Organic chemistry Books

Book SynopsisYes, more than ever, because medicinal chemists draw creative inspiration for their syntheses from nature to develop the next blockbuster in medicine.Oliver Kayser tells the story of natural products and medicinal plants in this book in a highly informative and amusing way from a new perspective.

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Book SynopsisThis book is important because it is the first textbook in an area that has become very popular in recent times. There are around 250 research groups in crystal engineering worldwide today. The subject has been researched for around 40 years but there is still no textbook at the level of senior undergraduates and beginning PhD students. This book is expected to fill this gap.The writing style is simple, with an adequate number of exercises and problems, and the diagrams are easy to understand. This book consists major areas of the subject, including organic crystals and co-ordination polymers, and can easily form the basis of a 30 to 40 lecture course for senior undergraduates.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Intermolecular Interactions; Design Strategies; Crystallisation; Polymorphism; Solvates and Co-Crystals; Co-Ordination Polymers.

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Book SynopsisBiophysical Chemistry is an outstanding book that delivers both fundamental and complex biophysical principles, along with an excellent overview of the current biophysical research areas, in a manner that makes it accessible for mathematically and non-mathematically inclined readers.Trade Review"Biophysical Chemistry is an outstanding book that delivers both fundamental and complex biophysical principles, along with an excellent overview of the current biophysical research areas, in a manner that makes it accessible for mathematically and non-mathematically inclined readers." (Journal of Chemical Biology, February 2009) "This is strongly recommended as a textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate students with backgrounds in the physical and biological sciences. It will also prove extremely useful to university and high school educators, medical doctors, and researchers who want to go beyond a surface treatment of biological phenomenology to its roots in physics and chemistry." (Doody's, February, 2009)"Biophysical Chemistry ist ein herausragendes Lehrbuch, das Grundprinzipien genauso ausführlich erklärt wie komplexe biophysikalische Zusammenhänge; auch aktuelle Forschungsgebiete kommen nicht zu kurz. Verständlich auch für Leser, die keine besonderen mathematischen Fähigkeiten mitbringen." (Journal of Chemical Biology, Februar 2009)Table of ContentsPreface 1. Basic Thermodynamic and Biochemical Concepts Part 1: Thermodynamics and Kinetics 2. First Law of Thermodynamics 3. Second Law of Thermodynamics 4. Phase Diagrams, Mixtures, and Chemical Potential 5. Equilibria and Reactions Involving Protons 6. Oxidation/Reduction Reactions and Bioenergetics 7. Kinetics and Enzymes 8. The Boltzmann Distribution and Statistical Thermodynamics Part 2: Quantum Mechanics and Spectroscopy 9. Quantum Theory: Introduction and Principles 10. Particle in a Box and Tunneling 11. Vibrational Motion and Infrared Spectroscopy 12. Atomic Structure: Hydrogen Atom and Multi-Electron Atoms 13. Chemical Bonds and Protein Interactions 14. Electronic Transitions and Optical Spectroscopy 15. X-Ray Diffraction and Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure 16. Magnetic Resonance Part 3: Understanding Biological Systems using Physical Chemistry 17. Signal Transduction 18. Membrane Potentials, Transporters, and Channels 19. Molecular Imaging 20. Photosynthesis References and Further Reading Problems Answers to Problems Index

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Book SynopsisPhotochemistry of Organic Compounds: From Concepts to Practice provides a hands-on guide demonstrating the underlying principles of photochemistry and, by reference to a range of organic reaction types, its effective use in the synthesis of new organic compounds and in various applications. The book presents a complete and methodical approach to the topic, Working from basic principles, discussing key techniques and studies of reactive intermediates, and illustrating synthetic photochemical procedures. Incorporating special topics and case studies covering various applications of photochemistry in chemistry, environmental sciences, biochemistry, physics, medicine, and industry. Providing extensive references to the original literature and to review articles. Concluding with a chapter on retrosynthetic photochemistry, listing key reactions to aid the reader in designing their own synthetic pathways. This book will be a valTable of Contents1. Introduction. 1.1 Who’s Afraid Of Photochemistry? 1.2 Electromagnetic Radiation. 1.3 Perception Of Colour. 1.4 Electronic States: Elements Of Molecular Quantum Mechanics. 1.5 Problems. 2. A Crash Course In Photophysics And A Classification Of Primary Photoreactions. 2.1 Photophysical Processes. 2.2 Energy Transfer, Quenching and Sensitization. 2.3 A Classification of Photochemical Reaction Pathways. 2.4 Problems. 3. Techniques And Methods. 3.1 Light Sources, Filters, and Detectors. 3.2 Preparative Irradiation. 3.3 Absorption Spectra. 3.4 Steady-State Emission Spectra and Their Correction. 3.5 Time-Resolved Luminescence. 3.6 Absorption And Emission Spectroscopy With Polarized Light. 3.7 Flash Photolysis. 3.8 Time-Resolved IR and Raman Spectroscopy. 3.9 Quantum Yields. 3.10 Low-Temperature Studies; Matrix Isolation. 3.11 Photoacoustic Calorimetry. 3.12 Two-Photon Absorption Spectroscopy. 3.13 Single-Molecule Spectroscopy. 3.14 Problems. 4. Quantum Mechanical Models of Electronic Excitation and Photochemical Reactivity. 4.1 Boiling Down The Schr™Dinger Equation. 4.2 Hšckel Molecular Orbital Theory. 4.3 HMO Perturbation Theory. 4.4 Symmetry Considerations. 4.5 Simple Quantum Chemical Models of Electronic Excitation. 4.6 Pairing Theorems and Dewar’s PMO Theory. 4.7 The Need for Improvement; SCF, CI And DFT Calculations. 4.8 Spin-Orbit Coupling. 4.9 Theoretical Models of Photoreactivity, Correlation Diagrams. 4.10 Problems. 4.11 Appendix. 5. Photochemical Reaction Mechanisms and Reaction Intermediates. 5.1 What is a Reaction Mechanism? 5.2 Electron Transfer. 5.3 Proton Transfer. 5.4 Primary Photochemical Intermediates: Examples and Concepts. 5.5 Photoisomerization of Double Bonds. 5.6 Chemiluminescence and Bioluminescence. 5.7 Problems. 6. Chemistry Of Excited Molecules. 6.1 Alkenes And Alkynes. 6.2 Aromatic Compounds. 6.3 Oxygen Compounds. 6.4 Nitrogen Compounds. 6.5 Sulphur Compounds. 6.6 Halogen Compounds. 6.7 Molecular Oxygen. 6.8 Photosensitizers, Photoinitiators and Photocatalysts. 7. Retrosynthetic Photochemistry. 8. Information Sources, Tables. 9. Index. 10. References.

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Book SynopsisThis Second Edition is the premier name resource in the field. It provides a handy resource for navigating the web of named reactions and reagents. Reactions and reagents are listed alphabetically, followed by relevant mechanisms, experimental data (including yields where available), and references to the primary literature.Trade Review"The number and range of reactions covered makes the book a valuable resource for readers ranging from beginning graduate students to professionals wrestling with real problems." (Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals, Volume 457, 2006) "The breath of coverage extends well beyond the confines of a typical undergraduate-beginning graduate organic chemistry course...a launching point to a vast array of named chemical reactions." (Journal of Chemical Education, December 2005) "Users of this well-known collection of organic name reactions will appreciate this updated edition...this comprehensive book contains a wealth of information...highly recommended." (CHOICE, November 2005) "...compiles and organizes the most significant organic synthesis advances to date...belongs in all academic and research environments engaged in organic chemistry." (Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, September 22, 2005) “…excellent value for the money…will play a significant role as a reference work in the academic and professional realm.” (Organische Chemie, 6th September 2005) "…a homerun in the now competitive arena of named reactions texts." (Journal of Natural Products, August 2005) "I found the volume extremely useful and recommend it without reservation to all organic chemists, particularly those whose work includes synthesis design." (Synthesis, April 2006)Table of ContentsAcronyms and Abbreviations. Named Reactions. Named Reagents and Acronyms. Index.

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Book SynopsisWinner of the PROSE Award for Chemistry & Physics 2010 Acknowledging the very best in professional and scholarlypublishing, the annual PROSE Awards recognise publishers' andauthors' commitment to pioneering works of research and forcontributing to the conception, production, and design of landmarkworks in their fields.Table of ContentsPreface 1. Molecular Orbital Theory 1.1 The Atomic Orbitals of a Hydrogen Atom 1.2 Molecules Made from Hydrogen Atoms 1.3 C—H and C—C Bonds 1.4 Conjugation—Hückel Theory 1.5 Aromaticity 1.6 Strained s Bonds—Cyclopropanes and Cyclobutanes 1.7 Heteronuclear Bonds, C—M, C—X and C=O 1.8 The Tau Bond Model 1.9 Spectroscopic Methods 2. Molecular Orbitals and the Structures of Organic Molecules 2.1 The Effects of p-Conjugation 2.2 Hyperconjugation—p-Conjugation 2.3 The Configurations and Conformations of Molecules 2.4 The Effect of Conjugation on Electron Distribution 2.5 Other Non-covalent Interactions 3 Chemical Reactions—How Far and How Fast 3.1 Factors Affecting the Position of an Equilibrium 3.2 The Principle of Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB) 3.3 Transition Structures 3.4 The Perturbation Theory of Reactivity 3.5 The Salem-Klopman Equation 3.6 Hard and Soft Nucleophiles and Electrophiles 3.7 Other Factors Affecting Chemical Reactivity 4 Ionic Reactions—Reactivity 4.1 Single Electron Transfer (SET) in Ionic Reactions 4.2 Nucleophilicity 4.3 Ambident Nucleophiles 4.4 Electrophilicity 4.5 Ambident Electrophiles 4.6 Carbenes 5 Ionic Reactions—Stereochemistry 5.1 The Stereochemistry of the Fundamental Organic Reactions 5.2 Diastereoselectivity 6 Pericyclic Reactions 6.1 The Four Classes of Pericyclic Reactions 6.2 Evidence for the Concertedness of Bond Making and Breaking 6.3 Symmetry-allowed and Symmetry-forbidden Reactions 6.4 Explanations for the Woodward-Hoffmann Rules 6.5 Secondary Effects 7 Radical Reactions 7.1 Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Radicals 7.2 The Abstraction of Hydrogen and Halogen Atoms 7.3 The Addition of Radicals to p-Bonds 7.4 Synthetic Applications of the Chemoselectivity of Radicals 7.5 Stereochemistry in some Radical Reactions 7.6 Ambident Radicals 7.7 Radical Coupling 8 Photochemical Reactions 8.1 Photochemical Reactions in General 8.2 Photochemical Ionic Reactions 8.3 Photochemical Pericyclic Reactions and Related Stepwise Reactions 8.4 Photochemically-Induced Radical Reactions 8.5 Chemiluminescence References Index

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents PART ONE: An Introduction to the Study of Organic Chemistry 1. Remembering General Chemistry: Electronic Structure and Bonding 2. Acids and Bases: Central to Understanding Organic Chemistry TUTORIAL: Acids and Bases 3. An Introduction to Organic Compounds: Nomenclature, Physical Properties, and Structure PART TWO: Electrophilic Addition Reactions, Stereochemistry, and Electron Delocalization TUTORIAL: Using Molecular Models 4. Isomers: The Arrangement of Atoms in Space TUTORIAL: Interconverting Structural Representations 5. Alkenes: Structure, Nomenclature, and an Introduction to Reactivity • Thermodynamics and Kinetics TUTORIAL: Drawing Curved Arrows 6. The Reactions of Alkenes • The Stereochemistry of Addition Reactions 7. The Reactions of Alkynes • An Introduction to Multistep Synthesis 8. Delocalized Electrons: Their Effect on Stability, pKa, and the Products of a Reaction • Aromaticity and Electronic Effects: An Introduction the Reactions of Benzene TUTORIAL: Drawing Resonance Contributors PART THREE: Substitution and Elimination Reactions 9. Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides 10. Reactions of Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides, Amines, and Sulfur-Containing Compounds 11. Organometallic Compounds 12. Radicals TUTORIAL: Drawing Curved Arrows in Radical Systems PART FOUR: Identification of Organic Compounds 13. Mass Spectrometry; Infrared Spectroscopy; and UV/Vis Spectroscopy 14. NMR Spectroscopy PART FIVE: Carbonyl Compounds 15. Reactions of Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 16. Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones • More Reactions of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 17. Reactions at the α-Carbon TUTORIAL: Synthesis and Retrosynthetic Analysis PART SIX: Aromatic Compounds 18. Reactions of Benzene And Substituted Benzenes 19. More About Amines • Reactions of Heterocyclic Compounds PART SEVEN: Bioorganic Compounds 20. The Organic Chemistry Of Carbohydrates 21. Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins 22. Catalysis in Organic Reactions and in Enzymatic Reactions 23. The Organic Chemistry of the Coenzymes, Compounds Derived from Vitamins 24. The Organic Chemistry of the Metabolic Pathways 25. The Organic Chemistry of Lipids 26. The Chemistry of the Nucleic Acids PART EIGHT: Special Topics in Organic Chemistry 27. Synthetic Polymers 28. Pericyclic Reactions Appendix I – pKa Values Appendix II – Kinetics Appendix III – Summary of Methods Used to Synthesize a Particular Functional Group Appendix IV – Summary of Methods Employed to Form Carbon-Carbon Bonds Appendix V – Spectroscopy Tables Appendix VI – Physical Properties of Organic Compounds Appendix VII – Answers to Selected Problems

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Book SynopsisWorkbook for Organic Synthesis: Strategy and Control Paul Wyatt Senior Lecturer and Director of Undergraduate Studies, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, UK Stuart Warren Reader in Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK. Workbook for Organic Synthesis: Strategy and Control This workbook provides a comprehensive graded set of problems to illustrate and develop the themes of each of the chapters in the textbook Organic Synthesis: Strategy and Control. Each problem is followed by a fully explained solution and discussion. The examples extend the student's experience of the types of molecules being synthesised by organic chemists, and the strategies they employ to control their syntheses. By working through these examples students will develop their skills in analysing synthetic challenges, and build a toolkit of strategies for planning new syntheses. Together the workbook and textbook provide a complete course in advanced organic synthesis. Organic Synthesis: Strategy and Control Organic Synthesis: Strategy and Control is a sequel to Stuart Warren's bestseller Organic Synthesis: The Disconnection Approach. The 'Disconnection' book concentrated on the planning behind the synthesis of compounds. This book focuses on putting the planning into practice. The two themes of the book are strategy and control: solving problems either by finding an alternative strategy or by controlling any established strategy to make it work. The book is divided into five sections that deal with selectivity, carbon-carbon single bonds, carbon-carbon double bonds, stereochemistry and functional group strategy. Interpenetrating this structure, the 36 chapters start with classic methods and progress to modern methods and modern strategic considerations. Heterocyclic chemistry is treated throughout the book with full mechanistic explanations as part of organic chemistry rather than a separate entity. Students and professional chemists familiar with Organic Synthesis: The Disconnection Approach will enjoy the leap into a book designed for chemists at the coalface of organic synthesis.Trade Review?This is a must-read for any final year undergrad or PhD? student in organic chemistry, but it's more than that?it's a book for experienced chemists too.? (Reviews, May 2009)Table of ContentsPreface vii A: Introduction: Selectivity 1 1. Planning Organic Syntheses: Tactics, Strategy and Control 3 2. Chemoselectivity 7 3. Regioselectivity: Controlled Aldol Reactions 19 4. Stereoselectivity: Stereoselective Aldol Reactions 35 5. Alternative Strategies for Enone Synthesis 47 6. Choosing a Strategy: The Synthesis of Cyclopentenones 57 B: Making Carbon–Carbon Bonds 69 7. The Ortho Strategy for Aromatic Compounds 71 8. σ-Complexes of Metals 91 9. Controlling the Michael Reaction 103 10. Specific Enol Equivalents 115 11. Extended Enolates 123 12. Allyl Anions 135 13. Homoenolates 147 14. Acyl Anion Equivalents 155 C: Carbon–Carbon Double Bonds 169 15. Synthesis of Double Bonds of Defined Stereochemistry 171 16. Vinyl Anions 191 17. Electrophilic Attack on Alkenes 203 18. Vinyl Cations 221 19. Allyl Alcohols: Allyl Cation Equivalents (and More) 241 D: Stereochemistry 257 20. Control of Stereochemistry–Introduction 259 21. Diastereoselectivity 269 22. Resolution 283 23. The Chiral Pool: Asymmetric Synthesis with Natural Products as Starting Materials 295 24. Asymmetric Induction I: Reagent-Based Strategy 309 25. Asymmetric Induction II: Asymmetric Catalysis: Formation of C–O and C–N Bonds 321 26. Asymmetric Induction III: Asymmetric Catalysis: Formation of C–H and C–C Bonds 335 27. Asymmetric Induction IV: Substrate-Based Strategy 351 28. Kinetic Resolution 365 29. Enzymes: Biological Methods in Asymmetric Synthesis 377 30. New Chiral Centres from Old: Enantiomerically Pure Compounds and Sophisticated Syntheses 391 31. Strategy of Asymmetric Synthesis 405 E: Functional Group Strategy 417 32. Functionalisation of Pyridine 419 33. Oxidation of Aromatic Rings and of Enol(ate)s 433 34. Functionality and Pericyclic Reactions: Nitrogen Heterocycles by Cycloadditions and Sigmatropic Rearrangements 447 35. Synthesis and Chemistry of Azoles and other Heterocycles with Two or more Heteroatoms 459 36. Tandem Organic Reactions 473 Index 483

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Book SynopsisThis book is a well-established guide to the interpretation of the mass, ultraviolet, infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of organic compounds. It is designed for students of organic chemistry taking a course in the application of these techniques to structure determination. The text also remains useful as a source of data for organic chemists to keep on their desks throughout their career. In the seventh edition, substantial portions of the text have been revised reflecting knowledge gained during the author's teaching experience over the last seven years. The chapter on NMR has been divided into two separate chapters covering the 1D and 2D experiments. The discussion is also expanded to include accounts of the physics at a relatively simple level, following the development of the magnetization vectors as each pulse sequence is introduced. The emphasis on the uses of NMR spectroscopy in structure determination is retained. Worked examples and problem sets are included on a chapter level to allow students to practise their skills by determining the chemical structures of unknown compounds.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Mass spectra 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Ion production 1.2.1 Electron impact (EI) 1.2.2 Chemical Ionisation (CI) 1.2.3 Electrospray ionisation (ESI) 1.2.4 Fast ion bombardment (FIB or LSIMS) 1.2.5 Laser desorption (LD) and matrix-assisted laser desorption (MALDI) 1.3 Ion analysis 1.3.1 Magnetic analysers 1.3.2 Time-of–flight (TOF) analysers 1.3.3 Quadrupole analysers 1.3.4 Ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) analysers 1.3.5 Ion-trap analysers 1.4 Structural information from EI mass spectra 1.4.1 The features of an EI spectrum 1.4.2 The molecular ion 1.4.3 Isotopic abundances 1.4.4 Identifying the molecular ion 1.4.5 Fragmentation in EI spectra 1.5 Fragmentation in CI and FIB spectra 1.5.1 Fragmentation in CI spectra 1.5.2 Fragmentation in FIB (LSMIS) spectra 1.6 Some examples of mass spectrometry in action 1.6.1 San Joaquin oil 1.6.2 Oleic acid 1.6.3 The oviposition pheromone 1.6.4 Identifying antibodies 1.6.5 The ESI spectra of melittin and the human parathyroid hormone 1.6.6 ESI-FT-ICR and ESI-FT-Orbitrap spectra 1.7 Separation coupled to mass spectrometry 1.7.1 GC/MS and LC/MS 1.7.2 MS/MS 1.8 Interpreting the spectrum of an unknown 1.9 Internet 1.10 Bibliography 1.11 Problems 1.12 Tables of data Chapter 2: Ultraviolet and visible spectra 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Chromophores 2.3 The absorption laws 2.4 Measurement of the spectrum 2.5 Vibrational fine structure 2.6 Selection rules and intensity 2.7 Solvent effects 2.8 Searching for a chromophore 2.9 Definitions 2.10 Conjugated dienes 2.11 Polyenes and poly-ynes 2.12 Ketones and aldehydes; p®p* transitions 2.13 Ketones and aldehydes; n®p* transitions 2.14 a,b-Unsaturated acids, esters, nitriles and amides 2.15 Aromatic compounds 2.16 Quinones 2.17 Corroles, chlorins and porphyrins 2.18 Non-conjugated interacting chromophores 2.19 The effect of steric hindrance to coplanarity 2.20 Internet 2.21 Bibliography 2.22 Problems Chapter 3: Infrared spectra 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Preparation of samples and examination in an infrared spectrometer 3.3 Selection rules 3.4 The infrared spectrum 3.5 The use of the tables of characteristic group frequencies 3.6 Stretching frequencies of single bonds to hydrogen 3.7 Stretching frequencies of triple and cumulated double bonds 3.8 Stretching frequencies in the double-bond region 3.9 Characteristic vibrations of aromatic rings 3.10 Groups absorbing in the fingerprint region 3.11 Raman spectra 3.12 Internet 3.13 Bibliography 3.14 Problems 3.15 Correlation charts 3.16 Tables of data Chapter 4: 1D-NMR spectra 4.1 Nuclear spin and resonance 4.2 Taking a spectrum 4.3 The chemical shift 4.4 Factors affecting the chemical shift 4.4.1 The inductive effect 4.4.2 Anisotropy of chemical bonds 4.4.3 Polar effects of conjugation 4.4.4 Van der Waals forces 4.4.5 Isotope effects 4.4.6 Estimating a chemical shift 4.4.7 Hydrogen bonds 4.4.8 Solvent effects and temperature 4.5 Spin-spin coupling to 13C 4.5.1 13C-2H Coupling 4.5.2 13C-1H Coupling 4.5.3 13C-13C Coupling 4.6 1H-1H Coupling—multiplicity and coupling patterns 4.6.1 1H-1H Vicinal coupling (3JHH) 4.6.2 AB systems 4.6.3 1H-1H Geminal coupling (2JHH) 4.6.4 1H-1H Long-range coupling (4JHH and 5JHH) 4.6.5 Deviations from first-order coupling 4.7 1H-1H Coupling—the magnitude of coupling constants 4.7.1 The sign of coupling constants 4.7.2 Vicinal coupling (3JHH) 4.7.3 Geminal coupling (2JHH) 4.7.4 Long-range coupling (4JHH and 5JHH) 4.7.5 C–H coupling (1JCH, 2JCH and 3JCH) 4.8 Coupling from 1H and 13C to 19F and 31P 4.8.1 13C NMR spectra of compounds containing 19F and 31P 4.8.2 1H NMR spectra of compounds containing 19F and 31P 4.9 Relaxation and its consequences 4.9.1 Longitudinal relaxation 4.9.2 Transverse relaxation and exchange 4.10 Improving the NMR spectrum 4.10.1 The effect of changing the magnetic field 4.10.2 Solvent effects 4.10.3 Shift reagents 4.11 Spin decoupling 4.11.1 Simple spin decoupling 4.11.2 Difference decoupling 4.12 Identifying spin systems—1D-TOCSY 4.13 The nuclear Overhauser effect 4.13.1 Origins 4.13.2 NOE-Difference spectra 4.14 The rotating frame of reference 4.15 Assignment of CH3, CH2, CH and fully substituted carbons in 13C NMR 4.15.1 The Attached Proton Test (APT) 4.15.2 DEPT 4.16 Hints for structure determination using 1D-NMR 4.16.1 Carbon spectra 4.16.2 Proton spectra 4.17 Further information 4.17.1 The internet 4.17.2 Bibliography 4.18 Tables of data Chapter 5: 2D-NMR spectra 5.1 The basic pulse sequence 5.2 COSY 5.2.1 Cross peaks from scalar coupling 5.2.2 Polarisation transfer 5.2.3 The origin of cross peaks 5.2.4 Displaying COSY spectra 5.2.5 Interpreting COSY spectra 5.2.6 Axial peaks 5.2.7 Gradient pulses 5.2.8 DQF-COSY 5.2.9 Phase structure in COSY spectra 5.3 2D-TOCSY 5.4 NOESY 5.5 Cross-correlated 2D spectra identifying 1-bond connections 5.5.1 Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Coherence (HMQC) spectra 5.5.2 Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence (HSQC) spectra 5.5.3 Examples of HSQC spectra 5.5.4 Non-uniform sampling (NUS) 5.5.5 Cross-peak detail—determining the sign of coupling constants 5.5.6 CLIP-HSQC 5.5.7 Deconvoluting a 1H spectrum using the HSQC spectrum 5.5.8 HSQC-TOCSY 5.5.9 HETCOR 5.6 Cross-correlated 2D spectra identifying 2- and 3-bond connections 5.6.1 The HMBC pulse sequence 5.6.2 HMBC spectra 5.7 Some specialised NMR techniques 5.7.1 ADEQUATE—identifying 13C-13C connections 5.7.2 INADEQUATE—identifying 13C-13C connections 5.7.3 HSQC-HECADE—measuring the sign and magnitude of 13C-1H coupling constants 5.8 Three- and four-dimensional NMR 5.9 Hints for structure determination using 2D-NMR 5.10 Bibliography 5.11 Table of information Chapter 6: Worked examples in structure determination 6.1 General approach 6.2 Simple worked examples using 13C NMR alone 6.3 Simple worked examples using 1H NMR alone 6.4 Simple worked examples using the combined application of MS, UV, IR and 1D-NMR spectroscopic methods 6.5 Simple worked examples using the combined application of MS, UV, IR and 1D-NMR and 2D-NMR spectroscopic methods Chapter 7: Problem sets 7.1 Chemical shift problems 7.2 1D-NMR chemical shift and coupling problems 7.3 Problems using all the spectroscopic methods Answers to problems 1-34 Index

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Book SynopsisThis book looks at how molecules react, and how the feasibility and outcome of chemical reactions can be predicted. Beginning with an introduction to the concept of an activity series of metals, Metals and Chemical Change then introduces chemical thermodynamics (enthalpy, entropy and free energy) and applies the concept to both inorganic and organic elements. A Case Study on batteries and fuel cells is also included. The accompanying CD-ROM includes video sequences of the reactions of metals with water, acid and aqueous ions, and gives the reader an opportunity to make experimental observations and predictions about chemical behaviour. A comprehensive Data Book of chemical and physical constants is included, along with a set of interactive self-assessment questions. The Molecular World series provides an integrated introduction to all branches of chemistry for both students wishing to specialise and those wishing to gain a broad understanding of chemistry and its relevance to the everyTrade Review"The book and CD-ROM provide an excellent learning resource of the material covered ... strongly recommended." * Physical Sciences Educational Reviews, No 6, June 2003 *"One of the many highlights of the book is the use of everyday examples of metals and their reactivity, particularly industrial examples ... The CD contains some excellent video sequences ..." * Australian Journal of Chemistry, 2002, 55, 487-489 *Table of ContentsIntroduction; Reactions of Metals; Metals and their Ores; Metals and their Ease of Oxidation: A Hypothesis; Equilibrium: A Restatement of the Problem; Thomsen's Hypothesis: Towards a Solution?; The Second Law of Thermodynamics: The Solution; The First Law of Thermodynamics; Enthalpies of Reaction: A Database; Entropy Changes; The Gibbs Function; Metals and their Ease of Oxidation; Thermodynamic and Kinetic Stability; Reactivity; Thermodynamics and the Oxidation of Metals; Enthalpy and Entropy Terms; Metals and their Ores; The Born-Haber Cycle; Introduction to the Remaining Sections; The Lattice Energy; Electrochemical Cells and Redox Potentials; Ionization Energies of Atoms; The Chemistry of Group I: The Alkali Elements; Alkali Metal Compounds in Industry; Binary Alkali Metal Compounds with Non-metals; Metal Ions, Ligands and Complexes; Alkali Metal Complexes; The Group II or Alkaline Earth Elements; Case Study: Batteries and Fuel Cells.

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Book SynopsisBenzimidazole: Preparation and Applications first defines the structure, physical and chemical properties of the benzimidazole compound class. Further conventional and alternative synthesis methods and important reactions of these compound derivatives are illustrated with examples. The authors provide an overview of benzimidazole-based synthetic medicine and their significant applications in treating various ailments. The chemical reactions of benzimidazole with other heterocyclic compounds/chemical reagents produce a lot of new substituted molecules, which have potential pharmaceutical applications. A literature review is presented focusing on the synthesis of chiral compounds and their subsequent applications as therapeutic compounds in order to better evaluate the results so far. Additionally, the authors discuss how nenzimidazole derivatives play a vital role in organic light emitting diodes as emissive materials, host materials, electron transport materials, hole blocking materials, etc., and have pharmaceutical applications such as antimicrobial, antihypertensive, anti-HIV and anticancer. Following this, this collection examines classes of potential chemosensors possessing benzimidazole moieties which are capable of both visual and optical estimation of target analytes over a broad concentration range and without interference of contemporary analytes. Important methodologies used for the synthesis of variedly substituted benzimidazoles are presented along with their multi-target therapeutic uses. The latest research on anti-tumor and antimicrobial benzimidazole compounds, as well as structure-activity correlations, drug design, clinical and preclinical studies is also presented. Benzimidazole-based polymers with various architecture and copolymers are discussed with a variation of properties such as mechanical, thermal stability, thermo-oxidative stability and enhanced performance. The penultimate chapter covers a critical analysis of the recent developments in benzimidazole framework research and the future scope of benzimidazole framework in ligand designing. In closing, the synthesis and biological properties of coordination compounds containing benzimidazole derivatives are presented and discussed.Table of ContentsPrefaceOverview of Benzimidazole Compound ClassChemistry and Medicinal Importance of BenzimidazoleChiral Benzimidazoles in Medicinal Chemistry: Syntheses and ApplicationsBenzimidazole Preparation and Applications: Benzimidazole Derivatives in Organic Light Emitting DeviceCharged Guest Stimulated Benzimidazole Based ChemosensorsMultifunctional Compounds: A New Journey of BenzimidazoleBenzimidazole Compounds with Anti-Tumor and Antibacterial ActivitiesSynthesis of Benzimidazole Based Polymeric Film for Application in Fuel CellSubstituted Benzimidazoles as Ligands: Recent Developments in Designing and ApplicationsBenzimidazole Derivatives: Chelating Properties Towards Transition Metals Ions and Their ApplicationsIndex.

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Book SynopsisIn this compilation, technical and critical aspects concerning confirmatory methods for the analysis of melamine and its analogous, including cyanuric acid, ammeline, and ammelide in foodstuffs are discussed. Moreover, an overview of the concentrations of melamine and related compounds reported in the recent literature for different food items are summarized, as the results from monitoring these compounds in food products indicate their continuing presence in the food chain. Although high level of adulteration has ceased, melamine is still a popular material for pesticides, farm animal feed fillers, fire retardants, anti-wrinkles and mild abrasives. As such, the authors discuss how low-dose contamination of melamine to the environment cannot be ignored. Next, melamine-formaldehyde resin was chosen to form shell material due to its good thermo-mechanical and water-resistant properties. A series of experiments are conducted on changing the emulsifying system and a discussion of the results is provided. Additionally, a sensitive chemical sensor is developed to detect melamine selectively by an electrochemical approach, where ternary mixed metal oxide nanoparticles were prepared through the wet-chemical process. The calcined ZnO/CuO/Co3O4 NPs are investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The authors evaluate the formation of melamine-derived particles in aqueous and biological matrices using different analytical techniques for studying the bioaccumulation of melamine-cyanurate in tissues, including kidney stones. Lastly, cadmium doped antimony oxide nanostructures are synthesized by a facile wet-chemical method at a low temperature to detect melamine from aqueous solutions. The calcined cadmium doped antimony oxide nanostructures are characterized systematically by FE-SEM, EDS, UV/Vis., FTIR spectroscopy, powder XRD and XPS techniques.Table of ContentsPreface; Melamine and Its Analogous: Analytical Methods and Related Levels in Foodstuffs; Influence onto the Immatures: Melamine from Mothers to Babies; Use of Melamine-Formaldehyde Resin as Shell Material for Microencapsulation; Melamine Sensor Development Based on Mixed Metal Oxide Nanoparticles; Formation of Melamine-Derived Particles in Aqueous and Biological Matrices; Melamine Detection with Nanostructure Materials; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book opens with an overview of the fundamentals and applications of the young and fast developing area of transition metal catalysed/mediated oxidative (dehydrogenative) C-H/C-H coupling reactions between two (hetero)arenes. Continuing, the authors highlight the recent advances reagarding the ligand supported transition metal-catalysed domino (cascade) or one-pot syntheses of various heterocycles involving cross-coupling reactions. The recent advances in Cu catalysed tandem reactions for heterocycle synthesis are also addressed. Cu metal chemistry has garnered attention as a potential alternative to precious transition metals, being cheaper, more sustainable and more easily available. A comprehensive account of research on green chemical routes is provided, involving various palladium metal-based catalysts utilised in facilitating cross-coupling reaction in aqueous media. Reported decarboxylative cross-coupling reactions are discussed along with suitable examples, focusing on their mechanism of action.Table of ContentsPreface; Transition-Metal Mediated Oxidative C-H/C-H Coupling; Transition Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions on Heterocycles Synthesis Using Tandem/Domino Synthetic Approaches; Recent Advances in Copper Catalyzed Tandem Processes: An Unprecedented Boom in Heterocycle Synthesis; Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions in the Most Green Solvent Water; Metal Catalysed Oxidative Decarboxylative Cross Coupling Reactions of Benzoic Acid; Index.

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Book SynopsisConsidering the extensive applications that have been discovered for naphthoquinone-triazole hybrids in the search for new bioactive molecules, Heterocycles: Synthesis, Reactions and Applications first comprehensively addresses recent synthetic strategies for their preparation. The authors highlight recent developments in reaction strategies for the synthesis of dihydro-, tetrahydro-, pyrano-pyrans and tetrahydrofurans and their applications in natural product synthesis. The important structural features of heterocyclic compounds are reviewed, as well as their deviation from the planar configuration in the form of puckering or buckling, and methods of suppression. The closing study explores the reaction of azides with Grignard or organolithium reagents in an inter- or intramolecular fashion to form linear or cyclic triazene intermediates, respectively.Table of ContentsPreface; Synthesis and Applications of Naphthoquinone-1,2,3-Triazole Hybrids; Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Five- and Six-Membered Oxygen Heterocycles and Their Application in Natural Product Synthesis; Origin of Puckering (Buckling) of Planar Heterocycles and Methods of Its Suppression; Organic Azides: Precursors of Triazenes; Index.

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Book SynopsisBenzofurans have garnered the attention of medicinal chemists due to their broad pharmacological activity. Benzofuran: Production and Applications provides insight into the natural origin of these compounds, reported biological activities for various analogs, synthetic routes to obtain benzofurans substituted at different heterocycle sites, and controlled release encapsulation methods. Dihydrobenzofuran neolignans are secondary metabolites arising from the coupling of two phenylpropanoid units during the shikimate biossynthetic pathway. In this compilation, the natural sources and synthetic routes from which dihydrobenzofuran neolignans can be obtained are reviewed, and their biological potential is highlighted. Additionally, the authors focus on the palladium and rhodium catalyzed multiple C-H functionalizations in the synthesis of benzofurans and their derivatives. The use of Ir and Ru salts is also explored. A review of the aspects related to cancer initiation and progress, as well as the applications of benzofurans as structural frameworks for the development of new drugs against cancer, is provided.Table of ContentsPreface; Origins and Biological Applications of Benzofurans; Dihydrobenzofuran Neolignans: An Overview of Their Chemistry and Biological Activities; Palladium or Rhodium Catalyzed Benzofuran and Derivatives Synthesis via C-H Functionalizations; Benzofurans Scaffolds: Applications in Anticancer Drugs Discovery and Development; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book has comprehensively reviewed the latest information on pyrazoles, their preparations and uses. It provides extended ideas on pyrazole and its derivatives including their synthesis, chemistry, structure activity relationship (SAR) and therapeutic applications. The health promoting properties of these pyrazoles are discussed in this book with different therapeutic applications of pyrazole scaffold. Topics related to pyrazole and its analogues as potential anticancer, anti-angiogenesis, antiviral, antioxidative, anti-convulsive, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic agents are described in this book in detail. Furthermore, current status and future prospects of pyrazole moiety in drug discovery, importance of it in plant systems, its relevance in neurological drug discovery, its potency as herbicidal and antimicrobial agents have been enumerated through different chapters. In a summary, this book is a valuable resource for research scholars, academics, students, industrialists and subject experts working in the multidisciplinary fields like medicinal chemistry, synthetic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology, natural product chemistry and other related areas in the field of pyrazole derivatives drug discovery and research.Table of ContentsPreface; Current Status of Pyrazolo Moiety in Drug Discovery (Synthetic vs. Natural); Synthesis and Therapeutic Applications of Pyrazole Scaffold; Pyrazole Based Ligands: Versatile Building Blocks; Pyrazole and Its Analogues as Potential Anti-Angiogenesis Agents; Green Chemistry Methods in Pyrazole Synthesis; Pyrazoles as Antiviral Agents; Recent Research Advances in Aqueous Phase Synthesis of Pyrazoles; Pyrazole Moiety as a Source of Natural Products; Pyrazole and Its Derivatives, Preparation, SAR and Uses as Antioxidative Agent; Role of Pyrazole Ring in Neurological Drug Discovery; Pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole Derivatives: Synthesis and Applications; Pyrazole and Pyrazole Derivatives: A Versatile Platform in Anti-Convulsive Drug Discovery; Pyrazole Affixed Heterocycles: Synthesis and Their Herbicidal Activity; Development in Chemistry and Synthesis of Pyrazole Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents; Recent Advances in Chemistry and Synthesis of Pyrazole Derivatives as Potential Promising Antimicrobial Agents; Scaffold of Pyrazole Derivatives for Enzyme Inhibition; Role of Pyrazolo Ring in Plant System; Pyrazole and Its Derivatives: Preparation, SAR and Anthelmintic Activity; Pyrazole and Its Derivatives, Preparation, SAR and Anti-Inflammatory Activity; Pyrazole and Its Derivatives as Anti-Diabetic Agents; Future Prospects of Pyrazole Ring in Drug Discovery; About the Editor; Index.

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Book SynopsisTwo Bulgarian researchers summarize their contributions to the field of ozone chemistry, and outline future research trends. The monograph begins with the ozonolysis of hydrocarbons, oxygen containing organic compounds, and alkenes in liquid phase. The remaining chapters deal with ozone degradation and stabilization of real rubber systems; quantum

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Book SynopsisVegetable oils are hydrophobic compounds, such as tryacylglicerols and essential oils extracted from plants that have been used by humans for centuries in many different areas. The use of isolated enzymes and microorganisms applied to vegetable oils has been shown to be very interesting from an industrial viewpoint, due to the broad variety of products that may be obtained from it. This book provides current research on the properties, uses and benefits of vegetable oils.

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Book SynopsisUnique in its focus on preparative impact rather than mechanistic details, this handbook provides an overview of photochemical reactions classed according to the structural feature that is built in the photochemical step, so as to facilitate use by synthetic chemists unfamiliar with this topic. An introductory section covers practical questions on how to run a photochemical reaction, while all classes of the most important photocatalytic reactions are also included. Perfect for organic synthetic chemists in academia and industry.Trade Review"Given its organization and practical emphasis, I believe that this book would make an outstanding addition to the library of any synthetic organic chemist. It should certainly be on the acquisition lists of all institutional libraries." (Journal of the American Chemical Society, November 2010) Table of ContentsPHOTOCHEMICAL METHODS Photochemistry and Organic Synthesis Irradiation Apparatus Further Experimental Parameters Photochemical Steps in Synthesis CARBON-CARBON BOND FORMATION BY PHOTOELIMINATION OF SMALL MOLECULES IN SOLUTION AND IN CRYSTALS Introduction Photochemical C-C Bond Formation in Solution Reactions in the Solid State Conclusions INTERMOLECULAR ADDITION REACTIONS ONTO C-C MULTIPLE BONDS Introduction Addition to C-C Double Bonds Addition to C-C Triple Bonds Conclusions FORMATION OF A 3-MEMBERED RING Introduction Di-Pi-Methane Rearrangement Oxa-Di-Pi-Methane Rearrangement and Related Rearrangements [2+1] Cycloaddition of Alkenes with Carbenes Formation of a Cyclopropane Via Intramolecular Hydrogen Abstraction [3+2] Cycloaddition of Arenes with Alkenes Photochemical Synthesis of Three-Membered Heterocycles FORMATION OF A 4-MEMBERED RING I Introduction [2+2]-Photocycloaddition of Non Conjugated Alkenes [2+2]-Photocycloaddition of Aromatic Compounds Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions Intramolecular Gamma-Hydrogen Abstraction (Yang Reaction) Metal Catalyzed Reactions Various Methods Conclusions FORMATION OF A 4-MEMBERED RING II Introduction [2+2]-Photocycloaddition of Enones (Substrate Type A1) [2+2]-Photocycloaddition of Vinylogous Amides and Esters (Substrate Clases A2 and A3) [2+2]-Photocycloaddition of Alpha, Beta-Unsaturated Carboxylic Acid Derivatives (Substrate Classes A4, A5 and A6) Conclusions and Perspectives FORMATION OF A 4-MEMBERED RING III (OXETANES) Introduction Generally Accepted Mechanisms of the Paterno-Buchi Reaction Regio- and Siteselective Synthesis of Oxetanes Stereoselective Syntheses of Oxetanes Conclusive Remarks FORMATION OF A 5-MEMBERED RING Formation of Five-Membered Ring: Intramolecular Delta-H Abstraction Formation of Five-Membered Rings Via [3+2]-Cycloadditions Photochemical Electrocyclization Reactions: Synthesis of Fused Five-Membered Ring Compounds Photoinduced Electron Transfer Radical Cation Mediated Cyclizations: Synthesis of Five-Membered Carbocyclic as well as Heterocyclic Ring Systems FORMATION OF 6-MEMBERED RING (AND LARGER RINGS) Introduction Photoelectron Transfer Initiated Cyclizations Photoinduced 6Pi-Electrocyclization Photocycloaddition Reactions Remote Intramolecular Hydrogen Abstraction Ring Contraction and Ring Enlargement Other Reactions Summary AROMATIC AND HETEROAROMATIC SUBSTITUTION BY SRN1 AND SN1 REACTIONS Introduction General Mechanistic Features Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation Carbon-Heteroatom Bond Formation Synthesis of Bi, Tri, and Poliaryls Synthesis of Carbocycles and Heterocycles SINGLET OXYGEN AS A REAGENT IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS Introduction Dioxetanes Endoperoxides Allylic Hydroperoxides Tandem Singlet Oxygen Reactions Conclusion SYNTHESIS OF HETEROAROMATICS VIA REARRANGEMENT REACTIONS Introduction Synthesis of Five-Membered Rings with One Heteroatom Synthesis of Five-Membered Rings with Two Heteroatoms Synthesis of Five-Membered Rings with Three Heteroatoms Synthesis of Six-Membered Rings Synthesis of Seven-Membered Rings Concluding Remarks PHOTOLABILE PROTECTING GROUPS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS Introduction Photolabile Protecting Groups Chromatic Orthogonality Two-Photons Absorption Perspectives and Conclusion

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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