Medicine / Healthcare: general issues / topics Books

Book SynopsisThe Medicine on the Move series provides fully-flexible access to subjects across the curriculum, in this case emergency and acute medicine, in a unique combination of print and mobile formats. The books are ideal for the busy medical student and junior doctor, irrespective of individual learning style and whether they are studying a subject for the first time or revisiting it during exam preparation, providing the right information whenever and wherever it is needed. Readers can choose from the book and the eBook to suit different situations, enabling them to benefit from learning medicine on the move.Table of ContentsEMERGENCY AND ACUTE MEDICINE. Emergency Algorithms. Clinical Presentations. Cardiology. Respiratory. Gastroenterology. Neurology. Endocrinology and Electrolyte Abnormalities. Renal Emergencies. Haematology. Poisoning and Environmental Accidents. Surgical Emergencies. Trauma. Orthopaedics. Paediatrics.Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Ear, Nose and Throat. Ophthalmology. Infectious Diseases. Psychiatry. SELF-ASSESSMENT (EMQ AND SBA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS). Cardiology. Respiratory. Gastroenterology. Neurology. Endocrinology and Electrolyte Abnormalities. Renal. Haematology. General Surgery. Trauma and Orthopaedics. Paediatrics. Obstetrics and Gynaecology. ENT and Ophthalmology. Infectious Diseases. Psychiatry.

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Book SynopsisData interpretation questions based on clinical cases are a popular means of testing medical students both during undergraduate studies and as an element of finals examinations. Written by a small team of authors with extensive teaching experience, 100 Cases in Medical Data Interpretation provides invaluable guidance from lecturers who understand from personal experience that detailed and accurate explanations are the key to successful revision.This book presents 100 cases arranged by specialty arearadiology, clinical chemistry, haematology and cardiologyas well as a random section of miscellaneous cases. Questions accompanying each case prompt the reader to consider how the data presented might be correctly understood. A clear discussion of how the correct answer was reached, with boxed highlights and bullet lists of key points, makes this book an excellent learning aid during all stages of clinical studies, and particularly while preparing for medical finals.Table of ContentsClinical chemistry. Radiology. Haematology. Cardiology. Miscellaneous.

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Book SynopsisMastering Public Health: A Postgraduate Guide to Examinations and Revalidation, Second Edition is an essential study aid for all those preparing for postgraduate, masters, and higher examinations in public health. Now updated and revised for the second edition, the book continues to provide all postgraduate students taking higher public health examinations with a proven, successful core revision text. The book covers the five key areas of public health knowledge: research methods; disease prevention and health promotion; health information; sociology, policy, and health economics; and organisation and management of health care. It is structured to follow the entire MFPH Part A exam syllabus, with appendices on revision strategies, exam technique and essay frameworks. Written in conjunction with an international team of editors, the book is aimed at public health practitioners who are training or re-validating in the UK and worldwide. Its concTrade Review"I am confident that this will rapidly become required reading for all those taking the faculty's exams, as well as for those undertaking training in public health in many other countries."—Professor Martin McKee, CBETable of ContentsSection 1 Research Methods 1. Epidemiology 2. Statistics 3. Assessment and Evaluation 4. Principles of Qualitative Methods Section 2: Disease Causation and the Diagnostic Process in Relation to Public Health 5. Epidemiological 6. Epidemiology of Specific Diseases 7. Diagnosis and Screening 8. Genetics 9. Health and Social Behaviour 10. Environment 11. Communicable 12. Principles and Practice of Health Promotion 13. Disease Prevention and Models of Behaviour Change Section 3: Health Information 14. Populations 15. Sickness and Health 16. Applications of Health Services Information Section 4: Medical Sociology, Social Policy, and Health Economics 17. Health and Illness 18. Healthcare 19. Equality, Equity, and Policy 20. Health Economics Section 5: Organisation and Management of Healthcare and Healthcare Programmes 21. Understanding Individuals, Teams/Groups, and Their Development 22. Understanding Organisations, Their Function, and Structure 23. Management and Change 24. Policy and Strategy Development and Implementation 25. Health and Social Service Quality 26. Finance, Management Accounting, and Relevant Theoretical Approaches Section 6: Skills Tested in the Part A MFPH Examination 27. Research Design and Critical Appraisal 28. Drawing Conclusions from Data 29. Written Presentation Skills

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Book SynopsisOvercoming Anxiety, Stress and Panic uses the proven and trusted five areas model of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) to help people experiencing a range of symptoms associated with these conditions. For the third edition, new workbooks are included on: obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), using medication, and planning for the future. CBT workbooks - easy to use, practical, photocopy them Written by an award-winning author and expert Proven to work - through years of research and practice Step-by-step success - follow the Plan, Do, Review approach, see positive results Advice for friends and family to offer additional supportInvaluable, proven, practical and easy to use workbooks for all CBT practitioners, psychiatrists, GPs, psychologists, counsellors, neurologists, occupational therapists, voluntary sector and healthcare workers to use to help the people in their care help themselves.THE FIVE AREATable of ContentsUnderstanding why you feel as you do: Tackling your anxiety: starting out (... and how to keep going if you feel stuck). Understanding worry and stress. Understanding panic and phobias. Understanding obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCD). Making changes: Making changes to do with people and events around us. How to start fixing problems and finding solutions (practical problem solving). How to ask for what you really need (being assertive). Learning to be calmer, less annoyed and less irritated. Making changes in your life. How to get a good night's sleep: overcoming anxiety and sleep problems. Using exercise to overcome stress. Things you do that worsen your anxiety (unhelpful behaviours). Stress, alcohol and drugs. Facing fears and overcoming avoidance. Understanding and overcoming shyness and social phobia. Noticing and changing anxious thinking. Understanding and overcoming feelings of depersonalization. Overcoming anxious overbreathing (hyperventilation). Understanding and using anti-anxiety medication. Planning for the future.

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Book SynopsisHighly recommended by JAMA, this essential textbooks provides a comprehensive yet accessible overview of the basic concepts of information and communication technologies in healthcare.Trade Review"Comprehensive. Timely. Readable. Interesting. Useful as a textbook and/or reference. Relevant. Highly recommended... It is this reviewer’s opinion that this text is useful as a textbook and/or reference. It could easily serve the purpose as a textbook for an undergraduate biomedical engineering elective course, followed by, if possible, a course in database development. The text is highly relevant to engineers working in medicine, and is thus highly recommended." – Paul. H. King, Ph.D., P.E, Vanderbilt University, IEEE Pulse"...should be required reading for every physician intending to enter a fellowship program in medical informatics, and it is also highly recommended to every doctor and medical student interested in this emerging medical specialty."—JAMA"A simply brilliant introduction to this fast developing field which is comprehensive, up to date, and at the same time sophisticated... It should be read by all healthcare professionals."—2004 BMA Book Awards Judging PanelTable of ContentsBasic Concepts in Informatics. Informatics Skills. Information Systems in Healthcare. Guideline- and Protocol-Based Systems. Communication Systems in Healthcare. Language, Coding and Classification. Clinical Decision Support and Analytics. Specialized Applications for Health Informatics.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents medical students and those preparing for postgraduate examinations with an ideal opportunity to assess their levels of knowledge and understanding in obstetrics and gynaecology, and to practice their exam technique across a range of question formats. It can be used as a standalone revision guide, but is also designed to complement the latest editions of the best-selling volumes Gynaecology by Ten Teachers and Obstetrics by Ten Teachers. Key features: Includes an extensive range of question typesEMQs, MCQs, SBAs, SAQs, and OSCEsproviding comprehensive coverage compatible with all relevant examinations Fully up-to-dateensuring prospective candidates practice across all areas on which they will be tested Clear and accessible with concise explanations of answers and directions to the Ten Teachers textbooks for those seeking further advice and guidance With coverage across the obstetrics and gynaTable of ContentsObstetrics. Extended Matching Questions. Answers. Multiple Choice Questions. Answers 40. Single Best Answer Questions. Answers. Short Answer Questions. Objective Structured Clinical Examination Questions. Answers. Gynaecology. Extended Matching Questions. Answers. Multiple Choice Questions. Answers. Single Best Answer Questions. Answers. Short Answer Questions. Objective Structured Clinical Examination Questions. Answers. Index.

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Book SynopsisA 64-year-old woman has been referred to the on-call general surgical team by her GP. She has been complaining of pain in the upper part of her abdomen and generalized itching. Her daughter has also noticed a yellowish discolouration of her skin. The symptoms started a week ago and are gradually getting worse. You have been assigned her initial assessment...100 Cases in Surgery presents 100 scenarios requiring surgical treatment commonly seen by medical students and junior doctors in the emergency department or outpatient clinic. A succinct summary of the patient's history, examination, and initial investigationsâincluding photographs where relevantâis followed by questions on the diagnosis and management of each case. The answer includes a detailed discussion on each topic, with further illustration where appropriate, providing an essential revision aid as well as a practical guide for students and junior doctors. Making speedy and appropriate cliniTable of ContentsGeneral and Colorectal. Upper Gastrointestinal. Breast and Endocrine. Vascular. Urology. Orthopaedic. Ear, Nose and Throat. Neurosurgery. Anaesthesia. Postoperative Complications. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe second edition of Single Best Answers in Surgery, Second Edition continues to provide invaluable guidance to this widely used question format, written by authors who understand that detailed explanations accompanying each answer are the key to a successful revision aid.This book presents more than 500 SBA questions arranged into topic areas as well as a section of random questions for self-testing under examination conditions. A clear discussion of how the correct answer was reached and other options ruled out for every question is given at the end of each section, making this book an excellent learning aid for all stages of undergraduate surgical studies, and particularly during revision for final examinations.Table of ContentsApplied Anatomy. Pre- and Postoperative Management. Fluid Balance and Nutrition. Anaesthetics and Surgical Critical Care. Trauma. Abdomen: Upper Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Surgery. Abdomen: Lower Gastrointestinal Surgery. Abdomen: The Acute Abdomen. Breast Surgery and Endocrine Disease. Vascular Surgery. Urology. Orthopaedics. Neurosurgery. ENT Surgery. Ophthalmic Surgery. Lumps, Bumps, Skin and Hernias. Practice Exam.

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Book SynopsisThe Medicine on the Move series provides fully-flexible access to subjects across the curriculum in a unique combination of print and mobile formats ideal for the busy medical student and junior doctor. No matter what your learning style, whether you are studying a subject for the first time or revisiting it during exam preparation, Medicine on the Move will give you the support you need.Medicine on the Move is: Accessiblebulleted text, flow charts, colourful diagrams and summary tables enable you to find information fast Concisegives you must-have rather than nice-to-have knowledge, enduring exam success and as a grounding for further study Flexiblenotes sections, ideal for rapid reference in the clinical setting, guide you quickly to key points while self-assessment material allows you to test and reinforce your understanding Relevantdesigned by medical students for medical students Mobiledownload theTable of Contents General Surgery. Pre-Operative Care. Lumps and Bumps. Breast. Endocrine. Hepatobiliary. Upper Gastrointestinal. Colorectal. Vascular. Acute Urology. Trauma and Burns. Post-Operative Care. Self-Assessment. Pre-Operative Care. Lumps and Bumps. Breast. Endocrine. Hepatobiliary. Upper Gastrointestinal. Colorectal. Vascular. Acute Urology. Trauma and Burns. Post-Operative Care.

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Psychology for Nurses and Health Professionals, Second Edition is an accessible guide providing comprehensive coverage of psychology for nurses and healthcare professionals in training and practice.Key features include: Fully updated and restructured to ensure content matches training requirements for nurses and healthcare practitioners Stronger focus on the biopsychosocial model, therapeutic relationships and self-awareness More examples to highlight application with theories demonstrated through scenarios relevant to practice Accessible style with critical discussion boxes, student diary entries, reflection points, summary boxes and glossary Free lecturer PowerPoints, extension material, MCQs and exercises available to download Written by the bestselling psychology author Richard Gross and Nancy Kinnison, an experienced nurse and lecturer, this is an e

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Book SynopsisYou've read your textbook and your course notes. Now you need to apply your knowledge to real-life clinical situations.The problem-solving approach of Core Clinical Cases guides you to think of the patient as a whole, rather than as a sequence of unconnected symptoms. With its emphasis on everyday practice strongly linked to underlying theory, the series integrates your knowledge with the realities of managing clinical problems, and provides a basis for developing sound analytical and confident decision-making skills. The core areas of undergraduate study are covered in a logical sequence of learning activities: the same questions are asked of each clinical case, followed by detailed explanatory answers. OSCE counselling cases, with related questions and answers, also feature in each section.Key concepts and important information are highlighted, and the reader-friendly layout reflects exactly the type of question you will encounter, Table of ContentsGeneral Surgery. Ear, Nose And Throat (ENT). Ophthalmology. Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery. Urology.

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Book SynopsisFully updated, this new edition of the successful Get ahead! SURGERY 100 EMQs for Finals provides invaluable revision for all medical students preparing for their final examinations. Co-written by Saran Shantikumar, series editor for the Get ahead! series, this book covers the entire syllabus in a clear and comprehensive style, building on the strengths of the first edition to provide reliable and effective revision practice to help achieve success in final exams. The second edition has been completely updated according to current curriculum, and the questions are written in a style similar to the Medical Schools Council Assessment Alliance (MSCAA) bank. Get ahead! SURGERY 100 EMQs for Finals is a helpful resource for medical students preparing for their exams. Table of ContentsIntroduction to Get ahead! Practice Paper 1: Questions. Practice Paper 2: Questions. Practice Paper 3: Questions. Practice Paper 4: Questions. Practice Paper 5: Questions. Practice Paper 6: Questions.

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Book SynopsisMaking Sense of the ECG: Cases for Self-Assessment presents everything you need to assess your ability to interpret ECGs accurately, perform differential diagnosis, and decide upon the most appropriate clinical management in each situation. The patients'' history, examination and initial investigations are presented along with questions on the ECG interpretation. Detailed explanatory answers ensure this book solves your queries as well as providing practical guidance and essential revision.Use alongside the popular companion Making Sense of the ECG 4E,or independently, as a vital tool to consolidate your knowledge and prepare yourself for future clinical practice.Table of ContentsContains 70 cases.

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Book SynopsisDepression affects many people at some point in their lives. Fortunately, we now know that by changing certain thoughts and behaviour patterns you can greatly improve how you feel. Overcoming Depression and Low Mood: A Five Areas Approach explains how low mood can affect your life. It helps you understand why you sometimes feel low, anxious, angry, or guilty. It also teaches proven practical skills to help you change how you feel. By using the clearly described practical tools inside, you can make helpful changes to your life. Ultimately, the hope is that this book will help you to regain a sense of control over how you feel.The book is based on a cognitive behavioural therapy approach. The developers of this approach found many effective ways of tackling common symptoms and problems people face when feeling low. The course can make a big difference if you can commit to using it. Having someone else to encourage you is also important. Interactive questions and wTable of ContentsUnderstanding Why You Feel as You Do. Starting Out ... and How to Keep Going if You Feel Stuck. Making Changes. Practical Problem Solving. Being Assertive. Building Relationships with Your Family and Friends. Information for Families and Friends – How Can You Offer the Best Support? Doing Things that Boost How You Feel. Using Exercise to Boost How You Feel. Helpful Things You Can Do. Unhelpful Things You Do. Noticing Extreme and Unhelpful Thinking. Changing Extreme and Unhelpful Thinking. Overcoming Sleep Problems. Alcohol, Drugs and You. Understanding and Using Antidepressant Medication. Planning for the Future.

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Book SynopsisThis genuinely pocket-sized guide to being on call is ideal for medical students and newly qualified junior doctors seeking a convenient and concise handbook to refer to in busy clinical settings. Clear, concise and systematic, Pocket on Call contains exactly what you need to make rapid and appropriate decisions without overwhelming or extraneous information.With this book in your pocket, you'll be equipped to tackle being on call appropriately and with confidence. Answering the questions that are not always addressed in the lecture theatre, with this book as an indispensable companion the inexperienced doctor will be equipped to tackle being on call appropriately and with confidence.Table of Contents‘Getting set’. General introduction. Introduction to on call. Preparing for on-call work. Acutely unwell patients. Being alerted to unwell patients. Remembering the alphabet... the ‘A, B, C, D, E’ assessment. The patient with chest pain. The patient with shortness of breath. The patient with an upper GI bleed. The acutely collapsed patient. The fitting patient. The patient with acute abdominal pain. The patient with sepsis. The patient in cardiac arrest. The fallen patient. The patient with a transfusion reaction. The patient with hyperkalaemia. The patient with an acute stroke. The patient with low urine output. Situations and communication. Talking to micro …. Presenting to seniors. Ordering portable plain chest radiographs (CXRs). Certifying the deceased patient. The post-take ward round. Blood bank, blood products, and massive haemorrhage protocols. Needlestick injury. Prescribing. Safe prescribing. Analgesia. Anti-emetics. Fluid prescribing. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisConcise yet comprehensive, this textbook of clinical pulmonology provides pulmonologists and respiratory disease physicians with all the key information that they need to know to manage the patient through the diagnosis and treatment journeys. From the most common condition to the rarest, each disease is consistently presented and comprehensively covered giving the reader just the key facts. Building upon the basic sciences and integrating these with clinical practice, each chapter has a consistent approach, is highly designed and visually appealing. Numerous illustrations, colour photographs, scans, bullet points, tables and algorithms ensure that the key information is available at a glance. The keynote sections serve as a useful revision aid as do the multiple choice questions. A truly international and highly experienced editorship with expert contributors from around the world ensure that the book remains a trusted source of information.Set at the level between thTrade Review"This is a good concise review of the principles of clinical pulmonology that discusses core topics in the field. This should be a good review for physicians in training and trained pulmonologists. It is well illustrated, which increases the pedagogic quality of the book." Santosh Dhungana, MD (Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine)Table of ContentsPart 1: Basic Sciences 1. Lung anatomy and development 2. Pathology 3. Genetics of lung diseases Part 2: Clinical Evaluation 4. History 5. Clinical examination 6. Imaging techniques 7. Non-oncological pulmonary nuclear medicine 8. PET–CT in oncological pulmonary nuclear medicine 9. Pulmonary function and exercise testing Part 3: Clinical Procedures 10. Bronchoscopy 11. Endosonography for pulmonary diseases: Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) 12. Pleural procedures 13. Medical thoracoscopy 14. Essentials of clinical pulmonology: Interventional radiology Part 4: Clinical Assessment and Safety 15. Fitness for general anesthesia 16. Fitness to fly 17. Guidelines for driving and drowsiness Part 5: Therapies 18. Pulmonary rehabilitation 19. Non-invasive ventilation Part 6: Upper Respiratory Disease 20. The upper respiratory tract—Allergic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis with/without nasal polyps 21. Sleep apnea and sleep disordered breathing Part 7: Airway Disease 22. Asthma 23. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 24. Bronchiectasis 25. Cystic Fibrosis Part 8: Neoplasms 26. Lung cancer 27. Rare lung tumors and metastatic lung disease 28. Mediastinal tumors Part 9: Infection 29. Bacterial lung infection 30. Tuberculosis 31. Respiratory fungal infection 32. Viral infections 33. Pulmonary complications of HIV infection Part 10: Diffuse Lung Disease 34. Pulmonary sarcoidosis 35. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 36. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis 37. Connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease 38. Pulmonary vasculitis 39. Rare lung diseases Part 11: Environmental and Occupational Lung Disease 40. Smoking cessation 41. Occupational lung disease 42. Asbestosis, pneumoconiosis, and other occupational lung diseases 43. Drug-induced lung disease and radiation-induced disease Part 12: Mediastinal Disease 44. Mediastinal disease Part 13: Pulmonary Vascular Disease 45. Pleural diseases 46. Malignant pleural mesothelioma Part 14: Pleural Disease 47. Pulmonary hypertension and other disorders of the pulmonary vasculature 48. Pulmonary embolism Part 15: Critical Care 49. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 50. Infections in critical care: Ventilator-associated pneumonia Part 16: Developmental Disorders 51. Developmental disorders in adults Part 17: Respiratory Manifestations of Extrapulmonary Disease 52. Bone marrow transplantation and hematological disorders 53. Skeletal disorders and neuromuscular disease 54. Cardiovascular disease 55. Pulmonary renal syndromes

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Book SynopsisIt is now recognized that innovation in healthcare needs to be a primary strategy for dealing with the challenges of pressure from consumers and the effort to control costs.This practical guide describes key issues surrounding innovation, such as the barriers to innovation in healthcare, the opportunities of working across boundaries in open innovation, and the process and tools of exploring the innovation approach. The highly-regarded author follows a five-stage process model that presents a systematic base for understanding, and -- more importantly -- performing innovation work: 1. Defining the innovation design challenge 2. The process and tools of exploring the innovation 3. Generating innovative ideas 4. Prototyping and testing innovations 5. Creating a diffusion plan This user-friendly guide is ideal for all healthcare professionals and healthcare teams, both in training and in practice.Table of ContentsForeword vii Chapter 1 Introduction to Innovation 1 Chapter 2 Defining the Innovation Challenge 16 Chapter 3 The Deep Dive 36 Chapter 4 Generating Innovative Ideas 64 Chapter 5 Prototyping and Testing Ideas 89 Chapter 6 Creating Your Diffusion Plan 106 Appendix 129 Index 133

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Book SynopsisThe assessment of patient reported outcomes and health-related quality of life continue to be rapidly evolving areas of research and this new edition reflects the development within the field from an emerging subject to one that is an essential part of the assessment of clinical trials and other clinical studies.The analysis and interpretation of quality-of-life assessments relies on a variety of psychometric and statistical methods which are explained in this book in a non-technical way. The result is a practical guide that covers a wide range of methods and emphasizes the use of simple techniques that are illustrated with numerous examples, with extensive chapters covering qualitative and quantitative methods and the impact of guidelines. The material in this new third edition reflects current teaching methods and content widened to address continuing developments in item response theory, computer adaptive testing, analyses with missing data, analysis of ordinal data, Table of ContentsPreface to the third edition xiii Preface to the second edition xv Preface to the first edition xvii List of abbreviations xix Part 1 Developing and Validating Instruments for Assessing Quality of Life and Patient-Reported Outcomes 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Patient‐reported outcomes 3 1.2 What is a patient‐reported outcome? 4 1.3 What is quality of life? 4 1.4 Historical development 6 1.5 Why measure quality of life? 9 1.6 Which clinical trials should assess QoL? 17 1.7 How to measure quality of life 18 1.8 Instruments 19 1.9 Computer‐adaptive instruments 32 1.10 Conclusions 32 2 Principles of measurement scales 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Scales and items 35 2.3 Constructs and latent variables 36 2.4 Single global questions versus multi‐item scales 37 2.5 Single‐item versus multi‐item scales 40 2.6 Effect indicators and causal indicators 42 2.7 Psychometrics, factor analysis and item response theory 48 2.8 Psychometric versus clinimetric scales 52 2.9 Sufficient causes, necessary causes and scoring items 53 2.10 Discriminative, evaluative and predictive instruments 54 2.11 Measuring quality of life: reflective, causal and composite indicators? 55 2.12 Further reading 56 2.13 Conclusions 56 3 Developing a questionnaire 57 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 General issues 58 3.3 Defining the target population 58 3.4 Phases of development 59 3.5 Phase 1: Generation of issues 61 3.6 Qualitative methods 63 3.7 Sample sizes 66 3.8 Phase 2: Developing items 68 3.9 Multi‐item scales 72 3.10 Wording of questions 73 3.11 Face and content validity of the proposed questionnaire 74 3.12 Phase 3: Pre‐testing the questionnaire 74 3.13 Cognitive interviewing 77 3.14 Translation 80 3.15 Phase 4: Field‐testing 80 3.16 Conclusions 86 3.17 Further reading 87 4 Scores and measurements: validity, reliability, sensitivity 89 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Content validity 90 4.3 Criterion validity 94 4.4 Construct validity 96 4.5 Repeated assessments and change over time 104 4.6 Reliability 104 4.7 Sensitivity and responsiveness 117 4.8 Conclusions 124 4.9 Further reading 124 5 Multi‐item scales 125 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 Significance tests 126 5.3 Correlations 127 5.4 Construct validity 133 5.5 Cronbach’s α and internal consistency 139 5.6 Validation or alteration? 143 5.7 Implications for formative or causal items 144 5.8 Conclusions 147 6 Factor analysis and structural equation modelling 149 6.1 Introduction 149 6.2 Correlation patterns 150 6.3 Path diagrams 152 6.4 Factor analysis 154 6.5 Factor analysis of the HADS questionnaire 154 6.6 Uses of factor analysis 159 6.7 Applying factor analysis: Choices and decisions 161 6.8 Assumptions for factor analysis 167 6.9 Factor analysis in QoL research 171 6.10 Limitations of correlation-based analysis 172 6.11 Formative or causal models 173 6.12 Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling 176 6.13 Chi-square goodness-of-fit test 178 6.14 Approximate goodness-of-fit indices 180 6.15 Comparative fit of models 181 6.16 Difficulty-factors 182 6.17 Bifactor analysis 183 6.18 Do formative or causal relationships matter? 186 6.19 Conclusions 187 6.20 Further reading, and software 188 7 Item response theory and differential item functioning 189 7.1 Introduction 189 7.2 Item characteristic curves 191 7.3 Logistic models 193 7.4 Polytomous item response theory models 196 7.5 Applying logistic IRT models 197 7.6 Assumptions of IRT models 205 7.7 Fitting item response theory models: Tips 208 7.8 Test design and validation 209 7.9 IRT versus traditional and Guttman scales 209 7.10 Differential item functioning 210 7.11 Sample size for DIF analyses 218 7.12 Quantifying differential item functioning 219 7.13 Exploring differential item functioning: Tips 219 7.14 Conclusions 221 7.15 Further reading, and software 222 8 Item banks, item linking and computer-adaptive tests 223 8.1 Introduction 223 8.2 Item bank 224 8.3 Item evaluation, reduction and calibration 226 8.4 Item linking and test equating 228 8.5 Test information 231 8.6 Computer-adaptive testing 232 8.7 Stopping rules and simulations 235 8.8 Computer-adaptive testing software 236 8.9 CATs for PROs 237 8.10 Computer-assisted tests 238 8.11 Short-form tests 239 8.12 Conclusions 239 8.13 Further reading 240 Part 2 Assessing, Analysing and Reporting Patient-Reported Outcomes and the Quality of Life of Patients 9 Choosing and scoring questionnaires 243 9.1 Introduction 243 9.2 Finding instruments 244 9.3 Generic versus specific 245 9.4 Content and presentation 246 9.5 Choice of instrument 247 9.6 Scoring multi-item scales 250 9.7 Conclusions 256 9.8 Further reading 257 10 Clinical trials 259 10.1 Introduction 259 10.2 Basic design issues 260 10.3 Compliance 262 10.4 Administering a quality‐of‐life assessment 268 10.5 Recommendations for writing protocols 270 10.6 Standard operating procedures 280 10.7 Summary and checklist 281 10.8 Further reading 282 11 Sample sizes 283 11.1 Introduction 283 11.2 Significance tests, p‐values and power 284 11.3 Estimating sample size 284 11.4 Comparing two groups 289 11.5 Comparison with a reference population 298 11.6 Non‐inferiority studies 298 11.7 Choice of sample size method 301 11.8 Non‐Normal distributions 302 11.9 Multiple testing 303 11.10 Specifying the target difference 305 11.11 Sample size estimation is pre‐study 305 11.12 Attrition 306 11.13 Circumspection 306 11.14 Conclusion 306 11.15 Further reading 307 12 Cross‐sectional analysis 309 12.1 Types of data 309 12.2 Comparing two groups 312 12.3 Adjusting for covariates 324 12.4 Changes from baseline 330 12.5 Analysis of variance 331 12.6 Analysis of variance models 336 12.7 Graphical summaries 337 12.8 Endpoints 342 12.9 Conclusions 343 13 Exploring longitudinal data 345 13.1 Area under the curve 345 13.2 Graphical presentations 348 13.3 Tabular presentations 358 13.4 Reporting 360 13.5 Conclusions 365 14 Modelling longitudinal data 367 14.1 Preliminaries 367 14.2 Auto-correlation 368 14.3 Repeated measures 373 14.4 Other situations 388 14.5 Modelling versus area under the curve 389 14.6 Conclusions 390 15 Missing data 393 15.1 Introduction 393 15.2 Why do missing data matter? 396 15.3 Types of missing data 400 15.4 Missing items 403 15.5 Methods for missing items within a form 404 15.6 Missing forms 408 15.7 Methods for missing forms 410 15.8 Simple methods for missing forms 410 15.9 Methods of imputation that incorporate variability 415 15.10 Multiple imputation 421 15.11 Pattern mixture models 422 15.12 Comments 424 15.13 Degrees of freedom 425 15.14 Sensitivity analysis 426 15.15 Conclusions 426 15.16 Further reading 427 16 Practical and reporting issues 429 16.1 Introduction 429 16.2 The reporting of design issues 430 16.3 Data analysis 430 16.4 Elements of good graphics 436 16.5 Some errors 440 16.6 Guidelines for reporting 442 16.7 Further reading 445 17 Death, and quality-adjusted survival 447 17.1 Introduction 447 17.2 Attrition due to death 448 17.3 Preferences and utilities 449 17.4 Multi-attribute utility (MAU) measures 453 17.5 Utility-based instruments 454 17.6 Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) 456 17.7 Utilities for traditional instruments 457 17.8 Q-TWiST 462 17.9 Sensitivity analysis 467 17.10 Prognosis and variation with time 470 17.11 Alternatives to QALY 472 17.12 Conclusions 473 17.13 Further reading 474 18 Clinical interpretation 475 18.1 Introduction 475 18.2 Statistical significance 476 18.3 Absolute levels and changes over time 477 18.4 Threshold values: percentages 478 18.5 Population norms 479 18.6 Minimal important difference 488 18.7 Anchoring against other measurements 492 18.8 Minimum detectable change 493 18.9 Expert judgement for evidence-based guidelines 494 18.10 Impact of the state of quality of life 495 18.11 Changes in relation to life events 496 18.12 Effect size statistics 498 18.13 Patient variability 505 18.14 Number needed to treat 506 18.15 Conclusions 509 18.16 Further reading 509 19 Biased reporting and response shift 511 19.1 Bias 511 19.2 Recall bias 512 19.3 Selective reporting bias 513 19.4 Other biases affecting PROs 514 19.5 Response shift 516 19.6 Assessing response shift 521 19.7 Impact of response shift 523 19.8 Clinical trials 523 19.9 Non‐randomised studies 525 19.10 Conclusions 526 20 Meta‐analysis 527 20.1 Introduction 527 20.2 Defining objectives 528 20.3 Defining outcomes 528 20.4 Literature searching 528 20.5 Assessing quality 529 20.6 Summarising results 533 20.7 Measures of treatment effect 534 20.8 Combining studies 537 20.9 Forest plot 542 20.10 Heterogeneity 542 20.11 Publication bias and funnel plots 544 20.12 Conclusions 545 20.13 Further reading 546 Appendix 1: Examples of instruments 547 Generic instruments E1 Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) 549 E2 Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) 551 E3 SF36v2TM Health Survey Standard Version 552 E4 EuroQoL EQ-5D-5L 555 E5 Patient Generated Index of quality of life (PGI) 557 Disease-specific instruments 559 E6 European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) 559 E7 Elderly cancer patients module (EORTC QLQ-ELD14) 561 E8 Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy – General (FACT-G) 562 E9 Rotterdam Symptom Checklist (RSCL) 564 E10 Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory (QOLIE-89) 566 E11 Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ) 570 Domain-specific instruments 573 E12 Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) 573 E13 Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) 574 E14 Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20) 575 ADL and disability 577 E 15 (Modified) Barthel Index of Disability (MBI) 577 Appendix 2: Statistical tables 579 Table T1: Normal distribution 579 Table T2: Probability points of the Normal distribution 581 Table T3: Student’s t‐distribution 582 Table T4: The χ2 distribution 583 Table T5: The F‐distribution 584 References 585 Index 613

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Book SynopsisA time when butchers and executioners knew more about anatomy than university-trained physicians â travel back to a time of such unlikely remedies as leeches, roasted cat and red bed curtainsTrade Review'Readable and fascinating' -- Third Age Matters Magazine

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Book SynopsisOne hundred years on from the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1920, this book examines the money, politics and exploitation behind drugs and raises the question nobody asks: âWhat kind of drugs policy do we actually want in the UK?âTrade Review'One of the great strengths of Fierce Chemistry is the interweaving of the histories of attempts to deal with the consequences of drug use (whether through treatment or law enforcement) with the broader cultural and political histories of drugs... Overall, this does not detract from a comprehensive and hugely entertaining history of drugs, drug use and drug policy in the United Kingdom. It will take some effort to better this particular work of fierce chemistry.' -- Alex Mold, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK

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Book SynopsisIllustrating the importance of hospital information management in delivering high quality health care at the lowest possible cost, this book provides the essential resources needed by the medical informatics specialist to understand and successfully manage the complex nature of hospital information systems.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews of the second edition:“Health Information Systems appears to be directed at teaching the building blocks and constructs of information systems used for managing health care. … It is descriptive, analytical, and well written … . Given the rapid increase in use of hospital information systems and the demand for skills in building, supporting, and understanding such systems, Health Information Systems: Architectures and Strategies is a timely book. … it teaches readers without health care experience about the complexity of medical information.” (David Chou, Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 306 (12), 2011)Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Basic Concepts.- What Do Hospital Information Systems Look Like?- What Are Good Hospital Information Systems?- How To Strategically Manage Hospital Information Systems.- Appendix A: Thesaurus.- AppendixB: Additional Resources.- Appendix C: Examples and Exercises.

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisWhen Sarah applied to the Yale physicians assistant program and the admissions panel asked why they should admit her, she replied, Because I''m going to change the world some day. After more than a decade of practicing medicine and encountering the medical world herself as a cancer patient, she still wanted to change the world through medicine. She optimistically raised funds to serve without pay in a mission hospital in one of the world''s poorest countries, only to struggle daily with death and shocking diseases, many of which had simple, but unavailable cures. And, in a harrowing bout with malaria, she nearly succumbed herself. As she explores both her motivation and the mission, she ponders how to make the world well.

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Book SynopsisI.- 1. Chemistry.- 2. Isolation and Characterization of the Producing Organism.- 3. Fermentation Development and Process Improvement.- 4. Biosynthesis.- 5. Mode of Action of Ivermectin.- II.- 6. Toxicology.- 7. Pharmacokinetics of Ivermectin in Animals and Humans.- 8. Metabolism and Tissue Residues.- 9. Chemical Assay for Ivermectin in Edible Tissues.- 10. Safety of Ivermectin in Target Animals.- 11. Environmental Aspects of Ivermectin Usage in Livestock: General Considerations.- 12. Environmental Aspects of Use of Ivermectin and Abamectin in Livestock: Effects on Cattle Dung Fauna.- 13. Environmental Aspects of Abamectin Use in Crop Protection.- 14. Worker Safety Aspects of Abamectin Use in Crop Protection.- III.- 15. Use of Ivermectin in Cattle, Sheep, Goats, and Swine.- 16. Use of Abamectin in Cattle..- 17. Use of Ivermectin in Horses.- 18. Use of Ivermectin in Dogs and Cats.- 19. Use of Ivermectin in Laboratory and Exotic Mammals and in Birds, Fish, and Reptiles.- 20. Abamectin UseTable of ContentsI.- 1. Chemistry.- 2. Isolation and Characterization of the Producing Organism.- 3. Fermentation Development and Process Improvement.- 4. Biosynthesis.- 5. Mode of Action of Ivermectin.- II.- 6. Toxicology.- 7. Pharmacokinetics of Ivermectin in Animals and Humans.- 8. Metabolism and Tissue Residues.- 9. Chemical Assay for Ivermectin in Edible Tissues.- 10. Safety of Ivermectin in Target Animals.- 11. Environmental Aspects of Ivermectin Usage in Livestock: General Considerations.- 12. Environmental Aspects of Use of Ivermectin and Abamectin in Livestock: Effects on Cattle Dung Fauna.- 13. Environmental Aspects of Abamectin Use in Crop Protection.- 14. Worker Safety Aspects of Abamectin Use in Crop Protection.- III.- 15. Use of Ivermectin in Cattle, Sheep, Goats, and Swine.- 16. Use of Abamectin in Cattle..- 17. Use of Ivermectin in Horses.- 18. Use of Ivermectin in Dogs and Cats.- 19. Use of Ivermectin in Laboratory and Exotic Mammals and in Birds, Fish, and Reptiles.- 20. Abamectin Use in Crop Protection.- 21. Use of Ivermectin in Humans.

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Book SynopsisThis book is about how young physicians experience training as medical specialists. Much attention is now being drawn to the stresses of post graduate medical education, their potential negative impact on the qual ity of patient care, and the manner in which these stresses influence the professional and personal development of the physicians involved. The entire focus of this book is on the firsthand experience of 52 such physicians enrolled in 16 different medical specialty training programs. Because the evaluation of stress is largely a subjective one, I have elected through the perception and the cognitive pro to approach the question cesses of the trainees themselves. THE DOCTORS The subjects of this work are 52 young physicians who volun teered to be interviewed confidentially and anonymously during the 1986-1987 academic year. They represent the specialties of anesthesiol oTrade Review`I found these interviews fascinating. Something like a combination of M*A*S*H and St. Elsewhere....This book also has much to say to the patients who are cared for within a teaching hospital system.' Maggie McDonald, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USATable of Contents1. Introduction.- I. The “Medical” Specialties.- 2. Internal Medicine.- 3. Pediatrics.- 4. Psychiatry.- 5. Neurology.- 6. Dermatology.- II. The “Surgical” Specialties.- 7. General Surgery.- 8. Obstetrics and Gynecology.- 9. Neurosurgery.- 10. Otolaryngology.- 11. Ophthalmology.- 12. Orthopedic Surgery.- III. The “Hospital-Based” Specialties.- 13. Anesthesiology.- 14. Radiology.- 15. Clinical Pathology.- IV. The “General” Specialties.- 16. Emergency Medicine.- 17. Family Practice.- V. Generic Issues.- 18. Interpersonal and Developmental Issues.- 19. Environmental Stresses.- 20. Background and Literature Review.- VI. Conclusions and Recommendations.- 21. Summing Up.- 22. Some Words of Advice.- Afterword.

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisWith over 50,000 distinct species in sub-Saharan Africa alone, the African continent is endowed with an enormous wealth of plant resources. While more than 25 percent of known species have been used for several centuries in traditional African medicine for the prevention and treatment of diseases, Africa remains a minor player in the global natural products market largely due to lack of practical information. This updated and expanded second edition of the Handbook of African Medicinal Plants provides a comprehensive review of more than 2,000 species of plants employed in indigenous African medicine, with full-color photographs and references from over 1,100 publications.The first part of the book contains a catalog of the plants used as ingredients for the preparation of traditional remedies, including their medicinal uses and the parts of the plant used. This is followed by a pharmacognostical profile of 170 of the major herbs, with a brief description of the diagnoTrade Review"This second edition is not a mere reprint of an older classic; it has been thoroughly updated and expanded. …this volume presents a valuable cross-section of the African medicinal flora and useful summaries of largely up-to-date knowledge. All in all, this second edition is a worthy successor to the 1993 edition."—Thomas Brendler, Founder and CEO, Plantaphile; Co-editor, African Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Collingswood, New Jersey, in HerbalGram"Since the first edition was published, much has changed in the fields of ethnobotany and ethnomedicine. In the preface to the second edition of his book, Dr. Iwu acknowledges the enormous body of knowledge that has become available over the last twenty years. He felt that it was critical to add new, relevant information … to review the medicinal plants currently used as phytomedicines that were, for the most part, unknown in 1993.I found Dr. Iwu's Handbook of Major African Medicinal Plants impressively detailed and well presented … . While Dr. Iwu indicates that this is a book for scientists developing new medicines and practitioners of herbal medicine, I suggest that this is a book that should also be read by Western medical doctors who either work or volunteer their services in rural African clinics and hospitals.I commend the time, energy, and knowledge that Dr. Iwu has invested in both editions of his book. This is a truly valuable resource that I hope will be used prolifically and expanded upon."—Patricia Rain, The Vanilla Company"Iwu continues to write elegantly and persuasively about the cultural issues surrounding the integration of Western and traditional African medicine…. Above all, there is a new emphasis on the potential economic impact that the plants of Africa could bring to the continent. Iwu devotes more space to keenly detailing the commercial utilization of native agricultural products. Updated sections on commerce and the creation of value-added products feature prominently in the descriptions of many species. It is undeniably an exceptional and absorbing collection of botanical, ethnomedical, and pharmacological information. It is an efficient collection of botanical information about a diverse and large portion of the earth. Certainly this updated edition would make a rich and interesting manual for a class on African medicinal plants."—John de la Parra, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, Economic BotanyPraise for the First Edition:"The book gives a good description of African medicinal plants and their use within the general African culture …. This is an interesting handbook for phytochemists, pharmacologists, anthropologists, or anyone who is interested in African medicinal plants…. A pioneer work on African medicinal plants…. Our congratulations go to the author and publishers for producing such an interesting book."—Nigist Asfaw and Sebsebe Demissew, The National Herbarium Science Faculty, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Economic Botany, Vol. 48, No. 1, 1994"A vast topic, medicinal plants in the wide expanse of Africa, is well covered in this work. Primarily for medical library collections, but will interest anyone concerned with ethnobotany and African culture."—C.T. Mason, Jr., University of Arizona, as quoted in CHOICE, June 1994Table of ContentsIntroduction. Catalog of Major African Medicinal Plants. Pharmacognostical Profile of Selected Medicinal Plants. Healing and the African Culture. The African Medicine Man. Medicinal Plants and Traditional Healing Methods. Bibliography. Index of Species, Genera, and Families. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThe Future of Clinical Research and Health Care: From Empirical to Precision MedicineClinical and Statistical Considerations in Personalized Medicine explores recent advances related to biomarkers and their translation into clinical development. Leading clinicians, biostatisticians, regulators, commercial professionals, and researchers address the opportunities and challenges in successfully applying biomarkers in drug discovery and preclinical and clinical development.Robust Biomarkers for Drug Development and Disease TreatmentThe first four chapters discuss biomarker development from a clinical perspective. Coverage ranges from an introduction to biomarkers to advances in RNAi screens, epigenetics, and rare diseases as targets for personalized medicine approaches. Subsequent chapters examine the statistical considerations in applying a personalized medicine approach, including multiplicity in pharmacogenomics. The last chTrade Review"The editors of this book successfully maintain a focus on those biomarkers used in the development of new drugs ... . Any statistician or scientist who seeks to wield pharmaceutical biomarkers on the quest for personalized medical certainty will find this book a timely and useful reference on a most important and fastest evolving subject." -Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics, 2015Table of ContentsBiomarkers for Drug Development: The Time Is Now! RNAi Screens: Triumphs and Tribulations. Current Advances in Epigenetics. Biomarkers and Precision Medicine: The Case of Rare Diseases. Biomarker-Informed Adaptive Design. Fitting the Dose: Adaptive Staggered Dose Design. Evidence-Based Adaptive Statistical Decision and Design Strategies for Maximizing the Efficiency of Clinical Oncology Development Programs with Predictive Biomarkers. Biomarker Identification in Clinical Trials. Multiplicity in Pharmacogenomics. Patient-Reported Outcomes in Personalized Medicine. Regulatory Issues in Use of Biomarkers in Drug Development. Index.

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Book SynopsisTranslating Biomaterials for Bone Graft: Bench-top to Clinical Applications brings together the current translational research in bone tissue engineering, from design to application from materials, drugs and biologic delivery used for bone graft applications to pre-clinical and clinical considerations. The book also discusses the regulatory approval pathways, which involves consideration of the class of devices; whether they are similar to existing solutions, minimal manipulation of donor tissue or completely novel materials, drugs and biologics. These considerations drive the ability to successfully transition the latest generations of bone graft materials into the clinics. Chapters come from materials scientists, clinicians, researchers, and consultants and provide a holistic understanding of the field. As such, the book is a state-of-the-art reference to bone therapies and should appeal to clinicians, scientists, as well as students interested in the current research anTable of ContentsEditorial Foreword. Introduction. Bone Grafting Evolution. Materials. Ceramics. Polymers. Composites. Currently available grafts on the market. Growth Factors. BMP-2 and BMP-7. Other growth factors and delivery mechanisms. DBM and grafts. Cells and Biologics. Cell sources for orthopaedic defects. Cell sources for craniofacial defects. Animal Models for regeneration. Infection and antibiotics. Clinical Perspective. Orthopaedic Trauma. Spinal reconstruction. Dental and craniofacial reconstruction. Regulatory and ease-of-use

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