Philosophy: epistemology and theory of knowledge Books

Book SynopsisThis book is the first comprehensive study of Rousseau''s rich and complex theory of the type of self-love (amour propre ) that, for him, marks the central difference between humans and the beasts. Amour propre is the passion that drives human individuals to seek the esteem, approval, admiration, or love--the recognition --of their fellow beings. Neuhouser reconstructs Rousseau''s understanding of what the drive for recognition is, why it is so problematic, and how its presence opens up far-reaching developmental possibilities for creatures that possess it. One of Rousseau''s central theses is that amour propre in its corrupted, manifestations--pride or vanity--is the principal source of an array of evils so widespread that they can easily appear to be necessary features of the human condition: enslavement, conflict, vice, misery, and self-estrangement. Yet Rousseau also argues that solving these problems depends not on suppressing or overcoming the drive for recognition but on cultivaTrade ReviewReview from previous edition Exemplary...Neuhouser offers a novel framing of the issues, makes important contributions on a number of controversial points, and concludes with a bold and original (if also somewhat speculative) development of Rousseau's hints that self-love functions as a condition on the possibility of rationality. * Wayne M. Martin, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews *This work does an admirable job of clarifying the central notion of Rousseau's philosophy, amour-propre, by placing it within the context of a theodicy. It is arguably the first comprehensive treatment of Rousseau's theory of amour-propre, or, the desire for recognition in the eyes of other humaan beings...While Neuhouser's book may appeal to philosophers of religion, political theorists, thinkers interested in psychology, and interpersonal communications, it should appeal to Rousseau scholars especially, It is one of the most nauanced and comprehensive studies of Rousseau's theory of amour-propre available today. His treatment of the theory is persuasive, and he stays true to Rousseau's thought. * Jeff Linz, The Heythrop Journal *Table of ContentsI. DEFINING HUMAN NATURE; II. DIAGNOSIS; III. PRESCRIPTION; IV. CURING THE MALADY WITH ITS OWN RESOURCES

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Book SynopsisWell-Being and Death addresses philosophical questions about death and the good life: what makes a life go well? Is death bad for the one who dies? How is this possible if we go out of existence when we die? Is it worse to die as an infant or as a young adult? Is it bad for animals and fetuses to die? Can the dead be harmed? Is there any way to make death less bad for us? Ben Bradley defends the following views: pleasure, rather than achievement or the satisfaction of desire, is what makes life go well; death is generally bad for its victim, in virtue of depriving the victim of more of a good life; death is bad for its victim at times after death, in particular at all those times at which the victim would have been living well; death is worse the earlier it occurs, and hence it is worse to die as an infant than as an adult; death is usually bad for animals and fetuses, in just the same way it is bad for adult humans; things that happen after someone has died cannot harm that person; thTrade ReviewThis is a masterfully conducted investigation into some of the most difficult questions surrounding the value of death. * Krister Bykvist, Ethical Perspectives *Bradley's Well-Being and Death is careful, beautifully written, clearly argued... His arguments that dead persons can have well-being levels and that it is not possible to "defeat" death are especially worthy of very careful attention. * James Stacey Taylor, Journal of Moral Philosophy *Table of ContentsIntroduction ; 1. Well-Being ; 2. The Evil of Death ; 3. Existence and Time ; 4. Does Psychology Matter? ; 5. Can Death be Defeated? ; Conclusion ; Bibliography

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Book SynopsisWhat is truth? Michael Lynch defends a bold new answer to this question. Traditional theories hold that all truths are true in the same way. More recent theories claim that the concept of truth is of no real importance. Lynch argues against both these extremes: truth is a functional property whose function can be performed in more than one way.Trade Reviewthis is truly a thought-provoking and admirable book. * Christine Tappolet, Mind *Table of ContentsPreface ; 1. Truisms ; 2. Truth as One ; 3. Truth as Many ; 4. Truth as One and Many ; 5. Deflationism and Explanation ; 6. Expanding the view: Semantic Functionalism ; 7. Truth and the Moral Fabric

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Book SynopsisThe study of the mind has always been one of the main preoccupations of philosophers, and has been a booming area of research in recent decades, with remarkable advances in psychology and neuroscience. Oxford University Press now presents the most authoritative and comprehensive guide ever published to the philosophy of mind. An outstanding international team of contributors offer 45 specially written critical surveys of a wide range of topics relating to the mind. The first two sections cover the place of the mind in the natural world: its ontological status, how it fits into the causal fabric of the universe, and the nature of consciousness. The third section focuses on the much-debated subjects of content and intentionality. The fourth section examines a variety of mental capacities, including memory, imagination, and emotion. The fifth section looks at epistemic issues, in particular regarding knowledge of one''s own and other minds. The volume concludes with a section on self, perTable of ContentsI. THE PLACE OF MIND IN NATURE; II. THE NATURE OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE PLACE OF CONSCIOUSNES IN NATURE; III. INTENTIONALITY AND THEORIES OF MENTAL CONTENT; IV. SELF, UNITY OF CONSCIOUSNESS, AND PERSONAL IDENTITY; V. VARIETY OF MENTAL ABILITIES; VI. EPISTEMIC ISSUES

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Book SynopsisWilliam F. Bristow presents an original and illuminating study of Hegel's hugely influential but notoriously difficult Phenomenology of Spirit (1807), one of the great works of modern philosophy. He shows that a proper understanding of this work must be founded on an understanding of its relationship to Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (1781).Trade ReviewReview from previous edition a superb book ... a brilliant defence of Hegel, indispensable reading for anyone interested in Kant and Hegel, and in Kantian and Hegelian themes in contemporary philosophy. It also presents a breathtaking vision of epistemology. * Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews *Table of ContentsPART I HEGEL'S OBJECTION; PART II HEGEL'S TRANSFORMATION OF CRITIQUE

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Book SynopsisClaiming to know is more than making a report about one''s epistemic position: one also offers one''s assurance to others. What is an assurance? In this book, Krista Lawlor unites J. L. Austin''s insights about the pragmatics of assurance-giving and the semantics of knowledge claims into a systematic whole. The central theme in the Austinian view is that of reasonableness: appeal to a ''reasonable person'' standard makes the practice of assurance-giving possible, and lets our knowledge claims be true despite differences in practical interests and disagreement among speakers and hearers. Lawlor provides an original account of how the Austinian view addresses a number of difficulties for contextualist semantic theories, resolves closure-based skeptical paradoxes, and helps us to tread the line between acknowledging our fallibility and skepticism.Trade ReviewThere is much to admire in Lawlor's book, and it will surely be an influential addition to the burgeoning field of Austin studies, not to mention the contemporary debates in epistemology and philosophy of language to which her Austinian proposal is directed. * Duncan Pritchard, The Times Literary Supplement *a detailed, expert Austinian account of assurance and knowledge claims . . . Recommended. * Choice *One of the big achievements of Lawlor's book is to mine Austin's works, bringing these various elements together and presenting them in a systematic manner. The other is to display the distinctiveness and power of the resulting view, applying it to perennial epistemological problems (most notably, skepticism) and relating it to currently much-discussed debates (centrally, about the semantics of knowledge attributions) and puzzles (disagreement, the lottery, and others). The result is a welcome contribution to contemporary epistemology, especially given the importance that linguistic considerations have recently assumed in the latter. Throughout, the discussion is clear and insightful and full of fresh thinking about familiar and important issues. I learned from it; other epistemologists will too. * Patrick Rysiew, International Journal for the Study of Skepticism *Lawlor's book is an ambitious and enjoyable read. Her emphasis on the act of assuring gives a fresh and helpful lens through which to view a series of familiar epistemological problems. The book is an important contribution to the growing body of literature at the interface of pragmatics, social epistemology, and traditional epistemology. . . . a distinctive and exciting contribution to epistemology. * Rebecca Kukla, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews *recommend this book to both experts and those who are just intrigued to see what an Austinian view of knowledge and knowledge claims might look like * Robin Mckenna, Philosophical Quarterly *Table of ContentsPreface ; 1. The speech act of assurance ; 2. Austinian semantics ; 3. Austinian semantics and linguistic data ; 4. Paradox, Probability, and Inductive Knowledge ; 5. Idiosyncrasy, disagreement and the reasonable person standard ; 6. Assurance and radical skepticism ; Bibliography ; Index

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Book SynopsisThe problem of skepticism about knowledge of the external world has been the centrepiece of epistemology since Descartes. In the last 25 years, there has been a keen focus of interest on the problem, with a number of new insights by the best contemporary epistemologists and philosophers of mind. Anthony Brueckner is recognized as one of the leading contemporary investigators of the problem of skepticism. Essays on Skepticism collects Brueckner''s most important work in this area, providing a connected and comprehensive guide to the complex state of play on this intensively studied area of philosophy. The guiding questions of this volume are: Can we have knowledge of the external world of things outside our minds? Can we have knowledge of the internal world of our own contentful mental states? The work divides into four sections: I. Transcendental Arguments against Skepticism; II. Semantic Answers to Skepticism; III. Self-knowledge; IV. Skepticism and Epistemic Closure.Trade ReviewAs a selection of a single contemporary philosophers essays on skepticism, I harbor little skepticism that Brueckners Essays on Skepticism is the best that there is to be found ... One would be silly to grapple with the skeptical problems that Brueckner discusses in Essays on Skepticism without familiarizing oneself with his discussions. Essays on Skepticism marks the best contemporary writing on skeptical problems in part because it sets a high standard for the work that remains to be done before we have an intellectually satisfying grasp of them. * Mikkel Gerken, International Journal of Skeptical Studies *Table of ContentsI. TRANSCENDENTAL ARGUMENTS AGAINST SKEPTICISM; II. SEMANTIC ANSWERS TO SKEPTICISM; III. SELF-KNOWLEDGE; IV. SKEPTICISM AND EPISTEMIC CLOSURE

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Book SynopsisThe Inquiring Mind is a new contribution to ''responsibilist'' or character-based virtue-epistemology--an approach to epistemology in which intellectual character traits like open-mindedness, fair-mindedness, inquisitiveness, and intellectual courage, rigor, and generosity are given a central and fundamental role. Jason Baehr provides an accessible introduction to virtue epistemology and intellectual virtues, and establishes two main goals. The first is to shed light on the nature and structure of intellectual virtues and their role in the cognitive economy. To this end, he examines the difference between intellectual virtues and intellectual faculties, talents, temperaments, and skills, develops a ''personal worth'' account of the nature of an intellectual virtue, contrasts this account with several others, and provides analyses of two individual virtues: namely, open-mindedness and intellectual courage. The second main goal is to account for the role that reflection on intellectual cTrade ReviewReview from previous edition This is an excellent book. Baehr proposes an interesting and original account of the proper goals of a virtue theory for epistemology and makes substantive progress toward developing a theory of his own. The quality of argument is very high and Baehr's writing is elegant and clear. * Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews *It makes both a necessary read for the specialist and a suitable text for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses. Baehrs gift for exposition allows one easily to grasp the state of various questions; his arguments, while always cogent, seldom aim to be knockdown, leaving much for the next generation of virtue epistemologists to ponder. * James A. Montmarquet, Ethics *Table of Contents1. Introduction ; 2. Intellectual Virtues ; 3. Knowledge and Intellectual Virtue ; 4. Virtue and Character in Reliabilism ; 5. Evidentialism, Vice, and Virtue ; 6. A Personal Worth Conception of Intellectual Virtue ; 7. The Personal Worth Conception and Its Rivals ; 8. Open-Mindedness ; 9. Intellectual Courage ; 10. The Status and Future of Character-Based Virtue Epistemology ; Appendix: On the Distinction between Intellectual and Moral Virtues ; References ; Index

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Book SynopsisSanford Goldberg investigates the role that others play in our attempts to acquire knowledge of the world. Two main forms of this reliance are examined: testimony cases, where a subject aims to acquire knowledge through accepting what another tells her; and cases involving coverage, where a subject aims to acquire knowledge of something by reasoning that if things were not so she would have heard about it by now. Goldberg argues that these cases challenge some cherished assumptions in epistemology. Testimony cases challenge the assumption, prominent in reliabilist epistemology, that the processes through which beliefs are formed never extend beyond the boundaries of the individual believer. And both sorts of case challenge the idea that, insofar knowledge is a cognitive achievement, it is an achievement that belongs to the knowing subject herself. Goldberg uses results of this sort to question the broadly individualistic orthodoxy within reliabilist epistemology, and to explore what a Trade ReviewAn original and challenging contribution to a debate among process reliabilists...the book is full of clear, ingenious, and persuasive arguments, and I cannot but highly recommend it. * Diego E. Machuca, Phiosophy in Review *Table of ContentsIntroduction ; 1. Testimony and Knowledge Individualism ; 2. Orthodox Reliabilism and Testimony's Epistemic Significance ; 3. Process and Environment in Testimonial Belief-Formation ; 4. Epistemic Reliance and the Extendedness Hypothesis ; 5. Objections to the Extendedness Hypothesis ; 6. If that were true I would have heard about it by now ; 7. Reliabilism as Social Epistemology ; Bibliography

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Book SynopsisPaul Horwich presents a bold new interpretation of Wittgenstein's later work. He argues that it is Wittgenstein's radically anti-theoretical metaphilosophy - and not his identification of the meaning of a word with its use - that underpins his discussions of specific issues concerning language, the mind, mathematics, knowledge, art, and religion.Trade Review[T]here is plenty to learn from Horwich's book, and I much applaud his effort to show Wittgenstein's relevance to contemporary analytic philosophy. * Martin Gustafsson, Mind *There is much more of interest in Horwich's rich and rewarding book than Iâve been able to touch on here: each of the six chapters is sure to stimulate lively discussion. * Alexander Miller, The Philosophical Quarterly *Table of ContentsPreface ; 1. Wittgenstein's Metaphilosophy ; 2. A Critique of Theoretical Philosophy ; 3. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus ; 4. Meaning ; 5. Kripke's Wittgenstein ; 6. The 'Mystery' of Consciousness ; Bibliography ; Index

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Book SynopsisMind, Brain, and Free Will presents a powerful new case for substance dualism (the theory that humans consist of two parts body and soul) and for libertarian free will (that humans have some freedom to choose between alternatives, independently of the causes which influence them). Richard Swinburne begins by analysing the criteria for one event or substance being the same event or substance as another one, and the criteria for an event being metaphysically possible; and then goes on to analyse the criteria for beliefs about these issues being rational or justified. Given these criteria, he then proceeds to argue that pure mental events (including conscious events) are distinct from physical events and interact with them. He claims that no result from neuroscience or any other science could show that there is no such interaction, and illustrates this claim by showing that recent scientific work (such as Libet''s experiments) has no tendency whatever to show that our intentions do not caTrade ReviewSwinburne's philosophical system certainly gives us much to think about. Even if one disagrees with Swinburne's conclusions, it is a task to locate which premise is mistaken and to clearly explain why. Swinburne's latest book makes it even more difficult to resist his views about the nature of human beings. * Ted Poston,Journal of Analytic Theology *Mind, Brain, and the Free Will is the latest in a prolific list of titles from the pen of Richard Swinburne, raising a host of fascinating issues, and there is a fair amount of thought provoking textual analysis in it. * Review of Contemporary Philosophy *This is an interesting and provocative book. It defends a view about human beings and their nature, which, for better or for worse, is a minority view nowadays among philosophers but which, as Swinburne points out, has probably been the "traditional majority Western view on these issues" . . . The scope of the book is especially impressive, and the picture it paints is powerful and suggestive * David Palmer, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews *Table of ContentsIntroduction ; 1. Ontology ; 2. Epistemology ; 3. Property and Event Dualism ; 4. Interactive Dualism ; 5. Agent Causation ; 6. Substance Dualism ; 7. Free Will ; 8. Moral Responsibility ; Additional Notes ; Index

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Book SynopsisSome philosophers think physical explanations stand on their own: what happens, happens because things have the properties they do. Others think that any such explanation is incomplete: what happens in the physical world must be partly due to the laws of nature. Causation and Laws of Nature in Early Modern Philosophy examines the debate between these views from Descartes to Hume. Ott argues that the competing models of causation in the period grow out of the scholastic notion of power. On this Aristotelian view, the connection between cause and effect is logically necessary. Causes are ''intrinsically directed'' at what they produce. But when the Aristotelian view is faced with the challenge of mechanism, the core notion of a power splits into two distinct models, each of which persists throughout the early modern period. It is only when seen in this light that the key arguments of the period can reveal their true virtues and flaws. To make his case, Ott explores such central topics asTrade ReviewReview from previous edition a fascinating account of the development of theories of causation and laws of nature in the early modern period ... a great piece of scholarship covering an impressive array of figures. * Journal of the History of Philosophy *illuminating, rich and intriguing * Archiv fuer Geschichte der Philosophie *Table of ContentsPART I: THE CARTESIAN PREDICAMENT; PART II: THE DIALECTIC OF OCCASIONALISM; PART III: POWER AND NECESSITY; PART IV: HUME

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Book SynopsisThis volume of newly written chapters on the history and interpretation of Wittgenstein''s Tractatus represents a significant step beyond the polemical debate between broad interpretive approaches that has recently characterized the field. Some of the contributors might count their approach as ''new'' or ''resolute'', while others are more ''traditional'', but all are here concerned primarily with understanding in detail the structure of argument that Wittgenstein presents within the Tractatus, rather than with its final self-renunciation, or with the character of the understanding that renunciation might leave behind. The volume makes a strong case that close investigation, both biographical and textual, into the composition of the Tractatus, and into the various influences on it, still has much to yield in revealing the complexity and fertility of Wittgenstein''s early thought. Amongst these influences Kant and Kierkegaard are considered alongside Wittgenstein''s immediate predecessoTable of Contents1. Introduction ; 2. Wittgenstein's pre-Tractatus manuscripts: a new appraisal ; 3. Why does Wittgenstein say that ethics and aesthetics are one and the same? ; 4. Kierkegaard and the Tractatus ; 5. What is Frege's 'concept horse problem'? ; 6. Tractatus 5.4611: 'Signs for logical operations are punctuation marks' ; 7. Logical segmentation and generality in Wittgenstein's Tractatus ; 8. Does the Tractatus contain a private language argument? ; 9. Logic and solipsism ; 10. Was the author of the Tractatus a transcendental idealist? ; 11. Idealism in Wittgenstein: a further reply to Moore ; Index

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Book SynopsisSounds and Perception is a collection of original essays on auditory perception and the nature of sounds - an emerging area of interest in the philosophy of mind and perception, and in the metaphysics of sensible qualities. The individual essays discuss a wide range of issues, including the nature of sound, the spatial aspects of auditory experience, hearing silence, musical experience, and the perception of speech; a substantial introduction by the editors serves to contextualise the essays and make connections between them. This collection will serve both as an introduction to the nature of auditory perception and as the definitive resource for coverage of the main questions that constitute the philosophy of sounds and audition. The views are original, and there is substantive engagement among contributors. This collection will stimulate future research in this area.Trade ReviewThis collection of new essays exhibits the wide range of interesting questions concerning sounds and sound perception, some familiar from other sense modalities and others that are unique to audition, and should be of interest to both experts and newcomers to the study of auditory perception. * Brad Thompson, TPM *Table of Contents1. Introduction: the philosophy of sounds and auditory perception ; 2. Sounds and events ; 3. Sounds as secondary objects and pure events ; 4. Sounds and space ; 5. Some varieties of spatial hearing ; 6. The location of a perceived sound ; 7. Hearing silence: the perception and introspection of absences ; 8. The sound of music ; 9. Speech sounds and the direct meeting of minds ; 10. The Motor Theory of speech perception ; 11. Philosophical messages in the medium of spoken language ; Index

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Book SynopsisCognition Through Understanding presents a selection of Tyler Burge''s essays that use epistemology to illumine powers of mind. The essays focus on epistemic warrants that differ from those warrants commonly discussed in epistemology--those for ordinary empirical beliefs and for logical and mathematical beliefs. The essays center on four types of cognition warranted through understanding--self-knowledge, interlocution, reasoning, and reflection. Burge argues that by reflecting on warrants for these types of cognition, one better understands cognitive powers that are distinctive of persons, and (on earth) of human beings. The collection presents three previously unpublished independent essays, in addition to substantial, retrospective commentary. The retrospective commentary invites the reader to make connections that were not fully in mind when the essays were written.Trade Reviewa superb package, stacked to the chimney with subtle and challenging ideas and arguments . . . essential reading for anyone with an interest in the current state of analytic philosophy. * Endre Begby, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews *Table of Contents1. Introduction ; I: SELF-KNOWLEDGE ; 2. Individualism and Self-Knowledge ; 3. Our Entitlement to Self-Knowledge ; 4. Memory and Self-Knowledge ; 5. A Century of Deflation and a Moment of Self-Knowledge ; 6. Mental Agency in Authoritative Self-Knowledge: Reply to Kobes ; 7. Self and Self-Understanding: the Dewey Lectures - Some Origins of Self ; 8. Self and Self-Understanding: the Dewey Lectures - Self and Constitutive Norms ; 9. Self and Self-Understanding: the Dewey Lectures - Self-Understanding ; II: INTERLOCUTION ; 10. Content Preservation ; 11. Postscript: 'Content Preservation' ; 12. Interlocution, Perception, and Memory ; 13. Computer Proof, Apriori Knowledge, and Other Minds ; 14. Comprehension and Interpretation ; 15. A Warrant for Belief in Other Minds ; III: REASONING AND THE INDIVIDUALITY OF PERSONS ; 16. Reason and the First Person ; 17. Memory and Persons ; 18. De Se Preservation and Personal Identity: Reply to Shoemaker ; 19. Modest Dualism ; 20. Epistemic Warrant: Humans and Computers ; IV: REFLECTION ; 21. Reasoning about Reasoning ; 22. Thought Experiments and Semantic Competence: Reply to Benejam ; 23. Concepts, Conceptions, Reflective Understanding: Reply to Peacocke ; 24. Reflection ; 25. Living Wages of Sinn ; Bibliography ; Index

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Book SynopsisMary Leng offers a defense of mathematical fictionalism, according to which we have no reason to believe that there are any mathematical objects. Perhaps the most pressing challenge to mathematical fictionalism is the indispensability argument for the truth of our mathematical theories (and therefore for the existence of the mathematical objects posited by those theories). According to this argument, if we have reason to believe anything, we have reason to believe that the claims of our best empirical theories are (at least approximately) true. But since claims whose truth would require the existence of mathematical objects are indispensable in formulating our best empirical theories, it follows that we have good reason to believe in the mathematical objects posited by those mathematical theories used in empirical science, and therefore to believe that the mathematical theories utilized in empirical science are true. Previous responses to the indispensability argument have focussed on Trade ReviewMathematics and Reality is to be recommended highly ... it presents a distinctive new version of fictionalism to throw into the contemporary mix that will repay close attention by all philosophers of mathematics. * Alan Weir, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science *this book has the potential to serve as a source of productive disagreement that would significantly advance the realism-anti-realism debate in mathematics. * Jeffrey W. Rowland, Mind *Table of Contents1. Introduction ; 2. Naturalism and Ontology ; 3. The Indispensability of Mathematics ; 4. Naturalism and Mathematical Practice ; 5. Naturalism and Scientific Practice ; 6. Naturalized Ontology ; 7. Mathematics and Make-Believe ; 8. Mathematical Fictionalism and Constructive Empiricism ; 9. Explaining the Success of Mathematics ; 10. Conclusion

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Book SynopsisBill Brewer presents, motivates, and defends a bold new solution to a fundamental problem in the philosophy of perception. What is the correct theoretical conception of perceptual experience, and how should we best understand the most fundamental nature of our perceptual relation with the physical objects in the world around us? Most theorists today analyse perception in terms of its representational content, in large part in order to avoid fatal problems attending the early modern conception of perception as a relation with particular mind-dependent objects of experience. Having set up the underlying problem and explored the lessons to be learnt from the various difficulties faced by opposing early modern responses to it, Bill Brewer argues that this contemporary approach has serious problems of its own. Furthermore, the early modern insight that perception is most fundamentally to be construed as a relation of conscious acquaintance with certain direct objects of experience is, he clTrade ReviewSetting aside the concern that OV is insufficiently continuous with the early modern conception of acquaintance, Brewers book is well worth reading for his extensive development of an original form of direct realism and of the relevance of such a view to related epistemological and phenomenological matters. * Kenneth Hobson, Philosophy in Review XXXIII (2013), no. 6 *Table of ContentsIntroduction ; 1. The Inconsistent Triad ; 2. Anti-Realism ; 3. Indirect Realism ; 4. The Content View ; 5. The Object View ; 6. Epistemology ; 7. Realism and Explanation

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Book SynopsisAre companies, churches, and states genuine agents? Or are they just collections of individual agents that give a misleading impression of unity? This question is important, since the answer dictates how we should go about explaining the behaviour of these entities and whether we should treat them as responsible and accountable in the manner of individuals. Group Agency offers a new approach to that question and is relevant, therefore, in a range of fields from philosophy to law, politics, and the social sciences. Christian List and Philip Pettit take the line that there really are group or corporate agents, over and above the individual agents who compose them, and that a proper social science and a proper approach to law, morality, and politics have to take account of this fact. Unlike some earlier defences of group agency, their account is entirely unmysterious in character and, despite not being technically difficult, is grounded in cutting-edge work in social choice theory, economTrade ReviewWithout a doubt, List and Pettit accomplish their threefold task of establishing the logical possibility of group agents, explaining the relation of design to the performance of group agents, and arguing in favour of holding these agents morally responsible ... there is a great deal to learn from this book and it ought to be required reading for anyone interested in group agency and responsibility. * Zachary J. Goldberg, The Philosophical Quarterly *Group Agency is convincing and illuminating. * David-Hillel Ruben, Times Literary Supplement *fascinating and enjoyable ... there is much to ponder, and much to learn from, in this lively work. * Thomas H. Smith, Mind *the judgement aggregation problem is a significant and neglected aspect of group agency, and List and Pettits discussion of this problem is important and enlightening. * Robert Sugden, Economics and Philosophy *Table of ContentsI: THE LOGICAL POSSIBILITY OF GROUP AGENTS ; II: THE ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN OF GROUP AGENTS ; III: THE NORMATIVE STATUS OF GROUP AGENTS

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding human beings and their distinctive rational and volitional capacities is one of the central tasks of philosophy. The task requires a clear account of such things as reasons, desires, emotions and motives, and of how they combine to produce and explain human behaviour. In Kinds of Reasons, Maria Alvarez offers a fresh and incisive treatment of these issues, focusing in particular on reasons as they feature in contexts of agency. Her account builds on some important recent work in the area; but she takes her main inspiration from the tradition that receives its seminal contemporary expression in the writings of G.E.M. Anscombe, a tradition that runs counter to the broadly Humean orthodoxy that has dominated the theory of action for the past forty years. Alvarez''s conclusions are therefore likely to be controversial; and her bold and painstaking arguments will be found provocative by participants on every side of the debates with which she engages. Clear and directly writteTrade Review'clear and thoughtful ... offers a serious challenge to the standard view of reasons' * Times Literary Supplement *Table of ContentsIntroduction ; 1. Reasons ; 2. Reasons, Kinds, Ontology ; 3. Motivation and Desires ; 4. Desires and Motivating Reasons ; 5. Beliefs and Motivating Reasons ; 6. The Explanation of Action

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Book SynopsisThe goal of inquiry is to acquire knowledge of truths about the world. In this book, Jason Stanley argues that knowing how to do something amounts to knowing a truth about the world. When you learned how to swim, what happened is that you learned some truths about swimming. Knowledge of these truths is what gave you knowledge of how to swim. Something similar occurred with every other activity that you now know how to do, such as riding a bicycle or cooking a meal. Of course, when you learned how to swim, you didn''t learn just any truth about swimming. You learned a special kind of truth about swimming, one that answers the question, ''How could you swim?'' Know How develops an account of the kinds of answers to questions, knowledge of which explains skilled action. Drawing on work in epistemology, philosophy of mind, ethics, action theory, philosophy of language, linguistic semantics, and cognitive neuroscience, Stanley presents a powerful case that it is our success as inquirers thaTrade Reviewrich and insightful * Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews *a remarkable book * Mark Schroeder, University of Southern California *Stanleys work presents a diligent analysis of knowledge how, viewed as a variety of knowledge that. * Marek Lechniak, Forum Philosophicum *Table of ContentsContents ; 1. Ryle on Knowing How ; 2. Knowledge-wh ; 3. PRO and the Representation of First-Person Thought ; 4. Ways of Thinking ; 5. Knowledge How ; 6. Ascribing Knowledge How ; 7. The Cognitive Science of Practical Knowledge ; 8. Knowledge Justified ; Bibliography ; Index

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Book SynopsisThe Human Condition is a response to the growing disenchantment in the Western world with contemporary life. John Kekes provides rationally justified answers to questions about the meaning of life, the basis of morality, the contingencies of human lives, the prevalence of evil, the nature and extent of human responsibility, and the sources of values we prize. He offers a realistic view of the human condition that rejects both facile optimism and gloomy pessimism; acknowledges that we are vulnerable to contingencies we cannot fully control; defends a humanistic understanding of our condition; recognizes that the values worth pursuing are plural, often conflicting, and that there are many reasonable conceptions of well-being. Kekes emphasizes the importance of facing the fact that man''s inhumanity to man is widespread. He rejects as simple-minded both the view that human nature is basically good and that it is basically bad, and argues that our well-being depends on coping with the compTrade Reviewrich and comprehensive ... [Kekes] always has something original and controversial to say. * Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews *Table of ContentsACKNOWLEDGMENTS ; INTRODUCTION ; 1. THE QUESTION ; 2. INCREASING CONTROL ; 3. CORRECTING ATTITUDES ; 4. AIMING AT WELL-BEING ; 5. DIMENSIONS OF VALUE ; 6. THE HUMAN DIMENSION AND EVIL ; 7. RESPONSIBILITY FOR EVIL ; 8. THE CULTURAL DIMENSION AND DISENCHANTMENT ; 9. THE PERSONAL DIMENSION AND BOREDOM ; 10. SECULAR HOPE ; CONCLUSION ; NOTES ; WORKS CITED

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Book SynopsisThe Kantian Aesthetic explains the kind of perceptual knowledge involved in aesthetic judgments. It does so by linking Kant''s aesthetics to a critically upgraded account of his theory of knowledge. This upgraded theory emphasizes those conceptual and imaginative structures which Kant terms, respectively, ''categories'' and ''schemata''. By describing examples of aesthetic judgment, it is shown that these judgments must involve categories and fundamental schemata (even though Kant himself, and most commentators after him, have not fully appreciated the fact). It is argued, in turn, that this shows the aesthetic to be not just one kind of pleasurable experience amongst others, but one based on factors necessary to objective knowledge and personal identity, and which, indeed, itself plays a role in how these capacities develop.In order to explain how individual aesthetic judgments are justified, and the aesthetic basis of art, however, the Kantian position just outlined has to be developTrade Reviewexciting and provocative * Philosophy in Review *Table of ContentsIntroduction ; 1. The Transcendental Deduction; Objective Knowledge and the Unity of Self- Consciousness ; 2. Imagination and the Conditions of Knowledge ; 3. Pure Aesthetic Judgment: A Harmony of Imagination and Understanding ; 4. The Universality and Justification of Taste ; 5. Adherent Beauty and Concepts of Perfection ; 6. From Aesthetic Ideas to the Avant-Garde: The Scope of Fine Art ; 7. The Kantian Sublime Revisited

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Book SynopsisSainsbury and Tye present a new theory, 'originalism', which provides natural, simple solutions to puzzles about thought that have troubled philosophers for centuries. They argue that concepts are to be individuated by their origin, rather than epistemically or semantically. Although thought is special, no special mystery attaches to its nature.Trade ReviewBesides the importance of its principal topic and the exciting inventiveness of the theory it elaborates, this book has quite a few further merits. The seven puzzles give it an engaging overall structure. Its theses and objections to competing positions are clearly stated, aptly illustrated, and ingeniously supported. The many subsidiary issues of language and mind that are taken up provide an illuminating and satisfying breadth and depth. And this is all conducted with the sly dry wit and relaxed elegance characteristic of its authors * Paul Horwich, Mind *Table of ContentsPreface ; 1. The puzzles ; 2. Roads not taken ; 3. Overview of an originalist theory of concepts ; 4. The originalist theory defended and elaborated ; 5. Concept externalism, originalism and privileged access ; 6. The metaphysics of thought ; 7. The puzzles solved ; 8. Further applications: originalism and experience ; 9. Objections and replies ; References ; Index

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Book SynopsisBarry Dainton presents a fascinating new account of the self, the key to which is experiential or phenomenal continuity.Provided our mental life continues we can easily imagine ourselves surviving the most dramatic physical alterations, or even moving from one body to another. It was this fact that led John Locke to conclude that a credible account of our persistence conditions - an account which reflects how we actually conceive of ourselves - should be framed in terms of mental rather than material continuity. But mental continuity comes in different forms. Most of Locke''s contemporary followers agree that our continued existence is secured by psychological continuity, which they take to be made up of memories, beliefs, intentions, personality traits, and the like. Dainton argues that a better and more believable account can be framed in terms of the sort of continuity we find in our streams of consciousness from moment to moment. Why? Simply because provided this continuity is not Trade ReviewReview from previous edition not only unusually rich in its discussions of phenomenology and questions about the self, but also impressively honest. ... Barry Dainton has many insightful and important things to say. The bottom line is that anyone interested in such issues could not fail to learn a great deal from his lucid and ingenious arguments and proposals. * Raymond Martin, Times Literary Supplement *[F]or anyone interested in these issues the book is rich, interesting and full of provocative ideas. * William Uzgalis, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews *a highly ambitious piece of philosophical work that covers a lot of ground ... It is written in a clear, straightforward and engaging style * David Mark Kovacs, Mind *Table of Contents1. Mind and Self ; 2. Phenomenal Unity ; 3. Phenomenal Continuity ; 4. Powers and Subjects ; 5. Alternatives ; 6. Minds and Mental Integration ; 7. Embodiment ; 8. Simple Selves ; 9. Holism ; 10. Modes of Incapacitation ; 11. Objections and Reductions ; 12. The Topology of the Self ; 13. Appendix: Reductionism

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Book SynopsisKant''s Elliptical Path explores the main stages and key concepts in the development of Kant''s Critical philosophy, from the early 1760s to the 1790s. Karl Ameriks provides a detailed and concise account of the main ways in which the later Critical works provide a plausible defence of the conception of humanity''s fundamental end that Kant turned to after reading Rousseau in the 1760s. Separate essays are devoted to each of the three Critiques, as well as to earlier notes and lectures and several of Kant''s later writings on history and religion. A final section devotes three chapters to post-Kantian developments in German Romanticism, accounts of tragedy up through Nietzsche, and contemporary philosophy. The theme of an elliptical path is shown to be relevant to these writers as well as to many aspects of Kant''s own life and work.The topics of the book include fundamental issues in epistemology and metaphysics, with a new defense of the Amerik''s ''moderate'' interpretation of transTrade ReviewKant's Elliptical Path is an impressive work of philosophical interpretation. * Uygar Abaci, The Philosophical Quarterly, *Table of ContentsPART I. BEFORE THE CRITIQUES: KANT'S SELF-RECOVERY; PART II. KANT'S CRITIQUES; FIRST SECTION. THE FIRST CRITIQUE (1781, 1787) AND REALITY; SECOND SECTION. THE SECOND CRITIQUE (1788) AND MORALITY; THIRD SECTION. THE THIRD CRITIQUE (1790) AND PURPOSE; PART III. AFTER THE CRITIQUES

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Book SynopsisCausation is everywhere in the world: it features in every science and technology. But how much do we truly understand it? Do we know what it means to say that one thing is a cause of another and do we understand what in the world drives causation? Getting Causes from Powers develops a new and original theory of causation based on an ontology of real powers or dispositions. Others have already suggested that this ought to be possible, but no one has yet performed the detailed work. Stephen Mumford and Rani Lill Anjum argue here that the completed theory will not look exactly as anyone has yet anticipated, and that a thoroughly dispositional theory of causation has some surprising features, for instance with respect to modality. The book is not restricted to the metaphysics of causation, but treats a variety of topics such as explanation, perception, modelling, the logic of causal claims, transitivity, and nonlinearity, and the empirical credentials of the theory are tested with referenTrade Review...their book is still the kind of book I would like to have written, and certainly a book I would urge everyone who cares to read. * Boris Hennig, Philosophical Quarterly *This book aims to furnish a bold new theory of causation based on an ontology of dispositions, and in this it is successful. . . . a wonderfully comprehensive novel whole with impressive synthetic unity. . . . ambitious and provocative.[A book] I would recommend first to non-philosophers. Mumford and Anjum assume a professional audience, but their style â intellectual as well as rhetorical â is clear, direct, and not unduly technical. * Ruth Groff, Journal of Critical Realism *what would a theory of causation look like if we assume that powers are real? In Getting Causes from Powers, Mumford and Anjum make what is perhaps the first sustained attempt to answer that question ... Such bold and innovative ideas are bound to provoke discussion * Jennifer McKitrick, Analysis *the reader is introduced to some interesting new ways of thinking about, and modelling causal processes, and in that respect it is likely to instigate interesting debate. * Benjamin T. H. Smart and Michael J. Talibard, Philosophy in Review *The book is ... lucidly written, and contains some interesting contributions: in particular on the (lack of) necessary connection between cause and effect on the perceivability of the causal relation. * Luke Glynn, Mind *Table of ContentsPreface ; 1. Passing Powers Around ; 2. Modelling Causes as Vectors ; 3. Against Necessity ; 4. Reductionism, Holism, and Emergence ; 5. Simultaneity ; 6. Explanation, Absences, and Counterfactuals ; 7. The Logic of Causation ; 8. Primitive Modality ; 9. Perceiving Causes ; 10. A Biologically Disposed Theory of Causation ; Conclusion ; Bibliography ; Index

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Book SynopsisThe Philosophy of Sociality examines the nature of sociality in its various forms, with special emphasis on collective intentionality. Raimo Tuomela begins with a distinction between the we-perspective and the I-perspective. His study of strong collective intentionality -- as expressed by joint intentions, collective commitment, group belief, authority-based group action, and other phenomena -- outlines the circumstances under which an individual is required to think and act as a group member. By developing a systematic theory of sociality, Tuomela investigates such topics as social institutions, cooperation, cultural evolution, and group responsibility. In The Philosophy of Sociality Tuomela asserts that we-mode collective intentionality is a conceptual prerequisite for understanding basic social notions. He finds several contexts in which we-mode intentionality is preferable to pro-group I-mode intentionality. He ultimately defends a naturalistic view of the social world by arguing tTrade ReviewThis book is a worthy contribution to the literature on social groups and agency. While challenging, its meticulous argumentation helps to recast the familiar notion of the group as a tightly defined and widely applicable concept. * e-International Relations *Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION; REFERENCES

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Book SynopsisAlthough it is widely recognized that David Hume''s A Treatise of Human Nature (1729-40) belongs among the greatest works of philosophy, there is little aggreement about the correct way to interpret his fundamental intentions.The solution to this riddle depends on challenging another, closely related, point of orthodoxy: namely, that before Hume published the Treatise he removed almost all material concerned with problems of religion. Russell argues, contrary to this view, that irreligious aims and objectives are fundamental to the Treatise and account for its underlying unity and coherence. It is Hume''s basic anti-Christian aims and objectives that serve to shape and direct both his skeptical and naturalistic commitments. When Hume''s arguments are viewed from this perspective we can solve, not only puzzles arising from his discussion of various specific issues, we can also explain the intimate and intricate connections that hold his entire project together.This irreligious interpretTrade ReviewThis book is a triumph and a model for work in the history of philosophy. It offers a powerful reading of the Treatise and of Hume's intentions in writing it, while also correcting common misunderstandings about Hume's place in early modern thought. It deserves to be read by anyone interested in Hume or in early modern philosophy. * Colin Heydt, Journal of the History of Philosophy *Paul Russell has given us a marvelously good book... [He] offers original and compelling accounts of the irreligious implications of central arguments of the Treatise on an impressive range of topics... it should never again be claimed that the Treatise is largely unconcerned with questions of religion. * Don Garrett, Philosophical Review *Russell's... book presents a powerful, comprehensive, and elegantly written case for putting 'irreligion' alongside - and even above - 'scepticism' and 'naturalism' as a pervasive theme not only of Hume's later work, but also of his Treatise. * Peter Millican, Faculty of Philosophy, Hertford College, Oxford University *This is a terrific tome ... Why is this book so important? Quite simply, this is one of the best contextualist studies of Hume's A Treatise of Human Nature ever written. To elaborate a bit, this book provides a unique and fascinating interpretation of the Treatise by relating its structure and content to many of the most influential debates about religion raging at Hume's time ... one of the best books on Hume I have ever read * Kevin Meeker, Mind *Table of ContentsABBREVIATIONS OF HUME'S WRITINGS USED IN CITATIONS; I. RIDDLES, CRITICS, AND MONSTERS: TEXT AND CONTEXT; II. THE FORM AND FACE OF HUME'S SYSTEM; III. THE NATURE OF HUME'S UNIVERSE; IV. THE ELEMENTS OF VIRTUOUS ATHEISM; V. HUME'S PHILOSOPHY OF IRRELIGION; APPENDIX: CATO'S SPEECH AT THE ORACLE OF AMMON; NOTES; BIBLIOGRAPHY; INDEX

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Book SynopsisIf a spinning disk casts a round shadow does this shadow also spin? When you experience the total blackness of a cave, are you seeing in the dark? Or are you merely failing to see anything (just like your blind companion)? Seeing Dark Things uses visual riddles to explore our ability to see things that do not reflect light. Shadows and holes are anomalies for the causal theory of perception, which states that anything we see must be a cause of what we see. This requirement neatly explains why you see the front of a book''s jacket and not its rear when you look at it face-on. However, the causal theory has trouble explaining how you manage to see the black letters on its surface. The letters are made visible by the light they fail to reflect rather than by the light they reflect. Nevertheless, Roy Sorensen defends the causal theory of perception by treating absences as causes. His fourteen chapters draw heavily on common sense and psychology to vindicate the assumption that we perceive Trade ReviewSorensen's book provokes thoughts about the nature and significance of seeing. His Eclipse Riddle is intriguing, as are the general questions he raises about seeing dark things. There are no easy answers to these questions. I enjoyed reading Sorensen's book, and thinking about the issues it raises. Others will too. * Richard Price, Mind *Table of ContentsList of Illustrations ; Introduction ; 1. The Eclipse Riddle ; 2. Seeing Surfaces ; 3. The Disappearing Act ; 4. Spinning Shadows ; 5. Berkeley's Shadow ; 6. Para-reflections ; 7. Para-reflections: Shadowgrams and the Black Drop ; 8. Goethe's Colored Shadows ; 9. Filtows ; 10. Holes in the Light ; 11. Black and Blue ; 12. Seeing in Black and White ; 13. We See in the Dark ; 14. Hearing Silence ; References ; Index

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Book SynopsisThis is a collection of very recent essays by the leading proponent of process reliabilism, explaining its relation to rival and/or neighboring theories including evidentialism, other forms of reliabilism, and virtue epistemology. It addresses other prominent themes in contemporary epistemology, such as the internalism/externalism debate, the epistemological upshots of experimental challenges to intuitional methodology, the source of epistemic value, and social epistemology. The Introduction addresses late-breaking responses to ongoing exchanges with friends, rivals, and critics of reliabilism.Table of ContentsIntroduction ; 1. What Is Justified Belief? ; 2. Immediate Justification and Process Reliabilism ; 3. Reliabilism ; 4. Internalism, Externalism, and the Architecture of Justification ; 5. Toward a Synthesis of Reliabilism and Evidentialism ; 6. Reliabilism and Value of Knowledge (with Erik Olsson) ; 7. Williamson on Knowledge and Evidence ; 8. Epistemic Relativism and Reasonable Disagreement ; 9. A Guide to Social Epistemology ; 10. Why Social Epistemology is Real Epistemology ; 11. Philosophical Naturalism and Intuitional Methodology

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Book SynopsisIn Basic Structures of Reality, Colin McGinn deals with questions of metaphysics, epistemology, and philosophy of mind from the vantage point of physics. Combining general philosophy with physics, he covers such topics as the definition of matter, the nature of space, motion, gravity, electromagnetic fields, the character of physical knowledge, and consciousness and meaning. Throughout, McGinn maintains an historical perspective and seeks to determine how much we really know of the world described by physics. He defends a version of structuralism: the thesis that our knowledge is partial and merely abstract, leaving a large epistemological gap at the center of physics. McGinn then connects this element of mystery to parallel mysteries in relation to the mind. Consciousness emerges as just one more mystery of physics. A theory of matter and space is developed, according to which the impenetrability of matter is explained as the deletion of volumes of space. McGinn proposes a philosophy Trade ReviewMcGinn defends structuralism in this well-argued, engaging book at the intersection of epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of mind, and physics. * CHOICE *Table of ContentsPART ONE ; Introduction: Philosophy and Physics ; Chapter 1: The Concept of Matter ; Postscript: Particles as Fields: An Objection ; Appendix One: The Uniformity of Matter ; Appendix Two: Divisibility and Size ; Chapter 2: What is a Physical Object? ; Chapter 3: The Possibility of Motion ; Chapter 4: Motion, Change, and Physics ; Chapter 5: The Law of Inertia ; Chapter 6: Mass, Gravity, and Motion ; Chapter 7: Electric Charge: A Case Study ; Chapter 8: Two Types of Science ; Chapter 9: The Ontology of Energy ; Chapter 10: Consciousness as a Form of Matter ; Chapter 11: Matter and Meaning ; PART TWO ; Principia Metaphysica

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Book SynopsisJames Van Cleve here shows why Thomas Reid (1710-96) deserves a place alongside the other canonical figures of modern philosophy. He expounds Reidâs positions and arguments on a wide range of topics, taking interpretive stands on points where his meaning is disputed and assessing the value of his contributions to issues philosophers are discussing today.Among the topics Van Cleve explores are Reid''s account of perception and its relation to sensation, conception, and belief; his nativist account of the origin of the concepts of space and power; his attempt to clear the way for the belief that the things we directly perceive are external things, not ideas in our minds; his stand on the distinction between primary and secondary qualities; his account of acquired perception, whereby we come to stand in a quasi-perceptual relation to qualities not originally perceived; his claim that visual space is non-Euclidean; his answers to the questions why we see the world right side up with invertTrade ReviewTerrific book--learned, relentlessly interesting, and astonishingly clear in its argumentation. * Rex Welshon, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs *James Van Cleve has written a delightful book on Reid. It is engaging, informative, brilliant, and compelling. * Lorne Falkenstein, University of Western Ontario *If you have any interest in Reid and have some time to spare, then read it. Even if you are not much interested in Reid but want a vivid example of how to write history of philosophy, then read this book. Even if you are not much interested in the history of philosophy but wonder whether you should be, then read this book. You will be treated to a discussion whose level of scholarship, quality of prose and argumentation, and sensitivity to Reid's problems (and ours) is exceptional. * Terence Cuneo, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews Online *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ; Introduction ; Chapter 1: Sensation and Perception ; A. Explanations of Terms ; B. Sensation versus Perception ; C. Reid's Threefold Account of Perception ; D The Conception in Perception ; E. Perception and Belief ; F. Consciousness and Attention ; G. Are Sensations Self-Reflexive? ; Chapter 2: Reid's Nativism ; A. Reid's Nativism ; B. Natural Signs ; C. The Experimentum Crucis ; D. Responses to the Experimentum Crucis ; E. Woulds, Coulds, or Shoulds? ; F. Nativism as an Antidote to Skepticism? ; Chapter 3: Direct Realism Versus the Way of Ideas ; A. The Way of Ideas ; B. First Argument for the Way of Ideas: No Action at a Distance ; C. Second Argument for the Way of Ideas: Hume's Table Argument ; D. Third Argument for the Way of Ideas: Double Vision ; E. Fourth Argument for the Way of Ideas: Malebranche's Master Argument ; F. Three Forms of Direct Realism ; G. Do Sensations Obstruct Direct Realism? ; H. Is Reid a Presentational Direct Realist? ; I. All Perception is Direct Perception ; Chapter 4: Primary and Secondary Qualities ; A. Reid's Relation to Locke and Berkeley ; B. The Real Foundation: Epistemological or Metaphysical? ; C. Dispositions or Bases? ; D. Intrinsic or Extrinsic? ; E. Fixed or Variable? ; F. Four Views that Conflict with Reid's ; Chapter 5: Acquired Perception ; A. The Mechanics of Acquired Perception ; B. Is Acquired Perception Really Perception? ; C. Are Secondary Qualities Objects of Acquired Perception Only? ; D. Does Acquired Perception Alter the Content of our Original Perceptions? ; E. Could Anything Become an Object of Acquired Perception? ; F. Is Reid Inconsistent about the Requisites of Perception? ; Chapter 6: The Geometry of Visibles ; A. The Properties of Spherical Figures ; B. Depth is Not Perceived ; C. The Argument from Indistinguishability ; D. Visibles as Sense Data ; E. Coincidence as Identity ; F. Angell's Approach ; G. The Argument of Paragraph 4 ; H. The Real Basis of the Geometry of Visibles ; I. Does the Geometry of Visibles Jeopardize Direct Realism? ; J. What Are Visibles? ; K. Direct Realism and Seeing What we Touch ; L. Visible Figure as a Relativized Property of Ordinary Objects ; M. Mediated but Direct? ; Chapter 7: Erect and Inverted Vision ; A. The Naive Puzzle and Rock's Question ; B. The Classical Solution ; C. Berkeley's Solution(s) to the Naive Puzzle ; D. Reid's Alternative to Berkeley's Solution ; E. Answers to Rock's Question ; F. Experiments with Inverting Lenses ; G. Perceptual Adaptation ; Chapter 8: Molyneux's Question ; A. Molyneux's Question ; B. Empirical Evidence ; C. Berkeley's Answer ; D. Reid's answer(s) ; E. Is Berkeley's Modus Tollens Reid's Modus Ponens? ; F. The One-Two Molyneux Question ; G. Concluding Confession ; Chapter 9: Memory and Personal Identity ; A. Things Obvious and Certain with Regard to Memory ; B. Critique of the Impression and Idea Theories of Memory ; C. Memory as Direct Awareness of Things Past ; D. The Specious Present ; E. Personal Identity ; Chapter 10: Conception and its Objects ; A. Was Reid a Meinongian before Meinong? ; B. Alternatives to Meinongism: Ideas and Universals ; C. Alternatives to Meinongism: The Adverbial Theory of Thinking ; D. A Meinongian Defense of Direct Realism ; E. Assessment of the Defense ; F. Direct Realism Redux ; Chapter 11: Epistemology 1: First Principles ; A. First Principles and Epistemic Principles ; B. A Crucial Ambiguity ; C. Clues from Reid's Discussion of Descartes ; D. Particulars Versus Generals ; E. Three Reasons for Particularism ; F. Other Minds and Natural Signs ; G. Must Principles Be General? ; H. Establishing Reliability Without Circularity ; I. Reid on Confirming the Testimony of our Faculties ; J. Can Epistemic Principles Be First Principles? ; K. The Epistemic Status of Reliability Principles ; L. Conclusion ; Chapter 12: Epistemology 2: Reid's Response to the Skeptic ; A. Direct Realism ; B. Naturalism ; C. Externalism ; D. Problems for Externalism ; E. Rationalist Alternatives ; F. Conclusion ; Chapter 13: Epistemology 3: Lehrer's Reid ; A. Must a Knower Know that his Faculties are Reliable? ; B. A Special Role for Principle 7? ; C. Faculties that Vouch for Themselves? ; Chapter 14: Theory of Action 1: Causation, Action, and Volition ; A. The Notion of Active Power ; B. Two Types of Causation ; C. Universal Agent Causation ; D. Action and Volition ; Chapter 15: Theory of Action 2: Determinism, Freedom, and Agency ; A. Two Forms of Determinism ; B. What Freedom is not: the Williwig Account ; C. What Freedom is: the Agent-Causation Account ; D. The Fundamental Dilemma for Libertarianism ; E. The Regress of Exertion ; F. The Regress of Agent Causation ; G. Anomic Explanation ; Chapter 16: Reid versus Hume on Morals ; A. Hume and Reid in the Broad Scheme of Things ; B. Reid against Hume ; C. Hume against Reid ; D. Ethics and Epistemology ; Appendices ; A. Is There Knowledge by Acquaintance? ; B. Conception and Judgment: the Chicken or the Egg? ; C. Experience as a Source of Concepts ; D. Perception as Analog Representation ; E. Byrne versus Reid ; F. Infinity and Reflexivity ; G. Externality and Extension ; H. Programming the Obvious ; I. The Sun in the Sky and the Sun in my Mind ; J. Secondary Qualities: Can We Have it Both Ways? ; K. The One-Point Argument ; L. Stereo Sue ; M. Hyperbolic Claims about Hyperbolic Geometry ; N. What Is Special about the Sphere? ; O. Is Reid's Geometry Imaginable? ; P. Forlorn Reflections ; Q. Ask Marilyn ; R. Stratton Overturned ; S. Molyneux's Question Answered after 300 Years? ; T. Relative Identity ; U. Locke, Berkeley, Hume, and Reid on Abstract Ideas ; V. The First Principles of Contingent Truths ; W. Reid on the First Principle(s) of Descartes ; X. Rowe's Regress ; Y. Volition and Undertaking ; Z. Reid, Chisholm, Taylor, and Ginet ; Bibliography ; Index

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Book SynopsisWriters on human dignity roughly divide between those who stress the social origins of this concept and its role in marking rank and hierarchy, and those who follow Kant in grounding dignity in an abstract and idealized philosophical conception of human beings. In these lectures, Jeremy Waldron contrives to combine attractive features of both strands. In the first lecture, Waldron presents a conception of dignity that preserves its ancient association with rank and station, thus allowing him to tap rich historical resources while avoiding what many perceive as the excessive abstraction and dubious metaphysics of the Kantian strand. At the same time he argues for a conception of human dignity that amounts to a generalization of high status across all human beings, and so attains the appealing universality of the Kantian position. The second lecture focuses particularly on the importance of dignity - understood in this way - as a status defining persons'' relation to law: their presentatTrade ReviewWaldrons take on human dignity is novel. It contains a bold inversion of almost all philosophical treatments of dignity as something like a metaphysical ground for moral claims. * Matthew Noah Smith, Oxford Journals Clippings: Analysis *Waldron's take on human dignity is novel. It contains a bold inversion of almost all philosophical treatments of dignity as something like a metaphysical ground for moral claims. Waldron eschews this approach by understanding dignity as a substantive and structural feature of the way that legal orders establish rank and statusELthis bold approach allows Waldron to move forward a much-needed philosophical conversation about this deeply interesting and important concept. * Analysis *Table of ContentsIntroduction ; Meir Dan-Cohen ; Dignity, Rank, and Rights ; Jeremy Waldron ; 1. Dignity and Rank ; 2. Law, Dignity and Self-Control ; Comments ; Response to Jeremy Waldron ; Wai Chee Dimock ; Aristocratic Dignity? ; Don Herzog ; Dignity, Rank and Rights ; Michael Rosen ; Reply to Commentators ; Jeremy Waldron ; Reply ; Index

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Book SynopsisThis book explores the epistemic side of racial and sexual oppression. It elucidates how social insensitivities and imposed silences prevent members of different groups from listening to each other.Trade ReviewJose Medina has written an original book which masterfully combines continental and American traditions and which addresses important topics in contemporary social and political philosophy, showing why we should pay more attention to the epistemic dimension of our everyday interactions. * Roberto Frega, European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy *This book breaks new ground in linking epistemology with social and political concerns, still a relatively new area of interface in philosophy. Most of the serious epistemology that has done this linking to date is in feminist epistemology, which Medina draws on as a resource. He then goes on to develop a highly general, inclusive, and broad account that addresses oppression in its most general terms. Going beyond critique he develops a positive reconstruction that usefully addresses both the social and the individual changes that need to be made in knowing practices, and provides a new and very helpful vocabulary for describing and understanding the patterns of epistemic injustice. This is one of the most important works of epistemology and radical social theory in a long time. * Linda Alcoff, Professor of Philosophy, Hunter College and CUNY Graduate Center *The social epistemology developed in recent decades represents a welcome advance on the dead-end of Cartesian individualism. But the social has too often been conceived of without centering social oppression, and all the noetic complexities that come with it. In this richly detailed and wide-ranging text, Jose Medina locates the epistemological project squarely where it belongs: in societies of privilege, subordination, and radical group differentiation. Drawing on feminism, critical race theory, and queer theory, he shows with unprecedented thoroughness that we need to develop the cognitive virtues necessary to overcome active ignorance, epistemic injustice, and structural group insensitivity in sum, the problems not of a conveniently sanitized epistemic 'Twin-Earth' but the disordered world in which we all actually live. * Charles Mills, John Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy. Department of Philosophy, Northwestern University *Table of ContentsAcknowledgements ; Foreword: Insensitivity and Blindness ; Introduction. Resistance, Democratic Sensibilities, and the Cultivation of Perplexity ; A. The Importance of Dissent and the Imperative of Epistemic Interaction ; B. Resistance, Perplexity, and Multiperspectivalism ; C. Overview ; Chapter 1. Active Ignorance, Epistemic Others, and Epistemic Friction ; 1.1. Active Ignorance and the Epistemic Vices of the Privileged ; 1.2. Lucidity and the Epistemic Virtues of the Oppressed ; 1.3. Resistance, Epistemic Responsibility, and the Regulative Principles of Epistemic Friction ; Chapter 2. Resistance as Epistemic Vice and as Epistemic Virtue ; 2.1. The Excess of Epistemic Authority and the Resulting Insensitivity ; 2.1.1. Epistemic Justice as Interactive, Comparative and Contrastive ; 2.1.2. Differential Authority, Systematic Injustice, and the Social Imaginary ; 2.2. The Vice of Avoiding Epistemic Friction, Hermeneuticalal Injustice, and the Problem of Meta-Blindness. ; 2.3. Striving for Open-Mindedness: Epistemic Friction and Epistemic Counterpoints as Correctives of Meta-Blindness ; Chapter 3. Imposed Silences and Shared Hermeneutical Responsibilities ; 3.1. Silences and the Communicative Approach to Epistemic Injustice ; 3.2. Communicative Pluralism and Hermeneutical Injustice ; 3.3. Our Hermeneutical Responsibilities with respect to Multiple Publics ; Chapter 4. Epistemic Responsibility and Culpable Ignorance ; 4.1. Responsible Agency, Knowledge/Ignorance, and Social Injustice ; 4.2. Betraying One's Responsibilities under Conditions of Oppression: Social Contextuality, Interconnectedness, and Culpable Ignorance ; 4.2.A. Pig Heads, Burning Crosses, and Car keys ; 4.2.B. The Social Division of Cognitive Laziness ; 4.2.C. Blindness to Differences ; 4.2.D. Blindness to Social Relationality and the Relevance Dilemma ; 4.3. Overlapping Insensitivities, Culture-Blaming, and Gender Violence against Third-World Women ; Chapter 5. Meta-Lucidity, Epistemic Heroes, and the Everyday Struggle Toward Epistemic Justice ; 5.1. Living Up to One's Responsibilities under Conditions of Oppression: Meta-Lucidity ; 5.2. Promoting Lucidity and Social Change ; 5.3. Echoing: Chained Action, "Epistemic Heroes", and Social Networks ; 5.3.1. Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz: Epistemic Courage, Critical Imagination and Epistemic Friction ; 5.3.2. Rosa Parks: Counter-Performativity, Chained Agency, and Social Networks ; Chapter 6. Resistant Imagination and Radical Solidarity ; 6.1. Pluralistic Communities of Resistence ; 6.2. Normative Pluralism and Radical Solidarity ; 6.3. Epistemic Friction and Insurrectionary Genealogies ; 6.4. Guerrilla Pluralism, Counter-Memories, and Epistemologies of Ignorance ; 6.5. Resistant Imaginations: Toward a Kaleidoscopic Social Sensibility ; 6.6. Conclusion: Network Solidarity ; Coda ; References

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Book SynopsisWhat do we see? We are visually conscious of colors and shapes, but are we also visually conscious of complex properties such as being John Malkovich? In this book, Susanna Siegel develops a framework for understanding the contents of visual experience, and argues that these contents involve all sorts of complex properties. Siegel starts by analyzing the notion of the contents of experience, and by arguing that theorists of all stripes should accept that experiences have contents. She then introduces a method for discovering the contents of experience: the method of phenomenal contrast. This method relies only minimally on introspection, and allows rigorous support for claims about experience. She then applies the method to make the case that we are conscious of many kinds of properties, of all sorts of causal properties, and of many other complex properties. She goes on to use the method to help analyze difficult questions about our consciousness of objects and their role in the conteTrade ReviewThis is a clearly argued book that is well worth careful study. * Heather Logue, Mind *This is an impressive book. It is rich in powerful and thought-provoking arguments, stimulating ideas, astute observations and instructive examples. * Barry Maund, Analysis *this is a clearly argued book that is well worth careful study. Siegel offers us a way to get a handle on questions about visual content - the method of phenomenal contrast - that is considerably more promising than methods that have been hitherto employed. * Heather Logue, Mind *Table of ContentsIntroduction: Seeing John Malkovich ; The Content View ; Why does it matter whether the Rich Content View is true? ; How can we decide whether the Rich Content View is true? ; Part I: Contents ; Chapter 1: Experiences ; 1.1 States of seeing and phenomenal states ; 1.2 Visual perceptual experiences ; Chapter 2: The Content View ; 2.1 Contents as accuracy conditions ; 2.2 The Argument from Accuracy ; 2.3 A flaw in the Argument from Accuracy ; 2.4 The Argument from Appearing ; 2.5 Two objections from 'looks', 'appears' and their cognates ; 2.6 The significance of the Content View ; Chapter 3: How Can We Discover the Contents of Experience? ; 3.1 Introspection ; 3.2 Naturalistic theories of content ; 3.3 The method of phenomenal contrast ; Part II: Properties ; Chapter 4: Kinds ; 4.1 The examples ; 4.2 The premises ; 4.3 Content externalism ; Chapter 5: Causation ; 5.1 The Causal Thesis ; 5.2 Michotte's results ; 5.3 Unity in experience ; 5.4 Non-causal contents ; 5.5 Raw feels ; 5.6 Non-sensory experiences ; Part III: Objects ; Chapter 6: The Role of Objects in the Contents of Experience ; 6.1 Strong and Weak Veridicality ; 6.2 The contents of states of seeing ; 6.3 The contents of phenomenal states ; 6.4 Phenomenal states: Internalism vs. Pure Disjunctivism ; 6.5 Why Internalism? ; Chapter 7: Subject and Object in the Contents of Experience ; 7.1 Subject-independence and Perspectival Connectedness ; 7.2 The Good and the Odd ; 7.3 Complex contents ; 7.4 Objections and replies ; Chapter 8: The Strong Content View revisited

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Book SynopsisThis important new book is the first of a series of volumes collecting the essential articles by the eminent and highly influential philosopher Saul A. Kripke. It presents a mixture of published and unpublished articles from various stages of Kripke's storied career.Trade ReviewWhat comes out from a collection like this is the recurring brilliance of insight that Kripke brings to whatever he reflects on. This collection is indispensable to serious students of Kripke. And that should include all of us. This is a monumental collection. * Michael Luntley, Philosophical Investigations *Table of ContentsContents ; Introduction ; Acknowledgements ; Chapter 1. Identity and Necessity ; Chapter 2. On Two Paradoxes of Knowledge ; Chapter 3. Vacuous Names and Fictional Entities ; Chapter 4. Outline of a Theory of Truth ; Chapter 5. Speaker's Reference and Semantic Reference ; Chapter 6. A Puzzle About Belief ; Chapter 7. Nozick on Knowledge ; Chapter 8. Russell's Notion of Scope ; Chapter 9. Frege's Theory of Sense and Reference: Some Exegetical Notes ; Chapter 10. The First Person ; Chapter 11. Unrestricted Exportation and and Some Morals for the Philosophy of Language ; Chapter 12. Presupposition and Anaphora: ; Remarks on the Formulation of the Projection Problem ; Chapter 13. A Paradox about Time and Thought ; Index

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Book SynopsisAcknowledgments Introduction: Two Tribes The Metaphilosophy of Common Sense 'Evolutionary Argument' and the Metaphilosophy of Common Sense Towards a Taxonomy of Philosophical Error Theology's Trojan Horse Metaphysical Realism as a Pre-condition of Visual Perception Semantic Anti-Realism and the Dummettian Reductio Eliminating Eliminative Materialism Freedom and Responsibility On the Existence of Moral Facts Afterword Notes References IndexTrade Review'According to common sense, we human beings can reliably perceive physical objects; we can acquire true beliefs (and sometimes knowledge) about the external world; we can act in the world on the basis of our desires and beliefs; we are sometimes responsible for what we do because we have free will; certain things are good or bad, and certain acts are right or wrong, and these are facts which do not depend on our attitudes or beliefs and facts about which we can be correct or mistaken. These doctrines have been relentlessly attacked by legions of philosophers from ancient times to the present. In the tradition of Aristotle, Thomas Reid, and G. E. Moore, Stephen Boulter mounts a formidable defense of commonsense philosophy, drawing on rigorous philosophical argument and recent scientific research, including evolutionary biology and psychology. ' - Fred D. Miller, Jr., Bowling Green State UniversityTable of ContentsAcknowledgments Introduction: Two Tribes The Metaphilosophy of Common Sense 'Evolutionary Argument' and the Metaphilosophy of Common Sense Towards a Taxonomy of Philosophical Error Theology's Trojan Horse Metaphysical Realism as a Pre-condition of Visual Perception Semantic Anti-Realism and the Dummettian Reductio Eliminating Eliminative Materialism Freedom and Responsibility On the Existence of Moral Facts Afterword Notes References Index

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Book SynopsisPreface and Acknowledgements Series Editor's Preface Permissions Notes on Contributors Abbreviations Introduction: Sartre on the Body; K.J.Morris PART I: CONTEXT AND CLARIFICATION The Body and the Book: Reading Being and Nothingness ; J.S.Catalano Husserl, Sartre and Merleau-Ponty on Embodiment, Touch, and the 'Double Sensation'; D.Moran Sartre and the Lived Body: Negation, Non-Positional Self-Awareness, and Hodological Space; A.Mirvish Sartre and Marcel on Embodiment: Reevaluating Traditional and Gynocentric Feminisms; C.Mui PART II: CRITICAL ENGAGEMENT Representing Bodies; Q.Cassam Resisting Sartrean Pain: Henry, Sartre and Biranism; M.G.Peckitt Sartre and Death: Forgetting the Mortal Body in Being and Nothingness ; C.Howells Sexual Paradigms; R.C.Solomon Some Patterns of Identification and Otherness; P.S.Morris PART III: CONTINUING THE CONVERSATION The Phenomenology of Clumsiness; K.J.Morris Sartre and Fanon on Embodied Bad Faith; L.R.Gordon Sartre in the Company of Merleau-Ponty, FTable of ContentsPreface and Acknowledgements Series Editor's Preface Permissions Notes on Contributors Abbreviations Introduction: Sartre on the Body; K.J.Morris PART I: CONTEXT AND CLARIFICATION The Body and the Book: Reading Being and Nothingness ; J.S.Catalano Husserl, Sartre and Merleau-Ponty on Embodiment, Touch, and the 'Double Sensation'; D.Moran Sartre and the Lived Body: Negation, Non-Positional Self-Awareness, and Hodological Space; A.Mirvish Sartre and Marcel on Embodiment: Reevaluating Traditional and Gynocentric Feminisms; C.Mui PART II: CRITICAL ENGAGEMENT Representing Bodies; Q.Cassam Resisting Sartrean Pain: Henry, Sartre and Biranism; M.G.Peckitt Sartre and Death: Forgetting the Mortal Body in Being and Nothingness ; C.Howells Sexual Paradigms; R.C.Solomon Some Patterns of Identification and Otherness; P.S.Morris PART III: CONTINUING THE CONVERSATION The Phenomenology of Clumsiness; K.J.Morris Sartre and Fanon on Embodied Bad Faith; L.R.Gordon Sartre in the Company of Merleau-Ponty, Foucault and Duden; M.Langer The Body and Society: Sartre and the Sociologists; N.Crossley The Socially Shaped Body and the Critique of Corporeal Experience; E.A.Behnke Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisSeries Editor's Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Tragedy Logic Negativity Tragedy and Logic Time and Circularity Nature Language Teleology History Conclusion Notes Bibliography Author Index Subject IndexTrade Review'Here is a unique and fresh approach to Hegel's thought. By tapping the resources of his early writings, and developing the tragic strand that distinguishes them from the totalizing thrust of his later work, Karin de Boer demonstrates the relevance of Hegel's thought for a critical assessment of modernity's self-understanding. The pivotal contribution of this rich and sophisticated study, whose strength is on par with Hegel's, is the development of a 'logic of entanglement' which not only undercuts the concept of absolute negativity characteristic of Hegel's speculative works, but also provides new insight into the instable nature of the relation between contrary moments.' - Rodolphe Gasché, SUNY Distinguished Professor& Eugenio Donato Professor of Comparative Literature at SUNY at Buffalo 'In her On Hegel: The Sway of the Negative Karin de Boer masterfully shows how the idea of tragedy and the work of tragic negativity is at the heart of Hegel's system of philosophy, in constant tension with his famous dialectic, pervading the Logic, Nature, and History. This is a great accomplishment that offers a fresh, actual, and highly insightful re-reading of Hegel as the philosopher of modernity's self-criticism.' - Angelica Nuzzo, Professor of Philosophy at Brooklyn College, City University of New YorkTable of ContentsSeries Editor's Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Tragedy Logic Negativity Tragedy and Logic Time and Circularity Nature Language Teleology History Conclusion Notes Bibliography Author Index Subject Index

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Book SynopsisMetaethics occupies a central place in analytical philosophy, and the last forty years has seen an upsurge of interest in questions about the nature and practice of morality. This collection presents original and ground-breaking research on metaethical issues from some of the very best of a new generation of philosophers working in this field.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements Series Editors' Preface Notes on Contributors Introduction; M.Brady Non-Naturalist Ethical Realism; W.Fitzpatrick Naturalistic Metaethics at Half Price; J.Gert In Defence of Moral Error Theory; J.Olson The Myth of Moral Fictionalism; T.Cuneo & S.Christy Metaethics and the Philosophy of Language; M.Chrisman How not to Avoid Wishful Thinking; M.Schroeder Internal Reasons and the Motivating Intuition; J.Markovits Beyond Wrong Reasons: The Buck-Passing Account of Value; U.Heuer A Wrong Turn to Reasons?; P.Väyrynen Shmagency Revisited; D.Enoch The Authority of Social Norms; N.Southwood Moral Epistemology; A.Hills Aesthetics, Objectivity and Particularism; S.Mckeever & M.Ridge Index

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Book SynopsisWhy does knowledge of philosophy presuppose knowledge of reality? What are the characters in Deleuze's theatre and philosophy? How are his famous metaphysical distinctions secondary to the concept of philosophy as practice and politics? These questions are answered through careful analysis and application of Deleuzian principles.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments Introduction PART I: DELEUZE AND SYSTEMATIC PHILOSOPHY The Shape of Systematic Philosophy Deleuze's Slogan of the Middle The Middle as Becoming Deleuze's Problem, Differential, or Abstract Machine PART II: THEATRE OF OPERATIONS The Exclusive Disjunctive Synthesis of Professional Philosophy Affirmative Philosophy Three Conceptual Personae: the Anglo-American Philosopher, the French Philosopher, and the Logician The Philosopher, the Artist, the Scientist, the Historian, & the Logician The Phenomenologist as Hero, The Phenomenologist as Parasite The Structuralist as Hero, the Structuralist as Palace Dog Philosophy's Encounter with Literature Why Does the Hero Loath Discussion? The Abstract Machine of Philosophical Discourse PART III: AFFIRMING PHILOSOPHY Philosophy's Demise Has Been Greatly Exaggerated The First Metaphilosophical Question: What is a Philosophy? The Second Metaphilosophical Question: What Does it Mean to Think? Ethico-Political Metaphysics Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisSome scientific categories seem to correspond to genuine features of the world and are indispensable for successful science in some domain; in short, they are natural kinds. This book gives a general account of what it is to be a natural kind and puts the account to work illuminating numerous specific examples.Table of ContentsList of Figures Acknowledgements Introduction How to Think About Natural Kinds A Modest Definition Natural Kinds Put to Work Practical and Impractical Ontology The Menace of Triviality Causal Processes and Property Clusters Conclusion Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisPerception is not something that happens to us, or in us, writes Alva Noë. It is something we do. In Action in Perception, Noë argues that perception and perceptual consciousness depend on capacities for action and thought—that perception is a kind of thoughtful activity. Touch, not vision, should be our model for perception. Perception is not a process in the brain, but a kind of skillful activity of the body as a whole. We enact our perceptual experience.To perceive, according to this enactive approach to perception, is not merely to have sensations; it is to have sensations that we understand. In Action in Perception, Noë investigates the forms this understanding can take. He begins by arguing, on both phenomenological and empirical grounds, that the content of perception is not like the content of a picture; the world is not given to consciousness all at once but is gained gradually by active inquiry and exploration. Noë then argues that perceptual experience acquires content thanks to our possession and exercise of practical bodily knowledge, and examines, among other topics, the problems posed by spatial content and the experience of color. He considers the perspectival aspect of the representational content of experience and assesses the place of thought and understanding in experience. Finally, he explores the implications of the enactive approach for our understanding of the neuroscience of perception.

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