Oceanography (seas and oceans) Books

Book SynopsisOceanography calls for a wide variety of mathematical and statistical techniques. This title provides the basics oceanographers need to know, including: practical ways to deal with chemical, geological, and biological oceanographic data; and instructions on detecting the existence of patterns in what appears to be noise.Trade Review"...It presents many well discussed and illustrative examples..." (Zentralblatt Math, Vol.988, No.13, 2002)Table of ContentsCalculus Review. Model I Linear Regression. Correlation. Model II Linear Regression. Polynomial Curve Fitting, Linear Multiple Regression Analysis, andNonlinear Least Squares. Numerical Integration. Box Models. Time Series Analysis. Appendices. Answers to Exercises. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis work explores the diverse collection of microbes and viruses found in the oceans and the processes mediated by these microbes in aquatic environments. It reviews the basics of marine microbiology providing a firm foundation for researchers and students new to the field.Trade Review"The collection brings together concepts from autoecological studies of individual bacterial groups and from ecological studies of microbial assemblages." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 2 June 2001) "...useful resource for everybody working in this field...well-written material and simple and lucid illustrations...would serve as an excellent primary source of information on virtually any aspects of marine microbial ecology." (Choice Vol. 38, No. 9 May 2001) "...this is an excellent book...will serve as an authoritative source on bacterial life in the water column...I recommend it warmly to anyone interested in biological oceanography and the microbial life in the sea." (Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, Vol. 269, 2002)Table of ContentsIntroduction (D. Kirchman & P. Williams). Marine Microbes: An Overview (E. Sherr & B. Sherr). Evolution, Diversity, and Molecular Ecology of Marine Prokaryotes (S. Giovannoni & M. Rappé). Bacterial Production and Biomass in the Oceans (H. Ducklow). Production Mechanisms of Dissolved Organic Matter (T. Nagata). Heterotrophic Bacteria and the Dynamics of Dissolved Organic Material (P. Williams). UV Radiation Effects on Microbes and Microbial Processes (M. Moran & R. Zepp). Control of Bacterial Growth in Idealized Food Webs (T. Thingstad). Uptake and Regeneration of Inorganic Nutrients by Marine Heterotrophic Bacteria (D. Kirchman). Bacterial Energetics and Growth Efficiency (P. del Giorgio & J. Cole). Impact of Viruses on Bacterial Processes (J. Fuhrman). Bacterivory: Interactions between Bacteria and their Grazers (S. Strom). Marine Nitrogen Fixation (H. Paerl & J. Zehr). Nitrification and the Marine Nitrogen Cycle (B. Ward). The Marine Microbial Nitrogen Cycle (D. Capone). Symbiosis and Mixotrophy Among Pelagic Microorganisms (D. Carson). Index.

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Book SynopsisDescribes the latest remote sensing technologies used to detect ice hazards in the marine environment; map surface currents, sea-state and surface winds; study ice dynamics, over ice transportation, oil spill countermeasures, climate changes and ice reconnaisance. Includes such technologies as acoustic sensing, ice-thickness measurement, passive microwave remote sensing, ground wave and surface-based radars.Table of ContentsProperties of Snow and Ice (E. Lewis, et al.). Acoustic and Seismic Sensing Techniques (D. Farmer & Y.Xie). Ice-Thickness Measurement (J. Rossiter & J. Holladay). Passive Microwave Systems (I. Rubinstein, et al.). Active Microwave Systems (R. Raney). Over-the-Horizon Radar (S. Srivastava & J. Walsh). Surface-Based Radar: Noncoherent (E. Lewis, et al.). Surface-Based Radar: Coherent (S. Haykin, et al.). Operational Airborne Radars (R. Lowry). Synthetic Aperture Radar Images of Sea Ice (C. Livingstone). RADARSAT and Operational Ice Information (R. Raney & J.Falkingham). Supplementary Topics and Future Diretions (S. Haykin & R.Raney). Index.

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Book SynopsisDescribes and analyzes global causes, effects and dynamics of floods and includes methods for related environmental management. Reviews recent advances in the interdisciplinary study of floods and their effects on landforms, sediments, human works, and populations.Table of ContentsPreface. Overview. External Controls and Geomorphic Measurements. Flood Processes. Floods, Climate, Landscape. Palefloods. Environmental Management.

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Book SynopsisPresents the understanding of dispersion processes in the marine environment in relatively simple terms in the hope that it will be helpful to oceanographers and scientists from other disciplines. Global case studies are included in this book.Table of ContentsFluid Dynamics - Homogeneous Flow. Fluid Dynamics - Stratified Flow. Turbulent Diffusion. Shear Dispersion. Modelling Dispersion. Methodology for Measurement and Observation. Studies of Well-Mixed Systems. Studies of Stratified Systems. Studies of Partially Stratified Systems. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisA highly readable book on the nature of beaches, including thedynamics of the shoreface, surf, swash and backbeach, and globallyat the regional variations in beach systems from the tropics to thepoles. The beach and adjacent shoreface are the most dynamic part of theEarth''s surface. They represent a narrow zone where waves, tidesand winds continously interact, producing, wherever sediment isavailable, hundreds of thousands of kilometres of beach systems.Beaches are also the focus of intense pressure from users anddevelopers, and for these reasons alone a knowledge of beachsystems and their morphodynamics is critical to their sustainablemanagement. This book is the first to: * provide an in-depth and holistic view of beach systems, lookingboth in detail at the different beach zones and globally at rangeof parameters influencing regional variation * examine the relationship between beaches and ancillary dunesystems and includes chapters on beach ecoloTrade Review"It provides an excellent overview of many aspects of beachgeography...The book is a hugely successful and interesting productwhich deserves to run to several edition." (Progress in PhysicalGeography, Vol.25 No.4, 2001) "...a deep and well researched account of beach morphodynamicsand coastal evolution..." (Ocean Challenge)Table of ContentsBEACH SYSTEMS: DEFINITION AND GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE. Beaches (A. Short). Global Variation in Beach Systems (A. Short). BEACH MORPHODYNAMICS. The Shoreface (P. Cowell, et al.). The Surf Zone (T. Aagaard & G. Masselink). The Beachface (M. Hughes & I. Turner) The Beach Backshore and Beyond (P. Hesp). BEACH TYPES AND APPLICATIONS. Wave-Dominated Beaches (A. Short). The Effect of Tides on Beach Morphodynamics (G. Masselink & I.Turner). Embayed and Structurally Controlled Beaches (A. Short & G.Masselink). BEACH SYSTEMS AND IMPACTS. Beach Modification: Natural Impacts on Beach Morphodynamics (A.Short). Beach Ecology (A. Short & P. Hesp). Beach and Dune Stratification (A. Short & P. Hesp). Beach Hazards and Safety (A. Short). LARGE SCALE BEACH BEHAVIOUR. Barrier Morphodynamics (P. Hesp & A. Short). References. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThis information--packed volume on marine geophysics has two objectives: to provide a clear comprehensive review of techniques, and to examine what geophysical observations can tell us about the structure and tectonics of the oceans.Table of ContentsPreview. Locating Offshore Observations. Seabed Imaging by Sonar and Lidar. Seismic Exploration at Sea: A Theoretical Background. Seismic Data Acquisition at Sea. The Marine Gravity Field. The Earth's Magnetic Field at Sea. Heat Flow. Investigations of the Sea Floor using Electrical Methods. Seabed Exploration using Radiometric Methods. Geophysical Observations in Offshore Boreholes. Deep-Sea Geophysics and the Changing Geometry of the Oceans. Studies of the Oceanic Lithosphere: The Sedimentary Cover. Studies of the Oceanic Lithosphere: The Crustal Basement and Upper Mantle. Investigations of Divergent and Transform Continental Margins. Studies of Subduction Zones. Index.

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Book SynopsisA colourful visual journey from the shoreline to the ocean's depths to celebrate the sheer diversity of life beneath the waves. Three quarters of the ocean has never been seen by humans. Drawing on the recent success of Trees, this companion book explores our oceans, taking readers on a deep dive through the different depth zones from the shoreline and surface, via the sunlight zone, the twilight and midnight zones and into the great abyss to chart the richness and diversity of life found in our seas. Each chapter, centred on a different depth zone, begins with a comprehensive introduction, before exploring 1525 visual themes, from the smallest living things to the largest and the familiar to the little-known. A final chapter on the oceans and us reveals the visual history of human interaction with the deep blue, from discovery and mapping to current issues of the environment and preservation. Stunning photographic content from microscopic images of tiny individual critters to corals of every hue and the abstract patterns of fish scales is shown along with a wide range of stunning archival illustrations and specially commissioned infographics that convey complex data in a simple and elegant way. With frequent news stories about the threat to marine life posed by climate change and human behaviours, the oceans are an important subject, and the preservation of biodiversity is crucial for the future of our planet. This book draws attention to the importance of life in our oceans to provide a positive message about the need to preserve it.

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Book SynopsisCharts how revolutions in genomics, bioinformatics, and remote sensing have pressed marine biologists to see the sea as animated by its smallest inhabitants: marine microbes.Trade Review"Unique [and] innovative... Captures the excitement and crucial nature of oceanographic research... Perhaps Alien Ocean will inspire the next generation to fulfill the promise of environmental genomic sequencing." Nature "Intriguingly, Alien Ocean's main characters are arguably not the scientists, nor Helmreich, but the sea itself and the bizarre microbial communities recently found there." Seed Magazine "Erudite, widely ranging account of currently important aspects of marine microbiology and their broader implications." -- A. J. Kohn Choice "One of the pleasures of Alien Ocean is Helmreich's playfulness." Technology Review "Opens new vistas, creates fresh associations, and raises profound questions... Helmreich's work is a brilliant piece of scholarship." Mast "An engaging treatise of a fascinating topic." Microbe Magazine "Alien Ocean opens up whole new exciting realms of connections." IsisTable of ContentsList of Illustrations Moorings Acknowledgments Introduction: Life at Sea 1. The Message from the Mud: Making Meaning Out of Microbes in Monterey Bay 2. Dissolving the Tree of Life: Alien Kinship at Hydrothermal Vents 3. Blue-Green Capitalism: Marine Biotechnology in Hawaii 4. Alien Species, Native Politics: Mixing Up Nature and Culture in Ocean Oahu 5. Abducting the Atlantic: How the Ocean Got Its Genome 6. Submarine Cyborgs: Transductive Ethnography at the Seafloor, Juan de Fuca Ridge 7. Extraterrestrial Seas: Astrobiology and the Nature of Alien Life Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisHelps readers encounter humpback whales that build nets from bubbles, gain a disturbing maternal perspective on the dolphin-tuna issue, and uncover intimate details about whale sex. This book enables you to contemplate the meaning of the complex social networks that exist in the seas.Trade Review"An appealing, agitating foray into the world of whales that ignites both protective instincts and a hungry curiosity to know more." Kirkus Reviews Cogent, compassionate ... Brilliant at pursuing seemingly unrelated trails back down the blowhole, Kelsey illuminates the "humanity" of whales. Publishers Weekly "Engaging portrayal of the lives and culture of whales." The Economist "Charming... Will be of interest to all whale and dolphin watchers." ChoiceTable of ContentsAcknowledgments Introduction 1. Extreme Motherhood 2. A Sea of Milk 3. Looking for Whales in All the Wrong Places 4. Resident Aliens? 5. How to Make a Really Rich Sea 6. Popular Mechanics: What Chimpanzees and Dolphins Can Teach Us about Tools 7. Mirror, Mirror on the Wall, Who's the Smartest One of All? 8. Building Nets from Bubbles and Other Mysterious Talents of Humpback Whales 9. Do Baby Sperm Whales Suck Milk through Their Noses? 10. Deep Culture 11. What's the Use of Granny? 12. Dolphin Snatchers 13. Friendly Mothers, Friendly Calves? 14. The War on Fish 15. Why Blue Whales Gotta Be Big 16. What You Can See by Listening 17. What You Can Learn from the Dead 18. Let's Talk about Sex, Baby 19. Missing Meat 20. Shifting Scale Notes Index

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Book SynopsisWinner of the Sustainability Science Award 2020, Ecological Society of America Winner of the PROSE Award (Biological Sciences category) 2020, Association of American PublishersThere is a growing crisis in our oceans: mysterious outbreaks of infectious disease are on the rise. Marine epidemics can cause mass die-offs of wildlife from the bottom to the top of food chains, impacting the health of ocean ecosystems as well as lives on land. Portending global environmental disaster, ocean outbreaks are fueled by warming seas, sewage dumping, unregulated aquaculture, and drifting plastic. Ocean Outbreak follows renowned scientist Drew Harvell and her colleagues into the field as they investigate how four iconic marine animalscorals, abalone, salmon, and starfishhave been devastated by disease. Based on over twenty years of research, this firsthand account of the sometimes gradual, sometimes exploding impact of disease on our ocean's biodiversity ends with solutions and a call to action. OnlTrade Review"Harvell gives readers an inside look at the diseases that are on the rise beneath the waves. . . . in a detailed, engaging narrative." * Smithsonian *"Despite the daunting challenge that marine diseases present, Harvell's book manages to inspire both pragmatism and optimism, which likely stems from the immense number of people working alongside Harvell to better understand these issues." * Forbes Online *"Coral bleaching has become something of an everyday apocalypse. Researched, documented and foretold, it is a biotic meltdown to which we have become all too accustomed. But the seas hold other more insidious disasters, as much our fault as the heating of the oceans. They tend, though, to be less covered by the media, which is why Ocean Outbreak is such an important book. . . .[Harvell] does a first-rate job of inspiring readers, and of providing the right kind of proselytising to turn marine epidemiology into a go-to career for a new and concerned generation." * New Scientist *"Harvell vividly recounts her work at the front line, studying die-offs such as the past decade’s catastrophic starfish crash. . . . a succinct summation of two decades of research." * Nature *"A sobering account of what is happening to our seas. . . .This book is a must-read for all who care about the future of our oceans." * Times Higher Education *“The book is written in a way that science-interested members of the public, and policymakers, will find useful—but students and researchers in marine science, yearning to understand more about marine disease outbreaks, will gain just as much. Harvell beautifully articulates the urgent need for scientists and non-scientists alike to do more to understand and protect the ocean.” * Oceanography *"Harvell skillfully navigates through various outbreaks, breaking down what’s happening as well as root causes. And she provides ample hope: oftentimes, by addressing human health issues, we can also help marine creatures." * Cool Green Science/The Nature Conservancy *"An engaging, eye-opening report on the diseases affecting the health of the ocean . . . Harvell writes from a scientist’s perspective, yet her style is down to earth and her prose is accessible. As such, she achieves her essential objective of making the public “more aware of the seriousness of the threats that ocean pathogens pose to our food supplies, economies, livelihoods, and health.” * Foreword Reviews *"This well-written narrative can benefit a wide range of audiences. It provides insights not only into marine diseases but also into the constraints and practices of scientists responding to environmental threats." * CHOICE *"This book is written with the intent to encourage development of policies to prevent and limit the spread of future outbreaks by not only educating policymakers, but engaging a broader audience. Harvell makes a plea for action, citing the need for surveillance of farmed species like salmon, shrimp, oysters, and abalone, where disease outbreaks also pose threats for wild populations." * Fisheries *"Harvell is a skilled science writer and covers the topics with sufficient depth to keep disease aficionados on their toes, marveling at the complexity of diseases in the ocean. . . .The narrative is beautifully written and designed to even be consumed by people who know nothing about infectious [marine] diseases or, worse yet, might fear words like “microbe” or “pathogen” the way a 6th grade math phobe would look at his/her first quadratic equation." * SeaDoc Society Blog *"We’ve all heard the oceans are sick, but this book helps explain why through recent histories of four iconic marine animals” * Society of Environmental Journalists Blog *"Harvell is a writer with a style that is as captivating as it is informative." * Well-Read Naturalist *"This personal account makes for a lively read, filled with both humorous and harrowing stories from field research. . . . well written and appropriate for a range of readers interested in how global change affects ocean ecosystems and the interconnectedness of ocean organisms." * Quarterly Review of Biology *

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Book SynopsisSouthern California is sandwiched between two tectonic plates with an ever-shifting boundary. Over the last several million years, movements of these plates have dramatically reshuffled the Earth's crust to create rugged landscapes and seascapes riven with active faults. Movement along these faults triggers earthquakes and tsunamis, pushes up mountains, and lifts sections of coastline. Over geologic time, beaches come and go, coastal bluffs retreat, and the sea rises and falls.Nothing about Southern California's coast is stable. Surf, Sand, and Stone tells the scientific story of the Southern California coast: its mountains, islands, beaches, bluffs, surfing waves, earthquakes, and related phenomena. It takes readers from San Diego to Santa Barbara, revealing the evidence for how the coast's features came to be and how they are continually changing. With a compelling narrative and clear illustrations, Surf, Sand, and Stone outlines how the coast will be altered in the future and how Trade Review"With a compelling narrative and clear illustrations, Surf, Sand, and Stone outlines how the coast will be altered in the future and how we can best prepare for it." -- Ian Paulsen, * Birdbooker Report *"Meldahl is a fine writer, easing his readers into difficult concepts gently, explaining them fully, providing excellent illustrations with fully explanatory captions and using the imagery of the everyday to make difficult concepts seem less so." * Geological Journal *"Reading Meldahl’s Surf, Sand, and Stone brought back to me the thrill I felt when discovering geography. . . . Meldahl has a terrific gift for explaining complex processes in accessible language, and the presentation feels honed to a pedagogic razor’s edge by years of lecturing to intelligent surfer-students in Orange County. The book includes dozens of useful maps, photos, and diagrams." * Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers *Table of ContentsPreface1. Time, Faults, and Moving Plates: A Recipe for Southern California2. Tsunamis3. Earthquakes4. Disassembling Southern California5. Waves and Surfing6. Beaches and Coastal Bluffs7. Sea-Level Changes and the Ice AgesAfterwordAcknowledgmentsAppendix: Seeing for YourselfGlossaryNotes on SourcesBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisWinner of the Sustainability Science Award 2020, Ecological Society of America Winner of the PROSE Award (Biological Sciences category) 2020, Association of American PublishersThere is a growing crisis in our oceans: mysterious outbreaks of infectious disease are on the rise. Marine epidemics can cause mass die-offs of wildlife from the bottom to the top of food chains, impacting the health of ocean ecosystems as well as lives on land. Portending global environmental disaster, ocean outbreaks are fueled by warming seas, sewage dumping, unregulated aquaculture, and drifting plastic. Ocean Outbreak follows renowned scientist Drew Harvell and her colleagues into the field as they investigate how four iconic marine animalscorals, abalone, salmon, and starfishhave been devastated by disease. Based on over twenty years of research, this firsthand account of the sometimes gradual, sometimes exploding impact of disease on our ocean's biodiversity ends with solutions and a call to action. OnlTrade Review"Harvell gives readers an inside look at the diseases that are on the rise beneath the waves. . . . in a detailed, engaging narrative." * Smithsonian *"Despite the daunting challenge that marine diseases present, Harvell's book manages to inspire both pragmatism and optimism, which likely stems from the immense number of people working alongside Harvell to better understand these issues." * Forbes Online *"Coral bleaching has become something of an everyday apocalypse. Researched, documented and foretold, it is a biotic meltdown to which we have become all too accustomed. But the seas hold other more insidious disasters, as much our fault as the heating of the oceans. They tend, though, to be less covered by the media, which is why Ocean Outbreak is such an important book. . . .[Harvell] does a first-rate job of inspiring readers, and of providing the right kind of proselytising to turn marine epidemiology into a go-to career for a new and concerned generation." * New Scientist *"Harvell vividly recounts her work at the front line, studying die-offs such as the past decade’s catastrophic starfish crash. . . . a succinct summation of two decades of research." * Nature *"A sobering account of what is happening to our seas. . . .This book is a must-read for all who care about the future of our oceans." * Times Higher Education *“The book is written in a way that science-interested members of the public, and policymakers, will find useful—but students and researchers in marine science, yearning to understand more about marine disease outbreaks, will gain just as much. Harvell beautifully articulates the urgent need for scientists and non-scientists alike to do more to understand and protect the ocean.” * Oceanography *"Harvell skillfully navigates through various outbreaks, breaking down what’s happening as well as root causes. And she provides ample hope: oftentimes, by addressing human health issues, we can also help marine creatures." * Cool Green Science/The Nature Conservancy *"This well-written narrative can benefit a wide range of audiences. It provides insights not only into marine diseases but also into the constraints and practices of scientists responding to environmental threats." * CHOICE *"This book is written with the intent to encourage development of policies to prevent and limit the spread of future outbreaks by not only educating policymakers, but engaging a broader audience. Harvell makes a plea for action, citing the need for surveillance of farmed species like salmon, shrimp, oysters, and abalone, where disease outbreaks also pose threats for wild populations." * Fisheries *"Harvell is a skilled science writer and covers the topics with sufficient depth to keep disease aficionados on their toes, marveling at the complexity of diseases in the ocean. . . .The narrative is beautifully written and designed to even be consumed by people who know nothing about infectious [marine] diseases or, worse yet, might fear words like “microbe” or “pathogen” the way a 6th grade math phobe would look at his/her first quadratic equation." * SeaDoc Society Blog *"We’ve all heard the oceans are sick, but this book helps explain why through recent histories of four iconic marine animals” * Society of Environmental Journalists Blog *"This personal account makes for a lively read, filled with both humorous and harrowing stories from field research. . . . well written and appropriate for a range of readers interested in how global change affects ocean ecosystems and the interconnectedness of ocean organisms." * Quarterly Review of Biology *

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Book SynopsisWithout light there would be no life in the sea. Since the seas were the cradle for the evolution of all life forms, the theme of this 1990 book is central to our understanding of the interaction between living organisms and their environments.Table of ContentsPart I. Introduction M. Whitfield; Part II. Physics of Light in the Sea: 1. The light field in the ocean: its modification and exploitation by the pelagic biota S. Sathyendranath and T. Platt; 2. Remote sensing - information from the colour of the seas I. S. Robinson; 3. Optical oceanography: an assessment of a towed method J. Aiken and I. E. Bellan; Part III. Photosynthesis and Development: 4. The photic zone P. Tett; 5. Light harvesting and pigment composition in marine phytoplankton and macroalgae M. J. Dring; 6. The response of picophytoplankton to light I. R. Joint; 7. Light and development: cellular and molecular aspects of photomorphogenesis and brown algae C. Brownlee; Part IV. Vision: 8. Light and vision at depths greater than 200 metres E. J. Denton; 9. Optics of the eyes of marine animals M. F. Land; 10. The colour sensitivity and vision of fishes J. C. Partridge; 11. Messengers of transduction and adaptation in vertebrate photoreceptors H. R. Matthews; 12. Photoreception in squid H. R. Saibil; Part V. Behaviour: 13. Herring behaviour in the light and dark J. H. S. Blaxter and R. S. Batty; 14. Crepuscular behaviour of marine fishes G. W. Potts; 15. Light and the capture of marine animals P. L. Pascoe; Part VI. Bioluminescence: 16. Bioluminescent communication in the sea P. J. Herring; 17. The chemistry of bioluminescence: origins and mechanism F. McCapra; 18. Living light: from the ocean to the hospital bed A. K. Campbell; Part VII. Summary and Perspectives; Part VIII. Bibliography; Part IX. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes in detail the two-way interaction between wind and ocean waves. It will interest ocean wave modellers, physicists and applied mathematicians, and engineers interested in shipping and coastal protection.Trade ReviewReview of the hardback: '… the book succeeds in providing simple descriptions of not-so-simple processes, and practical applications that will be useful to wave modellers, meteorologists and oceanographers who work with air-sea interactions.' EOSTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Introduction; 2. The energy balance of deep-water oceans; 3. On the generation of ocean waves by wind; 4. Non-linear wave-wave interactions and wave-dissipation; 5. Wave forecasting and wind-wave interaction; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe geological history of the Antarctic provides a special record of important interactions between a closely linked system of the lithosphere, atmosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. Antarctic Marine Geology is a comprehensive single-authored book to introduce students and researchers to the geology of the region and the unique processes that occur there.Trade ReviewReview of the hardback: ' … a well-organized format that brings a sense of real progress to a diverse series of subjects. This book is going to be a classic reference.' Eugene W. Domack, EOS: Transactions, American Geophysical UnionReview of the hardback: 'This is a fascinating and well-produced volume … It is easily readable and refreshingly lacking in obscure language. It deserves a place in any geological library.' A. J. Sheehan, Open University Geological Society JournalReview of the hardback: 'Although there are several useful accounts of these topics, this is the first time that the subject has received comprehensive treatment. The book, in fact, is more wide-ranging than the title implies, and will thus be of value to all earth scientists and others working in Antarctica. … this book represents a dignificant achievement in drawing together a wide range of disparate information. … the book is a valuable addition to the literature. It will prove to be essential reading for all Antarctic marine and glacial geologists, whilst students taking advanced courses in glacial sedimentology will find much of relevance.' Journal of Polar RecordTable of Contents1. Antarctica's environment; 2. Geological history of Antarctica; 3. Continental shelf geomorphology and relief-forming processes; 4. Sedimentology; 5. Continental margin evolution; 6. Antarctica's glacial history; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisText on coastal engineering and oceanography covering theory and applications intended to mitigate shoreline erosion.Trade Review'The book's presentation is of high standard. It can be utilized as a textbook on coastal processes and coastal engineering. The authors, who have devoted a lot of time in conducting research in coastal engineering, deserve to be congratulated on their achievement.' Bulletin'… this book is useful in providing a mathematical summary of our understanding of hydrodynamic and sediment transport processes in the coastal zone and how they may be affected by engineering applications.' The Times Higher Education SupplementTable of ContentsPart I. Introduction to Coastal Processes: 1. Overview; 2. Sediment characteristics; 3. Long-term processes; Part II. Hydrodynamics of the Coastal Zone: 4. Tides and storm surges; 5. Waves and wave-induced hydrodynamics; Part III. Coastal Response: 6. Field measurement techniques and analysis; 7. Equilibrium beach profiles; 8. Sediment transport; 9. Miscellaneous coastal features; 10. Modeling of beaches and shorelines; Part IV. Shoreline Modification and Analysis: 11. Beach fill and soft engineering structures; 12. Hard engineering structures; 13. Tidal inlets; 14. Shoreline management.

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Book SynopsisBringing together 30 international experts, this volume commemorates the 50th anniversary of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, the UN organization responsible for fostering intergovernmental cooperation on global ocean issues. It looks at how governments use science to establish ocean policies, with chapters ranging from the history of ocean management to current advances in marine science, observation and management applications, and the international agencies that co-ordinate this work. With a focus on key topical issues such as marine pollution, exploitation, and hazards, Troubled Waters reflects on past successes and failures in ocean management and emphasises the need for knowledge and effective government action to ensure a sustainable future for this precious resource. Illustrated with dramatic, full-colour images, it is essential reading for researchers, students, policy makers and managers of the marine environment, and also provides an attractive and aTrade Review'… timely … Looking to the future, Troubled Waters explains the high likelihood of continuing sea-level rise, increasing ocean acidification and warming oceans. This is coupled with increasing pollution and contamination of maritime spaces and the continuing collapse of marine biodiversity. Contributors suggest new strategies to deal with sea-level rise, including the creation of more habitable space through reclamation, artificial islands and even mobile human habitats … the key to managing the seas will be turning good information into meaningful policies. In that regard, Troubled Waters is an excellent resource.' Nature'Where ecological phenomena outlast the political lifetime of decision makers, where the frontiers of nations are no longer barriers, the principles of harmonisation and inter-governmental collaboration take on their full value.' HSH Prince Albert of Monaco'Well-managed and healthy oceans are vital to the survival of small island states, such as the Maldives. This important book shows how scientists and governments can better protect the world's oceans.' Mohamed Nasheed, President of the Republic of Maldives'The editors have managed to bring the jigsaw pieces together in a clearly laid out, very readable, easily accessible, wonderfully illustrated, work that should be a permanent but not neglected resident on the shelves of all who have an interest in the oceans and how we manage them, past present and future.' Dan Costa, Marine Scientist'… well produced, thought provoking … it is a publication that has much value for its intended readership … and beyond … I would strongly recommend this book to all who have an interest in understanding and safeguarding our seas.' International Journal of the Society for Underwater Technology'… the text provides a good reality check of what issues exist and what responsible parties should do to address them. The different perspectives are incredibly helpful, and this book effectively provides a sample of many issues related to the ocean.' Kathleen Galloway, Journal of the American Water Resources AssociationTable of ContentsList of contributors; Foreword HSH Prince Albert of Monaco; List of acronyms; Part I. Introduction Geoff Holland and David Pugh; Part II. The Global Context: 1. For the ocean Patricio Bernal; 2. The UN, science and ocean governance Alan Simcock; 3. UNCLOS and ocean science Elie Jarmache; 4. Fifty years of developing national marine skills Ehrlich Desa and Joannes Berque; 5. The early years of the IOC Desmond Scott and Geoff Holland; Part III. Oceans and Science: 6. Ocean science, an overview Gunnar Kullenberg; 7. Ocean climate programmes Allyn Clarke; 8. The international bathymetric chart Ron Macnab and Dmitri Travin; 9. Living marine resources Henrik Enevoldsen; 10. Non-governmental organizations Elizabeth Gross; Part IV. Observations and Data: 11. Ocean observations Peter Dexter and Colin Summerhayes; 12. Oceanographic data: from paper to pixels Iouri Oliounine and Peter Pissierssens; Part V. Applications: 13. Coastal zone management Laurence Mee; 14. Hazards and warnings David Pugh; 15. Caribbean co-operation Guillermo Garcia Montero; 16. Oceans, science and governments in Africa Justin Ahanhanzo and Geoff Brundrit; Part VI. Intergovernmental Agencies and Science: 17. The Food and Agriculture Organisation Ray Griffiths; 18. The International Hydrographic Organisation Hugo Gorziglia; 19. The International Maritime Organisation Andrea Garcia; 20. The United Nations Environment Programme Salif Diop and Jacqueline Alder; 21. The World Meteorological Organisation Peter Dexter and Yves Treglos; Part VII. The Future: 22. The future of oceans, science and governance Neville Smith; 23. Afterword Geoff Holland and David Pugh; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive textbook derives and classifies the most common dynamic equations used in physical oceanography, emphasizing the assumptions made and the physical processes eliminated. Providing a clear exposition of the concepts for graduate students and researchers of physical oceanography, all of the necessary mathematical tools are covered in appendices.Trade ReviewReview of the hardback: 'The book will surely become a standard reference for the ocean dynamicist who wants to get the equations and usual approximations right. For me, the book is already worth the price just for its thorough treatment of the Boussinesq approximation. … On many topics, The Equations of Oceanic Motions supplements or surpasses these standard books. It … deserves to become a trusted guide to the basic formulation of physical oceanography.' OceanographyTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Introduction; 2. Equilibrium thermodynamics of sea water; 3. Balance equations; 4. Molecular flux laws; 5. The gravitational potential; 6. The basic equations; 7. Dynamical impact of the equation state; 8. Free wave solution on a sphere; 9. Asymptotic expansions; 10. Reynolds decomposition; 11. Boussinesq approximation; 12. Large scale motions; 13. Primitive equations; 14. Representations of vertical structure; 15. Ekman layers; 16. Planetary geostrophic flows; 17. Tidal equations; 18. Medium scale motions; 19. Quasi-geostrophic flows; 20. Motions on the f-plane; 21. Small scale motions; 22. Sound waves; Appendix A. Equilibrium thermodynamics; Appendix B. Vector and tensor analysis; Appendix C. Orthogonal curvilinear coordinate systems; Appendix D. Kinematics of fluid motions; Appendix E. Kinematics of waves; Appendix F. Conventional and notation; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an up-to-date and rigorous introduction to turbulence in the atmosphere and in engineering flows for advanced students, and a reference work for researchers in the atmospheric sciences. With student exercises at the end of each chapter and worked solutions online, this is an invaluable resource for any related course.Trade Review'This textbook is well-structured, coherently explained and it is ideally priced for advanced students and researchers in the fields of aeronautical, mechanical and environmental engineering as well as oceanography, applied mathematics and physics.' International Journal of Metrology'The many quotations from researchers working in the field provide an interesting historical perspective. Such personal touches are welcome in a turbulence text. The book would probably be most accessible to students of atmospheric science who are familiar with concepts such as static stability and geostrophic balance. Nevertheless, Turbulence in the Atmosphere is admirable in its exposition and its breadth. It will still serve well as a graduate textbook and certainly conveys the author's affection for the subject.' Joseph H. LaCasce, Universitetet i Oslo'… provides a modern introduction to turbulence in the atmosphere and in engineering flows, written by a specialist in the field. … an excellent textbook on atmospheric turbulence with a fully developed mathematical presentation for advanced students and researchers in the atmospheric sciences, meteorology, aeronautical, mechanical and environmental engineering, and oceanography. … written in an agreeable and clear way … should be included in the library of every researcher in the field.' Contemporary Physics'… useful as a reference and as a resource for course instructors since each section is clearly demarcated and the terse style allows specific points to be located quickly … The range and quality of questions on key concepts and problems … at the end of each chapter, will definitely prove useful for others.' Meteorologische ZeitschriftTable of ContentsPreface; Part I. A Grammar of Turbulence: 1. Introduction; 2. Getting to know turbulence; 3. Equations for averaged variables; 4. Turbulent fluxes; 5. Conservation equations for covariances; 6. Large-eddy dynamics, the energy cascade, and large-eddy simulation; 7. Kolmogrov scaling, its extensions, and two-dimensional turbulence; Part II. Turbulence in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer: 8. The equations of atmospheric turbulence; 9. The atmospheric boundary layer; 10. The atmospheric surface layer; 11. The convective boundary layer; 12. The stable boundary layer; Part III. Statistical Representation of Turbulence: 13. Probability densities and distributions; 14. Isotropic tensors; 15. Covariances, autocorrelations, and spectra; 16. Statistics in turbulence analysis; Index.

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Book SynopsisHope is the new icon of the Natural History Museum, a stunning 9,000 pound, 82-foot-long blue whale skeleton. Suspended by steel wires and captured in a majestic swooping posture, her reconstruction is a work of art as well as a feat of engineering. Her story begins in 1891 when she was found beached off the coast of Ireland. A lucrative find for a local fisherman, her skeletal remains were sold to the Museum. The project to restore her took three years to complete, including 10 months of painstaking laboratory work to clean and repair each of her 221 bones. Combining the latest scientific research into the blue whale with behind-the-scenes imagery, this book sheds new light on the largest creature ever to have lived on Earth.

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Book SynopsisA sea captain’s beautifully written tour of our planet, our oceans, and our ever-changing atmosphere“An extraordinary book by a modern-day Melville.”—Mark Vanhoenacker • “Immensely rewarding and entertaining.”—Lincoln Paine • “Full of history, wisdom, and hilarious stories from life on the open seas.”—Daniel Stone  What’s in a cloud? Did you know that water vapor is invisible and actually lighter than dry air? What separates a tropical storm from a winter blizzard? And what exactly is El Niño? Elliot Rappaport, a professional captain of traditional sailing ships, has spent three decades at sea, where understanding weather is crucial to the safety of vessels and their crews. In Reading the Glass, he offers a sailor’s-eye view of the moving parts of our atmosphere and unveils the larger patterns it holds: global winds, storms, air masses, jet streams, and the

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Book SynopsisAustralia's venomous snakes are widely viewed as the world's most deadly and are regarded with cautious curiosity, fascination and fear. This volume examines the biology, natural history, venom properties and bite treatment of medically important venomous marine and terrestrial snakes. It contains comprehensive identification profiles for each species, supported by keys and photographs.

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Book SynopsisRex and Etter present the first synthesis of patterns and causes of biodiversity in organisms that dwell in the vast sediment ecosystem of ocean floor. They offer a new understanding of marine biodiversity that will be of general interest to ecologists and is crucial to responsible exploitation of natural resources at the deep-sea floor.Trade ReviewRex and Etter offer a truly novel synthesis of an exciting and dynamic subject. They have done an exceptional job of compiling new data that captures the history, idea development, and current conceptual understanding of the abundance and diversity of the deep sea. -- Lisa A. Levin, Scripps Institution of OceanographyDeep-sea ecology is experiencing an international resurgence. This book should become a landmark. -- Robert S. Carney, Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State UniversitySpecies diversity is considered briefly in the few books that address deep-sea biology but there is nothing to compare with the depth, insight and clarity of Deep-Sea Biodiversity. This book fills an important niche in deep-sea ecology. -- Paul A. Tyler, National Oceanography Centre, SouthamptonRex and Etter's great achievement will be an essential volume on any marine scientist's bookshelf. It relates the great discovery of biodiversity patterns in the deep-sea floor to the physical and biological dynamics of the global ocean and its regions, and provides an important evolutionary and geological history perspective on the assembly of present day patterns of biodiversity. -- Jeffrey Levinton, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University

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Book SynopsisAny viable strategy for sustaining the world's oceans must reflect the relationships among all ecosystem components, human and nonhuman species included. Marine Ecosystem-Based Management is a state-of-the-art synopsis of the conservation approaches that are currently being translated from theory to action on a global scale.

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Book SynopsisWe have long been fascinated with the oceans and sought “to pierce the profundity” of their depths. But the history of marine science also tells us a lot about ourselves. Antony Adler explores the ways in which scientists, politicians, and the public have invoked ocean environments in imagining the fate of humanity and of the planet.Trade ReviewIn his entertaining, readable history of marine science, [Adler] shows how humanity’s fundamental ignorance about the sea has often fed fantastical ideas of it as savior, battlefield, playground, storehouse, angry beast or hapless victim…Left me with a sense of urgency about the ocean’s perilous state…Enlightening. -- Boris Worm * Nature *The best narrative of oceanography’s history that I have ever read, Neptune’s Laboratory elucidates humanity’s relationship with the ocean. Compelling, imaginative, and exceptionally well researched, this book will make a difference in the world by offering insight into the fears and fantasies that forged our understandings of the ocean in the past and how, against mounting environmental challenges, they continue to shape our courses of action. -- Helen Rozwadowski, author of Vast Expanses: A History of the OceansA social and cultural history of how Western societies have, over the last two hundred years, conceptualized the oceans as a place that can be scientifically understood…Thoughtful and well conceived. It communicates a changing understanding and imagining of the oceans… While of obvious interest to scholars of the ‘oceanic turn,’ it should also find a much broader audience among those interested in how the public interacts with science and with the environment, and how these interests feed and are fed by political goals and fears. -- Penelope K. Hardy * British Journal for the History of Science *Neptune’s Laboratory is a major accomplishment. Adler contributes penetrating new insights into marine research and technology from the last two centuries, and examines how that scholarship has shaped scientists’ hopes and fears for the future. The result is a sophisticated, evocative, and highly original approach to subject matter that challenges easy analysis. -- Eric Mills, author of The Fluid Envelope of Our Planet: How the Study of Ocean Currents Became a ScienceThis book presents a remarkable account of the imagined futures that scientists, politicians, explorers, and mariners built around marine environments over two centuries. Taking us through the history of marine sciences from the nineteenth century to the present, Adler argues for a picture of oceanography that takes seriously practice, context, and a profound human engagement with the oceans. Neptune’s Laboratory will appeal to anyone interested in the history of the future. -- Simon Werrett, author of Thrifty Science: Making the Most of Materials in the History of ExperimentAn engaging new book about the history of humanity’s relationship with, and improving understanding of, the ocean…Neptune’s Laboratory is not only about the history of modern marine science but also about how we perceive the ocean—and how that perception has changed over time. -- David Shiffman * Issues in Science and Technology *

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Book SynopsisOcean Biogeochemical Dynamics provides a broad theoretical framework upon which graduate students and upper-level undergraduates can formulate an understanding of the processes that control the mean concentration and distribution of biologically utilized elements and compounds in the ocean. Though it is written as a textbook, it will also be of interest to more advanced scientists as a wide-ranging synthesis of our present understanding of ocean biogeochemical processes. The first two chapters of the book provide an introductory overview of biogeochemical and physical oceanography. The next four chapters concentrate on processes at the air-sea interface, the production of organic matter in the upper ocean, the remineralization of organic matter in the water column, and the processing of organic matter in the sediments. The focus of these chapters is on analyzing the cycles of organic carbon, oxygen, and nutrients. The next three chapters round out the authors'' coverage of ocean biogeochemical cycles with discussions of silica, dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity, and CaCO3. The final chapter discusses applications of ocean biogeochemistry to our understanding of the role of the ocean carbon cycle in interannual to decadal variability, paleoclimatology, and the anthropogenic carbon budget. The problem sets included at the end of each chapter encourage students to ask critical questions in this exciting new field. While much of the approach is mathematical, the math is at a level that should be accessible to students with a year or two of college level mathematics and/or physics.Trade Review"This textbook is a monumental and masterful achievement, and the authors should be congratulated both for taking on this important task and for the end result... Every serious student and post-doc in this discipline, and all senior practitioners, should purchase or borrow a copy of this book and read it from cover to cover."--David M. Karl, Bulletin of the American Society for Limnology and Oceanography "Readers of Environmental Conservation with an interest in marine biogeochemistry and earth system science are encouraged to purchase or borrow this book. It is a comprehensive text on a complex and timely topic, and is one that will enlighten students and professionals alike. The authors are to be congratulated on their tour-de-force."--Peter Burkill, Environmental ConservationTable of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Chemical Composition of the Ocean 1 1.2 Distribution of Chemicals in the Ocean 7 1.3 Chapter Conclusion and Outline of Book 15 Problems 16 Chapter 2: Tracer Conservation and Ocean Transport 19 2.1 Tracer Conservation Equation 19 Advection and Diffusion Components 19 Application to Box Models 22 2.2 Wind-Driven Circulation 23 Equations of Motion 27 Ekman Transport 28 Gyre Circulation 30 2.3 Wind-Driven Circulation in the Stratified Ocean 33 Basic Concepts 34 Ocean Stratification 34 Geostrophic Equations 37 Gyre Circulation with Stratification 37 Insights from the Potential Vorticity Distribution 38 Insights from Tracers 39 Insights from the Thermal Wind Relationship 42 2.4 Deep Ocean Circulation 46 Observations 46 Models 52 Summary of Deep Ocean Circulation 57 2.5 Time-Varying Flows 59 Mesoscale Variability 60 Interannual to Decadal Variability 61 Tropical Variability 61 Extratropical Variability 66 Problems 69 Chapter 3: Air-Sea Interface 73 3.1 Introduction 73 3.2 Gas Solubilities 75 3.3 Gas Exchange 80 Stagnant Film Model 81 Laboratory Studies 83 Field Studies 86 Gas Transfer Velocity Models 89 3.4 Applications 95 Problems 100 Chapter 4: Organic Matter Production 102 4.1 Introduction 102 Nutrient Supply 105 Light 111 Efficiency of the Biological Pump 111 Outline 114 4.2 Ecosystem Processes 115 Nutrients 115 Composition of Organic Matter 115 Limiting Nutrient 117 Paradigm of Surface Ocean Nitrogen Cycling 117 Phytoplankton 123 Classification of Organisms 123 Phytoplankton Distribution and Productivity 128 Modeling Photosynthesis 131 Zooplankton 135 Bacteria 137 4.3 Analysis of Ecosystem Behavior 138 Role of Light Supply 139 Classical Ecosystem Models 142 N-P Model--Bottom-up Limitation 142 N-P-Z Model--Top-Down Limitation 144 Adding the Microbial Loop 146 Multiple Size Class Ecosystem Models 147 The Model 147 Influence of Micronutrients 149 Applications 150 North Pacific versus North Atlantic 152 Oligotrophic Region 155 4.4 A Synthesis 157 The Regeneration Loop 158 The Export Pathway 158 The Role of Iron 160 Conclusions 162 Problems 168 Chapter 5: Organic Matter Export and Remineralization 173 5.1 Introduction 173 Nutrient and Oxygen Distributions 173 Remineralizaton Reactions 178 Preformed and Remineralized Components 179 Dissolved and Particulate Organic Matter 180 Outline 181 5.2 Oxygen 181 Separation of Preformed and Remineralized Components 181 Deep Ocean Oxygen Utilization Rates 182 Thermocline Oxygen Utilization Rates 183 5.3 Nitrogen and Phosphorus 186 Stoichiometric Ratios 186 Phosphate 188 The Nitrogen Cycle 189 N* as a Tracer of Denitrification 189 N* as a Tracer of N2 Fixation 195 The Oceanic Nitrogen Budget 196 Nitrous Oxide 197 5.4 Organic Matter Cycling 200 Particulate Organic Matter 200 Overview 200 Particle Flux 203 The Role of Ballast 206 Particle Remineralization 207 Models of Particle Interactions 209 Dissolved Organic Matter 211 5.5 Models 215 Model Development 215 Sensitivity Studies 217 Applications: Control of Oceanic Oxygen 221 Problems 222 Chapter 6: Remineralization and Burial in the Sediments 227 6.1 Introduction 227 Observations 227 Sediment Properties and Processes 229 Remineralization Reactions 233 6.2 Sediment Diagenesis Models 236 Pore Waters 237 Solids 241 6.3 Remineralization 245 Oxic Sediments 246 Anoxic Sediments 250 Dissolved Organic Carbon 253 6.4 Burial 255 The Substrate 255 The Oxidant 256 Protection by Mineral Adsorption 257 Synthesis 258 6.5 Organic Matter Budget 260 Problems 267 Chapter 7: Silicate Cycle 270 7.1 Introduction 270 Water Column Observations 271 Sediment Observations 271 Outline 278 7.2 Euphotic Zone 278 Diatoms 278 Opal Production and Export 280 7.3 Water Column 285 Opal 286 Silicic Acid 288 7.4 Sediments 295 Opal Dissolution and Burial 295 Opal Chemistry 299 7.5 Conclusion 308 Overview 308 Marine Si Budget 309 Long-Term Homeostasis 311 Problems 313 Chapter 8: Carbon Cycle 318 8.1 Introduction 319 8.2 Inorganic Carbon Chemistry 322 8.3 The Surface Ocean 327 Annual Mean Distribution 327 Physical Processes 328 Biological Processes 331 Vector Diagrams 334 Seasonal Variability 335 Subtropical Gyres 337 North Atlantic 340 North Pacific 341 8.4 Water Column 342 Outline 342 Pump Components 342 The Biological Pumps 345 The Gas Exchange Pump 347 Global Mean 347 Atlantic versus Pacific 349 8.5 Carbon Pumps and Surface Fluxes 352 Problems 355 Chapter 9: Calcium Carbonate Cycle 359 9.1 Introduction 359 9.2 Production 362 Organisms 362 Export Estimates 363 Inorganic-to-Organic Carbon Export Ratio 363 9.3 Water Column Processes 365 CaCO3 Solubility 365 Variations in Saturation State 368 Carbonate Ion Distribution 368 Water Column Dissolution 371 9.4 Diagenesis 374 CaCO3 Dissolution in Sediments 374 Modeling CaCO3 Diagenesis 379 Model Applications 379 Concluding Remarks 384 9.5 Calcium Carbonate Compensation 384 CaCO3 Homeostat 384 CaCO3 Compensation 386 Problems 389 Chapter 10: Carbon Cycle, CO2, and Climate 392 10.1 Introduction 392 Greenhouse Effect 394 Global Warming 396 Outline 398 10.2 The Anthropogenic Perturbation 399 Capacity Constraints 400 Buffering by Dissolved Carbonate 400 Buffering by Sediment CaCO3 401 Buffering by Weathering 402 Kinetic Constraints 402 Atmospheric Pulse Response 402 Ocean Uptake and Buffering with Dissolved Carbonate 403 Buffering by Sediment CaCO3 405 Anthropogenic CO2 Uptake 405 Direct Estimation 406 Reconstruction of Anthropogenic CO2 Inventory 408 The Atmospheric Oxygen Method 413 The Role of Biology 414 Future CO2 Uptake 415 10.3 Interannual to Decadal Timescale Variability 417 Tropical Variability 419 Extratropical Variability 423 10.4 Glacial-Interglacial Atmospheric CO2 Changes 429 Setting the Scene 431 Terrestrial Biosphere Carbon Loss 431 Salinity Changes 432 Temperature Changes 434 Fundamental Mechanisms 435 Southern Ocean Dominance 435 Equilibration of Low-Latitude Changes 436 Closing the Southern Ocean Window 440 Physical Mechanisms 442 Biological Mechanisms 443 Observational Constraints 444 A Role for the Regions outside the Southern Ocean? 446 Circulation Scenarios 447 Soft-Tissue Pump Scenarios 447 Alkalinity and Carbonate Pump Scenarios 449 A Synthesis Scenario 452 Problems 454 Appendix 459 References 461 Index 495

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Book SynopsisThis book sets forth the physical, mathematical, and numerical foundations of computer models used to understand and predict the global ocean climate system. Aimed at students and researchers of ocean and climate science who seek to understand the physical content of ocean model equations and numerical methods for their solution, it is largely general in formulation and employs modern mathematical techniques. It also highlights certain areas of cutting-edge research. Stephen Griffies presents material that spans a broad spectrum of issues critical for modern ocean climate models. Topics are organized into parts consisting of related chapters, with each part largely self-contained. Early chapters focus on the basic equations arising from classical mechanics and thermodynamics used to rationalize ocean fluid dynamics. These equations are then cast into a form appropriate for numerical models of finite grid resolution. Basic discretization methods are described for commonlTrade Review"Stephen Griffie's book ... will be found open on the desks of those who develop ocean models for years to come... This is a unique and useful work."--Matthew Hecht, Bulletin of the American Meteorological SocietyTable of ContentsFOREWORD XIII PREFACE XV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXV ABOUT THE COVER XXVII LIST OF SYMBOLS XXIX Chapter 1. OCEAN CLIMATE MODELS 1 1.1 Ocean models as tools for ocean science 1 1.2 Ocean climate models 2 1.3 Challenges of climate change 3 PART 1. FUNDAMENTAL OCEAN EQUATIONS 5 Chapter 2. BASICS OF OCEAN FLUID MECHANICS 7 2.1 Some fundamental ocean processes 7 2.2 The continuum hypothesis 9 2.3 Kinematics of fluid motion 10 2.4 Kinematical and dynamical approximations 16 2.5 Averaging over scales and realizations 20 2.6 Numerical discretization 21 2.7 Chapter summary 22 Chapter 3. KINEMATICS 24 3.1 Introduction 24 3.2 Mathematical preliminaries 24 3.3 The divergence theorem and budget analyses 29 3.4 Volume and mass conserving kinematics 31 3.5 Chapter summary 40 Chapter 4. DYNAMICS 42 4.1 Introduction 42 4.2 Motion on a rotating sphere 43 4.3 Principles of continuum dynamics 47 4.4 Dynamics of fluid parcels 51 4.5 Hydrostatic pressure 56 4.6 Dynamics of hydrostatic fluid columns 58 4.7 Fluid motion in a rapidly rotating system 62 4.8 Vertical stratification 68 4.9 Vorticity and potential vorticity 70 4.10 Particle dynamics on a rotating sphere 75 4.11 Symmetry and conservation laws 80 4.12 Chapter summary 83 Chapter 5. THERMO-HYDRODYNAMICS 87 5.1 General types of ocean tracers 87 5.2 Basic equilibrium thermodynamics 91 5.3 Energy of a fluid parcel 95 5.4 Global mechanical energy balance 105 5.5 Basic non-equilibrium thermodynamics 110 5.6 Thermodynamical tracers 111 5.7 Ocean density 114 5.8 Chapter summary 118 Chapter 6. GENERALIZED VERTICAL COORDINATES 121 6.1 Introduction 121 6.2 Concerning the choice of vertical coordinate 122 6.3 Generalized surfaces 128 6.4 Local orthonormal coordinates 130 6.5 Mathematics of generalized vertical coordinates 131 6.6 Metric tensors 136 6.7 The dia-surface velocity component 138 6.8 Conservation of mass and volume for parcels 141 6.9 Kinematic boundary conditions 143 6.10 Primitive equations 145 6.11 Transformation of SGS tracer flux components 147 6.12 Chapter summary 149 PART 2. AVERAGED DESCRIPTIONS 153 Chapter 7. CONCERNI NG UNRESOLVED PHYSICS 155 7.1 Represented dynamics and parameterized physics 155 7.2 Lateral (neutral) and vertical processes 157 7.3 Basic mechanisms for dianeutral transport 159 7.4 Dianeutral transport in models 161 7.5 Numerically induced spurious dianeutral transport 166 7.6 Chapter summary 167 Chapter 8. EULERIAN AVERAGED EQUATIONS 169 8.1 Introduction 169 8.2 The nonhydrostatic shallow ocean equations 171 8.3 Averaged kinematics 173 8.4 Averaged kinematics over finite domains 174 8.5 Averaged tracer 179 8.6 Averaged momentum budget 182 8.7 Summary of the Eulerian averaged equations 183 8.8 Mapping to ocean model variables 185 8.9 Chapter summary 187 Chapter 9. KINEMATICS OF AN ISENTROPIC ENSEMBLE 189 9.1 Parameterizing mesoscale eddies 189 9.2 Advection and skewsion 191 9.3 Volume conservation 194 9.4 Ensemble mean tracer equation 203 9.5 Quasi-Stokes transport in z-models 206 9.6 Chapter summary 212 PART 3. SEMI-DISCRETE EQUATIONS AND ALGORITHMS 215 Chapter 10. DISCRETIZATION BASICS 217 10.1 Discretization methods 217 10.2 An introduction to Arakawa grids 218 10.3 Time stepping 219 10.4 Chapter summary 221 Chapter 11. MASS AND TRACER BUDGETS 222 11.1 Summary of the continuous model equations 222 11.2 Tracer and mass/volume compatibility 223 11.3 Mass budget for a grid cell 223 11.4 Mass budget for a discrete fluid column 227 11.5 Tracer budget for a grid cell 228 11.6 Fluxes for turbulence mixed layer schemes 232 11.7 Flux plus restore boundary conditions 233 11.8 Z-like vertical coordinate models 234 11.9 Chapter summary 235 Chapter 12. ALGORITHMS FOR HYDROSTATIC OCEAN MODELS 237 12.1 Summary of the continuous model equations 237 12.2 Budget of linear momentum for a grid cell 238 12.3 Strategies for time stepping momentum 244 12.4 A leap-frog algorithm 248 12.5 Discretization of time tendencies 251 12.6 A time staggered algorithm 258 12.7 Barotropic updates with a predictor-corrector 262 12.8 Stability considerations 265 12.9 Smoothing the surface height in B-grid models 277 12.10 Rigid lid streamfunction method 278 12.11 Chapter summary 280 PART 4. NEUTRAL PHYSICS 281 Chapter 13. BASICS OF NEUTRAL PHYSICS 283 13.1 Concerning the utility of neutral physics 283 13.2 Notation and summary of scalar budgets 286 13.3 Compatibility in the mean field budgets 287 13.4 The SGS tracer transport tensor 288 13.5 Advection and skewsion 290 13.6 Neutral tracer fluxes 291 13.7 Chapter summary and a caveat on the conjecture 294 Chapter 14. NEUTRAL TRANSPORT OPERATORS 296 14.1 Neutral diffusion 296 14.2 Gent-McWilliams stirring 304 14.3 Summarizing the neutral physics fluxes 308 14.4 Flow-dependent diffusivities 309 14.5 Biharmonic operators 317 14.6 Chapter summary and some challenges 326 Chapter 15. NEUTRAL PHYSICS NEAR THE SURFACE BOUNDARY 328 15.1 Linear stability for neutral diffusion 328 15.2 Linear stability for GM stirring 332 15.3 Neutral physics near boundaries 333 15.4 Chapter summary and caveats 343 Chapter 16. FUNCTIONAL DISCRETIZATION OF NEUTRAL PHYSICS 345 16.1 Foundations for discrete neutral physics 345 16.2 Introduction to the discretization 350 16.3 A one-dimensional warm-up 352 16.4 Elements of the discrete dissipation functional 354 16.5 Triad stencils and some more notation 361 16.6 The discrete diffusion operator 363 16.7 Diffusive flux components 367 16.8 Further issues of numerical implementation 371 16.9 Chapter summary 374 PART 5. HORIZONTAL FRICTION 377 Chapter 17. HORIZONTAL FRICTION IN MODELS 379 17.1 Boussinesq and non-Boussinesq friction 379 17.2 Introduction and general framework 379 17.3 Properties of the stress tensor 380 17.4 Properties of the viscosity tensor 387 17.5 Transverse isotropy 389 17.6 Transverse anisotropy 393 17.7 Generalized orthogonal coordinates 396 17.8 Dissipation functional 398 17.9 Biharmonic friction 402 17.10 Some mathematical details 404 17.11 Chapter summary 407 Chapter 18. CHOOSING THE HORIZONTAL VISCOSITY 409 18.1 Stability and resolution considerations 409 18.2 Comparing Laplacian and biharmonic mixing 415 18.3 Smagorinsky viscosity 416 18.4 Background viscosity 420 18.5 Viscosities for anisotropic friction 421 18.6 Chapter summary 422 Chapter 19. FUNCTIONAL DISCRETIZATION OF FRICTION 424 19.1 Comments on notation 424 19.2 Summary of the various formulations 425 19.3 Horizontal friction discretization 426 19.4 Laplacian plus metric form of isotropic friction 436 19.5 Chapter summary 439 PART 6. TENSOR ANALYSIS 441 Chapter 20. ELEMENTARY TENSOR ANALYSIS 443 20.1 Introduction 443 20.2 Some practical motivation 444 20.3 Coordinates and vectors 446 20.4 The metric and coordinate transformations 448 20.5 Transformations of a vector 451 20.6 One-forms 452 20.7 Mapping between vectors and one-forms 454 20.8 Transformation of a one-form 454 20.9 Arbitrary tensors and their transformations 455 20.10 Tensorial properties of the gradient operator 456 20.11 The invariant volume element 457 20.12 Determinants and the Levi-Civita symbol 459 20.13 Surfaces embedded in Euclidean space 461 20.14 Chapter summary 464 Chapter 21. CALCULUS ON CURVED MANIFOLDS 466 21.1 Fundamental character of tensor equations 466 21.2 Covariant differentiation 468 21.3 Covariant derivative of a second order tensor 470 21.4 Christoffel symbols in terms of the metric 471 21.5 Covariant divergence of a vector 471 21.6 Covariant divergence of a second order tensor 472 21.7 Covariant Laplacian of a scalar 473 21.8 Covariant curl of a vector 473 21.9 Covariant Laplacian of a vector 473 21.10 Integral theorems 474 21.11 Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates 474 21.12 Summary of curvilinear tensor analysis 481 PART 7. EPILOGUE 487 Chapter 22. SOME CLOSING COMMENTS AND CHALLENGES 489 BIBLIOGRAPHY 493 Index 511

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Book SynopsisUntil 1997, few people had heard of the seasonal current that Peruvians nicknamed El Nino. This book discusses the scientific, political, economic and cultural developments that shaped our perceptions of this force of nature. It outlines the history of El Nino, an innocuous current that appears off the coast of Peru around Christmas time.Trade Review"George Philander provides [an understanding of El Nino] simply and authoritatively. He does so, not by losing the reader in elaborate descriptions of data acquisition and mathematical modeling, but by the apt use of analogies drawn from the viewpoints of the poet, musician and painter."--Richard Shelton, Times Literary Supplement "Our Affair with El Nino is a very readable, entertaining and instructive book that will appeal to scientists and non-scientists alike... [Philander] writes with the enthusiasm of an eye-witness and the authority of an expert. The book skillfully weaves together descriptions of El Nino physics, the historical backdrop that led to widespread interest in El Nino, and the philosophical perspectives on the role of scientific research in addressing present-day environmental problems."--Michael J. McPhaden, Nature "[Philander] presents the current scientific understanding of El Nino concisely, explaining the details of circulation in the ocean and atmosphere with lucid analogies and thoughtful examples. He describes the broad outlines of how this understanding emerged, piecemeal, along complex and tangled paths. It is as a work in the history of science that the book makes its greatest contributions."--Benjamin S. Orlove, American ScientistTable of ContentsACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix PROLOGUE: Assessing Our Affair as It Approaches a Critical Juncture 1 PART 1: WHO IS EL NINO? 1 A Mercurial Character 11 2 A Fallen Angel? 28 3 A Construct of Ours 34 4 A Matchmaker 40 PART 2: OUR DILEMMA 5 Two Incompatible Cultures 65 6 "Small" Science versus "Big" Science 81 PART 3: COMMON GROUND 7 The Perspective of a Painter 93 8 The Perspective of a Poet 118 9 The Perspective of a Musician 129 10 A Marriage of the "Hard" and "Soft" Sciences 139 11 The Cloud 151 PART 4: A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE SCIENCE 12 Predicting the Weather 161 13 Investigating the Atmospheric Circulation 177 14 Exploring the Oceans 189 15 Reconciling Divergent Perspectives on El Nino 213 16 Taking a Long-Term Geological View 227 PART 5: COPING WITH HAZARDS 17 Famines in India 237 18 Fisheries of Peru 240 19 Droughts in Zimbabwe 244 EPILOGUE: Becoming Custodians of Planet Earth 251 NOTES AND REFERENCES 259 INDEX 273

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Book Synopsis"Featuring a new preface by the author."Trade ReviewWinner of the Commonwealth Award for Science and Invention, Sigma Xi Commonwealth Award for Science and Invention, Sigma Xi Association of American Publishers Award for Best Professional/Scholarly Book in Geography and Earth Sciences Honorable Mention for the 2000 Award for Best Professional/Scholarly Book in Geography and Earth Sciences, Association of American Publishers "A straightforward look at a complicated business that shows again not just that exploration is worth doing but that even at home here on earth it is far from over."--Michael Parfit, New York Times Book Review "An excellent book... It is impossible to put down."--Richard Shelton, Times Literary Supplement "The man who found the Titanic, discovered black smokers on the sea floor, and first ventured into the mid-Atlantic ridge tells the story of deep-sea exploration... Scores of photographs highlight the steadily absorbing text; together, words and pictures present a vital and authoritative general history of humanity's adventures deep beneath the waves."--Publishers Weekly "Drawing from the expertise gained during his more than one hundred trips into the abyss, Ballard highlights historical and scientific events that he and Hively weave into a series of scintillating tales."--Loretta DiPietro, Scientific American "Cool technology meets personal obsession in this history that's also a memoir by the discoverer of the wreck of the Titanic. Break out the bathospheres, the minisubs and the ROVs (Remote Operated Vehicles); it's time to take the plunge and see what's Down There."--Washington Post Book World "This book takes the reader into the deep-sea realm along the discovery paths of famous deep-sea explorers as chronicled by the preeminent explorer of our time. Ballard's book will leave readers enlightened and concerned about the expanding role the oceans are playing as the future evolves."--Choice "Pitched to the lay reader, Ballard's The Eternal Darkness is engaging, sometimes thrilling and always authentic... Ballard was also involved in the 1985 discovery of the Titanic, and his account of the sleuthing that went into the hunt makes for terrific reading."--Dennis Drabelle, Washington Post Book World "An informative and interesting book written with authority on a fascinating subject."--Daniel Lenihan, Naval History "A remarkable story of science and adventure, as fascinating as the exploration of space and the landing on the moon."--American Way (Airline Magazine) "The Eternal Darkness is a highly readable book... I am always on the lookout for books that will motivate and enthuse potential and present students. The Eternal Darkness will become a firm favourite on that list, as Ballard shows what can be achieved by hard work, determination and unbounded enthusiasm."--Paul Tyler, New Scientist "Doing science is exciting! This is the main message of Ballard's fascinating combination memoir and history of deep ocean science."--Library Journal "Titanic discoverer Ballard ... handily summarizes a technology unfamiliar to many readers. Ballard has published popular books about his recovery of other famous sunken ships besides the movie's namesake, which adds cachet to this more scholarly work."--Booklist "Dr. Ballard is a passionate advocate of deep-sea exploration, pointing out that all such expeditions so far undertaken have probably surveyed less than 1 percent of the sea floor... One can hardly disagree with Dr. Ballard's proposal that we should expand that 1 percent."--Phoebe-Lou Adams, Atlantic MonthlyTable of ContentsPreface to the 2017 Edition vii Acknowledgments xv Introduction 3 I Depth 1 A Simple Tethered Sphere 13 2 Bathyscaphs Race to the Bottom 33 3 The Tragic Dawn of the Modern Deep Submersible 58 II Discovery 4 Scientists Begin Exploring the Deep 93 5 The Midocean Ridge:Womb of the Earth 117 6 Hydrothermal Vents: Exotic Oases 157 7 Black Smokers: Recipe for a Salty Ocean 187 III Detachment 8 A Tethered Eyeball Races to Find the Titanic 217 9 Recovering Our Past by Remote Control 255 10 Should Humans Continue to Dive? Two Paradigms 299 A Note on Sources 313 Further Reading 315 Index 375

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"I am at a loss for words to tell you how much I have appreciated this book."---David Gascoigne, Travels with Birds"The most fantastic book. . . . It’s really accessible, explains in really clear, clear detail how the oceans work, how they change, what real impacts the ocean can have in our lives, and overall it’s a fascinating read."---Ken Whelan, Mooney Goes Wild, RTÉ Radio 1"Time for a real coffee-table book, one to dip into whenever you feel like plunging far beyond where scuba can take you. This, like Inshore Fishes above, is an offering from Princeton University Press, which has form in producing attractively produced books for divers to enjoy. . . . [The authors’] tone is scientific but always accessible, so it depends on how much deep information you want or need – the contents feel comprehensive – but for many of us it’s the photography that will be the main attraction."---Steve Weinman, Divernet ​​​​​​​"Strikingly beautiful . . . . Packed with images and illustrations of the life found in this dark and cold environment. . . . Whether you just love the ocean and want to learn more, or whether you are a budding marine biologist, this is a book that you are going to want to add to your bookshelf."---Nick and Caroline Robertson-Brown​​​​​​​, Scubaverse"[This book] dissipates ignorance with superb colour photographs of astonishing organisms."---Andrew Robinson, Nature"Any individual unfamiliar with, but interested in, the deep sea should meet no challenges in learning much from this book."---S.R. Fegley, Choice"A fascinating visual account of one of the planet's last great frontiers. . . . [It] reveals the amazing diversity of undersea organisms." * Outdoor Photography *""An outstanding book.""---Roy Stewart, British Naturalists Association"[A] must read."---Geoff Carpentier, North Durham Nature Newsletter

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Book Synopsis

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