Other manufacturing technologies Books

Book SynopsisThis book discusses a system for extending lean manufacturing across the entire supply chain. It is divided into three parts: planning and analysis of the lean extended value stream, implementation of a lean supply chain and sustaining and continuously improving the lean extended value chain.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments -- Introduction -- Part I: Planning and Analysis of the Lean Extended Value Stream -- Part II: Implementation of the Lean Supply Chain -- Part III: Sustaining and Continuously Improving the Lean Extended Value Stream -- Recommended Readings -- Index -- About the Author.

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Book SynopsisShiba and Walden have significantly revised their classic, A New American TQM. With new methodologies and case studies, this work is one of the most comprehensive studies of management theory and business success. The authors identify a comprehensive approach to management that goes beyond operations improvement to help executives and managers create unique organizational capabilities. They contend that organizations must develop skills in four major areas: customer focus, continuous improvement, total participation, and societal networking.They present proven methods that enable dynamic implementation strategies, facilitate ongoing learning, and encourage continuous diffusion of evolving information and quality practices throughout an organization’s entire network. Techniques described have been instituted at Analog Devices, Hewlett-Packard, Motorola, Teradyne and many other companies. Numerous in-depth case studies from these and other companies illustrate actual implementations. Shoji Shiba, formerly of MIT is one of the most respected business consultants in the world. Among his many accolades, he received the 2002 Deming Prize, one of the highest awards in management bestowed in Japan. "Professor Shiba has been a source of inspiration, experience and knowledge to countless numbers of CQM members, MIT faculty and students and other organizations and companies around the world....The success of his publications, teaching and consulting proves that the principles of TQM are universal, applicable across all cultures and languages. Shiba is a truly great teacher, researcher and innovator ... ." --Ray Stata, founder and chairman of both Analog Devices and CQM. David Walden, is the retired senior vice president of Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc., and former Senior Lecturer, MIT Sloan School of Business. Both Shiba and Walden are well known for their contributions to the Center for Quality Management.Table of ContentsList of Cases, Preface, Acknowledgments, Introduction: BUSINESS EVOLUTION, The Second Revolution: CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT, The Third Revolution: TOTAL PARTICIPATION, The Fourth Revolution: SOCIETAL NETWORKING, Afterword, About the Authors, References, Index

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Book SynopsisIn today's global apparel industry, garments that are designed domestically are often manufactured overseas. The production package, a series of forms that define a garment's specifications, is critical to ensuring that a particular style is executed correctly and efficiently. The Complete Guide to the Production Package and Apparel Production Management is the first text of its kind to present the basics of production management with clear instructions for creating each component of a production package. Students will start with a look at the complete management process, from the costing, and planning that takes place domestically, to the off-shore production processes that include sourcing, assembly and finishing, and packaging and distribution. In the last section, a workbook format, with blank templates of production package sheets, give students a chance to put their understanding of the role and steps of the production package within the apparel manufacturing process into action by creating a production package of their own. Features: -- Concise overview of domestic and off-shore apparel production processes -- Diagrams of a production department's division of labor, stages of costing, and scheduling -- Discussion of the role of technology in production management, including a comparison of PDM and PLM software -- Examples of completed production package sheets from actual apparel companies -- Blank production package sheets represent a standard of what's used across the apparel industry -- Appendices containing basic body croquis, industrial sewing stitches, a button selector gauge, plus care label and packaging regulations -- Instructor's Guide provides suggestions for planning the course and using the text in the classroomTable of ContentsProduction Management, Costing, and Planning Production Management Costing Production Planning and Scheduling Sourcing Production Assembly and Finishing Packaging and Distribution The Production Package The Cover Sheet The Fabric Sheet The Component Sheet The Label/Packing Sheet The Construction Sheet The Pattern Sheet The Spec Sheet

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Book SynopsisHand-picked from the pages of Woodworker's Journal, these 15 classic projects were selected for their functionality around the house. With a variety of styles to accommodate your home's decor, projects include a federal-style secretary's desk, and elegant entertainment center, a modular computer desk, Barrister bookcases, walnut library shelves and more. Each project includes detailed exploded drawings, lists of materials, step-by-step color photos and all the tips you need to avoid mistakes. You're sure to find your home's next project in this book!

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Book SynopsisFor anyone who loves to build long-lasting country furniture comes a thoroughly illustrated handbook from the master craftsmen at The Workshops, a well-known Ohio provider of Early American reproductions. David T. Smith, and the folks who work with him have emerged as outstanding historians, designers and artisans. American Country Furniture is a collection of their combined experienced, and reveals their outstanding woodworking techniques, as well as the history behind each of the 50 piecees of furniture included. Each project is clearly illustrated and explained using detailed drawings, materials lists, step-by-step instructions, and photographs for demonstrating special techniques. You'll be walked through the assembly after learning a short history on how the piece was used and evolved over time.

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Book SynopsisThis complete guide to wooden clock making shows how to construct a wide variety of traditional, Shaker and contemporary clocks. Plans, parts lists and instructions are provided for 37 handsome hand-made timepieces, including stately grandfather clocks, classic mantel clocks and modern desk clocks. Author and clock collector John A. Nelson describes the history of clock making in America and covers all the basics of clock making and clock components. An expanded step-by-step project shows how to build an exact replica of a Shaker coffin-style clock. The rest of the projects include colour photographs of the finished clock, measured drawings and cut lists. Each clock plan includes front, right side and top views. All drawings are fully dimensioned and, where necessary, section views are provided. This new third edition of Complete Guide to Making Wood Clocks also includes a bonus pattern pack with project templates.

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Book SynopsisAccording to the FDA Quality System Regulations, manufacturers must ensure that "device packaging and shipping containers are designed and constructed to protect the device from alteration or damage during the customary conditions of processing, storage, handling, and distribution." As specific as this statement is, the FDA does not provide instructions on how to achieve their standards. Validating Medical Packaging demystifies the validation procedure for medical device packaging by providing specific examples and templates for creating and maintaining a validation file.About the author: Ronald Pilchik has over 30 years of experience in the healthcare manufacturing industry. As principal of the Techmark Group, he provided consulting services to diverse multinational manufacturers on selecting, developing, and validating medical packaging compatible with their sterilization requirements. He has been chairman of the healthcare packaging section of TAPPI, the packaging committee of HIMA, and a member of AAMI's ISO198 working group on packaging. Mr. Pilchik is program chairman of the HealthPack Conference Series on medical device packaging.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION. What is Validation? PACKAGE DESIGN VALIDATION. Elements of Package Design. Package Design Issues. Validation Flow Chart. Simulation Criteria. Qualified Suppliers. PACKAGE PROCESS VALIDATION. Introduction. Process Validation. IQ, OQ, PQ. Process Capability Studies. Example. PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER: THE VALIDATION PROTOCOL. The Validation File. File Maintenance. Employing the Process. Example. REGULATORY ACTIVITIES. Selected Case Studies. Packaging Non-Compliances. Industry Generated Support Documents. HACCP. Appendix.

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Book SynopsisThis complete, definitive, and richly illustrated survey of small nineteenth-century printing presses, written by a former curator at the Smithsonian Institution, is the first history of these machines. There was, in those days, a small printing press for every purpose. And there were innumerable boys and men eager to make their fortunes by investing in one, printing for a local clientele, and, with luck, building a printing or publishing empire. Printing was the most widespread, and competitive business of nineteenth-century America. Every city had not only its big presses for printing catalogues, books, and newspapers, but also countless smaller presses for printing small jobs – the pamphlets, posters, handbills, stationery, cards, and tickets that gave the century so much of its color. Several of the names we now count as giants of the publishing industry: Scribner, Doubleday, George Houghton of Houghton Mifflin, and Donald Brace of Harcourt Brace started out not as publishers, but as small-job printers, running their own shops and working humble, everyday, manually-operated presses.

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Book SynopsisThis book is designed to provide a background in polymer rheology to both engineering students and practicing engineers. It is written at an intermediate level with sufficient technical information and practical examples to enable the reader to understand the interesting and complex rheological behavior of polymers, to make the right decisions regarding rheological testing methods, and to troubleshoot rheology related problems encountered in polymer processing. The organization of the book and the practical examples throughout make it an ideal textbook and reference source. Processors and raw material suppliers will find the information within particularly valuable. Rheology is a rapidly growing and industrially important field, playing a significant role not only in polymer processing, but also in food processing, coating and printing, and many other manufacturing processes.

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Book SynopsisTextile Technology is a unique and readable introduction into the field of textile engineering. It is based on an elementary level course focusing on the manufacture (processes and machines) of yarn, fabric, knitwear, nonwovens, braids, reinforcing fabrics, and technical textiles, but also provides technicians and engineers in the textile industry with an up-to-date review of processes and equipment for textile manufacturing.The book covers all processing steps for the manufacturing of textiles, describing materials, processes and machines, finishing, making-up, and recycling. To provide a better understanding of the individual textile processes, each chapter ends with an example describing the respective processing steps for a specific textile product. In addition, current and future development trends are discussed.The second edition is brought up to date with extensive coverage of new developments, such as in the fields of testing, measurement, and simulation.Table of Contents Raw materials Yarn production Fabric production Knitwear production Nonwovens production Braiding processes and machines Noncrimp fabrics Textile finishing Clothing manufacture Technical textiles Textile testing Disposal and recycling Simulation.

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Book SynopsisIt covers the theory behind clock movement and design, including the particulars of escapements, pendulums, balance wheels, and even the sheet music for popular chimes. The American striking clock, the 400-day clock, and the alarm clock receive special attention. The in-depth information, including explanations of clock repairing terminology and details on the tools, materials, and supplies that are needed for success, will benefit even skilled enthusiasts.

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Book SynopsisWood as an engineering material can be technically defined "as a hygroscopic, orthotropic, biological, and permeable material having extreme chemical diversity and physical complexity with structures, that vary extensively in their shape, size, properties and function". Therefore, using wood to its best advantage and most efficiency in engineering and technology applications, specific characteristics or chemical, physical and mechanical properties must be considered. This book aims to provide the research and review studies on wood and wood products with special emphasis in machining aspects. The present research book can be used for final undergraduate engineering course (for example, wood, materials, mechanical, manufacturing, etc.,) or as a subject on wood and wood products at the postgraduate level. Also, this book can serve as a useful reference for academics, wood researchers, mechanical, manufacturing and materials engineers, professionals in areas related to the wood and wood products.

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Book SynopsisThe majority of Chinese steel has been used to meet domestic demand in China. However, as its steel production continues to grow, over-capacity is becoming a major concern to Chinese industrial policy makers, as well as steelmakers outside China. Although industry statistics indicate that the Chinese steel industry is not export-oriented, its consistently high output keeps U.S. steelmakers concerned that excess Chinese steel might overwhelm the global market once domestic demand is adequately met. These concerns become increasingly acute as the United States and the rest of the world are in the middle of a slow recovery from the economic recession started in December 2007. This book provides an overview of China''s steel industry and discusses the issues and implications with regard to the U.S. steel sector.

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Book SynopsisThe main theme of this book is to examine the globalisation of the South Pacific region and Fiji and more particularly the globalisation of Fiji by examining the supply chain of garment industry. This book will not only attempt to explain how Fiji and the South Pacific region are integrated into the global economy, but also how they are influenced by sub-regional, regional and global forces. This book will demonstrate the analytical tools of ''the State'', ''the firm'', and ''the global forces'' to the centre stage of discussion and analysis. This focus allows the unravelling of the key element in the global commodity supply chain analysis advanced in this book.

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Book SynopsisHe's been called "America's greatest living tailor" and "the most interesting man in the world." Now, for the first time, Holocaust survivor Martin Greenfield tells his incredible life story. Taken from his Czechoslovakian home at age fifteen and transported to the Nazi concentration camp at Auschwitz with his family, Greenfield came face to face with "Angel of Death" Dr. Joseph Mengele and was divided forever from his parents, sisters, and baby brother. In haunting, powerful prose, Greenfield remembers his desperation and fear as a teenager alone in the death camp—and how an SS soldier's shirt dramatically altered the course of his life. He learned how to sew; and when he began wearing the shirt under his prisoner uniform, he learned that clothes possess great power and could even help save his life. Measure of a Man is the story of a man who suffered unimaginable horror and emerged with a dream of success. From sweeping floors at a New York clothing factory to founding America’s premier custom suit company, Greenfield built a fashion empire. Now 86 years old and working with his sons, Greenfield has dressed the famous and powerful of D.C. and Hollywood, including Presidents Dwight Eisenhower, Bill Clinton, and Barack Obama, celebrities Paul Newman, Leonardo DiCaprio, and Jimmy Fallon, and the stars of Martin Scorsese's films. Written with soul-baring honesty and, at times, a wry sense of humor, Measure of a Man is a memoir unlike any other—one that will inspire hope and renew faith in the resilience of man.

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Book SynopsisThis book examines the design technologies and developments in refrigeration systems. Topics discussed include sorption refrigeration systems; improving the performance of heat pumps in air-conditioning plants by using membrane contactor dehumidification/regeneration systems; the correct size of the condenser as one of the significant issues for the optimal performance of refrigerating and air conditioning systems; prototyping and experimental evaluation of an air filtration system; and irreversible estimation possibilities of an absorption refrigeration cycle.

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Book SynopsisThis brand new volume in the ASM Handbook series has been developed to address the current and rapidly expanding importance of additive manufacturing (AM). ASM Handbook, Volume 24: Additive Manufacturing Processes provides the latest knowledge in materials, processes, and applications of AM, written by the leading experts in research and industry.It begins with an introduction and history of AM, authored by some of the key participants in that history as they trace the evolution of AM. The complete suite of materials and processes for polymers and ceramics are described in detail in the next two divisions. A division on metal AM processes begins with an in-depth description of the production and characterization of metal powders, which has a big effect on the success or failure of metal AM processes. The book describes AM processing of a wide variety of materials, illustrating differences in characteristics of metal alloys produced by AM processes in contrast to conventional processes. Volume 24 also covers direct-write processes, which take advantage of AM processes to combine materials and devices for multifunctional engineering applications.

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Book SynopsisJohn Whitehurst was one of a select number of men of science living and working in the eighteenth century whose minds were as remarkable for their breadth as their talents were for their diversity. Although remembered today mainly as a notable clockmaker from Derby - the town in which he lived and worked for over forty years - Whitehurst was also an instrument maker, mechanical engineer, hydraulicist, home improver, meteorologist, the father of modern geology and he had a hand in the development of the steam engine. John Whitehurst FRS: Innovator, Scientist, Geologist and Clockmaker presents a brief life of this talented and engaging man, drawing together his varied attainments and describes his wide circle of acquaintances, many of whom were fellow members of the influential Lunar Society. Much that he achieved has left an intangible legacy, except, of course, his clocks and instruments. This side of Whitehurst has been described in great detail, as well as the clock-making of his family and his successors.Details are given of the many types of clocks that came from the Whitehurst workshops, from complex movements made for Matthew Boulton to simple hook-and-spike wall and watchmen clocks. The book's appendices include details on all known Whitehurst turret clocks and angle barometers, the firm's apprentices and its known numbered clocks. Since his death just over two centuries ago, his achievements have been largely neglected, and this book rehabilitates the reputation of a man whose ideas were of great importance in the development of scientific thought in the eighteenth century.

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Book SynopsisAdditive manufacturing, which was first invented in France and then applied in the United States, is now 33 years old and represents a market of around 5 billion euros per year, with annual growth of between 20 and 30%. Today, additive manufacturing is experiencing a great amount of innovation in its processes, software, engineering and materials used. Its strength as a process has more recently allowed for the exploration of new niches, ranging from applications at nanometer and decameter scales, to others in mechanics and health. As a result, the limitations of the process have also begun to emerge, which include the quality of the tools, their cost of manufacture, the multi-material aspects, functionalities and surface conditions. Volume 2 of this series presents the current techniques, improvements and limits of additive manufacturing, providing an up-to-date review of this process.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Foreword xi Preface xv Introduction xxix Part 1 Incremental Innovations and Technologies Pushed to their Limits 1 Chapter 1 Incremental Developments of Processes, Machines and Materials 3 1.1 Introduction 5 1.2 Undertaking non-layered stereolithography 8 1.2.1 Optimizing the light supply within a single-photon process 11 1.2.2 Transparent window 12 1.2.3 Gaseous interface 12 1.2.4 Simultaneous two-photon absorption 16 1.3 Challenging the notion of layers 26 1.3.1 Addition of prefabricated structures 26 1.3.2 Proof of concept 33 1.3.3 Synthesis 34 1.4 Optical-quality surface finish 35 1.4.1 Glasses lenses and contact lenses 36 1.4.2 Microlenses 36 1.4.3 Direct lens manufacture 37 1.4.4 Multi-mode optical fiber 39 1.5 Cold-cast metal 3D printing 40 1.5.1 Electrolytic deposition 40 1.5.2 Metallic ink 43 1.5.3 Laser processes 43 1.5.4 Photochemistry 45 1.5.5 Silver metal 46 1.5.6 Conducting polymers 49 1.6 Colored objects 51 1.7 Conclusion 54 1.8 Bibliography 56 Part 2 Additive Manufacturing Pushed to its Limits 71 Introduction to Part 2 73 Chapter 2 µ-Fluidics (or Microfluidics) 81 2.1 Introduction 81 2.2 Review of microfluidics 82 2.3 Applications 86 2.4 Return to additive manufacturing 89 2.4.1 Comment 1: LIFT process (Laser-Induced Forward Transfer) 91 2.4.2 Comment 2: FEBID process (Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition) 92 2.4.3 Other methods 93 2.4.4 Hybrid methods 99 2.5 Conclusive outcomes 100 2.6 The converse problem: a potential µ-fluidics application to additive manufacturing 101 2.6.1 3D sintering 101 2.6.2 Deposition of polymerized particles 101 2.7 Provisional concept 110 2.8 Conclusion 111 2.9 Bibliography 112 Chapter 3 3D Nanomanufacturing, 3D µ-Electronics and µ-Robotics 121 3.1 Introduction 122 3.2 3D nano-facturing 125 3.2.1 Smart material: so-called “DNA origami” 125 3.2.2 Return from additive manufacturing to standard methods 131 3.2.3 Comment: nanomaterials and additive manufacturing 136 3.2.4 Conclusion 137 3.3 3D µ-electronics 140 3.3.1 2D or 3D electronic circuits 140 3.3.2 Subtractive/additive coupling 146 3.3.3 µ-Electronics 147 3.3.4 Conclusion and aspirations in the sphere 148 3.4 Actuators and µ-robots 148 3.5 Conclusion 150 3.6 Bibliography 151 Part 3 How Should We Go That One Step Further? 163 Chapter 4 A Short Reflection on Spheres to Explore Their Conditions for Achieving Success 165 4.1 Introduction 167 4.2 Favored spheres of innovation 174 4.2.1 How to know where we must anticipate this technology? 174 4.2.2 Opportunities 179 4.3 Some conditions to ensure additive manufacturing reaches maturity? 183 4.3.1 Moreover where does additive manufacturing sit within this interdisciplinarity framework? 186 4.3.2 Observations 191 4.3.3 Some possible solutions? 198 4.3.4 Proposed solutions? 200 4.4 A positive conclusion 202 4.5 Bibliography 203 Chapter 5 Questions of Hope and “Unhope” 213 5.1 Introduction 214 5.2 The “lab-tribe”(LT) approach 216 5.2.1 Context elements 218 5.2.2 Some results 220 5.2.3 “Scientific excellence” 227 5.2.4 Financing and the orientation of research 229 5.2.5 Prospective opportunities for the research unit 230 5.2.6 Collective projects? Risky projects? 233 5.3 Creativity’s place in research 237 5.3.1 Support to creativity? 238 5.3.2 But all the same, strong brakes on creativity… 240 5.3.3 What to do? 241 5.4 Innovation, a consequence of creativity 243 5.4.1 Academic system 247 5.4.2 Between productions resulting from science and responsible conscience 250 5.4.3 Engagement toward a future focused on innovation? 251 5.4.4 Caught between two chairs? Between more than two chairs? 252 5.4.5 Innovation as scientific production: is it born of freedom? What freedom? 254 5.5 What solutions to evoke for additive manufacturing? 257 5.5.1 General framing 257 5.5.2 And if the history of additive manufacturing in France were examined in light of these comments? 264 5.5.3 A bit of creativity? 275 5.6 In the form of a conclusion: a summary of the author’s point of view 279 5.7 Bibliography 282 Conclusion 297 Index 301

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Book SynopsisThe key theme of this book is an exploration of how recent advances across three related scientific fields are intertwined - the developments in metamaterials, the automated optimal design of innovative electronic, electromagnetic and mechatronic devices, and 3D printing. Developments in the field of automated optimal design have enabled the design of innovative electronic, electromagnetic and mechatronic devices, but there is a risk that design uncertainties and fabrication tolerances dictated by conventional manufacturing techniques will limit the practical synthesis and industrial realisation of these novel designs. The solution might be found in new manufacturing possibilities offered by 3D printing technologies and techniques for the fabrication of conductive layers in low and high frequency applications. The book approaches the topic from several perspectives, including the design of 3D fields, advances in shape synthesis, the role of additive manufacturing in synthesising metamaterials and manipulating ferromagnetic materials, and the steps from numerical models to printed mechatronic devices. A final chapter discusses design challenges and opportunities in industrial settings. Led by two expert editors, with contributions from authors with a range of backgrounds across academia and industrial research, this book provides key information for researchers, advanced students and industry professionals in advanced manufacturing, mechatronics, and electrical and electronic engineering.Table of Contents Chapter 1: Innovative materials, computational methods and their disruptive effects Chapter 2: Advances and trends in design optimisation Chapter 3: Free-form optimal design in electromagnetism exploiting 3D printing Chapter 4: Innovative motors and shape optimisation Chapter 5: Frontiers and challenges of new ferromagnetic materials Chapter 6: Synthesising metamaterials with 3D printing and conductive layers Chapter 7: Industrial design perspectives

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Book SynopsisOver a decade John Glanville and Bill Wolmuth undertook an important horological project for the British Museum. This involved establishing a representative collection, for the Museum, of twentieth-century domestic mechanical clocks made in England and Wales using industrialized manufacturing methods. This remarkable book is the culmination of their efforts. Wide-ranging in its coverage, it will be a key reference tool for horologists, horoligical students, collectors, and antiques and clock dealers. It provides a comprehensive history of each significant manufacturer, including the principal people involved and covers the various mechanical clock movements that were produced. Previously unpublished research about the manufacturers, the clocks they made and the dates when they were manufactured is presented. Finally, this book informs readers how they can identify and date almost all of the clocks they are likely to encounter.

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Book SynopsisThe role of optical instruments is very important and affects all areas of human activity, from scientific analysis (such as spectrometry) to recreation and leisure pursuits like photography and television. Optical components are often an essential part of the instrument, but are not always visible. It is therefore useful and important to understand how they work. In this book the reader will find both a review of the most important components currently used, the theoretical foundation for their application, and an example of evolution. To do this, we first supply the basic knowledge in optics necessary for the understanding of the instruments: geometrical optics, photometry, colorimetry, image analysis and processing, as well as a short description of the sources used: lamps, lasers and semiconductor sources. Optical systems such as zoom lens under different illuminations are discussed. As a first example of application, the evolution of microscopy, up to the most recent technological progress, are given.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1 Optics and Instruments 1Jean-Pierre GOURE 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The media and optical communications 2 1.3 Instruments for image capture 3 1.3.1 Classic image-capture instruments 3 1.3.2 Seeing even further 3 1.3.3 Seeing and measuring small objects 4 1.3.4 Improving the image 5 1.4 Optics in industrial processes 5 1.4.1 Metrology and production control 5 1.4.2 Process control 7 1.4.3 Transformation of matter and shaping of materials 7 1.5 Optics and the medicine 8 1.6 Research 9 1.7 The basic components of an instrument 9 1.8 Bibliography 11 Chapter 2 Formation of Images 13Henri GAGNAIRE 2.1 Introduction to optics 13 2.2 Study of a centered system under Gaussian conditions 19 2.2.1 Main elements of a centered system 19 2.2.2 Another form of the Lagrange-Helmoltz relation 22 2.2.3 Nodal points 23 2.2.4 Relation between the object and image space focal lengths – optical power 24 2.2.5 Cartesian and Newtonian equations 25 2.2.6 Longitudinal magnification 28 2.2.7 Association of centered systems 29 2.2.8 Spherical refractive surface 31 2.2.9 Lens 32 2.3 General facts about optical instruments 33 2.3.1 Introduction 33 2.3.2 Size of the image 34 2.3.3 Field 37 2.3.4 Conclusion 40 2.4 Geometric aberrations 41 2.4.1 Introduction 41 2.4.2 Relation between wavefront aberrations and transverse ray aberrations 42 2.4.3 The different types of aberration 44 2.4.4 Seidel aberrations 46 2.4.5 Conclusion 55 2.5 Chromatic aberrations 56 2.5.1 Introduction 56 2.5.2 Some definitions 57 2.5.3 Apparent achromatism of doublets 59 2.6 Conclusion 60 2.7 Bibliography 61 Chapter 3 A Revision of Photometry and Radiometry 63Jean-Louis MEYZONNETTE 3.1 Introduction: the role of photometry and radiometry 63 3.2 The main values of an optical radiation 64 3.2.1 Flux (F) 64 3.2.2 Solid angle (Ω) 65 3.2.3 Intensity (I) 67 3.2.4 Geometric extent (G) 68 3.2.5 Radiance (L), exitance (M) 69 3.2.6 Irradiance E 70 3.2.7 Spectrum 71 3.2.8 Radiometric units 72 3.3 Relations between radiometric parameters of a radiation 73 3.3.1 General relations between geometric parameters 73 3.3.2 Particular case of radiations with uniform radiance 76 3.3.3 Relations between energetic, photonic and visual parameters 80 3.4 Some photometric properties of optical instruments 84 3.4.1 Conservation of the geometric extent of a beam in an optical medium and its transfer by an optical interface 84 3.4.2 Effects of refraction and reflection on radiance 85 3.4.3 A revision of instrumental optics 86 3.4.4 Photometry of an imaging system 90 3.4.5 Photometry of a “flux collector” instrument 92 3.5 Bibliography 93 Chapter 4 Light Sources for Optical Instruments 95Jean-Pierre GOURE and Isabelle VERRIER 4.1 Generalities about sources 95 4.2 Emission light 96 4.2.1 Coherence of sources 96 4.2.2 Sources characteristics 98 4.2.3 Different types of sources 99 4.3 Lamps 100 4.3.1 Incandescent lamps 100 4.3.2 Halogen lamps 102 4.3.3 Luminescent discharge sources 103 4.4 Lasers 109 4.4.1 Definition and general characteristics 109 4.4.2 Gas lasers 118 4.4.3 Solid-state lasers 120 4.4.4 Optical parametric oscillators 122 4.4.5 Fiber lasers 123 4.5 Diodes 127 4.5.1 Light-emitting diodes 127 4.5.2 Laser diodes 132 4.6 Remote sources and optical power supply 135 4.7 Bibliography 135 Chapter 5 Colorimetry 137Eric DINET 5.1 Introduction 137 5.2 Color and the observer 139 5.2.1 The physical stimulus 140 5.2.2 The human visual system 143 5.3 The foundation of colorimetry 148 5.3.1 Tristimulus values 152 5.3.2 Chromaticity diagram 153 5.4 Perception of color differences 155 5.4.1 CIE 1976 L*u*v* color space 157 5.4.2 CIE 1976 L*a*b* color space 157 5.4.3 The problem of dark colors 158 5.5 Evaluation of color differences 159 5.5.1 Color deviation equations based on CIE 1976 color spaces 160 5.5.2 Notes about CIE 1976 color spaces 161 5.5.3 CMC (l:c) color formula 162 5.5.4 CIE 1994 formula 163 5.5.5 CIE DE2000 total color deviation formula 164 5.6 Interpreting color deviations and color tolerancing 166 5.7 Conclusion 168 5.8 Bibliography 169 Chapter 6 Bases for Image Analysis 173Michel JOURLIN 6.1 Introduction 174 6.1.1 What is an image? 174 6.1.2 Digitization of the spatial support 176 6.1.3 Digitization of gray scale 179 6.2 Classification of the image 180 6.2.1 Earliest tools for classification: thresholding, multi-thresholding, contour detection 180 6.2.2 Perspectives towards more complex tools 191 6.3 Interpretation of binary images 192 6.3.1 Measurements 193 6.3.2 Parameters of shape 197 6.3.3 Binary mathematical morphology 198 6.3.4 Correction of a squared grid 204 6.4 Gray level mathematical morphology 207 6.5 An example of a non-linear model: the LIP (Logarithmic Image Processing) model [JOU 01] 208 6.5.1 Initial physical framework 208 6.6 Conclusion 210 6.7 Bibliography 212 Chapter 7 Optics for Imaging: Definition, Manufacturing, Applications 215Gérard CORBASSON, Jacques DEBIZE and Thierry LEPINE 7.1 Lenses for photography 215 7.1.1 Fixed focal length lenses 217 7.1.2 Zoom lenses 222 7.2 Lenses for cinema and television 223 7.2.1 Cinema 223 7.2.2 Television 226 7.2.3 Manufacture 229 7.3 Optics in astronomy 230 7.4 Bibliography 233 Chapter 8 Optics for Images at Low Light Levels 235Joël ROLLIN 8.1 Introduction 235 8.1.1 Active imagery 236 8.1.2 Low light level passive imagery 236 8.1.3 Infrared thermography 238 8.2 Light intensification devices 243 8.2.1 Different sensor technologies: light intensification tubes 243 8.2.2 Different sensors: video-compatible solutions 244 8.2.3 Optics for LLL systems 246 8.3 A case apart: the SWIR band 255 8.3.1 The interest of the SWIR band 255 8.3.2 SWIR sensors 256 8.3.3 Optics for the SWIR band 256 8.4 The 3-5 μm and 8-12 μm bands 257 8.4.1 The different types of sensors and the design constraints relating to optics 257 8.4.2 Optical materials in the IR band 261 8.4.3 Rather special optical components 264 8.5 The future 265 Chapter 9 From the Classic Microscope to the Tunnel Effect Microscope 267Michel SPAJER 9.1 Introduction 267 9.2 Towards the limit of resolution Aspects of the formation of images 268 9.2.1 Transfer function 268 9.2.2 Transfer function in coherent illumination 271 9.2.3 Aberrations 272 9.2.4 Transfer function in partially coherent illumination 273 9.2.5 Transfer function in incoherent illumination 275 9.2.6 Structured illumination, synthetic pupil 277 9.3 The confocal microscope 278 9.3.1 Coherent confocal microscope 279 9.3.2 Incoherent confocal microscope (fluorescence) 280 9.3.3 4Pi synthetic aperture 282 9.3.4 Stimulated emission depletion (STED) confocal microscope 283 9.4 Adaptive optics 284 9.5 Polarized light 285 9.6 Phase microscopies 286 9.6.1 Absolute interferometric phase-shifting measurements 287 9.6.2 Measurements based on a single interferogram 289 9.6.3 3D holographic microscopy 290 9.7 Confined light microscopy techniques Evanescent waves 291 9.8 Near-field local probe microscopy 292 9.9 Bibliography 293 9.10 Glossary of terms used 295 List of Authors 297 Index 299

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Book SynopsisOptics is a science which covers a very large domain and is experiencing indisputable growth. It has enabled the development of a considerable number of instruments, the optical component or methodology of which is often the essential part of portent systems. This book sets out show how optical physical phenomena such as lasers – the basis of instruments of measurement – are involved in the fields of biology and medicine. Optics in Instruments: Applications in Biology and Medicine details instruments and measurement systems using optical methods in the visible and near-infrared, as well as their applications in biology and medicine, through looking at confocal laser scanning microscopy, the basis of instruments performing in biological and medical analysis today, and flow cytometry, an instrument which measures at high speed the parameters of a cell passing in front of one or more laser beams. The authors also discuss optical coherence tomography (OCT), which is an optical imaging technique using non-contact infrared light, the therapeutic applications of lasers, where they are used for analysis and care, and the major contributions of plasmon propagation in the field of life sciences through instrumental developments, focusing on propagating surface plasmons (PSP) and localized plasmons (LP). Contents: 1. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Thomas Olivier and Baptiste Moine. 2. Flow Cytometry (FCM) Measurement of Cells in Suspension, Odile Sabido. 3. Optical Coherence Tomography, Claude Boccara and Arnaud Dubois. 4. Therapeutic Applications of Lasers, Geneviève Bourg-Heckly and Serge Mordon. 5. Plasmonics, Emmanuel Fort. About the Authors Jean-Pierre Goure is Emeritus Professor of optics at Jean Monnet University in Saint-Etienne, France, and was previously director of the UMR 5516 laboratory linked with CNRS. He is the author of more than 100 publications in various fields, such as spectroscopy, instrumentation, sensors, optical fiber and optical communications. He was also previously deputy director in engineering science at CNRS and a member of several scientific associations such as the French Optical Society and the European Optical Society.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xiii Chapter 1 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy 1 Thomas OLIVIER and Baptiste MOINE 1.1. Introduction 1 1.1.1. Context and framework of chapter 1 1.1.2. From wide-field microscopy to confocal microscopy 3 1.2. Principle and implementation 6 1.2.1. General principle 7 1.2.2. Axial and lateral resolution in confocal microscopy 9 1.2.3. Some notions of fluorescence 21 1.2.4. Main elements of a confocal scanning laser microscope 25 1.3. Applications in biology, potential and limitations 40 1.3.1. Basic elements of biology for the neophyte 41 1.3.2. Fluorescent labeling 43 1.3.3. Practical implementation of confocal microscopy 46 1.4. Related and derived techniques 62 1.4.1. Advanced contrast modes: FRAP, FLIP, FLIM, FRET, etc. 62 1.4.2. The contribution of nonlinear contrast modes 66 1.4.3. Recent major advances: overcoming the diffraction limit 72 1.5. Bibliography 74 Chapter 2 Flow Cytometry (FCM) Measurement of Cells in Suspension 79 Odile SABIDO 2.1. History of FCM 79 2.2. Components of the cytometer: fluidics, optics and signal processing 80 2.2.1. Fluidics 81 2.2.2. Optics 81 2.2.3. Signal processing 83 2.3. Experimentation strategy 83 2.3.1. Visualizations of the spectra 84 2.3.2. Compensation of fluorescences 84 2.3.3. Checking the optical bench 84 2.3.4. Presentation of parameters A/H/W 85 2.3.5. Graphical presentation 85 2.4. Types of platform for FCM 87 2.4.1. Clinical platform 87 2.4.2. Research platform 87 2.5. Principle of cell sorting 88 2.6. Analyzed parameters 90 2.6.1. Light scattering 90 2.6.2. Fluorochromes 90 2.7. Applications in biology 93 2.7.1. Clinical 93 2.7.2. Research 93 2.7.3. Environment 94 2.7.4. Plant biology 94 2.7.5. Industrial microbiology 94 2.8. Complementarities of the FCM with the other cytometries, confocal and dynamic 95 2.9. Cytometry on beads, LUMINEXTM type 95 2.10. Scientific societies 96 2.11. Websites to visit 96 2.12. Bibliography 97 2.13. Reference books 99 Chapter 3 Optical Coherence Tomography 101 Claude BOCCARA and Arnaud DUBOIS 3.1. Introduction 101 3.2. Principles of OCT 102 3.3. Frequency-domain OCT 104 3.4. Spatial resolution 106 3.5. Applications of OCT 107 3.5.1. Ophtalmology 107 3.5.2. Internal medicine 107 3.5.3. Other fields of application 108 3.6. Extensions of OCT 109 3.7. Full-field OCT 110 3.7.1. Principle 110 3.7.2. Spatial resolution 111 3.7.3. Dynamics and sensitivity 113 3.7.4. Operating speed 113 3.7.5. Applications 114 3.8. Conclusion 119 3.9. Bibliography 119 Chapter 4 Therapeutic Applications of Lasers 125 Geneviève BOURG-HECKLY and Serge MORDON 4.1. Introduction 125 4.2. Interaction of light with biological tissues 127 4.2.1. Optical parameters characterizing light radiation 127 4.2.2. The three types of interaction between a light beam and a biological tissue 131 4.2.3. Penetration of light in biological tissues 151 4.3. Therapeutic effects of lasers 155 4.3.1. Thermal effect 156 4.3.2. Photoablative effect 167 4.3.3. Photochemical or photodynamic effect 168 4.3.4. The electromechanical effect 174 4.4. Conclusion 175 4.5. For more information 175 4.6. Bibliography 176 Chapter 5 Plasmonics 179 Emmanuel FORT 5.1. Propagating surface plasmons 180 5.1.1. Theoretical reminders and definitions 180 5.1.2. Surface plasmon resonance sensors 185 5.1.3. Units and sensitivity of SPR sensors 189 5.1.4. Other SPR configurations 190 5.1.5. SPR imaging 191 5.1.6. Surface plasmons coupled fluorescence 194 5.2. Localized surface plasmons 201 5.2.1. Theoretical reminders 201 5.2.2. Detection of plasmonic nanoprobes 203 5.3. Conclusion 210 5.4. Bibliography 211 List of Authors 217 Index 219

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the construction of two different clock projects - an eight day regulator clock and a month going regulator clock - and features full-page fully-dimensionalised working drawings supported by detailed photographs. It also includes instructions and plans for constructing glazed wood cases for each project. It is intended for model engineering hobbyists with basic facilities to enable them to venture into the field of horology by building their own precision clocks which can become treasured family heirlooms. The term 'regulator' simply describes a precision clock. Every clockmaker and repairer needs such an instrument to use in regulating his repair and new work. The typical English regulator, as described in the first section, beats at one second intervals and will run for eight days between winding. The second project is a month going regulator clock, an equally high precision type which will run for a whole month between winding. This book is based on a popular series of popular articles originally published over many years in Model Engineer magazine.Trade ReviewThe publisher has built a very successful niche in special interest books of a technical and engineering nature. This is a worthy addition to the list. The author has described the design and construction of an 8 day regulator clock that requires only a modest selection of engineering tools and which could be built using components made to order by an engineering company. The result is a fine clock with an open dial that provides a view of most of the clock works, mounted in a wooden case with three sides in glass. As a clock, it will provide good time keeping. As an engineering project it will build into a satisfying and practical item that requires only wall space. As an object, it makes a good taking point. The descriptive text is well written and provides a very easy to follow guide to building the clock. The text is accompanied by very clear engineering drawings that provide all of the detail necessary to complete the components and assemble the clock - firetrench.com.Table of ContentsCONTENTS. SECTION 1: An Eight-Day Regulator Clock: Plates and Pillars; Wheels; Crossing Out the Wheels; Lantern Pinions; Collets and Depthing Tool; Planting the Wheel Train; Drilling the Plates; Barrels; Main Barrel Assembly; Bearing Housings and End-stones; Centre Arbor; Fitting the Ball Races and Assembly; Back Cock; End-stones; Arbors; Maintaining Detent; Chapter Ring, Materials and Pillars; Fitting the Arbors; Dead Beat Escapement - Vulliamy Pallets; Crutch and Beat-Adjuster; Completing the First Assembly of Movement; Movement Mounting Bracket and Suspension Bracket; Pendulum and its Components; Line Anchor Bracket and Weight Pulley; First Test Running; The Weights; Hands and Minute Clutch; Finishing the Dials; Conclusion. A Glazed Case for This Clock: Materials; General Description; Construction; Finishing. SECTION 2: A Month-Going Regulator Clock: Materials; Making the Plates; Pillars, Nuts and Washer; Machining Methods; The Wheels; Crossing Out; Combined Wheel Collets and Lantern Pinions; Depthing the Wheel Train; Drilling, Milling and Trepanning the Plates; Bearing Housings, End-stones and Eccentric Bushes; The Arbors; The Barrels; Pallet Frame and Pallet Nibs; Setting the Escapement Action; Crutch and Beat Adjuster; Motion Work; Mounting Bracket; Suspension and Pendulum Rod; Pendulum Bob; Weights and Pulleys; Polishing and Preparation for Testing; Lubrication and Initial Test; Engraving the Chapter Ring; Marking Out and Cutting Numerals; Filling and Silvering; The Hands; An Optional Seconds Indicator; Conclusion. A Glazed Case for This Clock: Materials; General Description; Construction; Finishing. SECTION 3: Appendix: Ball-races; Barrels; Beat Adjustment; Bluing; Carbon Fibre; Crossing Out; Dividing; Drills; Filling Engraving; Gear Teeth; Lacquer; Loctite; Lubrication; Mechanical Clock; Metals; Pendulum Rods; Pendulum Bob; Pinions; Platform; Time Keeping; Weights and Lines. List of Suppliers.

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