Mechanical engineering Books
Pearson Education Centre Engineering Mechanics Statics Fifth Edition in SI
Book SynopsisFor introductory statics courses found in mechanical engineering, civil engineering, aeronautical engineering, and engineering mechanics departments.This text enables students to learn challenging material through its effective and efficient examples combined with visual explanations.This SI editions has the same content as Bedfords Engineering Mechanics: Statics, 5e.
£73.82
Springer Verlag, Singapore Lecture Notes on Theoretical Mechanics
Book SynopsisThis book addresses a range of basic and essential topics, selected from the author's teaching and research activities, offering a comprehensive guide in three parts: Statics, Kinematics and Kinetics. Chapter 1 briefly discusses the history of classical and modern mechanics, while Chapter 2, presents preliminary knowledge, preparing readers for the subsequent chapters. Chapters 3 to 7 introduce statics, force analysis, simplification of force groups, equilibrium of the general coplanar force group, and the center of the parallel force group. The Kinematics section (Chapters 8 to 10), covers the motion of a particle, basic motion and planar motion of a rigid body.Lastly, the Kinetics section (Chapters 11 to 14) explores Newton’s law of motion, theorem of momentum, theorem of angular momentum, and theorem of kinetic energy. With numerous examples from engineering, illustrations, and step-by-step tutorials, the book is suitable for both classroom use and self-study. After completing the course, students will be able to simplify complex engineering structures and perform force and motion analyses on particles and structures, preparing them for further study and research. The book can be used as a textbook for undergraduate courses on fundamental aspects of theoretical mechanics, such as aerospace, mechanical engineering, petroleum engineering, automotive and civil engineering, as well as material science and engineering.Table of ContentsPreface.- Preliminary knowledge.- Fundamentals of statics.- Force analysis.- Simplification of a force group.- Equilibrium of the general coplanar force gruop.- Center of the parallel force group.- Motion of a particle.- Basic motion of the rigid body.- Planar motion of the rigid body.- Newton’s laws of motion.- Theorem of momentum.- Theorem of angular momentum.- Theorem of kinetic energy.- Summary.
£58.49
Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd Handbook of Micromechanics and Nanomechanics
Book SynopsisThis book presents the latest developments and applications of micromechanics and nanomechanics. It particularly focuses on some recent applications and impact areas of micromechanics and nanomechanics that have not been discussed in traditional micromechanics and nanomechanics books on metamaterials, micromechanics of ferroelectric/piezoelectric, electromagnetic materials, micromechanics of interface, size effects and strain gradient theories, computational and experimental nanomechanics, multiscale simulations and theories, soft matter composites, and computational homogenization theory. This book covers analytical, experimental, as well as computational and numerical approaches in depth.Trade Review"This book represents an extensive collection of state-of-the-art studies on micromechanics and nanomechanics. It is a very comprehensive text covering a wide range of theories and numerical and experimental methods, and it has applications to many important classes of materials and structures. It is an excellent reference for scientists, engineers, and students."—Prof. Yonggang Huang, Northwestern University, USA"This is an impressive and unique collection of review articles on a wide range of cutting-edge topics in micromechanics and nanomechanics of novel materials. I found the depth in the mechanics remarkable, extending to such topics as solutions to the periodic Eshelby inclusion problem. Overall, there is a balance of theory and applications, and it will be most useful for researchers and developers of new technologies."—Prof. Xanthippi Markenscoff, University of California, San Diego, USA"Micromechanics and nanomechanics are major fields that link mechanics, materials science, physics, and chemistry and have been at the forefront in the development of advanced materials. This handbook, written by leaders in their various fields, presents snapshots of recent advances in the fields of micromechanics and nanomechanics through 30 well-written chapters. It is very suitable for beginning and advanced researchers and for readers just wishing to become up to date on some new and interesting topics: For the beginner the chapters are clear enough to understand advanced topics and ample references are provided for further study; the advanced researcher wishing to be updated on a possibly unfamiliar topic will find that the chapters provide a good start and give sources for further research. The scope of the handbook leads to techniques that are appropriate to various length scales, ranging from the atomistic to the continuum, and the notations used appear to be standard. Overall the handbook represents a valuable contribution to the literature of micromechanics and nanomechanics. This reviewer is impressed by the scope of the materials presented and the careful writing that covers these advanced topics."—Prof. Leon M. Keer, Northwestern University, USATable of ContentsMicrodynamics of Phononic Materials. Micromechanics of Elastic Metamaterials. Phase Field Approach Micromechanics in Ferroelectric Crystals. Atomic Structure of 180° Ferroelectric Domain Walls in PbTiO3. Micromechanics-based Constitutive Modeling of Chain-Structured Ferromagnetic Particulate Composites. Nonlinear Dynamic Electromechanics in Functionally Graded Piezoelectric Materials. Mechano-electrochemical Mixture Theories for the Multiphase Fluid–Infiltrated Poroelastic Media. Micromechanics of Nanocomposites with Interface Energy Effects. A Surface/Interface Micro-elasticity Formulation Based on Finite-Size Representative Volume Element. Continuum-Based Modeling of Size Effects in Micro- and Nanostructured Materials. Strain Gradient Solutions of Eshelby-Type Inclusion Problems. Problems in the Theories of Couple-Stress Elasticity and Dipolar Gradient Elasticity: A Comparison. Solutions to the Periodic Eshelby Inclusion Problem. Variational Principles, Bounds, and Percolation Thresholds of Composites. Inclusion Clusters in the Archetype-Blending Continuum Theory. Microstructural Characterization of Metals Using Nanoindentation. A Multiscale Modeling of Multiple Physics. Coarse-Grained Atomistic Simulations of Dislocation and Fracture in Metallic Materials. Timescaling in Multiscale Mechanics of Nanowires and Nanocrystalline Materials. Modeling and Simulation of Carbon Nanotube–Based Composites and Devices. Concurrent Approach to Lattice Dynamics Based on Extended Space–Time Finite Element Method. Mechanics of Nanoporous Metals. Numerical Characterization of Nanowires. Molecular Modeling of the Microstructure of Soft Materials: Healing, Memory, and Toughness Mechanisms. Intricate Multiscale Mechanical Behavior of Natural Fish-Scale Composites. Mechanics of Random Fiber Networks. Size-Dependent Probabilistic Damage Micromechanics and Toughening Behavior of Particle-/Fiber-Reinforced Composites. Multiscale Asymptotic Expansion Formulations for Heterogeneous Slab and Column Structures with Three-Dimensional Microstructures. Computational Overlap Coupling Between Micropolar Elastic Continuum Finite Elements and Elastic Spherical Discrete Elements in One Dimension. Nonconcurrent Computational Homogenization of Nonlinear, Stochastic, and Viscoelastic Materials.
£378.00
Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd Multifunctional Materials for Tribological
Book SynopsisAn important aspect of engineering surfaces is that they need to be multifunctional as designs of machine components require cheaper, lighter, smarter, longer-wearing, and more environmentally friendly surfaces that see applications that are hotter, faster, highly pressurized, and exposed to other increasingly hostile environments. This can be achieved by use of modern advanced materials and coatings, which now usually are coated systems. This is a challenging area as usually there is antagonism between obtaining low friction and low wear as well as between high corrosion resistance and low wear.This book covers the increasingly important aspect for engineering surfaces to be multifunctional with a focus on tribological applications. It captures the state of the art regarding the emerging needs for multifunctional surface design for controlling wear, friction, and corrosion, as well as having decorative, self-healing, and/or self-sensing capabilities. It focuses on coatings and materials that include CVD diamond, diamond-like carbon, and multilayered and functionally graded systems for a range of engineering applications including machine tools, orthopedic joints, aero-engines/gas turbines, automotive engines, glass windows and walls, and offshore and marine sectors. It is a unique book as it discusses a range of wet- and dry-deposited coatings and multifunctional materials not often seen in one publication. It allows the reader to understand a wide range of design concepts and what is possible to achieve by current surface engineering techniques.Trade Review"Professor Wood’s excellent book is a must-read for all those with an interest in surface engineering and tribology. He has brought together leading experts in their field to produce a comprehensive compilation of topics highly relevant to today’s needs. The book will also appeal to non-tribologists, especially engineers and scientists, developing new systems and looking for up-to-date information on advanced materials and coatings."—Mr. Keith Harrison, The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, UK"A group of well-written, informative articles which were a pleasure to read. The information presented was topical and gave an in-depth overview with historic and present-day references, which allowed more detailed further reading if required. The subjects covered were some which I was very familiar and these I enjoyed most of all as I was reminded of past subjects I had studied in detail and brought me up to date on the current ideas and research. I would think this book would appeal to a range of abilities from those with little knowledge of the subject to those revisiting an area of interest and wanting the latest update. As the majority of the articles are by UK-based researchers, it gives an excellent overview of the expertise available at UK institutions and the areas of tribology which are today’s hot topics." —Dr. Elizabeth Nicholson, Schlumberger PLC, UKTable of ContentsCVD diamond: a multifunctional tribological material. Thermal barrier coating systems: multi-layer multi-functional surface engineering. Scratch damage in coated glass. Functionally graded and multilayered carbon-based coatings: the microstructure and tribological performances. High-temperature coatings. Multifunctional requirements for surfaces subjected to tribocorrosion. Electroplated multifunctional and nanostructured metallic coatings. Low-friction materials and coatings. Thin multi-functional coating materials for tribological contacts. The role of viscoelastic and plastic deformations in the creep behaviour of UHMWPE: an experimental-based computational study using an AMTI knee wear simulator.
£109.25
Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd Microrheology with Optical Tweezers: Principles
Book SynopsisThanks to the pioneering works of Ashkin and coworkers, optical tweezers (OTs) have become an invaluable tool for myriad studies throughout the natural sciences. Their success relies on the fact that they can be considered as exceptionally sensitive transducers that are able to resolve pN forces and nm displacements, with high temporal resolution, down to μs. Hence their application to study a wide range of biological phenomena such as measuring the compliance of bacterial tails, the forces exerted by a single motor protein, and the mechanical properties of human red blood cells and of individual biological molecules. The number of articles related to them totals to a whopping 58,000 (source Google Scholar)!Microrheology is a branch of rheology, but it works at micrometer length scales and with microliter sample volumes. Therefore, microrheology techniques have been revealed to be very useful tools for all those rheological/mechanical studies where rare or precious materials are employed, such as in biological and biomedical studies.The aim of this book is to provide a pedagogical introduction to the physics principles governing both the optical tweezers and their application in the field of microrheology of complex materials. This is achieved by following a linear path that starts from a narrative introduction of the "nature of light," followed by a rigorous description of the fundamental equations governing the propagation of light through matter. Moreover, some of the many possible instrumental configurations are presented, especially those that better adapt to perform microrheology measurements. In order to better appreciate the microrheological methods with optical tweezers explored in this book, informative introductions to the basic concepts of linear rheology, statistical mechanics, and the most popular microrheology techniques are also given. Furthermore, an enlightening prologue to the general applications of optical tweezers different from rheological purposes is provided at the end of the book.Table of ContentsForeword. Introduction to "the nature of light". Geometrical optics. Optical forces. Optical tweezer configurations. Introduction to linear rheology. Statistical mechanics. Introduction to the most popular microrheology techniques. Microrheology with optical tweezers. Optical tweezers with microrheology. An appendix on evaluating the Fourier transform.
£94.04
Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd Automotive Engine Metrology
Book SynopsisIn recent decades, metrology—an accurate and precise technology of high quality for automotive engines—has garnered a great deal of scientific interest due to its unique advanced soft engineering techniques in design and diagnostics. Used in a variety of scientific applications, these techniques are now widely regarded as safer, more efficient, and more effective than traditional ones. This book compiles and details the cutting-edge research in science and engineering from the Egyptian Metrology Institute (National Institute for Standards) that is revolutionizing advanced dimensional techniques through the development of coordinate and surface metrology.Table of ContentsIntroduction: Quality Challenges in Automotive Engineering. Advanced Measurement Techniques in Surface Metrology. Characterization of Touch Probing System in CMM Machine. Error Analysis of Touch Stylus System and CMM Machine. Measurement Strategies of CMM Accuracy. Validation Method for CMM Measurement Quality Using Flick Standard. Factors Affecting of the Performance of Talyrond Measurement Accuracy. Metrology as an Inspection Tool for New or Overhaul Water Cold Diesel Engine. Metrology as an Identification Tool for Worm-Up Air Cold Diesel Engine. Surface Metrology in Engine Quality. Recommendations and Future Work.
£90.25
Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Fundamentals of Structural Mechanics
Book SynopsisVectors and Tensors.- The Geometry of Deformation.- The Transmission of Force.- Elastic Constitutive Theory.- Boundary Value Problems in Elasticity.- The Ritz Method of Approximation.- The Linear Theory of Beams.- The Linear Theory of Plates.- Energy Principles and Static Stability.- Fundamental Concepts in Static Stability.- The Planar Buckling of Beams.- Numerical Computation for Nonlinear Problems.Table of ContentsVectors and Tensors.- The Geometry of Deformation.- The Transmission of Force.- Elastic Constitutive Theory.- Boundary Value Problems in Elasticity.- The Ritz Method of Approximation.- The Linear Theory of Beams.- The Linear Theory of Plates.- Energy Principles and Static Stability.- Fundamental Concepts in Static Stability.- The Planar Buckling of Beams.- Numerical Computation for Nonlinear Problems.
£98.99
John Wiley & Sons Inc Introduction to Service Engineering
Book SynopsisCollege graduates need to gain new skills to thrive in a service business environment. Compiled by an editorial board of specialists in the various areas and edited by a best-selling author, Introduction to Service Engineering is the ideal textbook as well as reference for professionals interested in service engineering.Table of ContentsPreface vi Contributor viii I Introduction 1 1 Service Science: Toward a Smarter Planet 3J. Spohrer and P. P. Maglio 2 A Unified Service Theory 31S. E. Sampson 3 Work in the Service Economy 48J. Blomberg II Service Enterprises 71 4 Development of Hybrid Solutions—A Challenge for Organizations in a Competitive Environment 73K. J. Zink, T. Baudach, and M. Kramp 5 Enterprise Value Creation in the Global Service Economy 100A. Herman 6 Architecture of Service Organizations 109M. Cases, D. A. Bodner, and B. Mutnury 7 Service Enterprise Modeling 135Y. Yih and A. Chaturvedi 8 Applying the Methods of Systems Engineering to Services Engineering 159M. R. Mott III Service Design 177 9 Customer-Centered Design of Service Organizations 179W. Karwowski, G. Salvendy, and T. Ahram 10 Design of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) 207L.-J. Zhang and F. Bernardini 11 Design of Collaborative e-Service Systems 227H. S. Ko and S. Y. Nof 12 New Service Development Process 253K. J. Kim and T. Meiren 13 A Methodology for Designing Services: A Modeling Method, Design Method, CAD Tool, and Their Industrial Applications 268T. Sakao, E. Sundin, M. Lindahl, and Y. Shimomura IV Service Operations 295 14 Service Operations and Management 297S. McLaughlin 15 A Service Perspective of Marketing, Operations, and Value Creation 316M. A. Akaka, S. L. Vargo, and R. F. Lusch 16 Service Processes 338P. Lillrank 17 Service Call Centers: Design and Operation 365R. Feinberg and C. Briggs V Customer Service and Service Quality 379 18 Lean Service 381F. Voehl and A. Elshennawy 19 Designing for Service: Creating an Experience Advantage 403S. Evenson and H. Dubberly 20 Complaint Management 414B. Stauss and W. Seidel 21 Integrating Service Quality and Human Factors 433C. Drury VI Web Services 445 22 Designing Web-Based Services 447N. Partarakis, C. Doulgeraki, M. Antona, and C. Stephanidis 23 Web Service Technology 488C. Pautasso 24 The Development of Web-Based Services 502N. Partarakis, C. Doulgeraki, M. Antona, and C. Stephanidis 25 Global e-Organization 533N. Dholakia and R. R. Dholakia VII Innovation in Service Systems 545 26 The Evolution of Service Engineering—Toward the Implementation of Designing Integrative Solutions 547H. Luczak and G. Gudergan 27 Managing Service Innovation 576J. Tidd and F. Hull 28 Streamlining the Delivery of Complex SOA Solutions with Global Resources 602K. Ratakonda, Y.-M. Chee, D. Oppenheim, and F. Bernardini 29 Technology Transfer Streams in Service Industry 621W. M. Grudzewski and I. K. Hejduk Index 645
£128.66
Wiley Machine Design
Book SynopsisComputer aided design (CAD) emerged in the 1960s out of the growing acceptance of the use of the computer as a design tool for complex systems. This book states that as computers have become faster, while handling an increasing amount of information, their use in machine design has spread from large industrial needs to the small designer.Trade Review"Then come detailed design methodologies for machine elements such as fasteners and welded joints; springs and machine mountings; clutches, brakes, and belts; and antifriction bearings. Real-world examples and case studies are included."--ME Bookshelf; Mechanical Engineering Magazine (Vol.123/ No. 6; June 2001)Table of ContentsPreface xiii The Machine: A Historical Introduction 1 1 Machine Design Methodology 34 2 Kinematic Analysis of Machines 113 3 Analysis of Machine Loads 189 4 Machine Design and Manufacture 230 5 Sizing Machine Components for Strength 296 6 Computer Methods for Machine Modeling 389 7 Machine Design Synthesis 467 8 Design for Shear Strength: Fastening and Joining 509 9 Design for Rigidity 599 10 Design of Friction Elements 656 11 Lubrication and Bearing Design 719 12 Design of Contact Elements 787 13 Design of Fixed Speed Drives 836 14 Design for Torsion: Shafts, Couplings and Keys 912 Appendix A Stress Concentration Factors 945 Appendix B Stress Intensity Factors for Cracked Structures 948 Appendix C Standardized Machine Elements 950 Appendix D Hot Rolled Sections 956 Appendix E Properties of Some Engineering Materials 963 Appendix F Properties of Sections 984 Index 987
£165.56
John Wiley & Sons Inc Vacuum Microelectronics
Book SynopsisProvides coverage of vacuum microelectronics - principles, devices, and applications. This book covers topics that include: Field emission theory; Metal and silicon field emitter arrays; Novel cold cathode materials; and more. It is aimed at practitioners in the display, microwave, telecommunications, and microelectronics industries; and others.Table of ContentsPreface ix List of Contributors xiii 1. Historical Overview 1Takao Utsumi 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Shoulders’ Proposal 1 1.3 Groundbreaking Work 2 1.4 Invention of Spindt Cathode 4 1.5 Field Emitter Arrays 5 1.6 New Cathode Materials 6 1.7 Future 7 Dedication 9 References 9 2 Technological Overview 13Gregory P. Kochanski, Wei Zhu, and Yehuda Goren 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Promise and Reality 14 2.3 Case Studies 15 2.4 Outlook 30 References 31 3 Theory of Field Emission 33Kevin L. Jensen 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 One-Dimensional Tunneling Theory: Metals 35 3.3 Emission from Multi-Dimensional Structures 69 3.4 Conclusion 97 Acknowledgments 98 References 98 4 Spindt Field Emitter Arrays 105Charles A. (Capp) Spindt, Ivor Brodie, Christopher E. Holland and Paul R. Schwoebel 4.1 Introduction 105 4.2 A Brief History of the Spindt Cathode 106 4.3 Fabrication Technology 108 4.4 Performance 141 4.5 Applications and Ongoing Developments 179 4.6 Summary 181 Acknowledgments 181 References 182 5 Silicon Field Emitter Arrays 187Jonathan Shaw and Junji Itoh 5.1 Introduction 187 5.2 Fabrication of Silicon FEAs 190 5.3 Free Electron Theory of Field Emission 199 5.4 Emission Characterization of Silicon FEAs 205 5.5 Local Circuit Elements 224 5.6 Summary 241 Dedication 242 References 242 6 Novel Cold Cathode Materials 247Wei Zhu, Peter K. Baumann, and Christopher A. Bower 6.1 Introduction 247 6.2 Diamond Emitters 248 6.3 Carbon Nanotube Emitters 265 6.4 Other Cold Cathodes 274 6.5 Conclusion 280 References 280 7 Field Emission Flat Panel Displays 289Heinz H. Busta 7.1 Introduction 289 7.2 Field Emission Displays 290 7.3 Other Display Technologies 334 7.4 Summary 341 Institutions Involved inFEDCommercialization 342 Acknowledgments 343 References 343 8 Cold Cathode Microwave Devices 349R. Allen Murphy and Mary Anne Kodis 8.1 Introduction 349 8.2 Microwave Amplifiers 350 8.3 Field Emitter Arrays 355 8.4 Characteristics of FEA-Cathode Microwave Tubes 381 8.5 Future Work 385 References 386 Index 393
£140.35
John Wiley & Sons Inc Extended Surface Heat Transfer
Book SynopsisA much-needed reference focusing on the theory, design, and applications of a broad range of surface types. Written by three of the best-known experts in the field. Covers compact heat exchangers, periodic heat flow, boiling off finned surfaces, and other essential topics.Table of ContentsPreface. Convection with Simplified Constraints. Convection with Real Constraints. Convective Optimizations. Convection Coefficients. Linear Transformations. Elements of Linear Transformations. Algorithms for Finned Array Assembly. Advanced Array Methods and Array Optimization. Finned Passages. Compact Heat Exchangers. Longitudinal Fin Double-Pipe Exchangers. Transverse High-Fin Exchangers. Fins with Radiation. Optimum Design of Radiating and Convecting-Radiating Fins. Multidimensional Heat Transfer in Fins and Fin Assemblies. Transient Heat Transfer in Extended Surfaces. Periodic Heat Flow in Fins. Boiling From Finned Surfaces. Condensation on Finned Surfaces. Augmentation and Additional Studies. Appendix A: Gamma and Bessel Functions. Appendix B: Matrices and Determinants. References. Author Index. Subject Index.
£203.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Handbook of Viscoelastic Vibration Damping
Book SynopsisDescribing at a fundamental level the improvements in knowledge of viscoelastic damping which have occurred in recent years, this text will allow engineers to increase their understanding of basic principles and hence improve their appreciation of the potential damping applications of viscoelastic materials.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction to Damping. Modeling the Dynamic Mechanical Behaviour of Viscoelastic Materials. The Effects of Temperature and Frequency on Complex Modulus Properties. Measurement of Complex Modulus Properties. Numerical Analysis of Measured Complex Modulus Data. The Complex Modulus Behaviour of Typical Polymeric Materials. Harmonic and Non-harmonic Response of Simple Viscoelastic Systems. Controlling Vibration using Viscoelastic Materials. References. Symbols for Chapter 8. Selected Computer Programmes. Units and Dimensions. Author Index. Subject Index.
£161.95
John Wiley & Sons Inc Automatic Control of Aircraft and Missiles
Book SynopsisThis Second Edition continues the fine tradition of its predecessor by exploring the various automatic control systems in aircraft and on board missiles. Considerably expanded and updated, it now includes new or additional material on: the effectiveness of beta-beta feedback as a method of obtaining coordination during turns using the F-15 as the aircraft model; the root locus analysis of a generic acceleration autopilot used in many air-to-air and surface-to-air guided missiles; the guidance systems of the AIM-9L Sidewinder as well as bank-to-turn missiles; various types of guidance, including proportional navigation and line-of-sight and lead-angle command guidance; the coupling of the output of a director fire control system into the autopilot; the analysis of multivariable control systems; and methods for modeling the human pilot, plus the integration of the human pilot into an aircraft flight control system. Also features many new additions to the appendices.Table of ContentsLongitudinal Dynamics. Longitudinal Autopilots. Lateral Dynamics. Lateral Autopilots. Inertial Cross-Coupling. Self-Adaptive Autopilots. Missile Control Systems. Guidance Systems. Integrated Flight/Fire Control System. Multivariable Control Systems. Structural Flexibility. Application of Statistical Design Principles. Pilot Modeling. Appendices. Index.
£193.46
Wiley Heat Exchanger Design 2e
Book SynopsisThis Second Edition of the well--received work on design, construction, and operation of heat exchangers. Demonstrates how to apply theories of fluid mechanics and heat transfer to practical problems posed by design, testing, and installation of heat exchangers.Table of ContentsHeat Exchanger Types and Construction. Heat Exchanger Fabrication. Heat Transmission and Fluid Flow. Performance Estimation. Boiling Heat Transfer and Flow Stability. Heat Pipes. Fluidized Beds. Flow Distribution Problems. Stress Analysis. Service Life, Reliability, and Maintenance. General Design Considerations and Approaches. Liquid-to-Liquid Heat Exchangers. Gas-to-Gas Heat Exchangers. Liquid-to-Gas Heat Exchangers. Steam Generators. Condensers. Heat Exchangers for Liquid Metals and Molten Salts. Heat Exchangers Operating on Radiant Energy. Cooling Towers. Heat Exchanger Tests. Handbook. Nomenclature, Constants, and Conversion Factors. Physical Properties Affecting Heat Transfer. Fluid Flow and Pressure Drop. LMTD and Thermal Effectiveness. Heat Transfer. Geometric Data for Tube Bundles and Header Sheets. Dimensional and Related Data for Pipes, Tubes, and Fins. Stress Analysis. Cost Estimation. Index.
£168.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc Essentials of Mechatronics
Book SynopsisLearn how to study, analyze, select, and design a successful mechatronic product This innovative, cutting-edge publication presents the essential nature of mechatronics, a field at the crossroads of information technology and mechanical and electrical engineering.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. 1. Introduction. 1.1 A personal view. 1.2 What is and is not mechatronics. 2. The bare essentials. 2.1 Actuators. 2.2 Sensors. 2.3 Sensors for vision. 2.4 The computer. 2.5 Interface electronics for output. 2.6 Interface electronics for input. 2.7 Pragmatic control. 2.8 Robotics and kinematics. 3. Gaining Experience. 3.1 Getting to grips with QBasic. 3.2 The simplest mobile robot. 3.3 Ball and beam. 3.4 'Professional' position control. 3.5 An inverted pendulum. 4. Introduction to the Next Level. 4.1 The www.EssMech.com web site. 5. Electronic Design. 5.1 The rudiments of circuit theory. 5.2 The operational amplifier. 5.3 Filters for sensors. 5.4 Logic and latches. 6. Essential Control Theory. 6.1 State variables. 6.2 Simulation. 6.3 Solving the first-order equation. 6.4 Second order problems. 6.5 Modeling position control. 6.6 Matrix state equations. 6.7 Analogue simulation. 6.8 More formal computer simulation. 7. Vectors, Matrices and Tensors. 7.1 Meet the matrix. 7.2 More on vectors. 7.3 Matrix multiplication. 7.4 Transposition of matrices. 7.5 The unit matrix. 7.6 Coordinate transformations. 7.7 Matrices, notation and computing. 7.8 Eigenvectors. 8. Mathematics for Control. 8.1 Differential equations. 8.2 The Laplace transform. 8.3 Difference equations. 8.4 The z-transform. 8.5 Correlation and convolution. 9. Robotics, Dynamics and Kinematics. 9.1 Gears, motors and mechanisms. 9.2 Three dimensional motion. 9.2 Kinematic Chains. 9.3 Robot dynamics. 9.4 Simulating a robot. 10. Further Control Theory. 10.1 Control topology and non-linear systems. 10.2 Phase-plane methods. 10.3 Optimisation. 11. Computer Implementation. 11.1 Essentials of computing. 11.2 Software implications. 11.3 Embedded processors. 12. Machine Vision. 12.1 Vision sensors. 12.2 Acquiring an image. 12.3 Analyzing an image. 13. Case Studies. 13.1 Robocow - a mobile robot for training horses. 13.2 Vision guidance for tractors. 13.3 A shape recognition example. 14. The Human Element. 14.1 The user interface. 14.2 If all else fails, read the instructions. 14.3 It just takes imagination. Index.
£116.96
John Wiley & Sons Inc Introduction to Mechanics of Materials
Book SynopsisDesigned for a first year undergraduate course in mechanics of deformable bodies, this textbook presents the concepts and skills that form the foundation of all structural analysis and machine design. There are many illustrative examples, computer problems and an appendix of computer methods.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Stress, Strain, and Their Relationships. Axial Loading: Applications and Pressure Vessels. Torsional Loading. Flexural Loading: Stresses. Flexural Loading: Deflections. Statically Indeterminate Beams. Stress and Strain Transformation Equations. Combined Static Loadings. Columns. Inelastic Behavior. Energy Methods. Appendices. Answers. Name Index. Subject Index.
£205.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Simplified Design of Building Foundations
Book SynopsisA fast guide to solving common design problems in building foundations, now in a new edition. Includes new material on settlements, soil modification, pole foundations, braced excavations, waterfront foundations, and slope stabilization.Table of ContentsGeneral Considerations in Foundation Design. Soil Properties and Foundation Behavior. Shallow Bearing Foundations. Deep Foundations. Horizontal Forces in Soils. Special Foundation Problems. Appendix A: Reinforced Concrete Design: Working StressMethod. Appendix B: Excerpts from the 1963 ACI Code. Appendix C: Building Code Requirements for Foundations. Study Aids. Answers to Selected Problems. Index. References. Glossary.
£92.66
John Wiley & Sons Inc Buckling Experiments V 1 Experimental Methods in
Book SynopsisA practical guide to effectively analyzing t thin shell mechanical structures by discretizing methods. The relativity and implementation of these methods are important to solve engineering problems in the areas of dams, turbine blades, shell junctions, buckling loads and shape optimization.Table of ContentsConcepts of Elastic Stability. Postbuckling Behavior of Structures. Elements of a Simple Buckling Test--A Column Under Axial Compression. Modelling--Theory and Practice. Columns, Beams and Frameworks. Arches and Rings. Plate Buckling. References. Indexes.
£217.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Joining Processes
Book SynopsisThis is an introductory text for students of materials science and engineering interested in the scientific background to the joining and assembly of components in engineering systems. The principles of joining and the common methods employed to achieve a reliable joint are covered in chapters that all conclude with a summary of the points covered, and a set of problems for individual study, or class discussion. In the first chapters, thorough introductory overviews are given of firstly, the mechanical, chemical and physical phenomena related to surfaces, contacts and joins. In subsequent chapters, any necessary metallurgical or chemical background is adequately covered to enable students to understand the basic principles of a variety of joining methods, microelectronic devices and vacuum assemblies. Contents: Introduction; Surface Science; The Mechanics of Joining; Mechanical Bonding; Welding; Weld Metallurgy; Soldering and Brazing; Metal-ceramic Joints and Diffusion Bonding; AdheTrade Review"This is a very informative book which groups together a number of varied topics." --Assembly Automation, Vol 20/2, 2000Table of ContentsPRINCIPLES OF JOINING. Surface Science. The Mechanics of Joining. JOINING METHODS. Mechanical Bonding. Welding. Weld Metallurgy. Soldering and Brazing. Metal-Ceramic Joints and Diffusion Bonding. Adhesives. APPLICATIONS OF JOINING. Vacuum Seals. Microelectronic Packaging. Index.
£88.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Analysis Design and Optimization of Composite
Book SynopsisRapidly varying material and geometrical characteristics of composite materials and structures do not allow the direct study of their mechanical behavior even with the use of modern computers. This book is devoted to the mechanical design and optimization problems of composite structures, based on the previously developed asymptotic homogenization models and on the newly elaborated rigorous mathematical methods. It describes how to construct mathematically rigorous mechanical models to determine strength, stiffness, and weight minimization requirements, all important factors of design and optimization.Table of ContentsANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND STRUCTURAL MEMBERS OF A PERIODIC STRUCTURE. Asymptotic Methods in the Mechanics of Composites. Analysis of the Effective Properties of Highly Porous Composite Materials and Structures. Homogenization Models for Thin-Walled Composite Structural Members. Effective Properties of Thin-Walled Composite Structural Members. Strength Criteria for Composite Materials. DESIGN OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND STRUCTURAL MEMBERS. Design of Laminated Composites with Given Effective Characteristics. Design of High-Stiffness, Fibre-Reinforced Composites. Design of Composite Structural Members with Given Effective Characteristics. Smart Composite Structures. Appendices. References. Index.
£235.76
Wiley Material Instabilities in Solids
Book SynopsisThis text is an edited collection of 40 scientists' contributions from the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (IUTAM) Symposium on Material Instabilities in Solids, which was held in Delft in June 1997.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Material Instabilities in Solids (E. van derGiessen & R. de Borst). Stability of Layered Geological Structures: An Asymptotic Solution(Y. Leroy & N. Triantafyllidis). Analysis of Shear Failure in Concrete Materials (K. William, etal.). On the Effects of Inertial Coupling on the Wave-Speeds ofElastic-Plastic Fluid-Saturated Porous Media (B. Loret & E.Rizzi). Microstructured Solids: Non-Linear Model and Analysis ofMagneto-Elastic Wave Processes (V. Erofeyev & S.Kovalev). Thermodynamics of Crystal Viscoplasticity and Instability Phenomena(P. Perzyna). Instability Issues in Single Crystal Plasticity (P.Steinmann). On the Use of Strain-Softening Models for the Simulation of StrongDiscontinuities in Solids (J. Oliver, et al.). Thermomechanics Based Theory and Analysis of Cracking Localizationin Concrete Dam under Earthquake Excitation (H. Horii, etal.). Localisation Patterns in Ductile and Brittle Geomaterials (J.Desrues).In-Plane Crushing of a Polymeric Honeycomb (S. Papka &S. Kyriakides). Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Size Scale Effects inConcrete Fracture (M. van Vliet & J. van Mier). Post-Peak Behaviour of Rocks and Natural Building Stones inUniaxial Compression (I. Vardoulakis, et al.). Inelastic Deformation of F.C.C. Single Crystals by Slip andTwinning (A. Staroselsky & L. Anand). Effects of Strain Paths on Sheet Metal Limit Strains (P. Wu, etal.). Three-Dimensional Analysis of Localized Necking (A.Benallal). Effects of Heterogeneities and Localization on Polymer Deformationand Recovery (M. Boyce & C. Chui). Strain Localization and Void Growth in Polymers (A. Steenbrink& E. van der Giessen). Nonaffine Network Model for Glassy Polymer and Prediction ofInstability Propagation (Y. Tomita & T. Adachi). Damage Localisation in Short Fibre Cementitious Composites (B.Karihaloo & J. Wang). Fracture Instabilities in Heterogeneous Materials: Brittleness,Size Effects and Fractality (A. Carpinteri). Compression Fracture-Mechanics of Damage Localization and SizeEffect (Z. Bazant). Nonlinear Modelling of Geomaterials and Self-Organization Phenomena(V. Nikolaevskiy). Quasi-Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Strain GradientDependent Non-Local Constitutive Models (F. Oka, et al.). Higher-Order Damage Models for the Analysis of Fracture inQuasi-Brittle Materials (M. Geers, et al.). On Gradient Regularization for Numerical Analyses in the Presenceof Damage (C. Comi & L. Driemeier). Localisation of Damage in Quasi-Brittle Materials and Influence ofChemically Activated Damage (G. Pijaudier-Cabot, et al.). Nonlocal Damage Effects on Plastic Flow Localization under DynamicLoading (V. Tvergaard & A. Needleman). Instabilities and Size Effects in Plasticity: Continuum andDislocation Approaches (H. Zbib). Macroscopic Modelling of Stationary and Propagative Instabilities(L. Sluys & W. Wang). A Discussion of Strain Gradient Plasticity Theories and Applicationto Shear Bands (N. Fleck & J. Hutchinson). A Beam Theory for Gradient Continua (H.-B. Muhlhaus & P.Hornby). Recent Progress on Gradient Theory and Applications (E.Aifantis). Index.
£278.96
Wiley Eigenstructure Assignment for Control System Design
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£205.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Ball and Roller Bearings
Book SynopsisThis book is a standard work on all aspects of ball and roller bearing technology and uses. The third edition has been completely revised to incorporate recent developments in this continuously evolving field, from new research findings to practical applications.Table of ContentsGeneral Fundamentals. Principles of Bearing Calculation. Load Carrying Capacity and Service Life. Friction, Temperature and Lubrication. Principles of Bearing Design. Design of Bearing Locations. Rolling Bearing Damage. Examples of Calculation and Design of Roller Bearing Arrangements. References. Index. Explanation of Symbols.
£247.46
Wiley Evolutionary Algorithms in Engineering and Computer Science
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£211.46
Harvard University Press The Italian Renaissance of Machines
Book SynopsisThe Renaissance was a rebirth of art and literature—and of machines. In this lavishly illustrated volume, Paolo Galluzzi guides readers through a singularly inventive period featuring Taccola’s and da Vinci’s fusion of artistry and engineering and new concepts of learning that enabled Galileo’s revolutionary mathematical science of mechanics.Trade ReviewGalluzzi’s project in this erudite and beautifully illustrated book is to consider Renaissance humanism from the relatively unfamiliar perspective of machine design…Leonardo’s projects, like Taccola’s, combined philosophy, art, experimental science, performance, politics, diplomacy, and fantasy. It’s not that these engineer-humanists did many different things, but that they regarded all things as one. -- Jessica Riskin * New York Review of Books *Galluzzi has long been one of the premier scholars of fifteenth- and sixteenth-century history of technology and science. But most of his scholarship is not available in English and is thus inaccessible to those who do not read Italian. This beautifully written book will bring his scholarship to the general reader, while promising to be of great use to specialists. -- Pamela O. Long, author of Engineering the Eternal City: Infrastructure, Topography, and the Culture of Knowledge in Late Sixteenth-Century RomeIn a period of economic development, profound urbanization, and constant warfare, artist-engineers offered Renaissance society creative solutions to technical problems, new ways of imagining and understanding the world, and empirical methodologies that laid the groundwork for the new sciences. Galluzzi’s richly illustrated book therefore does well to demonstrate how artist-engineers revolutionized the conceptualization and production of textual and visual content, and, consequently, produced radical innovations in graphic representations that reflect the ever-fascinating world that is the Italian Renaissance. -- Jennifer Strtak * Renaissance and Reformation *Galluzzi, director of the Museo Galileo since 1982, is eminently qualified to synthesize this vast body of work…His observations display a freshness, immediacy, and acuity…Anyone who studies or teaches the renaissance of arts and letters will benefit from this more inclusive view of the period. -- Michael Kucher * Technology and Culture *Galluzzi is the doyen of Leonardo da Vinci scholars today…This is apt to become a canonical text in its field. -- Bert Hall * Renaissance and Reformation *An authoritative introduction to Galluzzi’s scholarly achievement, making it accessible as a reference work to an international English language reading audience, while at the same retaining stylistic traces of the vividness of the lectures. -- Sven Dupré * Journal of Modern History *
£32.36
Princeton University Press Mathematical Methods in Elasticity Imaging
Book SynopsisThis book is the first to comprehensively explore elasticity imaging and examines recent, important developments in asymptotic imaging, modeling, and analysis of deterministic and stochastic elastic wave propagation phenomena. It derives the best possible functional images for small inclusions and cracks within the context of stability and resolutiTrade Review"This timely book that is devoted to a topic of paramount importance is very well written and it contains useful and interesting material. I strongly believe that it will be a valuable resource for researchers in elasticity imaging and related areas of nondestructive testing and inverse problems."--Akhtar A. Khan, MathSciNetTable of ContentsIntroduction 1 1 Layer Potential Techniques 4 1.1 Sobolev Spaces 4 1.2 Elasticity Equations 6 1.3 Radiation Condition 10 1.4 Integral Representation of Solutions to the Lame System 11 1.5 Helmholtz-Kirchhoff Identities 21 1.6 Eigenvalue Characterizations and Neumann and Dirichlet Functions 27 1.7 A Regularity Result 32 2 Elasticity Equations with High Contrast Parameters 33 2.1 Problem Setting 34 2.2 Incompressible Limit 34 2.3 Limiting Cases of Holes and Hard Inclusions 36 2.4 Energy Estimates 38 2.5 Convergence of Potentials and Solutions 42 2.6 Boundary Value Problems 45 3 Small-Volume Expansions of the Displacement Fields 48 3.1 Elastic Moment Tensor 48 3.2 Small-Volume Expansions 55 4 Boundary Perturbations due to the Presence of Small Cracks 66 4.1 A Representation Formula 66 4.2 Derivation of an Explicit Integral Equation 69 4.3 Asymptotic Expansion 71 4.4 Topological Derivative of the Potential Energy 75 4.5 Derivation of the Representation Formula 76 4.6 Time-Harmonic Regime 79 5 Backpropagation and Multiple Signal Classification Imaging of Small Inclusions 80 5.1 A Newton-Type Search Method 80 5.2 A MUSIC-Type Method in the Static Regime 82 5.3 A MUSIC-Type Method in the Time-Harmonic Regime 82 5.4 Reverse-TimeMigration and Kirchhoff Imaging in the Time-Harmonic Regime 84 5.5 Numerical Illustrations 86 6 Topological Derivative Based Imaging of Small Inclusions in the Time-Harmonic Regime 91 6.1 Topological Derivative Based Imaging 91 6.2 Modified Imaging Framework 102 7 Stability of Topological Derivative Based Imaging Functionals 112 7.1 Statistical Stability with Measurement Noise 112 7.2 Statistical Stability with Medium Noise 118 8 Time-Reversal Imaging of Extended Source Terms 125 8.1 Analysis of the Time-Reversal Imaging Functionals 127 8.2 Time-Reversal Algorithm for Viscoelastic Media 129 8.3 Numerical Illustrations 137 9 Optimal Control Imaging of Extended Inclusions 148 9.1 Imaging of Shape Perturbations 149 9.2 Imaging of an Extended Inclusion 152 10 Imaging from Internal Data 160 10.1 Inclusion Model Problem 160 10.2 Binary Level Set Algorithm 162 10.3 Imaging Shear Modulus Distributions 164 10.4 Numerical Illustrations 165 11 Vibration Testing 168 11.1 Small-Volume Expansions of the Perturbations in the Eigenvalues 169 11.2 Eigenvalue Perturbations due to Shape Deformations 181 11.3 Splitting of Multiple Eigenvalues 192 11.4 Reconstruction of Inclusions 193 11.5 Numerical Illustrations 195 A Introduction to Random Processes 201 A.1 Random Variables 201 A.2 Random Vectors 202 A.3 Gaussian Random Vectors 203 A.4 Conditioning 204 A.5 Random Processes 205 A.6 Gaussian Processes 206 A.7 Stationary Gaussian Random Processes 208 A.8 Multi-valued Gaussian Processes 208 B Asymptotics of the Attenuation Operator 210 B.1 Stationary Phase Theorem 210 B.2 Derivation of the Asymptotics 211 C The Generalized Argument Principle and Rouche's Theorem 213 C.1 Notation and Definitions 213 C.2 Generalized Argument Principle 214 C.3 Generalization of Rouche's Theorem 214 References 217 Index 229
£55.25
Princeton University Press PDE Control of StringActuated Motion
Book SynopsisTrade Review"[PDE Control of String-Actuated Motion] is what the metaphor applied mathematics is all about. In this field, there is often a gap between pretension and reality, a mismatch between mathematical rigor and engineering objectives. This book is a nice counterexample!"---Guenter Leugering, SIAM Review
£49.30
Princeton University Press Introduction to Nonlinear Control
Book Synopsis
£60.00
John Wiley & Sons Inc Micromechanics and Mems
Book SynopsisMicromechanics is a rich, diverse field that draws on many different disciplines and has potential applications in medicine, electronic interfaces to physical phenomena, military, industrial controls, consumer products, airplanes, microsatellites, and much more. Until now, papers written during the earlier stages of this field have been difficult to retrieve. The papers included in this volume have been thoughtfully arranged by topic, and are accompanied by section introductions written by renowned expert William Trimmer.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments and Dedication. Introduction. Comments on Writing an Article. EARLY PAPERS IN MICROMECHANICS. There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom (R. Feynman). Infinitesimal Machinery (R. Feynman). The Resonant Gate Transistor (H. Nathanson, et al.). Silicon Micromechanical Devices (J. Angell, et al.). Anisotropic Etching of Silicon (K. Bean). Silicon as a Mechanical Materials (K. Petersen). Microrobots and Micromechanical Systems (W. Trimmer). Small Machines, Large Opportunities (K. Gabriel, et al.). SIDE DRIVE ACTUATORS. IC-Processed Electrostatic Micro-Motors (L.-S. Fan, et al.). IC-Processed Micro-Motors: Design, Technology, and Testing (Y.-C. Tai, et al.). Surface-Micromachining Processes for Electrostatic Microactuator Fabrication (T. Lober and R. Howe). A Study of Three Microfabricated Variable-Capacitance Motors (M. Mehregany, et al.). Friction and Wear in Microfabricated Harmonic Side-Drive Motors (M. Mehregany, et al.). Measurements of Electric Micromotor Dynamics (S. Bart, et al.). COMB DRIVE ACTUATORS. Laterally Driven Polysilicon Resonant Microstructures (W. Tang, et al.). Electrostatic-Comb Drive of Lateral Polysilicon Resonators (W. Tang, et al.). Electrostatically Balanced Comb Drive for Controlled Levitation (W. Tang, et al.). Polysilicon Microgripper (C.-J. Kim, et al.). ELECTROSTATIC ACTUATORS. The Principle of an Electrostatic Linear Actuator Manufactured by Silicon Micromachining (H. Fujita and A. Omodaka). Design Considerations for a Practical Electrostatic Micro-Motor (W. Trimmer and K. Gabriel). SCOFSS: A Small Cantilevered Optical Fiber Servo System (J. Wood, et al.). Microactuators for Aligning Optical Fibers (R. Jebens, et al.). Large Displacement Linear Actuator (R. Brennen, et al.). Multi-Layered Electrostatic Film Actuator (S. Egawa and T. Higuchi). Movable Micromachined Silicon Plates With Integrated Position Sensing (M. Allen, et al.). Micro Electro Static Actuator With Three Degrees of Freedom (T. Fukuda and T. Tanaka). The Modelling of Electrostatic Forces in Small Electrostatic Actuators (R. Price. et al.). Silicon Electrostatic Motors (W. Trimmer, et al.). Electrostatic Actuators for Micromechatronics (H. Fujita and A. Omodaka). Electric Micromotors: Electromechanical Characteristics (J. Lang, et al.). Electroquasistatic Induction Micromotors (S. Bart and J. Lang) A Perturbation Method for Calculating the Capacitance of Electrostatic Motors (S. Kumar and D. Cho) MAGNETIC ACTUATORS. Magnetically Levitated Micro-Machines (R. Pelrine and I. Busch-Vishniac). Fabrication and Testing of a Micro Superconducting Actuator Using the Meissner Effect (Y.-K. Kim, et al.). Room Temperature, Open-Loop Levitation of Microdevices Using Diamagnetic Materials (R. Pelrine). HARMONIC MOTORS. An Operational Harmonic Electrostatic Motor (W. Trimmer and R. Jebens). The Wobble Motor: An Electrostatic Planetary-Armature, Microactuator (S. Jacobsen, et al.). An Electrostatic Top Motor and Its Characteristics (M. Sakata, et al.). Operation of Microfabricated Harmonic and Ordinary Side-Drive Motors (M. Mehregany, et al.). OTHER ACTUATORS. Thermal. Micromechanical Silicon Actuators Based on Thermal Expansion Effects (W. Riethmüller, et al.). CMOS Electrothermal Microactuators (M. Parameswaran, et al.). Electrically-Activated, Micromachined Diaphragm Valves (H. Jerman). Study on Micro Engines—Miniaturizing Stirling Engines for Actuators and Heatpumps (N. Nakajima, et al.). Shape Memory Alloy. A Micro Rotary Actuator Using Shape Memory Alloys (K. Gabriel, et al.). Millimeter Size Joint Actuator Using Shape Memory Alloy (K. Kuribayashi). Reversible SMA Actuator for Micron Sized Robot (K. Kuribayashi & M. Yoshitake). Characteristics of Thin-Wire Shape Memory Actuators (P. Neukomm, et al.). Shape Memory Alloy Microactuators (M. Bergamasco, et al.). Impact, Micro Actuators Using Recoil of an Ejected Mass (T. Higuchi, et al.). Precise Positioning Mechanism Utilizing Rapid Deformations of Piezoelectric Elements (T. Higuchi, et al.). Tiny Silent Linear Cybernetic Actuator Driven by Piezoelectric Device With Electromagnetic Clamp (K. Ikuta, et al.). Experimental Model and IC-Process Design of a Nanometer Linear Piezoelectric Stepper Motor (J. Judy, et al.). Piezoelectric. Zinc-Oxide Thin Films for Integrated-Sensor Applications (D. Polla & R. Muller). A Micromachined Manipulator for Submicron Positioning of Optical Fibers (A. Feury, et al.). Ultrasonic Micromotors: Physics and Applications (R. Moroney, et al.). VALVES AND PUMPS. A Microminiature Electric-to-Fluidic Valve (M. Zdeblick & J. Angell). The Fabrication of Integrated Mass Flow Controllers (M. Esashi, et al.). Normally Close Microvalve and Micropump Fabricated on a Silicon Wafer (M. Esashi, et al.). A Thermopneumatic Micropump Based on Micro-Engineering Techniques (F. Van de Pol, et al.). Variable-Flow Micro-Valve Structure Fabricated with Silicon Fusion Bonding (F. Pourahmadi, et al.). A Pressure-Balanced Electrostatically-Actuated Microvalve (M. Huff, et al.). Micromachined Silicon Microvalve (T. Ohnstein, et al.). FLUIDICS. Microminiature Fluidic Amplifier (M. Zdeblick, et al.). A Planar Air Levitated Electrostatic Actuator System (K. Pister, et al.). Liquid and Gas Transport in Small Channels (J. Pfahler, et al.). Squeeze-Film Damping in Solid-State Accelerometers (J. Starr). A Micromachined Floating-Element Shear Sensor (M. Schmidt, et al.). A Multi-Element Monolithic Mass Flowmeter with On-Chip CMOS Readout Electronics (E. Yoon & K. Wise). Environmentally Rugged, Wide Dynamic Range Microstructure Airflow Sensor (T. Ohnstein, et al.). SURFACE MICROMACHINING. Polycrystalline Silicon Micromechanical Beams (R. Howe & R. Muller). Integrate Fabrication of Polysilicon Mechanisms (M. Mehregany, et al.). Integrated Movable MicroMechanical Structures for Sensors and Actuators (L.-S. Fan, et al.). Polysilicon Microbridge Fabrication Using Standard CMOS Technology (M. Parameswaran, et al.). Process Integration for Active Polysilicon Resonant Microstructures (M. Putty, et al.). Fabrication of Micromechanical Devices From Polysilicon Films With Smooth Surfaces (H. Guckel, et al.). Selective Chemical Vapor Deposition of Tungsten for Microelectromechanical Structures (N. MacDonald, et al.). BULK MICROMACHINING. Fabrication of Hemispherical Structures Using Semiconductor Technology for Use in Thermonuclear Fusion Research (K. Wise, et al.). Micromachining of Silicon Mechanical Structures (G. Kaminsky). Strings, Loops, and Pyramids—Building Blocks for Microstructrures (H. Busta, et al.). Corner Compensation Structures for (110) Oriented Silicon (D. Ciarlo). A Study on Compensating Corner Undercutting in Anisotropic Etching of (100) Silicon (X.-P. Wu & W. Ko). A New Silicon-on-Glass Process for Integrated Sensors (L. Spangler and K. Wise). Mechanisms of Anodic Bonding of Silicon to Pyrex® Glass (K. Albaugh, et al.). Silicon Fusion Bonding for Pressure Sensors (K. Petersen, et al.). Low-Temperature Silicon-to-silicon Anodic Bonding With Intermediate Low Melting Point Glass (M. Esashi, et al.). Fusing Silicon Wafers With Low Melting Temperature Glass (L. Field & R. Muller). Silicon Fusion Bonding for Fabrication of Sensors, Actuators and Microstructures (P. Barth). Scaling and Dielectric Stress Compensation of Ultrasensitive Boron-Doped Silicon Microstructures (S. Cho, et al.). Field Oxide Microbridges, Cantilever Beams, Coils and Suspended Membranes in SACMOS Technology (D. Moser, et al.). Micromachining of Quartz and its Application to an Acceleration Sensor (J. Daniel, et al.). LIGA. Fabrication of Microstructures using the LIGA Process (W. Ehrfeld, et al.). Deep X-Ray and UV Lithographies for Micromechanics (H. Guckel, et al.). COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN. OYSTER, a 3D Structural Simulator for Micro Electromechanical Design (G. Koppelman). A CAD Architecture for Microelectromechanical Systems (F. Maseeh, et al.). CAEMEMS: An Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering Workbench for Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (S. Crary and Y. Zhang). CAD for Silicon Anistropic Etching (R. Buser and N. de Rooij). METROLOGY. Can We Design Microbotic Devices Without Knowing the Mechanical Properties of Materials? (S. Senturia). The Use of Micromachined Structure for the Measurement of Mechanical Properties and Adhesion of Thin Films (M. Mehregany, et al.). Mechanical Property Measurement of Thin Films Using Load-Deflection of Composite Rectangular Membrane (O. Tabata, et al.). Fracture Toughness Characterization of Brittle Thin Films (L. Fan, et al.). Spiral Microstructures for the Measurement of Average Strain Gradients in Thin Films (L.-S. Fan, et al.). Polysilicon Microstructures to Characterize Static Friction (M. Lim, et al.). Study of the Dynamic Force/Acceleration Measurement (A. Umeda and K. Ueda). Anomalous Emissivity from Periodic Micro Machined Silicon Surfaces (P. Hesketh, et al.). Author Index. Subject Index. About the Author. Editor's Notes on the Second Printing.
£209.66
John Wiley & Sons Inc Inspection of Large Synchronous Machines
Book SynopsisGain an understanding of the inspection of large synchronous machines, generators, condensers, and motors! This text describes each component of the machine, operational functions, typical design features, and tell-tale signs that indicate each mode of failure. Compact with photos, graphs, commonly-used inspection forms, along with extensive references for each topic, INSPECTION OF LARGE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES is an excellent tool for operators, inspectors, and student engineers. Sponsored by IEEE Power Engineering Society.Table of ContentsList of Illustrations. Preface. Acknowledgements. PREPARATION. Site Preparation. Inspection Tools. Inspection Forms. INSPECTION. Description of Stator Items (Form 4). Description of Rotor Items (Form 5). Description of Excitation Items (Form 7). Description of Generator Auxiliaries. Standard Electrical and Mechanical Tests. Appendix: Principles of Operation of Synchronous Machines. Index.
£142.16
American Society of Civil Engineers Standard Practice for Direct Design of Buried
Book SynopsisFocuses on the direct design of buried precast concrete pipe using Standard Installations, and reviews the design and construction of the soil/pipe interaction system that is used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, storm water, and drainage. This volume presents the SIDD method for buried precast concrete pipe.
£41.60
Springer Us Inventory Management Principles Concepts and Techniques 12 Materials Management Logistics Series
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£143.99
John Wiley & Sons Inc Guidelines for Safe Process Operations and
Book SynopsisFirst-line managers have to maintain the integrity of facilities, control manufacturing processes, and handle emergency situations, as well as respond to the pressures of production demand. This book offers these managers how-to information on process safety management program execution in the operations and maintenance departments.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. List of Tables. List of Figures. Glossary. 1. INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Process Safety Management Activities of the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS). 1.2 Process Safety Activities of Governmental Agencies and Trade Organizations. 1.3 Target Audience and Objective of This Document. 1.4 Use of This Document. 1.5 References. 2. ROLE OF OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE IN PROCESS SAFETY MANAGEMENT. 2.1 Accountability. 2.2 Process Knowledge and Documentation. 2.3 Capital Project Review and Design Procedures. 2.4 Process Risk Management. 2.5 Process and Equipment Integrity. 2.6 Human Factors. 2.7 Training and Performance. 2.8 Incident Investigation. 2.9 Standards, Codes, and Regulations. 2.10 Audits and Corrective Action. 2.11 Enhancement of Process Safety Knowledge. 2.12 Management of Change. 2.12.1 Importance of Changes. 2.12.2 Examples of Lessons To Be Learned from the Failure to Manage Change. 2.12.3 What Constitute Change? 2.12.4 Process Change Authorization. 2.13 Summary. 2.14 References. 3. PLANT DESIGN. 3.1 Operations and Maintenance Departments’ Roles. 3.2 Documentation. 3.3 Process Hazard Reviews. 3.4 Designing for Inherent Process Safety. 3.4.1 Process Fluids. 3.4.2 Inventory Minimization. 3.4.3 Operating and Storage Conditions. 3.5 Controlling of Hazards to Reduce Risks. 3.6 Plant Layout. 3.6.1 Site Planning. 3.6.2 Process Area Layout. 3.7 Plant Standards and Practices. 3.8 Human Factors in Plant Design. 3.9 Maintenance Considerations. 3.10 Management of Change. 3.11 References. 4. PLANT CONSTRUCTION. 4.1 Roles of the Operations and Maintenance Department. 4.1.1 Communication and Coordination with Project Team. 4.1.2 Control of Specific Construction-Related Activities. 4.1.3 Inspection of Equipment Installation. 4.2 Materials of Construction. 4.3 Custom Equipment Fabrication and Inspection. 4.4 Field Installation. 4.4.1 Piping Installation. 4.4.2 Pressure-Relief/Vent Collection. 4.4.3 Other Safety Systems. 4.5 Equipment Recordkeeping. 4.6 Summary. 4.7 References. 5. PRE-STARTUP AND COMMISSIONING. 5.1 Organization and Roles. 5.1.1 Startup Team. 5.1.2 Role of Operations and Maintenance Departments. 5.2 Planning. 5.3 Preparation for Startup. 5.3.1 Staffing Operations and Maintenance Departments. 5.3.2 Training. 5.3.3 Maintenance Activities during Pre-startup. 5.3.4 Development of Operating Procedures. 5.4 Pre-startup Safety Review. 5.5 Commissioning. 5.5.1 Commissioning Utilities. 5.5.2 Commissioning Equipment. 5.5.3 Instruments, Computer, and Control. 5.6 Final Preparations for Startup. 5.7 References. 6. STARTUP. 6.1 Roles and Responsibilities. 6.2 Initial Startup. 6.2.1 Final Preparation. 6.2.2 Introduction of Process Chemicals and Materials. 6.2.3 Process and Process Equipment Monitoring. 6.2.4 Baseline Data. 6.2.5 Updating Startup Procedures. 6.3 Restart. 6.4 Startup after Turnaround. 6.5 Startup after Extended Outage. 6.6 Resources. 6.7 Summary. 6.8 References. 7. OPERATION. 7.1 Roles and Responsibilities. 7.2 Routine Operations. 7.2.1 Operating within Process and Equipment Limits. 7.2.2 Written Procedures. 7.2.3 Communication. 7.2.4 Communication During Shift Changes. 7.2.5 Special Safety Considerations of Batch Processes. 7.2.6 Process Control Software. 7.3 Nonroutine Operations. 7.3.1 Abnormal Operations. 7.3.2 Standby Operations. 7.4 Emergency Operations. 7.5 Management of Change. 7.6 Safety Protective Systems. 7.6.1 Safety Shutdown Systems. 7.6.2 Pressure Relief Equipment. 7.7 Operator Training. 7.7.1 Refresher Training. 7.7.2 Playing “What-If” Games. 7.8 Incident Investigation. 7.8.1 Recognizing and Reporting Incidents. 7.8.2 The Investigation. 7.8.3 Investigation Results and Followup. 7.9 Human Factors. 7.9.1 Human-Process Interfaces. 7.9.2 Behavioral Issues. 7.9.3 Spontaneous Response. 7.10 Audits, Inspections, Compliance Reviews. 7.11 Summary. 7.12 References. 8. MAINTENANCE. 8.1 Roles and Responsibilities. 8.2 Routine Maintenance. 8.2.1 Preventive Maintenance. 8.2.2 Predictive Maintenance. 8.2.3 Communication between the Maintenance and Operations Departments. 8.2.4 Communication at Shift Change. 8.3 Nonroutine Maintenance. 8.3.1 Breakdown Maintenance. 8.3.2 Troubleshooting Maintenance. 8.4 Management of Change. 8.5 Aging Equipment. 8.5.1 Corrosion, Erosion, and Fatigue. 8.5.2 Wear, Intermittent Operation, and Fouling. 8.6 Critical Instrumentation and Safety Interlocks. 8.6.1 Proof Testing. 8.6.2 Critical Instrumentation and Interlock Classification. 8.7 Maintenance Training. 8.7.1 Upgrade and Refresher Training. 8.7.2 Loss of Plant-Specific Maintenance Knowledge. 8.8 Work Permits. 8.9 Maintenance Management Information Systems. 8.9.1 Work Order Tracking. 8.9.2 Process Equipment Files. 8.9.3 Process and Equipment Drawings. 8.10 Quality Control. 8.10.1 Replacement Parts. 8.10.2 Inspection. 8.10.3 Certified Equipment. 8.10.4 Continuous Improvement. 8.11 Contractor Safety. 8.12 Incident Investigation. 8.13 Summary. 8.14 References. Addition References. 9. SHUTDOWN. 9.1 Normal Shutdown. 9.1.1 Pre-shutdown Planning. 9.1.2 Shutdown Sequence Steps. 9.1.3 Testing Safety Protective Systems. 9.1.4 Shutdown Period Maintenance Activities. 9.1.5 Unit Restart after Maintenance. 9.1.6 Formal Review of Shutdown. 9.2 Extended or Mothball Shutdown. 9.3 Sudden or Emergency Shutdown. 9.3.1 Preplanning for Student Shutdown. 9.3.2 Shutdown Sequences. 9.3.3 Safety Interlock Failures. 9.3.4 Investigation of Sudden Shutdown. 9.4 Emergency Response. 9.5 Summary. 9.6 References. 10. DECOMMISSIONING AND DEMOLITION. 10.1 Decommissioning/Demolition Plan. 10.2 Operation and Maintenance Roles. 10.3 Decommissioning Procedures. 10.4 Maintenance of Decommissioned Status. 10.5 Demolition Concerns. 10.6 Summary. 10.7 References. Appendix A. Summary of the Process Safety Management Rule Promulgated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, United States Department of Labor. Appendix B. Example Management Guidelines for the Safe Dismantling and Demoliton of Process Plants. Appendix C. Examples of Site-Specific Demolition Checklist/Questionnaire. Index.
£105.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc Mechanical Seal Practice for Improved Performance
Book SynopsisA revised edition of this guide on mechanical seal practice for improved performance. A PC disc is included in the package which covers material discussed in the section dealing with seal function and design. The disc facilitates the review of seal proposals.Table of ContentsPreface to First Edition. Preface to Second Edition. Editor's Comments. Part I. Mechanical Seal Design. Part II. Mechanical Seal Selection. Part III. Pump Considerations. Part IV. Verification of Seal Design. Part V. Practical Considerations in Using Mechanical Seals. Appendices. Index.
£117.85
John Wiley & Sons Inc The Reliability of Mechanical Systems IMechE
Book SynopsisThe aim of this book is to remove the mystique surrounding reliability engineering techniques. It provides practical guidance to the practising engineer who may have a general knowledge of the concepts of reliability, but who lacks a sufficiently precise understanding of the language concerned.Table of ContentsPart One: The philosophy, principles, and concepts of reliability engineering The concept of mechanical reliability; Operational and cost implications; Summary. Part Two: Analysis of in-service reliability experience Analysis of in-service experience for mechanical components; Analysis of in-service experience for repairable systems Part Three: A basic approach to reliability assessment for mechanical process systems Uses of reliability assessment; The analysis of simple systems; Active parallel systems with partial redundancy and systems with standby units Part Four: Techniques for process plant reliability assessment Reliability prediction; Fault Tree Analysis; Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA); Complex systems: some further methods of analysis Part Five: Collection and processing of reliability data Introduction to data collection; Data requirements and reliability parameters; Reliability data collection systems Part Six: Case Studies.
£115.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc AIChE Equipment Testing Procedure Trayed and
Book SynopsisAIChE manual updates and consolidates procedures for testing performance of distillation columns From classic distillation operations to air stripping to other separations processes, selecting the correct column for appropriate efficient, safe, and environmentally-sound operations can be an important step. The newest updated volume in AIChE's long-running Equipment Testing Procedures series, Trayed and Packed Columns: A Guide to Performance Evaluation, Third Edition provides chemical engineers, plant managers, and other professionals with helpful advice to assess and measure performance of a variety of distillation columns, including those that utilize bubble cap, sieve, valve trays, or packing material. The new book combines and updates into one user-friendly volume the best available field knowledge from previous publications on both types of distillation columns. Designed not as a single set of compulsory steps, but as a compilation of techniques, it wTable of Contents100.0 PURPOSE & SCOPE 1 101.0 Purpose 1 102.0 Scope 1 200.0 DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF TERMS 2 201.0 Flow Quantities 2 202.0 Key Components 3 203.0 Mass Transfer Efficiency 4 203.1 Theoretical Trays or Plates or Stages 4 203.2 Overall Column Efficiency 4 203.3 Apparent Murphree Tray Efficiency 4 203.4 Ideal Murphree Tray Efficiency 4 203.5 Murphree Point Efficiency 4 203.6 HETP 4 203.7 HTU 4 203.8 NTU 4 204.0 Operating Lines 5 205.0 Pinch 5 206.0 Maximum Throughput 5 206.1 Maximum Hydraulic Throughput 5 206.2 Maximum Operational Capacity 5 206.3 Maximum Efficient Capacity 5 207.0 Minimum Operating Rate 5 208.0 Operating Section 5 209.0 Hardware 6 209.1 Components of a Trayed Column 6 209.2 Components of a Packed Column 7 300.0 TEST PLANNING 9 301.0 Preliminary Preparation 9 301.1 Safety 10 301.2 Environmental Considerations 10 301.3 Test Objectives 10 301.4 Organizational Resources 10 301.5 Schedule 10 301.6 Review of Historic Operating Data 10 302.0 Column Control and Instrumentation 11 303.0 Peripheral Equipment 11 304.0 Pre-test Calculations 11 304.1 Process Simulation 11 304.2 Dry Run 11 305.0 Types of Tests 12 305.1 Performance Tests 12 305.2 Acceptance Tests 12 306.0 Specific Areas of Interest 12 306.1 Packing Efficiencies 12 306.2 Tray Efficiencies 12 306.3 Overall Column Efficiency 13 306.4 Capacity Limitations 13 307.0 Energy Consumption 14 308.0 Pressure Drop Restrictions 15 309.0 Data Collection Requirements 15 309.1 Process Operating Data 15 309.2 Gamma Scan Data 15 310.0 Conditions of External Streams 18 310.1 Overall and Component Material Balances 18 310.2 Overall Enthalpy Balances 18 311.0 Internal Temperatures 18 311.1 Heat Balances 18 311.2 Internal Profiles 18 312.0 Internal Samples 20 312.1 Internal Samples for Efficiency Checks 20 312.2 Internal Samples for Overall Performance 20 313.0 Pressure Profiles 20 314.0 Data Requirements-Physical Properties 20 314.1 Test Mixtures 20 314.2 Essential Data 21 315.0 Auxiliary Data 21 316.0 Test Procedure Documentation 21 400.0 METHODS OF MEASUREMENT AND SAMPLING 22 401.0 System Controls and Operating Stability 22 402.0 Measurement of Temperatures 22 402.1 Accuracy 22 402.2 Errors 22 403.0 Measurement of Flow Rates 24 403.1 Orifice Meters 24 403.2 Rotameters 25 403.3 Vortex Flow Meters 25 403.4 Coriolis Flow Meters 25 403.5 Magnetic Flow Meters 25 403.6 Pitot Tube (or Annubar) 25 403.7 Direct Volume or Weight Measurement 26 404.0 Measurement of Column Pressure Drop 26 404.1 Instrument 26 404.2 Pressure Taps 26 404.3 Seal Pots 33 404.4 Leakage Check 33 404.5 Accuracy 33 405.0 Sampling Procedure 34 405.1 General 34 405.2 Selection of Sampling Points 34 405.3 Sample Connections 35 405.4 Containers 35 405.5 Sampling of High Boiling Materials 36 405.6 Sampling of Intermediate Boiling Materials 37 405.7 Sampling of Materials Having Boiling Points Below -50°F (-46°C) 40 405.8 Leakage Check 41 405.9 Labeling and Handling the Samples 41 500.0 TEST PROCEDURE 43 501.0 Preliminary 43 502.0 Test Procedure for Maximum Hydraulic Throughput 43 502.1 Flood Symptoms 44 502.2 Performing Capacity Tests 45 502.3 Optional Test Technique – Gamma Scanning 48 503.0 Considerations Affecting Efficiency Test Procedure 48 503.1 Rigorous Versus Shortcut Efficiency Tests 48 503.2 Strategy of Efficiency Testing 49 503.3 Early Preparation for Efficiency Tests 50 503.4 Last-minute Preparations for Efficiency Tests 53 503.5 Establishment of Steady State Conditions 55 503.6 The Test Day 56 503.7 Concluding Test 56 600.0 COMPUTATION OF RESULTS 601.0 Verification of Test Data and Simulation Models 58 602.0 Material Balance 59 602.1 End Effects 59 603.0 Enthalpy Balance 59 603.1 Overall Balance 59 603.2 Internal Flow Rates 60 604.0 Hydraulic Performance 60 604.1 Trayed Column 60 604.2 Packed Column 61 605.0 Efficiency Performance 61 605.1 Trayed Column 62 605.2 Packed Column 69 700.0 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS 76 701.0 Sources of Experimental Error 76 701.1 Material and Enthalpy Balances 77 702.0 Effects of Experimental Error 78 703.0 Design versus Performance 78 703.1 Mechanical/Tower Equipment 78 703.2 Process Conditions 78 704.0 Hydraulic Performance 79 704.1 Mechanical/Tower Equipment 79 704.2 Tray 79 704.3 Packing 80 704.4 Process Conditions 80 705.0 Mass Transfer Performance 81 705.1 Mechanical/Tower Equipment 81 705.2 Tray 81 705.3 Packing 82 705.4 Maldistribution 82 705.5 Process 84 706.0 Test Troubleshooting 85 706.1 Analysis Procedure 85 706.2 Sampling 85 706.3 Equilibrium Data 85 706.4 Temperature Measurements 85 706.5 Heat and Material Balances 86 706.6 Fluctuation of Process Conditions 86 706.7 Pressure Drop Measurements 86 706.8 Incorrect Prediction of Pressure Drop 86 706.9 Errors in Assumptions in Modeling Mass Transfer 86 706.10 Multicomponent Systems Deviate from Binary Data 87 706.11 High Purity Separation 87 706.12 Test and Design Conditions 87 800.0 APPENDIX 88 801.0 Notation 88 801.1 Greek Symbols 90 802.0 Sample Calculations 90 802.1 General Analysis of Test Data 90 802.2 Packed Column 91 802.3 Trayed Column 107 803.0 References 126
£44.60
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Aircraft Control and Simulation
Book SynopsisGet a complete understanding of aircraft control and simulation Aircraft Control and Simulation: Dynamics, Controls Design, and Autonomous Systems, Third Edition is a comprehensive guide to aircraft control and simulation. This updated text covers flight control systems, flight dynamics, aircraft modeling, and flight simulation from both classical design and modern perspectives, as well as two new chapters on the modeling, simulation, and adaptive control of unmanned aerial vehicles. With detailed examples, including relevant MATLAB calculations and FORTRAN codes, this approachable yet detailed reference also provides access to supplementary materials, including chapter problems and an instructor''s solution manual. Aircraft control, as a subject area, combines an understanding of aerodynamics with knowledge of the physical systems of an aircraft. The ability to analyze the performance of an aircraft both in the real world and in computer-simulated flight is essentiTrade ReviewThe book retains its original chapter subject skeleton with the titles slightly changed and as mentioned has two new chapters added, in total it is some 150 pages longer than the original. This is not however a simple graft of new material onto the original book. Many of the chapters have been rewritten so that even where much the same material is covered, it is more detailed and augmented, whilst at the same time maintaining a consistent uniform style across the whole book....In conclusion this new edition is a significant update of a popular text...(The Aeronautical Journal- January 2017)Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 The Kinematics and Dynamics of Aircraft Motion 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Vector Operations 3 1.3 Matrix Operations on Vector Coordinates 7 1.4 Rotational Kinematics 16 1.5 Translational Kinematics 20 1.6 Geodesy, Coordinate Systems, Gravity 23 1.7 Rigid-Body Dynamics 34 1.8 Advanced Topics 44 References 58 Problems 59 2 Modeling the Aircraft 63 2.1 Introduction 63 2.2 Basic Aerodynamics 64 2.3 Aircraft Forces And Moments 75 2.4 Static Analysis 101 2.5 The Nonlinear Aircraft Model 108 2.6 Linear Models And The Stability Derivatives 116 2.7 Summary 137 References 138 Problems 139 3 Modeling, Design, and Simulation Tools 142 3.1 Introduction 142 3.2 State-Space Models 144 3.3 Transfer Function Models 155 3.4 Numerical Solution of The State Equations 170 3.5 Aircraft Models For Simulation 179 3.6 Steady-State Flight 185 3.7 Numerical Linearization 199 3.8 Aircraft Dynamic Behavior 205 3.9 Feedback Control 213 3.10 Summary 241 References 241 Problems 243 4 Aircraft Dynamics and Classical Control Design 250 4.1 Introduction 250 4.2 Aircraft Rigid-Body Modes 257 4.3 The Handling-Qualities Requirements 274 4.4 Stability Augmentation 287 4.5 Control Augmentation Systems 303 4.6 Autopilots 322 4.7 Nonlinear Simulation 344 4.8 Summary 371 References 372 Problems 374 5 Modern Design Techniques 377 5.1 Introduction 377 5.2 Assignment of Closed-Loop Dynamics 381 5.3 Linear Quadratic Regulator With Output Feedback 397 5.4 Tracking A Command 413 5.5 Modifying The Performance Index 428 5.6 Model-Following Design 455 5.7 Linear Quadratic Design with Full State Feedback 470 5.8 Dynamic Inversion Design 477 5.9 Summary 492 References 492 Problems 495 6 Robustness and Multivariable Frequency-Domain Techniques 500 6.1 Introduction 500 6.2 Multivariable Frequency-Domain Analysis 502 6.3 Robust Output-Feedback Design 525 6.4 Observers and The Kalman Filter 529 6.5 Linear Quadratic Gaussian/Loop Transfer Recovery 554 6.6 Summary 577 References 578 Problems 580 7 Digital Control 584 7.1 Introduction 584 7.2 Simulation of Digital Controllers 585 7.3 Discretization of Continuous Controllers 588 7.4 Modified Continuous Design 598 7.5 Implementation Considerations 611 7.6 Summary 619 References 620 Problems 620 8 Modeling and Simulation of Miniature Aerial Vehicles 623 8.1 Introduction 623 8.2 Propeller/Rotor Forces and Moments 630 8.3 Modeling Rotor Flapping 640 8.4 Motor Modeling 645 8.5 Small Aerobatic Airplane Model 648 8.6 Quadrotor Model 654 8.7 Small Helicopter Model 655 8.8 Summary 660 References 661 Problems 661 9 Adaptive Control with Application to Miniature Aerial Vehicles 664 9.1 Introduction 664 9.2 Model Reference Adaptive Control Based On Dynamic Inversion 665 9.3 Neural Network Adaptive Control 668 9.4 Limited Authority Adaptive Control 674 9.5 Neural Network Adaptive Control Example 680 9.6 Summary 709 References 709 Problems 711 Appendix A F-16 Model 714 Appendix B Software 723 Index 733
£119.65
John Wiley & Sons Inc Kinematics Dynamics and Design of Machinery
Book SynopsisKinematics, Dynamics, and Design of Machinery, Third Edition, presents a fresh approach to kinematic design and analysis and is an ideal textbook for senior undergraduates and graduates in mechanical, automotive and production engineering Presents the traditional approach to the design and analysis of kinematic problems and shows how GCP can be used to solve the same problems more simply Provides a new and simpler approach to cam design Includes an increased number of exercise problems Accompanied by a website hosting a solutions manual, teaching slides and MATLAB programs Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Historical Perspective, 1 1.2 Kinematics, 3 1.3 Design: Analysis and Synthesis, 4 1.4 Mechanisms, 4 1.5 Planar Linkages, 6 1.6 Visualization, 9 1.7 Constraint Analysis, 12 1.8 Constraint Analysis of Spatial Linkages, 18 1.9 Idle Degrees of Freedom, 22 1.10 Overconstrained Linkages, 24 1.11 Uses of the Mobility Criterion, 28 1.12 Inversion, 28 1.13 Reference Frames, 29 1.14 Motion Limits, 30 1.15 Continuously Rotatable Joints, 31 1.16 Coupler-Driven Linkages, 35 1.17 Motion Limits for Slider-Crank Mechanisms, 35 1.18 Interference, 38 1.19 Practical Design Considerations, 41 References, 44 Problems, 45 2 Techniques in Geometric Constraint Programming 59 2.1 Introduction, 59 2.2 Geometric Constraint Programming, 60 2.3 Constraints and Program Structure, 61 2.4 Initial Setup for a GCP Session, 64 2.5 Drawing a Basic Linkage Using GCP, 66 2.6 Troubleshooting Graphical Programs Developed Using GCP, 79 References, 80 Problems, 81 Appendix 2A Drawing Slider Lines, Pin Bushings, and Ground Pivots, 85 2A.1 Slider Lines, 85 2A.2 Pin Bushings and Ground Pivots, 87 Appendix 2B Useful Constructions When Equation Constraints Are Not Available, 88 2B.1 Constrain Two Angles to Be Integral Multiples of Another Angle, 89 2B.2 Constrain a Line to Be Half the Length of Another Line, 89 2B.3 Construction for Scaling, 90 2B.4 Construction for Square Ratio v2/r, 91 2B.5 Construction for Function x yz=r, 91 3 Planar Linkage Design 93 3.1 Introduction, 93 3.2 Two-Position Double-Rocker Design, 96 3.3 Synthesis of Crank-Rocker Linkages for Specified Rocker Amplitude, 100 3.4 Motion Generation, 114 3.5 Path Synthesis, 133 References, 148 Problems, 150 4 Graphical Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Analysis for Mechanisms with Revolute Joints or Fixed Slides 169 4.1 Introduction, 169 4.2 Graphical Position Analysis, 170 4.3 Planar Velocity Polygons, 171 4.4 Graphical Acceleration Analysis, 173 4.5 Graphical Analysis of a Four-Bar Mechanism, 175 4.6 Graphical Analysis of a Slider-Crank Mechanism, 183 4.7 Velocity Image Theorem, 186 4.8 Acceleration Image Theorem, 189 4.9 Solution by Geometric Constraint Programming, 194 References, 205 Problems, 205 5 Linkages with Rolling and Sliding Contacts, and Joints on Moving Sliders 221 5.1 Introduction, 221 5.2 Reference Frames, 222 5.3 General Velocity and Acceleration Equations, 223 5.4 Special Cases for the Velocity and Acceleration Equations, 228 5.5 Linkages with Rotating Sliding Joints, 230 5.6 Rolling Contact, 235 5.7 Cam Contact, 243 5.8 General Coincident Points, 250 5.9 Solution by Geometric Constraint Programming, 257 Problems, 263 6 Instant Centers of Velocity 279 6.1 Introduction, 279 6.2 Definition, 280 6.3 Existence Proof, 280 6.4 Location of an Instant Center from the Directions of Two Velocities, 281 6.5 Instant Center at a Revolute Joint, 282 6.6 Instant Center of a Curved Slider, 282 6.7 Instant Center of a Prismatic Joint, 282 6.8 Instant Center of a Rolling Contact Pair, 282 6.9 Instant Center of a General Cam-Pair Contact, 282 6.10 Centrodes, 283 6.11 The Kennedy-Aronhold Theorem, 285 6.12 Circle Diagram as a Strategy for Finding Instant Centers, 287 6.13 Using Instant Centers to Find Velocities: The Rotating-Radius Method, 287 6.14 Finding Instant Centers Using Geometric Constraint Programming, 295 References, 300 Problems, 300 7 Computational Analysis of Linkages 315 7.1 Introduction, 315 7.2 Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Representations, 316 7.3 Analytical Closure Equations for Four-Bar Linkages, 319 7.4 Analytical Equations for a Rigid Body after the Kinematic Properties of Two Points Are Known, 326 7.5 Analytical Equations for Slider-Crank Mechanisms, 329 7.6 Other Four-Bar Mechanisms with Revolute and Prismatic Joints, 338 7.7 Closure or Loop Equation Approach for Compound Mechanisms, 341 7.8 Closure Equations for Mechanisms with Higher Pairs, 347 7.9 Notational Differences: Vectors and Complex Numbers, 352 Problems, 354 8 Special Mechanisms 361 8.1 Special Planar Mechanisms, 361 8.2 Spherical Mechanisms, 374 8.3 Constant-Velocity Couplings, 381 8.4 Automotive Steering and Suspension Mechanisms, 382 8.5 Indexing Mechanisms, 387 References, 392 Problems, 392 9 Computational Analysis of Spatial Linkages 395 9.1 Spatial Mechanisms, 395 9.2 Robotic Mechanisms, 401 9.3 Direct Position Kinematics of Serial Chains, 403 9.4 Inverse Position Kinematics, 410 9.5 Rate Kinematics, 410 9.6 Closed-Loop Linkages, 416 9.7 Lower-Pair Joints, 418 9.8 Motion Platforms, 421 References, 423 Problems, 423 10 Profile Cam Design 431 10.1 Introduction, 431 10.2 Cam-Follower Systems, 432 10.3 Synthesis of Motion Programs, 434 10.4 Analysis of Different Types of Follower-Displacement Functions, 436 10.5 Determining the Cam Profile, 448 References, 482 Problems, 482 11 Spur Gears 489 11.1 Introduction, 489 11.2 Spur Gears, 490 11.3 Condition for Constant-Velocity Ratio, 491 11.4 Involutes, 492 11.5 Gear Terminology and Standards, 494 11.6 Contact Ratio, 497 11.7 Involutometry, 501 11.8 Internal Gears, 504 11.9 Gear Manufacturing, 505 11.10 Interference and Undercutting, 508 11.11 Nonstandard Gearing, 510 11.12 Cartesian Coordinates of an Involute Tooth Generated with a Rack, 514 References, 520 Problems, 520 12 Helical, Bevel, and Worm Gears 523 12.1 Helical Gears, 523 12.2 Worm Gears, 536 12.3 Involute Bevel Gears, 540 References, 547 Problems, 547 13 Gear Trains 549 13.1 General Gear Trains, 549 13.2 Direction of Rotation, 549 13.3 Simple Gear Trains, 550 13.4 Compound Gear Trains, 552 13.5 Planetary Gear Trains, 558 13.6 Harmonic Drive Speed Reducers, 570 References, 572 Problems, 572 14 Static Force Analysis of Mechanisms 579 14.1 Introduction, 579 14.2 Forces, Moments, and Couples, 580 14.3 Static Equilibrium, 581 14.4 Free-Body Diagrams, 582 14.5 Solution of Static Equilibrium Problems, 585 14.6 Transmission Angle in a Four-Bar Linkage, 587 14.7 Friction Considerations, 590 14.8 In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Force Systems, 597 14.9 Conservation of Energy and Power, 601 14.10 Virtual Work, 605 14.11 Gear Loads, 607 Problems, 613 15 Dynamic Force Analysis of Mechanisms 623 15.1 Introduction, 623 15.2 Problems Solvable Using Particle Kinetics, 625 15.3 Dynamic Equilibrium of Systems of Rigid Bodies, 633 15.4 Flywheels, 639 Problems, 641 16 Static and Dynamic Balancing 645 16.1 Introduction, 645 16.2 Single-Plane (Static) Balancing, 646 16.3 Multi-Plane (Dynamic) Balancing, 649 16.4 Balancing Reciprocating Masses, 654 16.5 Expressions for Inertial Forces, 661 16.6 Balancing Multi-Cylinder Machines, 663 16.7 Static Balancing of Mechanisms, 671 16.8 Reactionless Mechanisms, 675 References, 676 Problems, 676 17 Integration of Computer Controlled Actuators 685 17.1 Introduction, 685 17.2 Computer Control of the Linkage Motion, 686 17.3 The Basics of Feedback Control, 687 17.4 Actuator Selection and Types, 688 17.5 Hands-On Machine-Design Laboratory, 694 References, 696 Problems, 696 Index 699
£86.40
John Wiley & Sons Inc Introduction to Dynamics and Control in
Book SynopsisOne of the first books to provide in-depth and systematic application of finite element methods to the field of stochastic structural dynamicsThe parallel developments of the Finite Element Methods in the 1950's and the engineering applications of stochastic processes in the 1940's provided a combined numerical analysis tool for the studies of dynamics of structures and structural systems under random loadings. In the open literature, there are books on statistical dynamics of structures and books on structural dynamics with chapters dealing with random response analysis. However, a systematic treatment of stochastic structural dynamics applying the finite element methods seems to be lacking. Aimed at advanced and specialist levels, the author presents and illustrates analytical and direct integration methods for analyzing the statistics of the response of structures to stochastic loads. The analysis methods are based on structural models represented via the Finite ElemTable of ContentsSeries Preface xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Important Difference between Static and Dynamic Responses 1 1.2 Classification of Dynamic Systems 2 1.3 Applications of Control Theory 3 1.4 Organization of Presentation 4 References 5 2 Review of Laplace Transforms 7 2.1 Definition 8 2.2 First and Second Shifting Theorems 10 2.3 Dirac Delta Function (Unit Impulse Function) 10 2.4 Laplace Transforms of Derivatives and Integrals 11 2.5 Convolution Theorem 11 2.6 Initial and Final Value Theorems 13 2.7 Laplace Transforms of Periodic Functions 13 2.8 Partial Fraction Method 15 2.9 Questions and Solutions 16 2.10 Applications of MATLAB 22 Exercise Questions 26 References 27 3 Dynamic Behaviors of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 29 3.1 Basic Elements of Liquid and Gas Systems 29 3.1.1 Liquids 30 3.1.3 Remarks 31 3.2 Hydraulic Tank Systems 32 3.2.1 Non-interacting Hydraulic Tank Systems 32 3.2.2 Interacting Hydraulic Tank Systems 34 3.3 Nonlinear Hydraulic Tank and Linear Transfer Function 35 3.4 Pneumatically Actuated Valves 37 3.5 Questions and Solutions 39 Appendix 3A: Transfer Function of Two Interacting Hydraulic Tanks 49 Exercise Questions 52 4 Dynamic Behaviors of Oscillatory Systems 57 4.1 Elements of Oscillatory Systems 57 4.2 Free Vibration of Single Degree-of-Freedom Systems 59 4.3 Single Degree-of-Freedom Systems under Harmonic Forces 63 4.4 Single Degree-of-Freedom Systems under Non-Harmonic Forces 65 4.5 Vibration Analysis of Multi-Degrees-of-Freedom Systems 67 4.5.1 Formulation and Solution for Two-Degrees-of-Freedom Systems 67 4.5.2 Vibration Analysis of a System with a Dynamic Absorber 72 4.5.3 Normal Mode Analysis 73 4.6 Vibration of Continuous Systems 77 4.6.1 Vibrating Strings or Cables 78 4.6.2 Remarks 80 4.7 Questions and Solutions 81 Appendix 4A: Proof of Equation (4.19b) 97 Exercise Questions 99 References 104 5 Formulation and Dynamic Behavior of Thermal Systems 105 5.1 Elements of Thermal Systems 105 5.1.1 Thermal Resistance 105 5.1.2 Thermal Capacitance 106 5.1.3 Thermal Radiation 107 5.2 Thermal Systems 107 5.2.1 Process Control 107 5.2.2 Space Heating 108 5.2.3 Three-Capacitance Oven 109 5.3 Questions and Solutions 112 Exercise Questions 117 6 Formulation and Dynamic Behavior of Electrical Systems 121 6.1 Basic Electrical Elements 121 6.2 Fundamentals of Electrical Circuits 122 6.2.1 Resistors Connected in Series 122 6.2.2 Resistors Connected in Parallel 123 6.2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws 124 6.4 Electromechanical Systems 126 6.4.1 Armature-Controlled DC Motor 127 6.4.2 Field-Controlled DC Motor 129 6.4.3 DC Generator 130 6.5 Questions and Solutions 131 Exercise Questions 134 References 135 7 Dynamic Characteristics of Transducers 137 7.1 Basic Theory of the Tachometer 137 7.2 Principles and Applications of Oscillatory Motion Transducers 138 7.2.1 Equation of Motion 139 7.2.2 Design Considerations of Two Types of Transducer 140 7.3 Principles and Applications of Microphones 141 7.3.1 Moving-Coil Microphone 141 7.3.2 Condenser Microphone 144 7.4 Principles and Applications of the Piezoelectric Hydrophone 146 7.5 Questions and Solutions 148 Appendix 7A: Proof of Approximated Current Solution 150 Exercise Questions 153 References 154 8 Fundamentals of Control Systems 155 8.1 Classification of Control Systems 156 8.2 Representation of Control Systems 156 8.3 Transfer Functions 156 8.3.1 Transfer Function of Elements in Cascade Connection 157 8.3.2 Transfer Function of Elements in Parallel Connection 157 8.3.3 Remarks 158 8.4 Closed-Loop Control Systems 158 8.4.1 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions and System Response 159 8.4.2 Summary of Steps for Determination of Closed-Loop Transfer Functions 161 8.5 Block Diagram Reduction 161 8.5.1 Moving Starting Points of Signals 161 8.5.2 Moving Summing Points 162 8.5.3 System Transfer Function by Block Diagram Reduction 162 8.6 Questions and Solutions 164 Exercise Questions 170 References 172 9 Analysis and Performance of Control Systems 173 9.1 Response in the Time Domain 173 9.2 Transient Responses as Functions of Closed-Loop Poles 175 9.3 Control System Design Based on Transient Responses 177 9.4 Control Types 180 9.4.2 Integral Control 181 9.4.3 Derivative Control 181 9.5 Steady-State Errors 182 9.5.1 Unit Step Input 182 9.5.2 Unit Ramp Input 183 9.5.3 Unit Parabolic Input 183 9.6 Performance Indices and Sensitivity Functions 184 9.6.1 Performance Indices 184 9.6.2 Sensitivity Functions 185 9.7 Questions and Solutions 185 Exercise Questions 190 10 Stability Analysis of Control Systems 195 10.1 Concept of Stability in Linear Control Systems 195 10.2 Routh–Hurwitz Stability Criterion 195 10.3 Applications of Routh–Hurwitz Stability Criterion 197 10.4 Questions and Solutions 202 Exercise Questions 208 References 210 11 Graphical Methods for Control Systems 211 11.1 Root Locus Method and Root Locus Plots 211 11.1.1 Rules for Root Locus Plots of Negative Feedback Control Systems 212 11.1.2 Construction of Root Loci 213 11.2 Polar and Bode Plots 215 11.3 Nyquist Plots and Stability Criterion 221 11.3.1 Conformal Mapping and Cauchy’s Theorem 221 11.3.2 Nyquist Method and Stability Criterion 223 11.4 Gain Margin and Phase Margin 226 11.5 Lines of Constant Magnitude: M Circles 229 11.6 Lines of Constant Phase: N Circles 233 11.7 Nichols Charts 234 11.8 Applications of MATLAB for Graphical Constructions 236 11.8.1 Root Locus Plots 236 11.8.2 Bode Plots 243 11.8.3 Nyquist Plots 249 Exercise Questions 257 References 260 12 Modern Control System Analysis 261 12.1 State Space Method 261 12.2 State Transition Matrix 262 12.3 Relationship between Laplace Transformed State Equation and Transfer Function 264 12.4 Stability Based on Eigenvalues of the Coefficient Matrix 267 12.6 Stabilizability and Detectability 277 12.7 Applications of MATLAB 277 Appendix 12A: Solution of System of First-Order Differential Equations 286 Appendix 12B: Maclaurin’s Series 291 Appendix 12C: Rank of A Matrix 294 Exercise Questions 294 References 296 Index 297
£83.55
John Wiley & Sons Inc Fundamentals of Mechanical Vibrations
Book SynopsisThis introductory book covers the most fundamental aspects of linear vibration analysis for mechanical engineering students and engineers. Consisting of five major topics, each has its own chapter and is aligned with five major objectives of the book.Table of ContentsSeries Preface ix Preface xi 1 A Crash Course on Lagrangian Dynamics 1 1.1 Objectives 1 1.2 Concept of "Equation of Motion" 1 1.3 Generalized Coordinates 5 1.4 Admissible Variations 13 1.5 Degrees of Freedom 16 1.6 Virtual Work and Generalized Forces 17 1.7 Lagrangian 24 1.8 Lagrange’s Equation 24 1.9 Procedure for Deriving Equation(s) of Motion 24 1.10 Worked Examples 25 1.10.1 Systems Containing Only Particles 25 1.10.2 Systems Containing Rigid Bodies 38 1.11 Linearization of Equations of Motion 57 1.11.1 Equilibrium Position(s) 58 1.11.2 Linearization 59 1.11.3 Observations and Further Discussions 62 1.12 Chapter Summary 63 2 Vibrations of Single-DOF Systems 81 2.1 Objectives 81 2.2 Types of Vibration Analyses 81 2.3 Free Vibrations of Undamped System 83 2.3.1 General Solution for Homogeneous Differential Equation 83 2.3.2 Basic Vibration Terminologies 85 2.3.3 Determining Constants via Initial Conditions 87 2.4 Free Vibrations of Damped Systems 93 2.5 Using Normalized Equation of Motion 94 2.5.1 Normalization of Equation of Motion 94 2.5.2 Classification of Vibration Systems 95 2.5.3 Free Vibration of Underdamped Systems 96 2.5.4 Free Vibration of Critically Damped System 100 2.5.5 Free Vibration of Overdamped System 102 2.6 Forced Vibrations I: Steady-State Responses 108 2.6.1 Harmonic Loading 108 2.6.2 Mechanical Significance of Steady-State Solution 110 2.6.3 Other Examples of Harmonic Loading 115 2.6.4 General Periodic Loading 124 2.7 Forced Vibrations II: Transient Responses 133 2.7.1 Transient Response to Periodic Loading 134 2.7.2 General Loading: Direct Analytical Method 139 2.7.3 Laplace Transform Method 146 2.7.4 Decomposition Method 150 2.7.5 Convolution Integral Method 158 2.8 Chapter Summary 172 2.8.1 Free Vibrations of Single-DOF Systems 172 2.8.2 Steady-State Responses of Single-DOF Systems 173 2.8.3 Transient Responses of Single-DOF Systems 174 3 Lumped-Parameter Modeling 186 3.1 Objectives 186 3.2 Modeling 186 3.3 Idealized Elements 187 3.3.1 Mass Elements 187 3.3.2 Spring Elements 188 3.3.3 Damping Elements 189 3.4 Lumped-Parameter Modeling of Simple Components and Structures 190 3.4.1 Equivalent Spring Constants 191 3.4.2 Equivalent Masses 204 3.4.3 Damping Models 212 3.5 Alternative Methods 218 3.5.1 Castigliano Method for Equivalent Spring Constants 218 3.5.2 Rayleigh–Ritz Method for Equivalent Masses 223 3.5.3 Rayleigh–Ritz Method for Equivalent Spring Constants 227 3.5.4 Rayleigh–Ritz Method for Natural Frequencies 230 3.5.5 Determining Lumped Parameters Through Experimental Measurements 231 3.6 Examples with Lumped-Parameter Models 233 3.7 Chapter Summary 252 4 Vibrations of Multi-DOF Systems 269 4.1 Objectives 269 4.2 Matrix Equation of Motion 269 4.3 Modal Analysis: Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes 273 4.4 Free Vibrations 284 4.4.1 Free Vibrations of Undamped Systems 284 4.4.2 Free Vibrations of Undamped Unconstrained Systems 293 4.4.3 Free Vibrations of Systems of Many DOFs 296 4.5 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 305 4.5.1 Standard Eigenvalue Problem 305 4.5.2 Generalized Eigenvalue Problem 306 4.6 Coupling, Decoupling, and Principal Coordinates 307 4.6.1 Types of Coupling 307 4.6.2 Principal Coordinates 307 4.6.3 Decoupling Method for Free-Vibration Analysis 310 4.7 Forced Vibrations I: Steady-State Responses 319 4.8 Forced Vibrations II: Transient Responses 328 4.8.1 Direct Analytical Method 328 4.8.2 Decoupling Method 331 4.8.3 Laplace Transform Method 347 4.8.4 Convolution Integral Method 349 4.9 Chapter Summary 357 4.9.1 Modal Analyses 357 4.9.2 Free Vibrations of Multi-DOF Systems 357 4.9.3 Steady-State Responses of Multi-DOF Systems 359 4.9.4 Transient Responses of Multi-DOF Systems 359 5 Vibration Analyses Using Finite Element Method 370 5.1 Objectives 370 5.2 Introduction to Finite Element Method 370 5.2.1 Lagrangian Dynamics Formulation of FEM Model 371 5.2.2 Matrix Formulation 374 5.3 Finite Element Analyses of Beams 378 5.3.1 Formulation of Beam Element 379 5.3.2 Implementation Using MATLAB 383 5.3.3 Generalization: Large-Scale Finite Element Simulations 392 5.3.4 Damping Models in Finite Element Modeling 394 5.4 Vibration Analyses Using SOLIDWORKS 395 5.4.1 Introduction to SOLIDWORKS Simulation 396 5.4.2 Static Analysis 398 5.4.3 Modal Analysis 415 5.4.4 Harmonic Vibration Analysis 419 5.4.5 Transient Vibration Analysis 425 5.5 Chapter Summary 428 5.5.1 Finite Element Formulation 428 5.5.2 Using Commercial Finite Element Analysis Software 429 Appendix A Review of Newtonian Dynamics 433 A.1 Kinematics 433 A.1.1 Kinematics of a Point or a Particle 433 A.1.2 Relative Motions 435 A.1.3 Kinematics of a Rigid Body 436 A.2 Kinetics 437 A.2.1 Newton–Euler Equations 437 A.2.2 Energy Principles 438 A.2.3 Momentum Principles 439 Appendix B A Primer on MATLAB 440 B.1 Matrix Computations 440 B.1.1 Commands and Statements 440 B.1.2 Matrix Generation 441 B.1.3 Accessing Matrix Elements and Submatrices 442 B.1.4 Operators and Elementary Functions 444 B.1.5 Flow Controls 446 B.1.6 M-Files, Scripts, and Functions 449 B.1.7 Linear Algebra 452 B.2 Plotting 454 B.2.1 Two-Dimensional Curve Plots 454 B.2.2 Three-Dimensional Curve Plots 456 B.2.3 Three-Dimensional Surface Plots 457 Appendix C Tables of Laplace Transform 459 C.1 Properties of Laplace Transform 459 C.2 Function Transformations 459 Index 461
£81.86
John Wiley & Sons Inc Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics
Book SynopsisAn advanced, practical approach to the first and second laws of thermodynamics Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics bridges the gap between engineering applications and the first and second laws of thermodynamics.Table of ContentsPreface to the First Edition xvii Preface to the Second Edition xxi Preface to The Third Edition xxv Preface xxix Acknowledgments xxxvii 1 The First Law 1 1.1 Terminology 1 1.2 Closed Systems 4 1.3 Work Transfer 7 1.4 Heat Transfer 12 1.5 Energy Change 16 1.6 Open Systems 18 1.7 History 23 References 31 Problems 33 2 The Second Law 39 2.1 Closed Systems 39 2.1.1 Cycle in Contact with One Temperature Reservoir 39 2.1.2 Cycle in Contact with Two Temperature Reservoirs 41 2.1.3 Cycle in Contact with Any Number of Temperature Reservoirs 49 2.1.4 Process in Contact with Any Number of Temperature Reservoirs 51 2.2 Open Systems 54 2.3 Local Equilibrium 56 2.4 Entropy Maximum and Energy Minimum 57 2.5 Carathéodory’s Two Axioms 62 2.6 A Heat Transfer Man’s Two Axioms 71 2.7 History 77 References 78 Problems 80 3 Entropy Generation, Or Exergy Destruction 95 3.1 Lost Available Work 96 3.2 Cycles 102 3.2.1 Heat Engine Cycles 103 3.2.2 Refrigeration Cycles 104 3.2.3 Heat Pump Cycles 107 3.3 Nonflow Processes 109 3.4 Steady-Flow Processes 113 3.5 Mechanisms of Entropy Generation 119 3.5.1 Heat Transfer across a Temperature Difference 119 3.5.2 Flow with Friction 122 3.5.3 Mixing 124 3.6 Entropy Generation Minimization 126 3.6.1 The Method 126 3.6.2 Tree-Shaped Fluid Flow 127 3.6.3 Entropy Generation Number 130 References 132 Problems 133 4 Single-Phase Systems 140 4.1 Simple System 140 4.2 Equilibrium Conditions 141 4.3 The Fundamental Relation 146 4.3.1 Energy Representation 147 4.3.2 Entropy Representation 148 4.3.3 Extensive Properties versus Intensive Properties 149 4.3.4 The Euler Equation 150 4.3.5 The Gibbs–Duhem Relation 151 4.4 Legendre Transforms 154 4.5 Relations between Thermodynamic Properties 163 4.5.1 Maxwell’s Relations 163 4.5.2 Relations Measured during Special Processes 166 4.5.3 Bridgman’s Table 173 4.5.4 Jacobians in Thermodynamics 176 4.6 Partial Molal Properties 179 4.7 Ideal Gas Mixtures 183 4.8 Real Gas Mixtures 186 References 189 Problems 190 5 Exergy Analysis 195 5.1 Nonflow Systems 195 5.2 Flow Systems 198 5.3 Generalized Exergy Analysis 201 5.4 Air Conditioning 203 5.4.1 Mixtures of Air and Water Vapor 203 5.4.2 Total Flow Exergy of Humid Air 205 5.4.3 Total Flow Exergy of Liquid Water 207 5.4.4 Evaporative Cooling 208 References 210 Problems 210 6 Multiphase Systems 213 6.1 The Energy Minimum Principle 213 6.1.1 The Energy Minimum 214 6.1.2 The Enthalpy Minimum 215 6.1.3 The Helmholtz Free-Energy Minimum 216 6.1.4 The Gibbs Free-Energy Minimum 217 6.1.5 The Star Diagram 217 6.2 The Stability of a Simple System 219 6.2.1 Thermal Stability 219 6.2.2 Mechanical Stability 221 6.2.3 Chemical Stability 222 6.3 The Continuity of the Vapor and Liquid States 224 6.3.1 The Andrews Diagram and J. Thomson’s Theory 224 6.3.2 The van der Waals Equation of State 226 6.3.3 Maxwell’s Equal-Area Rule 233 6.3.4 The Clapeyron Relation 235 6.4 Phase Diagrams 236 6.4.1 The Gibbs Phase Rule 236 6.4.2 Single-Component Substances 237 6.4.3 Two-Component Mixtures 239 6.5 Corresponding States 247 6.5.1 Compressibility Factor 247 6.5.2 Analytical P(v, T) Equations of State 253 6.5.3 Calculation of Properties Based on P(v, T) and Specific Heat 257 6.5.4 Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States 259 6.5.5 Metastable States 261 References 264 Problems 266 7 Chemically Reactive Systems 271 7.1 Equilibrium 271 7.1.1 Chemical Reactions 271 7.1.2 Affinity 274 7.1.3 Le Chatelier–Braun Principle 277 7.1.4 Ideal Gas Mixtures 280 7.2 Irreversible Reactions 287 7.3 Steady-Flow Combustion 295 7.3.1 Combustion Stoichiometry 295 7.3.2 The First Law 297 7.3.3 The Second Law 303 7.3.4 Maximum Power Output 306 7.4 The Chemical Exergy of Fuels 316 7.5 Combustion at Constant Volume 320 7.5.1 The First Law 320 7.5.2 The Second Law 322 7.5.3 Maximum Work Output 323 References 324 Problems 325 8 Power Generation 328 8.1 Maximum Power Subject to Size Constraint 328 8.2 Maximum Power from a Hot Stream 332 8.3 External Irreversibilities 338 8.4 Internal Irreversibilities 344 8.4.1 Heater 344 8.4.2 Expander 346 8.4.3 Cooler 346 8.4.4 Pump 348 8.4.5 Relative Importance of Internal Irreversibilities 348 8.5 Advanced Steam Turbine Power Plants 352 8.5.1 Superheater, Reheater, and Partial Condenser Vacuum 352 8.5.2 Regenerative Feed Heating 355 8.5.3 Combined Feed Heating and Reheating 362 8.6 Advanced Gas Turbine Power Plants 366 8.6.1 External and Internal Irreversibilities 366 8.6.2 Regenerative Heat Exchanger, Reheaters, and Intercoolers 371 8.6.3 Cooled Turbines 374 8.7 Combined Steam Turbine and Gas Turbine Power Plants 376 References 379 Problems 381 9 Solar Power 394 9.1 Thermodynamic Properties of Thermal Radiation 394 9.1.1 Photons 395 9.1.2 Temperature 396 9.1.3 Energy 397 9.1.4 Pressure 399 9.1.5 Entropy 400 9.2 Reversible Processes 403 9.2.1 Reversible and Adiabatic Expansion or Compression 403 9.2.2 Reversible and Isothermal Expansion or Compression 403 9.2.3 Carnot Cycle 404 9.3 Irreversible Processes 404 9.3.1 Adiabatic Free Expansion 404 9.3.2 Transformation of Monochromatic Radiation into Blackbody Radiation 405 9.3.3 Scattering 407 9.3.4 Net Radiative Heat Transfer 408 9.3.5 Kirchhoff’s Law 412 9.4 The Ideal Conversion of Enclosed Blackbody Radiation 413 9.4.1 Petela’s Theory 413 9.4.2 Unifying Theory 416 9.5 Maximization of Power Output Per Unit Collector Area 424 9.5.1 Ideal Concentrators 424 9.5.2 Omnicolor Series of Ideal Concentrators 427 9.5.3 Unconcentrated Solar Radiation 428 9.6 Convectively Cooled Collectors 431 9.6.1 Linear Convective Heat Loss Model 432 9.6.2 Effect of Collector–Engine Heat Exchanger Irreversibility 433 9.6.3 Combined Convective and Radiative Heat Loss 434 9.7 Extraterrestrial Solar Power Plant 436 9.8 Climate 438 9.9 Self-Pumping and Atmospheric Circulation 449 References 453 Problems 455 10 Refrigeration 461 10.1 Joule–Thomson Expansion 461 10.2 Work-Producing Expansion 468 10.3 Brayton Cycle 471 10.4 Intermediate Cooling 477 10.4.1 Counterflow Heat Exchanger 477 10.4.2 Bioheat Transfer 479 10.4.3 Distribution of Expanders 480 10.4.4 Insulation 484 10.5 Liquefaction 492 10.5.1 Liquefiers versus Refrigerators 492 10.5.2 Heylandt Nitrogen Liquefier 494 10.5.3 Efficiency of Liquefiers and Refrigerators 498 10.6 Refrigerator Models with Internal Heat Leak 502 10.6.1 Heat Leak in Parallel with Reversible Compartment 502 10.6.2 Time-Dependent Operation 505 10.7 Magnetic Refrigeration 509 10.7.1 Fundamental Relations 509 10.7.2 Adiabatic Demagnetization 513 10.7.3 Paramagnetic Thermometry 514 10.7.4 The Third Law of Thermodynamics 517 References 518 Problems 521 11 Entropy Generation Minimization 531 11.1 Competing Irreversibilities 531 11.1.1 Internal Flow and Heat Transfer 531 11.1.2 Heat Transfer Augmentation 536 11.1.3 External Flow and Heat Transfer 538 11.1.4 Convective Heat Transfer in General 541 11.2 Balanced Counterflow Heat Exchangers 543 11.2.1 The Ideal Limit 545 11.2.2 Area Constraint 548 11.2.3 Volume Constraint 550 11.2.4 Combined Area and Volume Constraint 551 11.2.5 Negligible Pressure Drop Irreversibility 551 11.2.6 The Structure of Heat Exchanger Irreversibility 553 11.3 Storage Systems 555 11.3.1 Sensible-Heat Storage 555 11.3.2 Storage Time Interval 556 11.3.3 Heat Exchanger Size 558 11.3.4 Storage Followed by Removal of Exergy 561 11.3.5 Heating and Cooling Subject to Time Constraint 564 11.3.6 Latent-Heat Storage 567 11.4 Power Maximization or Entropy Generation Minimization 570 11.4.1 Heat Transfer Irreversible Power Plant Models 571 11.4.2 Minimum Entropy Generation Rate 573 11.4.3 Fluid Flow Systems 577 11.4.4 Electrical Machines 581 11.5 From Entropy Generation Minimization to Constructal Law 583 11.5.1 The Generation-of-Configuration Phenomenon 583 11.5.2 Organ Size 586 References 592 Problems 595 12 Irreversible Thermodynamics 601 12.1 Conjugate Fluxes and Forces 602 12.2 Linearized Relations 606 12.3 Reciprocity Relations 607 12.4 Thermoelectric Phenomena 610 12.4.1 Formulations 610 12.4.2 The Peltier Effect 613 12.4.3 The Seebeck Effect 615 12.4.4 The Thomson Effect 616 12.4.5 Power Generation 618 12.4.6 Refrigeration 623 12.5 Heat Conduction in Anisotropic Media 625 12.5.1 Formulation in Two Dimensions 626 12.5.2 Principal Directions and Conductivities 628 12.5.3 The Concentrated Heat Source Experiment 631 12.5.4 Three-Dimensional Conduction 633 12.6 Mass Diffusion 635 12.6.1 Nonisothermal Diffusion of a Single Component 635 12.6.2 Nonisothermal Binary Mixtures 637 12.6.3 Isothermal Diffusion 639 References 640 Problems 642 13 The Constructal Law 646 13.1 Evolution 646 13.2 Mathematical Formulation of the Constructal Law 649 13.2.1 Properties of Flow Systems with Configuration 649 13.2.2 Evolution by Increasing Global Performance 651 13.2.3 Evolution by Increasing Compactness 652 13.2.4 Evolution by Increasing Flow Territory 652 13.2.5 Freedom Is Good for Evolution and Survival (Persistence) 654 13.3 Inanimate Flow Systems 655 13.3.1 Duct Cross Sections 655 13.3.2 Open-Channel Cross Sections 657 13.3.3 Tree-Shaped Fluid Flow and River Basins 658 13.3.4 Turbulent Flow Structure 664 13.3.5 Coalescence of Flowing Solid Packets 668 13.3.6 Cracks, Splashes, and Splats 669 13.3.7 Dendritic Solidification 669 13.3.8 Global Circulation and Climate 671 13.4 Animate Flow Systems 673 13.4.1 Body Heat Loss 673 13.4.2 Branches, Diameters, and Lengths 678 13.4.3 Breathing and Heartbeating 680 13.4.4 Flying, Running, and Swimming 681 13.4.5 Life Span and Life Travel 687 13.4.6 Athletics Evolution 688 13.5 Size and Efficiency: Economies of Scale 689 13.6 Growth, Spreading, and Collecting 691 13.7 Asymmetry and Vascularization 693 13.8 Human Preferences for Shapes 697 13.9 The Arrow of Time 699 References 702 Problems 706 Appendix 725 Constants 725 Mathematical Formulas 726 Variational Calculus 727 Properties of Moderately Compressed Liquid States 728 Properties of Slightly Superheated Vapor States 729 Properties of Cold Water Near the Density Maximum 729 References 730 Symbols 731 Index 741
£127.25
John Wiley & Sons Inc The Practice of Engineering Dynamics
Book SynopsisThe Practice of Engineering Dynamics is a textbook that takes a systematic approach to understanding dynamic analysis of mechanical systems. It comprehensively covers dynamic analysis of systems from equilibrium states to non-linear simulations and presents frequency analysis of experimental data. It divides the practice of engineering dynamics into three parts: Part 1 - Modelling: Deriving Equations of Motion; Part 2 - Simulation: Using the Equations of Motion; and Part 3- Experimental Frequency Domain Analysis. This approach fulfils the need to be able to derive the equations governing the motion of a system, to then use the equations to provide useful design information, and finally to be able to analyze experimental data measured on dynamic systems. The Practice of Engineering Dynamics includes end of chapter exercises and is accompanied by a website hosting a solutions manual.Table of ContentsPreface xi About the Companion Website xv Part I Modeling: Deriving Equations of Motion 1 1 Kinematics 3 1.1 Derivatives of Vectors 3 1.2 Performing Kinematic Analysis 5 1.3 Two Dimensional Motion with Constant Length 6 1.4 Two Dimensional Motion with Variable Length 8 1.5 Three Dimensional Kinematics 10 1.6 Absolute Angular Velocity and Acceleration 13 1.7 The General Acceleration Expression 14 Exercises 16 2 Newton’s Equations of Motion 19 2.1 The Study of Motion 19 2.2 Newton’s Laws 19 2.3 Newton’s Second Law for a Particle 20 2.4 Deriving Equations of Motion for Particles 21 2.5 Working with Rigid Bodies 25 2.6 Using F = ma in the Rigid Body Force Balance 26 2.7 Using F = dG/dt in the Rigid Body Force Balance 28 2.8 Moment Balance for a Rigid Body 30 2.9 The Angular Momentum Vector – HO 33 2.10 A Physical Interpretation of Moments and Products of Inertia 36 2.11 Euler’s Moment Equations 40 2.12 Throwing a Spiral 41 2.13 A Two Body System 42 2.14 Gyroscopic Motion 48 Exercises 52 3 Lagrange’s Equations of Motion 55 3.1 An Example to Start 55 3.2 Lagrange’s Equation for a Single Particle 58 3.3 Generalized Forces 62 3.4 Generalized Forces as Derivatives of Potential Energy 64 3.5 Dampers – Rayleigh’s Dissipation Function 65 3.6 Kinetic Energy of a Free Rigid Body 67 3.7 A Two Dimensional Example using Lagrange’s Equation 70 3.7.1 The Kinetic Energy 70 3.7.2 The Potential Energy 71 3.7.3 The 𝜃 Equation 72 3.7.4 The 𝜙 Equation 73 3.8 Standard Form of the Equations of Motion 73 Exercises 74 Part II Simulation: Using the Equations of Motion 77 4 Equilibrium Solutions 79 4.1 The Simple Pendulum 79 4.2 Equilibrium with Two Degrees of Freedom 80 4.3 Equilibrium with Steady Motion 81 4.4 The General Equilibrium Solution 84 Exercises 85 5 Stability 87 5.1 Analytical Stability 87 5.2 Linearization of Functions 92 5.3 Example: A System with Two Degrees of Freedom 95 5.4 Routh Stability Criterion 99 5.5 Standard Procedure for Stability Analysis 103 Exercises 105 6 Mode Shapes 107 6.1 Eigenvectors 107 6.2 Comparing Translational and Rotational Degrees of Freedom 111 6.3 Nodal Points in Mode Shapes 115 6.4 Mode Shapes with Damping 116 6.5 Modal Damping 118 Exercises 122 7 Frequency Domain Analysis 125 7.1 Modeling Frequency Response 125 7.2 Seismic Disturbances 132 7.3 Power Spectral Density 133 7.3.1 Units of the PSD 138 7.3.2 Simulation using the PSD 139 Exercises 143 8 Time Domain Solutions 145 8.1 Getting the Equations of Motion Ready for Time Domain Simulation 146 8.2 A Time Domain Example 147 8.3 Numerical Schemes for Solving the Equations of Motion 149 8.4 Euler Integration 149 8.5 An Example Using the Euler Integrator 151 8.6 The Central Difference Method: An (h2) Method 153 8.7 Variable Time Step Methods 155 8.8 Methods with Higher Order Truncation Error 157 8.9 The Structure of a Simulation Program 159 Exercises 163 Part III Working with Experimental Data 165 9 Experimental Data – Frequency Domain Analysis 167 9.1 Typical Test Data 167 9.2 Transforming to the Frequency Domain – The CFT 169 9.3 Transforming to the Frequency Domain – The DFT 172 9.4 Transforming to the Frequency Domain – A Faster DFT 174 9.5 Transforming to the Frequency Domain – The FFT 175 9.6 Transforming to the Frequency Domain – An Example 176 9.7 Sampling and Aliasing 179 9.8 Leakage and Windowing 184 9.9 Decimating Data 187 9.10 Averaging DFTs 189 Exercises 189 A Representative Dynamic Systems 193 A.1 System 1 193 A.2 System 2 193 A.3 System 3 194 A.4 System 4 194 A.5 System 5 195 A.6 System 6 195 A.7 System 7 196 A.8 System 8 197 A.9 System 9 197 A.10 System 10 198 A.11 System 11 198 A.12 System 12 199 A.13 System 13 200 A.14 System 14 200 A.15 System 15 201 A.16 System 16 201 A.17 System 17 202 A.18 System 18 202 A.19 System 19 203 A.20 System 20 203 A.21 System 21 204 A.22 System 22 204 A.23 System 23 205 B Moments and Products of Inertia 207 B.1 Moments of Inertia 207 B.2 Parallel Axis Theorem for Moments of Inertia 208 B.3 Parallel Axis Theorem for Products of Inertia 210 B.4 Moments of Inertia for Commonly Encountered Bodies 210 C Dimensions and Units 213 D Least Squares Curve Fitting 215 Index 219
£72.15
John Wiley & Sons Inc Modal Testing
Book SynopsisThe practical, clear, and concise guide for conducting experimental modal tests Modal Testing: A Practitioner''s Guide outlines the basic information necessary to conduct an experimental modal test. The text draws on the author's extensive experience to cover the practical side of the concerns that may arise when performing an experimental modal test. Taking a hands-on approach, the book explores the issues related to conducting a test from start to finish. It covers the cornerstones of the basic information needed and summarizes all the pertinent theory related to experimental modal testing. Designed to be accessible, Modal Testing presents the most common excitation techniques used for modal testing today and is filled with illustrative examples related to impact testing which is the most widely used excitation technique for traditional experimental modal tests. This practical text is not about developing the details of the theory but rathTable of ContentsPreface xv About the CompanionWebsite xix Part I Overview of Experimental Modal Analysis using the Frequency Response Method 1 1 Introduction to ExperimentalModal Analysis: A Simple Non-mathematical Presentation 3 1.1 Could you Explain Modal Analysis to Me? 6 1.2 Just what are these Measurements called FRFs? 10 1.2.1 Why is Only One Row or Column of the FRF Matrix Needed? 13 1.3 What’s the Difference between a Shaker Test and an Impact Test? 17 1.3.1 What Measurements do we Actually make to Compute the FRF? 18 1.4 What’s the Most ImportantThing toThink about when Impact Testing? 21 1.5 What’s the Most ImportantThing toThink about when Shaker Testing? 22 1.6 Tell me More AboutWindows; They Seem Pretty Important! 24 1.7 So how do we get Mode Shapes from the Plate FRFs? 25 1.8 Modal Data and Operating Data 29 1.8.1 What is Operating Data? 29 1.8.2 So what Good is Modal Data? 33 1.8.3 So Should I Collect Modal Data or Operating Data? 34 1.9 Closing Remarks 36 2 General Theory of Experimental Modal Analysis 37 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Basic Modal AnalysisTheory – SDOF 38 2.2.1 Single Degree of Freedom System Equation 38 2.2.2 Single Degree of Freedom System Response due to Harmonic Excitation 40 2.2.3 Damping Estimation for Single Degree of Freedom System 42 2.2.4 Response Assessment with Varying Damping 43 2.2.5 Laplace Domain Approach for Single Degree of Freedom System 46 2.2.6 System Transfer Function 47 2.2.7 Different Forms of the Transfer Function 48 2.2.8 Residue of the SDOF System 49 2.2.9 Frequency Response Function for a Single Degree of Freedom System 49 2.2.10 Transfer Function/Frequency Response Function/S-plane for a Single Degree of Freedom System 51 2.2.11 Frequency Response Function Regions for a Single Degree of Freedom System 51 2.2.12 Different Forms of the Frequency Response Function 53 2.2.13 Complex Frequency Response Function 53 2.3 Basic Modal AnalysisTheory – MDOF 56 2.3.1 Multiple Degree of Freedom System Equations 57 2.3.2 Laplace Domain for Multiple Degree of Freedom System 66 2.3.3 The Frequency Response Function 68 2.3.4 Mode Shapes from Frequency Response Equations 68 2.3.5 Point-to-Point Frequency Response Function 71 2.3.6 Response of Multiple Degree of Freedom System to Harmonic Excitations 72 2.3.7 Example: Cantilever Beam Model with Three Measured DOFs 75 2.3.8 Summary of Time, Frequency, and Modal Domains 83 2.3.9 Response due to Forced Excitation using Mode Superposition 87 2.4 Summary 89 3 General Signal Processing andMeasurements Related to Experimental Modal Analysis 93 3.1 Introduction 93 3.2 Time and Frequency Domain 93 3.3 Some General Information Regarding Data Acquisition 96 3.4 Digitization of Time Signals 97 3.5 Quantization 97 3.5.1 ADC Underload 98 3.5.2 ADC Overload 100 3.6 AC Coupling 100 3.7 SamplingTheory 101 3.8 Aliasing 103 3.9 What is the Fourier Transform? 105 3.9.1 Fourier Transform and Discrete Fourier Transform 107 3.9.2 FFT: Periodic Signal 108 3.9.3 FFT: Non-periodic Signal 108 3.10 Leakage and Minimization of Leakage 109 3.10.1 Minimization of Leakage 111 3.11 Windows and Leakage 111 3.11.1 RectangularWindow 112 3.11.2 HanningWindow 116 3.11.3 Flat TopWindow 116 3.11.4 Comparison ofWindows withWorst Leakage Distortion Possible 116 3.11.5 Comparison of Rectangular, Hanning and Flat TopWindow 119 3.11.6 ForceWindow 119 3.11.7 ExponentialWindow 119 3.11.8 Convolution of theWindow in the Frequency Domain 119 3.12 Frequency Response Function Formulation 119 3.13 TypicalMeasurements 123 3.13.1 Time Signal and Auto-power Functions 123 3.13.2 TypicalMeasurement: Cross Power Function 124 3.13.3 TypicalMeasurement: Frequency Response Function 124 3.13.4 TypicalMeasurement: Coherence Function 124 3.14 Time and Frequency Relationship Definition 126 3.15 Input–Output Model with Noise 127 3.15.1 H1 Formulation: Output Noise Only 127 3.15.2 H2 Formulation: Output Noise Only 128 3.15.3 H1 Formulation: Input Noise Only 128 3.15.4 H2 Formulation: Input Noise Only 128 3.16 Summary 129 4 Excitation Techniques 131 4.1 Introduction 131 4.2 Impact Excitation Technique 132 4.2.1 Impact Hammer 132 4.2.2 Hammer Impact Tip Selection 136 4.2.3 Useful Frequency Range for Impact Excitation 137 4.2.4 ForceWindow for Impact Excitation 137 4.2.5 Pre-trigger Delay 137 4.2.6 Double Impact 140 4.2.7 Response due to Impact 140 4.2.8 Roving Hammer vs Stationary Hammer and Reciprocity 143 4.2.9 Impact Testing: an Example Set of Measurements 147 4.3 Shaker Excitation 159 4.3.1 Modal Shaker Setup 161 4.3.2 Historical Development of Shaker Excitation Techniques 162 4.3.3 Swept Sine Excitation 163 4.3.4 Pure Random Excitation 163 4.3.5 Pure Random Excitation withWindows Applied 165 4.3.6 Pure Random Excitation with Overlap Processing 165 4.3.7 Pseudo-random Excitation 167 4.3.8 Periodic Random Excitation 167 4.3.9 Burst Random Excitation 168 4.3.10 Sine Chirp Excitation 170 4.3.11 Digital Stepped Sine Excitation 170 4.4 Comparison of Different Excitations for aWeldment Structure 172 4.4.1 Random Excitation with NoWindow 172 4.4.2 Random Excitation with HanningWindow 173 4.4.3 Burst Random Excitation with NoWindow 173 4.4.4 Sine Chirp Excitation with NoWindow 174 4.4.5 Comparison of Random, Burst Random and Sine Chirp 175 4.4.6 Comparison of Random and Burst Random at Resonant Peaks 175 4.4.7 Linearity Check Using Sine Chirp 175 4.5 Multiple-input,Multiple-outputMeasurement 175 4.5.1 Multiple Input vs Single Input Testing 177 4.5.2 Multiple Input vs Single Input for aWeldment Structure 181 4.5.3 Multiple Input vs Single Input Testing 181 4.5.4 Comparison of Multiple Input and Single Input forWeldment Structure 182 4.5.5 MIMO Measurements on a Multi-component Structure 182 4.6 Summary 187 5 Modal Parameter Estimation Techniques 189 5.1 Introduction 189 5.2 ExperimentalModal Analysis 190 5.2.1 Least Squares Approximation of Data 190 5.2.2 Classification of Modal Parameter Estimation Techniques 193 5.3 Extraction of Modal Parameters 198 5.3.1 Peak Picking Technique 198 5.3.2 Circle Fitting – Kennedy and Pancu 199 5.3.3 SDOF Polynomial 200 5.3.4 Residual Effects of Out of Band Modes 200 5.3.5 MDOF Polynomial 201 5.3.6 Least Squares Complex Exponential 201 5.3.7 Advanced Forms of Time and Frequency Domain Estimators 203 5.3.8 General Time Domain Techniques 203 5.3.9 General Frequency Domain Techniques 203 5.3.10 General Consideration for Time vs Frequency Representation 204 5.3.11 Additional Remarks on Modal Parameter Estimation 204 5.3.12 Two Step Process for Modal Parameter Estimation 205 5.4 Mode Identification Tools 206 5.4.1 Summation Function 206 5.4.2 Mode Indicator Function 206 5.4.3 Complex Mode Indicator Function 207 5.4.4 Stability Diagram 208 5.4.5 PolyMAX 210 5.5 Modal Model Validation Tools 212 5.5.1 Synthesis of Frequency Response Functions using Extracted Parameters 212 5.5.2 Modal Assurance Criterion 213 5.5.3 Mode Participation Factors 215 5.5.4 Mode Overcomplexity 215 5.5.5 Mean Phase Co-linearity and Mean Phase Deviation 216 5.6 Operating Modal Analysis 216 5.7 Summary 219 Part II Practical Considerations for ExperimentalModal Testing 221 6 Test Setup Considerations 223 6.1 Test Plan? 224 6.2 How Many Modes Required? 225 6.3 Frequency Range of Interest? 228 6.4 Transducer Possibilities? 232 6.5 Test Configurations? 232 6.6 How Many Measurement Points Needed? 235 6.7 Excitation Techniques 238 6.8 Miscellaneous Items to Consider 238 6.9 Summary 245 7 Impact Testing Considerations 247 7.1 Hammer Impact Location 247 7.2 Hammer Tip and Frequency Range 248 7.3 Hammers for Different Size Structures 249 7.4 How Does Impact Skew and Deviation of Input Point Affect theMeasurement? 256 7.4.1 Skewed Impact Force 256 7.4.2 Inconsistent Impact Force Location 256 7.5 Impact Hammer Frequency Bandwidth 256 7.6 Accelerometer ICP Considerations for Low Frequency Measurements 264 7.7 Considerations for Reciprocity Measurements 264 7.8 Roving Hammer vs Roving Accelerometer 267 7.9 Picking a Good Reference Location 268 7.10 Multiple Impact Difficulties and Considerations 268 7.10.1 Academic Structure 269 7.10.2 LargeWind Turbine Blade 271 7.11 What is “Filter Ring” during an Impact Measurement? 274 7.12 Test Bandwidth MuchWider than Desired Frequency Range 275 7.13 Why Does the Structure Response Need to Come to Zero at the End of the Sample Time? 279 7.14 Measurements with no Overload but Transducers are Saturated 282 7.14.1 Case 1: Sensitive Accelerometer with ExponentialWindow 282 7.14.2 Case 2: Sensitive Accelerometer with NoWindow 283 7.14.3 Case 3: Less Sensitive Accelerometer with NoWindow 283 7.15 How much Roll Off in the Input Hammer Force Spectrum is Acceptable? 286 7.16 Can the Hammer be Switched in the Middle of a Test to Avoid Double Impacts? 289 7.17 Closing Remarks 292 8 Shaker Testing Considerations 293 8.1 General Hardware Related Issues 293 8.1.1 General Information about Shakers and Amplifiers 293 8.1.2 What is the Difference between the Constant Current and Constant Voltage Settings on the Shaker Amplifier? 294 8.1.3 Some Shakers have a Trunnion: Is it Really Needed andWhy Do You Have It? 294 8.1.4 Where is the Best Location to Place a Shaker for a Modal Test? 295 8.1.5 How Should the Shaker be Constrained when Testing? 296 8.1.6 What’s the BestWay to Support a Shaker for Lateral Vibration When it is Hung? 296 8.1.7 What are the Most Common Practical Failures with Shaker Setup? 297 8.1.8 What is the Correct Level of Shaker Excitation for Modal Testing? 297 8.1.9 How many Shakers should I use in my Modal Test? 297 8.1.10 Shaker and Stinger Alignment Issues 297 8.1.11 When should the Shaker be Attached to the Structure? 298 8.1.12 Should I Disconnect the Stingers while not Testing? 298 8.1.13 Force Gage or Impedance Head must be Mounted on Structure Side of Stinger? 300 8.1.14 What’s an Impedance Head? Why use it?Where does it go? 301 8.2 Stinger Related Issues 302 8.2.1 Why should Stingers be used? 302 8.2.2 Can a Poorly Designed Shaker/Stinger Setup Produce Incorrect Results? 303 8.2.3 Stingers and their Effect on Measured Frequency Response Functions 306 8.2.3.1 Stinger Location 307 8.2.3.2 Stinger Alignment 307 8.2.3.3 Stinger Length 308 8.2.3.4 Stinger Type 310 8.2.3.5 Sleeved Stingers 310 8.2.3.6 How do PianoWire StingersWork? How are they Pretensioned?? 314 8.3 Shaker Related Issues 314 8.3.1 Is MIMO needed for Structures with DirectionalModes? 314 8.3.2 Shaker Force Levels and SISO vs MIMO Considerations 316 8.3.2.1 High Shaker Force Levels 316 8.3.2.2 High Shaker Force Levels 318 8.3.2.3 Effects of FRF Measurements in the Modal Parameter Estimation Process 320 8.4 Concluding Remarks 325 9 Insight intoModal Parameter Estimation 327 9.1 Introductory Remarks 327 9.2 Mode Indicator Tools Help Identify Modes 328 9.3 SDOF vsMDOF for a Simple System 330 9.4 Local vs Global: MACL Frame 332 9.5 Repeated Root: Composite Spar 334 9.6 Wind Turbine Blade: Same Geometry but Very Different Modes 335 9.7 Stability Diagram Demystified 337 9.8 Curvefitting Demystified 340 9.9 Curvefitting Different Bands for the Poles and Residues 343 9.10 Synthesizing the FRF from Parameters from Several Bands Stitched Together 344 9.11 A Large Multiple Reference Modal Test Parameter Estimation 346 9.11.1 Case 1: Use of All Measured FRFs 346 9.11.2 Case 2: Use of Selected Sets of Measured FRFs 350 9.11.3 Case 3: Use of PolyMAX 352 9.12 Operating Modal Analysis 357 9.13 Concluding Remarks 363 10 General Considerations 365 10.1 An ExperimentalModal Test: a Thought Process Divulged 369 10.2 FFT Analyzer Setup 377 10.2.1 General FFT Analyzer Setup 377 10.2.2 Setup for Impact Testing 378 10.2.3 Setup for Shaker Testing 379 10.3 Log Sheets 379 10.4 Practical Considerations: Checklists 379 10.4.1 Checklist for Analyzer Setup 380 10.4.2 Checklist for Impact Testing 382 10.4.3 Checklist for Shaker Testing 384 10.4.4 Checklist for Measurement Adequacy 386 10.4.5 Checklist for Miscellaneous 388 10.5 Summary 391 Appendix: Logbook Forms 392 11 Tips, Tricks, and Other Stuff 395 11.1 Modal Testing Primer 396 11.1.1 Impact Setup 396 11.1.2 Shaker Setup 397 11.1.3 Drive Point Measurements 398 11.1.4 Reciprocity 398 11.1.5 Inappropriate Reference Location 399 11.1.6 Multiple-input,Multiple-output Testing 399 11.1.7 Multiple Reference Testing 400 11.2 Impact Hammer and Impulsive Excitation 400 11.2.1 The Right Hammer for the Test 400 11.2.2 Hammer – Get the Swing of it 401 11.2.3 Hammer Tripod 401 11.2.4 Hammer tip selection 401 11.2.5 No Hammer: Improvise 402 11.2.6 Pete’s Hammer Test Impact Ritual 402 11.3 Accelerometer Issues 403 11.3.1 Mass Loading 403 11.3.2 Mass Loading Effects from Tri-axial Accelerometers 404 11.3.3 Accelerometer Sensitivity Selection 407 11.3.4 Tri-axial Accelerometers 408 11.4 Curvefitting Considerations 411 11.4.1 Should all Measurements be used when Curvefitting 412 11.5 Blue Frame with Three Plate Subsystem 414 11.6 Miscellaneous Issues 422 11.6.1 Modal Test Axis Labels 422 11.6.2 Testing Does Not Need to Start at point 1 423 11.6.3 Test to aWider Frequency Range 423 11.6.4 Ui times Uj; the key to many questions 423 11.7 Summary 425 A Linear Algebra: Basic Operations Needed forModal Analysis Operations 427 A.1 Define a Matrix 427 A.2 Define a Column Vector 427 A.3 Define a Row Vector 428 A.4 Define a Diagonal Matrix 428 A.5 Define Matrix Addition 428 A.6 Define Matrix Scalar Multiply 428 A.7 Define Matrix Multiply 429 A.8 Matrix Multiplication Rules 429 A.9 Transpose of a Matrix 430 A.10 Transposition Rules 430 A.11 Symmetric Matrix Rules 430 A.12 Define a Matrix Inverse 431 A.13 Matrix Inverse Properties 431 A.14 Define an Eigenvalue Problem 431 A.15 Generalized Inverse 431 A.16 Singular Value Decomposition 432 B Example Using Two Degree of Freedom System: Eigenproblem 433 C Pole, Residue, and FRF Problem for 2-DOF System 437 D Example using Three Degree of Freedom System 443 E DYNSYSWebsite Materials 451 E.1 Technical Materials Developed 451 E.1.1 Theoretical Aspects of First and Second Order Systems 452 E.1.2 First Order Systems: Modeling Step with ODE and Block Diagram 452 E.1.3 Second Order Systems: Modeling Step, Impulse, IC with ODE and Block Diagram 452 E.1.4 MathematicalModeling Considerations 452 E.1.5 Simulink and MATLAB Primer Materials 453 E.1.6 Miscellaneous Materials 453 E.2 DYNSYS.UML.EDUWebsite 453 F Basic Modal Analysis Information 463 F.1 SDOF Definitions 463 F.1.1 Damping Estimates 463 F.1.2 System Transfer Function 464 F.1.3 Different Forms of the System Transfer Function 464 F.1.4 Frequency Response Function 465 F.2 MDOF Definitions 466 Part III Collection of Sets of Modal Data Collected for Processing 467 G Repeated Root Frame: Boundary Condition Effects 469 G.1 Corner Supports Set #1 470 G.2 Midlength Supports Set #2 474 G.3 Modal Correlation between Set #1 and Set #2 474 H Radarsat Satellite Testing 479 H.1 Data Reduction Set 1: Reference BUS:109:Z, BUS:118:Z, PMS:217:X and PMS:1211:Y 479 H.2 Data Reduction Set 2: Reference PMS:217:X and PMS:1211:Y 479 I Demo Airplane Testing 487 I.1 Impact Testing 487 I.2 SIMO Testing with Skewed Shaker 487 I.3 MIMO Testing with Two Vertical Modal Shakers 493 J Whirlpool Dryer Cabinet Modal Testing 497 K GM MTU Automobile Round Robin Modal Testing 501 L UML Composite Spar Modal Testing 505 M UML BUHModal Testing 509 N Nomenclature 515 Index 519
£96.85
John Wiley & Sons Inc Stress in ASME Pressure Vessels Boilers and
Book SynopsisAn illustrative guide to the analysis needed to achieve a safe design in ASME Pressure Vessels, Boilers, and Nuclear Components Stress in ASME Pressure Vessels, Boilers, and Nuclear Componentsoffers a revised and updatededition of the text, Design of Plate and Shell Structures. This important resource offers engineers and students a text that covers the complexities involved in stress loads and design of plates and shell components in compliance with pressure vessel, boiler, and nuclear standards. The author covers the basic theories and includes a wealth of illustrative examples for the design of components that address the internal and external loads as well as other loads such as wind and dead loads. The text keeps the various derivations relatively simple and the resulting equations are revised to a level so that they can be applied directly to real-world design problems. The many examples clearly show the level of analysis needed to achieve a safe design based on a given required Table of ContentsSeries Preface ix Acknowledgment xi 1 Membrane Theory of Shells of Revolution 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Basic Equations of Equilibrium 1 1.3 Spherical and Ellipsoidal Shells Subjected to Axisymmetric Loads 6 1.4 Conical Shells 18 1.5 Cylindrical Shells 20 1.6 Cylindrical Shells with Elliptical Cross Section 22 1.7 Design of Shells of Revolution 23 Problems 23 2 Various Applications of the Membrane Theory 27 2.1 Analysis of Multicomponent Structures 27 2.2 Pressure–Area Method of Analysis 35 2.3 Deflection Due to Axisymmetric Loads 42 Problems 47 3 Analysis of Cylindrical Shells 51 3.1 Elastic Analysis of Thick-Wall Cylinders 51 3.2 Thick Cylinders with Off-center Bore 56 3.3 Stress Categories and Equivalent Stress Limits for Design and Operating Conditions 57 3.4 Plastic Analysis of Thick Wall Cylinders 63 3.5 Creep Analysis of Thick-Wall Cylinders 65 3.6 Shell Equations in the ASME Code 69 3.7 Bending of Thin-Wall Cylinders Due to Axisymmetric Loads 71 3.8 Thermal Stress 89 3.9 Discontinuity Stresses 98 Problems 100 4 Buckling of Cylindrical Shells 103 4.1 Introduction 103 4.2 Basic Equations 103 4.3 Lateral Pressure 108 4.4 Lateral and End Pressure 114 4.5 Axial Compression 117 4.6 Design Equations 120 Problems 136 5 Stress in Shells of Revolution Due to Axisymmetric Loads 141 5.1 Elastic Stress in Thick-Wall Spherical Sections Due to Pressure 141 5.2 Spherical Shells in the ASME Code 142 5.3 Stress in Ellipsoidal Shells Due to Pressure Using Elastic Analysis 145 5.4 Ellipsoidal (Dished) Heads in the ASME Code 146 5.5 Stress in Thick-Wall Spherical Sections Due to Pressure Using Plastic Analysis 150 5.6 Stress in Thick-Wall Spherical Sections Due to Pressure Using Creep Analysis 150 5.7 Bending of Shells of Revolution Due to Axisymmetric Loads 151 5.8 Spherical Shells 156 5.9 Conical Shells 165 Problems 174 6 Buckling of Shells of Revolution 175 6.1 Elastic Buckling of Spherical Shells 175 6.2 ASME Procedure for External Pressure 179 6.3 Buckling of Stiffened Spherical Shells 180 6.4 Ellipsoidal Shells 181 6.5 Buckling of Conical Shells 181 6.6 Various Shapes 184 Problems 184 7 Bending of Rectangular Plates 187 7.1 Introduction 187 7.2 Strain–Deflection Equations 189 7.3 Stress–Deflection Expressions 194 7.4 Force–Stress Expressions 196 7.5 Governing Differential Equations 197 7.6 Boundary Conditions 200 7.7 Double Series Solution of Simply Supported Plates 204 7.8 Single Series Solution of Simply Supported Plates 206 7.9 Rectangular Plates with Fixed Edges 211 7.10 Plate Equations in the ASME Code 212 Problems 213 8 Bending of Circular Plates 215 8.1 Plates Subjected to Uniform Loads in the θ-Direction 215 8.2 Circular Plates in the ASME Code 225 8.3 Plates on an Elastic Foundation 227 8.4 Plates with Variable Boundary Conditions 231 8.5 Design of Circular Plates 234 Problems 235 9 Approximate Analysis of Plates 239 9.1 Introduction 239 9.2 Yield Line Theory 239 9.3 Further Application of the Yield Line Theory 247 9.4 Design Concepts 253 Problems 255 10 Buckling of Plates 259 10.1 Circular Plates 259 10.2 Rectangular Plates 263 10.3 Rectangular Plates with Various Boundary Conditions 271 10.4 Finite Difference Equations for Buckling 275 10.5 Other Aspects of Buckling 277 10.6 Application of Buckling Expressions to Design Problems 279 Problems 282 11 Finite Element Analysis 283 11.1 Definitions 283 11.2 One-Dimensional Elements 287 11.3 Linear Triangular Elements 295 11.4 Axisymmetric Triangular Linear Elements 302 11.5 Higher-Order Elements 305 11.6 Nonlinear Analysis 307 Appendix A: Fourier Series 309 A.1 General Equations 309 A.2 Interval Change 313 A.3 Half-Range Expansions 314 A.4 Double Fourier Series 316 Appendix B: Bessel Functions 319 B.1 General Equations 319 B.2 Some Bessel Identities 323 B.3 Simplified Bessel Functions 325 Appendix C: Conversion Factors 327 References 329 Answers to Selected Problems 333 Index 335
£101.66
John Wiley & Sons Inc Fundamentals of Finite Element Analysis
Book SynopsisAn introductory textbook covering the fundamentals of linear finite element analysis (FEA) This book constitutes the first volume in a two-volume set that introduces readers to the theoretical foundations and the implementation of the finite element method (FEM). The first volume focuses on the use of the method for linear problems. A general procedure is presented for the finite element analysis (FEA) of a physical problem, where the goal is to specify the values of a field function. First, the strong form of the problem (governing differential equations and boundary conditions) is formulated. Subsequently, a weak form of the governing equations is established. Finally, a finite element approximation is introduced, transforming the weak form into a system of equations where the only unknowns are nodal values of the field function. The procedure is applied to one-dimensional elasticity and heat conduction, multi-dimensional steady-state scalar field problems (heat condTable of ContentsPreface xiv About the Companion Website xviii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Physical Processes and Mathematical Models 1 1.2 Approximation, Error, and Convergence 3 1.3 Finite Element Method for Differential Equations 5 1.4 Brief History of the Finite Element Method 6 1.5 Finite Element Software 8 1.6 Significance of Finite Element Analysis for Engineering 8 1.7 Typical Process for Obtaining a Finite Element Solution for a Physical Problem 12 1.8 A Note on Linearity and the Principle of Superposition 14 References 16 2 Strong and Weak Form for One-Dimensional Problems 17 2.1 Strong Form for One-Dimensional Elasticity Problems 17 2.2 General Expressions for Essential and Natural B.C. in One-Dimensional Elasticity Problems 23 2.3 Weak Form for One-Dimensional Elasticity Problems 24 2.4 Equivalence of Weak Form and Strong Form 28 2.5 Strong Form for One-Dimensional Heat Conduction 32 2.6 Weak Form for One-Dimensional Heat Conduction 37 Problems 44 References 46 3 Finite Element Formulation for One-Dimensional Problems 47 3.1 Introduction—Piecewise Approximation 47 3.2 Shape (Interpolation) Functions 51 3.3 Discrete Equations for Piecewise Finite Element Approximation 59 3.4 Finite Element Equations for Heat Conduction 66 3.5 Accounting for Nodes with Prescribed Solution Value (“Fixed” Nodes) 67 3.6 Examples on One-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis 68 3.7 Numerical Integration—Gauss Quadrature 91 3.8 Convergence of One-Dimensional Finite Element Method 100 3.9 Effect of Concentrated Forces in One-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis 106 Problems 108 References 111 4 Multidimensional Problems: Mathematical Preliminaries 112 4.1 Introduction 112 4.2 Basic Definitions 113 4.3 Green’s Theorem—Divergence Theorem and Green’s Formula 118 4.4 Procedure for Multidimensional Problems 121 Problems 122 References 122 5 Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction and Other Scalar Field Problems 123 5.1 Strong Form for Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction 123 5.2 Weak Form for Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction 129 5.3 Equivalence of Strong Form and Weak Form 131 5.4 Other Scalar Field Problems 133 Problems 139 6 Finite Element Formulation for Two-Dimensional Scalar Field Problems 141 6.1 Finite Element Discretization and Piecewise Approximation 141 6.2 Three-Node Triangular Finite Element 148 6.3 Four-Node Rectangular Element 153 6.4 Isoparametric Finite Elements and the Four-Node Quadrilateral (4Q) Element 158 6.5 Numerical Integration for Isoparametric Quadrilateral Elements 165 6.6 Higher-Order Isoparametric Quadrilateral Elements 176 6.7 Isoparametric Triangular Elements 178 6.8 Continuity and Completeness of Isoparametric Elements 181 6.9 Concluding Remarks: Finite Element Analysis for Other Scalar Field Problems 183 Problems 183 References 188 7 Multidimensional Elasticity 189 7.1 Introduction 189 7.2 Definition of Strain Tensor 189 7.3 Definition of Stress Tensor 191 7.4 Representing Stress and Strain as Column Vectors—The Voigt Notation 193 7.5 Constitutive Law (Stress-Strain Relation) for Multidimensional Linear Elasticity 194 7.6 Coordinate Transformation Rules for Stress, Strain, and Material Stiffness Matrix 199 7.7 Stress, Strain, and Constitutive Models for Two-Dimensional (Planar) Elasticity 202 7.8 Strong Form for Two-Dimensional Elasticity 208 7.9 Weak Form for Two-Dimensional Elasticity 212 7.10 Equivalence between the Strong Form and the Weak Form 215 7.11 Strong Form for Three-Dimensional Elasticity 218 7.12 Using Polar (Cylindrical) Coordinates 220 References 225 8 Finite Element Formulation for Two-Dimensional Elasticity 226 8.1 Piecewise Finite Element Approximation—Assembly Equations 226 8.2 Accounting for Restrained (Fixed) Displacements 231 8.3 Postprocessing 232 8.4 Continuity—Completeness Requirements 232 8.5 Finite Elements for Two-Dimensional Elasticity 232 Problems 251 9 Finite Element Formulation for Three-Dimensional Elasticity 257 9.1 Weak Form for Three-Dimensional Elasticity 257 9.2 Piecewise Finite Element Approximation—Assembly Equations 258 9.3 Isoparametric Finite Elements for Three-Dimensional Elasticity 264 Problems 287 Reference 288 10 Topics in Applied Finite Element Analysis 289 10.1 Concentrated Loads in Multidimensional Analysis 289 10.2 Effect of Autogenous (Self-Induced) Strains—The Special Case of Thermal Strains 291 10.3 The Patch Test for Verification of Finite Element Analysis Software 294 10.4 Subparametric and Superparametric Elements 295 10.5 Field-Dependent Natural Boundary Conditions: Emission Conditions and Compliant Supports 296 10.6 Treatment of Nodal Constraints 302 10.7 Treatment of Compliant (Spring) Connections Between Nodal Points 309 10.8 Symmetry in Analysis 311 10.9 Axisymmetric Problems and Finite Element Analysis 316 10.10 A Brief Discussion on Efficient Mesh Refinement 319 Problems 321 References 323 11 Convergence of Multidimensional Finite Element Analysis, Locking Phenomena in Multidimensional Solids and Reduced Integration 324 11.1 Convergence of Multidimensional Finite Elements 324 11.2 Effect of Element Shape in Multidimensional Analysis 327 11.3 Incompatible Modes for Quadrilateral Finite Elements 328 11.4 Volumetric Locking in Continuum Elements 333 11.5 Uniform Reduced Integration and Spurious Zero-Energy (Hourglass) Modes 337 11.6 Resolving the Problem of Hourglass Modes: Hourglass Stiffness 339 11.7 Selective-Reduced Integration 346 11.8 The B-bar Method for Resolving Locking 348 Problems 351 References 352 12 Multifield (Mixed) Finite Elements 353 12.1 Multifield Weak Forms for Elasticity 354 12.2 Mixed (Multifield) Finite Element Formulations 359 12.3 Two-Field (Stress-Displacement) Formulations and the Pian-Sumihara Quadrilateral Element 367 12.4 Displacement-Pressure (u-p) Formulations and Finite Element Approximations 370 12.5 Stability of Mixed u-p Formulations—the inf-sup Condition 374 12.6 Assumed (Enhanced)-Strain Methods and the B-bar Method as a Special Case 377 12.7 A Concluding Remark for Multifield Elements 381 References 381 13 Finite Element Analysis of Beams 383 13.1 Basic Definitions for Beams 383 13.2 Differential Equations and Boundary Conditions for 2D Beams 385 13.3 Euler-Bernoulli Beam Theory 388 13.4 Strong Form for Two-Dimensional Euler-Bernoulli Beams 392 13.5 Weak Form for Two-Dimensional Euler-Bernoulli Beams 394 13.6 Finite Element Formulation: Two-Node Euler-Bernoulli Beam Element 397 13.7 Coordinate Transformation Rules for Two-Dimensional Beam Elements 404 13.8 Timoshenko Beam Theory 408 13.9 Strong Form for Two-Dimensional Timoshenko Beam Theory 411 13.10 Weak Form for Two-Dimensional Timoshenko Beam Theory 411 13.11 Two-Node Timoshenko Beam Finite Element 415 13.12 Continuum-Based Beam Elements 418 13.13 Extension of Continuum-Based Beam Elements to General Curved Beams 424 13.14 Shear Locking and Selective-Reduced Integration for Thin Timoshenko Beam Elements 440 Problems 443 References 446 14 Finite Element Analysis of Shells 447 14.1 Introduction 447 14.2 Stress Resultants for Shells 451 14.3 Differential Equations of Equilibrium and Boundary Conditions for Flat Shells 452 14.4 Constitutive Law for Linear Elasticity in Terms of Stress Resultants and Generalized Strains 456 14.5 Weak Form of Shell Equations 464 14.6 Finite Element Formulation for Shell Structures 472 14.7 Four-Node Planar (Flat) Shell Finite Element 480 14.8 Coordinate Transformations for Shell Elements 485 14.9 A “Clever” Way to Approximately Satisfy C1 Continuity Requirements for Thin Shells—The Discrete Kirchhoff Formulation 500 14.10 Continuum-Based Formulation for Nonplanar (Curved) Shells 510 Problems 521 References 522 15 Finite Elements for Elastodynamics, Structural Dynamics, and Time-Dependent Scalar Field Problems 523 15.1 Introduction 523 15.2 Strong Form for One-Dimensional Elastodynamics 525 15.3 Strong Form in the Presence of Material Damping 527 15.4 Weak Form for One-Dimensional Elastodynamics 529 15.5 Finite Element Approximation and Semi-Discrete Equations of Motion 530 15.6 Three-Dimensional Elastodynamics 536 15.7 Semi-Discrete Equations of Motion for Three-Dimensional Elastodynamics 539 15.8 Structural Dynamics Problems 539 15.9 Diagonal (Lumped) Mass Matrices and Mass Lumping Techniques 546 15.10 Strong and Weak Form for Time-Dependent Scalar Field (Parabolic) Problems 549 15.11 Semi-Discrete Finite Element Equations for Scalar Field (Parabolic) Problems 555 15.12 Solid and Structural Dynamics as a “Parabolic” Problem: The State-Space Formulation 557 Problems 558 References 559 16 Analysis of Time-Dependent Scalar Field (Parabolic) Problems 560 16.1 Introduction 560 16.2 Single-Step Algorithms 562 16.3 Linear Multistep Algorithms 568 16.4 Predictor-Corrector Algorithms—Runge-Kutta (RK) Methods 569 16.5 Convergence of a Time-Stepping Algorithm 572 16.6 Modal Analysis and Its Use for Determining the Stability for Systems with Many Degrees of Freedom 583 Problems 587 References 587 17 Solution Procedures for Elastodynamics and Structural Dynamics 588 17.1 Introduction 588 17.2 Modal Analysis: What Will NOT Be Presented in Detail 589 17.3 Step-by-Step Algorithms for Direct Integration of Equations of Motion 594 17.4 Application of Step-By-Step Algorithms for Discrete Systems with More than One Degrees of Freedom 608 17.4 Problems 613 References 613 18 Verification and Validation for the Finite Element Method 615 18.1 Introduction 615 18.2 Code Verification 615 18.3 Solution Verification 622 18.4 Numerical Uncertainty 627 18.5 Sources and Types of Uncertainty 629 18.6 Validation Experiments 630 18.7 Validation Metrics 631 18.8 Extrapolation of Model Prediction Uncertainty 633 18.9 Predictive Capability 634 References 634 19 Numerical Solution of Linear Systems of Equations 637 19.1 Introduction 637 19.2 Direct Methods 638 19.3 Iterative Methods 640 19.4 Parallel Computing and the Finite Element Method 644 19.5 Parallel Conjugate Gradient Method 649 References 653 Appendix A: Concise Review of Vector and Matrix Algebra 654 A.1 Preliminary Definitions 654 A.2 Matrix Mathematical Operations 656 A.3 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a Matrix 660 A.4 Rank of a Matrix 662 Appendix B: Review of Matrix Analysis for Discrete Systems 664 B.1 Truss Elements 664 B.2 One-Dimensional Truss Analysis 666 B.3 Solving the Global Stiffness Equations of a Discrete System and Postprocessing 671 B.4 The ID Array Concept (for Equation Assembly) 673 B.5 Fully Automated Assembly: The Connectivity (LM) Array Concept 680 B.6 Advanced Interlude—Programming of Assembly When the Restrained Degrees of Freedom Have Nonzero Values 682 B.7 Advanced Interlude 2: Algorithms for Postprocessing 683 B.8 Two-Dimensional Truss Analysis—Coordinate Transformation Equations 684 B.9 Extension to Three-Dimensional Truss Analysis 693 Problem 694 Appendix C: Minimum Potential Energy for Elasticity—Variational Principles 695 Appendix D: Calculation of Displacement and Force Transformations for Rigid-Body Connections 700 Index 706
£85.45
John Wiley & Sons Inc Design and Analysis of Centrifugal Compressors
Book SynopsisA comprehensive overview of fluid dynamic models and experimental results that can help solve problems in centrifugal compressors and modern techniques for a more efficient aerodynamic design. Design and Analysis of Centrifugal Compressors isacomprehensive overview of the theoretical fluid dynamic models describing the flow in centrifugal compressors and the modern techniques for the design of more efficient centrifugal compressors. The author a noted expert in the field, with over 40 years of experience evaluates relevant numerical and analytical prediction models for centrifugal compressors with special attention to their accuracy and limitations. Relevant knowledge from the last century is linked with new insights obtained from modern CFD. Emphasis is to link the flow structure, performance and stability to the geometry of the different compressor components. Design and Analysis of Centrifugal Compressors is an accessible resource that combines theory with experimental data andTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xiii List of Symbols xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Application of Centrifugal Compressors 2 1.2 Achievable Efficiency 5 1.3 Diabatic Flows 14 1.4 Transformation of Energy in Radial Compressors 19 1.5 Performance Map 25 1.5.1 Theoretical Performance Curve 25 1.5.2 Finite Number of Blades 26 1.5.3 Real Performance Curve 28 1.6 Degree of Reaction 29 1.7 Operating Conditions 32 2 Compressor Inlets 37 2.1 Inlet Guide Vanes 37 2.1.1 Influence of Prerotation on Pressure Ratio 40 2.1.2 Design of IGVs 41 2.2 The Inducer 49 2.2.1 Calculation of the Inlet 50 2.2.1.1 Determination of the Inducer Shroud Radius 51 2.2.2 Optimum Incidence Angle 53 2.2.3 Inducer Choking Mass Flow 56 3 Radial Impeller Flow Calculation 61 3.1 Inviscid Impeller Flow Calculation 63 3.1.1 Meridional Velocity Calculation 63 3.1.2 Blade to Blade Velocity Calculation 66 3.1.3 Optimal Velocity Distribution 68 3.2 3D Impeller Flow 73 3.2.1 3D Inviscid Flow 73 3.2.2 Boundary Layers 76 3.2.3 Secondary Flows 78 3.2.3.1 Shrouded–unshrouded 82 3.2.4 Full 3D Geometries 84 3.3 Performance Predictions 88 3.3.1 Flow in Divergent Channels 88 3.3.2 Impeller Diffusion Model 90 3.3.3 Two-zone Flow Model 94 3.3.4 Calculation of Average Flow Conditions 101 3.3.5 Influence of the Wake/Jet Velocity Ratio 𝜈 on Impeller Performance 102 3.4 Slip Factor 104 3.5 Disk Friction 108 4 The Diffuser 113 4.1 Vaneless Diffusers 116 4.1.1 One-dimensional Calculation 117 4.1.2 Circumferential Distortion 122 4.1.3 Three-dimensional Flow Calculation 125 4.2 Vaned Diffusers 131 4.2.1 Curved Vane Diffusers 131 4.2.2 Channel Diffusers 135 4.2.3 The Vaneless and Semi-vaneless Space 136 4.2.4 The Diffuser Channel 143 5 Detailed Geometry Design 147 5.1 Inverse Design Methods 147 5.1.1 Analytical Inverse Design Methods 148 5.1.2 Inverse Design by CFD 152 5.2 Optimization Systems 156 5.2.1 Parameterized Definition of the Impeller Geometry 157 5.2.2 Search Mechanisms 159 5.2.2.1 Gradient Methods 160 5.2.2.2 Zero-order Search Mechanisms 161 5.2.2.3 Evolutionary Methods 161 5.2.3 Metamodel Assisted Optimization 164 5.2.4 Multiobjective and Constraint Optimization 170 5.2.4.1 Multiobjective Ranking 170 5.2.4.2 Constraints 172 5.2.4.3 Multiobjective Design of Centrifugal Impellers 173 5.2.5 Multipoint Optimization 175 5.2.5.1 Design of a Low Solidity Diffuser 175 5.2.5.2 Multipoint Impeller Design 177 5.2.6 Robust Optimization 181 6 Volutes 185 6.1 Inlet Volutes 185 6.1.1 Inlet Bends 186 6.1.2 Inlet Volutes 190 6.1.3 Vaned Inlet Volutes 193 6.1.4 Tangential Inlet Volute 194 6.2 Outlet Volutes 196 6.2.1 Volute Flow Model 196 6.2.2 Main Geometrical Parameters 197 6.2.3 Detailed 3D Flow Structure in Volutes 200 6.2.3.1 Design Mass Flow Operation 201 6.2.3.2 Lower than Design Mass Flow 204 6.2.3.3 Higher than Design Mass Flow 205 6.2.4 Central Elliptic Volutes 208 6.2.4.1 High Mass Flow Measurements 210 6.2.4.2 Medium and Low Mass Flow Measurements 215 6.2.4.3 Volute Outlet Measurements 215 6.2.5 Internal Rectangular Volutes 215 6.2.5.1 High Mass Flow Measurements 216 6.2.5.2 Medium Mass Flow Measurements 218 6.2.5.3 Low Mass Flow Measurements 219 6.2.6 Volute Cross Sectional Shape 221 6.2.7 Volute Performance 222 6.2.7.1 Experimental Results 224 6.2.7.2 Performance Predictions 225 6.2.7.3 Detailed Evaluation of Volute Loss Model 228 6.2.8 3D analysis of Volute Flow 230 6.3 Volute-diffuser Optimization 231 6.3.1 Non-axisymmetric Diffuser 233 6.3.2 Increased Diffuser Exit Width 234 7 Impeller Response to Outlet Distortion 237 7.1 Experimental Observations 238 7.2 Theoretical Predictions 242 7.2.1 1D Model 244 7.2.2 CFD: Mixing Plane Approach 245 7.2.3 3D Unsteady Flow Calculations 247 7.2.3.1 Impeller with 20 Full Blades 248 7.2.3.2 Impeller with Splitter Vanes 249 7.2.4 Inlet and Outlet Flow Distortion 249 7.2.4.1 Parametric Study 253 7.2.5 Frozen Rotor Approach 254 7.3 Radial Forces 258 7.3.1 Experimental Observations 258 7.3.2 Computation of Radial Forces 263 7.4 Off-design Performance Prediction 267 7.4.1 Impeller Response Model 268 7.4.2 Diffuser Response Model 269 7.4.3 Volute Flow Calculation 269 7.4.4 Impeller Outlet Pressure Distribution 272 7.4.5 Evaluation and Conclusion 273 8 Stability and Range 275 8.1 Distinction Between Different Types of Rotating Stall 276 8.2 Vaneless Diffuser Rotating Stall 280 8.2.1 Theoretical Stability Calculation 284 8.2.2 Comparison with Experiments 287 8.2.3 Influence of the Diffuser Inlet Shape and Pinching 289 8.3 Abrupt Impeller Rotating Stall 296 8.3.1 Theoretical Prediction Models 297 8.3.2 Comparison with Experimental Results 300 8.4 Progressive Impeller Rotating Stall 301 8.4.1 Experimental Observations 301 8.5 Vaned Diffuser Rotating Stall 307 8.5.1 Return Channel Rotating Stall 314 8.6 Surge 314 8.6.1 Lumped Parameter Surge Model 316 8.6.2 Mild Versus Deep Surge 321 8.6.3 An Alternative Surge Prediction Model 325 9 Operating Range 329 9.1 Active Surge Control 330 9.1.1 Throttle Valve Control 331 9.1.2 Variable Plenum Control 333 9.1.3 Active Magnetic Bearings 335 9.1.4 Close-coupled Resistance 336 9.2 Bypass Valves 337 9.3 Increased Impeller Stability 340 9.3.1 Dual Entry Compressors 342 9.3.2 Casing Treatment 344 9.4 Enhanced Vaned Diffuser Stability 347 9.5 Impeller–diffuser Matching 351 9.6 Enhanced Vaneless Diffuser Stability 354 9.6.1 Low Solidity Vaned Diffusers 356 9.6.2 Half-height Vanes 359 9.6.3 Rotating Vaneless Diffusers 359 Bibliography 363 Index 385
£98.96
John Wiley & Sons Inc Vibration of Continuous Systems
Book SynopsisA revised and up-to-date guide to advanced vibration analysis written by a noted expert The revised and updated second edition of Vibration of Continuous Systemsoffers a guide to all aspects of vibration of continuous systems including: derivation of equations of motion, exact and approximate solutions and computational aspects. The authora noted expert in the fieldreviews all possible types of continuous structural members and systems including strings, shafts, beams, membranes, plates, shells, three-dimensional bodies, and composite structural members. Designed to be a useful aid in the understanding of the vibration of continuous systems, the book contains exact analytical solutions, approximate analytical solutions, and numerical solutions. All the methods are presented in clear and simple terms and the second edition offers a more detailed explanation of the fundamentals and basic concepts. Vibration of Continuous Systemsrevised second editionTable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xix About the Author xxi 1 Introduction: Basic Concepts and Terminology 1 1.1 Concept of Vibration 1 1.2 Importance of Vibration 4 1.3 Origins and Developments in Mechanics and Vibration 5 1.4 History of Vibration of Continuous Systems 7 1.5 Discrete and Continuous Systems 12 1.6 Vibration Problems 15 1.7 Vibration Analysis 16 1.8 Excitations 17 1.9 Harmonic Functions 17 1.10 Periodic Functions and Fourier Series 24 1.11 Non periodic Functions and Fourier Integrals 25 1.12 Literature on Vibration of Continuous Systems 28 References 29 Problems 31 2 Vibration of Discrete Systems: Brief Review 33 2.1 Vibration of a Single-Degree-of-Freedom System 33 2.2 Vibration of Multi degree-of-Freedom Systems 43 2.3 Recent Contributions 60 References 61 Problems 62 3 Derivation of Equations: Equilibrium Approach 69 3.1 Introduction 69 3.2 Newton’s Second Law of Motion 69 3.3 D’Alembert’s Principle 70 3.4 Equation of Motion of a Bar in Axial Vibration 70 3.5 Equation of Motion of a Beam in Transverse Vibration 72 3.6 Equation of Motion of a Plate in Transverse Vibration 74 3.7 Additional Contributions 81 References 81 Problems 82 4 Derivation of Equations: Variational Approach 87 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Calculus of a Single Variable 87 4.3 Calculus of Variations 88 4.4 Variation Operator 91 4.5 Functional with Higher-Order Derivatives 93 4.6 Functional with Several Dependent Variables 95 4.7 Functional with Several Independent Variables 96 4.8 Extremization of a Functional with Constraints 98 4.9 Boundary Conditions 102 4.10 Variational Methods in Solid Mechanics 106 4.11 Applications of Hamilton’s Principle 116 4.12 Recent Contributions 121 Notes 121 References 122 Problems 122 5 Derivation of Equations: Integral Equation Approach 125 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 Classification of Integral Equations 125 5.3 Derivation of Integral Equations 127 5.4 General Formulation of the Eigenvalue Problem 132 5.6 Recent Contributions 149 References 150 Problems 151 6 Solution Procedure: Eigenvalue and Modal Analysis Approach 153 6.1 Introduction 153 6.2 General Problem 153 6.3 Solution of Homogeneous Equations: Separation-of-Variables Technique 155 6.4 Sturm–Liouville Problem 156 6.5 General Eigenvalue Problem 165 6.6 Solution of Nonhomogeneous Equations 169 6.7 Forced Response of Viscously Damped Systems 171 6.8 Recent Contributions 173 References 174 Problems 175 7 Solution Procedure: Integral Transform Methods 177 7.1 Introduction 177 7.2 Fourier Transforms 178 7.3 Free Vibration of a Finite String 184 7.4 Forced Vibration of a Finite String 186 7.5 Free Vibration of a Beam 188 7.6 Laplace Transforms 191 7.7 Free Vibration of a String of Finite Length 197 7.8 Free Vibration of a Beam of Finite Length 200 7.9 Forced Vibration of a Beam of Finite Length 201 7.10 Recent Contributions 204 References 205 Problems 206 8 Transverse Vibration of Strings 209 8.1 Introduction 209 8.2 Equation of Motion 209 8.3 Initial and Boundary Conditions 213 8.4 Free Vibration of an Infinite String 215 8.5 Free Vibration of a String of Finite Length 221 8.6 Forced Vibration 231 8.7 Recent Contributions 235 Note 236 References 236 Problems 237 9 Longitudinal Vibration of Bars 239 9.1 Introduction 239 9.2 Equation of Motion Using Simple Theory 239 9.3 Free Vibration Solution and Natural Frequencies 241 9.4 Forced Vibration 259 9.5 Response of a Bar Subjected to Longitudinal Support Motion 262 9.6 Rayleigh Theory 263 9.7 Bishop’s Theory 265 9.8 Recent Contributions 272 References 273 Problems 273 10 Torsional Vibration of Shafts 277 10.1 Introduction 277 10.2 Elementary Theory: Equation of Motion 277 10.3 Free Vibration of Uniform Shafts 282 10.4 Free Vibration Response due to Initial Conditions: Modal Analysis 295 10.5 Forced Vibration of a Uniform Shaft: Modal Analysis 298 10.6 Torsional Vibration of Noncircular Shafts: Saint-Venant’s Theory 301 10.7 Torsional Vibration of Noncircular Shafts, Including Axial Inertia 305 10.8 Torsional Vibration of Noncircular Shafts: The Timoshenko–Gere Theory 306 10.9 Torsional Rigidity of Noncircular Shafts 309 10.10 Prandtl’s Membrane Analogy 314 10.11 Recent Contributions 319 References 320 Problems 321 11 Transverse Vibration of Beams 323 11.1 Introduction 323 11.2 Equation of Motion: The Euler–Bernoulli Theory 323 11.3 Free Vibration Equations 331 11.4 Free Vibration Solution 331 11.5 Frequencies and Mode Shapes of Uniform Beams 332 11.6 Orthogonality of Normal Modes 345 11.7 Free Vibration Response due to Initial Conditions 347 11.8 Forced Vibration 350 11.9 Response of Beams under Moving Loads 356 11.10 Transverse Vibration of Beams Subjected to Axial Force 358 11.11 Vibration of a Rotating Beam 363 11.12 Natural Frequencies of Continuous Beams on Many Supports 365 11.13 Beam on an Elastic Foundation 370 11.14 Rayleigh’s Theory 375 11.15 Timoshenko’s Theory 377 11.16 Coupled Bending–Torsional Vibration of Beams 386 11.17 Transform Methods: Free Vibration of an Infinite Beam 391 11.18 Recent Contributions 393 References 395 Problems 396 12 Vibration of Circular Rings and Curved Beams 399 12.1 Introduction 399 12.2 Equations of Motion of a Circular Ring 399 12.3 In-Plane Flexural Vibrations of Rings 404 12.4 Flexural Vibrations at Right Angles to the Plane of a Ring 408 12.5 Torsional Vibrations 413 12.6 Extensional Vibrations 413 12.7 Vibration of a Curved Beam with Variable Curvature 414 12.8 Recent Contributions 423 References 424 Problems 425 13 Vibration of Membranes 427 13.1 Introduction 427 13.2 Equation of Motion 427 13.3 Wave Solution 432 13.4 Free Vibration of Rectangular Membranes 433 13.5 Forced Vibration of Rectangular Membranes 444 13.6 Free Vibration of Circular Membranes 450 13.7 Forced Vibration of Circular Membranes 454 13.8 Membranes with Irregular Shapes 459 13.9 Partial Circular Membranes 459 13.10 Recent Contributions 460 Notes 461 References 462 Problems 463 14 Transverse Vibration of Plates 465 14.1 Introduction 465 14.2 Equation of Motion: Classical Plate Theory 465 14.3 Boundary Conditions 473 14.4 Free Vibration of Rectangular Plates 479 14.5 Forced Vibration of Rectangular Plates 489 14.6 Circular Plates 493 14.7 Free Vibration of Circular Plates 498 14.8 Forced Vibration of Circular Plates 503 14.9 Effects of Rotary Inertia and Shear Deformation 507 14.10 Plate on an Elastic Foundation 529 14.11 Transverse Vibration of Plates Subjected to In-Plane Loads 531 14.12 Vibration of Plates with Variable Thickness 537 14.13 Recent Contributions 543 References 545 Problems 547 15 Vibration of Shells 549 15.1 Introduction and Shell Coordinates 549 15.2 Strain–Displacement Relations 560 15.3 Love’s Approximations 564 15.4 Stress–Strain Relations 570 15.5 Force and Moment Resultants 571 15.6 Strain Energy, Kinetic Energy, and Work Done by External Forces 579 15.7 Equations of Motion from Hamilton’s Principle 582 15.8 Circular Cylindrical Shells 590 15.9 Equations of Motion of Conical and Spherical Shells 599 15.10 Effect of Rotary Inertia and Shear Deformation 600 15.11 Recent Contributions 611 Notes 612 References 612 Problems 614 16 Vibration of Composite Structures 617 16.1 Introduction 617 16.2 Characterization of a Unidirectional Lamina with Loading Parallel to the Fibers 617 16.3 Different Types of Material Behavior 619 16.4 Constitutive Equations or Stress–Strain Relations 620 16.5 Coordinate Transformations for Stresses and Strains 626 16.6 Lamina with Fibers Oriented at an Angle 632 16.7 Composite Lamina in Plane Stress 634 16.8 Laminated Composite Structures 641 16.9 Vibration Analysis of Laminated Composite Plates 659 16.10 Vibration Analysis of Laminated Composte Beams 663 16.11 Recent Contributions 666 References 667 Problems 668 17 Approximate Analytical Methods 671 17.1 Introduction 671 17.2 Rayleigh’s Quotient 672 17.3 Rayleigh’s Method 674 17.4 Rayleigh–Ritz Method 685 17.5 Assumed Modes Method 695 17.6 Weighted Residual Methods 697 17.7 Galerkin’s Method 698 17.8 Collocation Method 704 17.9 Subdomain Method 709 17.10 Least Squares Method 711 17.11 Recent Contributions 718 References 719 Problems 721 18 Numerical Methods: Finite Element Method 725 18.1 Introduction 725 18.2 Finite Element Procedure 725 18.3 Element Matrices of Different Structural Problems 739 18.4 Dynamic Response Using the Finite Element Method 753 18.5 Additional and Recent Contributions 760 Note 763 References 763 Problems 765 A Basic Equations of Elasticity 769 A.1 Stress 769 A.2 Strain–Displacement Relations 769 A.3 Rotations 771 A.4 Stress–Strain Relations 772 A.5 Equations of Motion in Terms of Stresses 774 A.6 Equations of Motion in Terms of Displacements 774 B Laplace and Fourier Transforms 777 Index 783
£100.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xi Preface to the Second Edition xiii Preface to the First Edition xv Nomenclature xix About the Companion Website xxxi 1 Heat Exchangers: Semantics 1 1.1 Heat Transfer in a Heat Exchanger 1 1.2 Modeling a Heat Exchanger 5 1.3 Irreversibilities in Heat Exchangers 20 1.4 Thermodynamic Irreversibility and Temperature Cross Phenomena 27 1.5 Heuristic Approach to an Assessment of Heat Exchanger Effectiveness 35 1.6 Energy, Exergy, and Cost Balances in the Analysis of Heat Exchangers 39 1.7 Performance Evaluation Criteria Based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics 58 2 Overview of Heat Exchanger Design Methodology: The Art 63 2.1 Heat Exchanger Design Methodology 63 2.2 Interactions Among Design Considerations 77 2.3 Heat Exchanger Design for Manufacturing 78 3 Thermal Design for Recuperators 91 3.1 Heat Flow and Thermal Resistance 91 3.2 Heat Exchanger Design Variables/Parameters 93 3.3 The ε-NTU Method 105 3.4 Effectiveness-NTU Relationships 112 3.5 The P-NTU Method 128 3.6 P-NTU Relationships 131 3.7 The Mean Temperature Difference Method 157 3.8 F Factors for Various Flow Arrangements 161 3.9 Comparison of the ε-NTU, P-NTU, and MTD Methods 176 3.10 The υ-P and P1-P2 Methods 179 3.11 Solution Methods for Determining Exchanger Effectiveness 181 3.12 Heat Exchanger Design Problems 185 4 Relaxation of Design Assumptions. Extended Surfaces 189 4.1 Longitudinal Wall Heat Conduction Effects 189 4.2 Nonuniform Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients 200 4.3 Extended Surface Exchangers 213 4.4 Additional Considerations for Shell-and-Tube Exchangers 243 4.5 Flow Maldistribution 248 5 Thermal Design of Regenerators 283 5.1 Heat Transfer Analysis 283 5.2 The (ε-NTUo) Method 290 5.3 The Λ-Π Method 309 5.4 Influence of Longitudinal Wall Heat Conduction 319 5.5 Influence of Transverse Wall Heat Conduction 326 5.6 Influence of Pressure and Carryover Leakages 330 5.7 Influence of Matrix Material, Size, and Arrangement 336 6 Heat Exchanger Pressure Drop Analysis 341 6.1 Introduction 341 6.2 Extended Surface Heat Exchanger Pressure Drop 344 6.3 Regenerator Pressure Drop 354 6.4 Tubular Heat Exchanger Pressure Drop 354 6.5 Plate Heat Exchanger Pressure Drop 357 6.6 Pressure Drop Associated with Fluid Distribution Elements 359 6.7 Pressure Drop Presentation 371 6.8 Pressure Drop Dependence on Geometry and Fluid Properties 377 7 Surface Heat Transfer and Flow Friction Characteristics 379 7.1 Basic Concepts 379 7.2 Dimensionless Groups 394 7.3 Experimental Techniques for Determining Surface Characteristics 402 7.4 Analytical and Semiempirical Heat Transfer and Friction Factor Correlations for Simple Geometries 423 7.5 Experimental Heat Transfer and Friction Factor Correlations for Complex Geometries 458 7.6 Influence of Temperature-Dependent Fluid Properties 474 7.7 Influence of Superimposed Free Convection 477 7.8 Influence of Superimposed Radiation 482 8 Geometry of Heat Exchangers' Surfaces 489 8.1 Tubular Heat Exchangers 489 8.2 Tube-Fin Heat Exchangers 494 8.3 Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers 499 8.4 Regenerators With Continuous Cylindrical Passages 508 8.5 Shell-and-Tube Exchangers with Segmental Baffles 511 8.6 Gasketed Plate Heat Exchangers 519 9 Heat Exchanger Design Procedures 521 9.1 Fluid Mean Temperatures 521 9.2 Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers 524 9.3 Tube-Fin Heat Exchangers 547 9.4 Plate Heat Exchangers 548 9.5 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 560 9.6 Note on Heat Exchanger Optimization 578 10 Selection of Heat Exchangers and Their Components 581 10.1 Selection Criteria Based on Operating Parameters 581 10.2 General Selection Guidelines for Major Exchanger Types 587 10.3 Some Quantitative Considerations 606 Appendix A Classification of Heat Exchangers 631 Appendix B P-NTU Relationships 699 References 713 Index 725
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