Philosophy: epistemology and theory of knowledge Books

Book SynopsisIn this book Han Thomas Adriaenssen offers the first comparative exploration of the sceptical reception of representationalism in medieval and early modern philosophy. Descartes is traditionally credited with inaugurating a new kind of scepticism by saying that the direct objects of perception are images in the mind, not external objects, but Adriaenssen shows that as early as the thirteenth century, critics had already found similar problems in Aquinas's theory of representation. He charts the attempts of philosophers in both periods to grapple with these problems, and shows how in order to address the challenges of scepticism and representation, modern philosophers in the wake of Descartes often breathed new life into old ideas, remoulding them in ways that we are just beginning to understand. His book will be valuable for historians interested in the medieval background to early modern thought, and to medievalists looking at continuity with the early modern period.Trade Review'Adriaenssen's rich and detailed study, which carefully evaluates the extant literature (in English, German, French and Italian) and offers subtle interpretations of difficult texts, makes a real contribution to the research on medieval and early modern theories of cognition. It will be indispensable reading for students and scholars working on this topic.' Notre Dame Philosophical ReviewsTable of ContentsIntroduction; Part I. The Veil of Species: 1. Through species to the world. Aquinas and Henry of Ghent; 2. Perception without intermediaries. Olivi's critique of species; 3. Direct realism about perception and beyond. Auriol and Ockham; Part II. The Veil of Cartesian Ideas: 4. Transformations of Cartesianism. Malebranche and Arnauld; 5. Ideas and objects in Desgabets's radical Cartesianism; 6. The solid philosophy of John Sergeant; Part III. Representations and Scepticism: 7. From representation to object; 8. Criteriological problems; Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisBergson was a pre-eminent European philosopher of the early twentieth century and his work covers all major branches of philosophy. This volume of essays is the first collection in twenty years in English to address the whole of Bergson''s philosophy, including his metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of science, philosophy of life, aesthetics, ethics, social and political thought, and religion. The essays explore Bergson''s influence on a number of different fields, and also extend his thought to pressing issues of our time, including philosophy as a way of life, inclusion and exclusion in politics, ecology, the philosophy of race and discrimination, and religion and its enduring appeal. The volume will be valuable for all who are interested in this important thinker and his continuing relevance.Trade Review'This collection presents new and promising interpretations of Henri Bergson, revealing the reach of his thought into political science, sociology, aesthetics, and religious studies. Academic readers across the humanities and social sciences will find them accessible and provocative.' Michael Kelly, University of San Diego'In its choice of the most innovative topics in research on Bergson, this book presents an original and at the same time very rich spectrum of the last twenty years of research … Even though they draw on the most canonical texts, the various contributions present highly original interpretations of Bergson's oeuvre and highlight its enduring fertility.' Société des Amis de Bergson Newsletter'This collection is extremely thought-provoking and an excellent resource for scholars as well as students already familiar with his work.' Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews'Critical Essays is an extraordinary contribution to scholarship on Bergson and the history of philosophy and science.' John R. Bagby, MetascienceTable of ContentsIntroduction Alexandre Lefebvre and Nils F. Schott; 1. Bergson's theory of truth Arnaud François; 2. What was 'serious philosophy' for the young Bergson? Giuseppe Bianco; 3. Bergson and naturalism Stéphane Madelrieux; 4. Bergson on the true intellect Leonard Lawlor; 5. Bergson's philosophy of art Mark Sinclair; 6. Bergson, time, and philosophies of life Suzanne Guerlac; 7. Bergson and philosophy as a way of life Keith Ansell-Pearson; 8. Bergson and social theory Alexandre Lefebvre and Melanie White; 9. Bergson and political theory Richard Vernon; 10. Bergson, colonialism, and race Mark Westmoreland; 11. Bergson's philosophy of religion Nils F. Schott.

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Book SynopsisThis Element extensively surveys the contemporary debate on answering the question of what constitutes cognitive scientific progress. It provides a critical summary of the key literature on the issue over the past fifteen years. It proposes an anti-realist answer to questions whose standards are ultimately subjective.Table of Contents1. The contemporary debate on scientific progress: what constitutes cognitive progress?; 2. On second order cognitive goodness makers: the aim(s) of science; 3. Inventing cognitive progress: a subjectivist, quasi-error theoretic, view; References.

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Trade ReviewSelected by Choice magazine as an Outstanding Academic Title for 2018“A new generation of Kant scholars is on the rise, and this beautifully printed and consummately edited scholarly collection announces their ascendancy with distinctive fanfare. … The essays are extremely readable, impeccably annotated, and abundantly resourceful, so they will be useful both for novice readers finding their way through Kant’s notoriously difficult thicket of concepts and for established scholars seeking reference points sure to spark renewed debate. … Researchers in particular will find this book a critical touchstone.” (J. G. Moore, Choice, Vol. 55 (12), August, 2018)Table of ContentsContents Series Editor’s Preface Preface Notes on Contributors Note on Sources and Key to Abbreviations Introduction: Kant the Revolutionary: Matthew C. Altman Part I. Biographical and Historical Background 1. Kant’s Life: Steve Naragon 2. Kant and His Philosophical Context: The Reception and Critical Transformation of the Leibnizian-Wolffian Philosophy: Manuel Sánchez-Rodríguez Part II. Metaphysics and Epistemology 3. Transcendental Idealism: What and Why?: Paul Guyer 4. Noumenal Ignorance: Why, for Kant, Can’t We Know Things in Themselves?: Alejandro Naranjo Sandoval and Andrew Chignell 5. Kant’s Concept of Cognition and the Key to the Whole Secret of Metaphysics: Chong-Fuk Lau 6. Apperception, Self-Consciousness, and Self-Knowledge in Kant: Dennis Schulting Part III. Logic 7. The Place of Logic within Kant’s Philosophy: Clinton Tolley Part IV. Relation between Theoretical and Practical Reason 8. The Primacy of Practical Reason: Ralph C. S. Walker 9. A Practical Account of Kantian Freedom: Matthew C. Altman 10. Moral Skepticism and the Critique of Practical Reason: David Zapero Part V. Ethics 11. How a Kantian Decides What to Do: Allen W. Wood 12. Duties to Oneself: Oliver Sensen 13. Demandingness, Indebtedness, and Charity: Kant on Imperfect Duties to Others: Kate Moran 14. Kant and Sexuality: Helga Varden 15. Kant in Metaethics: The Paradox of Autonomy, Solved by Publicity: Carla Bagnoli Part VI. Aesthetics 16. Feeling the Life of the Mind: Mere Judging, Feeling, and Judgment: Fiona Hughes 17. On Common Sense, Communicability, and Community: Eli Friedlander 18. Immediate Judgment and Non-Cognitive Ideas: The Pervasive and Persistent in the Misreading of Kant’s Aesthetic Formalism: Jennifer A. McMahon 19. Sublimity and Joy: Kant on the Aesthetic Constitution of Virtue: Melissa McBay Merritt Part VII. Philosophy of Science 20. “Proper Science” and Empirical Laws: Kant’s Sense of Science in the Critical Philosophy: John H. Zammito 21. From General to Special Metaphysics of Nature: Michael Bennett McNulty (with Marius Stan) Part VIII. Philosophy of Religion 22. Kant on Faith: Religious Assent and the Limits to Knowledge: Lawrence Pasternack 23. The Fate of Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason: Martin Moors Part IX. Political Philosophy 24. The Critical Legal and Political Philosophy of Immanuel Kant: 25. A Cosmopolitan Law Created by Cosmopolitan Citizens: The Kantian Project Today: Soraya Nour Sckell 26. Kant’s Mature Theory of Punishment, and a First Critique Ideal Abolitionist Alternative: Benjamin Vilhauer Part X. Anthropology, History, and Education 27. Denkungsart in Kant’s Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View: Patrick R. Frierson 28. Kant on Emotions, Feelings, and Affectivity: Alix Cohen 29. The Philosopher as Legislator: Kant on History: Katerina Deligiorgi 30. Becoming Human: Kant’s Philosophy of Education and Human Nature: Robert B. Louden Part XI. The Kantian Aftermath, and Kant’s Contemporary Relevance 31. Kant after Kant: The Indispensable Philosopher: Michael Vater 32. Kant, the Copernican Devolution, and Real Metaphysics: Robert Hanna 33. Contemporary Kantian Moral Philosophy: Michael Rohlf Conclusion: Kant the Philosopher: Matthew C. Altman Index

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Book SynopsisFor Aristotle, habit was a fundamental aspect of human nature; and for William James, it was the enormous flywheel of society. In both the history of philosophy and contemporary research, it is acknowledged as a fundamental topic in ethics, moral psychology, philosophy of action, and phenomenology.This major volume, written by a team of international contributors, is an outstanding collection that offers a thorough and diverse philosophical exploration of habit from the classical period to the modern day. Carefully edited to reflect the breadth of the subject, its 18 chapters are divided into four clear parts: Habit and Ancient Philosophy Habit and Early Modern Philosophy Habit and Modern Philosophy Contemporary Perspectives on Habit. Key topics, debates, and figures are covered such as the emotions, perception, free will, William James, John Dewey, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, John McDowell, and Hubert Dreyfus.HabTable of ContentsIntroduction Jeremy Dunham and Komarine Romdenh-Romluc Part 1: Habit and Ancient Philosophy 1. Socrates on Habituation and Politics: Plato’s Gorgias 509c6-510a4 Leo Catana 2. Guided Practice Makes Perfect Habituation into Full Virtue in Aristotle’s Ethics Karen Margrethe Nielsen 3. Aristotle on the nature of ethos and ethismos Margaret Hampson 4. Making Progress: Epictetus on Habituation John Sellars Part 2: Habit and Early Modern Philosophy 5. Forming the Habit of Thinking Well: Descartes’ Reshaping of the Act of Reasoning Elodie Cassan 6. Habit in Hartley’s Reconciling Project: Between Christian Morality and the Usual Course of Nature Catherine Dromelet 7. Habit and Will in Eighteenth-Century British Philosophy John Wright 8. Kant’s Account of Intellectual Habit and Moral Education Carl Hildebrand Part 3: Habit and Modern Philosophy 9. The Dispositional Account of Habits and Explanation of Moral Action in F.H. Bradley Dina Babushkina 10. Phenomenology as Vocation – A Project Instituted and Habituated by the Will Sara Heinämaa 11. Personal Acts, Habit, and Embodied Agency in Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenology of Perception Justin White 12. Deleuze on Habit and Time; or, How to Get, and How not to Get, from Hume to Bergson Mark Sinclair Part 4: Contemporary Perspectives on Habit 13. Habit and the Spiritual Life: Perspectives from Christian Mysticism and the Philosophy of Religion Simone Kotva 14. Are habits inherited? A possible epigenetic route from Charles Darwin to the contemporary debate Mariagrazia Portera and Mauro Mandrioli 15. The Discourse Ecology Model: Changing the World One Habit at a Time Susan Notess 16. Habit and Practice Clare Carlisle 17. Habit-Formation: What’s in a Perspective? Will Hornett 18. Habits in Perception: A Diachronic Defence of Hyperinferentialism Cathy Legg. Index

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Book SynopsisOne of the most pervasive and persistent questions in philosophy is the relationship between the natural sciences and traditional philosophical categories such as metaphysics, epistemology and the mind. Contemporary Philosophical Naturalism and Its Implications is a unique and valuable contribution to the literature on this issue. It brings together a remarkable collection of highly regarded experts in the field along with some young theorists providing a fresh perspective. This book is noteworthy for bringing together committed philosophical naturalists (with one notable and provocative exception), thus diverging from the growing trend towards anti-naturalism.The book consists of four sections: the first deals with the metaphysical implications of naturalism, in which two contributors present radically different perspectives. The second attempts to reconcile reasons and forward-looking goals with blind Darwinian natural selection. The third tackles various probTable of Contents1. Exploring the Post-Darwinian Naturalist Landscape Bana Bashour and Hans D. Muller Section I: Metaphysics Naturalized? 2. Disillusioned Naturalism Alexander Rosenberg 3. Naturalism and the "Linguistic Turn" Paul Horwich Section II: Reasons Naturalized 4. The Evolution of Reasons Daniel C. Dennett 5. The Tangle of Natural Purposes That is Us Ruth Garrett Millikan Section III: Knowledge Naturalized 6. Skill Learning and Conceptual Thought: Making a Way Through the Wilderness Ellen Fridland 7. Nominalism, Naturalism and Materialism: Sellars’ Critical Ontology Ray Brassier 8. Naturalizing Kinds Muhammad Ali Khalidi Section IV: The Human Mind Naturalized 9. Human Uniqueness and the Pursuit of Knowledge: A Naturalistic Account Tim Crane 10. Naturalism and Intentionality Hans D. Muller 11. Can I Be a Good Animal? A Naturalized Account of Virtue Ethics Bana Bashour

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Book SynopsisSome scientific categories seem to correspond to genuine features of the world and are indispensable for successful science in some domain; in short, they are natural kinds. This book gives a general account of what it is to be a natural kind and puts the account to work illuminating numerous specific examples.Table of ContentsList of Figures Acknowledgements Introduction How to Think About Natural Kinds A Modest Definition Natural Kinds Put to Work Practical and Impractical Ontology The Menace of Triviality Causal Processes and Property Clusters Conclusion Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisFollowing the insight that mediated subjectivity need not mean alienated selfhood, Meredith forwards a postmetaphysical model of the experiential based on the interpenetration of poststructuralist thinking and hermeneutic phenomenology.Table of ContentsIntroduction: Difference Unleashed Difference and Undecidability: Post-Saussurean Thought Woman as Text: the Influence of Poststructuralism on Feminism The Poststructuralist Erasure of Experience Postmetaphysical Frameworks for Experience 'It's Me Here': Writing the Singular Self, Writing the Post-deconstructive Female Self Conclusion: Rapprochement Index

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Book SynopsisJacques Derrida famously stated in Specters of Marx that a justice worthy of the name must call us to render justice not only to the living but also to the dead. In The Politics and Pedagogy of Mourning, Timothy Secret argues that offering a persuasive account of such a duty requires establishing a discussion among the 20th century's three key thinkers on death Heidegger, Levinas and Freud. Despite arguing that none of these three figures' discourses offers us a complete account of our duty to the dead and that it remains impossible to unify them into a single, consistent and correct approach, Secret nevertheless offers an account of how Derrida managed to produce an always singular articulation of these discourses in each of the acts of eulogy he offered for his philosophical contemporaries. This is one of the first monographs to pay particular attention to the key role any contemporary account of the ethics of eulogy must grant to the revolutionary theoreticTrade ReviewTimothy Secret’s book addresses a very important area of Derrida’s work that has thus far not received justly-deserved attention. The originality of Secret’s project and its most significant impact, I believe, rests on the role accorded to Derrida’s eulogies as political acts “offering a pedagogy in responsibility. * Kas Saghafi, Department of Philosophy, University of Memphis, USA *Timothy Secret’s book is quite remarkable: erudite, well written and argued, conceptually strong and original, it sheds a completely new light on a decisive moment of contemporary philosophy. There is little doubt that it will form an important contribution to debates about the work of the philosopher Jacques Derrida, but also the relationship between ethics, politics, ontology, psychoanalysis, and, not least, its designated “object”, the existential and moral phenomenon of mourning. * Etienne Balibar, Distinguished Professor, Comparative Literature, School of Humanities, UC Irvine, USA *Timothy Secret has accomplished a great deal with this text. For those who already turn to the work of Jacques Derrida or Sigmund Freud to think about the ethics and politics of mourning, this work will be invaluable. For those who are skeptical of deconstruction or psychoanalysis, it will serve as a refreshingly clear and convincing argument that they should rethink their positions. For all who find themselves reflecting on the sobering if not impossible responsibilities of speaking about the dead, Secret’s text will become an irreplaceable intellectual companion. * David W. McIvor, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Colorado State University, USA *Combining eloquence and sharp philosophical insight in equal measure, Timothy Secret weaves a fascinating commentary on the treatment of questions of death and mourning in the work of four of the twentieth century's most prominent thinkers. His book represents a major contribution to our understanding of the ways in which Freud, Heidegger, Levinas and Derrida approach that most ineluctable of issues – our common mortality. * Peter Dews, Director of Undergraduate Studies, School of Philosophy and Art History, University of Essex, UK *Secret is a sensitive and illuminating reader of Derrida. -- Stuart Walton * Review31 *[T]his is a book to read. -- Dawne McCance, University of Manitoba * Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews *The challenge to develop a significant learning experience through Derrida’s eulogies could be difficult, but it is not impossible, and Secret’s book is an essential tool to begin the process and overcome some of the barriers. The author’s passion for the topic is evident; I believe this book is relevant and extraordinary, and it is an outstanding addition to the literature in the field of death and dying. For all of these reasons I recommend it to those interested in death, mourning, and eulogy as a way to memorialize those who have gone before us. -- José Luis Moreno * Adult Education Quarterly *Table of ContentsPreface: The Proffered Refuge of the Dead (or ‘Why Psychoanalysis’) 1. Becoming Mortal 1.1. Learning to Die 1.2 The Anticipation of Death (on Heidegger) 2. Articulation 2.1 The Work of Deconstruction 2.2 Hinges and Articulations 3. The Ethics of Vulnerability 3.1 A Wounding of Language 3.2 Death in the Order of Exposition 4. The Scene of Writing 4.1 The Psychographic Metaphor 4.2 Psychic Sketches 5. Mourning or Melancholia 5.1 Psychoanalysis and Mourning 5.2 The Ghosts of Budapest 6. The Address of Eulogy 6.1 The Most Common of Experiences 6.2 The Simplest Thing 6.3 Memoires 6.4 The World is Gone Conclusion: Closing the Tomb Appendix: The Exceptional Solitude of Abraham and Torok Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisF.W.J. Schelling (1775-1854) stands alongside J.G. Fichte and G.W.F. Hegel as one of the great philosophers of the German idealist tradition. The Schelling Reader introduces students to Schelling's philosophy by guiding them through the first ever English-language anthology of his key textsan anthology which showcases the vast array of his interests and concerns (metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of nature, ethics, aesthetics, philosophy of religion and mythology, and political philosophy). The reader includes the most important passages from all of Schelling's major works as well as lesser-known yet illuminating lectures and essays, revealing a philosopher rigorously and boldly grappling with some of the most difficult philosophical problems for over six decades, and constantly modifying and correcting his earlier thought in light of new insights.Schelling's evolving philosophies have often presented formidable challenges to the teaching of his thought. For the first time, Trade ReviewWhistler and Berger have done us a great service by showing us the whole span of Schelling’s genius. One comes away struck by the breadth and depth of Schelling’s thought, and also by its rigorous consistency. These translations, and the insightful commentary that accompanies them, should have a game-changing impact on Schelling studies in English. * Sean McGrath, Professor of Philosophy, Memorial University, Canada *Schelling is one of the greatest philosophers of all time, who provides illuminating views of every area of philosophy. Compared to other great German Idealists such as Fichte and Hegel, Schelling’s thought has been neglected, especially among English speakers. This judiciously chosen, thematically arranged collection of excellent translations makes an overview of Schelling’s philosophy accessible in English for the first time, bringing into view his dynamic conception of nature, his account of the unconscious, and his emphasis on the importance of art and myth in human life. This volume is an indispensable resource for anybody who is interested in nineteenth century European philosophy, in existentialism, and in the contemporary revival of post-Kantian Idealism. * Paul Franks, Professor of Philosophy and Religious Studies and Judaic Studies, Yale University, New Haven, USA *Schelling is one of the most influential post-Kantian philosophers and this excellent collection now makes it possible for English-speaking readers to discover the impressive breadth, subtlety and originality of his thought. It contains well-chosen texts on a wide range of topics, from metaphysics and the philosophy of nature to aesthetics and politics, together with clear and accessible introductions and helpful suggestions for further reading. Berger and Whistler are to be congratulated on putting together an outstanding and very welcome volume. * Stephen Houlgate, Professor of Philosophy, University of Warwick, UK *The great virtue of Berger and Whistler’s anthology is to make clear the depth and extraordinary range of Schelling’s work, while providing newcomers and scholars alike with tools to understand the importance of one of the most difficult and influential post-Kantian philosophers. As the first English-language anthology of Schelling’s writings, The Schelling Reader will have a lasting impact on scholarship of German idealism, by enabling a new generation of readers to think with Schelling about topics in many areas of philosophy. * Karin Nisenbaum, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Boston College, USA *Table of ContentsEditors’ Introduction Part One: Metaphysics 1. The Unconditioned 2. Identity and Difference 3. Nature 4. Time, Space and the Categories Part Two: Philosophical Methods 5. Intuition, Construction and Recollection 6. Reason and Experience 7. System 8. History of Philosophy Part Three: The Ideal World 9. Freedom 10. Art and Mythology 11. Religion 12. Politics

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Book SynopsisHumanity has thrown everything we have at implacable lucknovel theologies, entire philosophical movements, fresh branches of mathematicsand yet we seem to have gained only the smallest edge on the power of fortune. The Myth of Luck tells us why we have been fighting an unconquerable foe. Taking us on a guided tour of one of our oldest concepts, we begin in ancient Greece and Rome, considering how Plato, Plutarch, and the Stoics understood luck, before entering the theoretical world of probability and exploring how luck relates to theology, sports, ethics, gambling, knowledge, and present-day psychology. As we travel across traditions, times and cultures, we come to realize that it's not that as soon as we solve one philosophical problem with luck that two more appear, like heads on a hydra, but rather that the monster is altogether mythological. We cannot master luck because there is nothing to defeat: luck is no more than a persistent and troubling illusion. By introducing usTrade ReviewA fascinating discourse on the nature and significance of luck that draws on a diverse range of sources; a delightful and enlightening journey. * Duncan Pritchard, UC Distinguished Professor of Philosophy, University of California, Irvine, USA *In this book, Steven Hales challenges what we often take to be uncontentious assumptions about luck and its significance in our lives, both morally and epistemically. The result is a novel and provocative account of luck, one that will be an important reference point for future work in the area. * J. Adam Carter, Lecturer of Philosophy, University of Glasgow, UK *A lively, richly illustrated romp through a deep human topic, all in hopes of freeing us from Lady Fortuna's grip. We confuse luck for chance and fortune, Hales suggests, and we re-gain our sense of agency by knowing which is which. * Aaron James, author of Assholes: A Theory and Surfing with Sartre, and Professor of Philosophy, University of California, Irvine, USA *Table of ContentsAcknowledgements 1. Lachesis's Lottery and the History of Luck The Myth of Er Tuche and Fortuna Submission to luck: lucky charms Rebellion against luck: Stoicism Denial of luck: all is fated Luck and gambling 2.Luck and Skill Slaying Laplace's Demon A probability theory of luck Winners and losers Buying hope on credit A skill equation? Problems with probability 3. Fragility and Control Invisible cities of the possible The garden of (logically) forking paths A modal theory of luck Transworld 2000 Lucky necessities A control theory of luck Séances and rubber hands Wimbledon 2012 Synchronic and diachronic luck 4. Moral Luck The Kantian puzzle The Egg of Columbus The accidental Nazi and the museum of medical oddities Equalizing fortune Privilege Essential origins 5. Knowledge and Serendipity Finding Meno Discover « forget The man who sold the Eiffel Tower and other skeptical threats The Overton Window Serendipity Divide and conquer 6. The Irrational Biases of Luck The frame shop Dueling vignettes Optimism vs. pessimism Sailing stones and flying witches Machine gambling Against luck Go luck yourself Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisIn Apperception and Self-Consciousness in Kant and German Idealism, Dennis Schulting examines the themes of reflexivity, self-consciousness, representation and apperception in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant and German Idealism more widely. Central to Schulting's argument is the claim that all human experience is inherently self-referential and that this is part of a self-reflexivity of thought, or what is called transcendental apperception, a Kantian insight that was first apparent in the work of Christian Wolff and came to inform all of German Idealism. In this rigorous text, Schulting establishes the historical roots of Kant's thought and traces it through to his immediate successors, Karl Leonhard Reinhold, Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. He specifically examines the cognitive role of selfconsciousness and its relation to idealism and situates it in a clear and coherent history of rationalist philosophy.Trade ReviewIn this volume Dennis Schulting goes beyond his earlier close studies of Kant's Transcendental Deduction by explaining in detail how Kant's critical conception of self-consciousness plays a central and positive role in the philosophies of Reinhold, Fichte, and Hegel. A distinctive feature of the work is its extensive attention to recent secondary literature on this topic, as well as its nuanced articulation and defense of a systematic position on German Idealism that develops many related themes emphasized by scholars such as Robert Pippin. * Karl Ameriks, McMahon-Hank Professor of Philosophy Emeritus, University of Notre Dame, USA *This highly engaging study provides a subtle and intelligent interpretation of Kant’s concept of transcendental apperception. It sheds welcome light on Kant’s significant debt to Leibniz and Wolff and highlights Kant’s profound influence on his successors, Reinhold, Fichte and Hegel. This is an eminently readable and thought-provoking study. * Stephen Houlgate, Professor of Philosophy, University of Warwick, UK *Table of ContentsPreface 1. Introduction: Ineliminably Reflexive Human Experience 2. The ‘Self-Knowledge’ of Reason: Kant’s Copernican Hypothesis 3. ‘A representation of my representations’: Apperception and the Leibnizian-Wolffian Background 4. Apperception, Self-Consciousness, and Self-Knowledge in Kant 5. Reflexivity, Intentionality, and Animal Perception 6. Disciple or Renegade? On Reinhold’s Representationalism, the Principle of Consciousness, and the Thing in Itself 7. Apperception and Representational Content: Fichte, Hegel, and Pippin 8. On the Kinship of Kant’s and Hegel’s Metaphysical Logics 9. Hegel, Transcendental Philosophy, and the Myth of Realism Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisDesigned to help readers deepen their understanding of Hinduism, and reflecting themes central to the study of religion and culture, Jessica Frazier explores classical Hindu theories of self, the body, the cosmos, and human action. Case studies from Hindu texts provide readers with direct access to primary sources in translation, ranging from ancient cosmology to philosophical teachings and modern ritual practices.Hinduism is often depicted as being so diverse that it is the most difficult of all of the world religions to understand or explain. Hindu Worldviews explains core ideas about the human mind and body, showing how they fit into concepts of the Self, and practices of embodiment in Hinduism. It draws on western theoretical concepts as a point of entry, connecting contemporary Hindu culture directly with both western and classical Hindu theories.Through the theme of the Self in classical Hindu sources, the chapters provide an interpretative framework for understanding clasTrade ReviewThis well written and interesting book is an important contribution that offers a fresh reading of Hindu thinking and practice, showing us that a Hindu history of ideas is relevant to contemporary intellectual concerns. This is a book that should widely read not only within Hindu Studies but in broader context of philosophical and religious history. * Professor Gavin Flood FBA, Yap Kim Hao Professor of Comparative Religious Studies, Yale-NUS College, Singapore *In this far-reaching work, Jessica Frazier explodes the myth - and it still needs exploding - that the foundations of Hindu thought encourage the agent to recoil from world and body in the realization that illusion is the true mark of reality. In this magisterial overview, she displays with penetrating insight the impressive range of options and explorations for constructive engagement with the worlds in which we live that characterises the Hindu intellectual heritage. An achievement of wonderful scholarship and understanding. * Professor Julius Lipner, Fellow of the British Academy, Professor emeritus of Hinduism and the Comparative Study of Religion, University of Cambridge *Hindu Worldviews stands strong in a field that has been reinvestigating methodologies, bridging the sometimes overlooked aspects of religions and cultures as missed by the colonizing gaze. Frazier does careful work in engaging the classical Hindu worldviews towards her second goal of finding a more global theory of everything, as well as adeptly focusing on her first stated goal of exploring the classical worldviews of a multiform Hinduism. * Reading Religion *Table of ContentsPreface Acknowledgements Note on Translations 1. Introduction: Hindu Worldviews and Global Theory Part One - The Art of Embodiment: The Self Made of Matter 2. Theories of Self in Classical Hinduism 3. Bodies Made of Elements and Structures 4. Bodies Made of Substances and Modes 5. Agency and the Art of the Self Part Two - Becoming the World: The Self Made of Thought 6. Theories of Reason in Classical Hinduism 7. Becoming the World through Reason 8. Theories of Everything Part Three - Shaping the World: Classical Embodiment in Practice 9. Theories of Ritual and Practice in Hindu Culture 10. Practices of Materiality: Structuring and Transformative Rituals 11. Interactive Practices and the Community of Selves 12. Speculative Practices and the Reality of Ideas 13. Conclusion: The Art of Being Human in the Hindu Cosmos References Index

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Book SynopsisUnique access to archival material of a major thinker, including presentations, early drafts, and a thorough introduction to the history of the philosophical notion of the individual The second volume of Individuation in Light of Notions of Form and Information presents archival documents detailing both the preliminary research conducted by Gilbert Simondon as well as sketches of early drafts and presentations of his work throughout the intellectual era of his eventual magnum opus. Volume II provides an erudite and important overview of a unique history of both the role the individual has played throughout history in philosophy, religion, and society as well as insight into the contemporary machinations and exciting milieu in which Simondon dared to tread as an interdisciplinary thinker in philosophy and psychology, as well as the new burgeoning fields of computer science and cybernetics. This companion volume provides insight into Simondon’s primary thesis, for which he is renowned by scholars in a wide range of academic disciplines. Readers across the humanities and the sciences, information theory, philosophy of technology, and many other fields now have a vital resource for intellectual exploration into the human’s ongoing relationship with the technological universe.

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Book SynopsisIn his book, Man''s Search for Meaning, WW II Nazi labor camp survivor, Dr. Viktor Frankl, taught us the ultimate human freedom that cannot be taken from us. It is the power to choose how we respond to our circumstances. Our current circumstances aren''t even close to the horrors of the Nazi camps, yet we are experiencing one of the most challenging times in our 240-plus years of history as a nation.We are at an inflection point. As this nation decides what it will become, many of us will find that outcome to be a continuous disruption of our peace and contentment. So, how do we find wellbeing? Where do we look for the personal sanity we need to maintain balance in this age of chaos?The sages throughout history have said, look inward. Inward to that authentic self, that when fully realized, expresses our personality. A gift given to us at birth, our species'' biological structure has evolved to survive over the millennia. It gives us the conscious ability to bring order to the chaos that deluges us.The first step to keeping order is to bring it to our inner SELF. This is the repository of all the uninvited unconscious historical biases from the lives of the people who preceded us. They''ve taken up residence in our unconscious mind. ?The prerequisite step to critical thinking is to uncover those biases. They are what automatically affects our first conscious response to everything we think and do.The challenge is clear. Learn to manage these automatic responses and release your intellectual capacity to think for yourself or settle for being forever manipulated by the whims and fancies of other people.===========================?"If you choose to read this book, you take the red pill because it is about critical thinking. And critical thinking, while uncomfortable, unnatural, and inconvenient, will awaken you to your own safe and sane place to stand"I really enjoyed examples from your personal story and that you''re being honest about your problems and issues in your life. That made me want to read more because you''re being honest about those problems. So, I trusted the rest of book to be honest.I had to slow down and take my time reading, as it was filled with knowledge and facts. I know this is a book that I will read and re-read as I have already done on a couple chapters.A quote that I particularly liked is "Look to science to tell us what facts are right or wrong. Look to religion to tell us what actions are good or evil."- A. J. B.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, renowned philosopher John Perry responds to criticisms of his influential writing on “the essential indexical.” He begins by explaining the conclusions of his past articles. He then argues that many criticisms are based on confusions about the relation between the issues of opacity and cognitive significance, and other basic misunderstandings of his views. While dealing with criticisms, Perry makes a number of points about self-knowledge, the issue that motivated his original papers.Table of Contents1 Introduction2 The Basic Claims3 Opacity and Cognitive Significance4 Names and Indexicals: New Theories of Reference5 Names and Indexicals: Frege’s Theory of Reference6 Referential, Nominal and Indexical Content7 What About Opacity?8 Hume and Heimson9 A Prior Example10 Kripke11 Back to Self-Knowledge12 Lewis’s Theory 13 The View From Everywhere 14 Conclusion Index

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Book SynopsisHinge Epistemology is rapidly becoming one of the most exciting areas of epistemology and Wittgenstein studies. In connecting these two fields it brings a revived energy to both, opening them up to fresh developments. The essays in this volume extend the subject in terms of both depth and breadth. They present new voices and challenges within hinge epistemology. They explore new applications and directions of hinge epistemology, particularly as it relates to the philosophy of mind, society, ethics, and the history of ideas.Trade Review‘Edited by two leading authorities on Wittgenstein’s philosophy, this volume further extends and consolidates the burgeoning research programme on ‘hinge epistemology’. The epistemic lessons to be derived from reflection on the epistemology of certainty are opened out to domains beyond the purely epistemic such as, politics, ideology, the extended individual, etc.’ — Dr. Nigel Pleasants, Senior Lecturer in Philosophy and Sociology, University of Exeter, UK.‘Never before have epistemologists been so genuinely interested in Wittgenstein’s later work as in recent years. Extending Hinge Epistemology brings together insightful essays by some of the leading scholars in the field and will be essential reading for anyone seeking to go beyond the mere exegesis of On Certainty.’ — Nuno Venturinha, NOVA University of Lisbon, Portugal.‘Hinge Epistemology: Fastening the Hinges, Opening the Door provides a further demonstration of the wide-ranging significance of Wittgenstein’s thoughts on knowledge, doubt and certainty for philosophical epistemology and for our thinking about human life more generally. The authors, comprising both established experts in the field and more up-and- coming scholars, develop the approach of hinge epistemology in fruitful ways, bringing out its relevance to multiple areas of human thought and activity, including religion, politics, scepticism and enactivism, as well as considering the extent to which the approach was prefigured in the work of earlier philosophers such as David Hume and Thomas Reid. The volume constitutes a valuable contribution to contemporary epistemology and Wittgenstein studies.’ — Dr Mikel Burley, Associate Professor of Religion and Philosophy, University of Leeds, UK.This book is an impressive collection of essays on hinge epistemology that provide clarification on both existing debates and original interventions. This collection brings together well-known names in hinge epistemology with newer voices engaging with a range of philosophical areas and presenting a range of philosophical positions — Samuel Laves, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Instituto de Filosofia, Lisbon, Portugal.Table of ContentsNotes on Contributors; Acknowledgements; Introduction: Fastening the Hinges, Opening the Door; Part I Fastening the Hinges, Chapter One Wittgenstein’s Hinge Certainty, Danièle Moyal-Sharrock; Chapter Two Exploring Quasi-Fideism, Duncan Pritchard; Chapter Three Which Hinge Epistemology between Animal, Biscopic and Constitutivist? Annalisa Coliva; Chapter Four Something Animal, Something Unpredictable: On the Difficulty of Finding the Beginning and Not Trying to Go Further Back, Paul Standish; Chapter Five Closure-Based Scepticism and Epistemic Restrictions: A Dialectical Approach to Hinge Epistemology, Xavier Maréchal; Chapter Six ‘Hinges’ of Trust: Wittgenstein on the Other Minds Problem, Jasmin Trächtler; Part II Opening the Door, Chapter Seven Political Hinge Epistemology, Chris Ranalli; Chapter Eight Collective Thought and Collective Trust, Michel Le Du; Chapter Nine Deep Impact: Wittgenstein’s Enduring Enactivist Legacy, Victor Loughlin; Chapter Ten In Defence of a Reidian Moderate View of Our Hinge Commitments, Angélique Thébert; Chapter Eleven Consider the Squirrel: Hume as Hinge Epistemologist, Constantine Sandis; Index

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Book SynopsisCategorization is an essential and unavoidable instrumentality for conceptually navigating a world—indeed for being able to conceptualize a world to be navigated. Classification is a pivotal instrument for scientific systemization, featured as a basis for the philosophical understanding of reality since Aristotle, but classificatory concepts of sorts, types and natural kinds inevitably pervade our understanding of ourselves and our position in the social as well as the natural world at all levels. The authors argue that the character, purpose-, context-, and culture-relativity of categories and categorization have been widely misunderstood—that standard philosophical views are substantially correct in some respects but markedly mistaken in others. The book offers a comprehensive survey of basic principles of classification and categorization, a survey of relevant empirical work, and a multitude of illustrative examples accompanied by instructive analysis of ways and means. The work traces wide-ranging implications of the current approach for philosophical problematic and paradox in philosophy of mind, epistemology and metaphysics, philosophy of science, social philosophy and ethics. Trade Review“Grim and Rescher’s Theory of Categories is a philosophically sophisticated and historically informed study of categoricity in virtually all its aspects. It has insightful treatments of categories in metaphysics, scientific inquiry, philosophical analysis, and other areas, and it is particularly informative on specific issues such as the problem of induction and, throughout, in distinguishing defensible generalities from convenient stereotypes”— Robert Audi, John A. O’Brien Professor of Philosophy, University of Notre Dame, USA.“Patrick Grim and Nicholas Rescher wrote a fascinating and engaging book about every possible categorization aspect. Categories are fundamental tools of human understanding and thinking. The analysis starts with categories’ nature and category theories’ history. It unifies the perspective of philosophy, logic, and cognitive science. “Theory of categorization” is a scholarly book that helps us manage category mistakes and paradoxes”— Péter Érdu, Henry Luce Professor of Complex Systems Studies, Kalamazoo College, USA.“Categories, categories. Who needs them? Everyone, according to this book, complete with glossaries, taxonomies, diagrams, paradoxes, and, of course, categories. The authors shed light on many areas of classification, across various disciplines”— Paul K. Moser, Loyola University Chicago, USA.Table of ContentsPreface; Chapter 1: The Nature of Categories; Chapter 2: The History of Categorization; Chapter 3: Empirical Issues in Categorization; Chapter 4: Categories in Science; Chapter 5: Category Mistakes and Philosophical Paradoxes; Chapter 6: Ethical and Social Categories; References; Index

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Book SynopsisTwenty-first century civilization faces economic, ecological and spiritual meltdown. To survive this century as civilized people, we need to refer back to a time when city life was in harmony with nature. This book explains the concepts going back to the end of the Ice Age, identifying the earliest principles and what happened to them.

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Book SynopsisThis book is an investigation of the ideological dimensions of the disciplinary discourses on science in line with the scholarly tradition of historical epistemology. It offers a programmatic treatment of the political-epistemological problematic along three entangled lines of inquiry: socio-historical, epistemological and historiographical. The book aims for a meta-level integration of the existing scholarship on the social and cultural history of science in order to consider the ways in which struggles for hegemony have constantly informed scientific discourses. This problematic is of primary relevance for scholars in Science Studies, philosophers, historians and sociologists of science, but would also be relevant for anybody interested in scientific culture and political theory.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Political Epistemology: Positioning Science Studies.- Chapter 2. The Logic of Science and Technology as a Developmental Tendency of Modernity.- Chapter 3. On Both Sides of the Iron Curtain: The Marxist Struggle for Cultural Hegemony and HPS for a ‘Free Society’.- Chapter 4. Toward a Socio-Political History of Science: From Structures to Hegemonies.- Chapter 5. Hegemony and Science: Epistemological and Historiographical Perspectives.

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Book SynopsisThis book reconstructs the lines of nihilism that Walter Benjamin took from Friedrich Nietzsche that define both his theory of art and the avant-garde, and his approach to political action. It retraces the eccentric route of Benjamin's philosophical discourse in the representation of the modern as a place of “permanent catastrophe”, where he attempts to overcome the Nietzschean nihilism through messianic hope. Using conventions from literary criticism this book explores the many sources of Benjamin's thought, demonstrating that behind the materialism which Benjamin incorporates into his Theses on the Concept of History is hidden Nietzsche's nihilism. Mauro Ponzi analyses how Benjamin’s Arcades Project uses figures such as Baudelaire, Marx, Aragon, Proust and Blanqui as allegories to explain many aspects of modernity. The author argues that Benjamin uses Baudelaire as a paradigm to emphasize the dark side of the modern era, offering us a key to the interpretation of communicative and cultural trends of today. Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Chapter 1: Capitalism as Religion.- Chapter 2: Organizing Pessimism.- Chapter 3: Nietzsche: Work’s editions and interpretations.- Chapter 4: The Cry of Marsyas. History as place of permanent catastrophe.- Chapter 5: Hidden Refusal.- Chapter 6: The Dream Space.- Chapter 7: Baudelaire.- Chapter 8: The Order of the Profane.- Select Bibliography.- Index.

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Book SynopsisIn this compendium of essays, some of the world’s leading thinkers discuss their conceptions of space and time, as viewed through the lens of their own discipline. With an epilogue on the limits of human understanding, this volume hosts contributions from six or more diverse fields. It presumes only rudimentary background knowledge on the part of the reader.Time and again, through the prism of intellect, humans have tried to diffract reality into various distinct, yet seamless, atomic, yet holistic, independent, yet interrelated disciplines and have attempted to study it contextually. Philosophers debate the paradoxes, or engage in meditations, dialogues and reflections on the content and nature of space and time. Physicists, too, have been trying to mold space and time to fit their notions concerning micro- and macro-worlds. Mathematicians focus on the abstract aspects of space, time and measurement. While cognitive scientists ponder over the perceptual and experiential facets of our consciousness of space and time, computer scientists theoretically and practically try to optimize the space-time complexities in storing and retrieving data/information. The list is never-ending. Linguists, logicians, artists, evolutionary biologists, geographers etc., all are trying to weave a web of understanding around the same duo. However, our endeavour into a world of such endless imagination is restrained by intellectual dilemmas such as: Can humans comprehend everything? Are there any limits? Can finite thought fathom infinity? We have sought far and wide among the best minds to furnish articles that provide an overview of the above topics. We hope that, through this journey, a symphony of patterns and tapestry of intuitions will emerge, providing the reader with insights into the questions: What is Space? What is Time?Chapter [15] of this book is available open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. Table of ContentsPhilosophy: Śrīharṣa on the Indefinability of Time by Jonathan Duquette and Krishnamurti Ramasubramanian.- Why Spacetime Has a Life of its Own by James Robert Brown.- From Time to Time by Nathan Salmon.- Relativity Theory may not have the last Word on the Nature of Time: Quantum Theory and Probabilism by Nicholas Maxwell.- Space as a Source and as an Object of Knowledge: The Transformation of the Concept of Space in the Post-Kantian Philosophy of Geometry by Francesca Biagioli.- Space, Time and (how they) Matter by Valia Allori.- The Phenomenology of Space and Time: Husserl, Sartre, Derrida by Hans Herlof Grelland.- Time and Space in Ancient India, Pre­-Philosophical Period by Michael Witzel and Nataliya Yanchevskaya.- Time in Physics and Time in Awareness by E. C. G. Sudarshan.- Physics: The Future’s Not Ours to See, by Tony Sudbury.- Nature’s Book Keeping System by Gerard ‘t Hooft.- An anomaly in space and time and the origin of dynamics by Joan A. Vaccaro.- Spacetime and Reality: Facing the Ultimate Judge by Vesselin Petkov.- Hermann Weyl’s Space-Time Geometry and its Impact on Theories of Fundamental Interactions by Norbert Straumann.- Space, Time, and Adynamical Explanation in the Relational Blockworld by W.M. Stuckey, Michael Silberstein, and Timothy McDevitt.- Matter, Space, Time, and Motion: A Unified Gravitational Perspective by C. S. Unnikrishnan.- Spacetime is Doomed by George Musser.- Mathematics: Geometry and Physical Space by Mary Leng.- The Geometry of Manifolds and the Perception of Space by Raymond O. Wells, Jr.- Topos Theoretic Approach to Space and Time by Goro C. Kato.- Paradox? The Mathematics of Space-Time and the Limits of Human Understanding by Paul Ernest.- General Relativity, Time, and Determinism by James Isenberg.- “Now” has an infinitesimal positive duration by Reuben Hersh.- The Fundamental Problem of Dynamics by Julian Barbour.- What’s wrong with the Platonic ideal of space and time? by Lorenzo Sadun.- Biology/Cognitive Science: Syntactic Space by Rajesh Kasturirangan.- Time measurement in living systems: Human understanding and health implications by L Abhilash and Vijay Kumar Sharma.- The cellular space-the space of life by Pier Luigi Luisi.- The consciousness of space, the space of consciousness by Mauro Bergonzi and Pier Luigi Luisi.- Time and Suffering (False metaphors, (de)synchronous times, and internal dynamics) by Norman Sieroka.- Evolutionary Time and the Creation of the Space of Life by Randall E. Auxier.- Computer Science: A computational mathematics view of space, time and complexity by David H. Bailey and Jonathan M. Borwein.- The Black Hole in Mathematics by A. K. Dewdney.- Gödel’s Ontological Dreams by Gary Mar.- ‘Photographing the Footsteps of Time’: Space and Time in Charles Babbage’s Calculating Engines by Doron Swade.- Gödel incompleteness and the empirical sciences by N. C. A. da Costa and F. A. Doria.- Miscellaneous: The Novel and the Map: Spatiotemporal Form and Discourse in Literary Cartography by Robert T. Tally Jr.- Time, Space, and the Human Geographies of Opportunity by Donald G. Janelle.- Losing Time and Space: Experiencing Immersion by Diana J. Reichenbach. <

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisTauber, a leading figure in history and philosophy of science, offers a unique autobiographical overview of how science as a discipline of thought has been characterized by philosophers and historians over the past century. He frames his account through science’s – and his own personal – quest for explanatory certainty. During the 20th century, that goal was displaced by the probabilistic epistemologies required to characterize complex systems, whether in physics, biology, economics, or the social sciences. This “triumph of uncertainty” is the inevitable outcome of irreducible chance and indeterminate causality. And beyond these epistemological limits, the interpretative faculties of the individual scientist (what Michael Polanyi called the “personal” and the “tacit”) invariably affects how data are understood. Whereas positivism had claimed radical objectivity, post-positivists have identified how a web of non-epistemic values and social forces profoundly influence the production of knowledge. Tauber presents a case study of these claims by showing how immunology has incorporated extra-curricular social elements in its theoretical development and how these in turn have influenced interpretive problems swirling around biological identity, individuality, and cognition. The correspondence between contemporary immunology and cultural notions of selfhood are strong and striking. Just as uncertainty haunts science, so too does it hover over current constructions of personal identity, self knowledge, and moral agency. Across the chasm of uncertainty, science and selfhood speak.Table of ContentsForeword by Scott F. Gilbert Preface Introduction Chapter 1—Beginnings Chapter 2—On Ways of Knowing Chapter 3—Transitions Chapter 4—Rewriting Immunology Chapter 5—The Immune Self Chapter 6—Systems Philosophically Considered Chapter 7—Pursuing the Enigmatic Self Chapter 8—Rethinking Science Chapter 9—Outline of a Post-Positivist Philosophy of Science Chapter 10—A New Agenda Chapter 11—Personalizing Science Chapter 12—Moral Epistemology Chapter 13—Requiem for the Ego Chapter 14—Identity Reconsidered Conclusion Appendix 1—The Modernist Self Acknowledgements Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThis anthology focuses on three areas in the theory of knowledge: epistemic justification; analyses of knowledge and scepticism; and recent developments in epistemology. Each of the three sections includes a brief introduction to the readings, a series of study questions, and a list of suggested readings. Section 1 deals with coherentism, foundationalism, reliabilism, and includes articles by Chisholm, BonJour, Audi, Goldman, and Fumerton. Section 2 deals with the analysis of knowledge and Gettier problems, and a variety of forms and responses to scepticism; it includes articles by Gettier, Conee, Feldman, Putnam, Nagel, and Stroud. Section 3 introduces the reader to recent developments in naturalized, feminist, and social epistemology, and includes articles by Quine, Almeder, Putnam, Anderson, Harding, Longino, Hardwig, Rorty, and Kitcher.Trade Review“Knowledge and Inquiry covers the most important topics in contemporary epistemology, including some topics that are typically neglected in undergraduate-level epistemology anthologies (e.g. social epistemology). The selections are well-chosen for their accessibility as well as their importance. This is a wonderful textbook for anyone teaching an undergraduate course in contemporary epistemology!” — Ram Neta, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill“This anthology captures the key developments in contemporary epistemology—from theories of justification and Gettier problems, to naturalized epistemology and feminist epistemology. Sections are well-organized, with well-chosen readings set in relation to each other to encourage epistemological dialogue. An excellent text!” — Heidi Grasswick, Middlebury CollegeTable of ContentsAcknowledgementsPrefaceSection 1: Epistemic JustificationIntroductory Remarks The Myth of the GivenRoderick Chisholm Can Empirical Knowledge Have a Foundation?Laurence BonJour The Coherence Theory of Empirical KnowledgeLaurence BonJour The Foundationalism-Coherentism ControversyRobert Audi What is Justified Belief?Alvin Goldman The Internalism/Externalism ControversyRichard Fumerton Study QuestionsAdditional ReadingsSection 2: Knowledge and ScepticismIntroductory Remarks Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?Edmund Gettier Why Solve the Gettier Problem?Earl Conee An Alleged Defect in Gettier Counter-ExamplesRichard Feldman Brains in a VatHilary Putnam KnowledgeThomas Nagel Skepticism and the Possibility of KnowledgeBarry Stroud Study QuestionsAdditional ReadingsSection 3: New Developments in EpistemologyIntroductory Remarks Epistemology NaturalizedW.V. Quine On Naturalizing EpistemologyRobert Almeder Why Reason Can’t Be NaturalizedHilary Putnam Feminist EpistemologyElizabeth Anderson Rethinking Standpoint EpistemologySandra Harding Subjects, Power, and KnowledgeHelen Longino The Role of Trust in KnowledgeJohn Hardwig Solidarity or Objectivity?Richard Rorty Contrasting Conceptions of Social EpistemologyPhilip Kitcher Study QuestionsAdditional Readings

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Book SynopsisThe second edition of Jack Crumley's An Introduction to Epistemology strikes a balance between the many issues that engage contemporary epistemologists and the contributions of the major historical figures. He shows not only how philosophers such as Descartes, Hume, Locke, Berkeley, and Kant foreground the contemporary debates, but also why they deserve consideration on their own terms.A substantial revision of the first edition, the second edition is even more accessible to students. The new edition includes recent work on contextualism, evidentialism, externalism and internalism, and perceptual realism; as well, the chapter on coherence theory is substantially revised, reflecting recent developments in that area. New to this second edition is a chapter on feminist epistemology, which includes discussions of major positions and themes, such as feminist empiricism, feminist standpoint epistemology, postmodern epistemology, and feminist critiques of objectivity. It presents the important contributions of philosophers such as Sandra Harding, Helen Longino, Genevieve Lloyd, and others. Each chapter ends with a list of study questions and readings for further study.Trade Review“The second edition of Crumley’s An Introduction to Epistemology offers readers a clearly written, highly accessible, comprehensive, and insightful up-to-date introduction to the main issues, concepts, and players in contemporary Anglo-American epistemology.” — James Maffie, Colorado State University“ … an outstanding resource for students and instructors at both introductory and advanced levels.” — Patrick Rysiew, University of VictoriaTable of ContentsPreface to the First EditionPreface to the Second EditionIntroductionThe Aims of EpistemologySome Important ConceptsTradition and RevisionKey ConceptsCHAPTER ONE SkepticismFirst Skirmishes with SkepticismCartesian Skepticism Box: Academic and Pyhrronian SkepticismThe Dream ArgumentThe Demon ArgumentThe Skeptic’s Requirements Hume, Skepticism, and Entitlement Hume’s AssumptionsThe Rationality of Our Inductive InferencesBox: Types of InductionHume and Common SenseBox: Reasons and Causes Skepticism and the Defense of our Cognitive Practices Is Skepticism Inevitable?Two Types of Defense Responding to the Skeptic Is Certainty Necessary for Knowledge?Box: Descartes and the ProbableShow-and-Tell: Ruling Out That One Is DreamingContextualism: Shifting StandardsSkepticism and Inference to the Best ExplanationInduction Again Key ConceptsReview QuestionsFor Further StudyCHAPTER TWO An Introduction to the Analysis of KnowledgeThe Traditional Analysis Truth ConditionsMotivating the Traditional AnalysisBox: Theories of Truth Gettier and the Traditional Analysis Gettier-type CounterexamplesBox: Bertrand Russell and Gettier-type CounterexamplesA Defense of the Traditional Analysis Some Strategies for Handling Gettier Problems A General DiagnosisCausal TheoriesIndefeasibility TheoriesBox: Strong and Weak ConditionsNo-False-Premise Views The Significance of GettierKey ConceptsReview QuestionsFor Further StudyCHAPTER THREE ReliabilismReliability and Knowledge Two Versions of ReliabilismReliabilism and Perceptual KnowledgeBox: More on Reliable Indicator TheoryReliabilism and the Traditional Analysis Reliabilism and JustificationObjections to Reliabilism The Generality ProblemIdentifying Process TypesIs Reliability Sufficient?Evil Demons—Again Reliabilist Responses and Revisions Normal Worlds and Weak JustificationBox: Reliabilism and SkepticismClairvoyancy Key ConceptsReview QuestionsFor Further StudyCHAPTER FOUR Structure and Sources of Justification: FoundationalismThe Regress ArgumentMotives For Foundationalism Options for the Regress ArgumentA Motive for Foundationalism Two Types of Foundationalism The Basic StructureBox: Foundationalism as a Theory of KnowledgeStrong FoundationalismNeoclassical FoundationalismModest FoundationalismBox: Can Reliabilists Be Foundationalists?Features of Modest Foundationalism Objections To Foundationalism Strong Foundationalism and Basic BeliefsLevels of JustificationIndependent Information and Modest FoundationalismThe Cognitive Status of Experience Key ConceptsReview QuestionsFor Further StudyCHAPTER FIVE Structure and Sources of Justification: Coherence TheoryThe Intuitive Idea Mutual SupportTwo Views of CoherenceBox: Linear Coherence Coherence, Perception, and Belief The Nature of CoherencePerceptual Beliefs and CoherenceWhat Do You Believe?Box: Is the Doxastic Presumption True? “Cycles and Loops” Lehrer’s View of CoherenceJustifying TrustworthinessObjections to Coherence Theory: Liberal or Conservative? LiberalityConservatism The Isolation ObjectionBox: The Isolation Objection and Its CousinsKey ConceptsReview QuestionsFor Further StudyCHAPTER SIX Externalism and InternalismExternalist and Internalist Features of JustificationEpistemic Responsibility Responsibility: Goals and MeansAre Beliefs Voluntary?Box: Doxastic Voluntarism Cognitive Access Strong and Weak AccessibilityObjections and Responses Attempted Reconciliation Alston’s Internalist ExternalismSosa’s Virtue PerspectivismBox: Do Externalists Change the Subject? Prospects for ReconciliationKey ConceptsReview QuestionsFor Further StudyCHAPTER SEVEN Naturalized EpistemologyTradition and Naturalism A Traditional PictureNaturalism and EpistemologyBox: Facts and Values Quine’s Vew of Naturalized Epistemology First PhilosophyBox: Quine and the Rejection of the A PrioriThe Normative Character of Naturalized EpistemologyBox: Science Studies Science: The Strong ProgrammeThe Goal of InquiryThe Goal of Inquiry: Normative and NaturalBox: Evolutionary Epistemology Naturalized Epistemology and SupervenienceTradition, Reduction, and Supervenience Quinean and Modest Naturalized EpistemologyThree Options Key ConceptsReview QuestionsFor Further StudyCHAPTER EIGHT Feminist EpistemologyTraditional Epistemology, Science, and Knowledge ProductsScientific Method and ValuesObjectivityShould We Want Objectivity?ReasonA New Look for Epistemology Feminist EmpiricismBox: Coherentism and Feminist EpistemologyFeminist Standpoint EpistemologyFeminist Naturalized Epistemology Does Feminist Epistemology Look Different?Box: Ecological NaturalismThe “Feminist” in “Feminist Epistemology”Feminist Epistemology in a ChapterKey ConceptsReview QuestionsFor Further StudyCHAPTER NINE A Priori KnowledgeThe A Priori and Necessity An Epistemological Distinction: A Priori and A PosterioriA Metaphysical Distinction: Necessary and Contingent Propositions Historical Theories of the A Priori The Traditional Theory of A Priori KnowledgeBox: The Principle of ContradictionKant and the Synthetic A PrioriBox: Hume and Kant on Analytic and Synthetic Judgments (Propositions) Contemporary Views of the A Priori Linguistic Accounts of the A PrioriThe Traditional, the Linguistic, and the TruthQuinean ReservationsNecessity and the A PrioriNo Experience Required: Synthetic A Priori Propositions Key ConceptsReview QuestionsFor Further StudyCHAPTER TEN PerceptionThe Simple Story: Naïve RealismNaïve—An Illusion? Further Arguments Against Naïve RealismBox: Blindsight? The World of Sense Data An Intuitive ApproachSome Common Features Representative Realism Primary and Secondary QualitiesA Lockean Response or No Way Out?Science to the Rescue?Some Reactions to Representative RealismPhenomenalism Berkeley’s Factual PhenomenalismLinguistic PhenomenalismIs Linguistic Phenomenalism Plausible?Box: Linguistic Phenomenalism and the SkepticBerkeley Again Reviving Direct Realism Adverbial TheoryThe Doxastic View Perceptual Experience and RealismKey ConceptsReview QuestionsFor Further StudyGlossaryBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisKnowing Reality is a guided introduction to metaphysics and epistemology. Each of the book's twelve chapters contains extended excerpts from influential historical and contemporary philosophers, as well as a guided exposition of their views and their locations within the logical space of the issues at play. Topics are introduced through engaging thought experiments, with relevant philosophical puzzles sprinkled throughout. Complex issues are explained using down-to-earth examples, with illustrations provided to connect with readers and assist them in understanding the sophisticated concepts under discussion.Trade Review“Dwayne Moore’s book is a real advance on the usual introductions to metaphysics and epistemology, which are often too difficult (as with dense anthologies) or too superficial (as with single-author ‘here’s what I think’ glosses). Moore structures and explains each topic, making clear the main debates and what’s at stake in different positions held by historical and contemporary philosophers, excerpting from original texts and drawing illuminating connections to current culture along the way. I highly recommend this book to anyone interested in a lively and informed introduction to the eye-opening world of ‘M&E.’” — Jessica Wilson, University of Toronto“Knowing Reality is a wonderful textbook for use in an introduction to metaphysics and epistemology course. It is a complete resource, in that it includes excerpts from primary sources, targeted commentaries on those excerpts, and general discussions of philosophical issues written in snappy, engaging, and clear prose. Each chapter opens with a thought experiment, often taken from popular culture, and closes with a list of references to television and film in which ideas from the chapter find expression. The book also provides a lovely introduction to the difference between philosophy and sophistry and an appendix on how to write a philosophy paper.” — Jeremy Fantl, University of Calgary“In Knowing Reality, Moore invites students to make connections between their lives and the major issues in metaphysics and epistemology. I especially appreciate that he illustrates philosophical problems with texts from popular culture (film and television in particular), and he treats these texts with as much respect as he does primary sources. In this way, Moore breaks down divisions between professional discourse and the experiences of students, who can use philosophy to enrich their daily lives.” — Doug Eskew, Colorado State University, PuebloTable of ContentsIntroductionChapter 1: Philosophy and Sophistry 1.1 Ancient Greek Mythology 1.2 Ancient Greek Philosophy 1.3 Sophism 1.4 The Upside of Philosophy 1.5 How to Win an Argument Summary Chapter 2: Truth and Relativism 2.1 Correspondence Theory 2.2 Coherence Theory 2.3 Pragmatic Theory 2.4 Relativism Summary Chapter 3: Substances – Change and Sameness 3.1 Milesian Materialism 3.2 Eleatic Idealism 3.3 Substratum Theory 3.5 Perdurantism Summary Chapter 4: Personal Identity 4.1 Soul Theory 4.2 Bundle Theory 4.3 Psychological Theory Summary Chapter 5: Mind and Brain 5.1 Dualism 5.2 Mind-Brain Identity Theory 5.3 Functionalism 5.4 Eliminative Materialism 5.5 Idealism Summary Chapter 6: Free Will and Determinism 6.1 Hard Determinism 6.2 Libertarianism 6.3 Compatibilism Summary Chapter 7: Knowledge 7.1 Propositional Knowledge 7.2 Descartes’ Rationalism 7.3 Hume's Empiricism 7.4 Naturalized Epistemology 7.5 Social Epistemology Summary Chapter 8: Perception 8.1 Direct Realism 8.2 Skepticism 8.3 Representational Model 8.4 Idealism 8.5 Intentionalism Summary Chapter 9: Self-Knowledge 9.1. Inner Sense Model 9.2 Behaviourism 9.3 Acquaintance Model 9.4 Externalist Models 9.5 Self-Deception 9.6 Rationality and Irrationality Summary Chapter 10: Philosophy of Science 10.1 Aristotle 10.2 Francis Bacon 10.3 David Hume 10.4 Immanuel Kant 10.5 Logical Positivism 10.6 W. V. O. Quine 10.7 Helen Longino Summary Chapter 11: God and Naturalism 11.1 The Cosmological Argument for Theism 11.2 The Naturalistic Argument for Naturalism 11.3 The Teleological Argument for Theism 11.4 The Problem of Evil Summary Chapter 12: Religious Experience, Faith, and Reason 12.1 Varieties of Religious Experience 12.2 Religious Experience as Delusions 12.3 The Principle of Credulity and the Principle of Testimony 12.4 Naturalistic Accounts 12.5 Reason and Faith 12.6 Fideism 12.7 Evidentialism 12.8 The Belief Model Summary Appendix 1: How to Write an 'A' Paper 1. Thesis Statement 2. Roadmap 3. Logical Structure 4. Sentence Structure 5. Original Ideas 6. Accurate Portrayal of Philosophical Positions 7. Effective Critiques of Philosophical Positions 8. Quotations and References

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Book SynopsisThis book is inspired by the author’s work as part of a major international and interdisciplinary research group at the University of Konstanz, Germany: “What If—On the Meaning, Relevance, and Epistemology of Counterfactual Claims and Thought Experiments.” Having contributed to great discoveries, such as those by Galileo and Einstein, thought experiments are especially topical in the twenty-first century, since this is a concept that bridges the gap between the arts and the sciences, promoting interdisciplinary innovation. To study thought experiments in literature, it is imperative to examine relevant texts closely: this has rarely been done to date and this is precisely what this book does as a pilot study focusing on selected works of philosophy and literature. Specifically, thought experiments by Thomas Malthus are analyzed side by side with short stories and novels by Vladimir Odoevsky and Nikolai Chernyshevsky, Alexander Bogdanov and Aleksei Tolstoy, Alexander Chaianov and Nina Berberova.Trade Review“While Grigorian carefully follows the narrative of each text, she discovers the connections between them, thanks to her consistent viewpoint. As she maintains, she successfully brings chronologically isolated utopian or dystopian dreams into a dialogue with each other, with Malthus and so on. … Finally, let me remark on the practical significance of this book. Grigorian argues that thought experiments investigated here will provide helpful insight into social and environmental problems in the post-2020 world. This global crisis has become much more serious after February 24, 2022. The cosmic scenarios concerning Malthusian theory provided by Russian writers will enable us to think about the world today from new perspectives.”— Yuki Fukui, Studies in East European Thought“Engagingly and clearly written, Visions of the Future represents an original approach to Russian utopian fiction and utopian fiction in general. This originality emerges primarily in the book's orientation to the strictly formal influence of counterfactual or hypothetical reasoning on the narrative strategies employed in utopian fiction, while its persuasive force lies in its careful account of well-chosen examples of this influence.”— Jeff Love, Research Professor of German and Russian, Clemson UniversityTable of ContentsIntroduction Thomas Malthus, the Problem of Population, and Counterfactual Thought Experiments: A Concise Overview Thought Experiments in Vladimir Odoevsky’s Russian Nights (1844) Thomas Malthus and Nikolai Chernyshevsky: Struggle for Existence or Mutual Help? Utopian Dreams in What Is to Be Done? (1863) Revolution on Earth and Mars: Alexander Bogdanov’s Red Star (1908) and Aleksei Tolstoy’s Aelita (1923) A Peasant Utopia: Alexander Chaianov’s My Brother Aleksei’s Journey (1920) Overpopulation in Nina Berberova’s Short Story “In Memory of Schliemann” (1958), in the Context of Malthusian Theory ConclusionBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisThis clear, readable introduction to philosophy presents a traditional theistic view of the existence of God.There are many fine introductions to philosophy, but few are written for students of faith by a teacher who is sensitive to the intellectual challenges they face studying in an environment that is often hostile to religious belief. Many introductory texts present short, easy-to-refute synopses of the traditional arguments for God's existence, the soul, free will, and objective moral value rooted in God's nature, usually followed by strong objections stated as if they are the last word. This formula may make philosophy easier to digest, but it gives many students the impression that there are no longer any good reasons to accept the beliefs just mentioned.Philosophy, Reasoned Belief, and Faith is written for philosophy instructors who want their students to take a deeper look at the classic theistic arguments and who believe that many traditional viTrade Review“This book is a well-written introduction to philosophy that has a systematic approach informed by the history of philosophy. There are many introductory philosophy books available, but I am not aware of one with quite this approach and spin on the issues.” —Christopher Kaczor, author of Disputes in Bioethics“Philosophy, Reasoned Belief, and Faith is a solid, well-written, well-organized, theistic-leaning introduction to philosophy.” —Gregory Bassham, co-author of Critical Thinking: A Student’s IntroductionTable of ContentsTo The Instructor To The Student Acknowledgements Dedication Unit One. Three Things to Know before You Dive into Philosophy 1. How Philosophy Began 2. The Socratic Method 3. And a Little Bit of Logic Unit Two. Philosophy of Religion 4. The Design Argument 5. Design and Evolution 6. The Cosmological Argument Interlude 1: A Survey of Modern Cosmology 7. The Problem of Evil Unit Three. Epistemology 8. What Can We Know? 9. C. S. Lewis and the Argument from Reason Unit Four. Philosophy of the Human Person 10. The Mind-Body Problem 11. Do We Have Free Will? Unit Five. Philosophical Ethics 12. Is It Reasonable to be Moral? Interlude 2: Or Should We All Become Moral Relativists? 13. Moral Reasoning Applied to the State 14. God and Morality

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Aiming to extract life lessons from the philosophy of Spinoza, this vibrant study focusses on the concept of ‘homo liber,’ or the free person, a supremely rational figure continually striving for power and virtue. . . . Spinoza’s work serves as a hopeful, timely statement of what the truth-seeking individual can accomplish." * New Yorker *"As an accessible introduction to the complex thought of Spinoza, it is a success."---Jeffrey Collins, Wall Street Journal"If you want to become a better person, you ought to study the philosophy of Baruch Spinoza. That at least is the message of Steven Nadler’s delightful new book."---Jonathan Rée, Literary Review"A helpful explication of [Spinoza’s] ideas about ethics, the afterlife, and human nature." * Kirkus Reviews *"If you want the clearest and most sympathetic introduction as exists to Spinoza’s ideas . . . then Nadler’s your man. This, his latest book, is a must-read for our present, troubled times."---David Conway, Jewish Chronicle

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"[A] compellingly topical book, which ranges from genetics to fake news."---Andrew Robinson, Nature"Elegant and compelling."---Linsey McGoey, The Philosopher"A thoughtful, nuanced examination of the social and psychological motivations for—and consequences of—ignorance or denial. . . . At a time when fake news, propaganda, political rhetoric, and dueling experts dominate the media, [Salecl]’s analysis offers a fresh way to think about the decisions each of us make to 'embrace ignorance and denial." * Kirkus Reviews *"This is a well-written account of the nature of ignorance by a philosopher and sociologist, illustrated by numerous case studies of ignorance in different contexts. It will repay anyone interested in this problem, whether philosopher, sociologist, or information scientist."---Tom Wilson, Information Research

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Nadler and Shapiro do an excellent job of showing off philosophy's tools for better reasoning. For anyone not already skilled in using those tools, their book is a clear and readable primer. . . . [A] heartfelt and lucid advocacy of a more reasoned approach to life."---Julian Baggini, Wall Street Journal"Approaching the topic from a logical and argument-based position, [Nadler and Shapiro] show how to avoid flawed arguments and unreliable information. . . . Clearly written and well organized, this is a valuable examination of why bad thinking occurs and what people can do to make themselves better thinkers." * Choice *

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Nadler and Shapiro do an excellent job of showing off philosophy's tools for better reasoning. For anyone not already skilled in using those tools, their book is a clear and readable primer. . . . [A] heartfelt and lucid advocacy of a more reasoned approach to life."---Julian Baggini, Wall Street Journal"Approaching the topic from a logical and argument-based position, [Nadler and Shapiro] show how to avoid flawed arguments and unreliable information. . . . Clearly written and well organized, this is a valuable examination of why bad thinking occurs and what people can do to make themselves better thinkers." * Choice *

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Book SynopsisThe Reenchantment of the World is a perceptive study of our scientific consciousness and a cogent and forceful challenge to its supremacy. Focusing on the rise of the mechanistic idea that we can know the natural world only by distancing ourselves...Trade Review"This pioneering holistic work is still one of the best discussions of the spiritual havoc wrought by the 'disgodding' of nature and the split in the Western mind between facts and values."—Chip Brown, The List"Morris Berman's book addresses what I consider to be the most important topic at our present moment in history. He is searching for the underpinnings of a new world view that can give rise to a culture capable of relating gently and self-sustainingly to the earth."—Frederick Ferré

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the issue of trauma and psychic wounds to stage a confrontation between psychoanalysis and contemporary neurobiology. In so doing, it reevaluates the brain as an organ that is not separated from psychic life but rather appears as its very locus. A philosophical approach of the “new wounded” (brain lesion patients) forms the matter of the confrontation.Trade Review"The first of the 'old wounded,' hysterics suffering from reminiscences, were Freud's co-conspirators in the invention of psychoanalysis. Not only were they its earliest patients and critics; their malady formed the very stuff of psychoanalysis. Malabou identifies a more recent class of 'new wounded'-Alzheimer's patient, autistic children, concentration camp survivors, victims of rape, bombing, natural disasters and brain tumors-who, radically severed from their own past, are devoid not only of reminiscences but of meaning itself. Their maladies, she claims, evacuate the core concepts of psychoanalysis, its original stuff. Friends and foes of Freud's science will be riveted by Malabou's intelligent argument whose destructive thrust produces not merely rubble and dust, more a foam of fascinating new concepts-including cerebrality and destructive plasticity-and strong readings of Freudian texts." -- -Joan Copjec University at Buffalo, SUNY "Malabou draws upon the most current neurological research and contemporary psychoanalytic works, and applies them to a careful, penetrating and convincing reading of Freud's primary texts, in order to fashion her original interpretation." -- -Clayton Crockett University of Central Arkansas What has happened when subjectivity is utterly changed by brain damage? What are the links of war, trauma, and loss of affect? In The New Wounded Catherine Malabou brilliantly shows how 'destructive plasticity' is the key concept for understanding our 'new economy of pain.' Highly recommended for everyone in the fields she so deftly examines: philosophy, psychoanalysis, and neurology." -- -John Protevi Louisiana State UniversityTable of ContentsPreamble Introduction Part One: The Neurological Subordination of Sexuality Introduction: The "New Maps" of Causality 1. Cerebral Auto-Affection 2. Brain Wounds: From the Neurological Novel to the Theater of Absence 3. Identity Without Precedent 4. Psychoanalytic Objection: Can There Be Destruction Without a Drive of Destruction? Part Two: The Neutralization of Cerebrality Introduction: Freud and Preexisting Fault Lines 5. What Is a Psychic Event? 6. The "Libido Theory" and the Otherness of the Sexual to Itself: Traumatic Neurosis and War Neurosis in Question 7. Separation, Death, the Thing, Freud, Lacan, and the Missed Encounter 8. Neurological Objection: Rehabilitating the Event Part Three: On the Beyond of the Pleasure Principle--That it Exists Introduction: Remission at the Risk of Forgetting the Worst 9. The Equivocity of Reparation: From Elasticity to Resilience 10. Toward a Plasticity of the Compulsion to Repeat 11. The Subject of the Accident Conclusion Notes Bibliography

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"A Seminary Co-Op Notable Book of the Year""Winner of the PROSE Award in History of Science, Medicine, and Technology, Association of American Publishers""Fascinating. . . . [Daston] writes with a twinkling wit."---Timothy Farrington, Wall Street Journal"In considering a series of historic anecdotes and texts, Daston helps us see rules (and their neighbors, such as laws and regulations) through the concepts of thickness and thinness, paradigms and algorithms, failures (it was nearly impossible to get eighteenth-century Parisians to stop playing ball in the streets), and states of exception. . . .By the end of Daston’s book, one feels a sense of clarity about how to think about rules, alongside a gentle sense of despair concerning what kinds of rules to hope for."---Rivka Galchen, The New Yorker"Wonderful and wildly ambitious. . . . For those of us who adore the deep and transformative history of concepts, [Rules] is a pure dopamine rush. I read it with jaw dropped and mind racing."---C. Thi Nguyen, Chronicle of Higher Education"[Daston writes] witty, wide-ranging and well-researched inquiries into the picaresque careers of such notions as ‘reality,’ ‘nature,’ ‘rationality,’ ‘objectivity’ and ‘order,’ and in her latest book she brings her wry historical intelligence to bear on the capacious concept of ‘rules.’ The delights of her scholarship are on full display."---Jonathan Rée, Times Literary Supplement"A timely release that will satisfy the mathematically curious, who hunger to know how algorithms actually work, as well anyone who loves debating policy." * Library Journal *"Rules is ultimately one of the best written, most profound, and most far-reaching works of intellectual history that I have ever read."---Ernest Davis, SIAM News"Fascinating and highly readable. . . .This book is a real tour de force of erudition and analysis with richly revealing examples."---David Lorimer, Paradigm Explorer"The book is an exemplary intellectual history: a rangy, quirky, lucid and profound discussion."---Colin Burrow, London Review of Books

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Book SynopsisEnnead VI.4–5, originally written as a single treatise, contains Plotinus’ most general and sustained exposition of the relationship between the intelligible and sensible realms, addressing and coalescing two central issues in Platonism: the nature of the soul–body relationship and the nature of participation. Its main question is, How can soul animate bodies without sharing in their extension? The treatise seems to have had considerable impact: it is much reflected in Porphyry’s important work, Sententiae, and the doctrine of reception according to the capacity of the recipient, for which this treatise is the main source, resonated in medieval thinkers.Trade ReviewThis new English translation of, and commentary on, Plotinus, Ennead VI.4-5, the joint achievement of the Plotinian scholars Eyjólfur K. Emilsson and Steven K. Strange, combines philological rigor with philosophical insight"". - Bryn Mawr Classical Review

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Book SynopsisHow Do You Know? explores problems of knowledge that arise in everyday life. If you are not an expert, how can you know that another person is an expert? If experts are politically biased should you still trust them? More generally, how should you approach the testimony of other people: treat it all as "innocent until proven guilty," or is that too simple? Does the internet make us better knowers, or is it just a minefield of misinformation? Is it always irrational to believe a conspiracy theory? Suppose someone just as intelligent and well-informed as you are disagrees with you about something, how should that affect your belief? Can we have knowledge of what is right and wrong?How Do You Know? approaches these issues through the lens of social epistemology and via the preeminently social genre of philosophical dialogue. Its characters think and speak like real people in the world today, discussing and debating issues that are current, practically relevant, and even controversial—while equipping readers with tools and concepts to see more clearly for themselves.Trade Review"An excellent and engaging introduction to epistemology, with a special focus on issues in social epistemology that are very relevant in today’s world. An accessible guide to practical epistemological questions about which experts you should trust, the pervasiveness of bias in oneself and others, the proliferation of misinformation on the internet, and how you should respond when lots of people disagree with you. Highly recommended." —James Beebee, State University of New York at Buffalo"How Do You Know? is an accessible and engaging foray into the growing field of applied epistemology, and a welcome resource for students or anyone else coming to these issues for the first time." —David Coady, University of Tasmania

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