX: Intuitionistic Logic 121 References 143 Index 149

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Fascinating. . . . Part philosophy, part maths, part activity book; Games for Your Mind is an ingenious thing."---Amy Barrett, BBC Science Focus"Excellent."---Elizabeth Palmer, Christian Century"It’s a serious and at times technical book, specifically about logic puzzles, though beneath its concern with matters such as obversion and epistemic obligations it has an unexpected jauntiness."---Henry Hitchings, Times Literary Supplement"Jason Rosenhouse’s Games for Your Mind is an engaging popular mathematics book written to enlighten the reader on the mathematics and logic behind popular puzzles. . . .overall, the reviewer would recommend this book to all people who want a puzzling challenge. Although the puzzles towards the end of the book feel impossible, the thrill of that ‘ah!’ moment when you work through Rosenhouse’s solution is surely a high for any mathematician out there."---Holly A. J. Middleton-Spencer, London Mathematical Society

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Book SynopsisThis textbook/software package covers first-order language in a method appropriate for a wide range of courses, from first logic courses for undergraduates (philosophy, mathematics, and computer science) to a first graduate logic course. The accompanying online grading service instantly grades solutions to hundreds of computer exercises. The second edition of "Language, Proof and Logic" represents a major expansion and revision of the original package and includes applications for mobile devices, additional exercises, a dedicated website, and increased software compatibility and support.

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Book SynopsisVagueness is the study of concepts that admit borderline cases. The epistemology of vagueness concerns attitudes we should have towards propositions we know to be borderline. On this basis Andrew Bacon develops a new theory of vagueness in which vagueness is fundamentally a property of propositions, explicated in terms of its role in thought.Trade ReviewThough I find Bacon's view of vagueness impossible to accept, I still think this is a terrific book. Bacon has a wonderful sense for which issues are substantive and which merely superficial, and in focusing our attention on Rational Supervenience and Indifference, he has opened up some genuinely new questions. In addition to the main line of thought sketched above, the book contains illuminating treatments of many connected topics (for example, the connections between necessity and determinacy). It will richly reward anyone with an interest in its subject. * John MacFarlane, Philosophical Review *This is a remarkable book. I accept its main thesis, that propositional vagueness is more fundamental than sentential vagueness. I am in favor of treating vague beliefs in probabilistic terms, and the investigation of how we should reason with vague beliefs and vague desires is a valuable project. There has been relatively little work on this, and Bacon's book goes much further than any before. The idea of using Jeffrey conditioning to explain the impact of vague beliefs is an excellent one. * Dorothy Edgington, Journal of Philosophy *Table of ContentsPart I: Background 1: Non-Classical and Nihilistic Approaches 2: Classical Approaches: An Overview of the Current Debate 3: An Outline of a Theory of Propositional Vagueness Part II: Epistemological Matters 4: Vagueness and Language 5: Vagueness and Ignorance 6: Vagueness and Evidence 7: Probabilism, Assertion and Higher-order Vagueness 8: Vagueness and Uncertainty 9: Vagueness and Decision 10: Vagueness and Desire Part III: Logical Matters 11: Vague Propositions 12: Vagueness and Precision 13: Symmetry Semantics 14: Vagueness and the World 15: Vagueness and Modality 16: Vague Objects 17: Beyond Vagueness 18: Appendices

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Book SynopsisThis volume presents a new translation of Aristotle''s Topics Book VI by Annamaria Schiaparelli, accompanied by a detailed commentary and textual notes providing insight into the history of the transmission of the text with its variants. In the Topics, Aristotle aims at developing his dialectical method. He introduces the four predicables (property, genus, accident, and definition) which are necessary for the classification and application of the topoi, or commonplaces. Book VI of the Topics is entirely devoted to the discussion of definition, the most extended and refined discussion of this subject handed down to us from the classical period. The concept of definition plays a central role not only in Aristotle''s logic but also in his ontology. Issues connected with definitions emerge constantly throughout his works. Moreover, definitions are at the centre of Platonic philosophy and sparked a lively discussion in philosophy of the Hellenistic and late classical periods.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION I: The Place of the Topics in Aristotle's Corpus II: The Contents of the Topics III: The Four Predicables IV: The Classifications of the Predicables V: The Logical Relations among the Predicables VI: The Predicable Definition VII: Types of Definition and their Rules VIII: The Notion of Causality in the Topics IX: Some Prominent Themes concerning Standard Definitions X: Structure and Interpretations of Book VI of the Topics TRANSLATION COMMENTARY Notes on the Text Appendix: The Predicables Logical Relations Select Bibliography Glossary: English-Greek / Greek-English Indexes

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Book SynopsisIn this enlightening and entertaining book, author and Skeptical Inquirer editor Kendrick Frazier takes readers on a journey to the contentious boundary zone between science and its antagonists: pseudoscience (pretend science) and anti-science (open hostility to science). Pseudoscience romps in the shadows of science but takes on the guise of science to excite, sell, mislead, and deceive the public. Anti-science denigrates, even denies, findings of science for ideological ends. In this dangerous age of misinformation (and dis-information), we need science’s remarkable truth-seeking tools more than ever to help counter society’s crazier impulses in which opinion, beliefs, and lies trump facts, evidence, and truth.In one sense, Shadows of Science is Frazier’s love letter to science, one of humanity’s greatest inventions, one we should exalt for its unique ability to find provisional truths about nature. In congenial prose he reports on recent discoveries and describes how science works and how its error-correcting mechanisms lead eventually to new knowledge. He tells the stories of some of our champions of science and reason. He describes the little-appreciated values of science, how it embraces uncertainty and humility, and its emphasis on fact-based observation and experiment. Pseudoscience adopts some of science’s language and has a beguiling appeal, but there the similarities end. Frazier has professionally reported on frontier scientific discoveries and observed and exposed the pretensions and dangers of pseudoscience and anti-science his entire career. Here he shares his experiences, his knowledge and insights, and his love and passion for our ability to learn what’s real about the natural world—and to identify and expose fake science, pretend science, and anti-science in all their multifarious forms.

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Book SynopsisWestern civilization is over. So begins Jan Zwicky’s trenchant exploration of the roots of global cultural and ecological collapse. Once Upon a Time in the West documents how a narrow epistemological style has left us blind to critical features of reality, and how the terrifying consequences of that shuttered vision are now unfolding.Trade Review“Zwicky's distinctive voice – warm, wise, sometimes colloquial or cutting – brings together these essays on diverse topics. Her sensibility is of course poetic, but also critical in the best sense: rigorous, probing, and committed. This is an engaging and enlightening portrait of a fine thinker in action.” Mark Kingwell, University of Toronto and author of Singular Creatures: Robots, Rights, and the Politics of Posthumanism“Lyric philosophy of the highest calibre. Jan Zwicky addresses the dilemmas we as a species are faced with today with great lucidity, seamlessly weaving together a wide variety of themes from philosophy, poetry, and ecology. Anyone interested in understanding the more-than-human world and our place in it is bound to find food for thought in these beautifully written and provoking philosophical essays.” Leonor María Martínez Serrano, University of Córdoba and author of Breathing Earth: The Polyphonic Lyric of Robert Bringhurst

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Book SynopsisThis lively and accessible textbook provides a comprehensive and unified introduction to classical and modal logics, treating them with the same level of rigour and detail and showing how they fit together. A fully self-contained learning resource, it will be ideal for upper-level university courses.

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Book SynopsisGonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra presents two arguments for the principle that no two objects can differ only numerically. He shows that the principle cannot be reduced to a triviality, and that restricted versions concerning only qualitative propeties face problems.Trade ReviewThe book contains four new arguments about the Identity of Indiscernibles. * MathSciNet *

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Book SynopsisMovements of the Mind is about what it is to be an agent. Focusing on mental agency, it integrates multiple approaches, from philosophical analysis of the metaphysics of agency to the activity of neurons in the brain. Philosophical and empirical work are combined to generate concrete explanations of key features of the mind. The book should be relevant and accessible to philosophers and scientists interested in mind and agency.Wu argues that actions have a core psychological structure where attention plays a necessary role in guiding the agent''s response and intentions function as memory for work, a practical memory. Attention and memory are accordingly central parts of an agent''s intentionally doing things. These claims are supported by synthesizing philosophical and empirical work to produce a theory of intention and attention in action. The account explains three phenomena of current philosophical interest: (a) the basis of positively and negatively biased action where attention often leads to implicit bias, (b) the dynamics of deductive reasoning as the focusing of a thinker''s cognitive attention and the development of cognitive skills, and (c) the psychology of introspective access to conscious perceptual experience, making clear when introspection can intelligibly fail and when it can succeed.The book provides a theory of agency, whether human or non-human, along with technical notions of automaticity and control, a theory of attention as selection to guide behavior, an account of intention as memory whose dynamics are revealed in empirical investigation of working memory, explications of sustained attention and vigilance, an explanation of biased behavior driven by biases on attention, normative aspects of attention as a skill, the role of learning in cognitive skill, a theory of deduction as a sharpening of attention, and a psychologically plausible model of introspection that speaks to its accuracy and reliability.Trade ReviewThis book puts forward a theory of action. It synthesises Wayne Wu's extensive work on action and attention going back over a decade, and also substantially extends this foundation... The result is excellent. The book is wide-ranging, systematic, very original, and crammed full of interesting ideas. It draws together scientific work with philosophical argumentation in a way that is both rigorous and unusually readable. I have no doubt that it will be important to thinkers interested in action and attention, as well as philosophers of cognitive science more generally. * Henry Taylor, University of Birmingham, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews *Table of ContentsIntroduction Part I 1: The Structure of Acting Appendix 1 2: Attention and Attending Part II 3: Intention as Practical Memory 4: Intending as Practical Remembering Part III 5: Automatic Bias, Experts and Amateurs 6: Deducing, Skill and Knowledge 7: Introspecting Perceptual Experience Epilogue Bibliography

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Book SynopsisPhilip R. Shields shows that ethical and religious concerns inform even the most technical writings on logic and language, and that, for Wittgenstein, the need to establish clear limitations is both a logical and an ethical demand. Rather than merely saying specific things about theology and religion, major texts from the Tractatus to the Philosophical Investigations express their fundamentally religious nature by showing that there are powers which bear down upon and sustain us. Shields finds a religious view of the world at the very heart of Wittgenstein's philosophy. Shields argues that the appearance throughout Wittgenstein's writings of such concepts as ritual, limit, transgression, a change of will, pride, temptation, and judgment implies a relation between religion and the logical aspects of Wittgenstein's philosophy.--Choice Of the many recent books about Wittgenstein, Logic and Sin is one of the very few that are well worth having--Fergus Kerr, Modern Theology What Shields hasTable of ContentsPreface Abbreviations 1: Logic and Sin: An Introduction 2: The Limit 3: The Fearful Judge 4: The Specter of Sin 5: Writing to the Glory of God Notes Selected Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThis collection of new essays by an international group of scholars closely examines the works of Aristotleâs Organon.The Organon is the general title given to the collection of Aristotleâs logical works: Categories, De Interpretatione, Prior Analytics, Posterior Analytics, Topics, and Sophistical Refutations. This extremely influential collection gave Aristotle the reputation of being the founder of logic and has helped shaped the development of logic for over two millennia. The chapters in this volume cover topics pertaining to each of the six works traditionally included in the Organon as well as its manuscript tradition. In addition, a comprehensive introduction by the editors discusses Aristotle and logic, the composition and order of the Organon, and the authenticity, title, and chronology of the treatises that make up these works. As an appendix, the volume includes a new critical edition of the GrTable of ContentsAn Introduction to Aristotle’s Organon - António Pedro Mesquita and Ricardo Santos; 1. Aristotle’s Categories: Ontology without Hylomorphism? - Marco Zingano; 2. Are the Same Thoughts Shared by All People? - Katerina Ierodiakonou; 3. De Interpretatione 3 on Isolated Verbs - Francesco Ademollo; 4. Truth and Formal Validity in the Prior Analytics - Paolo Crivelli; 5. Aristotle on Negative Terms and Obversion - Ricardo Santos; 6. Proof and Demonstration: the Meaning of δεικνύναι in the Posterior Analytics - Pierre-Marie Morel; 7. Causal Explanation and Demonstration in Posterior Analytics II 11 - Pierre Pellegrin; 8. Aristotle on Multiple Demonstration: A Reading of Posterior Analytics II 17-18 - David Bronstein and Breno Zuppolini; 9. Linguistic Theory and Dialectical Rules in the Topics - Colin Guthrie King; 10. A Trouble-Maker for Translators: the Aristotelian Phrase τὸ τί ἦν εἶναι - Hermann Weidemann; 11. How Do Differentiae Fit into Aristotle’s System of Predicables? - António Pedro Mesquita; 12. Misplaced Trust and Blind Reasoning: Aristotle on the Fallacy of Equivocation - Paolo Fait; 13. On the Fallacy of Accident in Aristotle’s Sophistical Refutations - Paulo Fernando Tadeu Ferreira; 14. ‘Those Searching for Gold Dig up a Lot of Earth’ – On Contamination and Insertion in the Early Manuscript Tradition of the Organon: The Case of the Topics and the Sophistical Refutations - Pieter Sjoerd Hasper; Appendix 1: Discussion of (Putative) Insertions in the Archetype for the Topics and the Sophistical Refutations - Pieter Sjoerd Hasper; Appendix 2: The Prior and Posterior Analytics - Pieter Sjoerd Hasper; Appendix 3: Aristotelis Topica 8. New Critical Edition of the Eighth Book of Aristotle’s Topics - Pieter Sjoerd Hasper.

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Book SynopsisThis long-awaited book replaces Hughes and Cresswell's two classic studies of modal logic: An Introduction to Modal Logic and A Companion to Modal Logic.A New Introduction to Modal Logic is an entirely new work, completely re-written by the authors. They have incorporated all the new developments that have taken place since 1968 in both modal propositional logic and modal predicate logic, without sacrificing tha clarity of exposition and approachability that were essential features of their earlier works.The book takes readers from the most basic systems of modal propositional logic right up to systems of modal predicate with identity. It covers both technical developments such as completeness and incompleteness, and finite and infinite models, and their philosophical applications, especially in the area of modal predicate logic.Table of ContentsPreface, Part One: Basic Modal Propositional Logic, 1. The Basic Notions, 2. The Systems K, T and D, 3. The Systems S4, S5, B, Triv and Ver, 4. Testing for validity, 5. Conjunctive Normal Form, 6. Completeness, Part Two: Normal Modal Systems, 7. Canonical Models, 8. Finite Models, 9. Incompleteness, 10. Frames and Systems, 11. Strict Implication, 12. Glimpses Beyond, Part Three: Modal Predicate Logic, 13. The Lower Predicate Calculus, 14. The Completeness of Modal LPC, 15. Expanding Domains, 16. Modality and Existence, 17. Identity and Descriptions, 18. Intensional Objects, 19. Further Issues, Axioms, Rules and Systems, Solutions to Selected Exercises, Bibliography, Index

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book Synopsis1. Habermas is one of the worlda s leading social and political thinkers. 2. The first book to bring together Habermasa s key writings on religion. 3. Includes an original interview with Habermas, as well as an introduction written especially for the volume.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments. Introduction. Chapter 1: The German Idealism of the Jewish Philosophers. Chapter 2: On the Difficulty of Saying No. Chapter 3: Transcendence from Within, Transcendence in this World. Chapter 4: To Seek to Salvage an Unconditional Meaning Without God is a Futile Undertaking: Reflections on a Remark of Max Horkheimer. Chapter 5: Communicative Freedom and Negative Theology: Questions for Michael Theunissen. Chapter 6 Israel or Athens: Where does Anamnestic Reason Belong? Johannes Baptist Metz on Unity amidst Multicultural Plurality. Chapter 7: Tracing the Other of History in History: Gershom Scholem's Sabbati Sevi. Chapter 8: A Conversation About God and the World: Interview with Eduardo Mendieta. Index

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Book SynopsisI am convinced of the urgent need for a democratic people to think clearly without the distortions due to unconscious bias and unrecognized ignorance. Our failures in thinking are in part due to faults which we could to some extent overcome were we to see clearly how these faults arise. It is the aim of this book to make a small effort in this direction. - Susan Stebbing, from the Preface Despite huge advances in education, knowledge and communication, it can often seem we are neither well-trained nor well practised in the art of clear thinking. Our powers of reasoning and argument are less confident that they should be, we frequently ignore evidence and we are all too often swayed by rhetoric rather than reason. But what can you do to think and argue better?First published in 1939 but unavailable for many years, Susan Stebbing''s Thinking to Some Purpose is a classic first-aid manual of how to think clearly, and remains astonishinTable of ContentsForeword to the Routledge Edition, Introduction to the Routledge Edition, Preface to the 1939 Edition, 1. Prologue: Are the English Illogical?, 2. Thinking and Doing, 3. A Mind in Blinkers, 4. You and I: And You, 5. Bad Language and Twisted Thinking, 6. Potted Thinking, 7. Propaganda: An Obstacle, 8. Difficulties of an Audience, 9. Illustration and Analogy, 10. The Unpopularity of Being Moderate, 11. On Being Misled by Half, and Other Fractions, 12. Slipping Away from the Point, 13. Taking Advantage of Our Stupidity, 14. Testing our Beliefs, 15. Epilogue: Democracy and Freedom of Mind, Index

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Book SynopsisLudwig Wittgenstein (1889â1951) is one of the most important and influential philosophers in modern times, but he is also one of the least accessible. In this volume, leading experts chart the development of his work and clarify the connections between its different stages. The essays, which are both expository and original, address central themes in Wittgenstein's writing on a wide range of topics, particularly his thinking about the mind, language, logic, and mathematics. The contributors illuminate the character of the whole body of work by focusing on key topics: the style of the philosophy, the conception of grammar contained in it, rule-following, convention, logical necessity, the self, and what Wittgenstein called, in a famous phrase, 'forms of life'. This revised edition includes a new introduction, five new essays - on Tractarian ethics, Wittgenstein's development, aspects, the mind, and time and history - and a fully updated comprehensive bibliography.Trade Review'The distinguished contributors take different interpretive approaches to Wittgenstein's work and cover a wide range of topics. Some essays stay within the standard range of topics, whereas others, e.g., Sluga's 'Time and History in Wittgenstein', look to extend the range.' ChoiceTable of ContentsPreface; Introduction; 1. Wittgenstein's critique of philosophy Robert J. Fogelin; 2. Pictures, logic, and the limits of sense in Wittgenstein's Tractatus Thomas Ricketts; 3. Tractarian ethics Kevin Cahill; 4. Wittgenstein in the 1930s David G. Stern; 5. A philosophy of mathematics between two camps Steve Gerrard; 6. Necessity and normativity Hans-Johann Glock; 7. Wittgenstein, mathematics, and ethics: resisting the attractions of realism Cora Diamond; 8. Notes and afterthoughts on the opening of Wittgenstein's Investigations Stanley Cavell; 9. Mind, meaning and practice Barry Stroud; 10. Body and soul Joachim Schulte; 11. The question of linguistic idealism revisited Hans Sluga; 12. Aspects of aspects Juliet Floyd; 13. Forms of life: mapping the rough ground Naomi Scheman; 14. Time and history in Wittgenstein Hans Sluga; 15. Certainties of a world picture: the epistemological investigations of On Certainty Michael Kober; Bibliography; Index.

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