Philosophy: epistemology and theory of knowledge Books

Book SynopsisTrade Review"A bracing book that might make you less gullible about gullibility."---Barbara Kiser, Nature"At the risk of being seen as credulous, I’d say [Mercier] makes a strong case for gullibility being a far less prevalent and important trait than we thought." * New Scientist *"[Not Born Yesterday] will be of interest to anyone who wonders how to trust what people say and do, especially in the digital, free-for-all age of unfettered, often suspect, information. The breadth and depth of research studies presented by Mercier will be especially appealing to science aficionados."---Karen Koenig, New York Journal of Books"In Not Born Yesterday, the cognitive scientist Hugo Mercier brings the conceptual reversal to a domain in desperate need of new insights: that of truth and falsehood, knowledge and ignorance."---N. J. Enfield, Times Literary Supplement"[Not Born Yesterday] marshals a convincing body of research . . . from history and sociology, from anthropology and from the psychology laboratory."---Timandra Harkness, UnHerd"[Mercier's argument] is refreshingly optimistic."---Daniel Akst, Strategy+Business"[A] thought-provoking book about the science of who we trust." * Paradigm Explorer *"At a time when large swaths seem to believe that we are hopelessly doomed because everyone else is stupid and easily misled or manipulated, Mercier’s book provides a nuanced antidote to such thinking, grounded in a careful examination of a wealth of evidence from psychology and the social sciences."---Felix Simon, Medium"[A] lucidly written introduction to the social psychology of communication and reasoning."---Shreeharsh Kelkar, Public Books

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Book SynopsisEighty years ago, Ettore Majorana, a brilliant student of Enrico Fermi, disappeared under mysterious circumstances while going by ship from Palermo to Naples. How is it possible that the most talented physicist of his generation vanished without leaving a trace? It has long been speculated that Majorana decided to abandon physics, disappearing because he had precociously realized that nuclear fission would inevitably lead to the atomic bomb. This book advances a different hypothesis. Through a careful analysis of Majorana's article "The Value of Statistical Laws in Physics and Social Sciences," which shows how in quantum physics reality is dissolved into probability, and in dialogue with Simone Weil's considerations on the topic, Giorgio Agamben suggests that, by disappearing into thin air, Majorana turned his very person into an exemplary cipher of the status of the real in our probabilistic universe. In so doing, the physicist posed a question to science that is still awaiting an answer: What is Real?

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Book SynopsisTrade ReviewMyles Burnyeat, the Lawrence Professor of Ancient Philosophy at Cambridge, has revised Levett's translation to catch the charm and wit of the original in modern English, and has written a magnificent introduction and commentary of 250 pages that is lucid, rigorous, fair and un-put-downable. --Philip Howard, The Times (London)A masterly contribution to the understanding of the subject in a work of altogether exceptional intelligence. --Sir Hugh Lloyd-Jones, Christ Church, OxfordBurnyeat's introduction to the Theaetetus is easily the best available treatment of the dialogue; it is clear, stimulating, sympathetic but not uncritical, full of novel insights. Students at all levels, including professional philosophers, cannot fail to learn from it, to enjoy it. A real gem. --Gail Fine, Cornell University

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Book SynopsisBertrand Russell famously quipped that he didn't believe in God for the same reason that he didn't believe in a teapot in orbit between the earth and Mars: it is a bizarre assertion for which no evidence can be provided. Is belief in God really like belief in Russell's teapot? Kenneth L. Pearce argues that God is no teapot. God is a real answer to the deepest question of all: why is there something rather than nothing? Graham Oppy argues that we should believe that there are none but natural causal entities with none but natural causal propertiesand hence should believe that there are no gods. Beginning from this basic disagreement, the authors proceed to discuss and debate a wide range of philosophical questions, including questions about explanation, necessity, rationality, religious experience, mathematical objects, the foundations of ethics, and the methodology of philosophy. Each author first presents his own side, and then they interact through two rounds of objections and repTrade Review"Kenneth Pearce and Graham Oppy are first-rate philosophers of religion. This book offers an engaging and fruitful dialogue between a theist and an atheist, addressing all key concepts and arguments in the contemporary debate on the existence of God. I recommend the book to all readers who are interested in studying both sides of the debate."Yujin Nagasawa, H. G. Wood Professor of the Philosophy of Religion, University of Birmingham, U.K."This exchange between Oppy and Pearce represents the finest in philosophical inquiry. Together they create a new chandelier with structure and detail as they systematically discuss questions of worldview along the cutting edge of philosophical inquiry. Their exchange is professional, productive, and elegant."Joshua Rasmussen, Department of Philosophy, Azusa Pacific University, U.S.A.Table of ContentsForeword: Worldview comparison and religious commitment, by Helen De Cruz Opening Statements 1. Classical Theism: An Exposition and Defense 2. Are There Any Gods? First Round of Replies 3. Reply to Graham Oppy’s Opening Statement4. Reply to Kenny Pearce’s Opening Statement Second Round of Replies 5. Reply to Graham Oppy's Reply 6. Reply to Kenny Pearces’s Reply

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Book SynopsisThis volume presents a new translation of Aristotle''s Topics Book VI by Annamaria Schiaparelli, accompanied by a detailed commentary and textual notes providing insight into the history of the transmission of the text with its variants. In the Topics, Aristotle aims at developing his dialectical method. He introduces the four predicables (property, genus, accident, and definition) which are necessary for the classification and application of the topoi, or commonplaces. Book VI of the Topics is entirely devoted to the discussion of definition, the most extended and refined discussion of this subject handed down to us from the classical period. The concept of definition plays a central role not only in Aristotle''s logic but also in his ontology. Issues connected with definitions emerge constantly throughout his works. Moreover, definitions are at the centre of Platonic philosophy and sparked a lively discussion in philosophy of the Hellenistic and late classical periods.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION I: The Place of the Topics in Aristotle's Corpus II: The Contents of the Topics III: The Four Predicables IV: The Classifications of the Predicables V: The Logical Relations among the Predicables VI: The Predicable Definition VII: Types of Definition and their Rules VIII: The Notion of Causality in the Topics IX: Some Prominent Themes concerning Standard Definitions X: Structure and Interpretations of Book VI of the Topics TRANSLATION COMMENTARY Notes on the Text Appendix: The Predicables Logical Relations Select Bibliography Glossary: English-Greek / Greek-English Indexes

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Book SynopsisWestern civilization is over. So begins Jan Zwicky’s trenchant exploration of the roots of global cultural and ecological collapse. Once Upon a Time in the West documents how a narrow epistemological style has left us blind to critical features of reality, and how the terrifying consequences of that shuttered vision are now unfolding.Trade Review“Zwicky's distinctive voice – warm, wise, sometimes colloquial or cutting – brings together these essays on diverse topics. Her sensibility is of course poetic, but also critical in the best sense: rigorous, probing, and committed. This is an engaging and enlightening portrait of a fine thinker in action.” Mark Kingwell, University of Toronto and author of Singular Creatures: Robots, Rights, and the Politics of Posthumanism“Lyric philosophy of the highest calibre. Jan Zwicky addresses the dilemmas we as a species are faced with today with great lucidity, seamlessly weaving together a wide variety of themes from philosophy, poetry, and ecology. Anyone interested in understanding the more-than-human world and our place in it is bound to find food for thought in these beautifully written and provoking philosophical essays.” Leonor María Martínez Serrano, University of Córdoba and author of Breathing Earth: The Polyphonic Lyric of Robert Bringhurst

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Book SynopsisHumanity on the Threshold focuses on strengthening human resilience though spiritual development. This lets us see beyond the normal inner and outer limits of consciousness into sound knowledge of the higher self. Deeper wonders of nature can also appear. If boundaries break down without preparation, then mental breakdowns might follow. Guidelines are suggested for working therapeutically with such issues with those experiencing threshold issues.

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Book SynopsisPerception and Idealism examines how perception makes objects manifest to us, and what the world must be like for objects to be manifest in that way. Howard Robinson argues for a version of sense-datum theory about perception and theistic phenomenalism about metaphysical reality.Trade ReviewRobinson's book is clearly and beautifully written, and argumentatively persuasive ... a refreshing blast of curative air breathed into the dank enclosures of Direct Realism, Disjunctivism and Reductive Representationalism. * David Pitt, California State University, Los Angeles *Robinson argues for a kind of idealism, providing well-organized, well-documented discussions of both early modern and recent philosophers' views on the nature of perception and its relationship to the world. * Choice *Table of ContentsIntroduction Part I: How the World Manifests Itself to Us 1: The Causal Argument for Sense-Data, 'Philosophers' Hallucinations', and the Disjunctive Response 2: Naïve Realism and the Argument from Illusion 3: Intentionality and Perception (I): The Fundamental irrelevance of Intentionality to Phenomenal Consciousness 4: Intentionality and Perception (II): Attempts to Articulate the 'Content' and 'Object' Distinction 5: Singular Reference and its Relation to Intentionality 6: Objectivity: How is It Possible? 7: Semantic Direct Realism, Critical Realism, and the Sense-Datum Theory 8: Building the Manifest World Part II: What the World Is, in Itself 9: The Problematic Nature of the Modern Conception of Matter 10: Two Suggestive Berkeleyan Arguments 11: Bishop Berkeley and John Foster on Problems with Physical Realism about Space 12: Mentalist Alternatives to Berkeleyan Theism, and their Failure General Conclusion

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Book SynopsisAesthetic judgements that are formed on the basis of testimony are commonly held to be defective, illegitimate, or otherwise problematic. This book assesses the debate surrounding aesthetic testimony and argues for the surprising conclusion that this widespread view is mistaken. Aesthetic testimony is in no way inferior as a source of judgement when compared to either first-hand aesthetic judgement or testimony concerning non-aesthetic matters. Alongside establishing this position (an extreme form of ''optimism'' concerning aesthetic testimony), Jon Robson also responds to the most prominent arguments for the opposing view (''pessimism'' concerning aesthetic testimony). Along the way, it also re-examines our understanding of the norms which govern both judgement and assertion in aesthetics.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1: Optimism and Pessimism 2: Constitutive Pessimism 3: The Presumption of Optimism 4: Pessimism and the Appeal to Cases 5: Optimism and the Appeal to Cases 6: Pessimism, Assertion, and Signalling 7: The Debate Concerning Assertion

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Book SynopsisGonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra presents two arguments for the principle that no two objects can differ only numerically. He shows that the principle cannot be reduced to a triviality, and that restricted versions concerning only qualitative propeties face problems.Trade ReviewThe book contains four new arguments about the Identity of Indiscernibles. * MathSciNet *

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Book SynopsisMovements of the Mind is about what it is to be an agent. Focusing on mental agency, it integrates multiple approaches, from philosophical analysis of the metaphysics of agency to the activity of neurons in the brain. Philosophical and empirical work are combined to generate concrete explanations of key features of the mind. The book should be relevant and accessible to philosophers and scientists interested in mind and agency.Wu argues that actions have a core psychological structure where attention plays a necessary role in guiding the agent''s response and intentions function as memory for work, a practical memory. Attention and memory are accordingly central parts of an agent''s intentionally doing things. These claims are supported by synthesizing philosophical and empirical work to produce a theory of intention and attention in action. The account explains three phenomena of current philosophical interest: (a) the basis of positively and negatively biased action where attention often leads to implicit bias, (b) the dynamics of deductive reasoning as the focusing of a thinker''s cognitive attention and the development of cognitive skills, and (c) the psychology of introspective access to conscious perceptual experience, making clear when introspection can intelligibly fail and when it can succeed.The book provides a theory of agency, whether human or non-human, along with technical notions of automaticity and control, a theory of attention as selection to guide behavior, an account of intention as memory whose dynamics are revealed in empirical investigation of working memory, explications of sustained attention and vigilance, an explanation of biased behavior driven by biases on attention, normative aspects of attention as a skill, the role of learning in cognitive skill, a theory of deduction as a sharpening of attention, and a psychologically plausible model of introspection that speaks to its accuracy and reliability.Trade ReviewThis book puts forward a theory of action. It synthesises Wayne Wu's extensive work on action and attention going back over a decade, and also substantially extends this foundation... The result is excellent. The book is wide-ranging, systematic, very original, and crammed full of interesting ideas. It draws together scientific work with philosophical argumentation in a way that is both rigorous and unusually readable. I have no doubt that it will be important to thinkers interested in action and attention, as well as philosophers of cognitive science more generally. * Henry Taylor, University of Birmingham, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews *Table of ContentsIntroduction Part I 1: The Structure of Acting Appendix 1 2: Attention and Attending Part II 3: Intention as Practical Memory 4: Intending as Practical Remembering Part III 5: Automatic Bias, Experts and Amateurs 6: Deducing, Skill and Knowledge 7: Introspecting Perceptual Experience Epilogue Bibliography

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Book SynopsisEpistemic agency is a crucial concept in many areas of philosophy and cognitive sciences. But what is it? The Tinkering Mind argues that epistemic agency has two distinct, incompatible definitions - intentional mental action, or a distinct non-voluntary form of evaluative agency, both of which lead to surprising, counterintuitive consequences.

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Book SynopsisTrade ReviewDeveloping an ecointersectional analysis, Tuana (philosophy, women's studies, Pennsylvania State Univ.) has produced an elegant, meticulously crafted, deep, and yet accessible text on how racism is entangled in the environmental justice movement. * Choice *Table of ContentsChapter 1 - The Interlocking Domains of Racism and Ecological Indifference Chapter 2 - Racial Climates Chapter 3 - Climate Apartheid: The Forgetting of Race Chapter 4 - Through the Eye of a Hurricane Chapter 5 - Weathering the Climate Conclusion - Cultivating Anthropocenean Sensibilities Acknowledgements References Index

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Book SynopsisThis Course Book has been updated for the new syllabus (first teaching 2023).The most comprehensive coverage of the core content Being Human, this course book will help learners grasp complex philosophical ideas and develop the crucial thinking skills. Developed directly with the IB, dedicated assessment support straight from the IB builds confidence. The most comprehensive coverage of the core content Being Human, developed directly with the IB.Engage learners in the course, connecting philosophical ideas with contemporary and relevant real situations.Build practical skills and develop student confidence with skills application.Help students understand exam achievement levels and progress attainment with clear student samples.Assessment support straight from the IB cements assessment potential.Support all learning styles and simplify complex philosophical ideas using clear visuals and illustrations.Reinforce all the key ideas with integrated activities, helping you extend and deepen understanding.The only DP Philosophy resource developed directly with the IB.This pack includes one print Course Book and one online Course Book. The online Course Book will be available on Oxford Education Bookshelf until 2031. Access is facilitated via a unique code, which is sent in the mail. The code must be linked to an email address, creating a user account. Access may be transferred once to a new user, once the initial user no longer requires access. You will need to contact your local Educational Consultant to arrange this.

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Book SynopsisRuth Garrett Millikan presents a highly original account of cognition - of how we get to grips with the world in thought. The question at the heart of her book is Kant''s ''How is knowledge possible?'', but answered from a contemporary naturalist standpoint. The starting assumption is that we are evolved creatures that use cognition as a guide in dealing with the natural world, and that the natural world is roughly as natural science has tried to describe it. Very unlike Kant, then, we must begin with ontology, with a rough understanding of what the world is like prior to cognition, only later developing theories about the nature of cognition within that world and how it manages to reflect the rest of nature. And in trying to get from ontology to cognition we must traverse another non-Kantian domain: questions about the transmission of information both through natural signs and through purposeful signs including, especially, language. Millikan makes a number of innovations. Central to the book is her introduction of the ideas of unitrackers and unicepts, whose job is to recognize the same again as manifested through the jargon of experience. She offers a direct reference theory for common nouns and other extensional terms; a naturalist sketch of conceptual development; a theory of natural information and of language function that shows how properly functioning language carries natural information; a novel description of the semantics/pragmatics distinction; a discussion of perception as translation from natural informational signs; new descriptions of indexicals, demonstratives and intensional contexts; and a new analysis of the reference of incomplete descriptions.Trade ReviewBeyond Concepts is an impressive work of systematic philosophy. * Mikio Akagi, The Philosophical Quarterly *This book is a great philosophical achievement. The breadth and originality of Millikan's view are remarkable. She shows how a naturalistic approach can provide a fresh perspective on central philosophical puzzles and puts forward several new ideas that will engender lively debates. The systematic character of her work is especially impressive - Millikan tackles many different themes, but the various components of her account fit together beautifully and mutually support each other. This book has much to offer to both those already familiar with her work and new readers. * Andrea Onofri, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews *Brilliant. * Geoffrey Pullum, Chronicle of Higher Education *Table of ContentsPart I 0: Introduction to Part I 1: A Clumpy World 2: Direct Reference for Extensional Terms 3: Introducing Unitrackers and Unicepts 4: Functions of Same-Tracking 5: How Unicepts Get Their Referents 6: Misrepresentation, Redundancy, Equivocity, Emptiness (and Swampman) 7: Some Implications Part II 8: Introduction to Part II 9: Indexicals and Self-Signs 10: An Anatomy of Signs 11: Infosigns and Natural Information 12: Intentional Signs 13: Linguistic Signs 14: Perception, Especially Perception through Language 15: Markers of Identity and Grounded Infosigns 16: Out-side Pragmatics: Descriptions, Quantifiers, Directives Glossary

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Book SynopsisWhat is the difference between the movements in our bodies we cause personally ourselves, such as the movements of our legs or our lips when we walk or speak, and the movements we do not cause personally, such as the contraction of the heart? Is an act that is done under duress done voluntarily, out of choice? Should duress exculpate a defendant completely, or should it merely mitigate the criminality of an act? When we explain an intentional act by stating our reasons for doing it, do we explain it causally or teleologically, or both? Should we care whether our choices are guided by knowledge or mere true belief?In Action, Knowledge, and Will, John Hyman explores these and other central problems in the philosophy of action and the theory of knowledge, and connects these areas of enquiry in a new way. The main premise of the book is that human action has four irreducibly different dimensions, each with its own family of concepts: - a physical dimension, in which the principal concepts Trade ReviewAction, Knowledge, and Will is a splendid book--insightful, original, elegantly written and carefully edited, and a genuine pleasure to read. John Hyman weaves strands of historical, legal, empirical, and conceptual analysis into a series of arguments that are fresh and exciting at every turn. * John Schwenkler, Australasian Journal of Philosophy *John Hyman is one of the most creative and wide-ranging philosophers working today. * Kieran Setiya, MIT *With this book, John Hyman has done more for action theory than anyone in the field since Anscombe. His arguments in support of the thesis that human agency is best conceived as the integration of four dimensions presents a new picture that, in time, will change the way everyone thinks about human action. * Dennis Patterson, Jurisprudence *[T]he most important treatment of action since Anscombe and Davidson ... It takes the traditional question whether we should give a physical, ethical, psychological or intellectual account of human action and stands it on its head. For Hyman argues that the real question is how to distinguish the physical, the ethical, the psychological and the intellectual dimensions of human action, and he thereby changes the landscape in the philosophy of action. * Evgenia Mylonaki, Philosophical Quarterly *John Hyman brilliantly tackles a problem that has rankled since Plato: what is involved when we voluntarily perform an action? "The will", he argues, has been made too much of a catch-all of the various dimensions of human agency -- physical, psychological, ethical and intellectual. Philosophy is all about fine distinctions. Here they are made acutely yet accessibly to give us a new picture of who we are. * Jane O'Grady, The Tablet, Books of the Year *John Hyman's new book is a masterful blend of the philosophy of action and epistemology. In it he seeks not only to realign the philosophy of action, but to turn epistemology -- at least, that part of it that is concerned with the nature of knowledge -- into a part of the philosophy of action. ... Hyman's book is an invitation to a radical new research programme in epistemology. I hope that others join him in working it out. * Analysis *How could knowledge be even better for us than true beliefs that we have good reason to accept? John Hyman answers this question in Action, Knowledge, and Will. It is by no means the only question he answers in this rich, delightful book. He reaches fresh, insightful conclusions about human action and thought by attending to connections between questions usually treated separately. He explains and defends those conclusions sharply and carefully, with admirable regard for what the words involved in the question actually mean. * Barry Stroud, Times Literary Supplement *[A] vast improvement over the anti-psychologistic accounts of reasons-explanations that have proliferated in recent years. It both allows us to emphasize reasons why as facts that favor actions while allowing us to include an agent's psychological states in genuine reasons-explanations. ... While he challenges many widely endorsed views in contemporary philosophy of action, Hyman does not adopt an unprincipled contrarian stance. Rather, he strikes me as a friendly critic, offering ways to correct mistakes philosophers have made in the past three hundred years. * Andrei A. Buckareff, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews *Table of ContentsPreface 1: Agency and the Will 2: Action and Integration 3: Acts and Events 4: Voluntariness and Choice 5: Desire and Intention 6: Reason and Knowledge 7: Knowledge as an Ability 8: The Road to Larissa Appendix: The Modern Theory of the Will Endnotes Bibliography Acknowledgements Index

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Book SynopsisWe know about our immediate environment--about the people, animals, and things around us--by having sensory perceptions. According to a tradition that traces back to Plato, we know about abstract reality--about mathematics, morality, and metaphysics--by having intuitions, which can be thought of as intellectual perceptions. The rough idea behind the analogy is this: while sensory perceptions are experiences that purport to, and sometimes do, reveal how matters stand in concrete reality by making us aware of that reality through the senses, intuitions are experiences that purport to, and sometimes do, reveal how matters stand in abstract reality by making us aware of that reality through the intellect. In this book, Elijah Chudnoff elaborates and defends such a view of intuition. He focuses on the experience of having an intuition, on the justification for beliefs that derives from intuition, and on the contact with abstract reality via intuition. In the course of developing a systematic account of the phenomenology, epistemology, and metaphysics of intuition on which it counts as a form of intellectual perception Chudnoff also takes up related issues such as the a priori, perceptual justification and knowledge, concepts and understanding, inference, mental action, and skeptical challenges to intuition.Trade ReviewChudnoff's treatments of various mental phenomena are phenomenologically astute, epistemologically nuanced, and metaphysically robust . . . Intuition deserves praise as a creative, rigorous, ambitious, and sensitive contribution to our collective effort to understand the nature and scope of our intellectual powers, including those powers ascribed by Platonic rationalists. * John Bengson, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews *Table of ContentsPART 1: INTUITION EXPERIENCE; PART 2: INTUITIVE JUSTIFICATION; PART 3: INTUITIVE KNOWLEDGE

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Book SynopsisThe Centered Mind offers a new view of the nature and causal determinants of both reflective thinking and, more generally, the stream of consciousness. Peter Carruthers argues that conscious thought is always sensory-based, relying on the resources of the working-memory system. This system has been much studied by cognitive scientists. It enables sensory images to be sustained and manipulated through attentional signals directed at midlevel sensory areas of the brain. When abstract conceptual representations are bound into these images, we consciously experience ourselves as making judgments or arriving at decisions. Thus one might hear oneself as judging, in inner speech, that it is time to go home, for example. However, our amodal (non-sensory) propositional attitudes are never actually among the contents of this stream of conscious reflection. Our beliefs, goals, and decisions are only ever active in the background of consciousness, working behind the scenes to select the sensory-baTrade ReviewThis impressive, if difficult, book of 'theoretical psychology' critically integrates results from across the cognitive sciences into a theory of 'reflection' . . . [Carruthers] systematizes and advances 'global workspace' theories in the most comprehensive philosophical study yet of the sciences of 'working memory' . . . Even readers who disagree with Carruthers' central claims will enjoy his rich discussions along the way of attention, motor imagery, temporal discounting, mind-wandering and creativity, fluid intelligence, animal cognition, and extended minds. * John Sutton, Australasian Journal of Philosophy *a good example of the genre, meriting careful study from anyone interested in reflection and the stream of consciousness. Carruthers writes clearly and engagingly. He treats his traditional targets with respect. He presents an impressive array of empirical research while both getting into the details and fitting them all into an intelligible order. His aim throughout is to help us better understand the things themselves--reflection and the stream of consciousness -- not to grind some metaphilosophical axe . . . I found reading his book and engaging with his reasoning to be instructive and illuminating. * Elijah Chudnoff, Notre Dame Philosophical Review Online *Although the stream of consciousness seems intimately familiar to us, its underlying nature has been an enduring philosophical and psychological mystery. Carruthers presents a clear and deeply radical solution to this mystery, drawing together a massive array of empirical research in support of an attractively simple sensory-based account of conscious thought. He takes bold positions on a wide range of related issues, including the line between mental activity and passivity, the relationship between working memory and reflective thought, and the gap between our intuitive impressions of our conscious states and the real contents of those states themselves. For those who are curious about these questions, The Centered Mind is a terrific and accessible guide; for those who are already specialists in conscious thought, this book sets the agenda of future research. * Jennifer Nagel, University of Toronto *Peter Carruthers has long been one of our foremost empirically informed philosophers of mind. In this book, he presents a persuasive account of the mechanisms underlying conscious thought and reasoning. Carruthers integrates a wealth of empirical work in the cognitive sciences to develop a novel conception of working memory as the heart of conscious thought and reasoning. Philosophically sophisticated and steeped in psychology and neuroscience, The Centered Mind is essential reading for philosophers and for cognitive scientists concerned with the nature of consciousness and the nature, powers and limits of conscious reasoning. * Neil Levy, Oxford Centre for Neuroethics / Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne *Table of Contents1: Introduction 2: Propositional Attitudes 3: Perception, Attention, and Consciousness 4: The Nature of Working Memory 5: The Unity of Working Memory 6: Working Memory in Action 7: Reasoning, Working Memory, and Attitudes 8: The Evolution of Reflection 9: Conclusion: The Conscious Mind as Marionette References Index of names Index of subjects

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Book SynopsisGail Fine presents an original interpretation of a compelling puzzle in ancient philosophy. Meno''s Paradox, which is first formulated in Plato''s Meno, challenges the very possibility of inquiry. Plato replies with the theory of recollection, according to which we all had prenatal knowledge of some range of things, and what we call inquiry involves recollecting what we previously knew; he also illustrates this with his famous cross-examination of an untutored slave about a geometry problem, whose solution the slave is able to discover through inquiry. Hence, contrary to the paradox, inquiry is possible after all. Plato is not the only philosopher to grapple with Meno''s Paradox: so too do Aristotle, the Epicureans, the Stoics, and Sextus. How do their various replies compare with one another, and with Plato''s? How good are any of their replies? In a fascinating fragment preserved in Damascius'' Commentary on the Phaedo, Plutarch briefly considers these questions (though for obvious chronological reasons he doesn''t discuss Sextus). But Fine''s book is the first full-length systematic treatment of the paradox and responses to it. Among the topics discussed are the nature of knowledge; how knowledge differs from mere true belief; the nature of inquiry; varieties of innatism; concepts and meaning; the scope and limits of experience. The Possibility of Inquiry will be of interest to anyone interested in ancient epistemology, in ancient philosophy, or in epistemology.Trade ReviewGail Fine's excellent book is a rich and sophisticated examination of an ancient epistemological puzzle first stated in Plato's Meno . . . This book is an example of philosophically informed scholarship at its very best. It is essential reading for anyone with interests in any aspect of ancient epistemology. * David Bronstein, Mind *Table of Contents1: Introduction Part I: Plato's Meno 2: The Origins of the Problem 3: Meno's Questions and Socrates' Dilemma 4: Socrates' Three-Stage Reply: the First and Second Stages 5: The Third Stage: the Second Statement of The Theory of Recollection Part II: Aristotle and After 6: Aristotelian Inquiry 7: Epicurean Inquiry 8: Stoic Inquiry 9: Plutarch's Account 10: Sceptical inquiry: Sextus and the Stoics 11: Sceptical Inquiry: Sextus and the Epicureans Bibliography Index Locorum Index Nominum General Index

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Book SynopsisOxford Studies in Metaethics is the only publication devoted exclusively to original philosophical work in the foundations of ethics. It provides an annual selection of much of the best new scholarship being done in the field. Its broad purview includes work being done at the intersections of ethical theory with metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of language, and philosophy of mind. The essays included in the series provide an excellent basis for understanding recent developments in the field; those who would like to acquaint themselves with the current state of play in metaethics would do well to start here.Table of ContentsList of Contributors Introduction 1: David Sobel and Steven Wall: The Objectivist Attempt to Appropriate Subjective Value 2: Claire Kirwin: Value Realism and Idiosyncrasy 3: Matthew Chrisman: Inferentialism as an Alternative to Expressivism 4: Jamie Fritz: Unfitting Absent Emotion 5: Thomas Schmidt: How Reasons Determine Moral Requirements 6: Alison Hills: The Normativity of Aesthetics 7: Antti Kauppinen: The Epistemic vs. The Practical 8: Elise Woodard: Epistemic Atonement 9: Eric Sampson: Moorean Arguments against the Error Theory: A Defense 10: Declan Smithies: The Problem of Morally Repugnant Beliefs

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Book SynopsisWilliam F. Bristow presents an original and illuminating study of Hegel''s hugely influential but notoriously difficult Phenomenology of Spirit. Hegel describes the method of this work as a ''way of despair'', meaning thereby that the reader who undertakes its inquiry must be open to the experience of self-loss through it. Whereas the existential dimension of Hegel''s work has often been either ignored or regarded as romantic ornamentation, Bristow argues that it belongs centrally to Hegel''s attempt to fulfil a demanding epistemological ambition. With his Critique of Pure Reason, Kant expressed a new epistemological demand with respect to rational knowledge and presented a new method for meeting this demand. Bristow reconstructs Hegel''s objection to Kant''s Critical Philosophy, according to which Kant''s way of meeting the epistemological demand of philosophical critique presupposes subjectivism, that is, presupposes the restriction of our knowledge to things as they are merely for us. Whereas Hegel in his early Jena writings rejects Kant''s critical project altogether on this basis, he comes to see that the epistemological demand expressed in Kant''s project must be met. Bristow argues that Hegel''s method in the Phenomenology of Spirit takes shape as his attempt to meet the epistemological demand of Kantian critique without presupposing subjectivism. The key to Hegel''s transformation of Kant''s critical procedure, by virtue of which subjectivism is to be avoided, is precisely the existential or self-transformational dimension of Hegel''s criticism, the openness of the criticizing subject to being transformed through the epistemological procedure.Trade ReviewWilliam Bristow has written a superb book... [it] is a brilliant defence of Hegel, indispensable reading for anyone interested in Kant and Hegel, and in Kantian and Hegelian themes in contemporary philosophy. It also presents a breathtaking vision of epistemology. * Paul Franks, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews *Table of ContentsPART I HEGEL'S OBJECTION ; PART II HEGEL'S TRANSFORMATION OF CRITIQUE

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Book SynopsisCausation is a central topic in many areas of philosophy. In metaphysics, philosophers want to know what causation is, and how it is related to laws of nature, probability, action, and freedom of the will. In epistemology, philosophers investigate how causal claims can be inferred from statistical data, and how causation is related to perception, knowledge and explanation. In the philosophy of mind, philosophers want to know whether and how the mind can be said to have causal efficacy, and in ethics, whether there is a moral distinction between acts and omissions and whether the moral value of an act can be judged according to its consequences. And causation is a contested concept in other fields of enquiry, such as biology, physics, and the law. This book provides an in-depth and comprehensive overview of these and other topics, as well as the history of the causation debate from the ancient Greeks to the logical empiricists. The chapters provide surveys of contemporary debates, while often also advancing novel and controversial claims; and each includes a comprehensive bibliography and suggestions for further reading. The book is thus the most comprehensive source of information about causation currently available, and will be invaluable for upper-level undergraduates through to professional philosophers.Table of ContentsIntroduction ; 1. The Ancient Greeks ; 2. The Medievals ; 3. The Early Moderns ; 4. Hume ; 5. Kant ; 6. The Logical Empiricists ; 7. Regularity Theories ; 8. Counterfactual Theories ; 9. Probabilistic Theories ; 10. Causal Process Theories ; 11. Agency and Interventionist Theories ; 12. Causal Powers and Capacities ; 13. Anti-Reductionism ; 14. Causal Modelling ; 15. Mechanisms ; 16. Causal Pluralism ; 17. Platitudes and Counterexamples ; 18. Causes, Laws and Ontology ; 19. Causal Relata ; 20. The Time-Asymmetry of Causation ; 21. The Psychology of Causal Perception and Reasoning ; 22. Causation and Observation ; 23. Causation and Statistical Inference ; 24. Mental Causation ; 25. Causation, Action, and Free Will ; 26. Causation and Ethics ; 27. Causal Theories of Knowledge and Perception ; 28. Causation and Semantic Content ; 29. Causation and Explanation ; 30. Causation and Reduction ; 31. Causation in Classical Mechanics ; 32. Causation in Statistical Mechanics ; 33. Causation in Quantum Mechanics ; 34. Causation in Spacetime Theories ; 35. Causation in Biology ; 36. Causation in the Social Sciences ; 37. Causation in the Law

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Book Synopsis"Conquest of Abundance" was prepared from drafts of the manuscript left at the author's death, working notes, lectures and articles Feyerabend wrote while the larger work was in progress. It offers up exploration and insights with the charm, and sense of mischief that are his hallmarks.Table of ContentsA note on the editing; Part one: The unfinished manuscript; introduction 1 Achilles' conjecture; 2 xenophanes; 3 Parmenides and the logic of being interlude: On the ambiguity of interpretations; 4 Brunelleschi and the invention of perspective; Part Two: Essays on the manuscript's themes; 1 realism and the historicity of knowledge; 2 has the scientific view of the world a special status compared with other views?; 3 quantum theory and our view of the world; 4 realism; 5 historical comments on realism; 6 what reality? 7 Aristotle. Part contents.

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Book SynopsisThe intimate connection between bodies and the environmentTrade ReviewAlaimo offers new insights into feminist thought and theory. Bodily Natures: Science, Environment, and the Material Self is sure to appeal to many students and scholars of literary studies and critical theory. * New Books in Critical Theory *Bodily Natures showcases the distinctive contribution that an ecocritic can make to the field. * Enviromental Ethics *This is a book that should be read by anyone—scholars, students, readers, and anyone else with a body—for it is a marvelous contribution to environmental thinking and to human culture more broadly. December 1, 2010 * American Book Review *Table of Contents1. Bodily Natures2. Eros and X-Rays: Bodies, Class, and "Environmental Justice" 3. Invisible Matters: The Sciences of Environmental Justice4. Material Memoirs: Science, Autobiography, and the Substantial Self5. Deviant Agents: The Science, Culture, and Politics of Multiple Chemical Sensitivity6. Genetics, Material Agency, and the Evolution of Posthuman Environmental Ethics in Recent Science FictionNotesWorks CitedIndex

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Book SynopsisThe Empire of Chance tells how quantitative ideas of chance transformed the natural and social sciences, as well as daily life, in the last three centuries. It connects the earliest applications of probability and statistics in gambling and insurance to the most recent forays into law, medicine polling and baseball.Trade Review'The book provides a welcome introduction to the main historical themes of probability, statistics and inference. It is, at the same time, impressive in its range and subject-matter and in its depth of analysis.' The Times Higher Education SupplementTable of ContentsAcknowledgments; Introduction; 1. Classical probabilities, 1660–1840; 2. Statistical probabilities, 1820–1900; 3. The inference experts; 4. Chance and life: controversies in modern biology; 5. The probabilistic revolution in physics; 6. Statistics of the mind; 7. Numbers rule the world; 8. The implications of chance; References; Name index; Subject index.

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Book SynopsisThis is a book about Kant's views on causality as understood in their proper historical context. Eric Watkins argues that a grasp of Leibnizian and anti-Leibnizian thought in eighteenth-century Germany helps one to see how the Critical Kant argued for causal principles that have both metaphysical and epistemological elements.Trade Review'… an interesting and important work, which could be one of the two or three most significant works on Kant's theoretical philosophy to be published in the last decade.' Paul Guyer, University of PennsylvaniaTable of ContentsIntroduction; Part I. Causality in Context: 1. Pre-established harmony versus physical influx; 2. Kant's pre-critical theory of causality; Part II. Causality in the Critical Period: 3. Kant's second and third analogies of experience; 4. Kant's model of causality; Part III. Causality and Consequences: 5. The metaphysics of freedom; 6. Kant's reply to Hume: historical and contemporary considerations.

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Book SynopsisThis volume offers a new translation of the founding text of modern hermeneutics, together with related writings on secular hermeneutics and on language, and an introduction that places the texts in the context of Schleiermacher's philosophy as a whole.Trade Review"This is a most welcome and much needed edition..." Religious Studies ReviewTable of ContentsIntroduction; Chronology; Further reading; Note on the text and the translation; 1. Hermeneutics and criticism; 2. General hermeneutics; 3. Schematism and language; Index.

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Book SynopsisA deep concern with consciousness and intentionality is one of the several things that has lately moved into the centre of the philosophy of mind. The issue of consciousness is often treated as something distinct from intentionality, but as Tim Crane notes in his incisive new Foreword there is now something of a sea-change. This classic volume may be at least partly responsible for the shift in how philosophy of mind is starting to be understood. Before its first appearance, discussions of consciousness and intentionality in the context of perception were in their infancy. The book was a departure from the way this part of philosophy was conceived. It pointed to new ways to look at the discipline, addressing both the epistemology of mind, and intentionality and consciousness, especially in connection with perception. Showcasing many leading figures in the field, it offers a splendid overview of the issues at stake.Table of ContentsForeword Tim Crane; Introduction Anthony O'Hear; 1. The mind–body problem after fifty years Jaegwon Kim; 2. How to find the neural correlate of consciousness Ned Block; 3. Embodiment and the philosophy of mind Andy Clark; 4. Folk psychology and mental simulation Martin Davies and Tony Stone; 5. Understanding other minds from the inside Jane Heal; 6. Self-knowledge: The wittgensteinian legacy Crispin Wright; 7. Joint attention and the first-person John Campbell; 8. Consciousness as existence Ted Honderich; 9. Setting things before the mind M. G. F. Martin; 10. Perceptual intentionality. Attention and consciousness Naomi Eilan; 11. Experience and reason in perception Bill Brewer; 12. Intentionality as the mark of the mental Tim Crane; 13. Intentionality and interpretation Gregory Mcculloch; 14. Externalism and norms Cynthia Macdonald; 15. Mind, world and value Michael Morris; 16. Mind, knowledge and reality: Themes from kant Quassim Cassam; 17. The modality of freedom Christopher Peacocke; 18. Dualism in action Jennifer Hornsby.

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Book SynopsisThis Element addresses questions regarding the nature and acquisition of wisdom by developing and defending a skill theory of wisdom. It develops this theory and defends it against two objections to the effect that there are asymmetries between wisdom and skill.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Part I. A Skill Theory of Wisdom Presented: 1. Wisdom as knowing how to live well; Part II. The Theory Developed: 2. Wisdom and knowing the whys; 3. Wisdom and knowing what matters; Part III. The Theory Defended: 4. The deliberation objection: deliberation about final ends; 5. The feedback objection: feedback for skill acquisition; Conclusion; Appendix; References.

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Book SynopsisThis Element will overview research using models to understand scientific practice. It argues that while these models are epistemically useful, the best way to employ most of them to understand and improve science is in combination with empirical methods and other sorts of theorizing.Table of Contents1. Introduction; 2. The credit economy; 3. The natural selection of science; 4. Social networks and scientific knowledge; 5. Epistemic landscapes; 6. The replication crisis and methodological reform; 7. The replication crisis and methodological reform; Bibliography.

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Book SynopsisThe aim of this Element is to provide an overview of abstractionism in the philosophy of mathematics. The authors distinguish between mathematical abstractionism, which interprets mathematical theories on the basis of abstraction principles, and philosophical abstractionism, which attributes a philosophical significance to mathematical abstractionism. They then survey the main semantic, ontological, and epistemological theses that are associated with philosophical abstractionism. Finally, the authors suggest that the most recent developments in the debate pull abstractionism in different directions.

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Book SynopsisThis Element examines how climate scientists have arrived at answers to three key questions about climate change: How much is earth''s climate warming? What is causing this warming? What will climate be like in the future? Resources from philosophy of science are employed to analyse the methods that climate scientists use to address these questions and the inferences that they make from the evidence collected. Along the way, the analysis contributes to broader philosophical discussions of data modelling and measurement, robustness analysis, explanation, and model evaluation.

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Book SynopsisIn bringing together a global community of philosophers, Global Epistemologies and Philosophies of Science develops novel perspectives on epistemology and philosophy of science by demonstrating how frameworks from academic philosophy (e.g. standpoint theory, social epistemology, feminist philosophy of science) and related fields (e.g. decolonial studies, transdisciplinarity, global history of science) can contribute to critical engagement with global dimensions of knowledge and science. Global challenges such as climate change, food production, and infectious diseases raise complex questions about scientific knowledge production and its interactions with local knowledge systems and social realities. As academic philosophy provides relatively little reflection on global negotiations of knowledge, many pressing scientific and societal issues remain disconnected from core debates in epistemology and philosophy of science. This book is an invitation to broaden agendTable of ContentsIntroduction: Reimagining Epistemology and Philosophy of Science from a Global PerspectivePart I: Rethinking Philosophical Practices1. Philosophy or Philosophies? Epistemology or Epistemologies? 2. Linguistic diversity in Philosophy3. Anti-colonial Feminisms and Their Philosophies of Science: Latin American Issues4. Philosophy of Science in China: Politicized, De-politicized, and Re-politicized5. Experimental PhilosophyPart II: Reconfiguring Scientific Methods6. Developing transdisciplinary practices: an interplay between disagreement and trust 7. Sustainability science as a management science: Beyond the natural-social divide8. "Science Must Fall" and the Call for Decolonization in South Africa 9. Structural Epistemic (In)Justice in Global Contexts10. Excess and indigenous worldview: Philosophising on the problem of method 11. Radical Alterity, Representation, and the Ontological TurnPart III: Negotiating Science in/with Society12. The Democratization of Science13. Science and Values – Multi-Strategic Research and Traditional Saberes14. Science and industry funding15. Innovationism North and South16. Post-truth and science: looking beyond the Global NorthPart IV: Situating the Living World17. Environmental Thinking in African Philosophy: A Defence of Biocentrism using the notion of Nma Ndu18. Cultural Evolution: A Case Study in Global Epistemologies of Science19. What is an appropriate philosophy of human science for 21st century indigenous psychologies?20. On local medical traditions21. Revisiting the question of race and biology in the South African social sciencesPart V: Reimagining Abstract and Physical Worlds22. Philosophical Cartography23. Modelling the apparent spread of science: Some insights from the history of science in Japan24. Buddhist Logic from a Global Perspective 25. Perspectives on the Indian Mathematical Tradition 26. Science as craftwork with integrity Postscript

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Book SynopsisWhat makes something morally right? Where do our ethical standards come from? Are they relative to cultures or timeless and universal? Are there any objective moral facts? What is goodness? If there are moral facts, how do we learn about them? What do we mean when we say someone ought to do something? These are all questions in metaethics, the branch of ethics that investigates the status of morality, the nature of ethical value, the possibility of ethical knowledge, and the meaning of ethical statements. To the uninitiated it can appear abstract and far removed from its two more concrete cousins, ethical theory and applied ethics, yet it is one of the fastest-growing and most exciting areas of ethics.What is this thing called Metaethics? demystifies this important subject and is ideal for students coming to it for the first time. Beginning with a brief overview of metaethics and the development of a conceptual toolkit, Matthew Chrisman introduces and assesses the follTrade ReviewPraise for the First Edition:'This is an outstanding introductory text that combines clear, concise, and detailed coverage of all of the traditional metaethical positions, with original and distinctive treatments of new developments in metaethics, and with a fascinating discussion of how metaethical thinking relates to more broadly normative issues. It will be an excellent resource for students and their teachers alike.' - Michael Brady, University of Glasgow, UKTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition Introduction 1. Four Key Issues 2. Naturalism 3. Nonnaturalism 4. Error Theory and Fictionalism 5. Expressivism 6. Summary and Chart 7. Theories That Are Hard to Classify in Traditional Terms 8. Refocusing Metaethics? Glossary of Terms Index

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Book SynopsisThe term sensitive research' is applied to a wide range of issues and settings. It is used to denote projects that may involve risk to people, stigmatising topics, and/or require a degree of sensitivity on behalf of the researcher. Rather than take the notion of sensitive research' for granted, this collection unpacks and challenges what the term means. This book is a collective endeavour to reflect on research practices around sensitive research', providing in-depth explorations about what this label means to different researchers, how it is done including the need to be sensitive as a researcher and what impacts this has on methods and knowledge creation. The book includes chapters from researchers who have explored a diverse range of research topics, including sex and sexuality, death, abortion, and learning disabilities, from several disciplinary perspectives, including sociology, anthropology, health services research and interdisciplinary work. The researchers includeTable of Contents1. Introduction: Unpacking sensitive research: a stimulating exploration of an established concept Part 1: Unpacking ‘sensitivity’: the tyranny of established definitions 2. What is ‘sensitive’ about sensitive research? The sensitive researchers’ perspective 3. Relatively normal? Navigating emergent sensitivity in generating and analysing accounts of ‘normality’ 4. Involving young people with life-limiting conditions in research on sex: the intersections of taboo and vulnerability Part 2: ‘Sensitive’ Ethics in action: Research encounters and 'Whose research is this anyway'? 5. Reflecting on asynchronous internet mediated focus groups for researching culturally sensitive issues 6. ‘Working together is like a partnership of entangled knowledge’: exploring the sensitivities of doing participatory data analysis with people with learning disabilities 7. Difficult data: reflections on making knowledge claims in a turmoil of competing subjectivities, sensibilities and sensitivities Part 3: ‘The ideal sensitive researcher’: reflexivity, internalisation and the cost to self? 8. Internalising ‘sensitivity’: vulnerability, reflexivity and death research(ers) 9. Researching perinatal death: managing the myriad of emotions in the field 10. ‘Men, we just deal with it differently’: researching sensitive issues with young men 11. The performance of researching sensitive issues

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses various aspects of God's causal activity. Traditional theology has long held that God acts in the world and interrupts the normal course of events by performing special acts. Although the tradition is unified in affirming that God does create, conserve, and act, there is much disagreement about the details of divine activity. The chapters in this book fruitfully explore these disagreements about divine causation.The chapters are divided into two sections. The first explores historical views of divine causal activity from the Pre-Socratics to Hume. The second section addresses a variety of contemporary issues related to God's causal activity. These chapters include defenses of the possibility of special acts of God, proposals of models of divine causation, and analyses of divine conservation.Philosophical Essays on Divine Causation will be of interest to researchers and graduate students working in philosophy of religion, philosophicTrade Review"Divine causation and divine agency are crucially important topics in theology and philosophy of religion, and Ganssle’s collection provides both excellent discussions of key historical views and some important proposals on contemporary controversies. Highly recommended for both philosophers of religion and theologians." – William Hasker, Huntington University, USATable of ContentsIntroductionGregory E. Ganssle1. Divine Causal Agency in Classical Greek PhilosophyDonald J. Zeyl2. Divine Causality according to Neo-PlatonismPhillip S. Cary3. Aquinas on Divine Causality W. Matthews Grant4. Three Competing Views of God’s Causation of Creaturely Actions: Aquinas, Scotus and OliviGloria Frost5. Durand and Suarez on Divine CausationJacob Tuttle6. Descartes on Voluntary Action and Universal ConservationJoel Archer and C. P. Ragland7. Leibniz on Divine Causation: Continuous Creation and Concurrence Without Occasionalism Julia Jorati8. Berkeley on Divine Human Agency: A Teleological ReconstrualJames S. Spiegel9. What Hume didn’t Notice about Divine Causation Timothy Yenter10. Defending Special Divine ActsRobert A. Larmer11. Divine Sustaining Causes and the Mind-Body ProblemAngus J. L. Menuge12. Neo-Aristotelian Accounts of Divine CreationPaul M. Gould13. Theistic Conferralism: Consolidating Divine sustenance and Trope Theory Robert K. Garcia14. The Timing of Divine Conservation: Pushes, Nudges, and Merry-go-roundsDavid Vander Laan15. Divine Causation and the Pairing ProblemGregory E. Ganssle

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Book SynopsisWhat is Wisdom and Can it be Taught? uses careful theoretical analysis and a well-argued ontological conception of the human being to present a new âHolistic Wisdom Modelâ, summarizing existing research and presenting fresh insights.Human wisdom is a complex phenomenon. Psychological research in this area has led to a wide range of fragmentary claims and models, and therefore there is a need for theoretical clarification of the field: What is wisdom? How should we study it in the first place? Is it a purely psychological phenomenon, or do we also need philosophy? This book examines these questions, as well as provides a pedagogical review of wisdom to evaluate how people become wise(r) and whether wisdom can be taught. Drawing on findings from a range of educational fields, it shows the crucial features of wisdom-enhancing pedagogies we already know, which are summarized in a âTeaching for Wisdom Modelâ.Written by leading, interdisciplinary scholars, this book illuminates the study of wisdom for researchers, academics, teachers, and students of psychology, philosophy, and education.

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