Particle and high-energy physics Books

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Book SynopsisThis work examines the field of physics dedicated to strange particles, particles which seemed to have 900 times the mass of electrons and which exist both in charged and neutral varieties. Topics covered include the history of kaon physics and direct CP volation in kaon decays.

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Book SynopsisThe Only Source You Need for Understanding the Design and Applications of Photonic Crystal-Based Devices This book presents in detail the fundamental theoretical background necessary to understand the unique optical phenomena arising from the crystalline nature of photonic-crystal structures and their application across a range of disciplines. Organized to take readers from basic concepts to more advanced topics, the book covers: Preliminary concepts of electromagnetic waves and periodic media Numerical methods for analyzing photonic-crystal structures Devices and applications based on photonic bandgaps Engineering photonic-crystal dispersion properties Fabrication of two- and three-dimensional photonic crystals The authors assume an elementary knowledge of electromagnetism, vector calculus, Fourier analysis, and complex number analysis. Therefore, the book is appropriate forTable of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Historical Overview 3 1.2 Analogy Between Photonic and Semiconductor Crystals 6 1.3 Analyzing Photonic-Bandgap Structures 8 References 11 Chapter 2. Preliminary Concepts of Electromagnetic Waves and Periodic Media 17 2.1 Electromagnetic Waves 17 2.1.1 Maxwell’s Equations in Linear, Homogeneous Media 18 2.1.2 Electromagnetic Waves 21 2.1.3 Optical Waves 23 2.1.4 Guided Waves 28 2.1.5 Group Velocity in Homogeneous Media 37 2.2 Periodic Media 38 2.2.1 Real-Space Lattices, Lattice Vectors 39 2.2.2 Reciprocal Lattice and Brillouin Zone 47 2.3 Waves in Periodic Media 49 2.3.1 Wave Equation in Periodic Dielectric Structures 49 2.3.2 Group Velocity in Periodic Media 55 2.3.3 Dispersion Surfaces and Band Diagrams 57 References 60 Chapter 3. Numerical Methods 63 3.1 Overview 63 3.2 Plane-Wave Expansion Method 65 3.2.1 Preliminaries 65 3.2.2 One-Dimensional Plane-Wave Expansion Method 66 3.2.3 Two-Dimensional Plane-Wave Expansion Method 72 3.2.4 Three-Dimensional Plane-Wave Expansion Method 84 3.2.5 Practical Considerations in the Implementation of the Plane-Wave Expansion Method 87 3.2.6 Photonic-Crystal Slab by Plane-Wave Expansion Method 90 3.2.7 Revised Plane-Wave Method for Dispersive Material and its Application to Band-Structure Calculations of Photonic-Crystal Slabs 102 3.3 Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) Method 108 3.3.1 Central-Difference Expressions of Maxwell’s Equations 109 3.3.2 Two-Dimensional FDTD Method 110 3.3.3 Three-Dimensional FDTD Method 112 3.3.4 Numerical Stability and Dispersion 114 3.3.5 Simulating Transient and Steady-State System Response 116 3.3.6 Absorbing Boundary Conditions 118 3.3.7 FDTD for Photonic Crystals 122 References 125 Chapter 4. Devices and Applications Based on Photonic Bandgaps 133 4.1 Introduction 133 4.2 Point Defects 134 4.2.1 Numerical Analysis of Point Defects 134 4.2.2 Design Criteria for Photonic-Crystal Cavities 137 4.3 Line Defects 139 4.3.1 Photonic-Crystal Line Defects for Waveguiding 140 4.3.2 Line Defects in Photonic-Crystal Slabs 144 4.3.3 Extracting Dispersion Properties Using a Single-Frequency Source 147 4.4 Applications that Use Strong Confinement in PhC 150 4.4.1 Waveguide Bends 150 4.4.2 Zero-Cross-Talk Waveguide Crossing 154 4.4.3 Narrow-Band Beam Splitter 156 4.4.4 Air-Bridge Microcavity 157 4.4.5 Channel-Drop Filters in Photonic Crystals 159 4.4.6 Optical Spectrometer 160 4.4.7 Hybrid Photonic-Crystal Structures 163 4.4.8 Electrically and Thermally Tunable Photonic Crystals 168 4.4.9 Photonic-Crystal Optical Networks 169 4.4.10 Coupled Photonic-Crystal Waveguides 171 4.4.11 Other Applications of Photonic Bandgap 188 References 189 Chapter 5. Engineering Photonic-Crystal Dispersion Properties 197 5.1 Introduction 197 5.2 Dispersion in Photonic Crystals 198 5.3 Superprism Effect 201 5.4 Self-Collimation 205 5.4.1 Experimental Demonstration of Self-Collimation 208 5.4.2 Self-Guiding Heterolattice 211 5.4.3 Redirecting Light in Self-Collimating PhCs 214 5.4.4 Beam Splitting in Self-Collimating PhC 217 5.4.5 Optical Analog-to-Digital Converter 224 5.4.6 Self-Collimation in Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystals 231 5.4.7 Experimental Verification of 3D Self-Collimation 239 5.5 Left-Handed Behavior and Negative Refraction 245 5.5.1 3D Subwavelength Imaging by a Photonic-Crystal Flat Lens 247 5.6 Superprism, Negative Refraction and Self-Collimation 254 5.7 Summary 259 References 259 Chapter 6. Fabrication 263 6.1 Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystals 263 6.1.1 Fabrication of Planar Photonic Crystals 266 6.1.2 Fabrication of 2D Photonic Crystals 269 6.2 Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystals: Micromachining 274 6.2.1 Layer-by-Layer Fabrication 274 6.2.2 Woodpile Photonic Crystals 281 6.2.3 Autocloning Technique 297 6.2.4 Glancing Angle Deposition (GLAD) 307 6.2.5 Macroporous Silicon 313 6.2.6 Realizing Yablonovite for Near Infrared with Chemically Assisted Ion-Beam Etching 323 6.2.7 Sculpting Bulk Silicon with Reactive Plasma 327 6.3 Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystals: Holographic Lithography 333 6.3.1 Interference of Coherent Waves 334 6.3.2 Patterning PhCs with Interference Lithography 336 6.3.3 Engineering the Interference Pattern 336 6.3.4 Holographic Fabrication Methods for 3D PhCs 341 6.3.5 Summary 349 6.4 Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystals: Multiphoton Polymerization 350 6.4.1 Stereolithography/Laser Rapid Prototyping to Fabricate Arbitrary 3D Structures 350 6.4.2 Multiphoton Absorption 350 6.4.3 PhC Fabrication Using Multiphoton Absorption 356 6.5 Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystals: Self-Assembly 358 6.5.1 Monodisperse Colloidal Suspensions 359 6.5.2 Colloidal Crystallization 362 6.5.3 Self-Assembly Methods 364 References 369 Index 383

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Book SynopsisAlmost weightless and able to pass through the densest materials with ease, neutrinos may offer answers to questions ranging from relativity and quantum mechanics to more radical theories about dark energy and supersymmetry. Heinrich Päs serves as our fluent guide to a particle world that tests the boundaries of space, time, and human knowledge.Trade ReviewSome science books are good because they tell you a lot about science. Some are good because they present their examples and argument in very well written prose. A few do both. The Perfect Wave is one of the few… I can highly recommend The Perfect Wave as a pleasant and provocative way to gain insight into the way physicists think, and into the way the universe (probably) works. -- John Gribbin * Wall Street Journal *Päs for his part, places neutrinos within the broader context of contemporary high theory and delves deeper into the science. Physics buffs will relish his explanations, and not just of established ideas such a the seesaw mechanism. Neutrinos, Päs explains, may offer a way to probe the extra dimensions of space postulated by some ‘theories of everything.’ The puny particles’ weirdness, it seems, knows no end. * The Economist *The ghostly neutrino—a mutable, almost massless particle that can pass through dense substances—stars in this scientific history. Theoretical physicist Heinrich Päs surfs the decades of dazzling research since Wolfgang Pauli first posited the particle in 1930. Päs revisits key theorists such as Ettore Majorana, and lays out the work of groundbreaking labs from Los Alamos in New Mexico, where Fred Reines and Clyde Cowan first detected neutrinos in the early 1950s, to today’s vast IceCube neutrino observatory in Antarctica. * Nature *Written by one of the world’s leading experts in the field…Heinrich Päs’ book guides the reader through some difficult territory, covering the historical and philosophical developments that led to our understanding of the neutrino today. It is a peculiar route that navigates via such topics as the ancient Greek and magic mushrooms. Plus of course the obligatory cat that is simultaneously alive and dead… Though this book is written in simple language, don’t expect an easy read. There are some highly challenging ideas to get your head around—but it is worth making the effort. -- Paul Sutherland * BBC Sky at Night *Takes readers for a wild ride in pursuit of the neutrino—part ghost, part outlaw, part Holy Grail to theoretical physicists… From vast laboratories deep underground to the cutting edge Ice Cube Neutrino Observatory nearing completion in frigid Antarctica, Päs reveals the ‘world of madmen, dreamers, and visionaries’ who pursue the neutrino and its place in theoretical physics. * Publishers Weekly *Entertaining and evocative, Päs has written a breezy, readable account of particle physics, especially neutrino physics, in a lucid, lively narrative. -- Sandip Pakvasa, Professor of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"This book provides an essential introduction to the physics of quantum many-body systems."---T. C. Mohan, Zentralblatt MATH

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Book SynopsisA complete treatise on the subject of the neutrino includes interpretation of experimental results in terms of existing theories on this nuclear particle. It incorporates material on post-parity experiments which appeared following the Lee and Yang discoveries in 1956 concerning parity non-conservation in weak interactions. Originally published inTable of Contents*Frontmatter, pg. i*Preface, pg. v*Table of Contents, pg. vii*CHAPTER 1. General Properties of the Neutrino, pg. 1*CHAPTER 2. The Rest Mass of the Neutrino, pg. 10*CHAPTER 3. Neutrino Recoils Following the Capture of Orbital Electrons, pg. 20*CHAPTER 4. The Electron-Neutrino Angular Correlation in Beta-Decay, pg. 39*CHAPTER 5. Electron-Neutrino Angular Correlation Experiments, pg. 50*CHAPTER 6. Double Beta-Decay, pg. 115*CHAPTER 7. Detection of the Free Neutrino, pg. 136*CHAPTER 8. Meson-Neutrino Reactions, pg. 148*INDEX, pg. 165

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Book SynopsisSuitable for readers who want to learn about the Newtonian $N$-body problem, this book contains simple explanations of the apparent 'looping' orbit of Mars and the unexpected 'Sunrise, Sunset' behavior as viewed from Mercury. It also covers the weird dynamics exhibited by Saturn's F-ring.Table of ContentsIntroduction Central configurations Finding central configurations Collisions-Both real and imaginary How likely is it? Bibliography Index.

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Book SynopsisAn insider's history of the world's largest particle accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider: why it was built, how it works, and the importance of what it has revealed. Since 2008 scientists have conducted experiments in a hyperenergized, 17-mile supercollider beneath the border of France and Switzerland. The Large Hadron Collider (or what scientists call the LHC) is one of the wonders of the modern worlda highly sophisticated scientific instrument designed to re-create in miniature the conditions of the universe as they existed in the microseconds following the big bang. Among many notable LHC discoveries, one led to the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics for revealing evidence of the existence of the Higgs boson, the so-called God particle. Picking up where he left off in The Quantum Frontier, physicist Don Lincoln shares an insider's account of the LHC's operational history and gives readers everything they need to become well informed on this marvel of technology. Writing about the LHC'Trade ReviewThe book is a fast read brimming with personality. Reading about the Large Hadron Collider, with its spinning particle streams, hypercontrolled collisions, and awesome implications, is like learning about what wizards do.—Foreword ReviewsLincoln's tales of the LHC . . . offer readers fresh insight into some of the most significant research in modern physics.—Publishers WeeklyLaypersons interested in the building blocks of the universe and/or the newsworthy LHC will learn a lot from this work and enjoy the process.—Library JournalPhysics blends with some amazing stories of the Higgs boson and other details in a powerful scientific survey packed with insights that are both scientifically detailed and widely accessible to general-interest readers.—California BookwatchThis engaging story will be appreciated by readers interested in the frontiers of science . . . Highly recommended.—ChoiceWritten in accessible language and an engaging manner . . . I was pleased to see how Lincoln's sense of humor. . . lightens what might otherwise be a tedious enumeration of technical details.—MetascienceTable of ContentsPrefaceAcknowledgments1. Beginnings and Building Blocks2. Stuff We Already Know3. Accelerators and the LHC4. Incredible Detectors5. Teething Pains and Triumphs6. The Dramatic Higgs Saga7. Looking for Something New8. The Future Is Bright!Suggested ReadingIndex

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a complementary perspective to Schrödinger theory of electrons in an electromagnetic field, one that does not appear in any text on quantum mechanics. The perspective, derived from Schrödinger theory, is that of the individual electron in the sea of electrons via its temporal and stationary-state equations of motion – the ‘Quantal Newtonian’ Second and First Laws. The Laws are in terms of ‘classical’ fields experienced by each electron, the sources of the fields being quantum-mechanical expectation values of Hermitian operators taken with respect to the wave function. Each electron experiences the external field, and internal fields representative of properties of the system, and a field descriptive of its response. The energies are obtained in terms of the fields. The ‘Quantal Newtonian’ Laws lead to physical insights, and new properties of the electronic system are revealed. New mathematical understandings of Schrödinger theory emerge which show the equation to be intrinsically self-consistent. Another complimentary perspective to Schrödinger theory is its manifestation as a local effective potential theory described via Quantal Density Functional theory. This description too is in terms of ‘classical’ fields and quantal sources. The theory provides a rigorous physical explanation of the mapping from the interacting system to the local potential theory equivalent. The complementary perspective to stationary ground state Schrödinger theory founded in the theorems of Hohenberg and Kohn, their extension to the presence of a magnetic field and to the temporal domain – Modern Density Functional Theory -- is also described. The new perspectives are elucidated by application to analytically solvable interacting systems. These solutions and other relevant wave function properties are derived.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Schrödinger Theory of Electrons: A Complementary Perspective.- Generalization of the Schrödinger Theory of Electrons.- Schrödinger-Pauli Theory of Electrons: A Complementary Perspective.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a remarkable and complete survey of important questions at the interface between theoretical particle physics and cosmology.After discussing the theoretical and experimental physics revolution that led to the rise of the Standard Model in the past century, the author reviews all the major open puzzles, among them the hierarchy problem, the small value of the cosmological constant, the matter-antimatter asymmetry, and the dark matter enigma, including the state-of-the-art regarding proposed solutions. Also addressed are the rapidly expanding fields of thermal dark matter, cosmological first-order phase transitions and gravitational-wave signatures. In addition, the book presents the original and interdisciplinary PhD research work of the author relating to Weakly-Interacting-Massive-Particles around the TeV scale, which are among the most studied dark matter candidates. Motivated by the absence of experimental evidence for such particles, this thesis explores the possibility that dark matter is much heavier than what is conventionally assumed.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Standard Model of Elementary Particles.- Standard Model of Cosmology.- Thermal Dark Matter.- Homeopathic Dark Matter.- First-order Cosmological Phase Transition.

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Book SynopsisThis third edition expands on the original material. Large portions of the text have been reviewed and clarified. More emphasis is devoted to machine learning including more modern concepts and examples. This book provides the reader with the main concepts and tools needed to perform statistical analyses of experimental data, in particular in the field of high-energy physics (HEP).It starts with an introduction to probability theory and basic statistics, mainly intended as a refresher from readers’ advanced undergraduate studies, but also to help them clearly distinguish between the Frequentist and Bayesian approaches and interpretations in subsequent applications. Following, the author discusses Monte Carlo methods with emphasis on techniques like Markov Chain Monte Carlo, and the combination of measurements, introducing the best linear unbiased estimator. More advanced concepts and applications are gradually presented, including unfolding and regularization procedures, culminating in the chapter devoted to discoveries and upper limits.The reader learns through many applications in HEP where the hypothesis testing plays a major role and calculations of look-elsewhere effect are also presented. Many worked-out examples help newcomers to the field and graduate students alike understand the pitfalls involved in applying theoretical concepts to actual data.Trade Review“The book is important because, as AI and data science continue to shape the future, much interdisciplinary work is being done in many different domains. It is a very good example of interdisciplinary physics research using AI and data science. ... Graduate students are often expected to apply theoretical knowledge. This book will be an invaluable resource for them, to jumpstart their research by getting equipped with the right statistical and data analysis toolsets.” (Gulustan Dogan, Computing Reviews, August 8, 2023)Table of ContentsPreface to the third edition Preface to previous edition/s 1 Probability Theory 1.1 Why Probability Matters to a Physicist 1.2 The Concept of Probability 1.3 Repeatable and Non-Repeatable Cases 1.4 Different Approaches to Probability 1.5 Classical Probability 1.6 Generalization to the Continuum 1.7 Axiomatic Probability Definition 1.8 Probability Distributions 1.9 Conditional Probability 1.10 Independent Events 1.11 Law of Total Probability 1.12 Statistical Indicators: Average, Variance and Covariance 1.13 Statistical Indicators for a Finite Sample 1.14 Transformations of Variables 1.15 The Law of Large Numbers 1.16 Frequentist Definition of Probability References 2 Discrete Probability Distributions 2.1 The Bernoulli Distribution 2.2 The Binomial Distribution 2.3 The Multinomial Distribution 2.4 The Poisson Distribution References 3 Probability Distribution Functions 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Definition of Probability Distribution Function 3.3 Average and Variance in the Continuous Case 3.4 Mode, Median, Quantiles 3.5 Cumulative Distribution 3.6 Continuous Transformations of Variables 3.7 Uniform Distribution 3.8 Gaussian Distribution 3.9 X^2 Distribution 3.10 Log Normal Distribution 3.11 Exponential Distribution3.12 Other Distributions Useful in Physics 3.13 Central Limit Theorem 3.14 Probability Distribution Functions in More than One Dimension 3.15 Gaussian Distributions in Two or More Dimensions References 4 Bayesian Approach to Probability 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Bayes’ Theorem 4.3 Bayesian Probability Definition 4.4 Bayesian Probability and Likelihood Functions 4.5 Bayesian Inference 4.6 Bayes Factors 4.7 Subjectiveness and Prior Choice 4.8 Jeffreys’ Prior 4.9 Reference priors 4.10 Improper Priors 4.11 Transformations of Variables and Error Propagation References 5 Random Numbers and Monte Carlo Methods 5.1 Pseudorandom Numbers 5.2 Pseudorandom Generators Properties 5.3 Uniform Random Number Generators 5.4 Discrete Random Number Generators 5.5 Nonuniform Random Number Generators 5.6 Monte Carlo Sampling 5.7 Numerical Integration with Monte Carlo Methods 5.8 Markov Chain Monte Carlo References 6 Parameter Estimate 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Inference 6.3 Parameters of Interest 6.4 Nuisance Parameters 6.5 Measurements and Their Uncertainties 6.6 Frequentist vs Bayesian Inference 6.7 Estimators 6.8 Properties of Estimators 6.9 Binomial Distribution for Efficiency Estimate 6.10 Maximum Likelihood Method 6.11 Errors with the Maximum Likelihood Method 6.12 Minimum X^2 and Least-Squares Methods 6.13 Binned Data Samples 6.14 Error Propagation 6.15 Treatment of Asymmetric Errors References7 Combining Measurements7.1 Introduction7.2 Simultaneous Fits and Control Regions7.3 Weighted Average7.4 X^2 in n Dimensions7.5 The Best Linear Unbiased EstimatorReferences 8 Confidence Intervals8.1 Introduction8.2 Neyman Confidence Intervals8.3 Binomial Intervals8.4 The Flip-Flopping Problem8.5 The Unified Feldman–Cousins ApproachReferences 9 Convolution and Unfolding9.1 Introduction9.2 Convolution9.3 Unfolding by Inversion of the Response Matrix9.4 Bin-by-Bin Correction Factors9.5 Regularized Unfolding9.6 Iterative Unfolding9.7 Other Unfolding Methods9.8 Software Implementations9.9 Unfolding in More DimensionsReferences10 Hypothesis Tests10.1 Introduction10.2 Test Statistic10.3 Type I and Type II Errors10.4 Fisher’s Linear Discriminant10.5 The Neyman–Pearson Lemma10.6 Projective Likelihood Ratio Discriminant10.7 Kolmogorov–Smirnov Test10.8 Wilks’ Theorem10.9 Likelihood Ratio in the Search for a New SignalReferences 11 Machine Learning11.1 Supervised and Unsupervised Learning11.2 Terminology11.3 Machine Learning Classification from a Statistical Point of View11.4 Bias-Variance tradeo11.5 Overtraining11.6 Artificial Neural Networks 11.7 Deep Learning11.8 Convolutional Neural Networks11.9 Boosted Decision Trees11.10 Multivariate Analysis ImplementationsReferences 12 Discoveries and Upper Limits12.1 Searches for New Phenomena: Discovery and Upper Limits12.2 Claiming a Discovery12.3 Excluding a Signal Hypothesis12.4 Combined Measurements and Likelihood Ratio12.5 Definitions of Upper Limit12.6 Bayesian Approach12.7 Frequentist Upper Limits12.8 Modified Frequentist Approach: the CLs Method12.9 Presenting Upper Limits: the Brazil Plot12.10 Nuisance Parameters and Systematic Uncertainties12.11 Upper Limits Using the Profile Likelihood12.12 Variations of the Profile-Likelihood Test Statistic12.13 The Look Elsewhere EffectReferences Index

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Book SynopsisGraduate students typically enter into courses on string theory having little to no familiarity with the mathematical background so crucial to the discipline. As such, this book, based on lecture notes, edited and expanded, from the graduate course taught by the author at SISSA and BIMSA, places particular emphasis on said mathematical background. The target audience for the book includes students of both theoretical physics and mathematics. This explains the book’s "strange" style: on the one hand, it is highly didactic and explicit, with a host of examples for the physicists, but, in addition, there are also almost 100 separate technical boxes, appendices, and starred sections, in which matters discussed in the main text are put into a broader mathematical perspective, while deeper and more rigorous points of view (particularly those from the modern era) are presented. The boxes also serve to further shore up the reader’s understanding of the underlying math. In writing this book, the author’s goal was not to achieve any sort of definitive conciseness, opting instead for clarity and "completeness". To this end, several arguments are presented more than once from different viewpoints and in varying contexts. Table of ContentsChapter 1. The Polyakov path integral. Chapter 2. Introduction to 2d conformal field theories. Chapter 3. Spectrum, vertices, and BRST quantization. Chapter 4. Tree and one-loop amplitudes in the bosonic string. Chapter 5. Consistent 10d superstring, modular invariance, and all that. Chapter 6. The Heterotic string: part I. Chapter 7. Toroidal compactifications and T-duality (bosonic string). Chapter 8. The Heterotic string: part II. Chapter 9. Superstring interactions and anomalies. Chapter 10. Superstring D-branes. Chapter 11. Strings at strong coupling. Chapter 12. Calabi-Yau compactifications. Appendix.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the most common types of instabilities arising in classical field theories, namely tachyonic, Laplacian, ghost-like or strong coupling instabilities, also commenting on their quantum implications. The authors provide a detailed account on the Ostrogradski theorem and its implications for higher-order time-derivative field theories. After presenting the general concepts and formalism, they dive into its applications to particular field theories, using mainly modified gravity theories as examples. The book is intended for advanced undergraduate/graduate students, but can also be useful for researchers, for having a unified exposition of general results on instabilities in field theory and examples of their applications.Table of ContentsIntroduction to instabilities and some relevant examples.- Ostrogradski theorem and ghosts.- Examples of instabilities in gravity theories.- References.- Solutions.

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Book SynopsisTasty bits of several complex variables.- Scattering on periodic lattices.- Dispersion relation in QCD.- Schwinger Keldysh formalism.- Boundary view on analyticity.- Observables in expanding universes.- The analytic S-matrix revisited.- A timeless history of time.- Gravitational physics from scattering amplitudes.

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Book SynopsisAn energetic charged particle beam introduced to an rf cavity excites a wakefield therein. This wakefield can be decomposed into a series of higher order modes and multipoles, which for sufficiently small beam offsets are dominated by the dipole component. This work focuses on using these dipole modes to detect the beam position in third harmonic superconducting S-band cavities for light source applications. A rigorous examination of several means of analysing the beam position based on signals radiated to higher order modes ports is presented. Experimental results indicate a position resolution, based on this technique, of 20 microns over a complete module of 4 cavities. Methods are also indicated for improving the resolution and for applying this method to other cavity configurations. This work is distinguished by its clarity and potential for application to several other international facilities. The material is presented in a didactic style and is recommended both for students new to the field, and for scientists well-versed in the field of rf diagnostics.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Electromagnetic Eigenmode Simulations of the Third Harmonic Cavity.- Measurements of HOM Spectra.- Analysis Methods for Beam Position Extraction from HOM.- Dependencies of HOM on Transverse Beam Offsets.- HOM-Based Beam Position Diagnostics.- Conclusions.- Bibliography.- Mathematics.- Eigenmodes of an Ideal Third Harmonic Cavity.- Technical Details of the HOM Measurements.

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Book SynopsisDie Autoren beginnen mit einem historischen Rückblick auf die Entstehung der modernen Physik und die ersten Erfolge bei der Beschreibung der vier fundamentalen Kräfte der Natur: der Elektrodynamik, der Schwachen und Starken Kernkräfte und der Schwerkraft. Die Darstellung der großen Fortschritte der 60er und 70er Jahre mit der Entstehung des Standardmodells der Elementarteilchenphysik ist im Aufbau eher systematisch. Der Schwerpunkt liegt aber stets auf der Einführung des Lesers in die Konzepte und Begriffe dieser Wissenschaft, ohne aber den mathematischen Apparat in Anspruch zu nehmen. Wie die zahlreichen Bilder dienen die Formeln eher zur Illustration des Textes und stellen keine strengen Herleitungen dar. Im abschließenden Kapitel wird versucht, den derzeitigen Forschungsstand wiederzugeben und die aktuellen Bemühungen der Physiker um ein besseres Verständnis der Kräfte der Natur vorzustellen.Table of ContentsGrundlagen der Teilchenphysik - Starke Wechselwirkung - Schwache Wechselwirkung I - Schwache Wechselwirkung II - Eichtheorie der Schwachen Wechselwirkung - Tief unelastische Streuung - Quantenchromodynamik, die Theorie der Quarks - Elektron-Positron-Streuung - Fortschritte in der Forschung

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Book Synopsis1 Relativistische Wellengleichungen.- 1.1 Vorbemerkungen.- 1.2 Betrachtungen zur Schrödingergleichung.- 1.3 Die Klein-Gordon-Gleichung.- 1.4 Die Dirac-Gleichung.- 1.5 Nichtrelativistischer Grenzfall der Dirac-Gleichung.- 1.6 Dirac-Gleichung für ein Elektron im elektromagnetischen Feld.- 1.7 Übungsaufgaben.- 2 Relativistische Kovarianz der Dirac-Gleichung.- 2.1 Vierervektoren, Lorentz-Transformation.- 2.2 Die ?-Matrizen.- 2.3 Ebene Wellen. Dirac-Spinoren.- 2.4 Kovarianz der Dirac-Gleichung.- 2.5 Spin des Elektrons.- 2.6 Skalare und vektorielle Bilinearformen.- 2.7 Übungsaufgaben.- 3 Interpretation der Lösungen negativer Energie.- 3.1 Stückelberg-Feynman-Bild der Antiteilchen.- 3.2 Die Wellenfunktionen des Positrons.- 3.3 Übungsaufgaben.- 4 Feynman-Graphen.- 4.1 Greensche Punktion.- 4.2 Elektron-Propagator.- 4.3 Matrixelement für Elektronenstreuung.- 4.4 Photon-Propagator.- 4.5 Feynman-Regeln.- 4.6 Übungsaufgaben.- 5 Anwendung der Feynman-Graphen.- 5.1 Streuung nichtrelativistischer Elektronen an Kernen.- 5.2 Streuung relativistischer Elektronen an Kernen.- 5.3 Elektron-Fermion-Streuung.- 5.4 Myon-Paarerzeugung.- 5.5 Elektron-Elektron- und Elektron-Positron-Streuung.- 5.6 Teilchen-Antiteilchen-Symmetrie.- 5.7 Compton-Streuung und Elektron-Positron-Vernichtung in ?-Quanten.- 5.8 Übungsaufgaben.- 6 Schwache Wechselwirkungen.- 6.1 Fermi-Theorie, intermediäre Bosonen.- 6.2 Paritätsverletzung, (V-A)-Theorie.- 6.3 Pion-Zerfall.- 6.4 Neutrino-Lepton-Reaktionen.- 6.5 Schwache Wechselwirkungen von Hadronen, Cabibbo-Winkel.- 6.6 Schwache neutrale Ströme.- 6.7 Schwacher Isospin, Charm-Quark.- 6.8 Übungsaufgaben.- 7 Lepton-Quark-Wechselwirkungen, Parton-Modell.- 7.1 Einführung.- 7.2 Elektron-Kern-Streuung, Formfaktor.- 7.3 Nukleon-Formfaktoren.- 7.4 InelastischeElektron-Nukleon-Streuung.- 7.5 Skaleninvarianz und Parton-Modell.- 7.6 Quark-Parton-Modell.- 7.7 Tief inelastische Neutrino-Nukleon-Streuung.- 7.8 Elektron-Positron-Vernichtung in Hadronen.- 7.9 Lepton-Paarerzeugung in Hadron-Stö?en.- 7.10 Übungsaufgaben.- 8 Divergenz-Probleme in der schwachen Wechselwirkung.- Überschreiten der Unitaritätsgrenze bei der Punkt- Wechselwirkung.- Divergenzen im W-Boson-Modell.- Kompensation der Divergenz durch ein neutrales Feldquant.- 9 Eichinvarianz als dynamisches Prinzip.- 9.1 Eichinvarianz und Maxwellsche Gleichungen.- 9.2 Eichinvarianz in der Quantenmechanik.- 9.3 Globale und lokale Phasentransformationen.- 9.4 Das Eichprinzip.- 9.5 Eichinvarianz und Masse der Feldquanten.- 9.6 Polarisationsvektoren für Photonen.- 9.7 Bedeutung der Potentiale in der Quantentheorie.- 9.8 Übungsaufgaben.- 10 Eichinvarianz bei massiven Vektor-Feldern.- 10.1 Die Erzeugung einer Photon-Masse im Supraleiter.- 10.2 Die Higgs-Teilchen als Verallgemeinerung der Cooper-Paare.- 10.3 Der Higgs-Mechanismus im Lagrange-Formalismus.- 10.4 Übungsaufgaben.- 11 Das Standard-Modell der elektroschwachen Wechselwirkung.- 11.1 Phaseninvarianz in der SU(2)-Symmetrie.- 11.2 Schwacher Isospin, schwache Hyperiadung.- 11.3 Lokale SU(2)l× U(l)-Transformationen, Kopplungen der Fermionen.- 11.4 Feynman-Regeln der elektroschwachen Wechselwirkung.- 11.5 Die Massen der W- und Z-Bosonen.- 11.6 Die Massen der geladenen Fermionen.- 11.7 Selbstwechselwirkung der Eichbosonen.- 11.8 Eigenschaften der W- und Z-Bosonen.- 11.9 Experimentelle Verifikation des Standard-Modells.- 11.10 Übungsaufgaben.- 12 Quanten-Chromodynamik.- 12.1 Historische Entwicklung der QCD.- 12.2 SU(3)-Symmetrie und Quarkmodell.- 12.3 Farbladungen.- 12.4 Lokale SU(3)c-Invarianz, Gluon-Felder.- 12.5Stabilität der $$q\bar q$$-und qqq-Systeme.- 12.6 Asymptotische Freiheit und Confinement.- 12.7 Experimentelle Ergebnisse zur QCD.- 12.8 Ausblick.- 12.9 Übungsaufgaben.- A Lagrange-Funktion für ein Teilchen im elektromagnetischen Feld.- B Lagrange-Formalismus in der Quantenfeldtheorie.- C Polarisationsvektoren für Spin-1-Teilchen.- Literatur.Table of Contents1 Relativistische Wellengleichungen.- 1.1 Vorbemerkungen.- 1.2 Betrachtungen zur Schrödingergleichung.- 1.3 Die Klein-Gordon-Gleichung.- 1.4 Die Dirac-Gleichung.- 1.5 Nichtrelativistischer Grenzfall der Dirac-Gleichung.- 1.6 Dirac-Gleichung für ein Elektron im elektromagnetischen Feld.- 1.7 Übungsaufgaben.- 2 Relativistische Kovarianz der Dirac-Gleichung.- 2.1 Vierervektoren, Lorentz-Transformation.- 2.1.1 Vierervektoren.- 2.1.2 Lorentz-Transformation.- 2.1.3 Drehung des Koordinatensystems.- 2.2 Die ?-Matrizen.- 2.3 Ebene Wellen. Dirac-Spinoren.- 2.4 Kovarianz der Dirac-Gleichung.- 2.4.1 Problemstellung.- 2.4.2 Transformation der Lösungen relativistischer Wellengleichungen.- 2.4.3 Rotation um die z-Achse.- 2.4.4 Lorentz-Transformation längs der z-Achse.- 2.4.5 Eigenschaften der Transformations-Matrizen.- 2.4.6 Raumspiegelung und Zeitumkehr.- 2.5 Spin des Elektrons.- 2.6 Skalare und vektorielle Bilinearformen.- 2.6.1 Skalar.- 2.6.2 Viererstromdichte.- 2.6.3 Pseudoskalar und Axialvektor.- 2.7 Übungsaufgaben.- 3 Interpretation der Lösungen negativer Energie.- 3.1 Stückelberg-Feynman-Bild der Antiteilchen.- 3.2 Die Wellenfunktionen des Positrons.- 3.3 Übungsaufgaben.- 4 Feynman-Graphen.- 4.1 Greensche Punktion.- 4.2 Elektron-Propagator.- 4.2.1 Berechnung der Greenschen Funktion.- 4.2.2 Propagator und zeitliche Entwicklung.- 4.3 Matrixelement für Elektronenstreuung.- 4.3.1 Matrixelement 1. Ordnung.- 4.3.2 Matrixelement 2. Ordnung.- 4.3.3 Anwendungsbeispiel: Streuung an einem Atomkern.- 4.4 Photon-Propagator.- 4.5 Feynman-Regeln.- 4.5.1 Konventionen zu Feynman-Diagrammen.- 4.5.2 Strom-Strom-Kopplung.- 4.5.3 Elementarprozesse.- 4.6 Übungsaufgaben.- 5 Anwendung der Feynman-Graphen.- 5.1 Streuung nichtrelativistischer Elektronen an Kernen.- 5.2 Streuung relativistischer Elektronen an Kernen.- 5.2.1 Spin-Summationen.- 5.2.2 Sätze über Spuren.- 5.2.3 Wirkungsquerschnitt für Elektron-Kern-Streuung.- 5.3 Elektron-Fermion-Streuung.- 5.3.1 Differentieller Wirkungsquerschnitt für Zweikörperreaktionen.- 5.3.2 Wirkungsquerschnitt für unpolarisierte Teilchen.- 5.4 Myon-Paarerzeugung.- 5.5 Elektron-Elektron- und Elektron-Positron-Streuung.- 5.5.1 Elektron-Elektron-Streuung.- 5.5.2 Elektron-Positron-Streuung.- 5.6 Teilchen-Antiteilchen-Symmetrie.- 5.7 Compton-Streuung und Elektron-Positron-Vernichtung in ?-Quanten.- 5.7.1 Compton-Streuung.- 5.7.2 Annihilation in zwei ?-Quanten.- 5.8 Übungsaufgaben.- 6 Schwache Wechselwirkungen.- 6.1 Fermi-Theorie, intermediäre Bosonen.- 6.2 Paritätsverletzung, (V-A)-Theorie.- 6.2.1 Eigenparitäten der Leptonen und Quarks.- 6.2.2 Helizität und Chiralität.- 6.3 Pion-Zerfall.- 6.4 Neutrino-Lepton-Reaktionen.- 6.5 Schwache Wechselwirkungen von Hadronen, Cabibbo-Winkel.- 6.6 Schwache neutrale Ströme.- 6.7 Schwacher Isospin, Charm-Quark.- 6.8 Übungsaufgaben.- 7 Lepton-Quark-Wechselwirkungen, Parton-Modell.- 7.1 Einführung.- 7.2 Elektron-Kern-Streuung, Formfaktor.- 7.3 Nukleon-Formfaktoren.- 7.4 Inelastische Elektron-Nukleon-Streuung.- 7.4.1 Inelastische Streuung als Mittel der Struktur-Analyse.- 7.4.2 Kinematik und Wirkungsquerschnitt für inelastische Elektron-Nukleon-Streuung.- 7.5 Skaleninvarianz und Parton-Modell.- 7.6 Quark-Parton-Modell.- 7.7 Tief inelastische Neutrino-Nukleon-Streuung.- 7.7.1 Strukturfunktionen der Neutrino-Streuung.- 7.7.2 Antiquark-Inhalt der Nukleonen.- 7.8 Elektron-Positron-Vernichtung in Hadronen.- 7.9 Lepton-Paarerzeugung in Hadron-Stö?en.- 7.10 Übungsaufgaben.- 8 Divergenz-Probleme in der schwachen Wechselwirkung.- Überschreiten der Unitaritätsgrenze bei der Punkt- Wechselwirkung.- Divergenzen im W-Boson-Modell.- Kompensation der Divergenz durch ein neutrales Feldquant.- 9 Eichinvarianz als dynamisches Prinzip.- 9.1 Eichinvarianz und Maxwellsche Gleichungen.- 9.2 Eichinvarianz in der Quantenmechanik.- 9.3 Globale und lokale Phasentransformationen.- 9.4 Das Eichprinzip.- 9.5 Eichinvarianz und Masse der Feldquanten.- 9.6 Polarisationsvektoren für Photonen.- 9.7 Bedeutung der Potentiale in der Quantentheorie.- 9.8 Übungsaufgaben.- 10 Eichinvarianz bei massiven Vektor-Feldern.- 10.1 Die Erzeugung einer Photon-Masse im Supraleiter.- 10.2 Die Higgs-Teilchen als Verallgemeinerung der Cooper-Paare.- 10.2.1 Das Higgs-Potential.- 10.3 Der Higgs-Mechanismus im Lagrange-Formalismus.- 10.3.1 Wechselwirkung zwischen Higgs-Feld und elektromagnetischem Feld.- 10.4 Übungsaufgaben.- 11 Das Standard-Modell der elektroschwachen Wechselwirkung.- 11.1 Phaseninvarianz in der SU(2)-Symmetrie.- 11.2 Schwacher Isospin, schwache Hyperiadung.- 11.3 Lokale SU(2)l× U(l)-Transformationen, Kopplungen der Fermionen.- 11.4 Feynman-Regeln der elektroschwachen Wechselwirkung.- 11.5 Die Massen der W- und Z-Bosonen.- 11.6 Die Massen der geladenen Fermionen.- 11.7 Selbstwechselwirkung der Eichbosonen.- 11.8 Eigenschaften der W- und Z-Bosonen.- 11.8.1 Berechnung der Zerfallsraten.- 11.8.2 Erzeugung der Z0-Bosonen in der e?e+-Annihilation.- 11.9 Experimentelle Verifikation des Standard-Modells.- 11.9.1 Zahl der Neutrino-Familien.- 11.9.2 Lepton-Universalität, Mischungswinkel.- 11.9.3 Eingrenzung der Top-Quark-Masse.- 11.10 Übungsaufgaben.- 12 Quanten-Chromodynamik.- 12.1 Historische Entwicklung der QCD.- 12.2 SU(3)-Symmetrie und Quarkmodell.- 12.2.1 Antiquarks.- 12.2.2 Quark-Antiquark-Zustände: Mesonen.- 12.2.3 Drei-Quark-Zustände: Baryonen.- 12.3 Farbladungen.- 12.3.1 Die Farbe als innere Quantenzahl der Quarks.- 12.3.2 Experimentelle Evidenz für die drei Farben.- 12.3.3 Farbladungen der Gluonen.- 12.4 Lokale SU(3)c-Invarianz, Gluon-Felder.- 12.4.1 Lokale SU(3)c-Transformationen.- 12.4.2 Kopplungen zwischen Quarks und Gluonen.- 12.4.3 Singulett-Gluon und Reichweite der starken Kräfte.- 12.5 Stabilität der $$ q\bar q $$-und qqq-Systeme.- 12.6 Asymptotische Freiheit und Confinement.- 12.6.1 Einführung effektiver Ladungen.- 12.6.2 Renormierung und Q2-Abhängigkeit der Kopplung.- 12.6.3 Confinement.- 12.7 Experimentelle Ergebnisse zur QCD.- 12.7.1 Entdeckung und Eigenschaften der Gluonen.- 12.7.2 Verletzung der Skaleninvarianz.- 12.7.3 Bestimmung von ?s.- 12.8 Ausblick.- 12.9 Übungsaufgaben.- A Lagrange-Funktion für ein Teilchen im elektromagnetischen Feld.- B Lagrange-Formalismus in der Quantenfeldtheorie.- C Polarisationsvektoren für Spin-1-Teilchen.- Literatur.

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Book SynopsisThis concise and readable book addresses primarily readers with a background in classical statistical physics and introduces quantum mechanical notions as required. Conceived as a primer to bridge the gap between statistical physics and quantum information, it emphasizes concepts and thorough discussions of the fundamental notions and prepares the reader for deeper studies, not least through a selection of well chosen exercises.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "This book covers a great deal of central topics and actual problems of quantum information theory except quantum computation and cryptography. It is an introduction which emphasizes the mathematical interesting and beauty aspects of quantum and information theory as well as their synthesis on an ambitious level suitable for graduate students. It is offering mathematically rigorous and elegant proofs for central propositions and with this respect it can serve teachers and researchers doing their work." (K.-E. Hellwig, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1145, 2008)Table of ContentsPrerequisites from Quantum Mechanics.- Information and its Measures.- Entanglement.- More About Information Quantities.- Quantum Compression.- Channels and Their Capacity.- Hypothesis Testing.- Coarse-grainings.- State Estimation.- Appendix: Auxiliary Linear and Convex Analysis.

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Book SynopsisDieses Essential gibt eine kompakte Einführung in unser aktuelles Bild der Elementarteilchenphysik. Es legt dabei den Schwerpunkt auf Phänomene wie das Higgs-Teilchen, welche am Large Hadron Collider (LHC) erforscht werden. Der LHC am Forschungszentrum CERN bei Genf ist der leistungsfähigste Beschleuniger der Welt und läuft seit dem Frühjahr 2015 erneut mit Rekordenergie. Der Autor beschreibt, wie das sogenannte „Standardmodell der Teilchenphysik“ aufgebaut ist und wie die Experimente des LHC es durch genauere Messungen festigen und durch neue Entdeckungen revolutionieren können. Dabei werden die wichtigsten grundlegenden Begriffe erklärt: Was sind beispielsweise virtuelle Teilchen, und welche Rolle spielen sie in der Natur? Was ist eine Quantenfeldtheorie? Sind die Elementarteilchen wirklich elementar? Was ist Symmetriebrechung? Trade Review Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisQuarks, Neutrinos, Supersymmetrie, Higgs-Boson, LHC, Antimaterie, Dunkle Materie — wer hat diese Begriffe nicht schon einmal gehört und würde gerne mehr darüber wissen? Dieses Buch gibt Ihnen einen Überblick über die spannenden Themen der Teilchenphysik. Auf jeweils einer Doppelseite erfahren Sie Wissenswertes in eindrucksvollen Bildern sowie unterhaltsamen und präzise formulierten Texten. Dabei geht es sowohl um Experimente und Entdeckungen als auch um theoretische Konzepte und Methoden. Sie erfahren, wie ein Teilchenbeschleuniger funktioniert, welche Schönheit hinter den Theorien der Teilchenphysik liegt und wie eng die Geschichte und der Aufbau des Universums mit den Eigenschaften der elementaren Teilchen und Kräften verknüpft sind. Wir erläutern Schritt für Schritt, wie man in riesigen Datenmengen relevante Informationen findet. Begleiten Sie uns auf eine Entdeckungsreise von den Fundamenten der modernen Teilchenphysik über spannende Entwicklungen in der Grundlagenforschung bis hin zu Anwendungen, die aus unserem täglichen Leben nicht mehr wegzudenken sind.Table of ContentsVorwort.- Über dieses Buch.- 1 Die Welt der Teilchen.- 2 Allgemeine Grundlagen.- 3 Experimentelle Grundlagen.- 4 Theoretische Grundlagen.- 5 Detektoren und Beschleuniger.- 6 Grundlagen der Auswertung von Teilchenphysikmessungen.- 7 Das Standardmodell der Elementarteilchenphysik.- 8 Die Besonderheiten der starken Wechselwirkung.- 9 Der Triumph des Standardmodells und darüber hinaus.- 10 Die Grenzen des Standardmodells.- 11 Die Suche nach Physik jenseits des Standardmodells.- 12 Die Verbindung des Größten mit dem Kleinsten.- Lohnt sich das alles?.- Literaturempfehlungen.- Glossar.- Index.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook is a unique and ambitious primer of nuclear physics, which introduces recent theoretical and experimental progresses starting from basics in fundamental quantum mechanics. The highlight is to offer an overview of nuclear structure phenomena relevant to recent key findings such as unstable halo nuclei, superheavy elements, neutron stars, nucleosynthesis, the standard model, lattice quantum chromodynamics (LQCD), and chiral effective theory. An additional attraction is that general properties of nuclei are comprehensively explained from both the theoretical and experimental viewpoints. The book begins with the conceptual and mathematical basics of quantum mechanics, and goes into the main point of nuclear physics – nuclear structure, radioactive ion beam physics, and nuclear reactions. The last chapters devote interdisciplinary topics in association with astrophysics and particle physics. A number of illustrations and exercises with complete solutions are given. Each chapter is comprehensively written starting from fundamentals to gradually reach modern aspects of nuclear physics with the objective to provide an effective description of the cutting edge in the field.Table of ContentsTentative Table of Contents [ asterisk (*) for graduate level] 1. Concepts of quantum mechanics from the nuclear viewpoint 1.1 Genesis of quantum physics 1.2 Spin and Isospin 1.3 Quantum entanglement 1.4 Schrödinger equation 1.5 Quantum Tunneling in one dimension 1.6 Uncertainty relation 1.7 Symmetries and symmetry breaking 1.8 Dirac equation *) 1.9 Lagrangian and Path integral *) 1.10 Second quantization *) 2. Nuclear forces 2.1 Fundamental interactions 2.2 Nuclear force and symmetry constraints 2.3 Meson theory of nucleon-nucleon (NN) interaction 2.4 Phase shifts and nuclear potentials 2.5 Three-body forces 2.6 Chiral Effective Field Theory (ChEFT)*) 3. Nuclear Structure theory 3.0 Bird’s eye view of nuclear models 3.1 Nuclear mean field 3.2 Random phase approximation 3.2 Energy density functionals 3.2.1 Pairing interactions and BCS/Bogolyubov approximation 3.3 Beyond the mean field approaches*) 3.3.1 Generator coordinate method (GCM) 3.3.2 Anti-symmetrized molecular dynamics (AMD) 3.4 The Monte Carlo shell models*) 3.5 Ab-initio approaches*) 3.5.1 No core shell model (NCSM) 3.5.2 Variational (VMC) and Green’s function Monte Carlo (GFMC) approaches 3.5.3 Fermionic molecular dynamics (FMD) 4. Nuclear Structure phenomena and observables 4.1 Spectroscopic observables for shell structure 4.2 Collective oscillations 4.3 Short-range correlations 4.4 Superheavy elements 4.5 Hypernuclei 5. Radioactive ion beam physics 5.1 Radioactive ion beam accelerators 5.2 In-beam gamma-ray spectroscopy and inverse kinematics 5.3 Neutron-rich nuclei –halo and skin 5.4 Evolution of nuclear shells with Isospin – island of inversion- 5.5 Di-neutron correlations and nuclear superfluidity *) 5.6 Clusters in nuclei *) 6. Deformation and Rotation 6.1 Deformation of Molecules and Nuclei 6.2 Nuclear deformation and observables 6.3 Microscopic origin for nuclear deformations and prolate dominance 6.4 Measuring shapes 6.4.1 Hyperfine atomic structure from laser spectroscopy 6.4.2 Magnetic and Quadrupole Nuclear Resonance 6.4.3 Coulomb excitation 6.5 Shape and shape coexistence*) 6.6 Superdeformation and Hyperdeformation*) 6.7 Advances in gamma spectroscopy*) 7. Nuclear reactions 7.1 Overview of reaction mechanics 7.2 Elastic scattering 7.3 Direct reactions 7.1.1 Spectroscopic factors 7.1.2 Transfer rections 7.1.3 Quasifree scattering 7.1.4 Heavy-ion induced nucleon removal 7.4 Nuclear fusion 7.4.1 Solar energies , and p-p chain reaction and CNO cycle 7.4.2 Magnetic confinement and the ITER project *) 7.4.3 Inertial confinement *) 7.5 Nuclear fission 7.5.1 Macroscopic models 7.5.2 Microscopic models *) 7.5.3 Principle of a nuclear power plant *) 8. Celestial observables and terrestrial experiments 8.1 Nuclear Equation-of-States constrained by terrestrial observables 8.2 Neutron stars 8.3 Nucleosynthesis 8.4 Supernovae explosion *) 9. Nuclear physics and the standard model of elementary particle 9.1 Standard model 9.2 Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics for Nuclei *) 9.3 CKM matrix and superallowed b decay*) 9.4 Neutrino oscillations and search for a 4 th neutrino*) 9.5 Double beta decay and neutrino mass*) 9.6 Appendix for LQCD*) References Solutions of problems

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Book SynopsisThis book aims to explain radiation from a somewhat different aspect than its traditional image as something that is scary, dangerous, hazardous, and so on, to produce the correct understanding that radiation is carrying energy, and to convince readers that radiation is not "scary" but controllable and useful. As for radiation itself, many introductions or textbooks have been published, as in radiochemistry, radiobiology, and radiology. In most of them, the biological effects of radiation exposure are the main subjects, which often enhance the feeling that radiation is dangerous, and the effects produced by lower-dose exposure that are difficult to see are hardly discussed. The present volume mainly focuses on how radiation carries energy, how energy is absorbed in substances as absorbed doses (Gy) or dose equivalents (Sv), how damages or risks appear with the absorbed dose and why the effects of the exposure appear quite differently, depending on properties of the substances that were exposed.Table of ContentsTable of Contents Preface to English edition Preface Chapter 1 Radiation carries energy 1-1 Is radiation scary? 1-2 What is written in this book 1-2-1 Radiation is carries energy 1-2-2 All physical and chemical phenomena accompany energy transfer 1-2-3 “EQ (radiation) exposure” means energy deposition (absorption) or energy transfer from EQ to an object 1-2-4 Deposited or absorbed energy in unit mass or volume are quite different depending the kind of EQ. 1-2-5 Units related to radiation, exposure and radiation measurements 1-2-5-1 Energy and power carried/deposited by EQ (radiation) (J or eV and W) 1-2-5-2 Absorbed dose and dose rate 1-2-5-3 Intensity of EQ or radioactivity 1-2-6 Intensity and energy of EQ (radiation) 1-3 Energy release from a material (Black body radiation and EQ emission) 1-4 EQ sources in nature 1-5 Energy transfer in physical and chemical phenomena 1-6 Radioactive materials and artificial EQ (radiation) sources 1-7 Summary Chapter 2 Radiation (EQ: Energy Quantum) 2-1 Introduction 2-2 Radiation is consisting of EQ 2-3 Sources of EQ and their intensity 2-3-1 Sources 2-3-2 Characteristics of radioisotopes as EQ sources 2-3-3 Geometry of EQ sources (point, planner, volumetric and spatial sources) 2-3-3-1 Point and volumetric sources 2-3-3-2 Planner source 2-3-3-3 Spatial source 2-3-4 Air dose rate 2-4 Energy deposition (absorption) given by EQ exposure 2-5 Energy absorption in living beings exposed to EQ 2-5-1 External exposure 2-5-2 Internal exposure 2-5-3 Absorbed dose, dose rate and dose equivalent 2-5-4 Conversion of units related to EQ exposure (Bq, Gy, Sv and effective dose) 2-6 Shielding and decontamination 2-7 Effects of EQ exposure on a human body Chapter 3 Sources of Energetic Quanta (EQ) (Radiation Sources) 3-1 Radioisotopes 3-1-1 Stable isotopes and radioisotopes 3-1-2 Emission of EQ from radioactive isotopes (Disintegration of radioisotopes) 3-1-3 Radioactive isotopes in nature 3-1-4 EQ exposure of human body in nature 3-1-5 EQ emitted from 131-iodine and 137-cesium and their exposure effects 3-2 Radiation from the sun 3-3 Nuclear reactors 3-4 Release of FPs from the Fukushima power plant after the accident 3-5 Artificial EQ sources 3-5-1 Accelerators 3-5-2 X-ray Generator 3-5-3 Lasers Chapter 4. Irradiation effects of EQ on materials (inorganic- and organic-materials, and living beings) 4-1 Evaluation of the effects of EQ exposure 4-1-1 There is no critical dose to distinguish secure and insecure 4-1-2 Definite and stochastic (probabilistic) effects of exposure 4-1-3 Evaluation of the effects of low-dose exposure and reduction of exposure 4-2 Irradiation effects of EQ on materials 4-2-1 Effects of EQ exposure on inorganic materials 4-2-1-1 Irradiation effects of metals 4-2-1-1-1 Damages caused by nuclear collisions 4-2-1-1-2 Damage caused by electron excitation 4-2-1-2 Irradiation effects of covalent and ionic bonding materials 4-2-2 Irradiation effects of organic materials 4-2-3 Irradiation effects of living beings - from molecular levels in cells, tissues to individuals – 4-3 Resilience to EQ exposure and recovery 4-4 Absorbed does (deposited energy) and volume exposed to EQ Chapter 5 Reduction of exposure, Contamination and Decontamination 5-1 Introduction 5-2 Distribution of EQ sources and their removal 5-3 External and internal exposures 5-4 Reduction of exposure to a human body 5-5 Resilience 5-5-1 Where and how large area are damaged or influence by EQ exposure. 5-5-2 Recovery of damages and resilience 5-5 Short-term and long-term exposure Chapter 6 Detection and measurement of EQ 6-1 Introduction 6-2 Determination of type, intensity and energy of EQ 6-2-1 Measurements of intensities 6-2-2 Accuracy of intensity measurements 6-2-3 Measurements of EQ energy 6-2-4 Calorimetry 6-2-5 Intensity (radio activity) of EQ source 6-3 Absorbed dose measurement 6-4 Visualization of EQ source distribution 6-5 Absorbed dose equivalent -accuracy and assessment of effects of EQ exposure- 6-5-1 Consideration of exposed dose equivalent (Sv) to use for the assessment of the effects of EQ exposure 6-5-2 Accuracy and number of significant figures in EQ measurements Chapter 7 Utilization of EQ 7-1 Introduction 7-2 Sterilization or disinfection 7-3 Medical purposes 7-4 Utilization of EQ energy 7-5 Radiometric dating (14C dating) 7-5 Use of radioisotopes as tracers Chapter 8 Energy and the History of the Earth 8-1 Introduction 8-2 Changes in the global environment 8-3 Development and Evolution of Life Chapter 9 Energy use and radiation 9-1 Introduction 9-2 Sources of energy 9-3 There's no energy to use for free 9-3 Fossil fuels are originally solar energy 9-4 Risks associated with energy use Bibliography (a) Introductory (b) Radiation and Radioactivity (c) Radiation Biology (d) Radiation Physics, Radiochemistry (e) Radiation Measurements (f) Radiation Hormesis (g) Radiation Use Appendix: Q and A relating radiation (EQ) Radiation is explained in a simple form of Q & A, which also serves as summary. Q1: What is radioactivity? Q2: What is radiation? Q3: What is a radiation source? Q4: Is light and radiation the same ?　 Q5: What are particles that carry energy? Q6: What kind of particles and light (photons) are included in radiation (EQ)? Q7: How do EQ move? Q8: What does radiation exposure mean? Q9: What do following units related to EQ exposure mean and how they are different with each other? Count rates (cps, cpm, cph), Becquerel (Bq), Gray (Gy) and Siebert (Sv) Q10: Is the exposure of 20 mSv dangerous? Q11: Does the EQ exposure make objects (substances and/or living beings) radioactive? Q12: Does a substance exposed to EQ glow? Q13: What is internal and external exposures? What is the difference? Q14: What happens on radioactive materials ingested into a body?

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Book SynopsisThis book presents peer-reviewed articles from the National Workshop on Recent Advances in Condensed Matter and High Energy Physics-2021 (CMHEP-2021). This workshop was held in the Department of Physics, Ewing Christian College (ECC), Prayagraj, in collaboration with National Academic of Sciences (NASI), Prayagraj, India, in 2021. The book highlights recent theoretical and experimental developments in condensed matter and high energy physics which include novel phases of matter, namely crystalline and non-crystalline phases, unconventional superconducting phases, magnetic phases and Quark–Gluon plasma phases along with searches of neutrino and dark matter. This book provides a good resource for beginners as well as advanced researchers in the field of condensed matter and high energy physics.Table of ContentsGround state properties of spin−1/2 Falicov-Kimball model on a triangular lattice with uniform external magnetic field.- Tuning the morphology of lanthanum cobaltite using the surfactant-assisted hydrothermal approach for enhancing oxygen evolution catalysis.- Synthesis of Novel Complex Metallic Alloys.- A TiO2 based Gas Sensor for Liquefied Petroleum Gas.- A study of the Solar Cycle 21 to 24 and the starting phase of solar cycle 25.- Theoretical approach to modify the Born-Mayer Parameters in layered superconductor.- Effect of varying the grating length in an Optical Read-out Scheme Based on Grated Waveguide Cantilever Cavity Resonance.- Synthesis and Characterization of MoO3 Nanomaterials for Energy Storage Application.- Enhancement in optical absorbance of ZnO nanoparticles by introducing MoS2 nanosheets.- Effect of different ablation time of ns-pulsed laser on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles in liquid.- Investigation of Thermodynamical and Electro-optical properties of Nematic Liquid Crystals dispersed with Low wt% BaTiO3 Nanoparticles.- Elastic and mechanical investigation of high temperature IrxRe1-x alloys.- Comparative study of photocatalytic activity of ZnS and CuS Nanoparticles for Dye degradation under visible light irradiation.- Microstructural properties of palladium doped tin oxide thick film.- PVDF based nanocomposite polymer electrolyte for enhancement in stability of dye sensitized solar cells.- Morse Potential in Y-123 High temperature layered Superconductors.- Effect of dispersion of thiol capped AuNPs in room temperature discotic material.- Neutrinos properties and its detection.- Identified Charged Particle Production in Pb+Pb Collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV using Tsallis Distribution Function.- Multiplicity features of the grey particles emerged in 84Kr36+Em interaction at 1 GeV per nucleon.- Quantifying the performance of Multilayer insulation technique for cryogenic application.- Identification of bulk and surface event in point contact germanium detector at sub-keV energy region.- Fragmentation characteristics of the projectile fragments emitted in 84Kr36 + Em interaction at 1 A GeV.- Study of the multiplicity characteristics for target fragments produced in 84Kr36+Em interaction at relativ-istic energy.- Characteristics of the high purity germanium detectors in dark matter and neutrino sector.

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Book SynopsisThis open access book is a pedagogical text on nuclear reactor experiments, covering almost all the experiments that can be carried out at the University Training Reactor, Kindai University (UTR-KINKI) with respect to reactor physics and radiation detection, and additionally including academic materials of test and research reactors, nuclear instrumentation, nuclear laws and regulations, in this main body. The book is an excellent primer for students who are interested in reactor physics, radiation detection, nuclear laws and regulations at universities, and the best textbook for students who have started to study the nuclear energy related fields to understand the basic theories and principles of the experiments in the fields of reactor physics and radiation detection. UTR-KINKI has been used for educational reactor experiments and basic research in a wide range of fields related to the use of radiation (neutrons, gamma-ray, beta-ray, alpha-ray, and X-ray), including reactor physics, radiation detection, radiation health physics, activation analysis, radiation biology, medical applications and archaeology. Also, UTR-KINKI has been actively engaged in nuclear education with its long history of operation, and has gained extensive experience in educational activities for undergraduate and graduate students, elementary, junior high and high school teachers, junior high and high school students, and general audiences.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisQuantum field theory is arguably the most far-reaching and beautiful physical theory ever constructed, with aspects more stringently tested and verified to greater precision than any other theory in physics. Unfortunately, the subject has gained a notorious reputation for difficulty, with forbidding looking mathematics and a peculiar diagrammatic language described in an array of unforgiving, weighty textbooks aimed firmly at aspiring professionals. However, quantum field theory is too important, too beautiful, and too engaging to be restricted to the professionals. This book on quantum field theory is designed to be different. It is written by experimental physicists and aims to provide the interested amateur with a bridge from undergraduate physics to quantum field theory. The imagined reader is a gifted amateur, possessing a curious and adaptable mind, looking to be told an entertaining and intellectually stimulating story, but who will not feel patronised if a few mathematical niceties are spelled out in detail. Using numerous worked examples, diagrams, and careful physically motivated explanations, this book will smooth the path towards understanding the radically different and revolutionary view of the physical world that quantum field theory provides, and which all physicists should have the opportunity to experience.Trade ReviewA refreshing hands-on approach ... [and] a tremendous resource to have to hand or perhaps to use as a textbook for a first course on QFT to a mixed audience. * Clifford V. Johnson, Physics Today *A treasury of contemporary material presented concisely and lucidly in a format that I can recommend for independent study ... I believe that this volume offers an attractive, new "rock and roll" approach, filling a large void in the spectrum of QFT books. * Johann Rafelski, CERN Courier *The authors succeed remarkably in opening up the concepts of Quantum Field Theory to a broad, physically and mathematically trained readership. [...] The book is a valuable addition to the wide range of QFT books already available, and is suitable as self-study for the novice, as accompaniment for courses, and also as a valuable reference for those already familiar with the subject. * Physik Journal *This is a wonderful, and much needed book ... Why have the authors been so successful? It is the way the book has been structured. Each of the 50 chapters is short. Every chapter starts with a readable plan of what is to be explained and why; and finishes with a compact summary of the key ideas that have been covered. Moreover, the language is kept as simple as possible. The aim is always to be clear and difficult ideas are approached gently. The text is interspersed with a large number of detailed worked examples which are central to the story and which are arranged so as not to intimidate the reader ... They have produced an accessible book that gives us a wonderful opportunity to understand QFT and its numerous applications * Alan D. Martin, Contemporary Physics *There is a need for a book on Quantum Field Theory that is not directed at specialists but, rather, sets out the concepts underlying this subject for a broader scientific audience and conveys joy in their beauty. Lancaster and Blundell have written with this goal in mind, and they have succeeded admirably. * Michael Peskin, SLAC Naitonal Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University *This wonderful and exciting book is optimal for physics graduate students. The authors are brilliant educators who use worked examples, diagrams and mathematical hints placed in the margins to perfect their pedagogy and explain quantum field theory. * Barry R. Masters, Optics & Photonics News *Table of ContentsI: THE UNIVERSE AS A SET OF HARMONIC OSCILLATORS; II: WRITING DOWN LAGRANGIANS; III: THE NEED FOR QUANTUM FIELDS; IV: PROPAGATORS AND PERTURBATIONS; V: INTERLUDE: WISDOM FROM STATISTICAL PHYSICS; VI: PATH INTEGRALS; VII: TOPOLOGICAL IDEAS; VIII: RENORMALIZATION: TAMING THE INFINITE; IX: PUTTING A SPIN ON QFT; X: SOME APPLICATIONS FROM THE WORLD OF CONDENSED MATTER; XI: SOME APPLICATIONS FROM THE WORLD OF PARTICLE PHYSICS

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Book SynopsisEnergy is typically regarded as understandable, despite its multiple forms of storage and transfer. Entropy, however, is an enigma, in part because of the common view that it represents disorder. That view is flawed and hides entropy's connection with energy. In fact, macroscopic matter stores internal energy, and that matter's entropy is determined by how the energy is stored. Energy and entropy are intimately linked.Energy and Entropy: A Dynamic Duo illuminates connections between energy and entropy for students, teachers, and researchers. Conceptual understanding is emphasised where possible through examples, analogies, figures, and key points.Features: Qualitative demonstration that entropy is linked to spatial and temporal energy spreading, with equilibrium corresponding to the most equitable distribution of energy, which corresponds to maximum entropy Analysis of energy and entropy of Trade Review"In this book Leff (emer., California State Polytechnic Univ.) intertwines all aspects of energy and entropy through a plethora of subjects, from classical topics such as the Clausius inequality to the relatively new "nonequilibrium equality for free energy differences" as discussed by C. Jarzynski…The author is to be commended for engaging readers in considering the concept of energy and entropy using accessible mathematics. The strength of this book lies in the author's endeavor to create "Key Point" snippets throughout the book. These points are the cream of the crop, accentuating and demystifying important concepts, and empowering the reader to leave each chapter with essential takeaways. Though the book lacks problems and exercises at the end of each chapter, this does not diminish the value of a text that is sure to appear on the bookshelf of confirmed thermodynamicists, and will furnish a possible technical elective for upper-division students in engineering and physics. The volume can also serve as an excellent reference resource for graduate students in engineering and physics with research interests in materials science, biophysical systems, and magnetic nanoparticles in biotechnology, to name a few areas of applicability.Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates. Graduate students, faculty, and professionals."—R. N. Laoulache, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth in CHOICE November 2021 (Vol. 59 No. 3) "Not often does one have the chance to read a book that is the result of a lifetime of productive thought about an important subject, but such is the case with Harvey Leff’s Energy and Entropy. One is astounded by the depth and breadth of this book. And, what is more, Professor Leff has a deft way of appealing to various kinds of readers: professionals who want to see the mathematics and those who desire a more conceptual understanding. If you have room on your bookshelf for only one volume on thermodynamics, (and I don’t say this lightly) your choice should be Energy and Entropy." — Don S. Lemons, Professor of Physic Emeritus, Bethel College, North Newton, Kansas "Harvey Leff has used his lifelong interest and expertise in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics to write a delightful monograph on the relation between energy and entropy. The author explains the relation with thoughtful explanations including detailed examples, many of which are glossed over in most thermodynamics texts. Although most of the text is intended to expand on traditional material, more advanced topics such as the Jarznski equality are also discussed. The text should be of particular interest to students who are puzzled by the many subtleties of thermodynamics and by instructors who wish to offer a deeper understanding of the subject." — Harvey Goud, Clark University "In this volume Harvey Leff has made a unique contribution by illustrating many connections between entropy and energy in a wide range of contexts, both theoretical and practical. The book begins with what is essentially a review of the laws of thermodynamics, with energy featured in connection with the first law and entropy in connection with the second. Although Leff includes the historical underpinnings of thermodynamics going back to the 19th century, he also addresses more contemporary topics such as black hole entropy, Landauer’s principle, the entropy of information and computation, and recent efforts to find violations of the second law. The book contains numerous simple but effective illustrations and graphs. A pedagogical feature that many readers will find effective is the use of “key points” that give a brief synopsis of the preceding section of text. I found that the key points often provide a bridge from one section to the next. This book is highly recommended as a learning tool for professionals and graduate students who seek a more comprehensive and wide-ranging treatment of entropy in its many forms and applications." — Andrew Rex, University of Puget Sound "Energy and Entropy: A Dynamic Duo offers many insights to many different audiences. But Leff rightly identifies "teachers of physics, chemistry, and engineering" first on his list of prospective readers. Perhaps no other group of scientists has a greater need for a conscience than those of us who teach thermodynamics… Unlike many other books on the subject, Energy and Entropy does not give its reader the impression that thermodynamics is a fully resolved product of the 19th century. Leff demonstrates that significant discoveries have been made since the contributions of Boltzmann and Gibbs. He provides an accessible introduction to the Jarzynski equality. He also traces the many discoveries that were motivated by Maxwell's demon, illustrating how statistical mechanics led to later developments in information theory… Leff is careful throughout his book to emphasize that energy and entropy are equal partners. He also refrains from treating these quantities as abstract concepts. The presentation rarely strays from a plausible experiment. Even the discussion of information theory is rooted in measurable physical quantities. My overall impression of this book can be characterized by the title of an article that Leff contributed to The Physics Teacher. The title of the article is Thermodynamics Is Easy-I've Learned It Many Times. When reading a good book on the subject, I agree. Thermodynamics can seem easy, particularly when the book is written by a scientist whose previous work has helped to clarify fundamental issues. But as I continue to grapple with the subject, I know that I will continue to find more subtle points in need of explanation. And when those future moments inevitably arrive, Energy and Entropy will be among the books to which I'll turn in order to find my conscience." — Eric Johnson, Chair of the Department of Chemistry at Mount St. Joseph University, in American Journal of Physics Vol 89, No 7 (2021). "In this book Leff (emer., California State Polytechnic Univ.) intertwines all aspects of energy and entropy through a plethora of subjects, from classical topics such as the Clausius inequality to the relatively new "nonequilibrium equality for free energy differences" as discussed by C. Jarzynski…The author is to be commended for engaging readers in considering the concept of energy and entropy using accessible mathematics. The strength of this book lies in the author's endeavor to create "Key Point" snippets throughout the book. These points are the cream of the crop, accentuating and demystifying important concepts, and empowering the reader to leave each chapter with essential takeaways. Though the book lacks problems and exercises at the end of each chapter, this does not diminish the value of a text that is sure to appear on the bookshelf of confirmed thermodynamicists, and will furnish a possible technical elective for upper-division students in engineering and physics. The volume can also serve as an excellent reference resource for graduate students in engineering and physics with research interests in materials science, biophysical systems, and magnetic nanoparticles in biotechnology, to name a few areas of applicability.Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates. Graduate students, faculty, and professionals."—R. N. Laoulache, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth in CHOICE November 2021 (Vol. 59 No. 3) "Not often does one have the chance to read a book that is the result of a lifetime of productive thought about an important subject, but such is the case with Harvey Leff’s Energy and Entropy. One is astounded by the depth and breadth of this book. And, what is more, Professor Leff has a deft way of appealing to various kinds of readers: professionals who want to see the mathematics and those who desire a more conceptual understanding. If you have room on your bookshelf for only one volume on thermodynamics, (and I don’t say this lightly) your choice should be Energy and Entropy." — Don S. Lemons, Professor of Physic Emeritus, Bethel College, North Newton, Kansas "Harvey Leff has used his lifelong interest and expertise in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics to write a delightful monograph on the relation between energy and entropy. The author explains the relation with thoughtful explanations including detailed examples, many of which are glossed over in most thermodynamics texts. Although most of the text is intended to expand on traditional material, more advanced topics such as the Jarznski equality are also discussed. The text should be of particular interest to students who are puzzled by the many subtleties of thermodynamics and by instructors who wish to offer a deeper understanding of the subject." — Harvey Goud, Clark University "In this volume Harvey Leff has made a unique contribution by illustrating many connections between entropy and energy in a wide range of contexts, both theoretical and practical. The book begins with what is essentially a review of the laws of thermodynamics, with energy featured in connection with the first law and entropy in connection with the second. Although Leff includes the historical underpinnings of thermodynamics going back to the 19th century, he also addresses more contemporary topics such as black hole entropy, Landauer’s principle, the entropy of information and computation, and recent efforts to find violations of the second law. The book contains numerous simple but effective illustrations and graphs. A pedagogical feature that many readers will find effective is the use of “key points” that give a brief synopsis of the preceding section of text. I found that the key points often provide a bridge from one section to the next. This book is highly recommended as a learning tool for professionals and graduate students who seek a more comprehensive and wide-ranging treatment of entropy in its many forms and applications." — Andrew Rex, University of Puget Sound "Energy and Entropy: A Dynamic Duo offers many insights to many different audiences. But Leff rightly identifies "teachers of physics, chemistry, and engineering" first on his list of prospective readers. Perhaps no other group of scientists has a greater need for a conscience than those of us who teach thermodynamics… Unlike many other books on the subject, Energy and Entropy does not give its reader the impression that thermodynamics is a fully resolved product of the 19th century. Leff demonstrates that significant discoveries have been made since the contributions of Boltzmann and Gibbs. He provides an accessible introduction to the Jarzynski equality. He also traces the many discoveries that were motivated by Maxwell's demon, illustrating how statistical mechanics led to later developments in information theory… Leff is careful throughout his book to emphasize that energy and entropy are equal partners. He also refrains from treating these quantities as abstract concepts. The presentation rarely strays from a plausible experiment. Even the discussion of information theory is rooted in measurable physical quantities. My overall impression of this book can be characterized by the title of an article that Leff contributed to The Physics Teacher. The title of the article is Thermodynamics Is Easy-I've Learned It Many Times. When reading a good book on the subject, I agree. Thermodynamics can seem easy, particularly when the book is written by a scientist whose previous work has helped to clarify fundamental issues. But as I continue to grapple with the subject, I know that I will continue to find more subtle points in need of explanation. And when those future moments inevitably arrive, Energy and Entropy will be among the books to which I'll turn in order to find my conscience." — Eric Johnson, Chair of the Department of Chemistry at Mount St. Joseph University, in American Journal of Physics Vol 89, No 7 (2021). Table of Contents1 Energy is Universal. 2 Energy is Not Enough. 3 Entropy: Energy’s Needed Partner. 4 Gases, Solids, Polymers. 5 Radiatin and Photons. 6 Numerical Entropy. 7 Language and Philosophy of Thermodynamics. 8 Working, Heating, Cooling. 9 Sanctity of the 2nd law of Thermodynamics. 10 Reflections and Extensions. 11 Appendices: Mathematical Identities

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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