Particle and high-energy physics Books

Table of ContentsLattice gauge theories.- Continuum gauge quantum field theories.

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Book SynopsisThis well-known introductory textbook gives a uniform presentation of nuclear and particle physics from an experimental point of view. The first part, Analysis, is devoted to disentangling the substructure of matter. This part shows that experiments designed to uncover the substructures of nuclei and nucleons have a similar conceptual basis, and lead to the present picture of all matter being constructed from a small number of elementary building blocks and a small number of fundamental interactions. The second part, Synthesis, shows how the elementary particles may be combined to build hadrons and nuclei. The fundamental interactions, which are responsible for the forces in all systems, become less and less evident in increasingly complex systems. Such systems are in fact dominated by many-body phenomena. A section on neutrino oscillations and one on nuclear matter at high temperatures bridge the field of "nuclear and particle physics" and "modem astrophysics and cosmology.The seventh revised and extended edition includes new material, in particular the experimental verification of the Higgs particle at the LHC, recent results in neutrino physics, the violation of CP-symmetry in the decay of neutral B-mesons, the experimental investigations of the nucleon's spin structure and outstanding results of the HERA experiments in deep-inelastic electron- and positron-proton scattering. The concise text is based on lectures held at the University of Heidelberg and includes numerous exercises with worked answers. It has been translated into several languages and has become a standard reference for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses.Trade Review“The book ‘Particles and Nuclei’ represents a collection of fundamental topics in nuclear and particle physics and is divided in two parts. … This book presents itself as an easy going lecture for students taking a course in nuclear and particle physics but it can be … used as a handbook by specialists in the field.” (Serban Misicu, zbMATH 1331.81003, 2016)Table of ContentsHors d'oeuvre.- Analysis: The Building Blocks of Matter.- Global Properties of Nuclei.- Nuclear Stability.- Scattering.- Geometric Shapes of Nuclei.- Elastic Scattering off Nucleons.- Deep Inelastic Scattering.- Quarks, Gluons, and the Strong Interaction.- Particle Production in e+e− Collisions.- Phenomenology of the Weak Interaction.- Neutrino Oscillations and Neutrino Mass.- Exchange Bosons of the Weak Interaction and the Higgs Boson.- The Standard Model.- Synthesis: Composite Systems.- Quarkonia.- Mesons.- The Baryons.- The Nuclear Force.- The Structure of Nuclei.- Collective Nuclear Excitations.- Nuclear Thermodynamics.- Many-Body Systems in the Strong Interaction.- Appendix.- Solutions to the Problems.

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Book SynopsisThis book is about supergravity, which combines the principles of general relativity and local gauge invariance with the idea of supersymmetries between bosonic and fermionic degrees of freedom. The authors give a thorough and pedagogical introduction to the subject suitable for beginning graduate or advanced undergraduate students in theoretical high energy physics or mathematical physics. Interested researchers working in these or related areas are also addressed. The level of the presentation assumes a working knowledge of general relativity and basic notions of differential geometry as well as some familiarity with global supersymmetry in relativistic field theories. Bypassing curved superspace and other more technical approaches, the book starts from the simple idea of supersymmetry as a local gauge symmetry and derives the mathematical and physical properties of supergravity in a direct and “minimalistic” way, using a combination of explicit computations and geometrical reasoning. Key topics include spinors in curved spacetime, pure supergravity with and without a cosmological constant, matter couplings in global and local supersymmetry, phenomenological and cosmological implications, extended supergravity, gauged supergravity and supergravity in higher spacetime dimensions.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- From Global to Local SUSY.- Gravity and spinors.- D=4 N=1 SUGRA.- Matter couplings in global SUSY.- Matter couplings in SUGRA.- SUGRA phenomenology.- Extended supergravities.- Gauged supergravity.- SUGRA in any dimension.

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Book SynopsisThis lecture note provides a tutorial review of non-Abelian discrete groups and presents applications to particle physics where discrete symmetries constitute an important principle for model building. While Abelian discrete symmetries are often imposed in order to control couplings for particle physics—particularly model building beyond the standard model—non-Abelian discrete symmetries have been applied particularly to understand the three-generation flavor structure. The non-Abelian discrete symmetries are indeed considered to be the most attractive choice for a flavor sector: Model builders have tried to derive experimental values of quark and lepton masses, mixing angles and CP phases on the assumption of non-Abelian discrete flavor symmetries of quarks and leptons, yet lepton mixing has already been intensively discussed in this context as well. Possible origins of the non-Abelian discrete symmetry for flavors are another topic of interest, as they can arise from an underlying theory, e.g., the string theory or compactification via orbifolding as geometrical symmetries such as modular symmetries, thereby providing a possible bridge between the underlying theory and corresponding low-energy sector of particle physics. The book offers explicit introduction to the group theoretical aspects of many concrete groups, and readers learn how to derive conjugacy classes, characters, representations, tensor products, and automorphisms for these groups (with a finite number) when algebraic relations are given, thereby enabling readers to apply this to other groups of interest. Further, CP symmetry and modular symmetry are also presented.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Basics of Finite Groups.- SN.- AN.- 5 T ′.- DN.- QN.- QD2N.- Σ(2N ).- Δ (3N2).- TN.- Σ(3N3).- Δ(6N2).- Subgroups and Decompositions of Multiplets.- Anomalies.- Non-Abelian Discrete Symmetry in Quark/Lepton Flavor Models.- Modular Group.- CP Symmetry.- Appendices.

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Book SynopsisThis book introduces the scattering theory of nonrelativistic systems, a standard tool for interpreting collision experiments with quantum particles at energies not too high. The goal is to explore the interaction between particles and their properties. The authors cover the basics of the theory through a detailed discussion of elastic scattering using the stationary Schrödinger equation and the Lippmann-Schwinger equation. These remarks are supplemented by a consideration of the time-dependent formulation of scattering theory. Selection rules for effective cross sections due to symmetries conditioned by the structure of the interparticle forces and the scattering of spin-polarized particles are discussed. The foundations for the treatment of inelastic processes are laid and explained by application to three-body and nucleotransfer processes.In all chapters, the more technical, mathematical aspect and the more physics-oriented explanations are separated as far as possible. The explanations are well comprehensible and suitable to introduce the reader to the physics of impact processes.This book is a translation of the original German 1st edition Streutheorie in der nichtrelativistischen Quantenmechanik by Reiner M. Dreizler, Tom Kirchner & Cora S. Lüdde, published by Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature in 2018. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). The present version has been revised extensively with respect to technical and linguistic aspects by the authors. Springer Nature works continuously to further the development of tools for the production of books and on the related technologies to support the authors.Table of Contents1 Elastic scattering: stationary formulation - differential equations.- 2 Elastic scattering: stationary formulation - integral equations.- 3 Elastic scattering: time-dependent formulation.- 4 Conservation laws in scattering theory.- 5 Elastic scattering: the analytical structure of the S-matrix.- 6 Elastic scattering with spin-polarized particles.- 7 Remarks on multichannel problems.- Bibliography.

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Book SynopsisQuarks, Neutrinos, Supersymmetrie, Higgs-Boson, LHC, Antimaterie, Dunkle Materie — wer hat diese Begriffe nicht schon einmal gehört und würde gerne mehr darüber wissen? Dieses Buch gibt Ihnen einen Überblick über die spannenden Themen der Teilchenphysik. Auf jeweils einer Doppelseite erfahren Sie Wissenswertes in eindrucksvollen Bildern sowie unterhaltsamen und präzise formulierten Texten. Dabei geht es sowohl um Experimente und Entdeckungen als auch um theoretische Konzepte und Methoden. Sie erfahren, wie ein Teilchenbeschleuniger funktioniert, welche Schönheit hinter den Theorien der Teilchenphysik liegt und wie eng die Geschichte und der Aufbau des Universums mit den Eigenschaften der elementaren Teilchen und Kräften verknüpft sind. Wir erläutern Schritt für Schritt, wie man in riesigen Datenmengen relevante Informationen findet. Begleiten Sie uns auf eine Entdeckungsreise von den Fundamenten der modernen Teilchenphysik über spannende Entwicklungen in der Grundlagenforschung bis hin zu Anwendungen, die aus unserem täglichen Leben nicht mehr wegzudenken sind.Table of ContentsVorwort.- Über dieses Buch.- 1 Die Welt der Teilchen.- 2 Allgemeine Grundlagen.- 3 Experimentelle Grundlagen.- 4 Theoretische Grundlagen.- 5 Detektoren und Beschleuniger.- 6 Grundlagen der Auswertung von Teilchenphysikmessungen.- 7 Das Standardmodell der Elementarteilchenphysik.- 8 Die Besonderheiten der starken Wechselwirkung.- 9 Der Triumph des Standardmodells und darüber hinaus.- 10 Die Grenzen des Standardmodells.- 11 Die Suche nach Physik jenseits des Standardmodells.- 12 Die Verbindung des Größten mit dem Kleinsten.- Lohnt sich das alles?.- Literaturempfehlungen.- Glossar.- Index.

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Book SynopsisThis open access book offers a concise overview of how data from large scale experiments are analyzed and how technological tools are used in practice, as in the search for new elementary particles. It focuses on interconnects between physics and detector technology in experimental particle physics, and includes descriptions of mathematical approaches. Readers find all the important steps in analysis, including reconstruction of the momentum and energy of particles from detector information, particle identification, and also the general concept of simulating particle production from collisions and detector responses. As the scale of scientific experiments becomes larger and data-intensive science emerges, the techniques used in the data analysis become ever more complicated, making it difficult for beginners to grasp the overall picture. The book provides an explanation of the idea and concepts behind the methods, helping readers understand journal articles on high energy physics. This book is engaging as it does not overemphasize mathematical formalism and it gives a lively example of how such methods have been applied to the Higgs particle discovery in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments, which led to Englert and Higgs being awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2013.Graduate students and young researchers can easily obtain the required knowledge on how to start data analyses from these notes, without having to spend time in consulting many experts or digesting huge amounts of literature.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Basic Idea of Measurements in Particle Collisions.- Apparatus.- Statistics.- Detector Calibration.- Particle Identification.- Event Simulation.- Examples of Physics Analysis.

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Book SynopsisThe book provides a non-perturbative approach to the symmetry breaking in the standard model, in this way avoiding the critical issues which affect the standard presentations. The debated empirical meaning of global and local gauge symmetries is clarified. The absence of Goldstone bosons in the Higgs mechanism is non-perturbatively explained by the validity of Gauss laws obeyed by the currents which generate the relatedglobal gauge symmetry. The solution of the U(1) problem and the vacuum structure in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) are obtained without recourse to the problematic semiclassical instanton approximation, by rather exploiting the topology of the gauge group.Table of ContentsSpontaneous symmetry breaking.- Goldstone theorem. Breaking gauge symmetries.- Higgs mechanism.- U(1) problem in QCD; a solution without instantons.- Gauge group topology and $\theta$ vacuum structure.

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Book SynopsisFor many physicists quantum theory contains strong conceptual difficulties, while for others the apparent conclusions about the reality of our physical world and the ways in which we discover that reality remain philosophically unacceptable. This book focuses on recent theoretical and experimental developments in the foundations of quantum physics, including topics such as the puzzles and paradoxes which appear when general relativity and quantum mechanics are combined; the emergence of classical properties from quantum mechanics; stochastic electrodynamics; EPR experiments and Bell's Theorem; the consistent histories approach and the problem of datum uniqueness in quantum mechanics; non-local measurements and teleportation of quantum states; quantum non-demolition measurements in optics and matter wave properties observed by neutron, electron and atomic interferometry. Audience: This volume is intended for graduate students of physics and those interested in the foundations of quantum theory.Table of Contents1. The subject of our discussions; E. Santos. 2. Measurement of the Schrödinger wave of a single particle; Y. Aharonov, L. Vaidman. 3. The emergence of classical properties from quantum mechanics: New problems from old; L.E. Ballentine. 4. Deformations of space-time symmetries and fundamental scales; A. Ballesteros, et al. 5. Aspects of quantum reality; S. Bergia. 6. Kochen-Specker diagram of the Peres--Mermin example; A. Cabello. 7. Zeropoint waves and quantum particles; A.M. Cetto, L. de la Peña. 8. Results of atom interferometry experiments with potassium; J.F. Clauser. 9. On the uncertainty relations; J.R. Croca. 10. Continuously diagonalized density operator of open systems; L. Diósi. 11. The hazy spacetime of the Károlyházy model of quantum mechanics; A. Frenkel. 12. Can the experiments based on parametric-down conversion disprove Einstein locality? A. Garuccio. 13. Quantum-mechanical histories and the uncertainty principle; J.J. Halliwell. 14. Experiments with coherent electron wave packets; F. Hasselbach. 15. The ontological interpretation of quantum field theory applied in a cosmological context; B.J. Hiley, A.H. Aziz Muft. 16. State vector reduction via spacetime imprecision; F. Károlyházy. 17. Analyses of classical and thermodynamic limits of quantum mechanics and quantum measurements on the basis of nonstandard analysis; T. Kobayashi. 18. A realistic interpretation of lattice gauge theories; M. Lorente. 19. Is there abridge connecting stochastic and quantum electrodynamics? T.W. Marshall. 20. Action-angle variables inherent in quantum dynamics; J. Martínez-Linares. 21. A philosopher struggles to understand quantum theory: Particle creations and wavepacket reduction; N. Maxwell. 22. Consistent histories and the interpretation of quantum mechanics; R. Omnès. 23. Is quantum mechanics a limit cycle theory? L. de la Peña, A.M. Cetto. 24. Realization and characterization of quantum nondemolition measurements in optics; J.Ph. Poizat, et al. 25. Fuzzy sets and infinite-valued Łukasiewicz logic in foundations of quantum mechanics; J. Pykacz. 26. A model of topological quantization of the electromagnetic field; A.F. Rañada. 27. Postselection and squeezing in neutron interferometry and EPR-experiments; H. Rauch. 28. Macroscopic decoherence and classical stochastic gravity; J.L. Sanchez-Gomez. 29. Dynamics and measurement of the absolute phase in macroscopic quantum systems; F. Sols, R.A. Hegstrom. 30. Realistic quantum theory and relativity; E.J. Squires. 31. On the empirical law of epistemology: Physics as an artifact of mathematics; N.A. Tambakis. 32. Search of a first principle for quantum physics; A.C. de la Torre. 33. Decoherence in an isolated macroscopic quantum system: A parameter-free model involving gravity; J. Unturbe. 34. Nonlocal measurements and teleportation of quantum states; L. Vaidman. 35. Quantum noise in optical photon detectors; A. Vidiella-Barranco, E. Santos.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents an analysis of limits in perception from the vantage point of the physicist, the engineer, the psychophysicist, the psychologist and the theorist. Limits in perception find their causal explanation at many logically and/or physically different levels. Some of the most fundamental bottlenecks are due to the quantum mechanical and atomistic structure of the microworld. Other simple constraints are due to the material constitution of sensory organs. For instance, the fact that the eye is predominantly composed of water limits both the optical quality and the available spectral window. The engineer uses knowledge on such limits to design equipment that optimizes human performance in daily life. Examples include room acoustics and visual displays. Psychophysicists and psychologists deal with limits on a quite different logical level. These limits constrain much of our perceptually guided behaviour. The book includes chapters on such topics as movement perception, binocular vision, illusory phenomena, language and perception, the perception of time. A few concluding chapters on fundamental limits imposed by information theoretical constraints on the coding and representation of sensed structure are included. Limits in Perception will be important reading material for scientists and/or engineers in the following fields: perception, experimental psychology, sensory biology, physics, neuroscience, human engineering, artificial intelligence, robotics, ophthalmology, audiology, psychonomics and ergonomics, remote sensing.Table of ContentsList of contributors, Prefacen, List of publications by M.A. Bouman, List of doctoral dissertations supervised by M.A. Bouman, PART 1: A PHYSICIST'S APPROACH TO THE LIMITS IN PERCEPTION, PART 2: AN ENGINEER'S APPROACH TO THE LIMITS IN PERCEPTION, PART 3: PSYCHOPHYSICAL APPROACHES TO THE LIMITS IN PERCEPTION, PART 4: PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE LIMITS IN PERCEPTION, PART 5: THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO THE LIMITS IN PERCEPTION, Subject index

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Book SynopsisThe book provides theoretical and phenomenological insights on the structure of matter, presenting concepts and features of elementary particle physics and fundamental aspects of nuclear physics. Starting with the basics (nomenclature, classification, acceleration techniques, detection of elementary particles), the properties of fundamental interactions (electromagnetic, weak and strong) are introduced with a mathematical formalism suited to undergraduate students. Some experimental results (the discovery of neutral currents and of the W± and Z0 bosons; the quark structure observed using deep inelastic scattering experiments) show the necessity of an evolution of the formalism. This motivates a more detailed description of the weak and strong interactions, of the Standard Model of the microcosm with its experimental tests, and of the Higgs mechanism. The open problems in the Standard Model of the microcosm and macrocosm are presented at the end of the book. Table of ContentsPreface.- 1. Historical Notes and Fundamental Concepts.- 2. Particle Interactions with Matter and Detectors.- 3. Particle Accelerators and Particle Detection.- 4. The Paradigm of Interactions: the Electromagnetic Case.- 5. First Discussion of the Other Fundamental Interactions.- 6 Invariance and Conservation Principles.- 7. Hadron Interactions at Low Energies and the Static Quark Model.- 8. Weak Interactions and Neutrinos.- 9. Discoveries in Electron-Positron Collisions.- 10. High Energy Interactions at the Dynamic Quark Model.- 11. The Standard Model of the Microcosm.- 12. CP-Violation and Particle Oscillations.- 13. Microcosm and Macrocosm.- 14. Fundamental aspects of Nucleon Interactions.- Appendix 1. Periodic Table.- Appendix 2. The natural units in subnuclear physics.- Appendix 3. Basic concepts of relativity and classical EM.- Appendix 4. Dirac’s equation and formalism.- Appendix 5. Physical and astrophysical constants.- References.- Index.

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Book SynopsisThis special volume is dedicated to Geoffrey Chew who passed away on April 12, 2019, at age 94. He is best known as the architect and passionate champion of the bootstrap concept, sometimes called nuclear democracy. His work influenced generations of particle physicists. His passion for physics was an inspiration for his many students and associates. From the Chew-Low theory for meson-nucleon scattering to Analytic S-Matrix, Regge Poles, and Bootstrap principle, his originality left its mark in ways that continue to the present. With contributions from Chew's former collaborators, students, and friends, the book will cover various facets of his life and impact on physics.Contributors include Steven Weinberg, Steven Frautschi, Gabriele Veneziano, Peter Landshoff, Carl Rosenzweig, Basarab Nicolescu, William Frazer, David Gross, John Schwartz, Ling-Lie Chau, Chung-I Tan, Richard Brower, Carleton DeTar, R Shankar, David Kaiser, Fritjof Capra, and others.

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Book SynopsisThe Standard Model (SM) of particle physics has withstood thus far every attempt by experimentalists to show that it does not describe data. We discuss the SM in some detail, focusing on the mechanism of fermion mixing, which represents one of its most intriguing aspects. We discuss how this mechanism can be tested in b-quark decays, and how b decays can be used to extract information on physics beyond the SM. We review experimental techniques in b physics, focusing on recent results and highlighting future prospects. Particular attention is devoted to recent results from b decays into a hadron, a lepton and an anti-lepton, that show discrepancies with the SM predictions — the so-called B-physics anomalies — whose statistical significance has been increasing steadily. We discuss these experiments in a detailed manner, and also provide theoretical interpretation of these results in terms of physics beyond the SM.

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Book SynopsisSteven Weinberg (1933-2021) was a theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate who contributed tremendously to particle physics. Until his death, Weinberg was regarded by many as the greatest living scientist. His most well-known work was the formulation of electroweak theory for which he earned the 1979 Nobel Prize with Sheldon Glashow and Abdus Salam, but his research spanned many other fields. Examples include effective Lagrangians, quantum chromodynamics, supersymmetry, quantum gravity, and cosmology.Weinberg's publications were renowned not only for their profundity and originality but also for their devastating logic and clarity. This volume brings together 37 of his most significant papers, together with commentaries, providing today's physicists with easy access to these seminal papers. More than just a collection, this selection by editor Michael Duff places each article into a comprehensive overview, providing the reader with the scientific and historical context of Weinberg's finest papers.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook is a unique and ambitious primer of nuclear physics, which introduces recent theoretical and experimental progresses starting from basics in fundamental quantum mechanics. The highlight is to offer an overview of nuclear structure phenomena relevant to recent key findings such as unstable halo nuclei, superheavy elements, neutron stars, nucleosynthesis, the standard model, lattice quantum chromodynamics (LQCD), and chiral effective theory. An additional attraction is that general properties of nuclei are comprehensively explained from both the theoretical and experimental viewpoints. The book begins with the conceptual and mathematical basics of quantum mechanics, and goes into the main point of nuclear physics – nuclear structure, radioactive ion beam physics, and nuclear reactions. The last chapters devote interdisciplinary topics in association with astrophysics and particle physics. A number of illustrations and exercises with complete solutions are given. Each chapter is comprehensively written starting from fundamentals to gradually reach modern aspects of nuclear physics with the objective to provide an effective description of the cutting edge in the field.Table of ContentsTentative Table of Contents [ asterisk (*) for graduate level] 1. Concepts of quantum mechanics from the nuclear viewpoint 1.1 Genesis of quantum physics 1.2 Spin and Isospin 1.3 Quantum entanglement 1.4 Schrödinger equation 1.5 Quantum Tunneling in one dimension 1.6 Uncertainty relation 1.7 Symmetries and symmetry breaking 1.8 Dirac equation *) 1.9 Lagrangian and Path integral *) 1.10 Second quantization *) 2. Nuclear forces 2.1 Fundamental interactions 2.2 Nuclear force and symmetry constraints 2.3 Meson theory of nucleon-nucleon (NN) interaction 2.4 Phase shifts and nuclear potentials 2.5 Three-body forces 2.6 Chiral Effective Field Theory (ChEFT)*) 3. Nuclear Structure theory 3.0 Bird’s eye view of nuclear models 3.1 Nuclear mean field 3.2 Random phase approximation 3.2 Energy density functionals 3.2.1 Pairing interactions and BCS/Bogolyubov approximation 3.3 Beyond the mean field approaches*) 3.3.1 Generator coordinate method (GCM) 3.3.2 Anti-symmetrized molecular dynamics (AMD) 3.4 The Monte Carlo shell models*) 3.5 Ab-initio approaches*) 3.5.1 No core shell model (NCSM) 3.5.2 Variational (VMC) and Green’s function Monte Carlo (GFMC) approaches 3.5.3 Fermionic molecular dynamics (FMD) 4. Nuclear Structure phenomena and observables 4.1 Spectroscopic observables for shell structure 4.2 Collective oscillations 4.3 Short-range correlations 4.4 Superheavy elements 4.5 Hypernuclei 5. Radioactive ion beam physics 5.1 Radioactive ion beam accelerators 5.2 In-beam gamma-ray spectroscopy and inverse kinematics 5.3 Neutron-rich nuclei –halo and skin 5.4 Evolution of nuclear shells with Isospin – island of inversion- 5.5 Di-neutron correlations and nuclear superfluidity *) 5.6 Clusters in nuclei *) 6. Deformation and Rotation 6.1 Deformation of Molecules and Nuclei 6.2 Nuclear deformation and observables 6.3 Microscopic origin for nuclear deformations and prolate dominance 6.4 Measuring shapes 6.4.1 Hyperfine atomic structure from laser spectroscopy 6.4.2 Magnetic and Quadrupole Nuclear Resonance 6.4.3 Coulomb excitation 6.5 Shape and shape coexistence*) 6.6 Superdeformation and Hyperdeformation*) 6.7 Advances in gamma spectroscopy*) 7. Nuclear reactions 7.1 Overview of reaction mechanics 7.2 Elastic scattering 7.3 Direct reactions 7.1.1 Spectroscopic factors 7.1.2 Transfer rections 7.1.3 Quasifree scattering 7.1.4 Heavy-ion induced nucleon removal 7.4 Nuclear fusion 7.4.1 Solar energies , and p-p chain reaction and CNO cycle 7.4.2 Magnetic confinement and the ITER project *) 7.4.3 Inertial confinement *) 7.5 Nuclear fission 7.5.1 Macroscopic models 7.5.2 Microscopic models *) 7.5.3 Principle of a nuclear power plant *) 8. Celestial observables and terrestrial experiments 8.1 Nuclear Equation-of-States constrained by terrestrial observables 8.2 Neutron stars 8.3 Nucleosynthesis 8.4 Supernovae explosion *) 9. Nuclear physics and the standard model of elementary particle 9.1 Standard model 9.2 Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics for Nuclei *) 9.3 CKM matrix and superallowed b decay*) 9.4 Neutrino oscillations and search for a 4 th neutrino*) 9.5 Double beta decay and neutrino mass*) 9.6 Appendix for LQCD*) References Solutions of problems

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Book SynopsisThis book aims to explain radiation from a somewhat different aspect than its traditional image as something that is scary, dangerous, hazardous, and so on, to produce the correct understanding that radiation is carrying energy, and to convince readers that radiation is not "scary" but controllable and useful. As for radiation itself, many introductions or textbooks have been published, as in radiochemistry, radiobiology, and radiology. In most of them, the biological effects of radiation exposure are the main subjects, which often enhance the feeling that radiation is dangerous, and the effects produced by lower-dose exposure that are difficult to see are hardly discussed. The present volume mainly focuses on how radiation carries energy, how energy is absorbed in substances as absorbed doses (Gy) or dose equivalents (Sv), how damages or risks appear with the absorbed dose and why the effects of the exposure appear quite differently, depending on properties of the substances that were exposed.Table of ContentsTable of Contents Preface to English edition Preface Chapter 1 Radiation carries energy 1-1 Is radiation scary? 1-2 What is written in this book 1-2-1 Radiation is carries energy 1-2-2 All physical and chemical phenomena accompany energy transfer 1-2-3 “EQ (radiation) exposure” means energy deposition (absorption) or energy transfer from EQ to an object 1-2-4 Deposited or absorbed energy in unit mass or volume are quite different depending the kind of EQ. 1-2-5 Units related to radiation, exposure and radiation measurements 1-2-5-1 Energy and power carried/deposited by EQ (radiation) (J or eV and W) 1-2-5-2 Absorbed dose and dose rate 1-2-5-3 Intensity of EQ or radioactivity 1-2-6 Intensity and energy of EQ (radiation) 1-3 Energy release from a material (Black body radiation and EQ emission) 1-4 EQ sources in nature 1-5 Energy transfer in physical and chemical phenomena 1-6 Radioactive materials and artificial EQ (radiation) sources 1-7 Summary Chapter 2 Radiation (EQ: Energy Quantum) 2-1 Introduction 2-2 Radiation is consisting of EQ 2-3 Sources of EQ and their intensity 2-3-1 Sources 2-3-2 Characteristics of radioisotopes as EQ sources 2-3-3 Geometry of EQ sources (point, planner, volumetric and spatial sources) 2-3-3-1 Point and volumetric sources 2-3-3-2 Planner source 2-3-3-3 Spatial source 2-3-4 Air dose rate 2-4 Energy deposition (absorption) given by EQ exposure 2-5 Energy absorption in living beings exposed to EQ 2-5-1 External exposure 2-5-2 Internal exposure 2-5-3 Absorbed dose, dose rate and dose equivalent 2-5-4 Conversion of units related to EQ exposure (Bq, Gy, Sv and effective dose) 2-6 Shielding and decontamination 2-7 Effects of EQ exposure on a human body Chapter 3 Sources of Energetic Quanta (EQ) (Radiation Sources) 3-1 Radioisotopes 3-1-1 Stable isotopes and radioisotopes 3-1-2 Emission of EQ from radioactive isotopes (Disintegration of radioisotopes) 3-1-3 Radioactive isotopes in nature 3-1-4 EQ exposure of human body in nature 3-1-5 EQ emitted from 131-iodine and 137-cesium and their exposure effects 3-2 Radiation from the sun 3-3 Nuclear reactors 3-4 Release of FPs from the Fukushima power plant after the accident 3-5 Artificial EQ sources 3-5-1 Accelerators 3-5-2 X-ray Generator 3-5-3 Lasers Chapter 4. Irradiation effects of EQ on materials (inorganic- and organic-materials, and living beings) 4-1 Evaluation of the effects of EQ exposure 4-1-1 There is no critical dose to distinguish secure and insecure 4-1-2 Definite and stochastic (probabilistic) effects of exposure 4-1-3 Evaluation of the effects of low-dose exposure and reduction of exposure 4-2 Irradiation effects of EQ on materials 4-2-1 Effects of EQ exposure on inorganic materials 4-2-1-1 Irradiation effects of metals 4-2-1-1-1 Damages caused by nuclear collisions 4-2-1-1-2 Damage caused by electron excitation 4-2-1-2 Irradiation effects of covalent and ionic bonding materials 4-2-2 Irradiation effects of organic materials 4-2-3 Irradiation effects of living beings - from molecular levels in cells, tissues to individuals – 4-3 Resilience to EQ exposure and recovery 4-4 Absorbed does (deposited energy) and volume exposed to EQ Chapter 5 Reduction of exposure, Contamination and Decontamination 5-1 Introduction 5-2 Distribution of EQ sources and their removal 5-3 External and internal exposures 5-4 Reduction of exposure to a human body 5-5 Resilience 5-5-1 Where and how large area are damaged or influence by EQ exposure. 5-5-2 Recovery of damages and resilience 5-5 Short-term and long-term exposure Chapter 6 Detection and measurement of EQ 6-1 Introduction 6-2 Determination of type, intensity and energy of EQ 6-2-1 Measurements of intensities 6-2-2 Accuracy of intensity measurements 6-2-3 Measurements of EQ energy 6-2-4 Calorimetry 6-2-5 Intensity (radio activity) of EQ source 6-3 Absorbed dose measurement 6-4 Visualization of EQ source distribution 6-5 Absorbed dose equivalent -accuracy and assessment of effects of EQ exposure- 6-5-1 Consideration of exposed dose equivalent (Sv) to use for the assessment of the effects of EQ exposure 6-5-2 Accuracy and number of significant figures in EQ measurements Chapter 7 Utilization of EQ 7-1 Introduction 7-2 Sterilization or disinfection 7-3 Medical purposes 7-4 Utilization of EQ energy 7-5 Radiometric dating (14C dating) 7-5 Use of radioisotopes as tracers Chapter 8 Energy and the History of the Earth 8-1 Introduction 8-2 Changes in the global environment 8-3 Development and Evolution of Life Chapter 9 Energy use and radiation 9-1 Introduction 9-2 Sources of energy 9-3 There's no energy to use for free 9-3 Fossil fuels are originally solar energy 9-4 Risks associated with energy use Bibliography (a) Introductory (b) Radiation and Radioactivity (c) Radiation Biology (d) Radiation Physics, Radiochemistry (e) Radiation Measurements (f) Radiation Hormesis (g) Radiation Use Appendix: Q and A relating radiation (EQ) Radiation is explained in a simple form of Q & A, which also serves as summary. Q1: What is radioactivity? Q2: What is radiation? Q3: What is a radiation source? Q4: Is light and radiation the same ?　 Q5: What are particles that carry energy? Q6: What kind of particles and light (photons) are included in radiation (EQ)? Q7: How do EQ move? Q8: What does radiation exposure mean? Q9: What do following units related to EQ exposure mean and how they are different with each other? Count rates (cps, cpm, cph), Becquerel (Bq), Gray (Gy) and Siebert (Sv) Q10: Is the exposure of 20 mSv dangerous? Q11: Does the EQ exposure make objects (substances and/or living beings) radioactive? Q12: Does a substance exposed to EQ glow? Q13: What is internal and external exposures? What is the difference? Q14: What happens on radioactive materials ingested into a body?

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Book SynopsisThis book presents peer-reviewed articles from the National Workshop on Recent Advances in Condensed Matter and High Energy Physics-2021 (CMHEP-2021). This workshop was held in the Department of Physics, Ewing Christian College (ECC), Prayagraj, in collaboration with National Academic of Sciences (NASI), Prayagraj, India, in 2021. The book highlights recent theoretical and experimental developments in condensed matter and high energy physics which include novel phases of matter, namely crystalline and non-crystalline phases, unconventional superconducting phases, magnetic phases and Quark–Gluon plasma phases along with searches of neutrino and dark matter. This book provides a good resource for beginners as well as advanced researchers in the field of condensed matter and high energy physics.Table of ContentsGround state properties of spin−1/2 Falicov-Kimball model on a triangular lattice with uniform external magnetic field.- Tuning the morphology of lanthanum cobaltite using the surfactant-assisted hydrothermal approach for enhancing oxygen evolution catalysis.- Synthesis of Novel Complex Metallic Alloys.- A TiO2 based Gas Sensor for Liquefied Petroleum Gas.- A study of the Solar Cycle 21 to 24 and the starting phase of solar cycle 25.- Theoretical approach to modify the Born-Mayer Parameters in layered superconductor.- Effect of varying the grating length in an Optical Read-out Scheme Based on Grated Waveguide Cantilever Cavity Resonance.- Synthesis and Characterization of MoO3 Nanomaterials for Energy Storage Application.- Enhancement in optical absorbance of ZnO nanoparticles by introducing MoS2 nanosheets.- Effect of different ablation time of ns-pulsed laser on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles in liquid.- Investigation of Thermodynamical and Electro-optical properties of Nematic Liquid Crystals dispersed with Low wt% BaTiO3 Nanoparticles.- Elastic and mechanical investigation of high temperature IrxRe1-x alloys.- Comparative study of photocatalytic activity of ZnS and CuS Nanoparticles for Dye degradation under visible light irradiation.- Microstructural properties of palladium doped tin oxide thick film.- PVDF based nanocomposite polymer electrolyte for enhancement in stability of dye sensitized solar cells.- Morse Potential in Y-123 High temperature layered Superconductors.- Effect of dispersion of thiol capped AuNPs in room temperature discotic material.- Neutrinos properties and its detection.- Identified Charged Particle Production in Pb+Pb Collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV using Tsallis Distribution Function.- Multiplicity features of the grey particles emerged in 84Kr36+Em interaction at 1 GeV per nucleon.- Quantifying the performance of Multilayer insulation technique for cryogenic application.- Identification of bulk and surface event in point contact germanium detector at sub-keV energy region.- Fragmentation characteristics of the projectile fragments emitted in 84Kr36 + Em interaction at 1 A GeV.- Study of the multiplicity characteristics for target fragments produced in 84Kr36+Em interaction at relativ-istic energy.- Characteristics of the high purity germanium detectors in dark matter and neutrino sector.

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Book SynopsisThis open access book is a pedagogical text on nuclear reactor experiments, covering almost all the experiments that can be carried out at the University Training Reactor, Kindai University (UTR-KINKI) with respect to reactor physics and radiation detection, and additionally including academic materials of test and research reactors, nuclear instrumentation, nuclear laws and regulations, in this main body. The book is an excellent primer for students who are interested in reactor physics, radiation detection, nuclear laws and regulations at universities, and the best textbook for students who have started to study the nuclear energy related fields to understand the basic theories and principles of the experiments in the fields of reactor physics and radiation detection. UTR-KINKI has been used for educational reactor experiments and basic research in a wide range of fields related to the use of radiation (neutrons, gamma-ray, beta-ray, alpha-ray, and X-ray), including reactor physics, radiation detection, radiation health physics, activation analysis, radiation biology, medical applications and archaeology. Also, UTR-KINKI has been actively engaged in nuclear education with its long history of operation, and has gained extensive experience in educational activities for undergraduate and graduate students, elementary, junior high and high school teachers, junior high and high school students, and general audiences.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the invariant nature of the relativistic quantum field theories utilizing the idea of interpolating the instant form dynamics and the light-front dynamics. While the light-front dynamics (LFD) based on the light-front time was proposed by Dirac in 1949, there has not yet been a salient review on the connection between the LFD and the instant form dynamics (IFD) based on the ordinary time. By reviewing the connection between LFD and IFD using the idea of interpolating the two different forms of the relativistic dynamics, one can learn the distinguished features of each form and how one may utilize those distinguished features in solving the complicated relativistic quantum field theoretic problems more effectively. With the ongoing 12-GeV Jefferson Lab experiments, the internal structures of the nucleon and nuclei are vigorously investigated in particular using the physical observables defined in the LFD rather than in the IFD. This book offers a clear demonstration on why and how the LFD is more advantageous than the IFD for the study of hadron physics, illustrating the differences and similarities between these two distinguished forms of the dynamics. It aims at presenting the basic first-hand knowledge of the relativistic quantum field theories, describing why and how the different forms of dynamics (e.g., IFD and LFD) can emerge in them, connecting the IFD and the LFD using the idea of the interpolation, and demonstrating explicit examples of the interpolation in quantum electrodynamics and other field theories. While the level of presentation is planned mainly for the advanced undergraduate students and the beginning graduate students, the topics of the interpolation between the IFD and the LFD are innovative enough for even the experts in the field to appreciate its usefulness.Table of Contents I. Tutorial of Relativity: (a) Breaking of simultaneity under the Lorentz transformation (b) Introduction of the light-front dynamics II. Interpolation between instant form dynamics and light-front dynamics (a) Dirac’s proposition (b) Interpolating Scattering Amplitudes III. Interpolation of Quantum Electrodynamics (a) Spinors and light-front helicities (b) Gauge Fields and applications in Maxwell Equations (c) Scatterings in interpolating quantum electrodynamics IV. Applications to Quantum Chromodynamics and beyond (a) Interpolating ‘tHooft Model and mass gaps (b) Proton self-energy in chiral effective theory V. Outlook (a) Time-dependent quantum field theories (b) Salient features of interpolation for the relativistic quantum invariance

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Book SynopsisThis book is dedicated to Lev Okun, who passed away in November 2015. He was a true pioneer in probing fundamental dynamics.The book has two objectives. First is to showcase Okun's impact for decades since 1963, when he published his remarkable book Weak Interaction of Elementary Particles. Second is to present the current progress of our scientific community in the studies of our Universe. New directions and possible future developments are discussed, often using the past as a guide. The authors mostly focus on CP asymmetries in the transitions of hadrons and leptons, but they also discuss their rare decays, and talk about axions and supersymmetry, and possible connections with dark matter, extra dimensions, baryogenesis and multiverse.This book is suitable for readers who know quantum mechanics and quantum field theories in general.

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Book SynopsisThe Schottky electron emitter is a predominant electron-emitting source in today’s electron beam equipment. This book comprehensively covers the Schottky emitter, dealing with its theoretical as well as practical aspects. The main questions that are addressed in this book are: what is the Schottky electron emitter? How does it work? And how do its properties affect the performance of electron beam equipment?The focus is on the direct link between the operating conditions of the source and the properties of the beam at the target level. This coupling is made clear by discussing the effect of the operating conditions and the geometry of the source and gun on the emission properties of the emitting surface, the effect of Coulomb interactions on the brightness and energy spread in the first few millimeters of the beam path, and the effect of the operating conditions and the shape of the emitter on the consequences of the beam at the target. The final chapter combines all these effects to demonstrate that there is a trade-off to be made between brightness, energy spread, and shape stability.Trade Review"Really understanding the physics of Schottky electron sources is a must for every sophisticated user of an electron microscope. But also, it is an intellectual pleasure in itself to learn about this ever-changing nanocrystal from which the electrons in the microscope emerge. The author has managed to combine these aspects, usefulness, and theoretical depth, in the elegant and clear style that characterizes her work."Prof. Pieter Kruit, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands"This book describes practical aspects of using Schottky electron sources in electron optical systems on the basis of well-founded physics theory. It makes clear how the electron source performance changes with the operating parameters and why. The book is especially valuable to those who want to make the best use of this high-potential electron source."Dr. Shin Fujita, Shimadzu Corporation, JapanTable of ContentsIntroduction. Electron Emission from a Surface. Emission from a Schottky Emitter. Emission from the End Facet. The Final Beam for Applications. Geometrical Stability. Optimum Operation. Appendix A. Procedures for Monitoring in a Few Commercial Systems. Appendix B. Procedure to Characterize System Performance. References. Summary. Samenvatting. Acknowledgements. Curriculum Vitae.

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Book SynopsisProfessor Freeman Dyson, a great physicist, thinker and futurist, has been very active in scientific, literary and public policy activities throughout his career. As a tribute to him on the occasion of his 90th birthday and to celebrate his lifelong contributions in physics, mathematics, astronomy, nuclear engineering and global warming, a conference covering a wide range of topics was held in Singapore from 26 to 29 August 2013. Distinguished scientists from around the world, including Nobel Laureate Professor David Gross, joined Professor Dyson in the celebration with a festival of lectures.This memorable volume collects an interesting lecture by Professor Dyson, Is a Graviton Detectable?, contributions by speakers at the conference, as well as guest contributions by colleagues who celebrated Dyson's birthday at Rutgers University and Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.About Freeman DysonFreeman John Dyson FRS, born December 15, 1923, is an eminent English-born American physicist, mathematician, and futurist. He is famous for his work in quantum electrodynamics, solid-state physics, mathematics, astronomy and nuclear engineering, as well as a renowned and best-selling author. He has spent most of his life as a professor of physics at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, taking time off to advise the US government and write books for the public. He has won numerous notable awards including the Enrico Fermi Award, Templeton Prize, Wolf Prize, Pomeranchuk Prize, and Henri Poincaré Prize.Table of ContentsIs a Graviton Detectable? (F Dyson); Dark Energy and Dark Matter in a Superfluid Universe (K Huang); Tenth-order QED contribution to the electron g-2 and high precision test of Quantum Electrodynamics (T Kinoshita); The Relativity of Space-Time-Property (R Delbourgo); Overview of the study of complex shapes of fluid membranes, the Helfrich model and new applications (O Zhong-can); Freeman in 1948 (C DeWitt); "Dear Professor Dyson": Twenty Years of Correspondence Between Freeman Dyson and Undergraduate Students (D Neuenschwander); Freeman Dyson: Some Early Recollections (M Longuet-Higgins); Carbon Humanism: Freeman Dyson and the looming battle between environmentalists and humanists (P Schewe).

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Takaaki Kajita and Arthur McDonald have been jointly awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics 'for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass'. Takaaki Kajita is a Japanese physicist who is well known for neutrino experiments at the Kamiokande and the even more outsized Super-Kamiokande.This volume of collected works of Kajita on neutrino oscillations provides a good glimpse into the rise of Asian research in the frontiers of neutrino physics. Japan is now a major force in the study of the three families of neutrinos. Much remains to be done to clarify the Dirac vs. Majorana nature of the neutrino, and the cosmological implications of the neutrino. The collected works of Kajita and his Super-Kamiokande group will leave an indelible footprint in the history of big and better science.Copyright of the cover image belongs to Kamioka Observatory, ICRR (Institute for Cosmic Ray Research), The University of Tokyo.

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThe aim of the book is to give an introduction to the method of QCD Spectral Sum Rules and to review its developments. After some general introductory remarks, Chiral Symmetry, the Historical Developments of the Sum Rules and the necessary materials for perturbative QCD including the MS regularization and renormalization schemes are discussed. The book also gives a critical review and some improvements of the wide uses of the QSSR in Hadron Physics and QSSR beyond the Standard Hadron Phenomenology. The author has participated actively in this field since 1978 just before the expanding success of the SVZ QSSR.

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