Nuclear issues Books

Book SynopsisA radical geography of nuclear warfare.Trade Review'What's louder than an atom bomb? The deafening silence that surrounds the apathy our contemporary culture has for the prospect of nuclear annihilation. 'Disarming Doomsday' awakens our sensibilities to the symbolic and actual violence of nuclear war.' -- Simon Springer, author of 'The Anarchist Roots of Geography''A true gem - an unparalleled glimpse into the lives of global communities still deeply impacted by atomic technologies. Wonderful for teaching or developing a grounded understanding of this immense history' -- Stephanie A. Malin author of 'The Price of Nuclear Power: Uranium Communities and Environmental Justice''An informed and insightful account of contemporary nuclear issues which proposes a geographically-centred analysis of the causes and consequences of nuclear warfare' -- Rachel Woodward, author of 'Military Geographies'Table of ContentsList of Figures and Tables Series Preface Acknowledgements 1. The Radical Geography of Nuclear Warfare 2. A Secret History 3. The Mystery of the X-ray Hands 4. After Nuclear Imperialism 5. After Nuclear War 6. Strange Cartographies and War Games 7. Spaces of Irregularity 8. Spaces of Peace 9. Future War Zones Notes Index

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Book SynopsisA timely contribution to understanding the policy challenges of relying on nuclear power.Trade Review"An ambitious and timely piece of work, Duane Bratt's book is a good resource for a historical overview of the nuclear policy context in the provinces of Ontario, New Brunswick, Saskatchewan, and Alberta as well as certain aspects of the Canadian and international nuclear context." Great Plains Research

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Book SynopsisRobert Oppenheimer (1904-1967) is one of the few American scientists who have become public and controversial figures in the 20th century. This book aims to add a new dimension to the Oppenheimer story by offering a look at the private man behind the public figure.Trade Review“A beautifully organized collection of letters and reminiscences. . . . The editors have interviewed those who knew and worked with him, stirred in the necessary explanatory background, and produced an account, both scholarly and highly readable, which throws fresh light on a man who will probably always remain something of an enigma. Amid devotional defense and almost rabid attack, their book is a model of objectivity.”—New York Times Book Review“An intimate, carefully documented, and honest book.”—Scientific American“The first scholarly attempt to come to grips with the development of Oppenheimer’s elusive personality, it is all the more impressive because its many revealing letters and candid commentary were gathered from those who knew him best.”—Science“The editors have done a superb job in putting this material together and making it into a coherent narrative. . . . A mine of information for historians interested in Oppenheimer and his times, this volume also offers much new insight into his character.”—New Republic“A milestone in Oppenheimer scholarship. . . . The full measure of Oppenheimer the man, the scientist, and the public figure remains to be taken, but the publication of this rich volume will markedly aid the accomplishment of that ultimate and demanding task.”—Isis

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Book SynopsisIn 1951 the first atomic weapon was detonated over a section of desert known as Frenchman Flat in southern Nevada providing evidence of the Nevada Test Site's beginnings. This work discusses post-Cold War policy issues concerning the continued viability of that site for weapons testing.Trade Review"Bombs in the Backyard is a valuable addition to historical literature on the atomic age, providing scholars with a well-documented, comprehensive history of U.S. atomic testing and the political and health issues which have emerged as a result." -Journal of the Southwest; "Titus tells this painful story [of downwinders] with marvelous balance. She threads her way easily through the labyrinths of both the federal bureaucracy and the American legal system, and her explanations are models of lucidity." -Nevada Historical Society Quarterly"

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Book SynopsisThis topical book addresses the need for emerging economies in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe to find a new, sustainable growth model that fosters continued convergence with the EU without leading to the build-up of new vulnerabilities.The expert contributions frame the discussion on balanced growth in Europe, deal with the legacy of the old growth model (such as managing disrupted capital flows and deleveraging), and provide insights from the growth strategies of Russia and Turkey as well as the adjustment process of successful small CESEE countries. They focus on providing a multi-disciplinary assessment, combining the views of policy-makers and academics with those of central and commercial bankers.This book will prove a thought-provoking read for academics, researchers and students in the fields of economics - particularly international economics - and finance, money and banking. Policy-makers and economists interested in European integration and emerging European economies will also find this book to be an invaluable resource.Contributors: A.F. Aysan, G. Bisagni, D. Bogov, M. Dabrowski, M. Ferrazzi, A. Filardo, M. Gächter, L. Gattini, M.H. Güler, A. Hansson, S. Honkapohja, R. Jela i , K. Knot, I. Korhonen, A. Krstevska, E. Liikanen, E. Nowotny, C. Orman, E. Plato, P. Pumberger, M. Randveer, D. Revoltella, A. Riedl, D. Ritzberger-Grünwald, K. Sonin, E. Tuomi, S. VerkaartTable of ContentsContents: Preface PART I: FRAMING THE DISCUSSION ON BALANCED GROWTH IN EUROPE 1. The Necessity of Sustainable Growth and Continued Income Convergence in Europe Ewald Nowotny 2. Changes in Banking in the Run-up to the Crisis Erkki Liikanen 3. Restarting Growth in Europe after the Great Recession: CEE versus Other Countries Seppo Honkapohja and Iikka Korhonen 4. The European Debt Crisis and a Stable Design of EMU Klaas Knot and Silvie Verkaart PART II: STOP AND GO OF CAPITAL FLOWS AND DELEVERAGING 5. Managing Stop–Go Capital Flows in Asian Emerging Markets: Lessons for the CESEE Economies Andrew Filardo 6. CESEE Banks Deleveraging or Rebalancing? Lessons from the EIB Bank Lending Survey Luca Gattini and Debora Revoltella 7. Managing Capital Flows in a Globalized Economy Marek Dabrowski PART III: GROWTH STRATEGIES OF EU NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES: RUSSIA AND TURKEY 8. Russia in 2012: The Challenge of Reforming the Economy Without a Political Reform Konstantin Sonin 9. Sustaining Growth in Emerging Markets: The Role of Structural and Monetary Policies Ahmet Faruk Aysan, Mustafa Haluk Güler and Cüneyt Orman PART IV: SMALL-COUNTRY EXPERIENCES IN ECONOMIC ADJUSTMENT 10. Business Cycle Convergence or Decoupling? Economic Adjustment of CESEE Countries During the Crisis Martin Gächter, Aleksandra Riedl and Doris Ritzberger-Grünwald 11. South-Eastern Europe: Impacts from the Crisis, Vulnerabilities and Adjustments Dimitar Bogov and Aneta Krstevska 12. Economic Adjustment in the Baltic Countries Ardo Hansson and Martti Randveer PART V: A PRACTITIONER’S VIEW 13. Basel III from a Practitioner’s Perspective Esa Tuomi and Eriks Plato 14. Banks’ Challenges in Central and Eastern Europe Radovan Jelašić 15. Banking in CEE: Less Growth, More Balance Gianfranco Bisagni, Matteo Ferrazzi and Pia Pumberger Index

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Book SynopsisThe papers in this volume have been written and brought together by a group of experts, each of whom deals with radioactive waste management on a daily basis, as well as having the deep knowledge and level of expertise that only industry insiders can achieve. Topics covered here include: treatment issues; waste mangement practice; transport and storage; and environment and regulations.Table of ContentsPart 1 Treatment issues: the new Dounreay low-level liquid effluent treatment plan; the disposal of a radioactive cell; technical and operational risk management strategies for the Sellafield Drypac Plant (SDP). Part 2 Waste management practice: radiation inheritance of Russian nuclear fleet and ecological safety problems relating to utilization of nuclear submarines and rehabilitation of other facilities in the Navy; decontamination and waste minimization techniques in nuclear decommissioning; transuranic waste management at Los Alamos National Laboratory; disposition of Russian nuclear submarines - outlines of the concept and implementation problems; management of accumulated operational wastes at BNFL's decommissioning reactor sites. Part 3 Transport and storage: transportation of spent fuel in Japan; engineering considerations associated wtih plant used for storage of intermediate level waste - a regulator's view; the packaging of waste for safe long-term management; independent monitoring of solid low-level radioactive waste disposals in the UK; round robin test for the non-destructive assay of 220 litre radioactive waste packages; the feasibility of surface for high-level waste. Part 4 Environmental and regulation: application of in-line monitoring to waste minimization during soil remediation; contained water management within the Chernobyl "shelter object"; ALARP as applied to high-level waste - the regulatory approach at Sellafield; radiation safety problems arising with damaged nuclear submarines utilization; experience in nuclear decommissioning and waste management; disposal of radioactive waste - a puzzle in four dimensions.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook is the first comprehensive and systematic account of the science, technology and policy issues associated with nuclear energy and nuclear weapons. Throughout their account of the evolution of nuclear policy, from its origin to the early Trump presidency, the authors interweave clear technical expositions of the science and technology that underpin and constrain it. The book begins by tracing the early work in atomic physics, the discovery of fission, and the developments that led to the Manhattan Project and the delivery of atomic bombs against Japan that ended World War II. It follows the initial failed attempts at nuclear disarmament, the onset of the Cold War nuclear arms competition, and the development of light water reactors to harness nuclear energy for electric power generation. The authors thoroughly unpack the problem of nuclear proliferation, examining the strategy and incentives for states that have and have not pursued nuclear weapons, and providing an overview of the nuclear arsenals of the current nuclear weapon states. They trace the technical, political and strategic evolution of deterrence, arms control and disarmament policies from the first attempts for an Outer Space Treaty in 1957 through the new START treaty of 2009. At critical junctures in the narrative, the authors explain the relevant nuclear science and technology including nuclear fission and criticality; nuclear materials and enrichment; nuclear detonation and nuclear weapons effects; nuclear weapons stockpile constraints, stewardship and surveillance; nuclear fusion and thermonuclear weapons; technologies for monitoring, verification and proliferation; and nuclear forensics. They conclude with an assessment of contemporary issues ranging from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action reached to halt Iran’s nuclear weapons development program, to the threat of nuclear terrorism, the perceived nuclear weapons policies of Russia and China, and the US efforts to provide disincentives for its allies to acquire their own nuclear weapons by maintaining credible security guarantees.Table of Contents1. Early days1.1. Development of atomic physics1.2. Origins of nuclear fission – Great Britain and continental Europe1.3. Nuclear science I – fission and criticality1.3.1. Fission, criticality and the fission chain1.3.1.1. Decay and half-life1.3.2. Energy scale of nuclear reactions relative to chemical reactions1.3.3. Nuclear reactions and cross sections1.3.4. Neutrons basics1.3.4.1. Neutrons from fission (nu-bar)1.3.4.2. Neutron energy and moderation concepts1.3.5. Critical mass, chain reactions, energy and fission products1.3.6. Enrichment and production1.3.7. Worked example – Chicago Pile1.4. The Manhattan Project1.4.1. Organization1.4.2. Key personnel1.4.3. Technical obstacles1.4.4. The path to success1.5. Nuclear science II- materials and enrichment1.5.1. Uranium enrichment1.5.2. Reactor basics and plutonium production1.5.3. Overview of proliferation-resistant fuel cycles and reactors1.5.4. Worked example – centrifuge versus gaseous diffusion1.6. Truman’s decision to drop two atomic bombs1.6.1. Policy options, alternative targets1.6.2. Threat assessment1.6.3. Strategic and tactical considerations1.6.4. Key players and the decision1.6.5. Alternative explanations1.7. Effects of the detonations1.7.1. Blast 1.7.2. Radiation 1.7.3. Shock waves1.7.4. Electromagnetic pulse1.7.5. Estimates of prompt and delayed fatalities1.8. Nuclear science III – nuclear weapons and their effects1.8.1. Basic design concepts1.8.2. Weapon effects1.8.3. Blast and pressure1.8.4. Thermal Effects1.8.5.   Radiation effects1.8.6. Other (EMP, delayed fatalities, impact on climate change)1.8.7. Radiation effects on biological systems1.8.8. Weapons effects in military planning1.8.9. Comparison to conventional weapons and their uses1.8.10. Accuracy and effectiveness1.8.11. Hardening and survivability1.8.12. Worked example – Hiroshima blast and radiation effects 2. Postwar expansion (1946-1968)2.1. National security act, 19472.1.1. National security council2.1.2. US Air Force2.1.3. Central Intelligence Agency2.1.4. Other consequences2.2. Atomic Energy Commission2.2.1. Thermonuclear weapons debate2.2.2. Concern of Soviet weapons capability2.3. Nuclear science IV– fusion and thermonuclear weapons2.3.1. Basics of nuclear fusion2.3.2. Thermonuclear concepts2.3.3. Worked example – to be determined2.4. Failed arms control and onset of the Cold War2.4.1. Acheson-Lillienthal report2.4.2. Failure of the Baruch plan2.4.3. Soviet resistance2.4.4. Korean War (1950-53)2.4.4.1. Role of nuclear weapons2.4.4.2. Beginnings of extended deterrence2.5. Nuclear proliferation begins2.5.1. Mirror Imaging: USSR program, Kurchatov, espionage from Manhattan project2.5.2. USSR weapons test (1949)2.5.3. The UK program and test (1952)2.6. Nuclear arms competition between the US and the USSR2.6.1. The Hydrogen Bomb 2.6.1.1. Oppenheimer vs. Teller2.6.1.2. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory2.6.2. Early nuclear weapon strategy development2.6.2.1. Massive retaliation and its critics2.6.2.2. Deterrence and Secure 2nd Strike2.6.2.3. Strategic bombers, missiles, the Navy (SSBNS, SLBNS)2.6.2.4. Intercontinental delivery2.6.3. Soviet responses 2.7. Nuclear Science V– modern weapons and the stockpile2.7.1. Constraints and weapon size and mass 2.7.2. Constraints on weapon efficiency and yield2.7.3. Materials properties and equations of state2.7.4. Stockpile surveillance - assessing reliability2.7.5. Worked example – yield and efficiency3. The problem of nuclear proliferation3.1. The International Atomic Energy Agency3.1.1.   Application of nuclear energy for electric power generation3.1.2. Efforts to forestall proliferation3.1.2.1. Nuclear suppliers group3.1.2.2. Zangger committee3.2. Nuclear proliferation builds3.2.1. France – 19603.2.2. China – 19643.2.3. Israel – 19653.2.4. Sweden – ended in 19683.3. First arms control measures3.3.1. Distinction between disarmament and arms control3.3.2. Outer Space Treaty – 19573.3.3. Impact of Cuban Missile Crisis - 19623.3.4. Limited Test Ban Treaty - 1963 3.4. Nuclear science VI– stockpile safety and security3.4.1. Use control concepts3.4.2. Stockpile aging and reliability3.4.3. One-point safety3.4.4. Worked example - decay and aging of weapons material 4. Technical, political and strategic evolution of deterrence and arms control4.1. Declaratory policies4.2. Deterrence policy4.2.1. Red and blue4.2.2. “No First Use” versus “Use to De-escalate”4.3. Extended deterrence and US nuclear deployments4.4. Flexible response4.5. Soviet and US buildup4.6. The importance of missile defense4.7. Nuclear arms control and restraint4.7.1. Nuclear non-proliferation treaty – 19684.7.2. SALT I– 19724.7.2.1. Importance of MIRVS4.7.3. ABM treaty -19724.7.4. SALT II – 19794.7.5. Carter policy of deterring reprocessing of spent fuel - 19774.7.6. Additional proliferation activities4.7.6.1. Indian test – 19744.7.6.2. Pakistani commitment4.7.6.3. German-Brazilian deal4.7.6.4. Taiwan, South Korea initiatives4.7.7.   INF treaty – 19874.7.8. START – 19914.8. Nuclear science VII– monitoring, verification and proliferation4.8.1. Detonation monitoring and detection4.8.2. Safeguards technologies4.8.3. Other measurement concepts and activities4.8.4. Technologies for treaty verification and monitoring4.8.5. Proliferation resistant reactors and fuel cycle4.8.6. Worked example – signature detection 5. The second nuclear age (1992- present)5.1. End of the Cold War5.1.1. START II (1993)5.1.2. Nunn-Lugar and cooperative threat reduction5.2. Ukraine and Kazhakstan nuclear disarmament5.3. Regional proliferation5.3.1. Iraq5.3.2. North Korea5.3.3. Libya5.3.4. India versus Pakistan5.3.5. Iran5.4. Counter-proliferation 5.4.1. Proliferation security initiative5.4.2. Stuxnet5.5. Nuclear disarmament5.5.1. Disarmament and the legitimacy of the non-proliferation regime5.5.2. Historical examples of nuclear disarmament5.5.2.1. South Africa5.5.2.2. Brazil and Argentina5.5.2.3. Former Soviet Union5.6. Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty5.6.1. Failed US. ratification5.6.2. Efforts at START III and completion of Strategic Offensive Arms Reduction Treaty (2002) 5.6.3. US withdrawal from the ABM treaty and its significance5.6.4. New START (2009)5.7. Nuclear science VIII– stockpile stewardship without nuclear testing5.7.1. Contrast with stockpile surveillance5.7.2. High energy density physics experiments5.7.3. Codes and supercomputers5.7.4. Worked example – stockpile surveillance5.7.5. Worked example – computational demands of physics codes 6. Contemporary issues6.1. The Obama nuclear initiatives and their legacy6.1.1. Failed attempts to develop new nuclear weapons (RNEP and RRW)6.1.2. Beyond life extension programs6.1.3. The nuclear security initiatives6.1.4. Strengthening the NPT6.2. Russian adoption of “escalate to deescalate” doctrine6.3. Nuclear weapons and China’s “anti-access/area denial” strategy6.4. Cyber threats to nuclear command and control systems6.5. Nuclear weapons and cross domain deterrence6.5.1. Issues of proportionality and escalation control6.6. Impact of economic sanctions as a counter-proliferation tool6.7. The Iran Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)6.7.1. Elements of the agreement6.7.2. Strengths and weaknesses6.7.3. Effects on others6.7.4. Consequences6.8. Threat of nuclear terrorism6.8.1. Loss of control of a nuclear weapon6.8.2. Loss of control of nuclear material6.8.3. Loss of control of radioactive material and risks of radioactive dispersal devices6.9. Challenges of attribution, prosecution and retaliation6.9.1. Pre- and post-detonation attribution and forensics6.9.2. Decision-making complexities of cross discipline assessments6.9.3. Policy alternatives in response to nuclear weapon use6.9.4. Accuracy and timeliness requirements6.10. Nuclear science IX – Illicit material detection and forensic attribution6.10.1. Radiation detection and analysis6.10.1.1. Passive detection and spectroscopy6.10.1.2. Activation6.10.1.3. Radiography6.10.2. Nuclear forensics and attribution6.10.2.1. Decay products and chronometry6.10.3. Worked example – standoff detection of special nuclear material 7. Conclusion – Will the “tradition of non-use” of nuclear weapons be sustained? If not, what are the potential consequences?

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Book SynopsisThis Safety Guide is a revision of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. NS-G-4.4, which it supersedes. The revised version provides specific recommendations on developing, formulating and presenting the operational limits and conditions as well as the operating procedures for research reactors, to meet the relevant requirements of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSR-3, Safety of Research Reactors. The recommendations in this publication are intended for use by operating organizations of research reactors, regulatory bodies and other relevant organizations involved in a research reactor project.

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Book SynopsisThis Safety Guide provides recommendations on radiation protection and radioactive waste management in the design and operation of research reactors, to meet the relevant requirements of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSR-3, Safety of Research Reactors. It identifies important components that should be considered at the design stage with regard to facilitating radiation protection and radioactive waste management. It also recommends good practices in implementing operational radiation protection and radioactive waste management programmes, and in their optimization. This Safety Guide is a revision of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. NS-G-4.6, which it supersedes.

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Book SynopsisThis publication provides guidance for assessing the sustainability of a nuclear energy system (NES) in the area of nuclear fuel cycle facility (NFCF) safety. It deals with NFCFs that may be potentially involved in the NES such as, mining, milling, refining, conversion, enrichment, fuel fabrication, spent fuel storage, and spent fuel reprocessing facilities. It augments the information presented in the earlier INPRO publications on the methodology for sustainability assessments. The publication is intended for use by organizations involved in the development and deployment of a NES, including planning, design, modification and technical support for NFCFs.

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Book SynopsisThis Safety Guide provides practical guidance and recommendations on ageing management for research reactors, to meet the relevant requirements of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSR-3, Safety of Research Reactors. It is intended for use by operating organizations in establishing, implementing and improving ageing management programmes for research reactors, and by regulatory bodies in verifying that ageing of research reactors is being effectively managed. The Safety Guide focuses on managing the physical ageing of systems, structures and components important to safety, and also provides guidance on safety aspects of managing obsolescence. This Safety Guide is a revision of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSG-10, which it supersedes.

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Book SynopsisThis publication provides specific recommendations on research reactor instrumentation and control systems and software important to safety, including instrumentation and control system architecture and associated components, from sensors to actuators, operator interfaces and auxiliary equipment, to meet the relevant requirements of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSR-3, Safety of Research Reactors. The recommendations and guidance apply to both the design and configuration management of instrumentation and control systems for new research reactors and the modernization of the instrumentation and control systems at existing research reactor facilities. In addition, this Safety Guide provides recommendations and guidance on human factors engineering and human-machine interfaces, and for computer based systems and software for use in instrumentation and control systems important to safety. This Safety Guide is a revision of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSG-37, which it supersedes.

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Book SynopsisThis Safety Guide provides recommendations on meeting the requirements established in IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSR-6 (Rev. 1), Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, 2018 Edition, for a radiation protection programme for the transport of radioactive material. The objectives of a radiation protection programme for the transport of radioactive material are to provide for adequate consideration of radiation protection measures in transport; to ensure that the system of radiological protection is adequately applied; to enhance a safety culture in the transport of radioactive material; and to provide practical measures to meet these objectives. The recommendations provided in this Safety Guide are applicable to the transport of radioactive material by all modes on land, water, or in the air, including transport that is incidental to the use of the radioactive material. The intended audience for this Safety Guide includes competent authorities, consignors, carriers, consignees, and operators of ports (e.g. harbours, seaports and airports). It will also be of interest to the employees of public authorities (customs authorities, harbour authorities, port authorities) concerning activities associated with the transport of radioactive material that involve radiation exposure.

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Book SynopsisDecommissioning is the last step in the lifetime management of an authorized facility and it must be considered during the design, construction, commissioning and operation of such facilities. This publication provides guidance on how to comply with requirements for the safe decommissioning of nuclear power plants, research reactors, and other nuclear fuel cycle facilities. It addresses all the aspects of decommissioning that are required to ensure safety including: roles and responsibilities, strategy and planning for decommissioning, conduct of decommissioning actions and completion of decommissioning. It is intended for use by those working in policy and strategy development, planning, implementation and regulatory control of decommissioning.

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Book SynopsisThis updated version of IAEA Nuclear Security Series No. 9, Security of Radioactive Material in Transport, is intended to facilitate the establishment of an internationally consistent approach to security of radioactive material in transport. It builds on the relevant recommendations of various existing IAEA Nuclear Security Series publications and is applicable to the security of packages containing radioactive material that could cause unacceptable radiological consequences if used in a malicious act during international and domestic transport. It is also relevant to the security of some nuclear materials of category III and below during transport, due to the radioactive nature of the material. Guidance on protection against unauthorized removal and sabotage is also covered.

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Book SynopsisThis publication describes the purpose and scope of the INPRO service Analysis Support for Enhanced Nuclear Energy Sustainability (ASENES) and its potential benefits to Member States. The publication highlights the links between this service and overall technical support to Member States for the planning and development of nuclear energy, and explains how it integrates with other IAEA services supporting knowledgeable decision making on nuclear power. An overview of analytical tools developed by INPRO for this purpose is also provided.

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Book SynopsisThis publication was produced as part of the Working Group 4 of the IAEA Modelling and Data for Radiological Impact Assessments (MODARIA) programme, which focused on the analysis of radioecological data in IAEA Technical Reports Series publications to identify key radionuclides and associated parameter values for human and wildlife exposure assessment. The intent is to reduce uncertainties and to develop new approaches to strengthen the evaluation of the radiological impact to the public, as well as to flora and fauna, arising from radionuclides in the environment. The publication comprises two main sections. The first one considers prioritization approaches to identify the radionuclides and pathways that potentially contribute most to internal and external exposure to organisms in wildlife groups for different sources and exposure situations. The focus of the second section is the improvement of transfer parameter values for animal product data, namely cow and goat milk. Milk was selected as it often has a high priority in radiological environmental impact assessment. Examples of approaches that can be used to identify potentially important data gaps, illustrated using case studies are also presented. This publication is intended to provide Member States with technical information and data that can be used by their national authorities to develop and improve their models and approaches for radiological environmental impact assessment for facilities and activities.

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Book SynopsisThis Safety Report has been developed as part of the IAEA programme on occupational radiation protection to provide for the application of its safety standards in implementing a graded approach to the protection of workers against exposures associated with uranium mining and processing. The publication describes the methods of production associated with the uranium industry and provides practical information on the radiological risks to workers in the exploration, mining and processing of uranium. It is a compilation of detailed information on uranium mining and processing stages and techniques, general radiation protection considerations in the relevant industry, general methodology applicable for control, monitoring and dose assessment, exposure pathways, and radiation protection programs for the range of commonly used mining and processing techniques.

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Book SynopsisThis Safety Guide provides recommendations on the establishment of a framework for safety in accordance with the IAEA safety standards for States deciding on and preparing to embark on a nuclear power programme. In this regard, it proposes 197 safety related actions to be taken in the first three phases of the development of the nuclear power programme, to achieve the foundation for a high level of safety throughout the entire lifetime of the nuclear power plant (NPP). This includes safety in the construction, commissioning, and operation of the NPP and the associated management of radioactive waste and spent fuel, and safety in decommissioning. Thus, it contributes to the building of leadership and management for safety and of an effective safety culture and serves as guidance for self-assessment by all organizations involved in the development of a safety infrastructure.

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Book SynopsisRadionuclides of both natural and human made origin exist throughout the environment. These radionuclides can be transferred to plants and animals that are consumed by humans, thereby resulting in exposure to ionizing radiation and an internal radiation dose. This Safety Report provides information on the observed distributions of concentrations of natural radionuclides in various food products, on the use of 'total diet' and other studies to assess ingestion doses, and on radionuclide concentrations in natural mineral waters. Different dose assessment methodologies are presented and the advantages and disadvantages of each is discussed, along with approaches used for managing non-radioactive contaminants in food. This publication is jointly sponsored by the IAEA, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization. It is intended to support Member States in the assessment and management of radionuclides in food, and the alignment of national policies with Requirement 51 of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR.

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Book SynopsisProbabilistic methods are increasingly being used to complement deterministic methods in assessing the safety and ensuring the reliability of research reactors. Addressing features specific to research reactors, this publication suggests a practical approach for the development and implementation of a project using probabilistic methods in terms of objective, scope, data and modelling, as well as the application of results to enhance safety and reliability. This publication is intended to be used by operating organizations, regulatory bodies and technical support organizations when performing or reviewing research reactor assessments in which probabilistic methods are applied. It will ideally be read in conjunction with relevant IAEA Safety Standards Series publications and technical guidelines for safety analysis, operation and maintenance, and component reliability data for research reactors.

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Book SynopsisThis Safety Report provides guidance, targeted towards States newly embarking upon a nuclear power plant programme, on the licensing process and associated procedures needed during for the construction, commissioning and operation stages of a nuclear power plant, so that the applicant complies with national regulations in line with the internationally recognized safety principles and requirements throughout these stages. The publication elaborates on the generic guidance provided in IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSG-12, Licensing Process for Nuclear Installations, and gives supplementary practical guidance for nuclear power plants.

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Book SynopsisA periodic safety review is considered an effective way to obtain an overview of nuclear power plant safety. It is also used to determine reasonable and practicable modifications to maintain a high level of safety during continued operation, and to justify operation of a nuclear power plant beyond the original time frame. The review considers life limiting processes and features of structures, systems and components important to safety, and whether there are any foreseeable circumstances that could endanger the safe operation of the nuclear power plant. This publication addresses the scope of assessment, methods and applicable criteria within the periodic safety review and long term operation programmes framework, to support decision making for long term operation of nuclear power plants.

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Book SynopsisDetection of nuclear security events involving nuclear and other radioactive material out of regulatory control is an important challenge facing States. Timely detection of this material can reduce the risk of it being used in criminal or intentional unauthorized acts. This publication provides guidance for States on planning, implementing and evaluating nuclear security detection systems and measures at State borders. Special consideration is given to designated points of entry and exit and border areas. National competent authorities such as the border guard, customs authorities, national or local law enforcement agencies and regulatory bodies will find this guidance useful for developing, designing, implementing, and sustaining detection systems and measures at State borders.

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Book SynopsisWith rapidly advancing digital technologies, smart devices are increasingly used in nuclear power plants. These smart devices can be implemented as separate or standalone field components or embedded as components in other equipment or systems and can be used to increase plant reliability, enhance safe operation and improve testing and monitoring functions. However, the use of smart devices may potentially introduce new hazards, vulnerabilities and failure modes. The safety aspects and design criteria associated with the safe use of industrial commercial smart devices in systems important to safety considered in this publication include: functional suitability and the evidence required to demonstrate this suitability, quality, qualification, the consideration of certification by non-nuclear organizations using non-nuclear standards, and aspects affecting integration of the smart device into existing systems in order to ensure that the smart device will retain its suitability for the required lifetime.

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Book SynopsisThe ability of the nuclear industry to continue to operate safely, securely and reliably during special circumstances such as a pandemic is essential and depends upon the effectiveness of its preparation, response and recovery plans as well as the ability of relevant organizations to adapt and respond to unforeseen situations. The purpose of this publication is to share experience with regard to managing and regulating facilities and activities during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to assist Member States in considering further actions to improve preparedness and response in relation to the ongoing pandemic and any future ones. The effective sharing of operating and regulatory experience is intended to have a positive influence on the response to, and recovery from, such global events. This publication is therefore written for operating organizations, regulatory bodies, competent authorities, research and technical support organizations, contractors and vendors.

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Book SynopsisThis publication provides guidance on the management of human resources in the field of nuclear energy. It considers this issue at both the individual and organizational level, and the development of an appropriate human resource management (HRM) strategy. It elaborates on ten key HR processes concerning the management of individual employees, as well as the four broader organizational issues – organizational and safety culture, stakeholder engagement, diversity and inclusion, and change management – to which they relate. It describes the importance of having a correct HRM strategy is in place, together with the right level of competent resources, effective processes, and procedures, to support the needs of nuclear organizations.

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Book SynopsisThis publication is one of the series of IAEA publications on the environmental behaviour of naturally occurring radionuclides. It outlines uranium behaviour in different environments, as well as its transfer to, and metabolism in, humans. The publication also provides concepts, models and data required for the assessment of the impacts of uranium on non-human biota. Assessing the environmental and health effects of uranium poses specific challenges because of the combination of different types of hazard and potential exposures. Therefore, both the radiotoxicity and chemical toxicity of uranium are considered in this publication.

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Book SynopsisIn response to an increase in global activities related to non-water-cooled reactors and small modular reactors, this new Safety Report documenting areas of novelty of these technologies when compared to the current fleet of reactors has been developed. The impact of these areas of novelty on the applicability and completeness of the IAEA safety standards is assessed in the publication. Gaps and areas for additional consideration are identified. The review undertaken to develop this report encompassed the safety standards related to the lifetime of these reactor technologies. The publication also considers the interface between safety, security, and safeguards in the design of these technologies.

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Book SynopsisIn the context of the safe management of disused sealed radioactive sources, an important and emerging issue of immediate concern is the management of depleted uranium (DU) contained in radiation shielding materials, as potential radioactive waste. This publication presents relevant information on technical issues and factors, as well as specific Member State experiences leading to the identification of potential options for the management of DU shields. Various options for safe, secure and cost-effective solutions have been explored, ranging from returning to manufacturer, including reuse, recycling, storage and disposal in licensed facilities.

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Book SynopsisThis publication provides a global overview of the status of spent fuel and radioactive waste management programmes, inventories, current practices, technologies and trends. It presents information on national arrangements for the management of spent fuel and radioactive waste, and on current waste and spent fuel inventories and their future estimates. Achievements, challenges and trends in the management of spent fuel and radioactive waste are also addressed. This second edition has been developed with a basis of national profiles submitted by Member States, complemented with openly available Joint Convention National Reports. The data reported are fully dependent on the input from the States and by the assumptions made to transform these data into the waste classes defined in IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSG?1, Classification of Radioactive Waste.

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Book SynopsisThe identification and assessment of threats provides an essential basis for the selection, design, and implementation of nuclear security measures. For nuclear material and other radioactive material that is under regulatory control, and associated facilities and activities, the results of this identification and assessment are expressed as a design basis threat or representative threat statement describing the intentions and capabilities of potential adversaries against which the materials and associated facilities and activities are to be protected. An Implementing Guide was issued in 2009 under the title of Development, Use and Maintenance of the Design Basis Threat which was updated and revised. The result of this revision is the current publication. It provides a step?bystep methodology for conducting a national nuclear security threat assessment including both physical and computer security aspects, and for the development, use and maintenance of design basis threats and representative threat statements.

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Book SynopsisProviding recommendations on the application of the concept of clearance for materials, objects and buildings that are to be released from regulatory control, this publication supports the application of the relevant requirements of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 3. It includes detail on the regulatory framework for clearance; the clearance process; the derivation of clearance levels; the application of clearance to solid materials, liquids and gases; generic clearance and specific clearance using activity concentration and surface contamination clearance levels. It also provides recommendations on the involvement of interested parties. Written for governmental officials, and those working for regulatory bodies and operating organizations, this publication will also be of interest to technical service providers in radiation protection. The recommendations provided are applicable to facilities that use, manufacture, process or store radioactive material, such as nuclear power plants, research reactors, other nuclear fuel cycle facilities, facilities for the management of radioactive waste, industrial plants, medical facilities, research facilities, educational facilities and accelerators. The recommendations in this publication also apply to industries processing materials containing radionuclides of natural origin and to the management of material originating from remediation activities or from post- emergency situations.

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Book SynopsisIntended for use by government officials, and those working for regulatory bodies and operating organizations, this publication will assist in the application of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 3 in relation to the concept of exemption of practices or sources within practices from regulatory control. It addresses the application of a graded approach to the concept of exemption through the use of generic exemption and specific exemption. It explains the concept of exclusion and its relationship to exemption and clearance. The recommendations provided in this publication are applicable to all facilities and activities that use, manufacture, process, trade or store radioactive sources or material containing either natural or artificial radionuclides. The Safety Guide primarily addresses exemption from regulatory control in planned exposure situations. Although, the concept of exemption is only applicable to planned exposure situations, guidance on the application of a screening approach for decision making in managing certain existing exposure situations is also provided.

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Book SynopsisFollowing the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, the lAEA and wider international community, sought to assist the Japanese authorities manage the response. Within the context of continuous improvement and work to ensure the safety of nuclear facilities globally, the nuclear community gathered for this conference to review and assess lessons learned and actions taken, as well as to identify ways to further strengthen nuclear safety. This publication contains the President's Report and a summary of the technical sessions and policy discussions that took place during the conference. Conclusions of the conference are also summarised.

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Book SynopsisThe decision to establish a nuclear power programme is a significant undertaking by any country. Such a decision should be based on a commitment by the government to use nuclear power safely, securely and peacefully. This commitment requires establishing a sustainable national infrastructure including robust safeguards infrastructure supporting the functions of the State system of accounting for and control of nuclear material (SSAC). The IAEA has developed the Milestones Approach to help Member States embarking on nuclear power to plan and develop the necessary infrastructure in a phased way. Safeguards is one of the 19 infrastructure issues described in the Milestones Approach. The primary objective of this publication is to provide guidance and references for safeguards related activities that need to be carried out during each of the three phases of nuclear power infrastructure development in line with the nuclear power programme implementation. This publication includes several case studies from different countries on how they developed their national safeguards infrastructure to meet the requirements of their nuclear power programmes.

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Book SynopsisThis Safety Report explains how the concepts of attribution of health effects and inference of risks can be taken into account in the application of IAEA safety standards, so as to implement them more effectively. In particular, this publication demonstrates explicitly what the relevant provisions of the safety standards are for high and moderate levels of exposure where health effects might be able to be attributed to the exposure, and for low and very low levels of exposure where risks can only be inferred. This Safety Report also aims to support more effective communication by clarifying the proper use of certain concepts detailed in the safety standards and plain language explanations of the concepts of attribution of effects and inference of risk are provided.

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Book SynopsisNuclear cogeneration to produce electricity and process heat for nonelectric applications such as desalination, district heating or cooling or hydrogen production can play an important role in reducing dependence on fossil fuels. The implementation of nuclear cogeneration projects is inherently complex and such projects require a clear understanding of actions and responsibilities during the design, operation and management phases. This publication focuses on analysing the requirements and responsibilities of users and vendors and correspondence between them through the life cycle to of a nuclear cogeneration project, highlighting experience and lessons learned from retrofit and new build projects.

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Book SynopsisThis is the 43rd edition of Reference Data Series No. 2, which presents the most recent reactor data available to the IAEA. It contains summarized information as of the end of 2022 on power reactors operating, under construction and shut down as well as performance data on reactors operating in the IAEA Member States. The information is collected through designated national correspondents in the Member States and the data are used to maintain the IAEA's Power Reactor Information System (PRIS).

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Book SynopsisThe 43rd edition of Reference Data Series No. 1 contains estimates of energy, electricity, and nuclear power trends up to the year 2050. The publication considers the prospects of new capacity additions, retirements and long term operation of existing units. The 2022 capacity and production data is taken from Nuclear Power Reactors in the World, Reference Data Series No. 2, IAEA, Vienna (2023). RDS-1 is organized into world and regional subsections, with global and regional nuclear power projections presented as low and high cases, encompassing the uncertainties inherent in projecting trends. The low case assumes a continuation of current market and technology trends leading to a modest increase in in global nuclear capacity to 458 GWe by 2050. The high case assumes a more favourable context and leads to a more than doubling of global nuclear power capacity to 890 GWe by 2050. Despite the increasing recognition of nuclear power's role in climate change mitigation and energy security improvement, the current pace of nuclear power development shows that urgent actions would be needed to maintain the existing role of nuclear power in the energy mix, involving a broad range of actors including policy makers, the nuclear industry, the financing community, and international organizations, along with active engagement with the public.

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Book SynopsisThis Safety Guide identifies the main objectives and responsibilities of the operating organization for the recruitment, qualification and training of personnel for new and existing nuclear power plants to establish and maintain a high level of competence of personnel and to ensure safe operation of the nuclear power plant. This publication can also be used as a guide for the recruitment, training and qualification of personnel for nuclear installations other than nuclear power plants.

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Book SynopsisThis publication presents the results of an IAEA organized intercomparison exercise on codes used in the application of the. Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) k0 method. NAA is the most common technique implemented in research reactors worldwide. It allows the determination of the elemental composition of samples weighing from micrograms to kilograms. The k0 method for NAA has greatly facilitated the implementation of NAA at new facilities. It allows for the determination of elemental mass fractions, together with their uncertainties, without the need for sample-matched reference materials. As a consequence, various software packages for the application of this method have been developed. In 2021, the IAEA initiated, an intercomparison exercise of k0 software packages, in which the software contributions to the uncertainty budget was determined. The developers of all known k0 software packages were invited to participate, and all but one of the invited packages were represented in the exercise, including the two widely available codes and three codes developed in particular institutes for their own purposes.

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Book SynopsisAimed primarily at operating organizations of nuclear power plants (NPPs) and regulatory bodies, this Safety Guide provides specific recommendations to ensure that operations in NPPs are conducted in a safe, effective, thorough and professional manner. It identifies the main responsibilities and operating practices in relation to such safe operation. The structure of the operations department, which is the part of the operating organization responsible for the conduct of operations of an NPP is addressed. Also addressed are the setting of high standards of performance and making safety related decisions in an effective manner, conducting control room activities in a thorough and professional manner and maintaining a nuclear power plant within the established operational limits and conditions.

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Book SynopsisWritten to assist individuals in academia and industry and in relevant regulatory and policy roles, this publication provides a summary of the current knowledge on the status of research, technological developments, reactor designs and experiments in the area of advanced reactors that are fuelled or cooled by a molten salt. Identification of challenges and areas where research and development are still required in preparation for commercial deployment gives context to current and planned work. The aim of this publication is to share information on programmes and projects on molten salt reactors in Member States which will shape future collaborative efforts.

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