Number theory Books

Book SynopsisEine kombinierte Einführung in die Algebra bis zur Galoistheorie und ihren klassischen Anwendungen sowie in die Zahlentheorie: Dabei profitiert die Algebra von den Motivationen und dem reichen Beispielmaterial der Zahlentheorie; letztere gewinnt an Klarheit und Kürze durch Strukturen und Sätze der Algebra. Es wird solides Grundwissen für beide Gebiete vermittelt und gleichzeitig die Brücke zu neuesten Entwicklungen geschlagen (z. B. diophantische Probleme, Faktorisierungsmethoden, inverses Problem der Galoistheorie). Die Neuauflage enthält neben Korrekturen und Aktualisierungen Lösungshinweise zu den Aufgaben. Neu ist ein umfangreiches Kapitel über Gitter, die Brücke zur Algebraischen Zahlentheorie und zu vielen Anwendungen von Algebra und Zahlentheorie in der Diskreten Mathematik.Table of ContentsGanze Zahlen - Teilbarkeit - Gruppen - Ringe - Arithmetik modulo n - Primzahltests und Primfaktorzerlegung - Körper und Körpererweiterungen - Galoistheorie - Gitter

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsZum Aufwärmen - Primzahlen - Irrationale Zahlen - Algebraische Zahlen - Transzendente Zahlen - Lösungen

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Book SynopsisThis book is a self-contained exposition on the Bohr-Jessen limit theorem. This limit theorem, which is concerned with the behavior of the Riemann zeta function ζ(s) on the line Re s = σ, where 1/2 < σ ≤ 1, was found by Bohr-Jessen in the early 1930s. After Bohr-Jessen, alternative proofs were given by Jessen-Wintner, Borchsenius-Jessen, Laurinčkas, Matsumoto and others. They dealt with this within the framework of probability theory. Their formulation, originated by Jessen-Wintner, is standard nowadays. The present book proposes a new approach for the formulation to refine their works. By this method, the whole story of the proof of the Bohr-Jessen limit theorem will now become clearer, so that the reader must be able to understand the essence of the proof in depth but without difficulty.Published by Mathematical Society of Japan and distributed by World Scientific Publishing Co. for all markets

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Book SynopsisThe present volume is the proceedings of the meeting 'Development of Moduli theory' which was held as the Seasonal Institute 2013 (The 6th MSJ-SI), the Mathematical Society of Japan and the 2013 Research Project of Research Institute of Mathematical Science, Kyoto University.This volume is dedicated to Professor Shigeru Mukai on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday.The volume consists of five survey articles and eight research articles given by the authors: I Dolgachev, E Looijenga, N Mestrano, C Simpson, H Nakajima, I Nakamura, V Alexeev, M Aprodu, G Farkas, A Ortega, I Ciocan-Fontanine, B Kim, B Hassett, A Kresch, Y Tschinkel, D Huybrechts, J H Keum, V Nikulin, K Yoshioka.Published by Mathematical Society of Japan and distributed by World Scientific Publishing Co. for all markets except North America

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Book SynopsisSince its birth algebraic geometry has been closely related to and deeply motivated by number theory. Particularly the modern study of moduli spaces and arithmetic geometry have many important techniques and ideas in common. With this close relation in mind, the RIMS conference Moduli Spaces and Arithmetic Geometry was held at Kyoto University during September 8-15, 2004 as the 13th International Research Institute of the Mathematical Society of Japan. This volume is the outcome of this conference and consists of thirteen papers by invited speakers, including C Soulé, A Beauville and C Faber, and participants. All papers, with two exceptions by C Voisin and Yoshinori Namikawa, treat moduli problem and/or arithmetic geometry. Algebraic curves, Abelian varieties, algebraic vector bundles, connections and D-modules are the subjects of those moduli papers. Arakelov geometry and rigid geometry are studied in arithmetic papers. In the two exceptions, integral Hodge classes on Calabi-Yau threefolds and symplectic resolutions of nilpotent orbits are studied.Published by Mathematical Society of Japan and distributed by World Scientific Publishing Co. for all markets except North AmericaTable of ContentsModuli spaces of twisted sheaves on a projective variety by K. Yoshioka Appendix. Proof of Caldararu's conjecture by D. Huybrechts and P. Stellari On integral Hodge classes on uniruled or Calabi-Yau threefolds by C. Voisin Birational geometry of symplectic resolutions of nilpotent orbits by Y. Namikawa The moduli stack of rank-two Gieseker bundles with fixed determinant on a nodal curve by T. Abe Vector bundles on curves and theta functions by A. Beauville On the finiteness of abelian varieties with bounded modular height by A. Moriwaki Moduli of regular holonomic $\mathcal{D}_X$-modules with natural parabolic stability by N. Nitsure The cohomology groups of stable quasi-abelian schemes and degenerations associated with the $E_8$-lattice by I. Nakamura and K. Sugawara Semi-stable extensions on arithmetic surfaces by C. Soule On the cusp form motives in genus 1 and level 1 by C. Consani and C. Faber Polarized K3 surfaces of genus thirteen by S. Mukai Rigid geometry and applications by K. Fujiwara and F. Kato Moduli of stable parabolic connections, Riemann-Hilbert correspondence and geometry of Painleve equation of type VI, part II by M. Inaba, K. Iwasaki, and M. Saito.

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Book SynopsisThe book deals with the (elementary and introductory) theory of valuation rings. As explained in the introduction, this represents a useful and important viewpoint in algebraic geometry, especially concerning the theory of algebraic curves and their function fields. The correspondences of this with other viewpoints (e.g. of geometrical or topological nature) are often indicated, also to provide motivations and intuition for many results. Links with arithmetic are also often indicated. There are three appendices, concerning Hilbert’s Nullstellensatz (for which several proofs are provided), Puiseux series and Dedekind domains. There are also several exercises, often accompanied by hints, which sometimes develop further results not included in full for brevity reasons.Table of ContentsGeneralities on function fields of one variable.- Valuation rings.- Completions.- Appendices on Hilbert's Nullstellensatz, Puiseux series, Dedekind domains.

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Book SynopsisContains 25 surveys in algebra and model theory, all written by leading experts in the field. The surveys are based around talks given at conferences held in Essen, 1994, and Dresden, 1995. Each contribution is written in such a way as to highlight the ideas that were discussed at the conferences, and also to stimulate open research problems in a form accessible to the whole mathematical community. The topics include field and ring theory as well as groups, ordered algebraic structure and their relationship to model theory. Several papers deal with infinite permutation groups, abelian groups, modules and their relatives and representations. Model theoretic aspects include quantifier elimination in skew fields, Hilbert's 17th problem, (aleph-0)-categorical structures and Boolean algebras. Moreover symmetry questions and automorphism groups of orders are covered. This work contains 25 surveys in algebra and model theory, each is written in such a way as to highlight the ideas that were discussed at Conferences, and also to stimulate open research problems in a form accessible to the whole mathematical community.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1. Elimination Over Skew Fields, P.M. Cohn 2. The Model Theory of Abelian P-Groups, P.C. Eklof 3. Non-Existence of Universals for Classes Like Reduced Torsion Free Abelian Groups Under Embeddings Which Are Not Necessarily Pure, S. Shelah 4. A Class of Potential Counter-Examples to the Pure Semisimplicity Conjecture, D. Simson

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Book SynopsisThis volume consists of a collection of invited papers on the theory of rings and modules, most of which were presented at the biennial Ohio State — Denison Conference, May 1992, in memory of Hans Zassenhaus. The topics of these papers represent many modern trends in Ring Theory. The wide variety of methodologies and techniques demonstrated will be valuable in particular to young researchers in the area. Covering a broad range, this book should appeal to a wide spectrum of researchers in algebra and number theory.Table of ContentsA characterization of semiperfect rings and modules, G. Azumaya; on universal localizations at semiprime Goldie ideals, J. Beachy; strongly and properly semiprime modules and rings, K. Beidar and R. Wisbauer; enveloping algebras of infinite dimensional lie algebras and lie superalgebras, J. Bergen; primes of skew fields, H.H. Brungs; uniform ranks of prime factors of skew polynomial rings, K.R. Goodearl; weakly-projective modules, S.K. Jain, et al; classification of modules suitable for transferring properties between the modules and their endomorphism rings, S.M. Khuri; ring theoretic properties of the co-ordinate rings of quantum symplectic and euclidean space, I.M. Musson; when direct sums of singular injectives are injective, S.S. Page and Y. Zhou; polynomials over division rings, and their applications, L. Rowen; characterization of rings using lifting and extending modules, N. Vanaja; right locally distributive rings, M.I. Wright; on weakly semi-primitive rings, J.M. Zelmanowitz; a convenient source of homological examples over artinian rings, B. Zimmermann-Huisgen. Part contents.

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Book SynopsisNovel and important applications of number theory to graph theory and vice versa had been made in the past decade. The two main tools used are based on the estimates of character sums and the estimates of the eigenvalues of Hecke operators, both are rooted in the celebrated Weil conjectures settled by Deligne in 1973. The purpose of this book is to give, from scratch, a coherent and comprehensive introduction to the topics in number theory related to the central tools, with the ultimate goal of presenting their applications. This book includes many important subjects in number theory, such as Weil conjectures, Riemann-Roch theorem, L-functions, character sum estimates, modular forms, and representation theory.Table of ContentsFinite fields; the Weil conjectures; local and global fields; the Riemann-Roch theorem; zeta and L-functions; character sum estimates and idele class characters; the theory of modular forms; automorphic forms and automorphic representations; applications.

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Book SynopsisIn this invaluable book, the basic mathematical properties of the golden ratio and its occurrence in the dimensions of two- and three-dimensional figures with fivefold symmetry are discussed. In addition, the generation of the Fibonacci series and generalized Fibonacci series and their relationship to the golden ratio are presented. These concepts are applied to algorithms for searching and function minimization. The Fibonacci sequence is viewed as a one-dimensional aperiodic, lattice and these ideas are extended to two- and three-dimensional Penrose tilings and the concept of incommensurate projections. The structural properties of aperiodic crystals and the growth of certain biological organisms are described in terms of Fibonacci sequences.Table of ContentsBasic properties of the golden ratio; geometric problems in two dimensions; geometric problems in three dimensions; Fibonacci numbers; Lucas numbers and generalized Fibonacci numbers; continued fractions and rational approximants; generalized Fibonacci representation theorems; optimal spacing and search algorithms; commensurate and incommensurate projections; Penrose tilings; quasicrystallography; biological applications; construction of the regular pentagon; the first 100 Fibonacci and Lucas numbers; relationships involving Fibonacci and Lucas numbers.

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Book SynopsisStarting with the Zermelo-Fraenhel axiomatic set theory, this book gives a self-contained, step-by-step construction of real and complex numbers. The basic properties of real and complex numbers are developed, including a proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra. Historical notes outline the evolution of the number systems and alert readers to the fact that polished mathematical concepts, as presented in lectures and books, are the culmination of the efforts of great minds over the years. The text also includes short life sketches of some of the contributing mathematicians. The book provides the logical foundation of Analysis and gives a basis to Abstract Algebra. It complements those books on real analysis which begin with axiomatic definitions of real numbers.The book can be used in various ways: as a textbook for a one semester course on the foundations of analysis for post-calculus students; for a seminar course; or self-study by school and college teachers.Table of ContentsAxioms of set theory; natural numbers; integers; rational numbers; real numbers; construction and uniqueness; properties of real numbers; complex numbers.

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Book SynopsisSpinors are used extensively in physics. It is widely accepted that they are more fundamental than tensors, and the easy way to see this is through the results obtained in general relativity theory by using spinors — results that could not have been obtained by using tensor methods only.The foundation of the concept of spinors is groups; spinors appear as representations of groups. This textbook expounds the relationship between spinors and representations of groups. As is well known, spinors and representations are both widely used in the theory of elementary particles.The authors present the origin of spinors from representation theory, but nevertheless apply the theory of spinors to general relativity theory, and part of the book is devoted to curved space-time applications.Based on lectures given at Ben Gurion University, this textbook is intended for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in physics and mathematics, as well as being a reference for researchers.Table of ContentsIntroduction to group theory; representation theory; the Lorentz and SL(2,C) groups; two-components spinors; Maxwell, Dirac and Pauli spinors; the gravitational field spinors; the gauge field spinors; the Euclidean gauge field spinors.

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Book SynopsisVolume I is the first part of the 3-volume book Mathematics of Harmony as a New Interdisciplinary Direction and 'Golden' Paradigm of Modern Science. 'Mathematics of Harmony' rises in its origin to the 'harmonic ideas' of Pythagoras, Plato and Euclid, this 3-volume book aims to promote more deep understanding of ancient conception of the 'Universe Harmony,' the main conception of ancient Greek science, and implementation of this conception to modern science and education.This 3-volume book is a result of the authors' research in the field of Fibonacci numbers and the Golden Section and their applications. It provides a broad introduction to the fascinating and beautiful subject of the 'Mathematics of Harmony,' a new interdisciplinary direction of modern science. This direction has many unexpected applications in contemporary mathematics (a new approach to a history of mathematics, the generalized Fibonacci numbers and the generalized golden proportions, the generalized Binet's formulas), theoretical physics (new hyperbolic models of Nature) and computer science (algorithmic measurement theory, number systems with irrational bases, Fibonacci computers, ternary mirror-symmetrical arithmetic).The books are intended for a wide audience including mathematics teachers of high schools, students of colleges and universities and scientists in the field of mathematics, theoretical physics and computer science. The book may be used as an advanced textbook by graduate students and even ambitious undergraduates in mathematics and computer science.

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Book SynopsisThere are connections between invariant theory and modular forms since the times of Felix Klein, in the 19th century, connections between codes and lattices since the 1960's. The aim of the book is to explore the interplay between codes and modular forms. Here modular form is understood in a wide sense (Jacobi forms, Siegel forms, Hilbert forms). Codes comprises not only linear spaces over finite fields but modules over some commutative rings. The connection between codes over finite fields and lattices has been well documented since the 1970s. Due to an avalanche of results on codes over rings since the 1990's there is a need for an update at book level.

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Book SynopsisVolume II is the second part of the 3-volume book Mathematics of Harmony as a New Interdisciplinary Direction and 'Golden' Paradigm of Modern Science. 'Mathematics of Harmony' rises in its origin to the 'harmonic ideas' of Pythagoras, Plato and Euclid, this 3-volume book aims to promote more deep understanding of ancient conception of the 'Universe Harmony,' the main conception of ancient Greek science, and implementation of this conception to modern science and education.This 3-volume book is a result of the authors' research in the field of Fibonacci numbers and the Golden Section and their applications. It provides a broad introduction to the fascinating and beautiful subject of the 'Mathematics of Harmony,' a new interdisciplinary direction of modern science. This direction has many unexpected applications in contemporary mathematics (a new approach to a history of mathematics, the generalized Fibonacci numbers and the generalized golden proportions, the generalized Binet's formulas), theoretical physics (new hyperbolic models of Nature) and computer science (algorithmic measurement theory, number systems with irrational bases, Fibonacci computers, ternary mirror-symmetrical arithmetic).The books are intended for a wide audience including mathematics teachers of high schools, students of colleges and universities and scientists in the field of mathematics, theoretical physics and computer science. The book may be used as an advanced textbook by graduate students and even ambitious undergraduates in mathematics and computer science.

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Book SynopsisVolume III is the third part of the 3-volume book Mathematics of Harmony as a New Interdisciplinary Direction and 'Golden' Paradigm of Modern Science. 'Mathematics of Harmony' rises in its origin to the 'harmonic ideas' of Pythagoras, Plato and Euclid, this 3-volume book aims to promote more deep understanding of ancient conception of the 'Universe Harmony,' the main conception of ancient Greek science, and implementation of this conception to modern science and education.This 3-volume book is a result of the authors' research in the field of Fibonacci numbers and the Golden Section and their applications. It provides a broad introduction to the fascinating and beautiful subject of the 'Mathematics of Harmony,' a new interdisciplinary direction of modern science. This direction has many unexpected applications in contemporary mathematics (a new approach to a history of mathematics, the generalized Fibonacci numbers and the generalized golden proportions, the generalized Binet's formulas), theoretical physics (new hyperbolic models of Nature) and computer science (algorithmic measurement theory, number systems with irrational bases, Fibonacci computers, ternary mirror-symmetrical arithmetic).The books are intended for a wide audience including mathematics teachers of high schools, students of colleges and universities and scientists in the field of mathematics, theoretical physics and computer science. The book may be used as an advanced textbook by graduate students and even ambitious undergraduates in mathematics and computer science.

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Book SynopsisFor a long time, all thought there was only one geometry — Euclidean geometry. Nevertheless, in the 19th century, many non-Euclidean geometries were discovered. It took almost two millennia to do this. This was the major mathematical discovery and advancement of the 19th century, which changed understanding of mathematics and the work of mathematicians providing innovative insights and tools for mathematical research and applications of mathematics.A similar event happened in arithmetic in the 20th century. Even longer than with geometry, all thought there was only one conventional arithmetic of natural numbers — the Diophantine arithmetic, in which 2+2=4 and 1+1=2. It is natural to call the conventional arithmetic by the name Diophantine arithmetic due to the important contributions to arithmetic by Diophantus. Nevertheless, in the 20th century, many non-Diophantine arithmetics were discovered, in some of which 2+2=5 or 1+1=3. It took more than two millennia to do this. This discovery has even more implications than the discovery of new geometries because all people use arithmetic.This book provides a detailed exposition of the theory of non-Diophantine arithmetics and its various applications. Reading this book, the reader will see that on the one hand, non-Diophantine arithmetics continue the ancient tradition of operating with numbers while on the other hand, they introduce extremely original and innovative ideas.

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Book SynopsisNatural numbers are the oldest human invention. This book describes their nature, laws, history and current status. It has seven chapters. The first five chapters contain not only the basics of elementary number theory for the convenience of teaching and continuity of reading, but also many latest research results. The first time in history, the traditional name of the Chinese Remainder Theorem is replaced with the Qin Jiushao Theorem in the book to give him a full credit for his establishment of this famous theorem in number theory. Chapter 6 is about the fascinating congruence modulo an integer power, and Chapter 7 introduces a new problem extracted by the author from the classical problems of number theory, which is out of the combination of additive number theory and multiplicative number theory.One feature of the book is the supplementary material after each section, there by broadening the reader's knowledge and imagination. These contents either discuss the rudiments of some aspects or introduce new problems or conjectures and their extensions, such as perfect number problem, Egyptian fraction problem, Goldbach's conjecture, the twin prime conjecture, the 3x + 1 problem, Hilbert Waring problem, Euler's conjecture, Fermat's Last Theorem, Laudau's problem and etc.This book is written for anyone who loves natural numbers, and it can also be read by mathematics majors, graduate students, and researchers. The book contains many illustrations and tables. Readers can appreciate the author's sensitivity of history, broad range of knowledge, and elegant writing style, while benefiting from the classical works and great achievements of masters in number theory.

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Book SynopsisThe book intends to give a modern presentation of the classical Markov and Lagrange spectrum, which are fundamental objects from the theory of Diophantine approximations and of their several generalizations related to Dynamical Systems and Differential Geometry. Besides presenting many classical results, the book includes several topics of recent research on the subject, connecting several fields of Mathematics - Number Theory, Dynamical Systems and Fractal Geometry.It includes topics as:

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Book SynopsisP-adic Analytic Functions describes the definition and properties of p-adic analytic and meromorphic functions in a complete algebraically closed ultrametric field.Various properties of p-adic exponential-polynomials are examined, such as the Hermite-Lindemann theorem in a p-adic field, with a new proof. The order and type of growth for analytic functions are studied, in the whole field and inside an open disk. P-adic meromorphic functions are studied, not only on the whole field but also in an open disk and on the complemental of an open disk, using Motzkin meromorphic products. Finally, the p-adic Nevanlinna theory is widely explained, with various applications. Small functions are introduced with results of uniqueness for meromorphic functions. The question of whether the ring of analytic functions—in the whole field or inside an open disk—is a Bezout ring is also examined.

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Book SynopsisThis book contains a complete detailed description of two classes of special numbers closely related to classical problems of the Theory of Primes. There is also extensive discussions of applied issues related to Cryptography.In Mathematics, a Mersenne number (named after Marin Mersenne, who studied them in the early 17-th century) is a number of the form Mn = 2n - 1 for positive integer n.In Mathematics, a Fermat number (named after Pierre de Fermat who first studied them) is a positive integer of the form Fn = 2k+ 1, k=2n, where n is a non-negative integer.Mersenne and Fermat numbers have many other interesting properties. Long and rich history, many arithmetic connections (with perfect numbers, with construction of regular polygons etc.), numerous modern applications, long list of open problems allow us to provide a broad perspective of the Theory of these two classes of special numbers, that can be useful and interesting for both professionals and the general audience.

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Book SynopsisThe guiding principle in this monograph is to develop a new theory of modular forms which encompasses most of the available theory of modular forms in the literature, such as those for congruence groups, Siegel and Hilbert modular forms, many types of automorphic forms on Hermitian symmetric domains, Calabi-Yau modular forms, with its examples such as Yukawa couplings and topological string partition functions, and even go beyond all these cases. Its main ingredient is the so-called 'Gauss-Manin connection in disguise'.

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Book SynopsisThis book is the first to provide a comprehensive and elementary account of the new Iwasawa theory innovated via the deformation theory of modular forms and Galois representations. The deformation theory of modular forms is developed by generalizing the cohomological approach discovered in the author's 2019 AMS Leroy P Steele Prize-winning article without using much algebraic geometry.Starting with a description of Iwasawa's classical results on his proof of the main conjecture under the Kummer-Vandiver conjecture (which proves cyclicity of his Iwasawa module more than just proving his main conjecture), we describe a generalization of the method proving cyclicity to the adjoint Selmer group of every ordinary deformation of a two-dimensional Artin Galois representation.The fundamentals in the first five chapters are as follows:Many open problems are presented to stimulate young researchers pursuing their field of study.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a conceptual introduction into the representation theory of local and global groups, with final emphasis on automorphic representations of reductive groups G over number fields F.Our approach to automorphic representations differs from the usual literature: We do not consider 'K-finite' automorphic forms, but we allow a richer class of smooth functions of uniform moderate growth. Contrasting the usual approach, our space of 'smooth-automorphic forms' is intrinsic to the group scheme G/F.This setup also covers the advantage that a perfect representation-theoretical symmetry between the archimedean and non-archimedean places of the number field F is regained, by making the bigger space of smooth-automorphic forms into a proper, continuous representation of the full group of adelic points of G.Graduate students and researchers will find the covered topics appear for the first time in a book, where the theory of smooth-automorphic representations is robustly developed and presented in great detail.

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Book SynopsisIn this monograph, we study recent results on some categories of trigonometric/exponential sums along with various of their applications in Mathematical Analysis and Analytic Number Theory. Through the two chapters of this monograph, we wish to highlight the applicability and breadth of techniques of trigonometric/exponential sums in various problems focusing on the interplay of Mathematical Analysis and Analytic Number Theory. We wish to stress the point that the goal is not only to prove the desired results, but also to present a plethora of intermediate Propositions and Corollaries investigating the behaviour of such sums, which can also be applied in completely different problems and settings than the ones treated within this monograph.In the present work we mainly focus on the applications of trigonometric/exponential sums in the study of Ramanujan sums — which constitute a very classical domain of research in Number Theory — as well as the study of certain cotangent sums with a wide range of applications, especially in the study of Dedekind sums and a facet of the research conducted on the Riemann Hypothesis. For example, in our study of the cotangent sums treated within the second chapter, the methods and techniques employed reveal unexpected connections with independent and very interesting problems investigated in the past by R de la Bretèche and G Tenenbaum on trigonometric series, as well as by S Marmi, P Moussa and J-C Yoccoz on Dynamical Systems.Overall, a reader who has mastered fundamentals of Mathematical Analysis, as well as having a working knowledge of Classical and Analytic Number Theory, will be able to gradually follow all the parts of the monograph. Therefore, the present monograph will be of interest to advanced undergraduate and graduate students as well as researchers who wish to be informed on the latest developments on the topics treated.

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Book SynopsisThis book contains a detailed presentation on the theory of two classes of special numbers, perfect numbers, and amicable numbers, as well as some of their generalizations. It also gives a large list of their properties, facts and theorems with full proofs. Perfect and amicable numbers, as well as most classes of special numbers, have many interesting properties, including numerous modern and classical applications as well as a long history connected with the names of famous mathematicians.The theory of perfect and amicable numbers is a part of pure Arithmetic, and in particular a part of Divisibility Theory and the Theory of Arithmetical Functions. Thus, for a perfect number n it holds σ(n) = 2n, where σ is the sum-of-divisors function, while for a pair of amicable numbers (n, m) it holds σ(n) = σ(m) = n + m. This is also an important part of the history of prime numbers, since the main formulas that generate perfect numbers and amicable pairs are dependent on the good choice of one or several primes of special form.Nowadays, the theory of perfect and amicable numbers contains many interesting mathematical facts and theorems, alongside many important computer algorithms needed for searching for new large elements of these two famous classes of special numbers.This book contains a list of open problems and numerous questions related to generalizations of the classical case, which provides a broad perspective on the theory of these two classes of special numbers. Perfect and Amicable Numbers can be useful and interesting to both professional and general audiences.

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Book SynopsisThis book is mostly based on the author's 25 years of teaching combinatorics to two distinct sets of students: first-year students and seniors from all backgrounds. The prerequisites are kept to a minimum; essentially, only high school algebra is required. The design is to go quickly from zero knowledge to advanced themes and various applications with a lot of topics intended for additional reading and research projects. It contains an all-inclusive collection of 135 problems and 275 exercises with four difficulty levels: solutions, hints and answers are provided.Some themes of the book:Enumerative combinatorics and basic graph theory: Introduction to dimers, tilings, magic and Latin squares, permutations, combinations, generating functions, games of chance, random walks, binomial and Poisson distributions. Catalan numbers, their generalizations and applications, including roulette and pricing derivatives. Euler and Hamiltonian paths, linear and planar graphs, labeled trees and other topics on graphs; many of them are presented as exercises.Modeling: Linear recurrence relations, Fibonacci rabbits, population growth, tree growth, epidemic spread and reinfections, resonances and nuclear reactors, predator-prey relationships and stopping times.Elementary number theory: Residues, finite fields, Pisano periods, quadratic reciprocity, Pell's equation, continued fractions, and Frobenius coin problem. Applications to cryptography, designs and magic squares, error-correcting codes and nonattacking queens.

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Book SynopsisPresently, the exploration of the applications of different techniques and tools of number theory and mathematical analysis are extensively prevalent in various areas of engineering, mathematical, physical, biological and statistical sciences. This book will present the most recent developments in these two fields through contributions from eminent scientists and mathematicians worldwide.The book will present the current state of the art development in these two areas through original new contributions and surveys. As such, readers will find several useful tools and techniques to develop their skills and expertise in number theory and applied analysis. New research directions are also indicated in each of the chapters. This book is meant for graduate students, faculty and researchers willing to expand their knowledge in number theory and mathematical analysis. The readers of this book will require minimum prerequisites of analysis, topology, number theory and functional analysis.

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Book SynopsisThis book uses the beautiful theory of elliptic curves to introduce the reader to some of the deeper aspects of number theory. It assumes only a knowledge of the basic algebra, complex analysis, and topology usually taught in first-year graduate courses.An elliptic curve is a plane curve defined by a cubic polynomial. Although the problem of finding the rational points on an elliptic curve has fascinated mathematicians since ancient times, it was not until 1922 that Mordell proved that the points form a finitely generated group. There is still no proven algorithm for finding the rank of the group, but in one of the earliest important applications of computers to mathematics, Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer discovered a relation between the rank and the numbers of points on the curve computed modulo a prime. Chapter IV of the book proves Mordell's theorem and explains the conjecture of Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer.Every elliptic curve over the rational numbers has an L-series attached to it.Hasse conjectured that this L-series satisfies a functional equation, and in 1955 Taniyama suggested that Hasse's conjecture could be proved by showing that the L-series arises from a modular form. This was shown to be correct by Wiles (and others) in the 1990s, and, as a consequence, one obtains a proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. Chapter V of the book is devoted to explaining this work.The first three chapters develop the basic theory of elliptic curves.For this edition, the text has been completely revised and updated.

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Book SynopsisThere is no surprise that arithmetic properties of integral ('whole') numbers are controlled by analytic functions of complex variable. At the same time, the values of analytic functions themselves happen to be interesting numbers, for which we often seek explicit expressions in terms of other 'better known' numbers or try to prove that no such exist. This natural symbiosis of number theory and analysis is centuries old but keeps enjoying new results, ideas and methods.The present book takes a semi-systematic review of analytic achievements in number theory ranging from classical themes about primes, continued fractions, transcendence of π and resolution of Hilbert's seventh problem to some recent developments on the irrationality of the values of Riemann's zeta function, sizes of non-cyclotomic algebraic integers and applications of hypergeometric functions to integer congruences.Our principal goal is to present a variety of different analytic techniques that are used in number theory, at a reasonably accessible — almost popular — level, so that the materials from this book can suit for teaching a graduate course on the topic or for a self-study. Exercises included are of varying difficulty and of varying distribution within the book (some chapters get more than other); they not only help the reader to consolidate their understanding of the material but also suggest directions for further study and investigation. Furthermore, the end of each chapter features brief notes about relevant developments of the themes discussed.

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Book SynopsisCatalan numbers, named after the French-Belgian mathematician Eugène Charles Catalan (1814-1894), arise in a variety of combinatorial problems. They have many interesting properties, a rich history, and numerous arithmetic, number-theoretical, analytical and combinatorial connections, as well as a variety of classical and modern applications. Considering the long list of open problems and questions related to the classical case, its relatives (Bell numbers, Motzkin numbers, Narayana numbers, etc.) and its generalizations, this book provides a broad perspective on the theory of this class of special numbers that will be useful and of interest to both professionals and a general audience.The book begins with the history of the problem, before defining the considered numerical sets. The recurrence equation, closed formula, and generating function are then presented, followed by the simplest properties and number-theoretical properties. Later chapters discuss the relationships between Catalan numbers and other special numbers, as well as their applications and open problems.

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Book SynopsisThis is the second in a series of three volumes dealing with important topics in algebra. Volume 2 is an introduction to linear algebra (including linear algebra over rings), Galois theory, representation theory, and the theory of group extensions. The section on linear algebra (chapters 1–5) does not require any background material from Algebra 1, except an understanding of set theory. Linear algebra is the most applicable branch of mathematics, and it is essential for students of science and engineering As such, the text can be used for one-semester courses for these students. The remaining part of the volume discusses Jordan and rational forms, general linear algebra (linear algebra over rings), Galois theory, representation theory (linear algebra over group algebras), and the theory of extension of groups follow linear algebra, and is suitable as a text for the second and third year students specializing in mathematics.Trade Review“The text is enhanced by a large number of examples and exercises, and the presentation of the material is equally lucid, detailed, rigorous and versatile. Together with Volume 1, this book forms a very solid and useful source for a first-, second-, and third-year course in algebra at most universities worldwide, and that for both instructors and students likewise.” (Werner Kleinert, zbMATH 1369.00003, 2017)Table of ContentsChapter 1. Vector Space.- Chapter 2. Matrices and Linear Equations.- Chapter 3. Linear Transformations.- Chapter 4. Inner Product Space.- Chapter 5. Determinants and Forms.- Chapter 6. Canonical Forms, Jordan and Rational Forms.- Chapter 7. General Linear Algebra.- Chapter 8. Field Theory, Galois Theory.- Chapter 9. Representation Theory of Finite Groups.- Chapter 10. Group Extensions and Schur Multiplier.

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Book SynopsisIntegral geometry, known as geometric probability in the past, originated from Buffon's needle experiment. Remarkable advances have been made in several areas that involve the theory of convex bodies. This volume brings together contributions by leading international researchers in integral geometry, convex geometry, complex geometry, probability, statistics, and other convexity related branches. The articles cover both recent results and exciting directions for future research.

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Book SynopsisThe need of optimal partition arises from many real-world problems involving the distribution of limited resources to many users. The “clustering” problem, which has recently received a lot of attention, is a special case of optimal partitioning. This book is the first attempt to collect all theoretical developments of optimal partitions, many of them derived by the authors, in an accessible place for easy reference. Much more than simply collecting the results, the book provides a general framework to unify these results and present them in an organized fashion.Many well-known practical problems of optimal partitions are dealt with. The authors show how they can be solved using the theory — or why they cannot be. These problems include: allocation of components to maximize system reliability; experiment design to identify defectives; design of circuit card library and of blood analyzer lines; abstraction of finite state machines and assignment of cache items to pages; the division of property and partition bargaining as well as touching on those well-known research areas such as scheduling, inventory, nearest neighbor assignment, the traveling salesman problem, vehicle routing, and graph partitions. The authors elucidate why the last three problems cannot be solved in the context of the theory.Table of ContentsFormulation and Examples; Sum-Partition Problems over Single Parameter Spaces: Explicit Solutions; Extreme Points and Optimization; Permutation Polytopes; Sum-Partition Problems over Single Parameter Spaces: Polyhedral Approach; Partitions over Single Parameter Spaces: Combinatorial Analysis; Partition Problems over Single Parameter Spaces: Combinatorial Approach; Sum-Multipartition Problems over Single Parameter Spaces; Sum-Partition Problems over Multi-Parameter Spaces: Polyhedral Approach; Partition Problems over Multi-Parameter Spaces: Combinatorial Approach; Applications; Partition Bargaining Games/Maximizing Concave Functions over Partition Polytopes.

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Book SynopsisThis is a first-ever textbook written in English about the theory of modular forms and Jacobi forms of several variables. It contains the classical theory as well as a new theory on Jacobi forms over Cayley numbers developed by the author from 1990 to 2000. Applications to the classical Euler sums are of special interest to those who are eager to evaluate double Euler sums or more general multiple zeta values. The celebrated sum formula proved by Granville in 1997 is given in a more general form here.Table of ContentsTheory of Modular Forms of One Variable: Group Action of the Modular Group; The Gamma and Zeta Functions; Zeta Functions of Modular Forms; Dimension Formulae; Bernoulli Identities and Applications; Euler Sums and Recent Development; Theory of Modular Forms of Several Variables: Theory of Modular Forms of Several Variables; The Full Modular Group; The Fourier Coefficients of Eisenstein Series; Theory of Jacobi Forms; Hecke Operators and Jacobi Forms; Singular Modular Forms on the Exceptional Domain.

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Book SynopsisThis monograph provides a brief exposition of automorphic forms of weight 1 and their applications to arithmetic, especially to Galois representations. One of the outstanding problems in arithmetic is a generalization of class field theory to non-abelian Galois extension of number fields. In this volume, we discuss some relations between this problem and cusp forms of weight 1.Table of ContentsHigher Reciprocity Laws; Hilbert Class Fields over Imaginary Quadratic Fields; Indefinite Modular Forms; Dimension Formulas in the Case of Weight 1; 2-Dimensional Galois Representations of Odd Type and Non-Dihedral Cusp Forms of Weight 1; Maass Cusp Forms of Eigenvalue 1/4; Selberg's Eigenvalue Conjecture and the Ramanujan-Petersson Conjecture; Indefinite Theta Series; Hilbert Modular Forms of Weight 1; Appendix A: Some Dimension Formula and Traces of Hecke Operators for Cusp Forms of Weight 1;

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Book SynopsisThis book is a comprehensive treatise on the partial toroidal and minimal compactifications of the ordinary loci of PEL-type Shimura varieties and Kuga families, and on the canonical and subcanonical extensions of automorphic bundles. The results in this book serve as the logical foundation of several recent developments in the theory of p-adic automorphic forms; and of the author's work with Harris, Taylor, and Thorne on the construction of Galois representations without any polarizability conditions, which is a major breakthrough in the Langlands program.This book is important for active researchers and graduate students who need to understand the above-mentioned recent works, and is written with such users of the theory in mind, providing plenty of explanations and background materials, which should be helpful for people working in similar areas. It also contains precise internal and external references, and an index of notation and terminologies. These are useful for readers to quickly locate materials they need.

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Book SynopsisThis volume is the result of the author's many-years of research in this field. These results were presented in the author's two books, Introduction to the Algorithmic Measurement Theory (Moscow, Soviet Radio, 1977), and Codes of the Golden Proportion (Moscow, Radio and Communications, 1984), which had not been translated into English and are therefore not known to English-speaking audience. This volume sets forth new informational and arithmetical fundamentals of computer and measurement systems based on Fibonacci p-codes and codes of the golden p-proportions, and also on Bergman's system and 'golden' ternary mirror-symmetrical arithmetic. The book presents some new historical hypotheses concerning the origin of the Egyptian calendar and the Babylonian numeral system with base 60 (dodecahedral hypothesis), as well as about the origin of the Mayan's calendar and their numeral system with base 20 (icosahedral hypothesis). The book is intended for the college and university level. The book will also be of interest to all researchers, who use the golden ratio and Fibonacci numbers in their subject areas, and to all readers who are interested to the history of mathematics.

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Book SynopsisThe aim of the book is to give a smooth analytic continuation from basic subjects including linear algebra, group theory, Hilbert space theory, etc. to number theory. With plenty of practical examples and worked-out exercises, and the scope ranging from these basic subjects made applicable to number-theoretic settings to advanced number theory, this book can then be read without tears. It will be of immense help to the reader to acquire basic sound skills in number theory and its applications.Number theory used to be described as the queen of mathematics, that is, there is no practical use. However, with the development of computers and the security of internet communications, the importance of number theory has been exponentially increasing daily. The raison d'être of the present book in this situation is that it is extremely reader-friendly while keeping the rigor of serious mathematics and in-depth analysis of practical applications to various subjects including control theory and pseudo-random number generation. The use of operators is prevailing rather abundantly in anticipation of applications to electrical engineering, allowing the reader to master these skills without much difficulty. It also delivers a very smooth bridging between elementary subjects including linear algebra and group theory (and algebraic number theory) for the reader to be well-versed in an efficient and effortless way. One of the main features of the book is that it gives several different approaches to the same topic, helping the reader to gain deeper insight and comprehension. Even just browsing through the materials would be beneficial to the reader.

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