Neurosciences Books

Book SynopsisBrain and behaviour are intrinsically linked. Animals demonstrate a huge and complex repertoire of behaviours, so how can specific behaviours be mapped onto the complicated neural circuits of the brain? Highlighting the extraordinary advances that have been made in the field of behavioural neuroscience over recent decades, this book examines how behaviours can be understood in terms of their neural mechanisms. Each chapter outlines the components of a particular behaviour, discussing laboratory techniques, the key brain structures involved, and the underpinning cellular and molecular mechanisms. Commins covers a range of topics including learning in a simple invertebrate, fear conditioning, taste aversion, sound localization, and echolocation in bats, as well as more complex behaviours, such as language development, spatial navigation and circadian rhythms. Demonstrating key processes through clear, step-by-step explanations and numerous illustrations, this will be valuable reading for students of zoology, animal behaviour, psychology, and neuroscience.Trade Review'Behavioural neuroscience has long lacked a research-relevant, up-to-date textbook providing a comprehensive theoretical and experimental treatment. Seán Commins is to be congratulated for having written a vital and important textbook which should be at the heart of teaching behavioural neuroscience everywhere. Written carefully and clearly, replete with up to date research, cross-species comparisons as well as a strong focus on understanding experimental methodologies and how they relate to theoretical issues, this book should become the standard reference for teaching, and a prompt for further research.' Shane O'Mara, Trinity College DublinTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Neurons and neural communication; 2. An introduction to the brain; 3. Neuroscientific methods; 4. Examination of animal behaviour: general principles and techniques; 5. Habituation and sensitisation in the Aplysia; 6. Classical conditioning in the Aplysia; 7. Long-term synaptic plasticity in mammals I: long-term potentiation (LTP); 8. Long-term synaptic plasticity in mammals II: long-term depression (LTD); 9. Eye-blink conditioning; 10. Fear conditioning; 11. Taste aversion; 12. Sound localisation; 13. Bat echolocation; 14. Spatial navigation; 15. Birdsong learning; 16. Circadian rhythms; Index.

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Book SynopsisEthical Challenges in the Behavioral and Brain Sciences encourages readers to engage in discussions of the diverse ethical dilemmas encountered by behavioral and brain scientists. In each chapter, a prominent scientist describes a dilemma, how it was resolved, and what could be done differently if confronted with the situation again.Trade Review'At a time of diminishing public trust in the sciences, Sternberg and Fiske have given us the perfect antidote: a rich collection of sincere and probing testimonies about ethical problems by leading brain and behavioral scientists. A page-turner - not usual in thoughtful treatments of ethics - this book will provide readers with a real educational experience. The book is a uniquely valuable answer to some of the most burning scientific dilemmas of our day.' William Damon, Stanford University, California and author of The Power of Ideals: The Real Story of Moral Choice'Through more than fifty always engaging, typically perplexing, and often disturbingly nuanced case studies, Robert Sternberg and Susan Fiske make vivid the fundamental place of ethical thinking and acting in the research and professorial lives of contemporary brain and behavioral scientists. This unique and historically important book represents a sea change in understanding the ubiquity and subtlety of ethical challenges in research, publication, teaching, mentoring, and professional conduct. Reading, reflecting on, and discussing this book may be transformative for both scientists and science.' Richard M. Lerner, Bergstrom Chair in Applied Developmental Science and Director, Institute for Applied Research in Youth Development, Tufts University, Massachusetts'Graduate students should be required to read this volume, in which a star-studded cast of scientists explore the oft-disguised forms of ethical lapse or corruption that, alas, are never absent, even from the most serene paths of the groves of academe.' Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Distinguished Professor of Psychology and Management, Claremont Graduate School, California'Sternberg and Fiske have brought together a remarkable collection of vignettes. Though written by psychologists, they largely raise issues relevant to all academic disciplines. Each vignette places an ethical issue in a concrete and personal context. Ultimately, they will raise our collective consciousness about how we can best promote fairness, truthfulness, responsibility, due credit, and personal growth in all our efforts.' Jay McClelland, Professor and Director of the Center for Mind, Brain and Computation, Stanford University, CaliforniaTable of ContentsPart I. Academic Cheating; Part I Susan T. Fiske; Part II. Academic Excuses and Fairness; Part II. Academic Excuses and Fairness; Part II Susan T. Fiske; Part III. Authorship and Credit; Part III. Authorship and Credit; Part III Susan T. Fiske; Part IV. Confidentiality's Limits; Part IV. Confidentiality's Limits; Part IV Susan T. Fiske; Part V. Data Analysis, Reporting and Sharing; Part V. Data Analysis, Reporting and Sharing; Part V Susan T. Fiske; Part VI. Designing Research; Part VI. Designing Research; Part VI Susan T. Fiske; Part VII. Fabricating Data; Part VII. Fabricating Data; Part VII Susan T. Fiske; Part VIII. Human Subjects; Part VIII. Human Subjects; Part VIII; Part IX. Personnel Decisions; Part IX. Personnel Decisions; Part IX Susan T. Fiske; Part X. Reviewing and Editing.

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Book SynopsisThe human imagination manifests in countless different forms. We imagine the possible and the impossible. How do we do this so effortlessly? Why did the capacity for imagination evolve and manifest with undeniably manifold complexity uniquely in human beings? This handbook re?ects on such questions by collecting perspectives on imagination from leading experts. It showcases a rich and detailed analysis on how the imagination is understood across several disciplines of study, including anthropology, archaeology, medicine, neuroscience, psychology, philosophy, and the arts. An integrated theoretical-empirical-applied picture of the ?eld is presented, which stands to inform researchers, students, and practitioners about the issues of relevance across the board when considering the imagination. With each chapter, the nature of human imagination is examined what it entails, how it evolved, and why it singularly de?nes us as a species.Trade Review'This edited volume offers a unique combination of neuroscientific, philosophical, psychological, anthropological, and historical perspectives on imagination. All the contributors are acknowledged masters of their respective disciplines, as well as excellent writers to boot, which makes this handbook an indispensable resource for anyone interested in this fascinating subject.' Elkhonon Goldberg, Clinical Professor, New York University School of Medicine'This is a fantastic contribution to research on imagination. The activity of imagining is invoked across a large range of otherwise diverse human activities; it's therefore crucial that researchers from different backgrounds talk to each other about it. This book is a rich conversation from which anyone interested in the imagination will learn a lot.' Kathleen Stock, University of Sussex'Anna Abraham's 'neurophilosophical' approach cultivates a holistic understanding of imagination across cultures and disciplines. Her five-fold framework provides a space for academic and applied approaches to meet, thereby bringing the 'force of imagination' to centre stage.' Gerald Cupchik, University of Toronto'This handbook is an essential resource written by leading experts in their respective fields from across the world. Each chapter showcases a rich and detailed analysis about how the imagination is understood across several disciplines of study, including anthropology, archaeology, medicine, neuroscience, psychology, philosophy and the arts.' Scott Barry Kaufman, University of Pennsylvania'No other handbook has collected contributions from philosophers, psychologists, and neuroscientists of imagination in one place. In doing so, this comprehensive work promises a perspective on the imagination that transcends disciplinary perspectives and boundaries. As such, it will surely be a resource for scholars of imagination for years to come.' Shen-yi Liao, University of Puget Sound, WashingtonTable of Contents1. Surveying the imagination landscape; Part I. Theoretical Perspectives on the Imagination: 2. The evolution of a human imagination; 3. Material imagination: an anthropological perspective; 4. The archaeological imagination; 5. Philosophical perspectives on imagination in the Western tradition; 6. Imagination in classical India: a short introduction; 7. From prediction to imagination; 8. Memory and imagination: perspectives on constructive episodic simulation; 9. Capturing the imagination; 10. A sociocultural perspective on imagination; 11. Artificial intelligence and imagination; Part II. Imagery-Based Forms of Imagination: 12. The visual imagination; 13. Musical imagery; 14. Neurophysiological foundations and practical applications of motor imagery; 15. Temporal mental imagery; 16. Emotional mental imagery; 17. Multisensory perception and mental imagery; 18. Evocation: how mental imagery spans across the senses; Part III. Intentionality-Based Forms of Imagination: 19. Continuities and discontinuities between imagination and memory: the view from philosophy; 20. Imagining and experiencing the self on cognitive maps; 21. The neuroscience of imaginative thought: an integrative framework; 22. Imagination and self-referential thinking; 23. Imaginary friends: how imaginary minds mimic real life; 24. Imagination and moral cognition; 25. Moral reasoning: a network neuroscience perspective; 26. The future-directed functions of the imagination: from prediction to metaforesight; Part IV. Novel Combinatorial Forms of Imagination: 27. On the interaction between episodic and semantic representations: constructing a unified account of imagination; 28. How imagination supports narrative experiences for textual, audiovisual, and interactive narratives; 29. Development of the fantasy-reality distinction; 30. Imagining the real: Buddhist paths to wholeness in Tibet; 31. Hypothetical thinking; 32. The counterfactual imagination: the impact of alternatives to reality on morality; 33. A look back at pioneering theories of the creative brain; Part V. Phenomenology-Based Forms of Imagination: 34. Imagination in the philosophy of art; 35. Imagination in aesthetic experience; 36. The arts and human symbolic cognition: art is for social communication; 37. Aesthetic engagement: lessons from art history, neuroscience, and society; 38. Dance and the imagination: be a butterfly!; 39. Imagination, intersubjectivity and a musical therapeutic process: a personal narrative; Part VI. Altered States of Imagination: 40. Dreaming beyond imagination and perception; 41. Dreaming is imagination roaming freely, based on embodied simulation, and subserved by an unconstrained default network; 42. Aphantasia; 43. Hypnosis and imagination; 44. Hallucinations and imagination; 45. The psychiatry of imagination; 46. Meditation and imagination; 47. Flow in performance and creative cognition: an optimal state of task-based adaptation; 48. The force of the imagination.

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Book SynopsisAll students and researchers of behaviour from those observing freely-behaving animals in the field to those conducting more controlled laboratory studies face the problem of deciding what exactly to measure. Without a scientific framework on which to base them, however, such decisions are often unsystematic and inconsistent. Providing a clear and defined starting point for any behavioural study, this is the first book to make available a set of principles for how to study the organisation of behaviour and, in turn, for how to use those insights to select what to measure. The authors provide enough theory to allow the reader to understand the derivation of the principles, and draw on numerous examples to demonstrate clearly how the principles can be applied. By providing a systematic framework for selecting what behaviour to measure, the book lays the foundations for a more scientific approach for the study of behaviour.Trade Review'Describing what animals actually do in their normal daily activities was deemed essential by the early naturalists and ethologists. Today, many journals actively discourage publishing such research findings. What the Pellis team accomplishes in this book is to document, based on their and others' extensive experience and accomplishments, that careful description can itself be hypothesis driven and answer research questions that experiments with simple, but convenient, dependent measures cannot. This compact guide elegantly shows how to use modern methods to describe and quantify behaviour and embed findings in the behaviour systems in which they occur. From seemingly simple behaviour patterns such as righting, huddling, and reaching, to fighting, foraging, play, and courtship, the authors provide myriad insights and research guidance. Today, in a rapidly changing world, it is more essential than ever to study how the behaviour of animals is being altered, both in natural communities and in experimental laboratories.' Gordon M. Burghardt, University of Tennessee, USA'The Pellis' little book is a big gift box in which you'll find a trove of crafted ideas and handy examples of how behaviour can be analysed in ways that reveal marvellous, unsuspected dimensions of behavioural organisation. Using some of the “simplest” and most common individual and social acts in animal behaviour, they offer observational and analytic tools for seeing the deep structure of behaviour and how, in some cases, their approach can take us into the brain or out to emergent levels of organisation. Practical for students and researchers, and delightful for science-oriented fans of organisms. Put it on your shelf for repeated openings and explorations.' Jeffrey R. Alberts, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA'… a fascinating new way of considering animal behavior … This would be a most useful text for any student or researcher of animal behaviors … Highly recommended.' D. C. Marston, Choice MagazineTable of ContentsPreface; Acknowledgements; 1. What is the problem and what is the solution?; 2. Behaviour as a means, not an end; 3.The deep structure of behavior; 4. The brain is not alone; 5. Bringing it all together: steps in the descriptive process; 6. What of the future?; Epilogue; Appendix A. Eshkol–Wachman movement notation and descriptive analysis; Appendix B. Practice, practice, practice; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisRecent neuroscience research makes it clear that human biology is cultural biology - we develop and live our lives in socially constructed worlds that vary widely in their structure values, and institutions. This integrative volume brings together interdisciplinary perspectives from the human, social, and biological sciences to explore culture, mind, and brain interactions and their impact on personal and societal issues. Contributors provide a fresh look at emerging concepts, models, and applications of the co-constitution of culture, mind, and brain. Chapters survey the latest theoretical and methodological insights alongside the challenges in this area, and describe how these new ideas are being applied in the sciences, humanities, arts, mental health, and everyday life. Readers will gain new appreciation of the ways in which our unique biology and cultural diversity shape behavior and experience, and our ongoing adaptation to a constantly changing world.Trade Review'This is an extraordinary collection written by leaders in psychological anthropology, social psychology, and 'cultural neuroscience'. It presents state-of-the-art research dedicated to understanding the interaction of mind, brain, and culture.' Melvin Konner, Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor of Anthropology, Emory University'The question of how culture and the brain interact to shape the mind is one of the great questions of our time. This thoughtful collection demonstrates that interdisciplinary collaboration is crucial to any good answer to such a question.' Tanya Luhrmann, Howard H. and Jessie T. Watkins University Professor of Anthropology, Stanford University'At this scientific smorgasbord, you'll whet your appetite on rich intellectual histories prepared by those who lived them. Then, feast on a heaping helping of the latest ideas about how minds, brains, and cultures co-constitute themselves. Finally, relax while taking in wide-ranging literature reviews on the latest findings in neuroscience, anthropology, psychology and other relevant fields.' Joe Henrich, Chair of the Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University'I was just getting used to the age of enactivism. It is now clear that attention to culture will bring the next paradigm shift. This book is a great foundational resource. It foreshadows the way we are going to think about ourselves in the next decade - gracefully spanning from dopamine receptors to the extended evolutionary synthesis, from connectomes to predictive processing. In short, all our favourite things are here - and are woven together beautifully.' Karl Friston, FRS, University College LondonTable of Contents1. Co-Constructing Culture, Mind and Brain Laurence Kirmayer, Carol Worthman, and Shinobu Kitayama; Part I. Dynamics of Culture, Mind, and Brain: Models and Evidence; 2. Culture, Mind, and Brain in Human Evolution: An Extended Evolutionary Perspective on Paleolithic Toolmaking as Embodied Practice Dietrich Stout; 3. Mutual Constitution of Culture and the Mind: Insights From Cultural Neuroscience Shinobu Kitayama, Qinggang Yu; 4. Being There: Foundations, Theory, Method Carol M. Worthman; 5. Culture in Mind – An Enactivist Account: Not Cognitive Penetration but Cultural Permeation Daniel D. Hutto, Shaun Gallagher, Jesús Ilundáin-Agurruza, Inês Hipólito 6. The Brain as Cultural Artifact: Concepts, Actions, and Experiences Within the Human Affective Niche Maria Gendron, Batja Mesquita, Lisa Feldman Barrett; 7. Cultural Priming Effects and the Human Brain Shihui Han, Georg Northoff; 8. Culture, Self, and Agency: An Ecosocial View Laurence J. Kirmayer, Ana Gómez-Carrillo, Timothé Langlois-Thérien, Maxwell J. D. Ramstead and Ian Gold; 9. Neuroanthropological Perspectives on Culture, Mind, and Brain Daniel H. Lende, Greg Downey 10. The Neural Mechanisms Underlying Social Norms: Norm Detection, Punishment, and Compliance Yan Mu, Michele J. Gelfand; 11. Ritual and Religion as Social Technologies of Cooperation Christopher Kavanagh, Jonathan Jong, Harvey Whitehouse; Part II. Applications; 12. The Cultural Brain as Historical Artifact Rob Boddice; 13. Experience-Dependent Plasticity in the Hippocampus Greg L. West, Véronique D. Bohbot; 14. Liminal Brains in Uncertain Futures: Critical Neuroscience and the Cultural Contexts of Neuroeducation Suparna Choudhury and Joshua Berson; 15. The Reward of Musical Emotions and Expectations Benjamin P. Gold and Robert J. Zatorre 16. Literary Analysis and Weak Theories Omri Moses; 17. Capturing Context is Not Enough: the Embodied Impact of Story and Emotion in Ethnographic Film Robert Lemelson and Anne Tucker; 18. Social Neuroscience in Global Mental Health: Case Study on Stigma Reduction in Nepal Brandon Kohrt; 19. Cities, Psychosis, and Social Defeat Firrhaana Sayanvala, Lisa Bornstein, Suparna Choudhury, Jai Shah, Daniel Weinstock, and Ian Gold; 20. Internet Sociality Moriah Stendel, Maxwell Ramstead, Samuel P. L. Veissière; 21. Neurodiversity as a Conceptual Lens and Topic of Cross-Cultural Study M. Ariel Cascio; 22. Epilogue: Interdisciplinarity in the Study of Culture, Mind, and Brain Laurence Kirmayer, Carol M. Worthman and Shinobu Kitayama; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis well-established and acclaimed textbook introducing the rapidly growing field of nerve and muscle function has been completely revised and updated. Written with undergraduate students in mind, it begins with the fundamental principles demonstrated by the pioneering electrophysiological experiments on cell excitability. This leads to more challenging material recounting recent discoveries from applying modern biochemical, genetic, physiological and biophysical, experimental and mathematical analysis. The resulting interdisciplinary approach conveys a unified contemporary understanding of nerve and skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle function at the molecular, cellular and systems levels. Emphasis on important strategic experiments throughout clarifies the basis for our current scientific views, highlights the excitement and challenge of biomedical discovery, and suggests directions for future advances. These fundamental ideas are then translated into discussions of related disease conditions and their clinical management. Now including colour illustrations, it is an invaluable text for students of physiology, neuroscience, cell biology and biophysics.Trade Review'Huang has taken on the mammoth task of bringing the book up-to-date and has succeeded in maintaining the enthusiastic and eminently readable approach of Keynes and Aidley, who created one of the greatest physiology books covering the crucial areas of nerve and muscle. The fascinating historical perspectives on the discovery of membrane potentials, the transmission of nerve impulses and their molecular basis are essential reading for students of medicine and physiology with a curiosity about scientific methods, and progress.' Michael A. Ferenczi, Imperial College London'...a beautifully written gem. It is clearly illustrated, and it makes one of the most difficult areas of biology completely accessible. It should find its way onto the bookshelves of electrophysiologists everywhere and any students who aspire to master one of the most exciting areas of modern biology.' Denis Noble, University of Oxford'This classic textbook on the fundamental biophysics and physiology of nerve and muscle remains an unparalleled source of knowledge that has served the scientific field for decades. Prof. Huang elegantly manages to update this edition with recent findings within this broad field continuing the excellence that characterizes this work.' Thomas Holm Pedersen, University of Aarhus, Denmark'Professor Christopher Huang has updated and significantly broadened the scope and the translational endpoints of the classical textbook of Integrative and Cell Physiology Keynes & Aidley's Nerve and Muscle. The result is a comprehensive, well planned, logically presented and extensively referenced monograph. Based on the text and supporting figures, it builds on the strengths of the parent textbook while also providing new in-depth coverage of recent advances in neurophysiology as well as skeletal and cardiac muscle electrophysiology and contractility. The internationally recognized research accomplishments of Professor Huang on key cell physiology mechanisms of the heart and skeletal muscle form the basis of very informative material concerning cardiac rhythm disturbances and some aspects of exercise physiology and aging. This textbook will serve as a valuable resource for undergraduates, graduate students, as well as both basic science and clinical faculty members in Life Sciences.' Wayne Giles, University of Calgary, CanadaTable of ContentsPreface; Acknowledgements; List of abbreviations; 1. Structural organization of the nervous system; 2. Resting and action potentials; 3. Background ionic homeostasis of excitable cells; 4. Membrane permeability changes during excitation; 5. Voltage-gated ion channels; 6. Cable theory and saltatory conduction; 7. Neuromuscular transmission; 8. Synaptic transmission in the nervous system; 9. The mechanism of contraction in skeletal muscle; 10. The activation of skeletal muscle; 11. Excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle; 12. Contractile function in skeletal muscle; 13. Cardiac muscle; 14. Ion channel function and cardiac arrhythmogenesis; 15. Smooth muscle; Further reading; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisStroke is one of the most important and most feared conditions known to man. The threat of stroke is important to all people. What could be more devastating than to lose the ability to speak, move a limb, stand, talk, see, read, feel write or even think? This book brings together ideas, events and advances the stories before and during the 20th Century through the accounts of global experts in the field, many of them having been first-hand witnesses to progress. Focusing on selected stories of stroke, this book offers a readable summary of the most dramatic and extensive changes in knowledge about stroke and in caring for stroke patients. Of interest to anyone interested in neurosciences and for physicians caring for stroke patients, this book informs on moving forward, by looking to how we got to where we are.Trade Review'This impressive and hefty book provides an excellent overview of stroke history in its entirety. It includes easily readable and referenced articles on topics most relevant to modern stroke care, lending important historical context that frames just how far the stroke field has progressed in the last 50 years.' Madeline Russell, Doody's ReviewsTable of ContentsWhy this book needed to be written; Part I. Early recognition: 1. Hippocrates and early Greek medical practice; 2. Early Greco-Roman contributions; 3. Islamic and middle east contributions; Part II. Basic knowledge: 16th to early twentieth centuries. Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology: 4. Andreas Vesalius; 5. William Harvey. On the motion of the heart and blood; 6. Thomas Willis. Anatomy of the brain and its vasculature; 7. Giovanni Morgagni: emphasis on Pathology; 8. Apoplexy. Ideas and concepts, 17-20th century; 9. Atlases; 10. Brainstem syndromes; 11. Jules Dejerine; 12. Arterial and Venous anatomy; 13. Rudolf Virchow; 14. Early medical and neurological textbooks; Part III. Modern era mid twentieth century to the present: A: Types of Stroke; 15. Carotid Artery disease; 16. Lacunes; 17. Vertebrobasilar disease; 18. Aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage; 19. Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH); 20. Vascular malformations; 21. Venous and dural sinus thrombosis; 22. Arterial dissections, Fibromuscular Dysplasia (FMD), MoyaMoya disease, and Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome (RCVS); 23. Blood Disorders; 24. Stroke Genetics; 25. Eye vascular disease; 26. Spinal cord vascular disease; 27. Charles foix; 28. Houston Merritt and Charles Aring; 29. C Miller Fisher; 30. Louis Caplan; 31. Cerebral angiography; 32. Computed Tomography (CT); 33. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI); 34. Cerebrovascular ultrasound; 35. Cerebral blood flow, radionuclides, and Positron Emission Tomography (PET); 36. Cardiac imaging and function; 37. Stroke-related Terms; 38. Epidemiology and risk factors; 39. Data Banks and registries; 40. Pediatric stroke; 41. Care of stroke patients; 42. Neurocritical care; 43. Clinical stroke trials; 44. Heparin; 45. Warfarin; 46. New oral anticoagulants/direct oral anticoagulants; 47. Aspirin; 48. Other antiplatelets; 49. Other medical treatments; 50. Neuroprotection; 51. Thrombolysis; 52. Treatment of cerebral venous thrombosis; 53. Recovery and rehabilitation; 54. Carotid artery surgery; 55. Angioplasty and stenting; 56. Endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke; 57. Brain aneurysm treatment/treatment of aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage; 58. Medical and surgical treatments of intracerebral hemorrhage; 59. Treatment of vascular malformations; Part IV. Stroke literature, organizations and patients: 60. Stroke organizations, journals and books; 61. Famous stroke patients/prominent stroke patients.

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Book SynopsisThis monograph presents the results of long-term research on the neurochemical structure of the brain and spinal cord of Masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou, as well as cellular, molecular and physiological mechanisms of adult neurogenesis. Salmon are a phylogenetically ancient branch of ray-finned fish, the brain of which retains a large number of matrix zones with high proliferative activity involved in adult neurogenesis. The presence of large proliferative zones in the brain of juvenile salmonids signifies a high reparative potential in the brain. The results of investigations presented in the book to improve the understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms of the fishs CNS structure during postembrionic ontogeny. The objective of this monograph is to investigate the organization, projection features and relationships of a signal transductor system, producing classic neurotransmitters (catecholamines, acetylcholine and gamma-aminobutyric acid) and gaseous intermediates (nitric oxide and hydrogen sulphide) in the Oncorhynchus masou brain, and to evaluate their participation in the processes of postembryonic morphogenesis of the CNS. Identified particular structural and neurochemical characteristics of CNS organisation and basic histogenetic processes (proliferation, migration and differentiation of nerve cells) after the completion of brain formation in fishes with signs of fetalisation expand existing notions of histogenesis in these structures during adulthood. It is expected that during the post-embryonic ontogenesis in fish, several neurotransmitters and gaseous intermediaries can be considered as factors in triggering and regulating cellular and tissue processes of genetic programs concerning brain development. The content of the study determined the range of experimental models for the study of reparative processes and adult neurogenesis. A new in vitro model system of cultured neural cells from O. masou was reported. Morphological data and some cellular characterisation supporting the use of this novel in vitro tool in investigations of neurochemical properties, axonal growth and neurogenesis in CNS were presented. For a more detailed study of the properties of H2S-expressing cells, their cellular relationships with different neurochemical specialisation in the central nervous system, their characteristics of the processes of proliferation and differentiation, and the features of participation of hydrogen sulphide in reparative neurogenesis, the primary culture of the brain and spinal cord from the O. masou was set up, and properties of proliferation and differentiation were analysed with the specific markers.

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Book SynopsisThe present book covers estrogen, its receptors and estrogen mediated gene regulation in the brain. Further, it explains the mechanism of estrogen action and dysfunction leading to diseases. Briefly, estrogen mediates its multiple functions in the brain through two well-characterised receptors: ERα and ERβ. Upon binding with estrogen, ER recruits coregulators, which are responsible for tissue specific regulation. When coregulators activate the transcription of a particular gene, they become coactivators; when they repress the activity of particular gene, they are called corepressors. These coregulators make a bridge between the basal transcription machinery and the receptors by protein-protein interaction. Estrogen disrupters are also explained in this book. Furthermore, the role of estrogen and its receptors are explained in the context of aging. Taken together, this book shall be self-explanatory concerning estrogen action in the brain in various aspects. Therefore, it is intended for researchers interested in the aforementioned aspects.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides readers with the latest developments in neurosciences research. Chapter One reviews the changes that occur in the muscle and neuromuscular junctions following nerve injury and discusses possible strategies to prevent muscle atrophy. Chapter Two focuses on the contribution of the anterior cingulate cortex in pain processing. Chapter Three discusses the role of the anterior cingulate cortex in the arising of awareness deficits in neurocognitive disorder, acquired brain injuries, mood disorders and psychosis. Chapter Four discusses the relationship between neuroplasticity and cognitive empowerment. Chapter Five investigates if cognitive empowerment through Eye Tracker technologies increases both neuropsychological and neurophysiological measures in patients with Rett Syndrome (RS).

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Book SynopsisThis book provides readers with the latest developments in neurosciences research. Chapter One provides a call for action in treating and/or curing cerebral palsy throughout the lifespan. Chapter Two reviews disturbances in mitochondrial function and vesicular transport as mechanisms for pathogenesis in Parkinson''s disease. Chapter Three presents an integrated psychological theory that endeavours to explain how adults with the severe neurological disorder of spinal cord injury (SCI), cope with the many challenges and stresses involved in adjustment to this catastrophic injury. Chapter Four analyses the theory of logarithm in neurobiology. Chapter Five discusses model molecular interactions of trace amine.

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses advances in research on evoked potentials and electrical stimulation. Chapters One describes the neurophysiological immediate and short-term changes that occur in the nervous system structures of patients assessed in three different contexts of work: Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring (IONM), ICU, and in the Clinical Neurophysiological Laboratory. Chapter Two focuses on the importance of cortical evoked potentials to analyse the neurophysiological correlates of migraines, strokes and related psychiatric complications, paying particular attention to the possible implications in terms of clinical applications and future research. Chapter Three analyses electric stimulation in stroke patients. Chapter Four describes what is known about the effects of the use of electrical stimulation of carcasses of meat animals, including the effects on meat tenderness and meat sensorial characteristics. Chapter Five explores the effects of oxidative stress on brain electrical activity and its repercussions on sensory organisation in geriatric rhesus monkeys in captivity. The final chapter provides a short communcation on visually evoked potentials in rhesus monkeys.

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Book SynopsisThe brain is an extremely complex organ that defines your uniqueness. As you age, though, your brain may be susceptible to a terrible disease. Alzheimer''s disease is the third biggest killer in the developed world after cancer and heart disease. It is considered an irreversible, progressive brain disorder that slowly erases memories and thinking, and eventually eliminates the ability to carry out the simplest of tasks. Medical science continues to make substantial progress in the search for therapeutic interventions and a cure. Since 2008, hundreds of Alzheimers-related patents have been granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office in an effort to eradicate this deadly disease. To better understand these inventions, Michael J. Dochniak has written this informative book to provide an easy-to-read summary of these patents. Within the summaries are inventor-profiles and news articles that are insightful and pertinent. Pioneering and international inventors hail from Australia, Chile, England, and Hawaii. At the beginning of several chapters, you will read about one of the early signs and symptoms of Alzheimers. Most importantly, Healing the Mind - Alzheimers Disease -Thinking Patents (2008-2016) is about keeping your brain at peak performance as you age.

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Book SynopsisChapter One explains how the monocyte/macrophage cell lineage plays a key role in the development of immune and adaptive responses, and how some cell subpopulations associated with this lineage exhibit highly specialised phagocytic activity following cell degradation. Using the method of gravitational mass spectroscopy (GMS), the bio field of the brain and that of the intestine during physical/mental stress were investigated in Chapter Two. Chapter three discusses the evidence that the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is increasing both in different age groups (mainly in older adults) and in different geographic regions of the world. Chapter Four describes the harmful effect of alcohol intoxication. The authors investigated the influence of high, low and hormetic doses of alcohol on the free-radical signal intensity in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and liver of the offspring of female rats in gestation period treated with ethanol. Chapter Five proposes a concise and easy-to-use terminology to describe the motor deficit of patients with spinal cord injury. The authors of Chapter Six systematically evaluate how the prior spatial (where) and feature (what) information about an upcoming target differentially influence visual searching during the course of inhibition of return of attention (IOR). Chapter Seven reviews the aetiology, clinical appearance, diagnosis, and management for pneumocephalus and cerebrospinal fluid fistula. Chapter Eight surveyed the prognostic value of maternal and foetal autonomic balance in the prediction of Pre-eclampsia (PE). Chapter Nine performs a retrospective review of literature spanning 1979 to 2015 on the subject of staged resection of large (>3cm) vestibular schwannomas. Chapter 10 discusses how neuroprotective mechanics are transformed to pathogenetic agonists in the propagating establishment and spread of lost synaptic plasticity in the Alzheimer disease process.

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Book SynopsisThe human brain deals, at every instant, with a huge amount of visual stimuli. Besides that, the problem of treating all this information becomes even more complex if we consider that each component of a given stimuli needs to be compared to a set of known signals stored in memory. In Chapter One a numerical solution of Hodgkin Huxley equations is presented to describe the behavior of a neuron and the solution is illustrated by a graphical chart interface to finely tune the behavior of the neuron visually programmed in Java. Chapter Two explores the connection between visual attention algorithms and the recognition of objects by computers in digital images. Chapter Three reviews research and provides original data asserting that bias in legal judgment persists despite the inclusion of visual evidence partly because decision-makers perceptions of visual evidence may be swayed by subjective factors. The preference for a product is usually influenced by the visual appearance of the product image. Chapter Four proposes a new content-based approach, denominated CBAS, that combines textual attributes, visual features and visual attention to compose the products profile. Chapter Five uses electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate the brain activations of visual attention in production designers and analyse the differences between higher creativity (HC) and lower creativity (LC) designers.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides readers with the latest developments in neurosciences research. Chapter One reports on how neural network learning is possible in patients who are not conscious including patients in the vegetative state. Chapter Two is written for educational therapists who are working with ASD cases and the aim is twofold. Firstly, it is to raise the awareness among educational therapists on current neuroscientific studies on the autistic brain and its ASCs (and hence, ASD). Secondly, it is to inform how the findings from these neuroimaging studies can be translated into praxiological implications in autism treatment plan design for educational therapists. Chapter Three studies the postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in patients after cardiac surgeries along with extensive review of the literature in this field. At least three types of POCD may be outlined, and therefore tests sensitive to each type of POCD should be included into test batteries. Chapter Four discusses the common types of brachial plexus injuries, local anatomy, exam findings, classification systems for injury severity, diagnostic tests and management. Chapter Five integrates the results of prior publications and describes additional findings and further implications providing indications that these intra- and intermuscular sequencing patterns are referenced to the cross-system relevance of efficient movement coordination in general, interlocking the whole range from intersegmental motor interactions down to the functional structures within specific muscles, as one functional entity. Chapter Six reports on strabismus which is the most frequent ocular surgery performed in childhood and requires anaesthesia that provides akinesia, analgesia, and sometimes ocular hypotonia, to adjust sutures. Chapter Seven studies the poster dorsal medial amygdala (MePD) which is involved in the display of reproductive behaviour in both male and female rats. Further studies demonstrated that it also integrates a subcortical social behaviour network with additional, but selective modulatory roles.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides readers with the latest developments in neurosciences research. Chapter One summarized the progress of this area over the past two decades by showing that inflammatory mediators (ligands in a positive feedback loop and/or other inflammatory mediators through receptor cross-talk) released from inflamed or injured tissues increase cell surface trafficking of nociceptive receptors in primary sensory neurons and dorsal horn neurons. The aim of Chapter Two is to discuss and detail well-established stress animal models, discussing their validity to mimic human neuropsychiatric disorders (i.e. depression, anxiety and cognitive deficiency). Chapter Three discusses post-dural puncture headache (PPH) which is the most common major complication following neuraxial anaesthesia and usually happens in obstetrics. Chapter Four reviews the known pharmacological mechanisms of action of first- and second-generation synthetic cathinones in the central nervous system in comparison to those of cocaine and amphetamines. These studies of the efficacy of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in adults with ADHD are reviewed in Chapter Five. As reported in Chapter Six, adult hippocampal neurogenesis is mediated by many factors and plays an important role in several diseases, such as Alzheimer disease, stroke, depression and epilepsy. In Chapter Seven, cognitive maps characteristics and the brain systems involved in spatial navigation of cognitive maps are the main focus. Chapter Eight reports on the improvement of human cognition and its precision due to technological advancement within the field of neuroscience. Chapter Nine demonstrates that low concentrations of N-acyl dopamines (below 1 am) stimulate cell proliferation, intermediate ones (1-20 gm.) induce differentiation, and higher ones lead to apoptosis.

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Book SynopsisIn chapter one, Zhenggang Xiong and Liqiong Liu discuss their perception of the genetic alterations of gliomas and the biomarkers that can be used for classification, individualised treatment, and predicting prognosis of gliomas. Next, Norma Angélica Moy-López, Nadia Yanet Cortés-Álvarez, César Rubén Vuelvas-Olmos, María Fernanda Pinto-González, Jorge Guzmán-Muñiz, Jorge Luis Collás-Aguilar and Oscar P. Gonzalez-Perez concentrate on the effect of exposure to maternal HFD and obesity on offspring neurodevelopment in chapter two. In chapter three, Alan J. Pearce abridges current studies engaging techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Pierce addresses the advantages of using these techniques and how these techniques can be employed. In chapter four, Rocio Gomez-Herreros, Isabel Melguizo-Moya, M. Esther Sanchez-Garcia, and M. Asuncion Navarro-Puerto review dementia with Lewy bodies together with the diagnostic approach. Isabel Melguizo-Moya, M. Asunción Navarro-Puerto, Rocío Gómez-Herreros, and M. Esther Sánchez-García discuss late-onset systemic lupus erythematosus and the importance of an altered therapeutic approach in chapter five. After, brain mapping, intra-operative advanced cortical and subcortical mapping, and mapping stimulation protocols currently in use in the Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-oncology at Kings College Hospital are presented by Christian Brogna, MD, PhD, Noemia Pereira, Eduardo C. Ribas, MD, PhD, Holly Jones, Francesco Vergani, MD, PhD, Sanjeev Bassi, Keyoumars Ashkan, and Ranjeev Bhangoo. In chapter seven, María de la Luz Arenas-Sordo, MD, PhD, Carlos P. Viñals-Labañino, MD, Laura L. Flores-García, MD, and Elsa Alvarado Solorio, MD present findings from a study group at the Pediatric Rehabilitation Department of the Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacion. Moving on, chapter eight by M. Esther Sanchez-Garcia, M. Asuncion Navarro-Puerto, Isabel Melguizo-Moya, and Rocio Gomez-Herreros discusses Primary Sjögren''s syndrome (pSS) and the neurological complications that may arise from it. Synji De Paula Mulatiere, M Eugenia Gutiérrez Marco, Carmen Moret-Tatay, and M José Beneyto Arrojo wrap up the book with a discussion of the concept of resilience in chapter nine.

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Book SynopsisIn this compilation, the authors explore novel strategies for enhancing efficacy of SAHA in combination with other anti-tumor drugs. Although SAHA is used against various types of cancer cells, it still does not show high efficacy as a monotherapy against solid tumors, therefore new strategies must be explored for induction of growth arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis in different preclinical models of glioblastoma. The authors go onto address motion-induced blindness, which occurs when a stationary foreground pattern is not or only partially perceived due to a moving background pattern although it is not obscured by the moving background pattern. Two studies are presented which illustrate the motion-induced blindness and spinning dancer paradigms. This book also examines childhood maltreatment, the most frequent form of trauma during early childhood. In people exposed to maltreatment in childhood, numerous neurobiological changes have been found, primarily in the neuroendocrine systems activated by stress, which include the function of the autonomous nervous system and the hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal ax. Continuing, this book summarizes and discusses the findings of existing literature characterizing the normal biomechanics of the tibial nerve and comparing the normal biomechanics of this nerve against its biomechanics in the presence of pathology. This is done by synthesizing existing evidence on ultrasound applied in the study of different pathologies that can affect peripheral nerves, as well as the development of new procedures and technologies for a better nerve biomechanics characterization. A chapter is included which discusses the role of functional neuroimaging for research on ICDs and disinhibition in Parkinsons Disease. Significant neuropsychological and neuroanatomical data is analyzed, focusing on the concept of motor impulsivity in terms of disinhibition of prepotent responses. Later, the authors present a study with the goal of making an accurate cell quantification of retinal ganglion cells by comparing two types of retrograde axonal transport in RGCs. The basics of neurobiology and neuropsychology, learning processes and forming of neural connections to the brain are presented. The current knowledge of vessel wall MRI in the assessment of intracranial aneurysms is also reviewed. This new technique offers the potential to assess both ruptured and unruptured aneurysms at the level of the wall and underlying pathology that has hitherto been impossible to do with standard luminal imaging techniques such as angiography. The concluding chapter summarizes the current knowledge on the timing, risk factors and management of aneurysmal rebleeding, as there remains significant controversy regarding the risk factors, pathophysiology and optimal treatment to prevent rebleeding.

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Book SynopsisThe cerebellum is an important part of the central nervous system in most vertebrates. This brain structure is involved in several functions, such as motor control, reflex adaptation, motor learning and cognition (Buckner 2013; Lupo et al., 2018). The opening review in this compilation focuses on the development of the cerebellum, and more specifically, on the production of several types of neurons. It will show that these cells are sequentially generated following strict neurogenetic timetables. Following this, the authors review manuscripts focusing on the negative impacts of maternal diabetes in pregnancy on the developing cerebellar cortex. Dissecting out the mechanisms responsible for maternal diabetes-related changes in the development of cerebellum is helpful in preventing impaired neurocognitive and neurobehavioral functions in offspring. The authors also investigate the consequences of repetitive drug administration on cerebellar synaptic efficiency. Insight into the neural mechanisms underlying these impairments has largely stemmed from clinical animal studies. The molecular and neuronal actions of addictive drugs in the cerebellum involve long-term adaptive changes in receptors, neurotransmitters and intracellular signaling transduction pathways that may lead to the reorganization of cerebellar microcomplexes or recreation of new domains of attraction. The gecko is proposed as a prospective animal model for a spaceflight experiment. Geckos demonstrate effective adaptation to weightlessness, quickly attaching themselves to surfaces by means of their subdigital pads, and during the spaceflight they retain both attached positions and normal locomotion, showing normal foraging, exploratory, social, and even play behavior. Next, an investigation was performed on Wistar rats with STZ induced (60.0 mg/kg, i.p.) diabetes. High frequency (100 Hz) were delivered to VI-th lobula of paleocerebellum in two different regimes one ES per two daily and thrice per day. VEP were registered in 6 and 12 weeks from the moment of diabetes induction. Lastly, a meta-analysis of recent findings of cerebellar involvement in executive functions is provided. A methodological issue is raised which is relevant for models explaining cerebellar connectivity and effects on cognitive performance in old age.

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Book SynopsisMaintaining good metabolic profile plays a significant role in improving the quality of life at aging. Widely recommended physical and psychological strategies include exercise, calorie restriction (such as healthy diet), anti-aging neuroprotective and anti-inflammation therapy. Most occurring risks at middle age range (45-65 years old) are obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation, alteration in the hypothalamus-hypophysis suprarenal axis activity, stress and hypertension that could increase the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome increases with age, particularly for women. Significant associations were seen between imaging measures and cardiovascular risk factors at both baseline and 18-month follow-ups. Both baseline and longitudinal imaging analysis and correlations with neurocogntive tests as well as cardiovascular risk factors could provide distinct and confirmative perspectives relating to the pathophysiology of aging-related diseases such as dementia and diabetes. Significant baseline and longitudinal effects of age, smoking and neuropathological burdens such as amyloid, tau and glucose metabolism provide a complete imaging, neurocognitive and cardiovascular profile for better staging and differentiating different diseases. Together with accurate imaging guidance, early detection and treatment could be achieved with the ultimate goal of improving quality of life at middle age and extending longevity. The aim of this book is intended to provide both beginners and experts in biomedical imaging and health care a broad picture as well as new development in brain function and metabolism of aging using innovative neuroimaging techniques and advanced longitudinal /correlational analyses. Methods and data presented in this book with novel experimental designs and protocols, especially longitudinal investigation of multiple imaging metrics from microvascular, micro-structural to systematic functional, metabolic and neuropathological perspectives will help improving diagnosis and early prevention of common diseases at middle age such as metabolic syndrome and early dementia. Some promising prevention strategies such as arts therapy, aerobic exercise and calorie restriction will be introduced additionally with imaging evidence. Results presented will help improving diagnosis accuracy, staging, and determining phases and trajectories of disease progression with age, endothelial dysfunction and deficits in metabolic syndrome. This book will provide the current state-of-the-art and new frontiers of brain function and metabolic changes at age using multi-parametric functional, structural and molecular imaging techniques in detection, diagnosis and treatment. We will present some forefront and interesting multi-dimensional baseline and longitudinal imaging techniques to serve as a reference and resource book in neuroimaging application and research field. Several distinct detection and application perspectives, including cutting-edge imaging methods from baseline evaluations to longitudinal applications as well as multi-modal and multi-parametric quantifications will be described. The relatively new and advanced data and results together with interesting examples and application demonstrations could help facilitate the generalization, interpretation and applications of these techniques to improve disease diagnosis, quality of life and treatment for metabolic syndrome and brain dysfunction.Table of ContentsFor more information, please visit our website at:https://novapublishers.com/shop/function-and-metabolism-of-aging-longitudinal-neuroimaging-evaluations/

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Book SynopsisThe opening chapter of Horizons in Neuroscience Research. Volume 37 suggests a definition and temporal origin of languages that emerge naturally-without linguistic assumptions or preconceptions-from an analytic and predictive theory of mental evolution. A significant number of Alzheimer's disease patients present with low circulating plasma leptin levels. As such, studies expressed in the following chapter have shown that leptin treatment reduces amyloid and phosphorylated tau accumulation in cultured cells and animal models, with beneficial effects. A systematic review of the structure and function of the cerebellum in normal brain and surveys the distribution of the pathology in a major molecular group of neurodegenerative disease is presented, inclduing Alzheimer's disease, argyrophilic grain disease, corticobasal degeneration, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, guam parkinsonian dementia complex, primary age-related tauopathy, and progressive supranuclear palsy. The application of Fourier analysis is illustrated with reference to the spatial distribution of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of six cases of Alzheimer's disease, and it is suggested as a useful statistical method for studying the patterns of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Additionally, the structure and function of the basal ganglia in normal brain are described, and the role that differential pathology in these regions may have in determining the clinical symptoms in neurodegenerative disease is explored. The authors describe the structure and function of the superior colliculus in the normal brain, as well as the pathological changes in the superior colliculus which may explain eye movement problems in two neurodegenerative disorders: progressive supranuclear palsy and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. The results obtained in the penultimate chapter corroborate the toxic effects at cellular and molecular levels that the administration of L-DOPA has, even in a healthy system, affirming the need to find a Parkinson disease treatment alternative. The final study investigates the relationship between the number of flow experiences in daily life and brain activation by near-infrared spectroscopy.

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Book SynopsisWhat is the influence of psychotherapy over the brain functioning? Is it possible for us to determine in which type of psychotherapy the most significant changes in the brain functioning are observed? If the influence of psychotherapy over the brain is a fact, does this fundamentally change the training in psychology, psychiatry and psychotherapy and the inclusion of knowledge from the basic sciences? Psychotherapy can be considered as a type of training that stimulates the patient to learn how to change their behaviour, thinking and regulation of emotions. Psychotherapy is much more than an opportunity to talk to someone with good listening skills. Understanding the relationship between psychotherapy and brain functions is stimulating news and changes the traditional thinking about the place of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy, the relations between them in the process of overcoming mental problems and diseases. Psychotherapy is assumed to be a form of learning which suggests that the uptake of information in the process of psychotherapy leads to a change in the expression of genes, thus changing the strength of synaptic connections. The gene sequence does not change under the influence of the environment, but the ability of genes to direct the synthesis of individual proteins depends on environmental factors and is regulated by their influence (Candel,1998). This explains the phenotypic differences between monozygotic twins and discordance of diseases, such as schizophrenia. Any mental condition is a brain state and any mental disorder is a disorder in the work of the brain. The effect of treatment of mental disorders is associated with an effect on structural and functional changes in the brain (Candel,1998). Neuroimaging gives an objective diagnostics of mental disorders, revealing the reasons for their occurrence and therefore allows for the development of more effective methods of treatment and psychotherapy.Table of ContentsPreface; Psychotherapy: Past and Present; Mentalization; Reflective Functioning and the Development of the Self; Mentalization Based Treatment (MBT); Major Changes Occurring in Adolescence; Psychoanalytic Theories; The Role of Parents and Peers in Identity Formation; Cognitive and Emotional Development and the Adolescent Brain; Are Adolescents More at Risk of Developing Mental Health Problems?; Importance and Development of Mentalization Based Treatment for Adolescents (MBT-A); Special Considerations in MBT-A; MBT-A as a Brain-Based Treatment; Contemporary Achievements of Neuroscience; Neuronal Bases of Mental Disorders and Specific Psychotherapeutic Conclusions; Brain-Based Treatment: A New Approach or a Well-Forgotten Old One?; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisPhysiotherapy and rehabilitation applications in neurological diseases are important for the treatment of the disease. The basic principle of physiotherapy and rehabilitation is to determine the needs of the patient. As such, the authors discuss the evaluation of the motor functions of neurological diseases for upper and lower extremities separately, as well as sensorial functions and cognitive functions. Next, a literature review draws attention to studies in which sex was a controlled variable, and presents data regarding sexual dimorphism in a range of aspects developed after brain injury. It is possible to document the accomplishments of different cell death mechanisms and varying degrees of inflammatory response depending on the sex, as well as the distinct susceptibilities of the sexes in terms of mechanisms of cell damage. Additionally, summary of techniques and indications related to cerebrovascular bypass surgery for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage cases is provided, maintaining that cerebral revascularization procedures should be further developed by neurosurgeons as they remain the only option of treatment for a significant number of patients. The authors review their extensive experience with indocyanine green video-angiography and FLOW 800 analysis software during the surgical removal of central nervous system tumors; in particular, they identified 5 possible applications of indocyanine green video-angiography and FLOW 800 in this field. Data is presented showing the reciprocity between the brain angiotensin II system and amphetamine exposure in the development and expression of behavioral, neurochemical and glial alterations. Particularly, this collection explores how the neuroadaptative responses and neuroinflammation evoked by the psychostimulant and depending on AT1 receptors that might resemble some features linked to different brain disorders. Lastly, a brief overview of the investigational history in research work on receptor/G-protein coupling is presented. Subsequently, the most recent experimental results in the re-establishment of [35S]GTPyS binding/immunoprecipitation assay are described.Table of ContentsPrefacePhysiotherapy Evaluation in Neurological PatientsNeonatal Brain Injury: Hypoxic-Ischemic Risk Factors from Sex PerspectiveCerebrovascular Bypass Surgery in the Treatment of Brain AneurysmsIndocyanine Green Video-Angiography with Flow 800 Analysis: Applications in Neuro-Oncological SurgeryHow Deep Amphetamine Impacts Our Brain and Why to Focus on Angiotensin IIReceptor-Mediated Activation of a Certain Type of Gαin Brain Membranes: Re-Establishment of [35S]GTPγS Binding/Immunoprecipitation AssayIndex.

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Book SynopsisThe earliest human known to have the capability of walking erect on two legs is Sahelanphropus, who lived 6 million years ago. The ability to stand erect led to required extensive changes in the human skeleton, including significant changes in the cervical spine. In modern humans, the cervical spine holds the head upright and gives it great mobility. The combination of great mobility in this spinal segment combined with the requirement that it carry significant weight makes the cervical spine susceptible to a wide variety of pathologies. The cervical spine not only supports the head upright, but acts as a channel for the full set of neural elements connecting the brain with all near and distant parts of the body; thus, pathologies involving the spinal column in this segment directly affect the cervical spinal cord and exiting nerve roots. Today, excellence in spine surgery requires a thorough understanding of spinal anatomy, relevant neurology, and biomechanics, as well as skilled use of a variety of surgical techniques. The surgeon must master the ability to effectively select from a wide and constantly changing variety of alternative instrumentations and surgical approaches. In addition, the trend towards reducing the invasiveness of surgical procedures has led to the use of smaller and smaller tools and smaller surgical incisions with more limited views of the relevant anatomy. As a result of the rapid pace of change, the choice of an optimal technique in any given situation is increasingly complex. In this book, we begin with a basic review of anatomy, neurology, neurophysiology, and biomechanics. We also discuss clinical and radiological assessment required for a differential diagnosis, and present a thorough discussion of the importance of sagittal alignment of the spine and the utility of gait analysis. We proceed with a thorough discussion of nontraumatic pathologies causing cervical myelopathy, beginning with the craniocervical junction down through the subaxial spine, in pediatric and adult populations. This discussion includes steps in the differential diagnosis for specific pathologies, surgical techniques and nuances, radiation-based treatment alternatives, and special topics ranging from the use of stem cells to robotics and endoscopic surgery. We have attempted to provide both fundamental and state-of-the-art knowledge and to share the rich experience of some of the leading spine surgeons worldwide, with the aim of enabling surgeons at all levels to advance their own capabilities for performing safe and successful procedures in this area of complex anatomy.Table of ContentsPreface; Acknowledgements; Descriptive Anatomy and Embryology of the Cervical Spine; Biomechanics of the Cervical Spine; Differential Diagnosis of the Cervical Spine: Clinical Evaluation; Electrophysiological Assessment in Cervical Spine Disorders; Radiological Evaluation of the Non-Traumatic Cervical Spine; Sagittal Alignment of the Cervical Spine; Utility of Gait Analysis in Patients with Cervical Myelopathy; Timing of the Diagnosis in Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy; Indications and Timing of Surgery in Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy; Stem Cell Therapy in the Management of Cervical Degenerative Disease; C1-2 Instability and Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy; Cervical Decompression and Fusion through an Anterior Approach; Posterior Cervical Decompression with Cervical Laminoplasty; Posterior Approaches to the Cervical Spine Cervical Decompression and Fusion through an Anterior Approach; Tumors of the Craniocervical Junction; Surgical Approaches to the Craniocervical Junction for Neoplastic Lesions; Surgical Approaches in Metastatic Disease Involving the Craniocervical Junction; Intradural Extramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors; Intradural Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors; En Bloc Resection of Primary Bone Tumors of the Cervical Spine: Surgical Considerations and Avoiding Complications; Surgical Management of Spinal Metastases Involving the Cervical Spine; Advanced Radiotherapy for the Primary Tumors in Cervical Spine; Advanced Radiotherapy for Metastatic Disease of the Cervical Spine; Stereotactic Radiosurgery for the Management of Intradural Neoplasms of the Cervical Spine; Cervical Kyphosis and Scoliosis; Vertebral Osteomyelitis, Discitis, and Epidural Abscess of the Cervical Spine in Intravenous Drug Users; Cervical Myelopathy of Vascular Origin; Cervical Myelopathy in Pediatric Patients; The Cervical Spine in Achondroplasia; Tuberculosis of the Cervical Spine; The Role of Sagittal Alignment in Surgery for Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy; Fusion Techniques for C1C2 Instability; Transoral Approach for the Lesions of the Dens; Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to the Craniocervical Junction; Full-Endoscopic Surgical Strategies with Anterior and Posterior Approaches; Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion: The Controversy between Use of an Interbody Graft with Anterior Plating versus a Stand-Alone Cage; Cervical Disc Arthroplasty; Robotic and Image-Guided Surgery in the Cervical Spine; Operative Neurophysiology of the Cervical Spine; Surgical Complications with the Anterior Approach; Surgical Complications with the Posterior Approach; The Future of Cervical Myelopathy Management; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book depicts the trials and tribulations when trying to restore speech to Erik who was locked-in (paralyzed and mute) at age 16. We implanted electrodes into his brain, initiating a decade of breakthrough research in speech recovery. It lead to the author's own brain implant and the consequent successful offline development of the speech prosthetic whereby mute, locked-in people can speak. Part 1 is Erik's story of how he became locked-in following a brainstem stroke, and our efforts to break him out of his locked-in state by helping him speak. It describes my decision making, the tremendous contribution of his family, their anguish and the very relevant comparison with famous locked-in people, namely, Stephen Hawking and Jean-Dominique Bauby (The Diving Bell and the Butterfly). Part 2 documents conversations between myself and Erik's Dad, Eddie. Eddie describes how he was trained in a rehabilitation hospital to take care of his son. His 16-year devotion to his son is unparalleled and heroic. This part also contains important contributions from other researchers in the field, in a question and answer format. Part 3 is a condensed version of the scientific aspects of this research written for the non-scientist. Figures and videos on the website augment the text. Importantly, there is a full documentary associated with this book.Trade ReviewThis book has come at an important time in the evolution of the brain machine interface Unlocking Erik tells the story from the human side both in terms of Erik himself as the subject, and Dr. Kennedy as the pioneer. It is a journey of quiet and slow discovery, and has taken courage and risk from all sides. -- Professor Alexander Green, Neurosurgeon, University of Oxford, England.With Dr. Kennedy widely regarded as one of the pioneers of this technology, he is uniquely placed to discuss the far-reaching consequences and ramifications of BCI, and this certainly helped attract the funding we needed to begin production of the documentary that tracks early breakthroughs in the field. -- David Burke,Dot Television, IrelandFinally, with all the excitement of machine learning, we shouldnt forget that we are talking about connecting to a neural network with more capabilities and far more creativity than anything that Google has made the human brain! So lets try to not forget the brains ability to learn. -- Andrew Jackson, Professor of Neural Interfaces, University of Newcastle, U.K."We know that neurons involved in internal "thinking" are also clearly controllable. As explored in Phil Kennedy's study of Erik, the neurons involved in generating speech are a particularly important group of volitionally controllable neurons for speech prostheses." -- Eberhard Fetz"This book tells a remarkable story. There is a group of patients rendered unable to communicate by a brutal medical misfortune. There is a new therapy involving special equipment... and there is the physician who manages their care... Dr. Kennedy has achieved remarkable success with his brain machine interfaces. He remains focused on the tremendous value of restoring speech to patients who are trapped inside their own bodies..." -- Thomas WichmannTable of ContentsPrelude: Pioneers in the Field of Brain to Computer Interfacing; Preface: Decades of Opening the Door to the Mind; Breaking the Sound Barrier; Some Superheroes Only Fly Inside; Coding and Decoding Eriks Inner Dialogue; Believing in the Magic, Counting on the Science; Unexpected Delays and Eureka Moments; The Place Where I Exists; Deep Presence: Understanding the Here and Now; The Uncharted Waters of Research: Here There Be Dragons!; Interviews with Eriks Father and Contributions from Specialists Who Comment on the Field of Locked-In Research and How It Is Evolving; Eriks Injury; Meeting Dr Kennedy; The Implant Surgery; Recording from Erik; Using Single Units to Say Da, Da.; Decoding Phonemes; Moving from Vowel to Vowel; The Effects of Emotion on Firing Rates; Music Relates to Firing Rates; Conditioning Single Units Nine Years after Implantation; Limitations of Eriks Recordings; Phils Implantation Surgery; Sensory and Motor Relationships; Decoding Most Phonemes; Decoding Audible and Silent Speech; The Future Direction: Ready to Implant Locked-In People; Why Not Use Other Electrodes and Systems?; The Future is Almost Here; Afterword: The Father of the Cyborgs; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe book first discusses auditory processing disorders are, specifically how auditory processing problems can affect children with autism spectrum disorders, and appropriate evidence-based treatments. The authors highlight the challenges associated with making a dual diagnosis, and discuss specific anatomical differences in the central auditory pathway and brain. Also highlighted is the need for improved research on intervention programs and the important service needs for families and children with autism spectrum disorders. A study is presented wherein pediatric volition among children with autism spectrum disorders participating in the Holland Bloorview (HB) FIRST® robotics program is measured. A review is carried out in order to describe the main neurotransmitters in autism spectrum condition patients. Among the studied neurotransmitters, increased serotonin and glutamate as well as decreased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid N-Acetylaspartate and oxytocin appear to have the most empirical evidence. The authors assess the relationship between autism spectrum disorder symptomatology, theory of mind, and other individual factor on children's responses through a study attempting to determine the factors that contribute to the complexity of the emotion of embarrassment. The closing study addresses that with respect to dietary issues, awareness of the eating habits and feeding problems experienced by autism spectrum disorder children needs to be emphasized among parents and guardians.Table of ContentsPreface; Auditory Processing Disorders and Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder; Understanding Hearing Loss in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder; Developmental Interventions for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Literature Review; Exploring the Pediatric Volition among Boys with Autism in an Adapted Robotics Program; Altered Neurotransmitter Metabolism in Autism Spectrum Condition; The Experience of Embarrassment in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders; Diet- Related Issues With Autism Spectrum Disorder; Index.

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Book SynopsisVolume 39 first presents a study wherein the gravitational noise of the brain at different ages within the same family was studied by gravitational mass spectroscopy. The authors explore the resources for community integration for individuals that have acquired a traumatic brain injury, highlighting areas that need further investigation. In a subsequent study, the gravitational mass spectroscopy method was used for the fast diagnosis of human brain states at long-range order. Various routes for ischaemic stroke management are also discussed, including hyper acute management, acute management and long-term management. Continuing, the newer technologies and approaches currently being applied in the field of neurosurgery are reviewed. The authors summarize the reported cases and observational studies regarding nonconvulsive status epilepticus in neurosurgical subspecialties of emergency and perioperative care, cerebrovascular diseases, neurotrauma, brain tumor, and stereotactic and functional neurosurgery. The associations between different brain inflammatory mediators and epileptogenesis are explored in an effort to affirm the idea that targeting the inflammatory pathway may be an effective therapeutic strategy to prevent or treat epilepsy. The major issue in glycemic control in neurocritical care patients is addressed: tight glycemic control using intensive insulin therapy is associated with higher rates of hypoglycemia without an improvement in survival rate. On these bases, adequate nutrition before and during insulin infusion is recommended. This compilation goes on to discuss evoked potentials, electrical responses of the brain to light, sound, or electrical stimuli. Depending on the type of stimulus, they emerge as visual, auditory, or somatosensorial evoked potentials.Table of ContentsPreface; New Fast Non Invasive Diagnostic of Human Brain at Molecular Level: Brain Treatment; Fast Non-Invasive Diagnostic of HSV-1 Attack on the Human Brain at Molecular Domain Level; Traumatic Brain Injury and Resources for Community Integration Post Injury; Management of Acute Ischaemic Stroke; Newer Approaches to Neurosurgery; Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus in Neurosurgery; Epilepsy and Neuroinflammation; Diabetes and Insulin Therapy Involving Products with Potential Use in Possible Neurologic Disease Progression; Visual Evoked Potentials and Our Studies; Index.

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Book SynopsisIn this compilation, the authors review current literature concerning the identification and neuro-imaging of children with cerebral visual impairment, describing their clinical and rehabilitative management while recognizing the role of adaptive neuroplasticity in their visual development. The data published to date on the chemical and functional neuroanatomy of the adult human brainstem obtained through the application of different techniques, from histochemical staining to modern imaging techniques, is compiled. The involvement of acetylcholine, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, GAP-43, glutamate, hypoxia-induced factor-1 alpha, microtubule-associated protein 2, nestin, neurofilament, noradrenaline, serotonin, somatostatin, substance P and vitamin C in the development of the human brainstem is discussed. The authors also discuss sirtuins, a family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent protein deacetylases that play a regulatory role in multiple pathways such as mitochondrial energetics, cell-cycle regulation, oxidative stress resistance, inflammation, and insulin secretion. The subsequent study examines how distractibility during the learning process is related to a history of traumatic brain injury, utilizing a 2x2 between subjects factorial ANOVA. In closing, the gravitational mass spectroscopy method is used to study the process of HSV-I herpes virus attack on the affected area of the human brain in vivo. The mechanism of ring attack by CccDNA plasmid cytolinker MACF1 is proposed.

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Book SynopsisLaboratory animals are fundamental in learning and teaching within the various areas of neuroscience research. This from its proper management, animal welfare, standardization of protocols, use of the best biomodel in exprimentation. There are many different areas of study within neurosciences today. However, any use of any biomodel must be based on the context of the three Rs (Refinement, Reduction and Replacement). The objective of this book is to make known through different chapters the use of different laboratory animals in standardized research lines applied to neurosciences in different contexts and applications in basic research.

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Book SynopsisThis book explores the diagnosis and treatment of Sleep Apnea Syndrome involving various medical figures for whom interactive and multidisciplinary work is essential. This is because sleep apnea is a very wide field that ranges from pediatric apneas, often of organic origin and usually connected to adenotonsillar hypertrophy or craniofacial anomalies, to adult apneas that can have an obstructive origin, especially in the case of overweight and particular conformations of the upper respiratory tract, and/or a central origin due to neurological pathologies. Particular attention has been paid to diagnosis and new technologies that go alongside the classic diagnostic tools, especially in the screening of pathology. The approaches described concern both medical and surgical treatments. Particular attention was paid to the treatment of associated comorbidities and to the physical rehabilitation of apnoic patients. Given the complexity of the pathology and the pictures associated with it, the purpose of this book is to make known the new frontiers both in the diagnostic and therapeutic field that can be used to develop a therapeutic plan tailored to the patient, since not all apnea patients are the same.Table of ContentsPreface; Anatomy of the Upper Airway in Obstructive Sleep Apnea; Pathophysiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA); Advances in Adults OSAS Diagnosis; Advances in Paediatric OSAS Diagnosis; Advances in Management of Central Apnea; Advances in Management of Pediatric Sleep Apnea; Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease; Advances in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Dysmetabolic Pathology; Advances in Ventilatory Treatment for OSAS; Advances in the Role of Oral Devices in the Treatment of OSAS; Advances in the Role of Nasal Surgery in the Treatment of OSAS; Advances in the Role of Pharyngeal Surgery in the Treatment of OSAS; Transoral Robotic Surgery for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome; Advances in the Role of Bariatric Surgery in the Treatment of OSAS; Effect of OSAS on Inner Ear; Advances in Rehabilitation in OSAS; Index.

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Book SynopsisNeurocysticercosis, a preventable parasitic infection of the central nervous system caused by tapeworm, is a serious, potentially fatal disease that can cause neurologic syndromes such as epileptic seizures. Chapter One of this monograph describes the existing treatment options for neurocysticercosis, along with possible therapeutic alternatives under different drug development phases. Chapter Two explains the difficulties associated with correctly diagnosing neurocysticercosis, resulting from its varied clinical presentation, and mentions current guidelines of diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis. Chapter Three describes the various merits and demerits of techniques for detecting the parasites associated with neurocysticercosis, which include radioimaging, genotyping of cysts, and antibody, antigen, and nucleic acid detection in body fluids.Table of ContentsPreface; Treatment of Neurocysticercosis: Current and Future Options; The Challenge of Deciphering Certainty from Ambiguity for the Laboratory Diagnosis of Neurocysticercosis; Trends in the Diagnosis of Human Neurocysticercosis: Issues and Challenges; Index.

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Book SynopsisJoseph B. Martin traces his climb from a Mennonite farm in the village of Duchess, Alberta to Dean of Harvard Medical School in his memoir, Alfalfa to Ivy. Readers are rewarded with an intimate perspective on academic politics and health care in Canada and the U.S. that Martin is perfectly poised to critique. And it is the human story of Martin''s journey from humble origins to worldly esteem that makes Alfalfa to Ivy a compelling narrative for non-specialists as well as academics and professionals. Foreword by David Hubel. Afterword by Ed Benz.

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Book SynopsisFear is an emotion that is particularly important to human and animal existence. It is a reaction to threatening events and is elicited when self-preservation goals are posed in danger during the pursuit of actions directed at other goals. A common view of fear in the neuroscience literature is that fear triggers the "fight or flight" response, characterised by increased heart rate, breathing, and muscle tension, which allows the individual to escape from danger or defend itself against a predator or non-specific. Based on the presence or absence of a stimulus, the brain regulates the strength and duration of this apparent coping mechanism. When this regulatory system malfunctions, however, it can lead to excessive fearfulness in certain individuals. Excessively fearful individuals appear to have difficulty suppressing the body''s response to stress. This book examines the various aspects of this interesting emotion.

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Book SynopsisEndogenous neuoprotection is a phenomenon where a brief episode of ischemia renders the brain resistant against a subsequent longer-asting ischemia event. Experimentally, the author was able to model hypoxic preconditioning in animal model. Increasing knowledge of this endogenous neuroprotectin by ischemic tolerance may help to minimize neuronal damage following ischemic stroke and hypoxic encephalopathy. This book is, therefore, the first overview of this important topic and will certainly influence further investigations in clinical and neuroscience research.

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Book SynopsisBrain mapping is a set of neuroscience techniques predicated on the mapping of (biological) quantities or properties onto spatial representations of the (human or non-human) brain resulting in maps. All neuroimaging can be considered to be a part of brain mapping. Brain mapping techniques are constantly evolving, and rely on the development and refinement of image acquisition, representation, analysis, visualisation and interpretation techniques. Functional and structural neuroimaging are at the core of the mapping aspect of brain mapping. This book presents the latest research in the field. An algorithm dedicated at discriminating between electrodes that lead to a seizure onset as opposed to those electrodes that do not, are examined in this book by using interictal subdural EEG data. The most effective method for localising the effects of neural activation throughout the human brain is Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). This book provides a new level of specificity in the basis of advanced approaches of using fMRI to study brain function as deep as at the level of the neural processing. Programmed cell death or apoptosis is a relevant process in the physiology and pathology of the nervous system. DNA damage response in postmitotic neurons is discussed and the elucidation of these mechanisms, which promise to provide multiple points of therapeutic intervention in neurodegenerative diseases, are examined as well. This book explains the temporal features of brain injury in three different developmental models of oxygen deprivation, capable of inducing apoptotic cell death. The hallmarks of hypoxia-induced apoptosis that may vary according to brain maturity, are also looked at. In addition, the neuroprotective effect of transplants of Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) after experimental traumatic brain injury were investigated and are discussed in this book.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents current knowledge regarding relationship between conscious and unconscious processes in the human mind and dissociation between them, in a close relationship with modern neuroscientific research. Following the framework of traditional psychological and psychiatric terms proposed by Janet and developed also by Freud and Jung, the author shows new connections between modern theoretical neuroscience and psychological concept of dissociated mind. As main argument for this synthesis the author uses modern chaos theory that provides conceptual framework for self-organisation that connect mind and brain. In this context the author also deals with the problem of consciousness and other interesting connections and mysteries of the human mind such as dreaming, hypnosis or pain experience.

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Book SynopsisNeuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system. The principle mechanism underlying enhanced pain sensitivity is a persistent hyperexcitability of spinal dorsal horn neurons. This book describes cellular mechanisms for the maintained hyperexcitability of spinal dorsal horn neurons mediated by neuron-glia interactions following spinal cord injury. In addition, nerve growth factor (NGF) has a key role not only in the development of sensory and autonomic neurons, but also in the processes of nociception. This book examines the recent evidence of the involvement of NGF in painful diseases and suggests the potential usefulness of anti-NGF strategies as novel analgesics for disabling pathological conditions. Furthermore, neuralgia is a symptom of some neurological disorders and can be found at any age. The pain that accompanies it is usually brief but may be severe. The authors present evidence sustaining the hypothesis that neuralgia (understood as being a shooting/shock-like paroxysmal pain) is a clinical expression of a transcriptional channelopathy. Other chapters in this book review the underlying mechanisms and the anatomical loci/shared circuits between epilepsy and memory, along with the relationship of various neurotransmitters involved. The morphological and functional characteristics of hereditary choroidal dystrophies are also examined, as well as the potential implications of neuroplasticity in dorsal vagal complex (DVC) in the adaptation of gastrointestinal functions.

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Book SynopsisNeuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system. Survival infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) are at significant risk for neurodevelopmental impairment, either as a result of in utero physiological effects of abnormal circulation, associated congenital brain anomalies, neurodevelopmental compromise before, during and after surgical repair, or combinations of all these factors. This book examines the neurodevelopmental outcomes for patients with CHD, risk factors for adverse neurodevelopmental sequelae and peri- and intraoperative neuromonitoring and neuroprotective strategies. Furthermore, electroencephalography (EEG) has been utilized for decades in the neonatal intensive care unit to assess brain maturation, detect and localise brain injury, diagnose seizures and give prognostic information. This book reviews specific EEG/aEEG patterns and their value in predicting long term neurodevelopmental outcomes in premature infants. Also examined are the risks and benefits of physical activity in epileptics, sports in which epileptics may participate and the positive effect of physical exercise in experimental models of epilepsy. Other chapters in this book examine the presence of neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, tangle dominant dementia (TDD), a sporadic subtype of late onset progressive dementia, the effects of methylphenidate (MPD) treatment in adolescence on MPD response in adulthood, and a discussion of the "neurodevelopmental abnormality" theory, which proposes that some schizophrenics suffer from subtle neurodevelopmental insults during foetal development.

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Book SynopsisThe purpose of this book is to focus on breakthroughs in translational neuroscience and bio-behavioural research. This book is divided into three separate sections with each reflecting a domain in which advancements have been made. Collectively, these chapters serve to highlight the advancements made in translational neuroscience that have lead to innovative animal modelling, theoretical development and educational curriculum improvement. They should be of interest to persons involved in animal research and concerned about the use of animals in bio-behavioural investigations. This book should serve as the ideal text to promote further progress and development in the neurosciences and animal research.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents original research results on the leading edge of neuroscience research. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum.

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Book SynopsisVascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer''s disease in older adults. The term refers to a group of syndromes caused by different mechanisms all resulting in vascular lesions in the brain. Early detection and accurate diagnosis are important, as vascular dementia is at least partially preventable. Risk factors for vascular dementia include hypertension, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. This book presents current research from across the globe in the study of vascular dementia, including GRK2 over-expression in the context of early Alzheimer disease pathogenesis; vitamin deficiencies and vascular dementia; biofluid markers as potential markers for vascular dementia; and the epidemiology of vascular dementia.

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Book SynopsisThe sciatic nerve is the longest and widest single nerve in the human body. This new book presents current research in the study of the sciatic nerve. Topics discussed include the pathophysiology of sciatic pain induced by lumbar disc herniation; conduction blocks by receptor agonists in the sciatic nerve; pharmacological research of traditional medicines with analgesic effects on sciatic nerve and inflammatory cytokines in repair and regeneration of the sciatic nerve.

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Book SynopsisMovement disorders are neurological conditions that affect the speed, fluency, quality, and ease of movement. This book presents current research in the study of movement disorders, including serotonin dysfunction in Parkinson''s Disease; restless leg syndrome and periodic limb movements of sleep; peripheral and central changes induce movement disorders on the basis of disuse or overuse and traditional mirror therapy in the management of movement and postural control problems.

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