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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xi About the Author xv Acknowledgments xvii About the Companion Website xix 1 Review of Linear Algebra 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Vectors, Scalars, and Bases 2 Worked Exercise: Linear Combinations on the Left-hand Side of the Scalar Product 3 1.3 Vector Representation in Different Bases 7 1.4 Linear Operators 12 1.5 Representation of Linear Operators 14 1.6 Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues 18 1.7 General Method of Solution of a Matrix Equation 21 1.8 The Closure Relation 23 1.9 Representation of Linear Operators in Terms of Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues 24 1.10 The Dirac Notation 25 Worked Exercise: The Bra of the Action of an Operator on a Ket 28 1.11 Exercises 30 Interlude: Signals and Systems: What is it About? 35 2 Representation of Signals 37 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 The Convolution 38 Worked Exercise: First Example of Convolution 42 Worked Exercise: Second Example of Convolution 44 2.3 The Impulse Function, or Dirac Delta 46 2.4 Convolutions with Impulse Functions 50 Worked Exercise: The Convolution with δ(t − a) 52 2.5 Impulse Functions as a Basis: The Time Domain Representation of Signals 53 2.6 The Scalar Product 60 2.7 Orthonormality of the Basis of Impulse Functions 62 Worked Exercise: Proof of Orthonormality of the Basis of Impulse Functions 64 2.8 Exponentials as a Basis: The Frequency Domain Representation of Signals 65 2.9 The Fourier Transform 72 Worked Exercise: The Fourier Transform of the Rectangular Function 74 2.10 The Algebraic Meaning of Fourier Transforms 75 Worked Exercise: Projection on the Basis of Exponentials 78 2.11 The Physical Meaning of Fourier Transforms 80 2.12 Properties of Fourier Transforms 85 2.12.1 Fourier Transform and the DC level 85 2.12.2 Property of Reality 86 2.12.3 Symmetry Between Time and Frequency 88 2.12.4 Time Shifting 88 2.12.5 Spectral Shifting 90 Worked Exercise: The Property of Spectral Shifting and AM Modulation 91 2.12.6 Differentiation 92 2.12.7 Integration 93 2.12.8 Convolution in the Time Domain 96 2.12.9 Product in the Time Domain 97 Worked Exercise: The Fourier Transform of a Physical Sinusoidal Wave 98 2.12.10 The Energy of a Signal and Parseval’s Theorem 101 2.13 The Fourier Series 102 Worked Exercise: The Fourier Series of a Square Wave 108 2.14 Exercises 109 3 Representation of Systems 113 3.1 Introduction and Properties 113 3.1.1 Linearity 114 3.1.2 Time Invariance 114 Worked Exercise: Example of a Time Invariant System 116 Worked Exercise: An Example of a Time Variant System 117 3.1.3 Causality 117 3.2 Operators Representing Linear and Time Invariant Systems 118 3.3 Linear Systems as Matrices 119 3.4 Operators in Dirac Notation 121 3.5 Statement of the Problem 123 3.6 Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues of LTI Operators 123 3.7 General Method of Solution 124 3.7.1 Step 1: Defining the Problem 124 3.7.2 Step 2: Finding the Eigenvalues 125 3.7.3 Step 3: The Representation in the Basis of Eigenvectors 126 3.7.4 Step 4: Solving the Equation and Returning to the Original Basis 129 Worked Exercise: Input is an Eigenvector 130 Worked Exercise: Input is an Explicit Linear Combination of Eigenvectors 131 Worked Exercise: An Arbitrary Input 132 3.8 The Physical Meaning of Eigenvalues: The Impulse and Frequency Responses 133 Worked Exercise: Impulse and Frequency Responses of a Harmonic Oscillator 136 Worked Exercise: How can the Frequency Response be Measured? 139 Worked Exercise: The Transient of a Harmonic Oscillator 142 Worked Exercise: Charge and Discharge in an RC Circuit 145 3.9 Frequency Conservation in LTI Systems 147 3.10 Frequency Conservation in Other Fields 148 3.10.1 Snell’s Law 149 3.10.2 Wavefunctions and Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle 150 3.11 Exercises 152 4 Electric Circuits as LTI Systems 157 4.1 Electric Circuits as LTI Systems 157 4.2 Phasors, Impedances, and the Frequency Response 158 Worked Exercise: An RLC Circuit as a Harmonic Oscillator 163 4.3 Exercises 164 5 Filters 165 5.1 Ideal Filters 165 5.2 Example of a Low-pass Filter 167 5.3 Example of a High-pass Filter 170 5.4 Example of a Band-pass Filter 171 5.5 Exercises 172 6 Introduction to the Laplace Transform 175 6.1 Motivation: Stability of LTI Systems 175 6.2 The Laplace Transform as a Generalization of the Fourier Transform 179 6.3 Properties of Laplace Transforms 181 6.4 Region of Convergence 182 6.5 Inverse Laplace Transform by Inspection 185 Worked Exercise: Example of Inverse Laplace Transform by Inspection 185 Worked Exercise: Impulse Response of a Harmonic Oscillator 187 6.6 Zeros and Poles 188 Worked Exercise: Finding the Zeros and Poles 189 Worked Exercise: Poles of a Harmonic Oscillator 190 6.7 The Unilateral Laplace Transform 191 6.7.1 The Differentiation Property of the Unilateral Fourier Transform 193 Worked Exercise: Differentiation Property of the Unilateral Fourier Transform Involving Higher Order Derivatives 195 Worked Exercise: Example of Differentiation Using the Unilateral Fourier Transform 196 Worked Exercise: Discharge of an RC Circuit 197 6.7.2 Generalization to the Unilateral Laplace Transform 198 6.8 Exercises 199 Interlude: Discrete Signals and Systems: Why do we Need Them? 203 7 The Sampling Theorem and the Discrete Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) 205 7.1 Discrete Signals 205 7.2 Fourier Transforms of Discrete Signals and the Sampling Theorem 207 7.3 The Discrete Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) 216 Worked Exercise: Example of a Matlab Routine to Calculate the Dtft 218 Worked Exercise: Fourier Transform from the DTFT 221 7.4 The Inverse DTFT 223 7.5 Properties of the DTFT 224 7.5.1 ‘Time’ shifting 225 7.5.2 Difference 226 7.5.3 Sum 228 7.5.4 Convolution in the ‘Time’ Domain 229 7.5.5 Product in the Time Domain 230 7.5.6 The Theorem that Should not be: Energy of Discrete Signals 231 7.6 Concluding Remarks 235 7.7 Exercises 235 8 The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) 239 8.1 Discretizing the Frequency Domain 239 8.2 The DFT and the Fast Fourier Transform (fft) 246 Worked Exercise: Getting the Centralized DFT Using the Command fft 250 Worked Exercise: Getting the Fourier Transform with the fft 254 Worked Exercise: Obtaining the Inverse Fourier Transform Using the ifft 256 8.3 The Circular Time Shift 258 8.4 The Circular Convolution 259 8.5 Relationship Between Circular and Linear Convolutions 264 8.6 Parseval’s Theorem for the DFT 269 8.7 Exercises 270 9 Discrete Systems 275 9.1 Introduction and Properties 275 9.1.1 Linearity 276 9.1.2 ‘Time’ invariance 276 9.1.3 Causality 276 9.1.4 Stability 276 9.2 Linear and Time Invariant Discrete Systems 277 Worked Exercise: Further Advantages of Frequency Domain 279 9.3 Digital Filters 283 9.4 Exercises 285 10 Introduction to the z-transform 287 10.1 Motivation: Stability of LTI Systems 287 10.2 The z-transform as a Generalization of the DTFT 289 Worked Exercise: Example of z-transform 290 10.3 Relationship Between the z-transform and the Laplace Transform 292 10.4 Properties of the z-transform 293 10.4.1 ‘Time’ shifting 294 10.4.2 Difference 294 10.4.3 Sum 294 10.4.4 Convolution in the Time Domain 294 10.5 The Transfer Function of Discrete LTI Systems 295 10.6 The Unilateral z-transform 295 10.7 Exercises 297 References with Comments 299 Appendix A: Laplace Transform Property of Product in the Time Domain 301 Appendix B: List of Properties of Laplace Transforms 303 Index 305

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Book SynopsisBIOFLUIDS MODELING The first book offering analytical and modern computational solutions to important biofluids problems, such as non-Newtonian flows in blood vessels, clogged arteries and veins, bifurcated arteries and veins, arbitrary stent geometries, tissue properties prediction, and porous media Darcy flow simulation in large-scale organ analysis, this is a must-have for any library. This book introduces new methods for biofluids modeling and biological engineering. The foregoing subjects are treated rigorously, with all modeling assumptions stated and solutions clearly derived. But that's not all. Key supporting physics-based ideas, algorithmic details, and software design interfaces are equally emphasized, in order to support our overriding objective of getting the anatomical and clinical information that physicians need. Importantly, this volume provides a self-contained exposition that includes all required biological concepts, plus the background preparTable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgements xix Dedication xxi 1 Fluid Physics in Circulatory Systems – Problems, Analogies and Methods 1 1.1 Basic Biological Notions and Fluid-Dynamical Ideas 3 1.2 Quantitative Modeling Perspectives 16 1.3 Preview of Complicated but Simple Boundary Value Problem Solutions 24 1.4 References 27 2 Math Models, Differential Equations and Numerical Methods 29 2.1 Presentation Approach 31 2.2 Diffusion Processes, Partial Differential Equations and Formulation Development 34 2.3 Boundary-Conforming Curvilinear Grid Generation 41 2.4 Finite Difference Solutions Made Easy – Iterative Methods, Programming and Source Code Details 63 2.5 References 98 3 Hagen-Poiseuille Extensions – Real Flow Effects and General Bifurcations 100 3.1 Blood Rheology and Overview 101 3.2 Newtonian Flow in Simple Bifurcations 112 3.3 Theory – Complicated Arteries with Chained Bifurcations 120 3.4 Network with Arbitrary Number of Bifurcations 122 3.5 Bifurcated Newtonian Flow in Noncircular Clogged Blood Vessels 123 3.6 References 125 4 Non-Newtonian Flow in Circular Conduits and Networks 127 4.1 Power Law Fluids with Inlet Flow Rate Prescribed 130 4.2 Herschel-Bulkley Fluids and Yield Stress 141 4.3 Newtonian and Herschel-Bulkley Examples 149 4.4 References 154 5 Flows in Clogged Arteries and Veins 155 5.1 Hagen-Poiseuille Revisited – Rectangular Coordinates 157 5.2 Non-Newtonian Power Law Circular Pipe Flow in Rectangular Coordinates 164 5.3 Clinical Implications for Pressure Gradient and Viscous Shear Stress 167 5.4 Evolutionary Approaches for Complicated Geometries 168 5.5 A Detailed Clog Flow Computation 175 5.6 References 182 6 Square Stents, Centrifugal Effects, Pulsatile Flow, Clogged Bifurcations and Axial Variations 183 6.1 Stent Geometry Effects on Volume Flow Rate 183 6.2 General Formulations and Solutions for Complicated Geometries and Arbitrary Fluids 200 6.3 Centrifugal Force Influence on Volume Flow Rate 204 6.4 Unsteady Pulsatile Flow Model for Complicated Duct Cross-Sections 214 6.5 Bifurcated Conduits with Newtonian Flow in Clogged Geometric Cross-sections 220 6.6 Modeling Axial Variations with Pseudo-Three- Dimensional Method 221 6.7 Modeling Transient Wall Effects 223 6.8 Steady Bifurcated Newtonian Flows With Arbitrary Clogs, A Numerical Example 225 6.9 References 233 7 Tissue Properties from Steady and Transient Syringe Pressure Analysis 234 7.1 Importance of Compressibility, Permeability, Anisotropy, Pressure and Porosity in Medical Applications 236 7.2 Geoscience Perspectives and Background 246 7.3 Formation Testing in Petroleum Well Logging 249 7.4 Operational Guidelines to Biofluids Pressure Testing 255 7.5 Intelligent Syringe Fundamentals 263 7.6 Mathematical Models for Porous Media Flow 286 7.7 References 374 8 Artery, Capillary and Vein Interactions in Anisotropic Heterogeneous Porous Tissue Flows 380 8.1 Qualitative Review of the Circulatory System 383 8.2 Porous Media Flows in the Geosciences and in Biofluids Applications 389 8.3 Electrical and Biological Analogies 393 8.4 References 407 9 Geoscience Ideas in Biofluids Modeling 408 9.1 Multisim Background and Biofluids Applications 414 9.2 Running Multisim 421 9.3 Closing Remarks 447 9.4 References 449 Cumulative References 450 About the Authors 460 Index 461

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Book SynopsisQUALITY IN THE ERA OF INDUSTRY 4.0 Enables readers to use real-world data from connected devices to improve product performance, detect design vulnerabilities, and design better solutions Quality in the Era of Industry 4.0 provides an insightful guide to harnessing user performance and behavior data through AI and other Industry 4.0 technologies. This transformative approach enables companies to not only optimize products and services in real-time, but also to anticipate and mitigate likely failures proactively. In a succinct and lucid style, the book presents a pioneering framework for a new paradigm of quality management in the Industry 4.0 landscape. It introduces groundbreaking techniques such as utilizing real-world data to tailor products for superior fit and performance, leveraging connectivity to adapt products to evolving needs and use-cases, and employing cutting-edge manufacturing methods to create bespoke, cost-effective solutions with greater eTable of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xix 1 Evolution of Quality Through Industrial Revolutions 1 1.1 Quality Before Industrial Revolutions 2 1.2 Quality in the First Industrial Revolution 3 1.3 The Second Industrial Revolution and the Birth of Modern Quality Management 3 1.3.1 Mass Production System Is a Game Changer 4 1.3.2 The Start of Modern Quality System 6 1.4 The Third Industrial Revolution and the Maturity of Modern Quality Management System 8 1.4.1 Contributions of Japan to Quality Management 8 1.4.1.1 Total Quality Control 8 1.4.1.2 Taguchi Method 9 1.4.1.3 Quality Function Deployment 9 1.4.1.4 Kano Model 9 1.4.1.5 Affinity Diagram 9 1.4.1.6 Kansei Engineering 9 1.4.1.7 Poka-Yoke 10 1.4.2 Total Quality Management (TQM) 11 1.4.3 The Third Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on Quality Management 11 1.4.4 Lean Six Sigma 12 1.4.4.1 Overview of Lean Six Sigma 12 1.4.4.2 Limitations of Lean Six Sigma 13 1.5 Current Challenges and Difficulties for Quality Management 14 1.5.1 Industry 4.0 Is Coming 14 1.5.2 Customers in Industry 4.0 Age and Their Expectations 15 1.5.3 Challenges for Modern Quality Management Brought by Industry 4.0 16 1.5.3.1 The Limitations of Traditional Quality Management Practices 16 1.5.3.2 Changing Realities in a Connected World 18 1.5.3.3 Smart Producers, Old Quality Management 19 1.5.3.4 Quality and Innovation 19 1.5.3.5 Quality and Risk Management 19 1.6 Summary 20 References 20 2 Evolving Paradigm for Quality in the Era of Industry 4.0 23 2.1 Current Quality Definitions and Paradigms 23 2.1.1 Definitions from Quality Community 24 2.1.2 Quality Definitions and Paradigms from Academic Community 25 2.1.3 Robert M. Pirsig’s View on Quality 27 2.1.3.1 Summary of Robert M. Pirsig’s View on Quality 27 2.1.3.2 Possible Contributions for New Quality Paradigm 28 2.1.4 Christopher Alexander’s View on Quality 29 2.1.4.1 Summary of Christopher Alexander’s Work 29 2.1.4.2 Possible Contributions for New Quality Paradigm 33 2.2 Changes Brought by Industry 4.0 34 2.2.1 Smart Manufacturing 34 2.2.2 Smart Enterprise by Superconnectivity 36 2.2.2.1 How Superconnectivity Affects Product Development and Production 37 2.2.3 Other Changes Brought by Industry 4.0 38 2.2.4 Summary: Impact of Industry 4.0 on Quality 39 2.3 Quality 4.0 39 2.3.1 What Is Quality 4.0 39 2.3.2 American Society of Quality’s Descriptions on Quality 4.0 41 2.3.2.1 American Society of Quality Definition of Quality 4.0 41 2.3.2.2 Key Features of Quality 4.0 41 2.3.2.3 Establishing and Implementing Quality 4.0 Principles 42 2.3.2.4 Quality 4.0 Tools 42 2.3.2.5 Quality 4.0 Value Propositions 43 2.3.3 Reflecting on ASQ’s Quality 4.0 Narratives 43 2.4 Hidden Gems: Lesser Known but Potent Ideas on Quality 43 2.4.1 Quality as Customer Value 44 2.4.2 Individualized Customer Value 46 2.4.3 Peter Drucker’s View: Good Quality and Poor Quality 47 2.5 Evolving Paradigm for Quality in the Era of Industry 4.0 49 2.5.1 Dual Facets of Quality 50 2.5.2 Customer Value Creation in the New Era 51 2.5.3 Expanded Role of Quality Assurance 52 2.5.4 Evolving Trends 53 References 54 3 Quality by Design and Innovation 57 3.1 The Trend of Quality: Going Upstream 57 3.2 The Journey into Quality by Design 60 3.3 Design for Six Sigma, A Serious Attempt for Quality by Design 61 3.3.1 Samsung’s Journey for DFSS and Innovation 62 3.3.1.1 DFSS and TRIZ Greatly Helped Samsung’s Innovation Initiatives 63 3.3.1.2 A Dual-Track Innovation Strategy: Technology Push and Market Pull 63 3.3.1.3 Summary of Samsung Experiences 65 3.3.2 Apple Inc.’s Innovation Journey Under Steve Jobs 65 3.4 Quality by Design in the Era of Industry 4.0 66 3.4.1 Overviews of Design Quality and Quality by Design 66 3.4.2 Some Significant Changes in Business Ecosystem in Digital Revolution 68 3.4.3 More Changes Expected by Industry 4.0 69 3.4.3.1 Summary: Benefits of Industry 4.0 Technologies for Quality by Design 71 3.4.4 The Objective of Quality by Design in Industry 4.0: Cultivating Customer Value 71 3.4.5 Identifying Customer Needs in the Era of Industry 4.0 72 3.4.5.1 Voice of Customer (VoC) 4.0 73 3.4.5.2 Mining Customer Needs with IoT (Internet of Things) 73 3.4.5.3 Mining Customer Needs with IoB (Internet of Behaviors) 74 3.4.5.4 Social Listening 74 3.4.6 Evaluating Customer Value and Analyzing Value Proposition 75 3.4.6.1 Willingness to Pay (WTP) as a Customer Value Indicator 79 3.4.6.2 Survey-Based Customer Value Evaluation Methods 79 3.5 Customer Value Creation by Innovation 80 3.5.1 Blue Ocean Strategy 80 3.5.2 Medici Effect 83 3.5.3 Design Thinking 85 3.5.4 Co-creation with Customers and Stakeholders 87 3.5.5 Design for Individualized Customer Value 90 3.5.6 Emotional, Psychological, and Culture Value Creation for Stakeholders 91 3.5.7 Design for Quality of Experience 93 3.6 Quality Management and Assurance in Early Product Life Cycle 99 3.6.1 Quality in Product Development: Crafting Customer Value and Controlling Quality Loss 99 3.6.1.1 Dual Responsibilities in Quality Management 99 3.6.2 Whose Responsibilities for Quality? 101 3.6.2.1 Emergence of the Quality Department 101 3.6.2.2 Realignment of Quality Management Functions: Integration and Deep Collaboration 102 3.6.3 Quality Assurance in the Early Stage of Product Life Cycle 104 3.6.3.1 Is the Separation of Value Creation and Quality Assurance a Good Idea? 104 3.6.3.2 Quality and Standards: An Interconnected Relationship 105 3.6.4 Overview of Risk Management for New Product Development 108 3.6.4.1 Framework for Risk Management in New Product Development 109 3.6.4.2 New Content Risk Analysis and Management 111 3.6.4.3 Robust Technology Development 112 3.6.4.4 Risk Management by Complexity Theory 112 References 113 4 Quality Management in the Era of Industry 4.0 119 4.1 Introduction 119 4.2 Smart Factory 120 4.2.1 What Is a Smart Factory? 120 4.2.2 Several New Quality Control Methods in Smart Factory 124 4.2.2.1 Real-Time Monitoring and Control 124 4.2.2.2 Predictive Quality Assurance (PQA) 126 4.2.2.3 Electronic/Digital Poka Yoke Methods 126 4.2.2.4 Tesla’s “Giga Press” 127 4.2.3 Collaboration of Manufacturing, Engineering, and Quality in Smart Factory 129 4.2.4 Predictive Maintenance in Smart Factory 130 4.3 Quality Management for Smart Supply Chain 130 4.3.1 Understanding the Smart Supply Chain 130 4.3.2 Overview of Supplier Quality Management and Capabilities Brought by Industry 4.0 133 4.3.3 Contemporary Collaboration Models Between Producers and Suppliers in Quality Management 135 4.3.3.1 APQP and PPAP 135 4.3.3.2 Integrated Product Development (IPD) 136 4.3.4 Leveraging Industry 4.0 for Supply Quality Management Enhancement 137 4.3.4.1 Early Supplier Involvement During the Product Development Stage 137 4.3.4.2 Upgrading the Supplier Quality Validation Process Via Industry 4.0 Technology 138 4.4 Quality Management in After-Sale Customer Service 139 4.4.1 Introduction 139 4.4.1.1 Regular After-Sale Customer Service 139 4.4.1.2 Users Feedback Management 140 4.4.1.3 Product Innovation 140 4.4.2 Upgrading After-Sale Customer Services with Industry 4.0 141 4.4.3 Upgrading User Feedback Management with Industry 4.0 143 4.4.4 Upgrading User Feedback Management with Social Listening 144 4.4.5 Upgrading User Feedback Management with Quality of Experience Mining and Analysis 144 4.4.6 Improving After-Sale Customer Service Team’s Contribution in Product Innovation by Industry 4.0 145 4.5 Quality Management for Service Industry 146 4.5.1 What Are the Differences in Quality Management Between Service and Manufacturing Industry 146 4.5.2 What Industry 4.0 Can Help in Service Quality Management 147 4.5.3 Industry 4.0 and Individualized Services 147 4.6 Digital Quality Management System Under Industry 4.0 149 4.6.1 Introduction 149 4.6.1.1 Structure 150 4.6.1.2 Functionalities and Features 150 4.6.2 Cloud-Based Master Platforms that Integrate eQMS with Other Business Applications 152 4.6.3 Collaborative Work on Quality Through Product Life Cycle 153 4.6.4 Enhance Digital Quality Management System by Industry 4.0 Technologies 154 4.6.5 Unified Quality Management System 155 4.6.6 Collaborations of Professionals in Unified Quality Management System 156 4.6.6.1 Collaboration Among Quality Professionals in Different Sectors 156 4.6.6.2 Collaboration Between Quality Professionals and Others 157 References 157 5 Predictive Quality 161 5.1 Introduction 161 5.1.1 Definition and Importance 162 5.1.1.1 Definition 162 5.1.1.2 Importance 162 5.1.2 Historical Perspective 162 5.1.3 Current Trends 163 5.2 Elements of Predictive Quality 164 5.2.1 Data Collection 164 5.2.2 Data Quality 164 5.2.3 Data Analysis 166 5.2.4 Predictive Models 167 5.3 Exploration of Predictive Quality Models 168 5.3.1 Regression Models 168 5.3.2 Time Series Model 170 5.3.3 Machine Learning Model 171 5.3.4 Deep Learning Models 175 5.4 Performance Metrics in Predictive Modeling 176 5.4.1 Accuracy 177 5.4.2 Precision 177 5.4.3 Recall 178 5.4.4 F1 Score 178 5.4.5 Auc-roc 179 5.5 Application of Predictive Quality in Various Industries 180 5.5.1 Manufacturing 180 5.5.2 Healthcare 190 5.5.3 Retail 190 5.5.4 Finance 191 5.5.5 Information Technology 192 5.6 The Challenges and Limitations of Predictive Quality 193 5.6.1 Data Privacy and Security Issues 193 5.6.2 Model Interpretability 193 5.6.3 Overfitting and Underfitting 193 5.6.4 Need for High-Quality and Relevant Data 194 5.7 The Future of Predictive Quality 194 References 194 6 Data Quality 199 6.1 Introduction 199 6.2 Data and Data Quality 200 6.2.1 Overview 200 6.2.1.1 Data Involved in Data Quality Study 200 6.2.1.2 Definition of Data Quality 200 6.2.2 Categories of Data 201 6.2.3 Causes of Poor Data Quality 205 6.2.4 Cost of Poor Data Quality 205 6.3 Data Quality Dimensions and Measurement 206 6.3.1 Data Quality Dimensions 206 6.3.2 Measurement of Data Quality 207 6.3.2.1 Measuring Accuracy in Data Quality 207 6.3.2.2 Measure Completeness in Data Quality 208 6.3.2.3 Measure Consistency in Data Quality 209 6.3.2.4 Measure Timeliness in Data Quality 210 6.3.2.5 Measure Validity in Data Quality 211 6.3.2.6 Measure Uniqueness in Data Quality 211 6.3.2.7 Measuring Integrity in Data Quality 212 6.3.2.8 Measuring Relevance 213 6.3.2.9 Measuring Reliability 214 6.4 Data Quality Management 216 6.4.1 Reactive Versus Proactive Data Quality Management 217 6.4.2 Data Quality Assessment 218 6.4.3 Data Cleansing 219 6.4.4 Data Integration 220 6.4.5 Data Validation 221 6.4.6 Data Monitoring 222 6.4.7 Technology, Tools, and Software on Data Quality Management 223 6.4.7.1 Technologies and Tools 223 6.4.7.2 Data Quality Management Software 224 6.5 Data Governess 225 6.5.1 Data Governance Strategy 226 6.5.1.1 Fundamentals 226 6.5.1.2 Objectives 226 6.5.1.3 Winning Strategy 226 6.5.2 Data Governance Framework 227 6.5.3 Data Stewardship 230 6.5.4 Data Life Cycle Management 231 6.5.5 Data Governess Tools and Technology 231 6.6 The Role of Quality Professionals 232 6.7 Future Trends in Data Quality 234 References 235 7 Risk Management in the 21st Century 237 7.1 Introduction 237 7.1.1 Overview of Risk Management 238 7.1.2 Redefining Risk Management in the 21st Century 239 7.1.3 The Paramountcy of Risk Management in the Contemporary Context 240 7.2 Deciphering the Nature of Risk 241 7.2.1 Definition of Risk 242 7.2.2 Types of Risks 243 7.2.3 Risk Assessment and Analysis 244 7.3 Risk Management Frameworks 246 7.3.1 Traditional Risk Management Approaches 247 7.3.1.1 Risk Identification 247 7.3.1.2 Risk Analysis 248 7.3.1.3 Risk Treatment 249 7.3.1.4 Risk Monitoring 250 7.3.1.5 Pros and Cons of Traditional Risk Management Approaches 250 7.3.2 Contemporary Risk Management Models 251 7.3.2.1 Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) 251 7.3.2.2 Operational Risk Management (ORM) 252 7.3.2.3 Strategic Risk Management (SRM) 253 7.3.2.4 Integrated Risk Management (IRM) 254 7.3.2.5 Pros and Cons of Contemporary Risk Management Models 255 7.3.3 Integrating Risk Management with Strategic Planning 255 7.4 Risk Management Techniques 259 7.4.1 Techniques for Risk Identification 260 7.4.2 Techniques for Risk Assessment 261 7.4.3 Quantitative and Qualitative Risk Analysis 262 7.5 Technology and Risk Management 263 7.5.1 Role of Technology in Risk Management 264 7.5.1.1 Current Role of Technology in Risk Management 264 7.5.2 Automation and Artificial Intelligence in Risk Assessment 266 7.5.2.1 State of the Art as of Now 266 7.5.3 Data Analytics for Risk Prediction and Management 268 7.6 Resilience and Business Continuity 270 7.6.1 Cultivating Resilience in Organizations 271 7.6.1.1 Historical Context and Evolution 271 7.6.1.2 Current Approaches to Building Resilience 271 7.6.1.3 Building Resilience through Complexity Theory 273 7.6.2 Business Continuity Planning 274 7.6.3 Disaster Recovery and Emergency Response 275 References 276 8 Emerging Organizational Changes in the 21st Century 281 8.1 The Continuously Shifting Landscape of Organizational Structures 282 8.1.1 Evolution from Traditional Pyramid to Contemporary Organizational Structures 282 8.1.1.1 Traditional Pyramid Structures 283 8.1.1.2 The Move to Matrix Structures 283 8.1.1.3 The Flat and Horizontal Organizations 283 8.1.1.4 Contemporary Organizational Structures 283 8.1.2 The Emergence of Flexible and Flat Structures 284 8.2 Impact of Technological Advances on Organizational Structures 288 8.2.1 Impact of Artificial Intelligence 288 8.2.1.1 AI Technologies and Their Impact 288 8.2.2 The Role of Big Data 290 8.2.2.1 Applications of Big Data and Their Impact 291 8.2.3 Effects of Industry 4.0 291 8.2.3.1 Industry 4.0 Technologies and Their Impact 291 8.3 Emerging Organizational Models in the 21st Century 292 8.3.1 The Networked Organization 292 8.3.1.1 Structure of a Networked Organization 292 8.3.1.2 Reasons for Adopting a Networked Structure 293 8.3.2 The Holacracy Model 294 8.3.3 The Agile Organization 295 8.3.4 Virtual and Remote Organizations 296 8.3.5 The Platform Model 297 8.3.5.1 Assigning Roles and Responsibilities 297 8.3.6 Rendanheyi Model 298 8.4 Future of Organizational Structures 299 8.4.1 Predicted Trends and Patterns 300 8.4.2 Potential Challenges and Solutions 301 8.4.3 Impact of Future Technologies 302 8.5 The Impact on Quality Professionals 303 8.5.1 Role Shifts and Adaptation 304 8.5.2 New Quality Management Approaches 305 8.5.3 Impact of Remote Working on Quality Management 306 8.6 Required Skills and Knowledge for Quality Professionals in the Future 307 8.6.1 Emphasizing Data Literacy 307 8.6.2 Proficiency in AI and Machine Learning 308 8.6.3 Understanding of Agile and Lean Methodologies 309 8.6.4 Understanding the Human Side of Quality 310 8.6.5 Understanding Holistic View of Quality 311 References 312 Index 315

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xiii Introduction to the Second Edition xv 1 Introduction to the Challenge of Cost and Value Management in Projects 1 1.1 Importance of Cost and Value Management in Projects 2 1.2 Keys to Effective Project Cost Management 7 1.3 Essential Features of Project Value Management 9 1.4 Organization of the Book 11 Chapter Summary 20 References 21 2 Project Needs Assessment, Concept Development, and Planning 23 2.1 Needs Identification 25 2.2 Conceptual Development 29 2.3 Project Feasibility 32 2.3.1 Five Areas of Project Feasibility 32 2.3.2 Benefits of Conducting a Project Feasibility Study 33 2.4 The Statement of Work 34 2.5 Project Planning 37 2.6 Project Scope Definition 38 2.6.1 Purpose of the Scope Definition Document 38 2.6.2 Elements of the Scope Definition Document 39 2.6.3 Project Scope Changes 42 2.7 Work Breakdown Structure 43 2.7.1 Types of Work Breakdown Structures 44 2.7.2 Work Breakdown Structure Development 46 2.7.3 Coding of Work Breakdown Structures 49 2.7.4 Integrating the WBS and the Organization 49 2.7.5 Guidelines for Developing a Work Breakdown Structure 52 Chapter Summary 53 Discussion and Review Questions 53 References 53 3 Cost Estimation 55 3.1 Importance of Cost Estimation 58 3.2 Problems of Cost Estimation 60 3.3 Sources and Categories of Project Costs 64 3.4 Cost Estimating Methods 66 3.5 Cost Estimation Process 75 3.5.1 Creating the Detailed Estimate 76 3.6 Allowances for Contingencies in Cost Estimation 78 3.7 The Use of Learning Curves in Cost Estimation 81 Chapter Summary 85 Discussion and Review Questions 86 References 87 3A Appendix to Chapter 3: Forecasting Methods for Cost and Value Management 89 3A.1 Categories of Forecasting in Project Management 90 3A.2 Forecasting Methods for Projects 91 3A.3 Time Series Analysis 91 3A.4 Linear Regression Analysis 92 3A.4.1 Evaluating the “Fit” of the Regression Line 96 3A.4.2 Limitations in Forecasting Using Linear Regression 99 3A.4 Forecasting the Project End Conditions 102 3A.5 S- Curve Forecasting 102 3A.6 Technological Forecasting 109 Chapter Summary 110 Discussion and Review Questions 111 References 112 4 Project Budgeting 113 4.1 Issues in Project Budgeting 114 4.2 Developing a Project Budget 115 4.2.1 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) 117 4.2.2 Issues in Creating a Project Budget 117 4.3 Approaches to Developing a Project Budget 118 4.3.1 Top- down Budgeting 118 4.3.2 Bottom- up Budgeting 120 4.3.3 Preparing the Project Budget 123 4.4 Activity- based Costing 124 4.4.1 Steps in Activity- based Costing 124 4.4.2 Cost Drivers in Activity- based Costing 124 4.4.3 Sample Project Budget 1 125 4.4.4 Sample Project Budget 2 125 4.5 Program Budgeting 126 4.5.1 Time- phased Budgets 127 4.5.2 Tracking Chart 127 4.6 Developing a Project Contingency Budget 128 4.6.1 Allocation of Contingency Funds 129 4.6.2 Drawbacks of Contingency Funding 130 4.6.3 Advantages of Contingency Funding 131 4.7 Issues in Budget Development 132 4.8 Crashing the Project: Budget Effects 132 4.8.1 Crashing Project Activities— Decision Making 133 Chapter Summary 138 Discussion and Review Questions 138 References 138 5 Project Cost Control 141 5.1 Overview of the Project Evaluation and Control System 142 5.1.1 Project Control Process 142 5.2 Integrating Cost and Time in Monitoring Project Performance: The S- Curve 144 5.3 Earned Value Management 148 5.4 Earned Value Management Model 149 5.5 Fundamentals of Earned Value 151 5.6 EVM Terminology 152 5.7 Relevancy of Earned Value Management 153 5.8 Conducting an Earned Value Analysis 154 5.9 Performing an Earned Value Assessment 156 5.10 Managing a Portfolio of Projects with Earned Value Management 160 5.11 Important Issues in the Effective Use of Earned Value Management 161 5.12 Benefits of EVM 164 5.13 EVM Using Microsoft Project 165 5.13.1 Step 1. Enter Resources in the Resource Sheet View 165 5.13.2 Step 2. Assign Resources to Tasks 166 5.13.3 Step 3. Save the Project Baseline 168 5.13.4 Step 4. Record Project Actuals 169 5.13.5 Step 5. Review the EVA View and Reports 169 5.13.6 Step 6. Calculate Schedule Performance and Cost Performance indices 172 5.13.7 Summary: Earned Value Management in Six Easy Steps 173 Chapter Summary 173 Discussion and Review Questions 174 References 174 6 Cash Flow Management 177 6.1 The Concept of Cash Flow 178 6.2 Cash Flow and the Worth of Projects 183 6.2.1 The Time Value of Money, and Techniques for Determining It 184 6.2.2 Applying Discounting to Project Cash Flow 185 6.3 Payment Arrangements 190 6.3.1 Cost- Reimbursable Arrangements 191 6.3.2 Payment Plans 192 6.3.3 Claims and Variations 194 6.3.4 Cost Variation Due to Inflation and Exchange Rate Fluctuation 197 6.3.5 Price Incentives 198 6.3.6 Retentions 199 Chapter Summary 201 Discussion and Review Questions 201 References 202 7 Financial Management in Projects 203 7.1 Project Financial Management 204 7.2 Project Accounting 205 7.3 Financing of Projects Versus Project Finance 206 7.4 Principles of Financing Projects 207 7.5 Types and Sources of Finance 208 7.6 Sources of Finance 210 7.7 Cost of Financing 211 7.8 Project Finance 212 7.9 The Process of Project Financial Management 214 7.9.1 Conducting Feasibility Studies 214 7.9.2 Planning the Project Finance 214 7.9.3 Arranging the Financial Package 215 7.9.4 Controlling the Financial Package 215 7.9.5 Controlling Financial Risk 216 7.9.6 Options Models 217 Chapter Summary 219 Discussion and Review Questions 220 References 220 8 Value Management 223 8.1 Concept of Value 224 8.2 Dimensions and Measures of Value 228 8.3 Overview of Value Management 229 8.3.1 Definition 230 8.3.2 Scope 230 8.3.3 Key Principles of VM 230 8.3.4 Key Attributes of VM 231 8.4 Value Management Terms 231 8.5 Need for Value Management in Projects 233 8.6 The Value Management Approach 234 8.6.1 Cross- functional Framework 234 8.6.2 Use of Functions 235 8.6.3 Structured Decision Process 235 8.7 The VM Process 235 8.8 Benefits of Value Management 237 8.9 Other VM Requirements 238 8.10 Value Management Reviews 239 8.11 Relationship Between Project Value and Risk 243 8.12 Value Management as an Aid to Risk Assessment 245 8.13 An Example of How VM and Risk Management Interrelate 246 8.14 Project Benefits Management 248 Chapter Summary 251 Discussion and Review Questions 251 References 252 9 Change Control and Configuration Management 255 9.1 Causes of Changes 256 9.2 Influence of Changes 262 9.3 Configuration Management 262 9.4 Configuration Management Standards 264 9.5 The CM Process 265 9.6 Role and Benefits of Configuration Management in Projects 267 9.7 Control of Changes 270 9.8 Change Control Procedure and Configuration Control 272 9.9 Responsibility for the Control of Changes 275 9.10 Crisis Management 276 9.11 An Example of Configuration Management 282 Chapter Summary 282 Discussion and Review Questions 283 References 283 10 Supply Chain Management 285 10.1 What Is Supply Chain Management? 286 10.2 The Need to Manage Supply Chains 288 10.3 SCM Benefits 289 10.4 Critical Areas of SCM 290 10.4.1 Customers 290 10.4.2 Suppliers 290 10.4.3 Design and Operations 291 10.4.4 Logistics 291 10.4.5 Inventory 292 10.5 SCM Issues in Project Management 292 10.6 Value Drivers in Project Supply Chain Management 294 10.7 Optimizing Value in Project Supply Chains 297 10.7.1 Total Quality Management 297 10.7.2 Choosing the Right Supply Chain 299 10.8 Project Supply Chain Process Framework 299 10.8.1 Procurement 299 10.8.2 Conversion 302 10.8.3 Delivery 303 10.9 Integrating the Supply Chain 303 10.10 Performance Metrics in Project Supply Chain Management 305 10.11 Project Supply Chain Metrics and the Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) Model 308 10.12 Future Issues in Project Supply Chain Management 310 Chapter Summary 313 Discussion and Review Questions 313 References 314 11 Quality Management in Projects 317 11.1 Definition of Quality in Projects 318 11.2 Elements of Project Quality 319 11.2.1 The Project’s Product 320 11.2.2 Management Processes 326 11.2.3 Quality Planning 326 11.2.4 Quality Assurance (QA) 327 11.2.5 Quality Control 329 11.2.6 Corporate Culture 330 11.3 Total Quality Management in Projects 330 11.4 Root Cause Analysis 332 11.5 Quality Management System 333 11.6 Quality Management Methods for a Project Organization 334 11.6.1 The Six Sigma Methodology 337 11.6.2 The Six Sigma Model for Projects 338 11.6.3 Application of Six Sigma in Software Project Management 339 11.7 Quality Standards for Projects 340 Chapter Summary 342 Discussion and Review Questions 342 References 343 12 Integrating Cost and Value in Projects 345 12.1 The Project Value Chain 346 12.2 Project Value Chain Analysis 348 12.3 Sources and Strategies for Integrating Cost and Value in Projects 350 12.3.1 The Project’s Inbound Supply Chain 350 12.3.2 Project Design 351 12.3.3 Project Development 356 12.3.4 Project Delivery/Implementation 358 12.3.5 Costs of the Project Life Cycle Employing the LCC Model 362 12.4 Integrated Value and Risk Management 363 12.5 The Project Cost and Value Integration Process 367 Chapter Summary 369 Discussion and Review Questions 370 References 370 Index 373

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Book SynopsisIntroducing and addressing many different flow models from a unified perspective, Optimal Modified Continuous Galerkin CFD promotes the use of optimal modified continuous Galerkin weak form theory to generate discrete approximate solutions to incompressible-thermal Navier-Stokes equations.Table of ContentsPreface xiii About the Author xvii Notations xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 About This Book 1 1.2 The Navier–Stokes Conservation Principles System 2 1.3 Navier–Stokes PDE System Manipulations 5 1.4 Weak Form Overview 7 1.5 A Brief History of Finite Element CFD 9 1.6 A Brief Summary 11 References 12 2 Concepts, terminology, methodology 15 2.1 Overview 15 2.2 Steady DE Weak Form Completion 16 2.3 Steady DE GWSN Discrete FE Implementation 19 2.4 PDE Solutions, Classical Concepts 27 2.5 The Sturm–Liouville Equation, Orthogonality, Completeness 30 2.6 Classical Variational Calculus 33 2.7 Variational Calculus, Weak Form Duality 36 2.8 Quadratic Forms, Norms, Error Estimation 38 2.9 Theory Illustrations for Non-Smooth, Nonlinear Data 40 2.10 Matrix Algebra, Notation 44 2.11 Equation Solving, Linear Algebra 46 2.12 Krylov Sparse Matrix Solver Methodology 53 2.13 Summary 54 Exercises 54 References 56 3 Aerodynamics I: Potential flow, GWSh theory exposition, transonic flow mPDE shock capturing 59 3.1 Aerodynamics, Weak Interaction 59 3.2 Navier–Stokes Manipulations for Aerodynamics 60 3.3 Steady Potential Flow GWS 62 3.4 Accuracy, Convergence, Mathematical Preliminaries 66 3.5 Accuracy, Galerkin Weak Form Optimality 68 3.6 Accuracy, GWSh Error Bound 71 3.7 Accuracy, GWSh Asymptotic Convergence 73 3.8 GWSh Natural Coordinate FE Basis Matrices 76 3.9 GWSh Tensor Product FE Basis Matrices 82 3.10 GWSh Comparison with Laplacian FD and FV Stencils 87 3.11 Post-Processing Pressure Distributions 90 3.12 Transonic Potential Flow, Shock Capturing 92 3.13 Summary 96 Exercises 98 References 99 4 Aerodynamics II: boundary layers, turbulence closure modeling, parabolic Navier–Stokes 101 4.1 Aerodynamics, Weak Interaction Reprise 101 4.2 Navier–Stokes PDE System Reynolds Ordered 102 4.3 GWSh, n= 2 Laminar-Thermal Boundary Layer 104 4.4 GWSh + θTS BL Matrix Iteration Algorithm 108 4.5 Accuracy, Convergence, Optimal Mesh Solutions 111 4.6 GWSh +θTS Solution Optimality, Data Influence 115 4.7 Time Averaged NS, Turbulent BL Formulation 116 4.8 Turbulent BL GWSh+ θTS, Accuracy, Convergence 120 4.9 GWSh+ θTS BL Algorithm, TKE Closure Models 123 4.10 The Parabolic Navier–Stokes PDE System 129 4.11 GWSh +θTS Algorithm for PNS PDE System 134 4.12 GWSh +θTS k=1 NC Basis PNS Algorithm 137 4.13 Weak Interaction PNS Algorithm Validation 141 4.14 Square Duct PNS Algorithm Validation 147 4.15 Summary 148 Exercises 155 References 157 5 The Navier–Stokes Equations: theoretical fundamentals; constraint, spectral analyses, mPDE theory, optimal Galerkin weak forms 159 5.1 The Incompressible Navier–Stokes PDE System 159 5.2 Continuity Constraint, Exact Enforcement 160 5.3 Continuity Constraint, Inexact Enforcement 164 5.4 The CCM Pressure Projection Algorithm 166 5.5 Convective Transport, Phase Velocity 168 5.6 Convection-Diffusion, Phase Speed Characterization 170 5.7 Theory for Optimal mGWSh+ θTS Phase Accuracy 177 5.8 Optimally Phase Accurate mGWSh + θTS in n Dimensions 185 5.9 Theory for Optimal mGWSh Asymptotic Convergence 193 5.10 The Optimal mGWSh ‡ θTS k ˆ 1 Basis NS Algorithm 201 5.11 Summary 203 Exercises 206 References 208 6 Vector Field Theory Implementations: vorticity-streamfunction, vorticity-velocity formulations 211 6.1 Vector Field Theory NS PDE Manipulations 211 6.2 Vorticity-Streamfunction PDE System, n= 2 213 6.3 Vorticity-Streamfunction mGWSh Algorithm 214 6.4 Weak Form Theory Verification, GWSh/mGWSh 219 6.5 Vorticity-Velocity mGWSh Algorithm, n= 3 228 6.6 Vorticity-Velocity GWSh+ θTS Assessments, n= 3 233 6.7 Summary 243 Exercises 246 References 247 7 Classic State Variable Formulations: GWS/mGWSh+θTS algorithms for Navier–Stokes; accuracy, convergence, validation, BCs, radiation, ALE formulation 249 7.1 Classic State Variable Navier–Stokes PDE System 249 7.2 NS Classic State Variable mPDE System 251 7.3 NS Classic State Variable mGWSh+ θTS Algorithm 252 7.4 NS mGWSh +θTS Algorithm Discrete Formation 254 7.5 mGWSh+ θTS Algorithm Completion 258 7.6 mGWSh+ θTS Algorithm Benchmarks, n=2 260 7.7 mGWSh+ θTS Algorithm Validations, n= 3 268 7.8 Flow Bifurcation, Multiple Outflow Pressure BCs 282 7.9 Convection/Radiation BCs in GWSh+ θTS 283 7.10 Convection BCs Validation 288 7.11 Radiosity, GWSh Algorithm 295 7.12 Radiosity BC, Accuracy, Convergence, Validation 298 7.13 ALE Thermo-Solid-Fluid-Mass Transport Algorithm 302 7.14 ALE GWSh +θTS Algorithm LISI Validation 304 7.15 Summary 310 Exercises 317 References 318 8 Time Averaged Navier–Stokes: mGWSh+θTS algorithm for RaNS, Reynolds stress tensor closure models 319 8.1 Classic State Variable RaNS PDE System 319 8.2 RaNS PDE System Turbulence Closure 321 8.3 RaNS State Variable mPDE System 323 8.4 RaNS mGWSh+θTS Algorithm Matrix Statement 325 8.5 RaNS mGWSh + θTS Algorithm, Stability, Accuracy 331 8.6 RaNS Algorithm BCs for Conjugate Heat Transfer 337 8.7 RaNS Full Reynolds Stress Closure PDE System 341 8.8 RSM Closure mGWSh +θTS Algorithm 345 8.9 RSM Closure Model Validation 347 8.10 Geologic Borehole Conjugate Heat Transfer 348 8.11 Summary 358 Exercises 363 References 364 9 Space Filtered Navier–Stokes: GWSh/mGWSh+θTS for space filtered Navier–Stokes, modeled, analytical closure 365 9.1 Classic State Variable LES PDE System 365 9.2 Space Filtered NS PDE System 366 9.3 SGS Tensor Closure Modeling for LES 368 9.4 Rational LES Theory Predictions 371 9.5 RLES Unresolved Scale SFS Tensor Models 376 9.6 Analytical SFS Tensor/Vector Closures 381 9.7 Auxiliary Problem Resolution Via Perturbation Theory 383 9.8 LES Analytical Closure (arLES) Theory 386 9.9 arLES Theory mGWSh + θTS Algorithm 387 9.10 arLES Theory mGWSh + θTS Completion 391 9.11 arLES Theory Implementation Diagnostics 392 9.12 RLES Theory Turbulent BL Validation 403 9.13 Space Filtered NS PDE System on Bounded Domains 409 9.14 Space Filtered NS Bounded Domain BCs 410 9.15 ADBC Algorithm Validation, Space Filtered DE 412 9.16 arLES Theory Resolved Scale BCE Integrals 420 9.17 Turbulent Resolved Scale Velocity BC Optimal Ωh-δ 423 9.18 Resolved Scale Velocity DBC Validation 8 Re 430 9.19 arLES O(δ2) State Variable Bounded Domain BCs 430 9.20 Well-Posed arLES Theory n = 3 Validation 433 9.21 Well-Posed arLES Theory n = 3 Diagnostics 441 9.22 Summary 446 Exercises 455 References 456 10 Summary-VVUQ: verification, validation, uncertainty quantification 459 10.1 Beyond Colorful Fluid Dynamics 459 10.2 Observations on Computational Reliability 460 10.3 Solving the Equations Right 461 10.4 Solving the Right Equations 464 10.5 Solving the Right Equations Without Modeling 466 10.6 Solving the Right Equations Well-Posed 468 10.7 Well-Posed Right Equations Optimal CFD 471 10.8 The Right Closing Caveat 473 References 474 Appendix A: Well-Posed arLES Theory PICMSS Template 475 Appendix B: Hypersonic Parabolic Navier–Stokes 483 B.1 High Speed External Aerodynamics 483 B.2 Compressible Navier–Stokes PDE System 484 B.3 Parabolic Compressible RaNS PDE System 488 B.4 Compressible PRaNS mPDE System Closure 490 B.5 Bow Shock Fitting, PRaNS State Variable IC 493 B.6 The PRaNS mGWSh+θTS Algorithm 496 B.7 PRaNS mGWSh+θTS Algorithm Completion 501 B.8 PRaNS Algorithm IC Generation 505 B.9 PRaNS mGWSh+θTS Algorithm Validation 507 B.10 Hypersonic Blunt Body Shock Trajectory 515 B.11 Shock Trajectory Characteristics Algorithm 521 B.12 Blunt Body PRaNS Algorithm Validation 523 B.13 Summary 527 Exercises 532 References 533 Author Index 535 Subject Index 541

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Book SynopsisDemonstrates the simplicity and effectiveness of Mathematica as the solution to practical problems in composite materials. Designed for those who need to learn how micromechanical approaches can help understand the behaviour of bodies with voids, inclusions, defects, this book is perfect for readers without a programming background.Table of ContentsPreface ix About the Companion Website xi 1 Coordinate Transformation and Tensors 1 1.1 Index Notation 1 1.1.1 Some Examples of Index Notation in 3-D 3 1.1.2 Mathematica Implementation 3 1.1.3 Kronecker Delta 6 1.1.4 Permutation Symbols 9 1.1.5 Product of Matrices 10 1.2 Coordinate Transformations (Cartesian Tensors) 11 1.3 Definition of Tensors 13 1.3.1 Tensor of Rank 0 (Scalar) 13 1.3.2 Tensor of Rank 1 (Vector) 14 1.3.3 Tensor of Rank 2 15 1.3.4 Tensor of Rank 3 17 1.3.5 Tensor of Rank 4 17 1.3.6 Differentiation 19 1.3.7 Differentiation of Cartesian Tensors 20 1.4 Invariance of Tensor Equations 21 1.5 Quotient Rule 22 1.6 Exercises 23 References 24 2 Field Equations 25 2.1 Concept of Stress 25 2.1.1 Properties of Stress 29 2.1.2 (Stress) Boundary Conditions 30 2.1.3 Principal Stresses 31 2.1.4 Stress Deviator 35 2.1.5 Mohr’s Circle 38 2.2 Strain 40 2.2.1 Shear Deformation 47 2.3 Compatibility Condition 49 2.4 Constitutive Relation, Isotropy, Anisotropy 50 2.4.1 Isotropy 52 2.4.2 Elastic Modulus 54 2.4.3 Orthotropy 56 2.4.4 2-D Orthotropic Materials 57 2.4.5 Transverse Isotropy 57 2.5 Constitutive Relation for Fluids 58 2.5.1 Thermal Effect 58 2.6 Derivation of Field Equations 59 2.6.1 Divergence Theorem (Gauss Theorem) 59 2.6.2 Material Derivative 60 2.6.3 Equation of Continuity 62 2.6.4 Equation of Motion 62 2.6.5 Equation of Energy 63 2.6.6 Isotropic Solids 65 2.6.7 Isotropic Fluids 65 2.6.8 Thermal Effects 66 2.7 General Coordinate System 66 2.7.1 Introduction to Tensor Analysis 66 2.7.2 Definition of Tensors in Curvilinear Systems 68 2.7.3 Metric Tensor10, gij 69 2.7.4 Covariant Derivatives 70 2.7.5 Examples 73 2.7.6 Vector Analysis 75 2.8 Exercises 77 References 80 3 Inclusions in Infinite Media 81 3.1 Eshelby’s Solution for an Ellipsoidal Inclusion Problem 82 3.1.1 Eigenstrain Problem 85 3.1.2 Eshelby Tensors for an Ellipsoidal Inclusion 87 3.1.3 Inhomogeneity (Inclusion) Problem 95 3.2 Multilayered Inclusions 104 3.2.1 Background 104 3.2.2 Implementation of Index Manipulation in Mathematica 105 3.2.3 General Formulation 108 3.2.4 Exact Solution for Two-Phase Materials 116 3.2.5 Exact Solution for Three-Phase Materials 123 3.2.6 Exact Solution for Four-Phase Materials 132 3.2.7 Exact Solution for 2-D Multiphase Materials 137 3.3 Thermal Stress 137 3.3.1 Thermal Stress Due to Heat Source 138 3.3.2 Thermal Stress Due to Heat Flow 146 3.4 Airy’s Stress Function Approach 155 3.4.1 Airy’s Stress Function 156 3.4.2 Mathematica Programming of Complex Variables 161 3.4.3 Multiphase Inclusion Problems Using Airy’s Stress Function 163 3.5 Effective Properties 172 3.5.1 Upper and Lower Bounds of Effective Properties 173 3.5.2 Self-Consistent Approximation 175 3.5.3 Source Code for micromech.m 178 3.6 Exercises 188 References 189 4 Inclusions in Finite Matrix 191 4.1 General Approaches for Numerically Solving Boundary Value Problems 192 4.1.1 Method of Weighted Residuals 192 4.1.2 Rayleigh–Ritz Method 203 4.1.3 Sturm–Liouville System 205 4.2 Steady-State Heat Conduction Equations 213 4.2.1 Derivation of Permissible Functions 213 4.2.2 Finding Temperature Field Using Permissible Functions 227 4.3 Elastic Fields with Bounded Boundaries 232 4.4 Numerical Examples 238 4.4.1 Homogeneous Medium 238 4.4.2 Single Inclusion 240 4.5 Exercises 251 References 252 Appendix A Introduction to Mathematica 253 A.1 Essential Commands/Statements 255 A.2 Equations 256 A.3 Differentiation/Integration 260 A.4 Matrices/Vectors/Tensors 260 A.5 Functions 262 A.6 Graphics 263 A.7 Other Useful Functions 265 A.8 Programming in Mathematica 267 A.8.1 Control Statements 268 A.8.2 Tensor Manipulations 270 References 272 Index 273

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Book SynopsisEnhanced e-book includes videos Many books have been written on modelling, simulation and control of four-wheeled vehicles (cars, in particular). However, due to the very specific and different dynamics of two-wheeled vehicles, it is very difficult to reuse previous knowledge gained on cars for two-wheeled vehicles. Modelling, Simulation and Control of Two-Wheeled Vehicles presents all of the unique features of two-wheeled vehicles, comprehensively covering the main methods, tools and approaches to address the modelling, simulation and control design issues. With contributions from leading researchers, this book also offers a perspective on the future trends in the field, outlining the challenges and the industrial and academic development scenarios. Extensive reference to real-world problems and experimental tests is also included throughout. Key features: The first book to cover all aspects of two-wheeled vehicle dynamiTable of ContentsAbout the Editors xi List of Contributors xiii Series Preface xv Introduction xvii Part One TWO-WHEELED VEHICLES MODELLING AND SIMULATION 1 Motorcycle Dynamics 3 Vittore Cossalter, Roberto Lot, and Matteo Massaro 1.1 Kinematics 3 1.2 Tyres 6 1.3 Suspensions 13 1.4 In-Plane Dynamics 18 1.5 Out-of-Plane Dynamics 29 1.6 In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Coupled Dynamics 40 References 41 2 Dynamic Modelling of Riderless Motorcycles for Agile Manoeuvres 43 Yizhai Zhang, Jingang Yi, and Dezhen Song 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Related Work 44 2.3 Motorcycle Dynamics 45 2.4 Tyre Dynamics Models 51 2.5 Conclusions 55 Nomenclature 55 Appendix A: Calculation of Ms 56 Appendix B: Calculation of Acceleration ̇G 57 Acknowledgements 57 References 57 3 Identification and Analysis of Motorcycle Engine-to-Slip Dynamics 59 Matteo Corno and Sergio M. Savaresi 3.1 Introduction 59 3.2 Experimental Setup 60 3.3 Identification of Engine-to-Slip Dynamics 61 3.4 Engine-to-Slip Dynamics Analysis 73 3.5 Road Surface Sensitivity 78 3.6 Velocity Sensitivity 79 3.7 Conclusions 80 References 80 4 Virtual Rider Design: Optimal Manoeuvre Definition and Tracking 83 Alessandro Saccon, John Hauser, and Alessandro Beghi 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 Principles of Minimum Time Trajectory Computation 86 4.3 Computing the Optimal Velocity Profile for a Point-Mass Motorcycle 90 4.4 The Virtual Rider 102 4.5 Dynamic Inversion: from Flatland to State-Input Trajectories 103 4.6 Closed-Loop Control: Executing the Planned Trajectory 107 4.7 Conclusions 115 4.8 Acknowledgements 116 References 116 5 The Optimal Manoeuvre 119 Francesco Biral, Enrico Bertolazzi, and Mauro Da Lio 5.1 The Optimal Manoeuvre Concept: Manoeuvrability and Handling 121 5.2 Optimal Manoeuvre as a Solution of an Optimal Control Problem 133 5.3 Applications of Optimal Manoeuvre to Motorcycle Dynamics 145 5.4 Conclusions 152 References 152 6 Active Biomechanical Rider Model for Motorcycle Simulation 155 Valentin Keppler 6.1 Human Biomechanics and Motor Control 156 6.2 The Model 161 6.3 Simulations and Results 167 6.4 Conclusions 179 References 180 7 A Virtual-Reality Framework for the Hardware-in-the-Loop Motorcycle Simulation 183 Roberto Lot and Vittore Cossalter 7.1 Introduction 183 7.2 Architecture of the Motorcycle Simulator 184 7.3 Tuning and Validation 188 7.4 Application Examples 191 References 194 Part Two TWO-WHEELED VEHICLES CONTROL AND ESTIMATION PROBLEMS 8 Traction Control Systems Design: A Systematic Approach 199 Matteo Corno and Giulio Panzani 8.1 Introduction 199 8.2 Wheel Slip Dynamics 202 8.3 Traction Control System Design 206 8.4 Fine tuning and Experimental Validation 212 8.5 Conclusions 218 References 219 9 Motorcycle Dynamic Modes and Passive Steering Compensation 221 Simos A. Evangelou and Maria Tomas-Rodriguez 9.1 Introduction 221 9.2 Motorcycle Main Oscillatory Modes and Dynamic Behaviour 222 9.3 Motorcycle Standard Model 224 9.4 Characteristics of the Standard Machine Oscillatory Modes and the Influence of Steering Damping 226 9.5 Compensator Frequency Response Design 228 9.6 Suppression of Burst Oscillations 233 9.7 Conclusions 240 References 240 10 Semi-Active Steering Damper Control for Two-Wheeled Vehicles 243 Pierpaolo De Filippi, Mara Tanelli, and Matteo Corno 10.1 Introduction and Motivation 243 10.2 Steering Dynamics Analysis 245 10.3 Control Strategies for Semi-Active Steering Dampers 252 10.3.1 Rotational Sky-Hook and Ground-Hook 253 10.4 Validation on Challenging Manoeuvres 257 10.5 Experimental Results 266 10.6 Conclusions 267 References 268 11 Semi-Active Suspension Control in Two-Wheeled Vehicles: a Case Study 271 Diego Delvecchio and Cristiano Spelta 11.1 Introduction and Problem Statement 271 11.2 The Semi-Active Actuator 272 11.3 The Quarter-Car Model: a Description of a Semi-Active Suspension System 275 11.4 Evaluation Methods for Semi-Active Suspension Systems 277 11.5 Semi-Active Control Strategies 279 11.6 Experimental Set-up 281 11.7 Experimental Evaluation 281 11.8 Conclusions 289 References 289 12 Autonomous Control of Riderless Motorcycles 293 Yizhai Zhang, Jingang Yi, and Dezhen Song 12.1 Introduction 293 12.2 Trajectory Tracking Control Systems Design 294 12.3 Path-Following Control System Design 305 12.4 Conclusion 315 Acknowledgements 317 Appendix A: Calculation of the Lie Derivatives 317 References 318 13 Estimation Problems in Two-Wheeled Vehicles 319 Ivo Boniolo, Giulio Panzani, Diego Delvecchio, Matteo Corno, Mara Tanelli, Cristiano Spelta, and Sergio M. Savaresi 13.1 Introduction 319 13.2 Roll Angle Estimation 320 13.3 Vehicle Speed Estimation 329 13.4 Suspension Stroke Estimation 337 13.5 Conclusions 342 References 342 Index 345

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Book SynopsisComprehensive introduction to finite elastoplasticity, addressing various analytical and numerical analyses & including state-of-the-art theories Introduction to Finite Elastoplasticitypresents introductory explanations that can be readily understood by readers with only a basic knowledge of elastoplasticity, showing physical backgrounds of concepts in detail and derivation processes of almost all equations. The authors address various analytical and numerical finite strain analyses, including new theories developed in recent years, and explain fundamentals including the push-forward and pull-back operations and the Lie derivatives of tensors. As a foundation to finite strain theory, the authors begin by addressing the advanced mathematical and physical properties of continuum mechanics. They progress to explain a finite elastoplastic constitutive model, discuss numerical issues on stress computation, implement the numerical algorithms for stress computatTable of ContentsPreface xi Series Preface xv Introduction xvii 1 Mathematical Preliminaries 1 1.1 Basic Symbols and Conventions 1 1.2 Definition of Tensor 2 1.2.1 Objective Tensor 2 1.2.2 Quotient Law 4 1.3 Vector Analysis 5 1.3.1 Scalar Product 5 1.3.2 Vector Product 6 1.3.3 Scalar Triple Product 6 1.3.4 Vector Triple Product 7 1.3.5 Reciprocal Vectors 8 1.3.6 Tensor Product 9 1.4 Tensor Analysis 9 1.4.1 Properties of Second-Order Tensor 9 1.4.2 Tensor Components 10 1.4.3 Transposed Tensor 11 1.4.4 Inverse Tensor 12 1.4.5 Orthogonal Tensor 12 1.4.6 Tensor Decompositions 15 1.4.7 Axial Vector 17 1.4.8 Determinant 20 1.4.9 On Solutions of Simultaneous Equation 23 1.4.10 Scalar Triple Products with Invariants 24 1.4.11 Orthogonal Transformation of Scalar Triple Product 25 1.4.12 Pseudo Scalar, Vector and Tensor 26 1.5 Tensor Representations 27 1.5.1 Tensor Notations 27 1.5.2 Tensor Components and Transformation Rule 27 1.5.3 Notations of Tensor Operations 28 1.5.4 Operational Tensors 29 1.5.5 Isotropic Tensors 31 1.6 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 36 1.6.1 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of Second-Order Tensors 36 1.6.2 Spectral Representation and Elementary Tensor Functions 40 1.6.3 Calculation of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 42 1.6.4 Eigenvalues and Vectors of Orthogonal Tensor 45 1.6.5 Eigenvalues and Vectors of Skew-Symmetric Tensor and Axial Vector 46 1.6.6 Cayley–Hamilton Theorem 47 1.7 Polar Decomposition 47 1.8 Isotropy 49 1.8.1 Isotropic Material 49 1.8.2 Representation Theorem of Isotropic Tensor-Valued Tensor Function 50 1.9 Differential Formulae 54 1.9.1 Partial Derivatives 54 1.9.2 Directional Derivatives 59 1.9.3 Taylor Expansion 62 1.9.4 Time Derivatives in Lagrangian and Eulerian Descriptions 63 1.9.5 Derivatives of Tensor Field 68 1.9.6 Gauss’s Divergence Theorem 71 1.9.7 Material-Time Derivative of Volume Integration 73 1.10 Variations and Rates of Geometrical Elements 74 1.10.1 Variations of Line, Surface and Volume 75 1.10.2 Rates of Changes of Surface and Volume 76 1.11 Continuity and Smoothness Conditions 79 1.11.1 Continuity Condition 79 1.11.2 Smoothness Condition 80 1.12 Unconventional Elasto-Plasticity Models 81 2 General (Curvilinear) Coordinate System 85 2.1 Primary and Reciprocal Base Vectors 85 2.2 Metric Tensors 89 2.3 Representations of Vectors and Tensors 95 2.4 Physical Components of Vectors and Tensors 102 2.5 Covariant Derivative of Base Vectors with Christoffel Symbol 103 2.6 Covariant Derivatives of Scalars, Vectors and Tensors 107 2.7 Riemann–Christoffel Curvature Tensor 112 2.8 Relations of Convected and Cartesian Coordinate Descriptions 115 3 Description of Physical Quantities in Convected Coordinate System 117 3.1 Necessity for Description in Embedded Coordinate System 117 3.2 Embedded Base Vectors 118 3.3 Deformation Gradient Tensor 121 3.4 Pull-Back and Push-Forward Operations 123 4 Strain and Strain Rate Tensors 131 4.1 Deformation Tensors 131 4.2 Strain Tensors 136 4.2.1 Green and Almansi Strain Tensors 136 4.2.2 General Strain Tensors 141 4.2.3 Hencky Strain Tensor 144 4.3 Compatibility Condition 145 4.4 Strain Rate and Spin Tensors 146 4.4.1 Strain Rate and Spin Tensors Based on Velocity Gradient Tensor 147 4.4.2 Strain Rate Tensor Based on General Strain Tensor 152 4.5 Representations of Strain Rate and Spin Tensors in Lagrangian and Eulerian Triads 153 4.6 Decomposition of Deformation Gradient Tensor into Isochoric and Volumetric Parts 158 5 Convected Derivative 161 5.1 Convected Derivative 161 5.2 Corotational Rate 165 5.3 Objectivity 166 6 Conservation Laws and Stress (Rate) Tensors 179 6.1 Conservation Laws 179 6.1.1 Basic Conservation Law 179 6.1.2 Conservation Law of Mass 180 6.1.3 Conservation Law of Linear Momentum 181 6.1.4 Conservation Law of Angular Momentum 182 6.2 Stress Tensors 183 6.2.1 Cauchy Stress Tensor 183 6.2.2 Symmetry of Cauchy Stress Tensor 187 6.2.3 Various Stress Tensors 188 6.3 Equilibrium Equation 194 6.4 Equilibrium Equation of Angular Moment 197 6.5 Conservation Law of Energy 197 6.6 Virtual Work Principle 199 6.7 Work Conjugacy 200 6.8 Stress Rate Tensors 203 6.8.1 Contravariant Convected Derivatives 203 6.8.2 Covariant–Contravariant Convected Derivatives 204 6.8.3 Covariant Convected Derivatives 204 6.8.4 Corotational Convected Derivatives 204 6.9 Some Basic Loading Behavior 207 6.9.1 Uniaxial Loading Followed by Rotation 207 6.9.2 Simple Shear 215 6.9.3 Combined Loading of Tension and Distortion 220 7 Hyperelasticity 225 7.1 Hyperelastic Constitutive Equation and Its Rate Form 225 7.2 Examples of Hyperelastic Constitutive Equations 230 7.2.1 St. Venant–Kirchhoff Elasticity 230 7.2.2 Modified St. Venant–Kirchhoff Elasticity 231 7.2.3 Neo-Hookean Elasticity 232 7.2.4 Modified Neo-Hookean Elasticity (1) 233 7.2.5 Modified Neo-Hookean Elasticity (2) 234 7.2.6 Modified Neo-Hookean Elasticity (3) 234 7.2.7 Modified Neo-Hookean Elasticity (4) 234 8 Finite Elasto-Plastic Constitutive Equation 237 8.1 Basic Structures of Finite Elasto-Plasticity 238 8.2 Multiplicative Decomposition 238 8.3 Stress and Deformation Tensors for Multiplicative Decomposition 243 8.4 Incorporation of Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening 244 8.4.1 Rheological Model for Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening 245 8.4.2 Multiplicative Decomposition of Plastic Deformation Gradient Tensor 246 8.5 Strain Tensors 249 8.6 Strain Rate and Spin Tensors 252 8.6.1 Strain Rate and Spin Tensors in Current Configuration 252 8.6.2 Contravariant–Covariant Pulled-Back Strain Rate and Spin Tensors in Intermediate Configuration 254 8.6.3 Covariant Pulled-Back Strain Rate and Spin Tensors in Intermediate Configuration 256 8.6.4 Strain Rate Tensors for Kinematic Hardening 259 8.7 Stress and Kinematic Hardening Variable Tensors 261 8.8 Influences of Superposed Rotations: Objectivity 266 8.9 Hyperelastic Equations for Elastic Deformation and Kinematic Hardening 268 8.9.1 Hyperelastic Constitutive Equation 268 8.9.2 Hyperelastic Type Constitutive Equation for Kinematic Hardening 269 8.10 Plastic Constitutive Equations 270 8.10.1 Normal-Yield and Subloading Surfaces 271 8.10.2 Consistency Condition 272 8.10.3 Plastic and Kinematic Hardening Flow Rules 275 8.10.4 Plastic Strain Rate 277 8.11 Relation between Stress Rate and Strain Rate 278 8.11.1 Description in Intermediate Configuration 278 8.11.2 Description in Reference Configuration 278 8.11.3 Description in Current Configuration 279 8.12 Material Functions of Metals 280 8.12.1 Strain Energy Function of Elastic Deformation 280 8.12.2 Strain Energy Function for Kinematic Hardening 281 8.12.3 Yield Function 282 8.12.4 Plastic Strain Rate and Kinematic Hardening Strain Rate 283 8.13 On the Finite Elasto-Plastic Model in the Current Configuration by the Spectral Representation 284 8.14 On the Clausius–Duhem Inequality and the Principle of Maximum Dissipation 285 9 Computational Methods for Finite Strain Elasto-Plasticity 287 9.1 A Brief Review of Numerical Methods for Finite Strain Elasto-Plasticity 288 9.2 Brief Summary of Model Formulation 289 9.2.1 Constitutive Equations for Elastic Deformation and Isotropic and Kinematic Hardening 289 9.2.2 Normal-Yield and Subloading Functions 291 9.2.3 Plastic Evolution Rules 291 9.2.4 Evolution Rule of Normal-Yield Ratio for Subloading Surface 293 9.3 Transformation to Description in Reference Configuration 293 9.3.1 Constitutive Equations for Elastic Deformation and Isotropic and Kinematic Hardening 293 9.3.2 Normal-Yield and Subloading Functions 294 9.3.3 Plastic Evolution Rules 295 9.3.4 Evolution Rule of Normal-Yield Ratio for Subloading Surface 296 9.4 Time-Integration of Plastic Evolution Rules 296 9.5 Update of Deformation Gradient Tensor 300 9.6 Elastic Predictor Step and Loading Criterion 301 9.7 Plastic Corrector Step by Return-Mapping 304 9.8 Derivation of Jacobian Matrix for Return-Mapping 308 9.8.1 Components of Jacobian Matrix 308 9.8.2 Derivatives of Tensor Exponentials 310 9.8.3 Derivatives of Stresses 312 9.9 Consistent (Algorithmic) Tangent Modulus Tensor 312 9.9.1 Analytical Derivation of Consistent Tangent Modulus Tensor 313 9.9.2 Numerical Computation of Consistent Tangent Modulus Tensor 315 9.10 Numerical Examples 316 9.10.1 Example 1: Strain-Controlled Cyclic Simple Shear Analysis 318 9.10.2 Example 2: Elastic–Plastic Transition 318 9.10.3 Example 3: Large Monotonic Simple Shear Analysis with Kinematic Hardening Model 320 9.10.4 Example 4: Accuracy and Convergence Assessment of Stress-Update Algorithm 322 9.10.5 Example 5: Finite Element Simulation of Large Deflection of Cantilever 326 9.10.6 Example 6: Finite Element Simulation of Combined Tensile, Compressive, and Shear Deformation for Cubic Specimen 330 10 Computer Programs 337 10.1 User Instructions and Input File Description 337 10.2 Output File Description 340x Contents 10.3 Computer Programs 341 10.3.1 Structure of Fortran Program returnmap 341 10.3.2 Main Routine of Program returnmap 343 10.3.3 Subroutine to Define Common Variables: comvar 343 10.3.4 Subroutine for Return-Mapping: retmap 345 10.3.5 Subroutine for Isotropic Hardening Rule: plhiso 377 10.3.6 Subroutine for Numerical Computation of Consistent Tangent Modulus Tensor: tgnum0 377 A Projection of Area 385 B Geometrical Interpretation of Strain Rate and Spin Tensors 387 C Proof for Derivative of Second Invariant of Logarithmic-Deviatoric Deformation Tensor 391 D Numerical Computation of Tensor Exponential Function and Its Derivative 393 D.1 Numerical Computation of Tensor Exponential Function 393 D.2 Fortran Subroutine for Tensor Exponential Function: matexp 394 D.3 Numerical Computation of Derivative of Tensor Exponential Function 396 D.4 Fortran Subroutine for Derivative of Tensor Exponential Function: matdex 400 References 401 Index 409

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Book SynopsisFluid-Structure Interaction: An Introduction to Finite Element Coupling fulfils the need for an introductive approach to the general concepts of Finite and Boundary Element Methods for FSI, from the mathematical formulation to the physical interpretation of numerical simulations. Based on the author's experience in developing numerical codes for industrial applications in shipbuilding and in teaching FSI to both practicing engineers and within academia, it provides a comprehensive and selfcontained guide that is geared toward both students and practitioners of mechanical engineering. Composed of six chapters, FluidStructure Interaction: An Introduction to Finite Element Coupling progresses logically from formulations and applications involving structure and fluid dynamics, fluid and structure interactions and opens to reduced order-modelling for vibro-acoustic coupling. The author describes simple yet fundamental illustrative examples in detail, using analTable of ContentsForeword ix Images Credits xi Preface xiii 1 Fluid–Structure Interaction 1 1.1 A Wide Variety of Problems 2 1.2 Analytical Modelling of Fluid–Structure Interactions 3 1.2.1 Potential Flow. Inertial Coupling 4 1.2.2 Viscous Flow. Viscous Damping 7 1.2.3 Compressible Flow. Radiation Damping 10 1.3 Numerical Simulation of Fluid–Structure Interactions 13 1.4 Finite Element and Boundary Element Methods 20 2 Structure Finite Elements 25 2.1 Vibrations of an Elastic Structure 26 2.1.1 Modelling Assumptions 26 2.1.2 Equations of Motion 33 2.2 Finite Element Method: Practical Implementation 35 2.2.1 Weighted Integral Formulation 35 2.2.2 Finite Elements 37 2.2.3 Elementary Matrices 38 2.2.4 Mass and Stiffness Matrices 40 2.2.5 Calculating and Assembling Matrices 45 2.2.6 Modal Analysis 50 2.3 Example: Bending Modes 52 2.3.1 Bending Motion of a Straight Elastic Beam 52 2.3.2 Bernoulli Beam Elements: 1D Element 54 2.3.3 Bending Modes 57 2.4 Example: Coupled Bending/Membrane Modes 61 2.4.1 Bending and Membrane Motion of a Circular Elastic Ring 61 2.4.2 Fourier Component Representation: 0D Element 62 2.4.3 Bending/Membrane Modes 64 3 Fluid Finite Elements 75 3.1 Fluid Flow Equations 76 3.2 Compressibility Waves 84 3.2.1 Wave Equation 84 3.2.2 Boundary Conditions 88 3.3 Finite Element Method 96 3.3.1 Pressure-Based Formulation 96 3.3.2 Displacement-Based Formulations 100 3.3.3 Finite Element Matrices 103 3.4 Boundary Element Method 105 3.4.1 Green Function and Green’s Integral Theorem 105 3.4.2 Interior and Exterior Problems 106 3.4.3 Direct and Indirect Boundary Element Method 108 3.4.4 Boundary Element Matrices 111 3.5 Example: Sloshing Modes 113 3.5.1 Circular Reservoir with Fluid-Free Surface 113 3.5.2 2D Axisymmetric Elements with Gravity 115 3.5.3 Sloshing Modes 117 3.6 Example: Acoustic Modes in an Open Reservoir 119 3.6.1 Cylindrical Acoustic Opened Cavity 119 3.6.2 2D Axisymmetric Elements with Compressibility 120 3.6.3 Acoustic Modes 121 3.7 Example: Acoustic Modes in a Closed Reservoir 122 3.7.1 Rectangular Acoustic Closed Cavity 122 3.7.2 2D Fluid Elements with Compressibility 124 3.7.3 Acoustic Modes 125 3.8 Example: Acoustic Radiation in Infinite Fluid 125 3.8.1 Pulsating Ring in Infinite Acoustic Fluid 125 3.8.2 1D Axisymmetric Element with Radiation Condition 127 3.8.3 1D Boundary Elements 128 3.8.4 Acoustic Radiation 131 4 Inertial Coupling 137 4.1 Mathematical Modelling 138 4.2 Added Mass Matrix 140 4.2.1 Coupling Matrix 140 4.2.2 Added Mass Matrix 142 4.2.3 Inertial Effect 143 4.3 Modelling Inertial Coupling for Complex Systems: Example of Tube Bundle 150 4.3.1 Analytical Models for Added Mass 150 4.3.2 ‘Term-to-Term’ Computation of the Added Mass Matrix 150 4.3.3 A Homogenisation Technique 154 4.4 Examples: Inertial Effect in Bounded Domain 164 4.4.1 Analytical Calculation of the Added Mass Matrix 164 4.4.2 Numerical Computation of the Added Mass Matrix 169 4.5 Example: Inertial Effect in Unbounded Domain 175 4.5.1 Elastic Ring Immersed in a Fluid 175 4.5.2 Finite Element Coupling with Infinite Element 177 5 Fluid–Structure Coupling 185 5.1 Modelling Assumption 186 5.2 Interior Problems: Vibro-Acoustic and Hydro-Elastic Coupling 186 5.2.1 Non-Symmetric Formulation 186 5.2.2 Symmetric Formulation 190 5.3 Exterior Problem: Vibro-Acoustic 199 5.4 Example: Vibro-Acoustic Coupling and Hydro-Elastic Sloshing 205 5.5 Example: Acoustic Damping 212 5.5.1 Analytical Modelling 212 5.5.2 Numerical Computation 215 6 Structural Dynamics with Fluid–Structure Interaction 225 6.1 Introduction 226 6.2 Time-Domain Analysis 228 6.2.1 Direct Methods 228 6.2.2 Modal Methods 237 6.3 Frequency-Domain Analysis 248 6.3.1 Direct and Modal Methods 248 6.3.2 Computation of the Projection Basis 250 6.4 Example: Time-Domain Analysis 254 6.4.1 Accelerated Cantilever Beam with Fluid Coupling 254 6.4.2 System and Excitation Spectra 258 6.4.3 Seismic Response: Direct and Modal Methods 259 6.5 Example: Frequency-Domain Analysis 264 6.5.1 Acoustic Radiation of a Damped Structure Immersed in a Fluid 264 6.5.2 Frequency Response: Direct and Modal Methods 266 Index 281

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Book SynopsisThis introductory text walks readers from the fundamental mechanics of lift to the stage of being able to make practical calculations and predictions of the coefficient of lift for realistic wing profile and platform geometries.Trade Review“This book is a very useful digest of key points from the literature, carefully structured and presented with helpful pointers as to how the successive aerodynamical models can be implemented in the ‘now so readily available interactive matrix computation systems.” (Aeronautical Journal, 1 August 2013)Table of ContentsPreface xvii Series Preface xxiii Part One Plane Ideal Aerodynamics 1 Preliminary Notions 3 1.1 Aerodynamic Force and Moment 3 1.1.1 Motion of the Frame of Reference 3 1.1.2 Orientation of the System of Coordinates 4 1.1.3 Components of the Aerodynamic Force 4 1.1.4 Formulation of the Aerodynamic Problem 4 1.2 Aircraft Geometry 5 1.2.1 Wing Section Geometry 6 1.2.2 Wing Geometry 7 1.3 Velocity 8 1.4 Properties of Air 8 1.4.1 Equation of State: Compressibility and the Speed of Sound 8 1.4.2 Rheology: Viscosity 10 1.4.3 The International Standard Atmosphere 12 1.4.4 Computing Air Properties 12 1.5 Dimensional Theory 13 1.5.1 Alternative methods 16 1.5.2 Example: Using Octave to Solve a Linear System 16 1.6 Example: NACA Report No. 502 18 1.7 Exercises 19 1.8 Further Reading 22 References 22 2 Plane Ideal Flow 25 2.1 Material Properties: The Perfect Fluid 25 2.2 Conservation of Mass 26 2.2.1 Governing Equations: Conservation Laws 26 2.3 The Continuity Equation 26 2.4 Mechanics: The Euler Equations 27 2.4.1 Rate of Change of Momentum 27 2.4.2 Forces Acting on a Fluid Particle 28 2.4.3 The Euler Equations 29 2.4.4 Accounting for Conservative External Forces 29 2.5 Consequences of the Governing Equations 30 2.5.1 The Aerodynamic Force 30 2.5.2 Bernoulli’s Equation 33 2.5.3 Circulation, Vorticity, and Irrotational Flow 33 2.5.4 Plane Ideal Flows 35 2.6 The Complex Velocity 35 2.6.1 Review of Complex Variables 35 2.6.2 Analytic Functions and Plane Ideal Flow 38 2.6.3 Example: the Polar Angle Is Nowhere Analytic 40 2.7 The Complex Potential 41 2.8 Exercises 42 2.9 Further Reading 44 References 45 3 Circulation and Lift 47 3.1 Powers of z 47 3.1.1 Divergence and Vorticity in Polar Coordinates 48 3.1.2 Complex Potentials 48 3.1.3 Drawing Complex Velocity Fields with Octave 49 3.1.4 Example: k = 1, Corner Flow 50 3.1.5 Example: k = 0, Uniform Stream 51 3.1.6 Example: k =−1, Source 51 3.1.7 Example: k =−2, Doublet 52 3.2 Multiplication by a Complex Constant 53 3.2.1 Example: w = const., Uniform Stream with Arbitrary Direction 53 3.2.2 Example: w = i/z, Vortex 54 3.2.3 Example: Polar Components 54 3.3 Linear Combinations of Complex Velocities 54 3.3.1 Example: Circular Obstacle in a Stream 54 3.4 Transforming the Whole Velocity Field 56 3.4.1 Translating the Whole Velocity Field 56 3.4.2 Example: Doublet as the Sum of a Source and Sink 56 3.4.3 Rotating the Whole Velocity Field 56 3.5 Circulation and Outflow 57 3.5.1 Curve-integrals in Plane Ideal Flow 57 3.5.2 Example: Numerical Line-integrals for Circulation and Outflow 58 3.5.3 Closed Circuits 59 3.5.4 Example: Powers of z and Circles around the Origin 60 3.6 More on the Scalar Potential and Stream Function 61 3.6.1 The Scalar Potential and Irrotational Flow 61 3.6.2 The Stream Function and Divergence-free Flow 62 3.7 Lift 62 3.7.1 Blasius’s Theorem 62 3.7.2 The Kutta–Joukowsky Theorem 63 3.8 Exercises 64 3.9 Further Reading 65 References 66 4 Conformal Mapping 67 4.1 Composition of Analytic Functions 67 4.2 Mapping with Powers of ζ 68 4.2.1 Example: Square Mapping 68 4.2.2 Conforming Mapping by Contouring the Stream Function 69 4.2.3 Example: Two-thirds Power Mapping 69 4.2.4 Branch Cuts 70 4.2.5 Other Powers 71 4.3 Joukowsky’s Transformation 71 4.3.1 Unit Circle from a Straight Line Segment 71 4.3.2 Uniform Flow and Flow over a Circle 72 4.3.3 Thin Flat Plate at Nonzero Incidence 73 4.3.4 Flow over the Thin Flat Plate with Circulation 74 4.3.5 Joukowsky Aerofoils 75 4.4 Exercises 75 4.5 Further Reading 78 References 78 5 Flat Plate Aerodynamics 79 5.1 Plane Ideal Flow over a Thin Flat Plate 79 5.1.1 Stagnation Points 80 5.1.2 The Kutta–Joukowsky Condition 80 5.1.3 Lift on a Thin Flat Plate 81 5.1.4 Surface Speed Distribution 82 5.1.5 Pressure Distribution 83 5.1.6 Distribution of Circulation 84 5.1.7 Thin Flat Plate as Vortex Sheet 85 5.2 Application of Thin Aerofoil Theory to the Flat Plate 87 5.2.1 Thin Aerofoil Theory 87 5.2.2 Vortex Sheet along the Chord 87 5.2.3 Changing the Variable of Integration 88 5.2.4 Glauert’s Integral 88 5.2.5 The Kutta–Joukowsky Condition 89 5.2.6 Circulation and Lift 89 5.3 Aerodynamic Moment 89 5.3.1 Centre of Pressure and Aerodynamic Centre 90 5.4 Exercises 90 5.5 Further Reading 91 References 91 6 Thin Wing Sections 93 6.1 Thin Aerofoil Analysis 93 6.1.1 Vortex Sheet along the Camber Line 93 6.1.2 The Boundary Condition 93 6.1.3 Linearization 94 6.1.4 Glauert’s Transformation 95 6.1.5 Glauert’s Expansion 95 6.1.6 Fourier Cosine Decomposition of the Camber Line Slope 97 6.2 Thin Aerofoil Aerodynamics 98 6.2.1 Circulation and Lift 98 6.2.2 Pitching Moment about the Leading Edge 99 6.2.3 Aerodynamic Centre 100 6.2.4 Summary 101 6.3 Analytical Evaluation of Thin Aerofoil Integrals 101 6.3.1 Example: the NACA Four-digit Wing Sections 104 6.4 Numerical Thin Aerofoil Theory 105 6.5 Exercises 109 6.6 Further Reading 109 References 109 7 Lumped Vortex Elements 111 7.1 The Thin Flat Plate at Arbitrary Incidence, Again 111 7.1.1 Single Vortex 111 7.1.2 The Collocation Point 111 7.1.3 Lumped Vortex Model of the Thin Flat Plate 112 7.2 Using Two Lumped Vortices along the Chord 114 7.2.1 Postprocessing 116 7.3 Generalization to Multiple Lumped Vortex Panels 117 7.3.1 Postprocessing 117 7.4 General Considerations on Discrete Singularity Methods 117 7.5 Lumped Vortex Elements for Thin Aerofoils 119 7.5.1 Panel Chains for Camber Lines 119 7.5.2 Implementation in Octave 121 7.5.3 Comparison with Thin Aerofoil Theory 122 7.6 Disconnected Aerofoils 123 7.6.1 Other Applications 124 7.7 Exercises 125 7.8 Further Reading 125 References 126 8 Panel Methods for Plane Flow 127 8.1 Development of the CUSSSP Program 127 8.1.1 The Singularity Elements 127 8.1.2 Discretizing the Geometry 129 8.1.3 The Influence Matrix 131 8.1.4 The Right-hand Side 132 8.1.5 Solving the Linear System 134 8.1.6 Postprocessing 135 8.2 Exercises 137 8.2.1 Projects 138 8.3 Further Reading 139 References 139 8.4 Conclusion to Part I: The Origin of Lift 139 Part Two Three-dimensional Ideal Aerodynamics 9 Finite Wings and Three-Dimensional Flow 143 9.1 Wings of Finite Span 143 9.1.1 Empirical Effect of Finite Span on Lift 143 9.1.2 Finite Wings and Three-dimensional Flow 143 9.2 Three-Dimensional Flow 145 9.2.1 Three-dimensional Cartesian Coordinate System 145 9.2.2 Three-dimensional Governing Equations 145 9.3 Vector Notation and Identities 145 9.3.1 Addition and Scalar Multiplication of Vectors 145 9.3.2 Products of Vectors 146 9.3.3 Vector Derivatives 147 9.3.4 Integral Theorems for Vector Derivatives 148 9.4 The Equations Governing Three-Dimensional Flow 149 9.4.1 Conservation of Mass and the Continuity Equation 149 9.4.2 Newton’s Law and Euler’s Equation 149 9.5 Circulation 150 9.5.1 Definition of Circulation in Three Dimensions 150 9.5.2 The Persistence of Circulation 151 9.5.3 Circulation and Vorticity 151 9.5.4 Rotational Form of Euler’s Equation 153 9.5.5 Steady Irrotational Motion 153 9.6 Exercises 154 9.7 Further Reading 155 References 155 10 Vorticity and Vortices 157 10.1 Streamlines, Stream Tubes, and Stream Filaments 157 10.1.1 Streamlines 157 10.1.2 Stream Tubes and Stream Filaments 158 10.2 Vortex Lines, Vortex Tubes, and Vortex Filaments 159 10.2.1 Strength of Vortex Tubes and Filaments 159 10.2.2 Kinematic Properties of Vortex Tubes 159 10.3 Helmholtz’s Theorems 159 10.3.1 ‘Vortex Tubes Move with the Flow’ 159 10.3.2 ‘The Strength of a Vortex Tube is Constant’ 160 10.4 Line Vortices 160 10.4.1 The Two-dimensional Vortex 160 10.4.2 Arbitrarily Oriented Rectilinear Vortex Filaments 160 10.5 Segmented Vortex Filaments 161 10.5.1 The Biot–Savart Law 161 10.5.2 Rectilinear Vortex Filaments 162 10.5.3 Finite Rectilinear Vortex Filaments 164 10.5.4 Infinite Straight Line Vortices 164 10.5.5 Semi-infinite Straight Line Vortex 164 10.5.6 Truncating Infinite Vortex Segments 165 10.5.7 Implementing Line Vortices in Octave 165 10.6 Exercises 166 10.7 Further Reading 167 References 167 11 Lifting Line Theory 169 11.1 Basic Assumptions of Lifting Line Theory 169 11.2 The Lifting Line, Horseshoe Vortices, and the Wake 169 11.2.1 Deductions from Vortex Theorems 169 11.2.2 Deductions from the Wing Pressure Distribution 170 11.2.3 The Lifting Line Model of Air Flow 170 11.2.4 Horseshoe Vortex 170 11.2.5 Continuous Trailing Vortex Sheet 171 11.2.6 The Form of the Wake 172 11.3 The Effect of Downwash 173 11.3.1 Effect on the Angle of Incidence: Induced Incidence 173 11.3.2 Effect on the Aerodynamic Force: Induced Drag 174 11.4 The Lifting Line Equation 174 11.4.1 Glauert’s Solution of the Lifting Line Equation 175 11.4.2 Wing Properties in Terms of Glauert’s Expansion 176 11.5 The Elliptic Lift Loading 178 11.5.1 Properties of the Elliptic Lift Loading 179 11.6 Lift–Incidence Relation 180 11.6.1 Linear Lift–Incidence Relation 181 11.7 Realizing the Elliptic Lift Loading 182 11.7.1 Corrections to the Elliptic Loading Approximation 182 11.8 Exercises 182 11.9 Further Reading 183 References 183 12 Nonelliptic Lift Loading 185 12.1 Solving the Lifting Line Equation 185 12.1.1 The Sectional Lift–Incidence Relation 185 12.1.2 Linear Sectional Lift–Incidence Relation 185 12.1.3 Finite Approximation: Truncation and Collocation 185 12.1.4 Computer Implementation 187 12.1.5 Example: a Rectangular Wing 187 12.2 Numerical Convergence 188 12.3 Symmetric Spanwise Loading 189 12.3.1 Example: Exploiting Symmetry 191 12.4 Exercises 192 References 192 13 Lumped Horseshoe Elements 193 13.1 A Single Horseshoe Vortex 193 13.1.1 Induced Incidence of the Lumped Horseshoe Element 195 13.2 Multiple Horseshoes along the Span 195 13.2.1 A Finite-step Lifting Line in Octave 197 13.3 An Improved Discrete Horseshoe Model 200 13.4 Implementing Horseshoe Vortices in Octave 203 13.4.1 Example: Yawed Horseshoe Vortex Coefficients 205 13.5 Exercises 206 13.6 Further Reading 207 References 207 14 The Vortex Lattice Method 209 14.1 Meshing the Mean Lifting Surface of a Wing 209 14.1.1 Plotting the Mesh of a Mean Lifting Surface 210 14.2 A Vortex Lattice Method 212 14.2.1 The Vortex Lattice Equations 213 14.2.2 Unit Normals to the Vortex-lattice 215 14.2.3 Spanwise Symmetry 215 14.2.4 Postprocessing Vortex Lattice Methods 215 14.3 Examples of Vortex Lattice Calculations 216 14.3.1 Campbell’s Flat Swept Tapered Wing 216 14.3.2 Bertin’s Flat Swept Untapered Wing 218 14.3.3 Spanwise and Chordwise Refinement 219 14.4 Exercises 220 14.5 Further Reading 221 14.5.1 Three-dimensional Panel Methods 222 References 222 Part Three Nonideal Flow in Aerodynamics 15 Viscous Flow 225 15.1 Cauchy’s First Law of Continuum Mechanics 225 15.2 Rheological Constitutive Equations 227 15.2.1 Perfect Fluid 227 15.2.2 Linearly Viscous Fluid 227 15.3 The Navier–Stokes Equations 228 15.4 The No-Slip Condition and the Viscous Boundary Layer 228 15.5 Unidirectional Flows 229 15.5.1 Plane Couette and Poiseuille Flows 229 15.6 A Suddenly Sliding Plate 230 15.6.1 Solution by Similarity Variable 230 15.6.2 The Diffusion of Vorticity 233 15.7 Exercises 234 15.8 Further Reading 234 References 235 16 Boundary Layer Equations 237 16.1 The Boundary Layer over a Flat Plate 237 16.1.1 Scales in the Conservation of Mass 237 16.1.2 Scales in the Streamwise Momentum Equation 238 16.1.3 The Reynolds Number 239 16.1.4 Pressure in the Boundary Layer 239 16.1.5 The Transverse Momentum Balance 239 16.1.6 The Boundary Layer Momentum Equation 240 16.1.7 Pressure and External Tangential Velocity 241 16.1.8 Application to Curved Surfaces 241 16.2 Momentum Integral Equation 241 16.3 Local Boundary Layer Parameters 243 16.3.1 The Displacement and Momentum Thicknesses 243 16.3.2 The Skin Friction Coefficient 243 16.3.3 Example: Three Boundary Layer Profiles 244 16.4 Exercises 248 16.5 Further Reading 249 References 249 17 Laminar Boundary Layers 251 17.1 Boundary Layer Profile Curvature 251 17.1.1 Pressure Gradient and Boundary Layer Thickness 252 17.2 Pohlhausen’s Quartic Profiles 252 17.3 Thwaites’s Method for Laminar Boundary Layers 254 17.3.1 F(λ) ≈ 0.45 − 6λ 255 17.3.2 Correlations for Shape Factor and Skin Friction 256 17.3.3 Example: Zero Pressure Gradient 256 17.3.4 Example: Laminar Separation from a Circular Cylinder 257 17.4 Exercises 260 17.5 Further Reading 261 References 262 18 Compressibility 263 18.1 Steady-State Conservation of Mass 263 18.2 Longitudinal Variation of Stream Tube Section 265 18.2.1 The Design of Supersonic Nozzles 266 18.3 Perfect Gas Thermodynamics 266 18.3.1 Thermal and Caloric Equations of State 266 18.3.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 267 18.3.3 The Isochoric and Isobaric Specific Heat Coefficients 267 18.3.4 Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes 267 18.3.5 Adiabatic Expansion 268 18.3.6 The Speed of Sound and Temperature 269 18.3.7 The Speed of Sound and the Speed 269 18.3.8 Thermodynamic Characteristics of Air 270 18.3.9 Example: Stagnation Temperature 270 18.4 Exercises 270 18.5 Further Reading 271 References 271 19 Linearized Compressible Flow 273 19.1 The Nonlinearity of the Equation for the Potential 273 19.2 Small Disturbances to the Free-Stream 274 19.3 The Uniform Free-Stream 275 19.4 The Disturbance Potential 275 19.5 Prandtl–Glauert Transformation 276 19.5.1 Fundamental Linearized Compressible Flows 277 19.5.2 The Speed of Sound 278 19.6 Application of the Prandtl–Glauert Rule 279 19.6.1 Transforming the Geometry 279 19.6.2 Computing Aerodynamical Forces 280 19.6.3 The Prandlt–Glauert Rule in Two Dimensions 282 19.6.4 The Critical Mach Number 284 19.7 Sweep 284 19.8 Exercises 285 19.9 Further Reading 285 References 286 Appendix A Notes on Octave Programming 287 A. 1 Introduction 287 A. 2 Vectorization 287 A.2. 1 Iterating Explicitly 288 A.2. 2 Preallocating Memory 288 A.2. 3 Vectorizing Function Calls 288 A.2. 4 Many Functions Act Elementwise on Arrays 289 A.2. 5 Functions Primarily Defined for Arrays 289 A.2. 6 Elementwise Arithmetic with Single Numbers 289 A.2. 7 Elementwise Arithmetic between Arrays 290 A.2. 8 Vector and Matrix Multiplication 290 A. 3 Generating Arrays 290 A.3. 1 Creating Tables with bsxfun 290 A. 4 Indexing 291 A.4. 1 Indexing by Logical Masks 291 A.4. 2 Indexing Numerically 291 A. 5 Just-in-Time Compilation 291 A. 6 Further Reading 292 References 292 Glossary 293 Nomenclature 305 Index 309

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Book SynopsisInorganic materials show a diverse range of important properties that are desirable for many contemporary, real-world applications. Good examples include recyclable battery cathode materials for energy storage and transport, porous solids for capture and storage of gases and molecular complexes for use in electronic devices.Table of ContentsInorganic Materials Series Preface xi Preface xiii List of Contributors xv 1 Powder Diffraction 1Kenneth D. M. Harris and Andrew Williams 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Similarities and Differences Between Single-Crystal nd Powder XRD 2 1.3 Qualitative Aspects of Powder XRD: 'Fingerprinting' of Crystalline Phases 6 1.4 Quantitative Aspects of Powder XRD: Some reliminaries Relevant to Crystal Structure Determination 8 1.4.1 Relationship between a Crystal Structure and its Diffraction Pattern 8 1.4.2 Comparison of Experimental and Calculated Powder XRD Patterns 10 1.5 Structure Determination from Powder XRD Data 12 1.5.1 Overview 12 1.5.2 Unit Cell Determination (Indexing) 14 1.5.3 Preparing the Intensity Data for Structure Solution: Profile Fitting 15 1.5.4 Structure Solution 16 1.5.5 Structure Refinement 21 1.6 Some Experimental Considerations in Powder XRD 22 1.6.1 Synchrotron versus Laboratory Powder XRD Data 22 1.6.2 Preferred Orientation 24 1.6.3 Phase Purity of the Powder Sample 25 1.6.4 Analysis of Peak Widths in Powder XRD Data 26 1.6.5 Applications of Powder XRD for In Situ Studies of Structural Transformations and Chemical Processes 28 1.7 Powder Neutron Diffraction versus Powder XRD 30 1.8 Validation of Procedures and Results in Structure Determination from Powder XRD Data 33 1.8.1 Overview 33 1.8.2 Validation before Direct-Space Structure Solution 34 1.8.3 Aspects of Validation following Structure Refinement 36 1.9 A more Detailed Consideration of the Application of Powder XRD as a 'Fingerprint' of Crystalline Phases 40 1.10 Examples of the Application of Powder XRD in Chemical Contexts 45 1.10.1 Overview 45 1.10.2 Structure Determination of Zeolites and Other Framework Materials 46 1.10.3 In Situ Powder XRD Studies of Materials Synthesis 48 1.10.4 Structure Determination of New Materials Produced by Solid-State Mechanochemistry 50 1.10.5 In Situ Powder XRD Studies of Solid-State Mechanochemical Processes 53 1.10.6 In Situ Powder XRD Studies of a Polymorphic Transformation 55 1.10.7 In Situ Powder XRD Studies of a Solid-State Reaction 58 1.10.8 Establishing Details of a Hydrogen-Bonding Arrangement by Powder Neutron Diffraction 58 1.10.9 Structure Determination of a Material Produced by Rapid Precipitation from Solution 60 1.10.10 Structure Determination of Intermediates in a Solid-State Reaction 62 1.10.11 Structure Determination of a Novel Aluminium Methylphosphonate 62 1.10.12 Structure Determination of Materials Prepared by Solid-State Dehydration/Desolvation Processes 63 1.10.13 Structure Determination of the Product Material from a Solid-State Photopolymerisation Reaction 66 1.10.14 Exploiting Anisotropic Thermal Expansion in Structure Determination 68 1.10.15 Rationalisation of a Solid-State Reaction 69 1.10.16 Structure Determination of Organometallic Complexes 71 1.10.17 Examples of Structure Determination of Some Polymeric Materials 72 1.10.18 Structure Determination of Pigment Materials 73 1.11 Conclusion 74 References 75 2 X-Ray and Neutron Single-Crystal Diffraction 83William Clegg 2.1 Introduction 83 2.2 Solid-State Fundamentals 86 2.2.1 Translation Symmetry 87 2.2.2 Other Symmetry 91 2.2.3 An Introduction to Non-Ideal Behaviour 98 2.3 Scattering and Diffraction 101 2.3.1 Fundamentals of Radiation and Scattering 102 2.3.2 Diffraction of Monochromatic X-Rays 103 2.3.3 Diffraction of Polychromatic X-Rays 110 2.3.4 Diffraction of Neutrons 111 2.3.5 Some Competing and Complicating Effects 114 2.4 Experimental Methods 119 2.4.1 Radiation Sources 119 2.4.2 Single Crystals 124 2.4.3 Measuring the Diffraction Pattern 126 2.4.4 Correcting for Systematic Errors 127 2.5 Structure Solution 128 2.5.1 Direct Methods 130 2.5.2 Patterson Synthesis 131 2.5.3 Symmetry Arguments 132 2.5.4 Charge Flipping 133 2.5.5 Completing a Partial Structure Model 134 2.6 Structure Refinement 138 2.6.1 Minimisation and Weights 139 2.6.2 Parameters, Constraints and Restraints 139 2.6.3 Refinement Results 140 2.6.4 Computer Programs for Structure Solution and Refinement 141 2.7 Problem Structures, Special Topics, Validation and Interpretation 142 2.7.1 Disorder 142 2.7.2 Twinning 143 2.7.3 Pseudosymmetry, Superstructures and Incommensurate Structures 145 2.7.4 Absolute Structure 147 2.7.5 Distinguishing Element Types, Oxidation States and Spin States 148 2.7.6 Valence Effects 149 2.7.7 Diffraction Experiments under Non-Ambient Conditions 150 2.7.8 Issues of Interpretation and Validation 151 Software Acknowledgements 153 References 153 3 PDF Analysis of Nanoparticles 155Reinhard B. Neder 3.1 Introduction 155 3.2 Pair Distribution Function 160 3.3 Data Collection Strategies 168 3.4 Data Treatment 170 3.4.1 Calculation of G(r) from a Structural Model 175 3.4.2 Data Modelling 183 3.5 Examples 184 3.5.1 Local Disorder versus Long-Range Average Order 185 3.5.2 ZnSe Nanoparticle 189 3.5.3 Decorated ZnO Nanoparticle 194 3.6 Complementary Techniques 197 References 199 4 Electron Crystallography 201Lu Han, Keiichi Miyasaka and Osamu Terasaki 4.1 Introduction 201 4.2 Crystal Description 203 4.2.1 Fourier Transformation and Related Functions 203 4.2.2 Lattices 204 4.2.3 Crystals and Crystal Structure Factors 205 4.2.4 Simple Description of Babinet's Principle 206 4.3 Electron Microscopy 208 4.3.1 Interaction between Electrons and Matter 208 4.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy 209 4.3.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy 214 4.4 Electron Diffraction 216 4.4.1 X-Rays (Photons) versus Electrons 216 4.4.2 Scattering Power of an Atom 217 4.4.3 Crystal Structure and Electron Diffraction 219 4.4.4 Relationship between Real and Reciprocal Space 221 4.4.5 Friedel's Law and Phase Restriction 223 4.4.6 Information on the 0th, 1st and Higher-Order Laue Zone 224 4.4.7 Determining Unit Cell Dimensions and Crystal Symmetry 226 4.4.8 Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction 227 4.5 Imaging 229 4.5.1 Crystal Structure and TEM Images 229 4.5.2 Image Resolution 230 4.5.3 Limitation of Structural Resolution 231 4.5.4 Electrostatic Potential and Structure Factors 232 4.5.5 Image Simulation 235 4.6 The EC Method of Solving Crystal Structures 235 4.6.1 1D Structures 236 4.6.2 2D Structures 239 4.6.3 3D Structures 240 4.7 Other TEM Techniques 249 4.7.1 STEM and HAADF 249 4.7.2 Electron Tomography 249 4.7.3 3D Electron Diffraction 252 4.8 Conclusion 255 Acknowledgment 256 References 256 5 Small-Angle Scattering 259Theyencheri Narayanan 5.1 Introduction 259 5.2 General Principles of SAS 261 5.2.1 Momentum Transfer 261 5.2.2 Differential Scattering Cross-Section 262 5.2.3 Non-Interacting Systems 264 5.2.4 Influence of Polydispersity 266 5.2.5 Asymptotic Forms of I(q) 268 5.2.6 Multilevel Structures 269 5.2.7 Non-Particulate Systems 272 5.2.8 Structure Factor of Interactions 273 5.2.9 Highly Ordered Structures 275 5.3 Instrumental Set-Up for SAXS 279 5.3.1 Synchrotron Source 280 5.3.2 X-Ray Optics 281 5.3.3 X-Ray Detectors 283 5.3.4 SAXS Instrument Layout 284 5.4 Instrumental Set-Up for SANS 285 5.4.1 Neutron Sources 286 5.4.2 Neutron Optics 287 5.4.3 Neutron Detectors 288 5.4.4 SANS Instrument Layout 289 5.4.5 Combination with Wide-Angle Scattering 290 5.4.6 Instrumental Smearing Effects 292 5.4.7 Sample Environments 293 5.5 Application of SAS Methods 294 5.5.1 Real-Time and In Situ Studies 295 5.5.2 Ultra Small-Angle Scattering 303 5.5.3 Contrast Variation in SAS 308 5.5.4 Grazing-Incidence SAS 314 5.6 Conclusion 318 Acknowledgements 318 References 319 Index 325

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Book SynopsisComputers are ubiquitous throughout all life-cycle stages of engineering, from conceptual design to manufacturing maintenance, repair and replacement. It is essential for all engineers to be aware of the knowledge behind computer-based tools and techniques they are likely to encounter. The computational technology, which allows engineers to carry out design, modelling, visualisation, manufacturing, construction and management of products and infrastructure is known as Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE). Engineering Informatics: Fundamentals of Computer-Aided Engineering, 2nd Edition provides the foundation knowledge of computing that is essential for all engineers. This knowledge is independent of hardware and software characteristics and thus, it is expected to remain valid throughout an engineering career. This Second Edition is enhanced with treatment of new areas such as network science and the computational complexity of distributed systems. Key features:Table of ContentsForeword to the First Edition xiii Preface to the First Edition xvii Preface to the Second Edition xxi 1 Fundamental Logic and the Definition of Engineering Tasks 1 1.1 Three Types of Inference 1 1.2 Engineering Tasks 3 1.3 A Model of Information and Tasks 5 1.4 Another Task Definition 8 1.5 The Five Orders of Ignorance 9 1.6 Summary 9 Exercises 10 References 10 2 Algorithms and Complexity 11 2.1 Algorithms and Execution Time of Programs 12 2.1.1 Program Execution Time versus Task Size 12 2.2 ‘Big Oh’ Notation 14 2.2.1 Definition of the Big Oh Notation 15 2.2.2 Big Oh and Tightness of Bound 16 2.2.3 Classification of Functions 20 2.2.4 Examples 21 2.2.5 Tractability and Algorithm Optimality 30 2.3 Practical Methods for Determining the Complexity of Algorithms 30 2.4 P, NP and NP-Completeness 34 2.4.1 Zero–One Integer Programming (ZOIP) Problem 35 2.4.2 Classes of NP-Complete Problems 36 2.5 Summary 37 Exercises 37 Reference 40 Further Reading 40 3 Data Structures 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Definitions 42 3.3 Derived Data Types 42 3.3.1 Examples of Derived Data Types 43 3.3.2 User-Defined Data Types 45 3.4 Abstract Data Types 46 3.4.1 Linked Lists 47 3.4.2 Graphs 50 3.4.3 Trees 52 3.4.4 Stacks 56 3.4.5 Queues 60 3.5 An Example: Conceptual Structural Design of Buildings 63 3.6 Network Science 70 3.6.1 Types of Networks 71 3.7 Hashing 73 3.8 Summary 74 Exercises 74 Further Reading 79 4 Object Representation and Reasoning 81 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Grouping Data and Methods 82 4.3 Definitions and Basic Concepts 83 4.3.1 Classes and Objects 83 4.3.2 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) 84 4.3.3 Messages 84 4.4 Important Characteristics of Objects 84 4.4.1 Encapsulation of Data and Methods 84 4.4.2 Message-Passing Mechanism 85 4.4.3 Abstraction Hierarchy 86 4.4.4 Secondary Features of Object Representation 88 4.4.5 Decomposition versus Abstraction 89 4.5 Applications Outside Programming 90 4.5.1 Knowledge Representation 91 4.5.2 User Interfaces 91 4.5.3 Off-the-Shelf Components 91 4.5.4 Product Models 91 4.6 An Object-Oriented Design Methodology 93 4.6.1 Single versus Multiple Inheritance 93 4.6.2 Message-Passing Architecture 94 4.7 Summary 95 Exercises 95 References 101 Further Reading 101 5 Database Concepts 103 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Basic Concepts 104 5.2.1 Initial Definitions 104 5.2.2 Evolution of Types of Databases 104 5.2.3 The Three-Level Architecture 106 5.3 Relational Database Systems 106 5.3.1 The Relational Model 107 5.3.2 Limitations of Relational Databases 111 5.3.3 Accessing Data in Relational Databases 112 5.4 Relational Database Design 114 5.4.1 First Normal Form 114 5.4.2 Second Normal Form 115 5.4.3 Third Normal Form 118 5.4.4 Boyce-Codd and Higher Normal Forms 119 5.4.5 Importance of Database Design 120 5.5 Transaction Processing 120 5.5.1 Definition of Transaction 121 5.5.2 Implementing Transactions 122 5.5.3 Properties of Transactions 124 5.6 Other Types of Database 124 5.6.1 Object-Oriented Databases 124 5.6.2 Geographical Databases 124 5.6.3 Multimedia Database Systems 125 5.6.4 Distributed Databases 125 5.7 Summary 126 Exercises 127 Transaction A 131 Transaction B 131 Reference 131 Further Reading 131 6 Computational Mechanics 133 6.1 Introduction 133 6.1.1 Challenges of Computational Mechanics 134 6.2 From Physical Principles to Practical Systems 135 6.3 Methods for Finding Solutions 137 6.3.1 Galerkin Method 137 6.3.2 Remarks 139 6.4 Issues in Computer-Aided Engineering 139 6.4.1 Accuracy 140 6.4.2 Speed 141 6.4.3 User Interaction 142 6.5 Summary 142 References 142 Further Reading 142 7 Constraint-Based Reasoning 143 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 Terminology 145 7.3 Constraint-Solving Methods 146 7.3.1 Levels of Consistency for Label Propagation 147 7.3.2 Global Consistency in Label Propagation 148 7.3.3 Constraint Propagation 149 7.4 Reasoning with Constraints on Discrete Variables 149 7.4.1 CSP Complexity for Discrete Variables 151 7.5 Reasoning with Constraints on Continuous Variables 151 7.5.1 Constraint-Based Support for Collaborative Work 152 7.6 Summary 156 References 156 8 Optimization and Search 157 8.1 Introduction 157 8.2 Basic Concepts 158 8.2.1 Types of Optimization Problem 160 8.2.2 Formulating Optimization Tasks 161 8.2.3 Representing Search Spaces 163 8.2.4 Representing Constraints 164 8.2.5 Some Optimization Problems 165 8.3 Classification of Methods 167 8.4 Deterministic Optimization and Search 169 8.4.1 Special Cases 169 8.4.2 Deterministic Methods 174 8.5 Stochastic Methods 179 8.5.1 Pure Global Random Search 182 8.5.2 Local Search with Multiple Random Starts 182 8.5.3 Simulated Annealing 182 8.5.4 Genetic Algorithms 184 8.5.5 Controlled Random Search 184 8.5.6 PGSL 185 8.6 A Closer Look at Genetic Algorithms 188 8.6.1 Representation: Genetic Encoding 188 8.6.2 Evaluating an Individual 189 8.6.3 Creating the Initial Population 189 8.6.4 The Fitness Function 190 8.6.5 Reproduction 190 8.6.6 Mutation 192 8.7 Summary of Methods 192 Exercises 193 References 198 Further Reading 198 9 Knowledge Systems for Decision Support 199 9.1 Introduction 199 9.2 Important Characteristics of Knowledge Systems 200 9.3 Representation of Knowledge 202 9.3.1 Representation of Knowledge in Knowledge Systems 204 9.4 Reasoning with Knowledge 205 9.4.1 Rule Selection and Conflict Resolution 207 9.5 Importance of the User Interface 207 9.6 Maintenance of Knowledge 208 9.7 Model-based Reasoning 209 9.8 Case-Based Reasoning 209 9.8.1 Stages of Case-Based Reasoning 210 9.9 Summary 215 Reference 215 Further Reading 215 10 Machine Learning 217 10.1 Introduction 217 10.2 Improving Performance with Experience 218 10.3 Formalizing the Learning Task 220 10.3.1 Searching Hypothesis Spaces 224 10.4 Learning Algorithms 224 10.4.1 Rote Learning 225 10.4.2 Statistical Learning Techniques 226 10.4.3 Deductive Learning 230 10.4.4 Exploration and Discovery 231 10.5 A Closer Look at Artificial Neural Networks 231 10.5.1 Types of Neural Network 235 10.5.2 Learning in Neural Networks 236 10.5.3 Summary of Neural Networks 237 10.6 Support Vector Machines 237 10.6.1 Support Vector Classification 237 10.6.2 Support Vector Regression 240 10.7 Summary 240 Exercises 241 References 242 Further Reading 242 11 Geometric Modelling 243 11.1 Introduction 243 11.2 Engineering Applications 244 11.2.1 Criteria for Evaluating Representations 244 11.3 Mathematical Models for Representing Geometry 245 11.3.1 Two-Dimensional Representation of Simple Shapes 245 11.3.2 Curves Without Simple Mathematical Representations 247 11.3.3 B´ezier Curves 248 11.3.4 Mathematical Representation of Simple Surfaces 249 11.3.5 B´ezier Patches 250 11.3.6 Mathematical Representation of Regular-Shaped Solids 251 11.4 Representing Complex Solids 252 11.4.1 Primitive Instancing 252 11.4.2 Mesh Representations 253 11.4.3 Sweep Representations 255 11.4.4 Boundary Representations 257 11.4.5 Decomposition Models 258 11.4.6 Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) 260 11.5 Applications 263 11.5.1 Estimation of Volume 263 11.5.2 Finite Element Mesh for a Spread Footing 264 11.5.3 3D Graphical View of a Structure 266 11.6 Summary 267 Further Reading 267 12 Computer Graphics 269 12.1 Introduction 269 12.2 Tasks of Computer Graphics 270 12.3 Display Devices 270 12.3.1 Types of Display Device 271 12.3.2 From Geometric Representations to Graphical Displays 272 12.4 Representing Graphics 272 12.4.1 Representing Colours 273 12.4.2 Coordinate System 273 12.4.3 Bitmap Representations 274 12.4.4 Higher-Level Representations 275 12.5 The Graphics Pipeline 276 12.5.1 Modelling Transformations 276 12.5.2 Viewing Transformations 280 12.5.3 Scan Conversion 285 12.6 Interactive Graphics 287 12.7 Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) and Human–Computer Interaction (HCI) 288 12.7.1 Engineer–Computer Interaction 288 12.8 Applications 289 12.8.1 4D Simulations 289 12.8.2 Navigating Multidimensional Solution Spaces 289 12.8.3 Computer Vision and Image Processing 290 12.8.4 Laser Scanning 290 12.9 Summary 292 References 292 Further Reading 292 13 Distributed Applications and the Web 293 13.1 Introduction 293 13.1.1 A Simple Example of a Client–Server System 294 13.1.2 Definitions 295 13.1.3 Trends Driving C/S Architecture 296 13.2 Examples of Client–Server Applications 297 13.2.1 File Servers 297 13.2.2 FTP Servers 298 13.2.3 Database Servers 298 13.2.4 Groupware Servers 298 13.2.5 Object Servers 298 13.2.6 Operating System Servers 299 13.2.7 Display Servers 299 13.2.8 Web Servers 300 13.2.9 Application Servers 300 13.3 Distinctive Features of C/S Systems 300 13.3.1 Asymmetrical Protocol 300 13.3.2 Message-Based Mechanism 301 13.3.3 Why are Protocols Important? 304 13.4 Client–server System Design 304 13.4.1 Three-Tier Architecture 305 13.4.2 Application Partitioning 306 13.5 Advantages of Client–Server Systems 307 13.6 Developing Client–Server Applications 307 13.6.1 TCP/IP Sockets 308 13.6.2 Other Middleware Options 309 13.7 The World Wide Web 309 13.7.1 Limitations of Exchanging Only Static Information 310 13.7.2 Common Gateway Interface 310 13.7.3 Engineering Applications on the Web 311 13.7.4 Other Models for Dynamic Information Exchange 311 13.8 Peer-to-Peer Networks 312 13.8.1 Information Interchange Through P2P Networks 314 13.8.2 P2P Networks for Engineering Applications 314 13.8.3 Advantages of Peer-to-Peer Networks 315 13.8.4 Issues and Challenges 315 13.9 Agent Technology 316 13.9.1 Issues in Multi-Agent Systems 317 13.10 Cloud Computing 318 13.11 Complexity 319 13.12 Summary 319 Reference 320 Further Reading 320 Index 321

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the basics and developments of the new XFEM approach to fracture analysis of structures and materials, providing state of the art techniques and algorithms for fracture analysis of structures.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Nomenclature xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Composite Structures 1 1.2 Failures of Composites 2 1.2.1 Matrix Cracking 2 1.2.2 Delamination 2 1.2.3 Fibre/Matrix Debonding 2 1.2.4 Fibre Breakage 3 1.2.5 Macro Models of Cracking in Composites 3 1.3 Crack Analysis 3 1.3.1 Local and Non-Local Formulations 3 1.3.2 Theoretical Methods for Failure Analysis 5 1.4 Analytical Solutions for Composites 6 1.4.1 Continuum Models 6 1.4.2 Fracture Mechanics of Composites 6 1.5 Numerical Techniques 8 1.5.1 Boundary Element Method 8 1.5.2 Finite Element Method 8 1.5.3 Adaptive Finite/Discrete Element Method 10 1.5.4 Meshless Methods 10 1.5.5 Extended Finite Element Method 11 1.5.6 Extended Isogeometric Analysis 12 1.5.7 Multiscale Analysis 13 1.6 Scope of the Book 13 2 Fracture Mechanics, A Review 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Basics of Elasticity 20 2.2.1 Stress–Strain Relations 20 2.2.2 Airy Stress Function 22 2.2.3 Complex Stress Functions 22 2.3 Basics of LEFM 23 2.3.1 Fracture Mechanics 23 2.3.2 Infinite Tensile Plate with a Circular Hole 24 2.3.3 Infinite Tensile Plate with an Elliptical Hole 26 2.3.4 Westergaard Analysis of a Line Crack 28 2.3.5 Williams Solution of a Wedge Corner 29 2.4 Stress Intensity Factor, K 30 2.4.1 Definition of the Stress Intensity Factor 30 2.4.2 Examples of Stress Intensity Factors for LEFM 33 2.4.3 Griffith Energy Theories 35 2.4.4 Mixed Mode Crack Propagation 38 2.5 Classical Solution Procedures for K and G 41 2.5.1 Displacement Extrapolation/Correlation Method 41 2.5.2 Mode I Energy Release Rate 41 2.5.3 Mode I Stiffness Derivative/Virtual Crack Model 42 2.5.4 Two Virtual Crack Extensions for Mixed Mode Cases 42 2.5.5 Single Virtual Crack Extension Based on Displacement Decomposition 43 2.6 Quarter Point Singular Elements 44 2.7 J Integral 47 2.7.1 Generalization of J 48 2.7.2 Effect of Crack Surface Traction 48 2.7.3 Effect of Body Force 49 2.7.4 Equivalent Domain Integral (EDI) Method 49 2.7.5 Interaction Integral Method 49 2.8 Elastoplastic Fracture Mechanics (EPFM) 51 2.8.1 Plastic Zone 51 2.8.2 Crack-Tip Opening Displacements (CTOD) 53 2.8.3 J Integral for EPFM 55 3 Extended Finite Element Method 57 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Historic Development of XFEM 58 3.2.1 A Review of XFEM Development 58 3.2.2 A Review of XFEM Composite Analysis 62 3.3 Enriched Approximations 62 3.3.1 Partition of Unity 62 3.3.2 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Enrichments 63 3.3.3 Partition of Unity Finite Element Method 66 3.3.4 MLS Enrichment 66 3.3.5 Generalized Finite Element Method 67 3.3.6 Extended Finite Element Method 67 3.3.7 Generalized PU Enrichment 67 3.4 XFEM Formulation 67 3.4.1 Basic XFEM Approximation 68 3.4.2 Signed Distance Function 69 3.4.3 Modelling the Crack 70 3.4.4 Governing Equation 71 3.4.5 XFEM Discretization 72 3.4.6 Evaluation of Derivatives of Enrichment Functions 73 3.4.7 Selection of Nodes for Discontinuity Enrichment 75 3.4.8 Numerical Integration 77 3.5 XFEM Strong Discontinuity Enrichments 79 3.5.1 A Modified FE Shape Function 79 3.5.2 The Heaviside Function 81 3.5.3 The Sign Function 84 3.5.4 Strong Tangential Discontinuity 85 3.5.5 Crack Intersection 85 3.6 XFEM Weak Discontinuity Enrichments 86 3.7 XFEM Crack-Tip Enrichments 87 3.7.1 Isotropic Enrichment 87 3.7.2 Orthotropic Enrichment Functions 88 3.7.3 Bimaterial Enrichments 88 3.7.4 Orthotropic Bimaterial Enrichments 89 3.7.5 Dynamic Enrichment 89 3.7.6 Orthotropic Dynamic Enrichments for Moving Cracks 90 3.7.7 Bending Plates 91 3.7.8 Crack-Tip Enrichments in Shells 91 3.7.9 Electro-Mechanical Enrichment 92 3.7.10 Dislocation Enrichment 93 3.7.11 Hydraulic Fracture Enrichment 94 3.7.12 Plastic Enrichment 94 3.7.13 Viscoelastic Enrichment 95 3.7.14 Contact Corner Enrichment 96 3.7.15 Modification for Large Deformation Problems 97 3.7.16 Automatic Enrichment 99 3.8 Transition from Standard to Enriched Approximation 99 3.8.1 Linear Blending 100 3.8.2 Hierarchical Transition Domain 100 3.9 Tracking Moving Boundaries 103 3.9.1 Level Set Method 103 3.9.2 Alternative Methods 106 3.10 Numerical Simulations 107 3.10.1 A Central Crack in an Infinite Tensile Plate 107 3.10.2 An Edge Crack in a Finite Plate 109 3.10.3 Tensile Plate with a Central Inclined Crack 110 3.10.4 A Bending Plate in Fracture Mode III 111 3.10.5 Crack Propagation in a Shell 112 3.10.6 Shear Band Simulation 115 3.10.7 Fault Simulation 116 3.10.8 Sliding Contact Stress Singularity by PUFEM 119 3.10.9 Hydraulic Fracture 122 3.10.10 Dislocation Dynamics 126 4 Static Fracture Analysis of Composites 131 4.1 Introduction 131 4.2 Anisotropic Elasticity 134 4.2.1 Elasticity Solution 134 4.2.2 Anisotropic Stress Functions 136 4.3 Analytical Solutions for Near Crack Tip 137 4.3.1 The General Solution 137 4.3.2 Special Solutions for Different Types of Composites 140 4.4 Orthotropic Mixed Mode Fracture 142 4.4.1 Energy Release Rate for Anisotropic Materials 142 4.4.2 Anisotropic Singular Elements 142 4.4.3 SIF Calculation by Interaction Integral 143 4.4.4 Orthotropic Crack Propagation Criteria 147 4.5 Anisotropic XFEM 149 4.5.1 Governing Equation 149 4.5.2 XFEM Discretization 150 4.5.3 Orthotropic Enrichment Functions 151 4.6 Numerical Simulations 152 4.6.1 Plate with a Crack Parallel to the Material Axis of Orthotropy 152 4.6.2 Edge Crack with Several Orientations of the Axes of Orthotropy 155 4.6.3 Inclined Edge Notched Tensile Specimen 156 4.6.4 Central Slanted Crack 160 4.6.5 An Inclined Centre Crack in a Disk Subjected to Point Loads 164 4.6.6 Crack Propagation in an Orthotropic Beam 166 5 Dynamic Fracture Analysis of Composites 169 5.1 Introduction 169 5.1.1 Dynamic Fracture Mechanics 169 5.1.2 Dynamic Fracture Mechanics of Composites 170 5.1.3 Dynamic Fracture by XFEM 172 5.2 Analytical Solutions for Near Crack Tips in Dynamic States 173 5.2.1 Analytical Solution for a Propagating Crack in Isotropic Material 174 5.2.2 Asymptotic Solution for a Stationary Crack in Orthotropic Media 175 5.2.3 Analytical Solution for Near Crack Tip of a Propagating Crack in Orthotropic Material 176 5.3 Dynamic Stress Intensity Factors 178 5.3.1 Stationary and Moving Crack Dynamic Stress Intensity Factors 178 5.3.2 Dynamic Fracture Criteria 179 5.3.3 J Integral for Dynamic Problems 180 5.3.4 Domain Integral for Orthotropic Media 181 5.3.5 Interaction Integral 182 5.3.6 Crack-Axis Component of the Dynamic J Integral 183 5.3.7 Field Decomposition Technique 185 5.4 Dynamic XFEM 185 5.4.1 Dynamic Equations of Motion 185 5.4.2 XFEM Discretization 185 5.4.3 XFEM Enrichment Functions 187 5.4.4 Time Integration Schemes 191 5.5 Numerical Simulations 195 5.5.1 Plate with a Stationary Central Crack 195 5.5.2 Mode I Plate with an Edge Crack 196 5.5.3 Mixed Mode Edge Crack in Composite Plates 199 5.5.4 A Composite Plate with Double Edge Cracks under Impulsive Loading 210 5.5.5 Pre-Cracked Three Point Bending Beam under Impact Loading 213 5.5.6 Propagating Central Inclined Crack in a Circular Orthotropic Plate 217 6 Fracture Analysis of Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) 225 6.1 Introduction 225 6.2 Analytical Solution for Near a Crack Tip 227 6.2.1 Average Material Properties 227 6.2.2 Mode I Near Tip Fields in FGM Composites 228 6.2.3 Stress and Displacement Field (Similar to Homogeneous Orthotropic Composites) 233 6.3 Stress Intensity Factor 235 6.3.1 J Integral 235 6.3.2 Interaction Integral 236 6.3.3 FGM Auxillary Fields 236 6.3.4 Isoparametric FGM 240 6.4 Crack Propagation in FGM Composites 240 6.5 Inhomogeneous XFEM 241 6.5.1 Governing Equation 241 6.5.2 XFEM Approximation 241 6.5.3 XFEM Discretization 243 6.6 Numerical Examples 244 6.6.1 Plate with a Centre Crack Parallel to the Material Gradient 244 6.6.2 Proportional FGM Plate with an Inclined Central Crack 247 6.6.3 Non-Proportional FGM Plate with a Fixed Inclined Central Crack 250 6.6.4 Rectangular Plate with an Inclined Crack (Non-Proportional Distribution) 251 6.6.5 Crack Propagation in a Four-Point FGM Beam 253 7 Delamination/Interlaminar Crack Analysis 261 7.1 Introduction 261 7.2 Fracture Mechanics for Bimaterial Interface Cracks 264 7.2.1 Isotropic Bimaterial Interfaces 265 7.2.2 Orthotropic Bimaterial Interface Cracks 266 7.2.3 Stress Contours for a Crack between Two Dissimilar Orthotropic Materials 270 7.3 Stress Intensity Factors for Interlaminar Cracks 271 7.4 Delamination Propagation 273 7.4.1 Fracture Energy-Based Criteria 273 7.4.2 Stress-Based Criteria 273 7.4.3 Contact-Based Criteria 274 7.5 Bimaterial XFEM 275 7.5.1 Governing Equation 275 7.5.2 XFEM Discretization 276 7.5.3 XFEM Enrichment Functions for Bimaterial Problems 278 7.5.4 Discretization and Integration 280 7.6 Numerical Examples 280 7.6.1 Central Crack in an Infinite Bimaterial Plate 280 7.6.2 Isotropic-Orthotropic Bimaterial Crack 289 7.6.3 Orthotropic Double Cantilever Beam 291 7.6.4 Concrete Beams Strengthened with Fully Bonded GFRP 294 7.6.5 FRP Reinforced Concrete Cantilever Beam Subjected to Edge Loadings 295 7.6.6 Delamination of Metallic I Beams Strengthened by FRP Strips 298 7.6.7 Variable Section Beam Reinforced by FRP 300 8 New Orthotropic Frontiers 303 8.1 Introduction 303 8.2 Orthotropic XIGA 303 8.2.1 NURBS Basis Function 304 8.2.2 Extended Isogeometric Analysis 305 8.2.3 XIGA Simulations 313 8.3 Orthotropic Dislocation Dynamics 321 8.3.1 Straight Dislocations in Anisotropic Materials 321 8.3.2 Edge Dislocations in Anisotropic Materials 322 8.3.3 Curve Dislocations in Anisotropic Materials 324 8.3.4 Anisotropic Dislocation XFEM 324 8.3.5 Plane Strain Anisotropic Solution 329 8.3.6 Individual Sliding Systems s1 and s2 in an Infinite Domain 330 8.3.7 Simultaneous Sliding Systems in an Infinite Domain 330 8.4 Other Anisotropic Applications 333 8.4.1 Biomechanics 333 8.4.2 Piezoelectric 335 References 339 Index 363

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Book SynopsisAddresses the topical, crucial and original subject of parameter identification and optimization within multiscale modeling methods. This book presents an area of research that enables the design of materials and structures with better quality, strength and performance parameters. It describes micro and nano scale models along with case studies.Table of ContentsPreface ix Biography xi 1 Introduction to Multiscale Modelling and Optimization 1 1.1 Multiscale Modelling 2 1.1.1 Basic Information on Multiscale Modelling 2 1.1.2 Review of problems connected with multiscale modelling techniques 3 1.1.3 Prospective Applications of the Multiscale Modelling 6 1.2 Optimization 6 1.3 Contents of the Book 7 References 7 2 Modelling of Phenomena 9 2.1 Physical Phenomena in Nanoscale 9 2.1.1 The Linkage Between Quantum and Classical Molecular Mechanics 10 2.1.2 Atomic Potentials 15 2.1.2.1 Lennard-Jones Potential 15 2.1.2.2 Morse Potential 16 2.1.2.3 Stillinger-Weber Potential 17 2.1.2.4 Reactive empirical bond order (REBO) potential 18 2.1.2.5 Reactive force fields (ReaxFF) 19 2.1.2.6 Murrell-Mottram Potential 20 2.1.2.7 Embedded Atom Method 21 2.2 Physical Phenomena in Microscale 22 2.2.1 Microstructural Aspects of Selection of a Microscale Model 22 2.2.1.1 Plastometric Tests 23 2.2.1.2 Inverse Analysis 26 2.2.2 Flow Stress 26 2.2.2.1 Procedure to Determine Flow Stress 26 2.2.2.2 Flow Stress Model 28 2.2.2.3 Identification of the Flow Stress Model 30 2.2.3 Recrystallization 32 2.2.3.1 Static Microstructural Changes 33 2.2.3.2 Dynamic Softening 38 2.2.3.3 Grain Growth 41 2.2.3.4 Effect of Precipitation 42 2.2.4 Phase Transformations 43 2.2.4.1 JMAK-Equation-Based Model 47 2.2.4.2 Differential Equation Model 49 2.2.4.3 Numerical Solution 50 2.2.4.4 Additivity Rule 50 2.2.4.5 Phase Transformation During Heating 51 2.2.4.6 Identification of the Model 52 2.2.4.7 Case Studies 56 2.2.5 Fracture 57 2.2.5.1 Fundamentals of Fracture Mechanics and Classical Fracture and Failure Hypotheses 58 2.2.5.2 Empirical Fracture Criteria 60 2.2.5.3 Fracture Mechanics 61 2.2.5.4 Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM) 62 2.2.6 Creep 66 2.2.7 Fatigue 71 References 73 3 Computational Methods 81 3.1 Computational Methods for Continuum 81 3.1.1 FEM and XFEM 81 3.1.1.1 Principles of Computational Modelling Using FEM 81 3.1.1.2 Principles of Computational Modelling Using FEM 83 3.1.1.3 Extended Finite Element Method 88 3.1.2 BEM and FEM/BEM Coupling 91 3.1.2.1 BEM 91 3.1.2.2 Coupling FEM and BEM 95 3.1.3 Computational Homogenization 96 3.2 Computational Methods for Nano and Micro 101 3.2.1 Classical Molecular Dynamics 101 3.2.1.1 Equations of Motion 101 3.2.1.2 Discretization of Equations of Motion 102 3.2.1.3 Temperature Controller 105 3.2.1.4 Evaluation of the Time Step 108 3.2.1.5 Cutoff Radius and Nearest-Neighbour Lists 109 3.2.1.6 Boundary Conditions 111 3.2.1.7 Size of the Atomistic Domain – Limitations of the Molecular Simulations 112 3.2.2 Molecular Statics 114 3.2.2.1 Equilibrium of Interatomic Forces 114 3.2.2.2 Solution of the Molecular Statics Problem 116 3.2.2.3 Numerical Example of the Molecular Statics 118 3.2.3 Cellular Automata 119 3.2.3.1 Cellular Automata Definitions 119 3.2.4 Monte Carlo Methods 125 3.3 Methods of Optimization 127 3.3.1 Optimization Problem Formulation 127 3.3.2 Methods of Conventional Optimization 127 3.3.3 Methods of Nonconventional Optimization 129 3.3.3.1 Evolutionary Algorithm 129 3.3.3.2 Artificial Immune System 132 3.3.3.3 Particle Swarm Optimization 133 3.3.3.4 Hybrid Optimization Algorithms 134 References 135 4 Preparation of Material Representation 143 4.1 Generation of Nanostructures 143 4.1.1 Modelling of Polycrystals and Material Defects 143 4.1.1.1 Controlled Cooling 145 4.1.1.2 Adjustable Range of Atomic Interactions 148 4.1.1.3 Squeezing of the Nanoparticles 149 4.1.1.4 Modelling of Structures with Voids 152 4.1.1.5 Material Properties of the Nanostructures 153 4.1.1.6 Models and Mechanical Properties of 2D Materials with Point Defects 156 4.2 Microstructure 160 4.2.1 Generation of Microstructures 160 4.2.1.1 Voronoi Tessellation 161 4.2.1.2 Cellular Automata Grain Growth Algorithm 161 4.2.1.3 Close-Packed Sphere Growth CA-Based Grain Growth Algorithm 167 4.2.1.4 Monte Carlo Grain Growth Algorithm 172 4.2.1.5 DigiCore Library 175 4.2.1.6 Image Processing 178 4.2.2 Properties of the Microstructure Features 182 References 184 5 Examples of Multiscale Simulations 189 5.1 Classification of Multiscale Modelling Methods 189 5.2 Case Studies 196 5.2.1 Nano–Micro 196 5.2.1.1 Multiscale Discrete-Continuum Model 196 5.2.1.2 Conversion of the Nodal Forces to Tractions 200 5.2.1.3 Examples of the Nanoscale–Microscale Modelling 201 5.2.2 Microscale–Macroscale 206 5.2.2.1 Dynamic Recrystallization 207 5.2.2.2 Phase Transformation 210 5.2.2.3 Microshear Bands, Shear Bands, and Strain Localization 211 References 213 6 Optimization and Identification in Multiscale Modelling 219 6.1 Multiscale Optimization 220 6.1.1 Optimization of Atomic Clusters 220 6.1.1.1 Introduction to Optimization of Atomic Clusters 220 6.1.1.2 Optimization of Carbon Atomic Clusters 224 6.1.1.3 New Stable Carbon Networks X and Y 230 6.1.2 Material, Shape, and Topology Optimization 236 6.2 Identification in Multiscale Modelling 242 6.2.1 Material Parameters Identification 244 6.2.2 Multiscale Identification Problem in Stochastic Conditions 245 6.2.3 Shape and Topology Identification 250 6.2.4 Identification of Shape for Multiscale Thermomechanical Problems 251 References 255 7 Computer Implementation Issues 261 7.1 Interactions Between the Analysis and Optimization Solutions 261 7.1.1 Example of Direct Problem Solver File Access 263 7.1.2 Examples of an Internal Script in Direct Problem Solver 264 7.2 Visualization of Large Data Sets 265 7.2.1 Implementation Aspects and Tools 266 7.2.1.1 Graphical Libraries 266 7.2.1.2 Software 268 7.2.1.3 Frameworks 269 7.2.1.4 Data Storing 270 7.2.2 High Efficiency of Visualization 271 7.2.2.1 Dedicated Algorithms 272 7.2.2.2 Hardware Parallelism 272 7.2.2.3 Quality Improvement 273 7.2.2.4 Material Data for Visualization Purposes 274 7.2.3 Visualization Based on Sectioning 277 7.2.3.1 Algorithm Idea 277 7.2.3.2 Background Buffering 278 7.2.3.3 Preferred Sections 279 7.2.4 Functional Assumptions 281 7.2.4.1 Data Preprocessing 281 7.2.4.2 Visualization 284 7.2.5 Case Studies 286 7.2.5.1 Digital Microstructures 286 7.2.5.2 Performance Tests 287 References 291 8 Concluding Remarks 293 Index

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Book SynopsisA much-needed update on complex high-temperature superconductors, focusing on materials aspects; this timely book coincides with a recent major break-through of the discovery of iron-based superconductors. It provides an overview of materials aspects of high-temperature superconductors, combining introductory aspects, description of new physics, material aspects, and a description of the material properties This title is suitable for researchers in materials science, physics and engineering. Also for technicians interested in the applications of superconductors, e.g. as biomagnetsTable of ContentsAbout the Author xi Series Preface xiii Preface xv Acknowledgment xvii List of Tables xix Nomenclature xxiii 1. Brief History of Superconductivity 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Milestones in the Field of Superconductivity 1 1.2.1 Early Discoveries 1 1.2.2 Progress in the Understanding of Superconductivity 4 1.2.3 Discovery of High-Temperature Superconductivity 4 1.2.4 Importance of Higher Transition Temperatures for Applications 6 2. The Superconducting State 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Electrical Resistance 13 2.3 Characteristic Properties of Superconductors 22 2.4 Superconductor Electrodynamics 30 2.5 Thermodynamics of Superconductors 34 3. Superconductivity: A Macroscopic Quantum Phenomenon 45 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 BCS Theory of Superconductivity 45 3.3 Tunneling Effects 52 4. Type II Superconductors 69 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 The Ginzburg-Landau Theory 70 4.3 Magnetic Behavior of Type I and Type II Superconductors 73 4.4 Critical Current Densities of Type I and Type II Superconductors 81 4.5 Anisotropic Superconductors 83 5. Cuprate Superconductors: An Overview 87 5.1 Introduction 87 5.2 Families of Superconductive Cuprates 88 5.3 Variation of Charge Carrier Density (Doping) 93 5.4 Summary 96 6. Crystal Structures of Cuprate Superconductors 101 6.1 Introduction 101 6.2 Diffraction Methods 102 6.2.1 Bragg Condition 102 6.2.2 Miller Indices 102 6.2.3 Classification of Crystal Structures 103 6.2.4 X-ray Diffraction 104 6.2.5 Neutron Diffraction 106 6.3 Crystal Structures of the Cuprate High-Temperature Superconductors 107 6.3.1 The Crystal Structure of La2CuO4 107 6.3.2 The Crystal Structure of YBa2Cu3O7-delta 108 6.3.3 The Crystal Structures of Bi-22(n-1)n High-Temperature Superconductors 111 6.3.4 The Crystal Structures of Tl-based High-Temperature Superconductors 113 6.3.5 The Crystal Structures of Hg-based High-Temperature Superconductors 121 6.3.6 Lattice Parameters of Cuprate Superconductors 124 7. Empirical Rules for the Critical Temperature 131 7.1 Introduction 131 7.2 Relations between Charge Carrier Density and Critical Temperature 132 7.3 Effect of the Number of CuO2 Planes in the Copper Oxide Blocks 135 7.4 Effect of Pressure on the Critical Temperature 138 7.5 Summary 146 8. Generic Phase Diagram of Cuprate Superconductors 151 8.1 Introduction 151 8.2 Generic Phase Diagram of Hole-Doped Cuprate Superconductors 151 8.2.1 Generic Phase Diagram: An Overview 151 8.2.2 Symmetry of the Superconducting Order Parameter 153 8.2.3 The Pseudogap 158 8.3 Summary 161 9. Superconducting Properties of Cuprate High-Tc Superconductors 165 9.1 Introduction 165 9.2 Characteristic Length Scales 166 9.3 Superconducting Energy Gap 169 9.4 Magnetic Phase Diagram and Irreversibility Line 171 9.5 Critical Current Densities in Cuprate Superconductors 174 9.5.1 Definitions of the Critical Current 174 9.5.2 Critical Currents in Polycrystalline Cuprate Superconductors 178 9.5.3 Critical Currents in Bulk Cuprate Superconductors 182 9.5.4 Critical Currents in Superconducting Films 183 9.6 Grain-Boundary Weak Links 188 9.7 Summary 193 10. Flux Pinning in Cuprate High-Tc Superconductors 203 10.1 Introduction 203 10.2 Vortex Lattice 204 10.3 Consequences of Anisotropy and Intrinsic Pinning 205 10.4 Thermally Activated Flux Creep 207 10.5 Irreversibility Lines 216 10.6 Summary 224 11. Transport Properties 231 11.1 Introduction 231 11.2 Normal-State Resistivity 232 11.3 Thermal Conductivity 249 11.4 Summary 256 12. Thermoelectric and Thermomagnetic Effects 265 12.1 Introduction 265 12.2 Thermoelectric Power of Cuprate Superconductors 269 12.3 Nernst Effect 273 12.4 Summary 276 13. Specific Heat 279 13.1 Introduction 279 13.2 Specific Heat at Low Temperatures 280 13.3 Specific Heat Jump at the Transition to Superconductivity 284 13.4 Specific Heat Data up to Room Temperature 287 13.5 Summary 289 14. Powder Synthesis and Bulk Cuprate Superconductors 293 14.1 Introduction 293 14.2 Synthesis of Cuprate Superconductor Powders 294 14.2.1 Yttrium-based Superconductors 294 14.2.2 Bismuth-based Superconductors 296 14.2.3 Thallium-based Superconductors 303 14.2.4 Mercury-based Superconductors 311 14.3 Bulk Cuprate High-Tc Superconductors 317 14.3.1 Introduction 317 14.3.2 Bi-2212 and (Bi,Pb)-2223 Bulk Superconductors 317 14.3.3 RE-123 Bulk Superconductors 320 14.4 Summary 326 15. First- and Second-Generation High-Temperature Superconductor Wires 339 15.1 Introduction 339 15.2 First-Generation High-Tc Superconductor Wires and Tapes 340 15.2.1 Introduction 340 15.2.2 Ag/Bi-2212 Wires and Tapes 341 15.2.3 Ag/Bi-2223 Tapes 351 15.3 Second-Generation of High-Tc Superconductor Tapes 361 15.3.1 Introduction 361 15.3.2 Manufacturing Routes for Coated Conductors 362 15.3.3 Critical Current Densities of Coated Conductors 370 15.3.4 Lengthy Coated Conductors 379 16. Cuprate Superconductor Films 393 16.1 Introduction 393 16.2 Film Deposition Techniques 394 16.2.1 Preparation of Bismuth-based Cuprate Superconductor Films 394 16.2.2 Preparation of Thallium-based Cuprate Superconductor Films 394 16.2.3 Preparation of Mercury-based Cuprate Superconductor Films 397 16.2.4 Preparation of RE-123 Superconductor Films 404 16.3 Multilayers of Ultrathin Films 407 16.4 Strain Effects 412 16.5 Summary 416 17. MgB2 - An Intermediate-Temperature Superconductor 423 17.1 Introduction 423 17.2 Physical Properties of MgB2 424 17.3 MgB2 Wires and Tapes 437 17.4 MgB2 Bulk Material 444 17.5 MgB2 Films 446 17.6 Summary 450 18. Iron-Based Superconductors - A New Class of High-Temperature Superconductors 459 18.1 Introduction 459 18.2 Critical Temperatures of Iron-based Superconductors 461 18.3 Crystal Structures of Iron-based Superconductors 467 18.4 Physical Properties of Iron-based Superconductors 471 18.5 Synthesis of Iron-based Superconductors 477 18.6 Critical Current Densities in Iron-based Superconductors 477 18.7 Summary 482 19. Outlook 489 19.1 Introduction 489 19.2 The Investigation of Physical Properties 490 19.3 Conductor Development 491 19.4 Magnet and Power Applications 492 Author Index 497 Subject Index 501

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Book SynopsisAn all-in-one reference on the interdisciplinary area of battery systems engineering, this original work covers the background, models, solution techniques, and systems theory necessary for the development of advanced battery management systems.Table of Contents1 Introduction 1 1.1 Energy Storage Applications 1 1.2 The Role of Batteries 4 1.3 Battery Systems Engineering 6 1.4 A Model-Based Approach 9 1.5 Electrochemical Fundamentals 10 1.6 Battery Design 12 1.7 Objectives of this Book 14 2 Electrochemistry 17 2.1 Lead-Acid 17 2.2 Nickel-Metal Hydride 21 2.3 Lithium-Ion 25 2.4 Performance Comparison 27 2.4.1 Energy Density and Specific Energy 27 2.4.2 Charge and Discharge 31 2.4.3 Cycle life 34 2.4.4 Temperature Operating Range 34 3 Governing Equations 35 3.1 Thermodynamics and Faraday's Law 35 3.2 Electrode Kinetics 39 3.2.1 The Butler-Volmer Equation 40 3.2.2 Double-Layer Capacitance 42 3.3 Solid Phase of Porous Electrodes 42 3.3.1 Ion Transport 44 3.3.2 Conservation of Charge 45 3.4 Electrolyte Phase of Porous Electrodes 47 3.4.1 Ion Transport 47 3.4.2 Conservation of Charge 52 3.4.3 Concentrated Solution Theory 54 3.5 Cell Voltage 54 3.6 Cell Temperature 55 3.6.1 Arrhenius Equation 56 3.6.2 Conservation of Energy 57 3.7 Side Reactions and Aging 58 4 Discretization Methods 67 4.1 Analytical Method 69 4.1.1 Electrolyte Diffusion 69 4.1.2 Coupled Electrolyte/Solid Diffusion in Pb Electrodes 79 4.1.3 Solid State Diffusion in Li-Ion and Ni-MH Particles 81 4.2 Pade Approximation Method 83 4.2.1 Solid State Diffusion in Li-Ion Particles 84 4.3 Integral Method Approximation 85 4.3.1 Electrolyte Diffusion 85 4.3.2 Solid State Diffusion in Li-Ion and Ni-MH Particles 88 4.4 Ritz Method 89 4.4.1 Electrolyte Diffusion in a Single Domain 89 4.4.2 Electrolyte Diffusion in Coupled Domains 91 4.4.3 Coupled Electrolyte/Solid Diffusion in Pb Electrodes 94 4.5 Finite Element Method 97 4.5.1 Electrolyte Diffusion 99 4.5.2 Coupled Electrolyte/Solid Diffusion in Li-Ion Electrodes 101 4.6 Finite Difference Method 102 4.6.1 Electrolyte Diffusion 103 4.6.2 Nonlinear Coupled Electrolyte/Solid Diffusion in Pb Electrodes 104 4.7 System Identification in the Frequency Domain 106 4.7.1 System Model 107 4.7.2 Least Squares Optimization Problem 107 4.7.3 Optimization Approach 109 4.7.4 Multiple Outputs 111 4.7.5 System Identification Toolbox 112 4.7.6 Experimental Data 112 5 System Response 115 5.1 Time Response 117 5.1.1 Constant Charge/Discharge 119 5.1.2 DST Cycle Response of the Pb-Acid Electrode 129 5.2 Frequency Response 130 5.2.1 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 130 5.2.2 Discretization Eciency 137 5.3 Model Order Reduction 144 5.3.1 Truncation Approach 146 5.3.2 Grouping Approach 147 5.3.3 Frequency Response Curve Fitting 148 5.3.4 Performance Comparison 148 6 Battery System Models 159 6.1 Lead-Acid Battery Model 160 6.1.1 Governing Equations 161 6.1.2 Discretization Using the Ritz Method 166 6.1.3 Numerical Convergence 170 6.1.4 Simulation Results 170 6.2 Lithium-Ion Battery Model 173 6.2.1 Conservation of Species 178 6.2.2 Conservation of Charge 180 6.2.3 Reaction Kinetics 181 6.2.4 Cell Voltage 182 6.2.5 Linearization 182 6.2.6 Impedance Solution 184 6.2.7 FEM Electrolyte Diffusion 188 6.2.8 Overall System Transfer Function 189 6.2.9 Time Domain Model and Simulation Results 189 6.3 Nickel-Metal Hydride Battery Model 193 6.3.1 Solid Phase Diffusion 197 6.3.2 Conservation of Charge 200 6.3.3 Reaction Kinetics 200 6.3.4 Cell Voltage 201 6.3.5 Simulation Results 202 6.3.6 Linearized Model 203 7 Estimation 213 7.1 State of Charge Estimation 215 7.1.1 SOC Modeling 218 7.1.2 Instantaneous SOC 221 7.1.3 Current Counting Method 222 7.1.4 Voltage Lookup Method 223 7.1.5 State Estimation 225 7.2 Least Squares Model Tuning 233 7.2.1 Impedance Transfer Function 233 7.2.2 Least Squares Algorithm 234 7.2.3 Ni-MH Cell Example 237 7.2.4 Identifiability 239 7.3 State of Health Estimation 243 7.3.1 Parameterization for Environment and Aging 244 7.3.2 Parameter Estimation 245 7.3.3 Ni-MH Cell Example 246 8 Battery Management Systems 253 8.1 BMS Hardware 257 8.2 Charging Protocols 260 8.3 Pulse Power Capability 264 8.4 Dynamic Power Limits 268 8.5 Pack Management 272 8.5.1 Pack Dynamics 272 8.5.2 Cell Balancing in Series Strings 282 8.5.3 Thermal Management 298 Bibliography 308 Index 318

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Book SynopsisAn introductory reference covering the devices, simulations and limitations in the control of servo systems Linking theoretical material with real-world applications, this book provides a valuable introduction to motion system design. The book begins with an overview of classic theory, its advantages and limitations, before showing how classic limitations can be overcome with complete system simulation. The ability to efficiently vary system parameters (such as inertia, friction, dead-band, damping), and quickly determine their effect on performance, stability, efficiency, is also described. The author presents a detailed review of major component characteristics and limitations as they relate to system design and simulation. The use of computer simulation throughout the book will familiarize the reader as to how this contributes to efficient system design, how it avoids potential design flaws and saves both time and expense throughout the design process.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Targeted Readership 2 1.2 Motion System History 2 1.3 Suggested Library for Motion System Design 5 Reference 6 2 Control Theory Overview 7 2.1 Classic Differential/Integral Equation Approach 7 2.2 LaPlace Transform-the S Domain 10 2.3 The Transfer Function 13 2.4 Open versus Closed Loop Control 15 2.5 Stability 22 2.6 Basic Mechanical and Electrical Systems 23 2.7 Sampled Data Systems/Digital Control 28 References 34 3 System Components 35 3.1 Motors and Amplifiers 35 3.2 Gearheads 107 3.3 Leadscrews and Ballscrews 119 3.4 Belt and Pulley 126 3.5 Rack and Pinion 129 3.6 Clutches and Brakes 132 3.7 Servo Couplings 140 3.8 Feedback Devices 146 References 164 Additional Readings 165 4 System Design 167 4.1 Position, Velocity, Acceleration, Jerk, Resolution, Accuracy, Repeatability 167 4.2 Three Basic Loops – Current/Voltage, Velocity, Position 170 4.3 The Velocity Profile 182 4.4 Feed Forward 195 4.5 Inertia 200 4.6 Shaft Compliance 210 4.7 Compensation 216 4.8 Nonlinear Effects 224 4.9 The Eight Basic Building Blocks 230 References 253 5 System Examples – Design and Simulation 255 5.1 Linear Motor Drive 255 5.2 Print Cylinder Control 257 5.3 Conveyor System – Clutch/Brake Control 261 5.4 Bang-Bang Servo (Slack Loop System) 267 5.5 Wafer Spinner 272 Appendix 275 A.1 Brushless Motor Speed/Torque Curves 275 A.2 Inertia Calculation – Excel Program 277 A.3 Time Constants versus Viscous Damping Constant 277 A.4 Current Drive Review 279 A.5 Conversion Factors 285 A.6 Work and Power 286 A.7 I2R Losses 287 A.8 Copper Resistivity 290 Index 291

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Book SynopsisDevised with a focus on problem solving, Geotechnical Problem Solving bridges the gap between geotechnical and soil mechanics material covered in university Civil Engineering courses and the advanced topics required for practicing Civil, Structural and Geotechnical engineers.Table of ContentsPreface vii 1 General Topics 1 1.1 How to Use This Book 2 1.2 You have to See It to Solve It 5 1.3 My Approach to Modern Geotechnical Engineering Practice – An Overview 12 1.4 Mistakes or Errors 26 2 Geotechnical Topics 35 2.1 Soil Classification – Why Do We Have It? 36 2.2 Soil Stresses and Strains 61 2.3 Soil Shear Strength 73 2.4 Shear Strength Testing – What is Wrong with the Direct Shear Test? 84 2.5 What is the Steady State Line? 94 2.6 Static Equilibrium and Limit States 105 2.7 Unsaturated Soils 110 3 Foundations 127 3.1 Settlements of Clays 128 3.2 Settlements of Sands 139 3.3 Self-Weight Settlement of Sandy Soils 161 3.4 Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations 169 3.5 Load Capacity of Deep Foundations 179 3.6 Laterally Loaded Piles and Shafts 205 4 Retaining Structures – Lateral Loads 221 4.1 Lateral Earth Pressure 222 4.2 Retaining Walls – Gravity, Cantilevered, MSE, Sheet Piles, and Soldier Piles 234 4.3 Tieback Walls 255 5 Geotechnical LRFD 267 5.1 Reliability, Uncertainty and Geo-Statistics 268 5.2 Geotechnical Load and Resistance Factor Design 278 5.3 LRFD Spread Footings 282 5.4 LRFD Pile Foundations 295 5.5 LRFD Drilled-Shaft Foundations 303 5.6 LRFD Slope Stability 312 6 Closing 321 6.1 The Big Picture 322 6.2 V and V and Balance 327 6.3 The Biggest Problem 330 6.4 Topics Left for Later 332 Index 335

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Book SynopsisA sweeping history of data and its technical, political and ethical impact on our worldTrade Review"In a tour-de-force, Wiggins and Jones put data in context so that we can see the values, politics, and controversies that shape our present reality. This book is truly a semester-long class bottled into a narrative fit for vacation." -- Danah Boyd, founder and president, Data & Society Research Institute"Sometimes the best way to understand the present and prepare for the future is to look to the past. This insight is at the core of How Data Happened, an ambitious and thoughtful work. Wiggins and Jones have worked together—as data scientist and historian—to write a book that will reshape how you will see the relationship between data and society." -- Matthew J. Salganik, Professor, Department of Sociology, Princeton University, and author of Bit by Bit: Social Research in the Digital Age"A leading data scientist and a historian of science walk into a classroom resulting in this ambitious and bold book packed with stories about the role of data in our society. Wiggins and Jones plainly and forcefully trace why we ended up with the big data mess that we have now and what we might do about it. Instead of platitudes, they argue how today’s fights over surveillance capitalism, government access to data, and Big Tech could shape the future of data’s power in society. How Data Happened is a must read for everyone interested in how data is changing our lives." -- Gina Neff, Executive Director, Minderoo Centre for Technology and Democracy, University of Cambridge"This is the first comprehensive look at the history of data and how power has played a critical role in shaping the history. It’s a must read for any data scientist about how we got here and what we need to do to ensure that data works for everyone." -- DJ Patil, former U.S. Chief Data Scientist

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Book SynopsisPower small devices more efficiently and practically with these essential materials Piezoelectric energy harvesting is an increasingly widely-deployed technique to generate electricity from mechanical energy. Reliability, ease of use, and cleanliness make piezoelectric energy harvesting in small electronic devices a potentially valuable alternative to the practical challenges and waste production of disposable or even reusable batteries. However, piezoelectric materials have their own challenges, advantages, and limitations, and choosing between them is a difficult engineering problem in itself; hybrid piezoelectric materials, which can be used to compensate the weaknesses of individual piezoelectric materials (like ceramic or polymer), are the emerging solution. Hybrid Materials for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting and Conversion offers a systematic analysis of these hybrid piezoelectric materials and their applications. Each hybrid piezoelectric material is analyzed for its fundamenta

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Book SynopsisOil and Gas Well Cementing for Engineers Practical approach covering the chemistry, processes, and modeling in the field of cementing engineering Oil and Gas Well Cementing for Engineers is a comprehensive and reader-friendly book that delves into the chemistry, processes, and modeling involved in cementing engineering in the oil and gas industry. The book brings together traditional cementing technologies and the latest advancements, providing a practical approach for both students and field specialists. It then proceeds to cover the entire cementing process, including the initial phase of Portland cement production and practical calculations needed during complex cementing operations. In a rapidly evolving industry, where the number of well workover and bottom-hole zone stimulation operations is on the rise, understanding cementing systems and cementing technology is crucial for field operation efficiency. This book fills the knowledge gap often left by educational institutions that Table of ContentsForeword xiii Introduction xv 1 Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Well Cementing 1 1.1 Oil Well, Its Elements, and Construction 1 1.2 Objectives of Well Cementing 5 1.3 Primary Cementing 9 1.3.1 Single-Stage Cementing with Two Plugs 10 1.3.2 Two-Stage (Two-Cycle) Cementing 11 1.3.3 Basket Cementing 12 1.3.4 Liner Cementing 13 1.3.5 Reverse Cementing 14 1.3.6 Cementing Plugs 14 1.4 History of Oil Well Cementing Technology Development 16 2 Composition and Classification of Portland Cement 19 2.1 Chemical Composition 19 2.2 Portland Cement Manufacturing 22 2.3 API (American Petroleum Institute) Classification of Portland Cement 24 2.4 GOST (Russian: ГОСТ) Classification of Portland Cement 29 3 Cement Additives 31 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Accelerators 32 3.3 Retarders 36 3.3.1 Lignosulfonates 37 3.3.2 Hydroxycarboxylic Acid 38 3.3.3 Saccharide Compounds 38 3.3.4 Cellulose Derivatives 38 3.3.5 Organophosphonates 39 3.3.6 Inorganic Compounds 39 3.4 Extenders 39 3.4.1 Clays 40 3.4.2 Sodium Silicate 43 3.4.3 Pozzolans 43 3.4.3.1 Diatomaceous Earth (Kieselgur) 44 3.4.3.2 Fly Ash 44 3.4.3.3 Lightweight Cementing Slurries 45 3.4.3.4 Silica (Silicon Dioxide, Quartz) 45 3.4.4 Lightweight Particles 46 3.4.4.1 Expanded Perlite 46 3.4.4.2 Gilsonite (Asphaltum) 46 3.4.4.3 Powdered Carbon 47 3.4.4.4 Microspheres 47 3.4.5 Gas Based Extenders 48 3.4.5.1 Nitrogen 48 3.5 Weighting Agents 48 3.5.1 Ilmenite (Iron Titanium Oxide) 49 3.5.2 Hematite 49 3.5.3 Hausmannite 49 3.5.4 Barite 50 3.6 Dispersants 50 3.7 Fluid Loss Agents 53 3.7.1 Particulate Materials 54 3.7.2 Water Soluble Polymers 54 3.8 Lost Circulation Prevention Agents 55 3.9 Special Cement Additives 55 3.9.1 Antifoaming Agents (Defoamers) 55 3.9.2 Strengthening Agents 56 3.9.3 Radioactive Tracers 56 3.9.4 Mud Decontamination 57 4 Special Cement Systems 59 4.1 Thixotropic Cement 59 4.2 Expansive Cement 61 4.3 Freeze-Protected Cement 62 4.4 Salt-Cement Systems 63 4.5 Latex-Cement Systems 64 4.6 Corrosion-Resistant Cement 65 4.7 BFS Systems 66 4.8 Engineered Particle-Size Distribution Cements 67 4.9 Low-Density Cements 69 4.9.1 Foamed Cement 69 4.10 Flexible Cement 70 4.11 Microfine Cements 71 4.12 Acid-Soluble Cements 72 4.13 Chemically Bonded Phosphate Ceramics 72 4.14 Special Cement Systems 73 4.14.1 Nonaqueous Cement Systems 73 4.14.2 Storable Cement Slurries 73 5 Cementing Equipment 75 5.1 Surface Equipment 75 5.2 Casing Types 84 5.2.1 Conductor Casing 86 5.2.2 Surface Casing 86 5.2.3 Intermediate Casing 86 5.2.4 Production Casing 86 5.2.5 Liner 87 5.3 Technical Characteristics of Casing 88 5.3.1 Steel Grades 88 5.3.2 Strength Characteristics of Casing 91 5.3.3 Weight Per Unit Length of Tube 94 5.3.4 Connection Types of Casing 95 5.4 Casing Hardware 96 5.4.1 Casing Shoe 96 5.4.2 Check Valve 99 5.4.3 Centralizer 100 5.4.4 Turbulator and Scratcher 102 5.4.5 Cementing Plugs 103 5.4.6 Cementing Head 104 5.4.7 Screening Devices and Cement Baskets 105 5.5 Remedial Cementing Equipment 106 5.5.1 Cased – Hole Remedial Cementing Equipment 106 5.5.1.1 Packers for Squeeze Cementing Operations in Cased Wells 106 5.5.1.2 Wellbore Tools for Tubing Pressure Testing and Pressure Equalization in the String and Annulus 108 5.5.2 Open Hole Remedial Cementing Equipment 108 6 Primary Cementing 109 6.1 Planning 109 6.1.1 Depth and Design of the Well 109 6.1.2 Reservoir Conditions 113 6.1.2.1 Pressure 113 6.1.2.2 Temperature 113 6.1.3 Drilling Mud Parameters 114 6.2 Slurry Selection 114 6.2.1 Density 114 6.2.2 Compressive Strength and Mechanical Properties 115 6.2.3 Formation Temperature 115 6.2.4 Cement Slurry Additives 116 6.2.5 Cement Slurry Design 116 6.3 Theoretical Basis of Mud Displacement 117 6.3.1 Preparing the Well for Running Casing 118 6.3.2 Theoretical Basis for Assessing Circulation and Displacement Efficiency 118 6.3.3 Conditioning the Drilling Mud 120 6.3.4 Drilling Mud Displacement 122 6.4 Methods of Well Cementing 124 6.4.1 Cementing Through Drill Pipes 125 6.4.2 Cementing Through Small Diameter (Macaroni) Tubing 126 6.4.3 Single-Stage Cementing 127 6.5 Multistage Cementing 128 6.5.1 Standard Two-Stage Cementing 128 6.5.2 Continuous Two-Stage Cementing 131 6.5.3 Three-Stage Cementing 132 6.6 Liner Cementing 133 6.7 Critical Factors in Cementing Operations 138 6.7.1 Volume of Cement Slurry 138 6.7.2 Displacement of Cement Slurry 138 6.7.3 Well Temperature 139 6.7.4 Well Pressure 139 7 Remedial Cementing 143 7.1 Plug Cementing 144 7.1.1 Plug Cementing Techniques 144 7.1.1.1 The Balance Method 145 7.1.1.2 Cement Plug Installation Using a Dump Bailer 145 7.1.1.3 Cement Plug Installation Using the Two Plugs Method 146 7.1.1.4 Cement Plug Installation with the Use of Coiled Tubing 146 7.1.2 Plug Cementing Equipment 147 7.1.2.1 Bridge Plug 147 7.1.2.2 Tailpipe or Stinger 148 7.1.2.3 Diverter 148 7.1.2.4 Mechanical Separators 148 7.1.3 Slurry Design 148 7.1.4 Plug Cementing Evaluation 149 7.2 Squeeze Cementing 149 7.2.1 Squeeze Cementing Technologies 152 7.2.1.1 Classification of Squeeze Cementing Technologies According to Squeezing Pressure 152 7.2.1.2 Classification of Squeeze Cementing Technologies Depending on the Method of Injection of Cement Slurry 153 7.2.1.3 Classification of Squeeze Cementing Technologies According to the Method of Operation 154 7.2.2 Slurry Design 155 7.2.2.1 Fluid Loss 156 7.2.2.2 Rheology 157 7.2.2.3 Thickening Time 157 7.2.3 Design and Execution of Squeeze Cementing Operations 157 7.2.3.1 Determination of the Cement Slurry Volume 157 7.2.3.2 Spacer, Washer, and Displacing Fluids 158 7.2.3.3 Determination of Well Injectivity 159 7.2.3.4 Main Procedures for Squeeze Cementing Operations 159 7.2.4 Analysis and Evaluation of the Squeeze Cementing Job 160 8 Cement Job Evaluation 163 8.1 Hydraulic Testing 164 8.1.1 Pressure Test 164 8.1.2 Inflow Test 167 8.2 Temperature Log 167 8.3 Radioactive Logging 169 8.3.1 Pulsed Neutron Logging 170 8.3.1.1 Oxygen-Activated Neutron Gamma Method 171 8.4 Acoustic Logging 171 8.5 Types of Logging Tools 176 8.5.1 Cement Bond Log (CBL) 176 8.5.2 Radial Acoustic Cement Meter 177 8.5.3 Multiple Pad Sonic Tool 177 8.5.4 Ultrasonic Tool 177 9 Laboratory Testing and Evaluation of Well Cements 179 9.1 Preparation of Cement Slurry 180 9.2 Test Methods of Cement Slurries 181 9.2.1 Density 181 9.2.2 Thickening Time 182 9.2.3 Fluid Loss 186 9.2.4 Free Water 187 9.2.5 Sedimentation Test 188 9.2.6 Rheological Measurements 188 9.2.6.1 Flow Types 188 9.2.6.2 Laminar Flow 189 9.2.6.3 Turbulent Flow 190 9.2.6.4 Basic Rheological Concepts 190 9.2.6.5 Rheological Models 191 9.2.6.6 Newtonian Fluids 192 9.2.6.7 Non-Newtonian Fluids 192 9.2.6.8 Power-Law Model 193 9.2.6.9 The Bingham Model 193 9.2.6.10 Herschel–Bulkley Model 194 9.2.7 Static Gel Strength (SGS) 196 9.2.8 Flowability of Cement Slurries 197 9.3 Test Methods of Cement Stone 199 9.3.1 Mechanical Strength of Cement 199 9.3.2 Destructive Test (Compressive Strength) 199 9.3.2.1 Non-destructive Test (Ultrasonic Measurement) 200 9.3.3 Expansion and Shrinkage 200 9.3.4 Gas Migration 202 9.3.5 Cement Stone Permeability 202 9.3.6 Thermophysical Properties of Cement 202 9.3.6.1 Thermal Conductivity 203 9.3.6.2 Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion 203 9.4 Laboratory Evaluation of Spacers and Washers 204 9.4.1 Compatibility of the Buffer/Washer Fluid with the Drilling Fluid and Cement Slurry 204 9.4.2 Efficiency of Wellbore Cleaning with Washer Fluid 204 9.5 Chemical Analysis of Mix Water 205 10 Typical Calculations for Well Cementing 207 10.1 Slurry Preparation Calculations 207 10.1.1 Specific Gravity of Cement Slurry 208 10.1.2 The Concept of Absolute and Bulk Volumes 208 10.1.3 Additive Concentration Calculation 209 10.1.4 Density and Yield of the Slurry 210 10.1.5 Special Additives 212 10.1.5.1 Sodium Salt 212 10.1.5.2 Fly Ash 214 10.1.5.3 Bentonite 216 10.1.5.4 Weighting Agents 218 10.2 Primary Cementing Calculation 218 10.2.1 Volume of Cement Slurry 221 10.2.2 Volume of Displacing Fluid 221 10.2.3 Pressure to Place the Cement Plug on the Stop Collar 222 10.2.4 Buoyancy 223 10.3 Remedial Cementing Calculations 225 10.3.1 Plug Cementing Calculations 225 10.3.2 Squeeze Cementing 229 Annex. Conversion Tables 237 Recommended Literature 245 Index 247

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisBIOMIMICRY MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS Since the concept of biomimetics was first developed in 1950, the practical applications of biomimetic materials have created a revolution from biotechnology to medicine and most industrial domains, and are the future of commercial work in nearly all fields. Biomimetic materials are basically synthetic materials or man-made materials which can mimic or copy the properties of natural materials. Scientists have created a revolution by mimicking natural polymers through semi-synthetic or fully synthetic methods. There are different methods to mimic a material, such as copying form and shape, copying the process, and finally mimicking at an ecosystem level. This book comprises a detailed description of the materials used to synthesize and form biomimetic materials. It describes the materials in a way that will be far more convenient and easier to understand. The editors have compiled the book so that it can be used in all areas of research, and it showTable of ContentsPreface xi 1 Biomimetic Optics 1Priya Karmakar, Kripasindhu Karmakar, Sk. Mehebub Rahaman, Sandip Kundu, Subhendu Dhibar, Ujjwal Mandal and Bidyut Saha 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 What is Biomimicry? 4 1.3 Step-by-Step Approach for Designing Biomimetic Optical Materials From Bioorganisms 6 1.3.1 Optical Structure Analysis in Biology 6 1.3.2 The Analysis of Optical Characteristics in Biological Materials 8 1.3.3 Optical Biomimetic Materials Fabrication Strategies 9 1.4 Biological Visual Systems--Animal and Human 10 1.4.1 Simple Eyes 10 1.4.2 Compound Eyes 12 1.4.2.1 Appositional Compound Eyes 12 1.4.2.2 Superpositional Compound Eyes 13 1.5. The Eye’s Optical and Neural Components 15 1.5.1 Cornea 15 1.5.2 Pupils 16 1.5.3 Lens 17 1.5.4 Retina 19 1.6 Application of Biomimetic Optics 20 1.6.1 Hybrid Optical Components are Meant to Resemble the Optical System of the Eye 20 1.6.2 Microlens With a Dual-Facet Design 21 1.6.3 Fiber Optics in Nature 23 1.6.4 Bioinspired Optical Device 24 1.6.4.1 Tunable Lenses Inspired by Nature 24 1.6.4.2 X-Ray Telescope 24 1.6.4.3 Bioinspired Sensors 25 1.7 Conclusion 26 2 Mimicry at the Material-Cell Interface 35Rajiv Kumar and Neelam Chhillar 2.1 Cell and Material Interfaces 36 2.2 Host-Microbe Interactions and Interface Mimicry 38 2.3 Alterations in Characteristics and Mimicking of Extracellular Matrix 41 2.4 Mimicry, Manipulations, and Cell Behavior 43 2.5 Single-Cell Transcriptomics and Involution Mimicry 44 2.6 Molecular Mimicry and Disturbed Immune Surveillance 46 2.7 Surface Chemistry, and Cell-Material Interface 48 2.8 Cell Biology and Surface Topography 50 2.9 3D Extracellular Matrix Mimics and Materials Chemistry 51 2.10 Microbe Interactions and Interface Mimicry 53 2.11 Hijacking of the Host Interactome, and Imperfect Mimicry 56 2.12 Vasculogenic Mimicry and Tumor Angiogenesis 65 3 Bacteriocins of Lactic Acid Bacteria as a Potential Antimicrobial Peptide 83Ajay Kumar, Rohit Ruhal and Rashmi Kataria 3.1 Introduction 83 3.2 Bacteriocins 85 3.3 Lactic Acid Bacteria 86 3.4 Classification of LAB Bacteriocins 87 3.4.1 Class I Bacteriocins or Lantibiotics 87 3.4.1.1 Class Ia 87 3.4.1.2 Class Ib 88 3.4.1.3 Class Ic or Antibiotics 88 3.4.1.4 Class Id 88 3.4.1.5 Class Ie 88 3.4.1.6 Class If 89 3.4.2 Class II Bacteriocins 89 3.4.3 Class III Bacteriocins 89 3.5 Mechanisms of LAB Bacteriocins to Inactivate Microbial Growth 89 3.5.1 Action on Cell Wall Synthesis 90 3.5.1.1 Pore Formation 90 3.5.1.2 Inhibition of Peptidoglycan Synthesis 91 3.5.2 Obstruction in Replication and Transcription 92 3.5.3 Inhibition in Protein Synthesis 92 3.5.4 Disruption of Membrane Structure 92 3.5.5 Disruption in Septum Formation 93 3.6 Antimicrobial Properties of LAB Bacteriocins 93 3.6.1 Antiviral Activity 93 3.6.2 Antibacterial Properties 94 3.6.3 Antifungal Activity 94 3.7 Applications 95 3.7.1 Bacteriocins in Packaging Film 95 3.7.2 Potential Use as Biopreservatives 95 3.7.3 Bacteriocins as Antibiofilm 95 3.7.4 Applications in Foods Industries 96 3.8 Conclusion 96 4 A Review on Emergence of a Nature-Inspired Polymer-Polydopamine in Biomedicine 105Lakshmi Nidhi Rao, Arun M. Isloor, Aditya Shetty and Pallavi K.C. 4.1 Introduction 106 4.2 Structure of PDA 107 4.3 Polydopamine as a Biomedical Material 108 4.4 Polydopamine as a Biomedical Adhesive 109 4.5 Availability of Polydopamine and its Biomedical Applications 110 4.6 Polydopamine Coatings of Nanomaterials 111 4.7 Polydopamine-Based Capsules 112 4.8 Polydopamine Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites 112 4.9 Polydopamine Properties 113 4.9.1 Cell Adhesion 113 4.9.2 Mineralization and Bone Regeneration 114 4.9.3 Blood Compatibility 117 4.9.4 Antimicrobial Effect 117 4.10 Dental Applications 118 4.11 Dental Adhesives 118 4.11.1 Tooth Mineralization 119 4.12 Conclusions 120 5 Application of Electroactive Polymer Actuator: A Brief Review 127Dillip Kumar Biswal 5.1 Introduction 128 5.2 Chronological Summary of the Evolution of EAP Actuator 128 5.3 Electroactive Polymer Actuators Groups 129 5.3.1 Ionic Electroactive Polymers 130 5.3.2 Electronic Electroactive Polymers 131 5.4 Application of Electroactive Polymer Actuators 132 5.4.1 Soft Robotic Actuator Applications 133 5.4.2 Underwater Applications 133 5.4.3 Aerospace Applications 134 5.4.4 Energy Harvesting Applications 135 5.4.5 Healthcare and Biomedical Applications 135 5.4.6 Shape Memory Polymer Applications 136 5.4.7 Smart Window Applications 137 5.4.8 Wearable Electronics Applications 137 5.5 Conclusion 138 6 Bioinspired Hydrogels Through 3D Bioprinting 147Farnaz Niknam, Vahid Rahmanian, Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi, Seyyed Alireza Hashemi, Aziz Babapoor and Chin Wei Lai 6.1 Introduction 148 6.2 Bioinspiration 150 6.3 3D Bioprinting 151 6.3.1 Inkjet Bioprinting 151 6.3.2 Extrusion Printing 154 6.4 Hydrogels as Inks for 3D Bioprinting 156 6.5 Polymers Used for Bioinspired Hydrogels 157 6.5.1 Alginate 157 6.5.2 Cellulose 159 6.5.3 Chitosan 161 6.5.4 Fibrin 161 6.5.5 Silk 163 6.6 Conclusion 164 7 Electroactive Polymer Actuator-Based Refreshable Braille Displays 169Pooja Mohapatra, Lipsa Shubhadarshinee and Aruna Kumar Barick 7.1 Introduction 170 7.2 Refreshable Braille Display 172 7.3 Electroactive Polymers 173 7.4 EAP-Based Braille Actuator 175 7.5 Conclusions 177 8 Materials Biomimicked From Natural Ones 179Carlo Santulli 8.1 Introduction 179 8.2 Damage-Tolerant Ceramics 182 8.2.1 General Considerations 182 8.2.2 Nacre 183 8.2.3 Tooth Enamel 185 8.3 Protein-Based Materials With Tailored Properties 185 8.3.1 General Considerations 185 8.3.2 Dragline Silk 186 8.3.3 Fish Scales 187 8.4 Polymers Fit for Easy Junction/Self-Cleaning 188 8.4.1 General Considerations 188 8.4.2 Gecko for No-Glue Adhesion 189 8.4.3 Blue Mussel for Development of Specific Adhesives 190 8.4.4 Shark Skin for Functional Surfaces 190 8.5 Recent Prototype Developments on Materials Biomimicked from Natural Ones 191 8.6 Conclusions 192 9 Novel Biomimicry Techniques for Detecting Plant Diseases 199Adeshina Fadeyibi and Mary Fadeyibi 9.1 Introduction 200 9.2 Preharvest Biomimicry Detection Techniques 201 9.2.1 Remote Sensing Technique Approach 201 9.2.2 Machine Vision and Fuzzy Logic Approaches 202 9.2.3 Robotics Approach 203 9.3 Postharvest Biomimicry Detection Techniques 204 9.3.1 Neural Network Approach 204 9.3.2 Support Vector Machine Approach 206 9.4 Prospects and Conclusion 208 10 Biomimicry for Sustainable Structural Mimicking in Textile Industries 215Mira Chares Subash and Muthiah Perumalsamy 10.1 Introduction 215 10.2 Examples of Biomimicry Fabrics 216 10.2.1 Algae Fiber 216 10.2.2 Mushroom Leather 217 10.2.3 Fabric Mimics 219 10.2.4 Bacterial Pigments 219 10.2.5 Orange Fabrics 219 10.2.6 Protein Couture 221 10.2.7 Natural Fiber Fabrics 221 10.3 Fabric Production from Biomaterial 223 10.3.1 Soy Fabric 223 10.3.2 Cotton Fabric 224 10.3.3 Supima Fabric 224 10.3.4 Pima Fabric 225 10.3.5 Wool Fabric 226 10.3.6 Hemp Fabric 227 10.4 Current Methods of Biomimicry Materials 228 10.5 Future of Biomimicry 229 10.6 Benefits of Biomimicry 229 10.6.1 Sustainability 229 10.6.2 Perform Welt 229 10.6.3 Energy Saving 230 10.6.4 Cut-Resistant Costs 230 10.6.5 Eliminate Waste 230 10.6.6 New Product Derivation 230 10.6.7 Disrupt Traditional Thinking 230 10.6.8 Adaptability to Climate 231 10.6.9 Nourish Curiosity 231 10.6.10 Leverage Collaboration 231 10.7 Conclusion 231 References 232 Index 235

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Book SynopsisBIOSENSORS NANOTECHNOLOGY The second edition of Biosensors Nanotechnology comprises 20 chapters and discusses a wide range of applications exploited by biosensors based on nanoparticles including new domains of bionics, power production and computing. The biosensor industry began as a small, niche activity in the 1980s and has since developed into a large, global industry. Nanomaterials have substantially improved not only non-pharmaceutical and healthcare uses, but also telecommunications, paper, and textile manufacturing. Biological sensing assists in the understanding of living systems and is used in a variety of sectors, including medicine, drug discovery, process control, environmental monitoring, food safety, military and personal protection. It allows for new opportunities in bionics, power generation and computing, all of which will benefit from a greater understanding of the bio-electronic relationship, as advances in communications and computationaTable of ContentsPreface xvii 1 Bioreceptors for Cells 1Vipul Prajapati and Salona Roy 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Classification of the Cell as a Bioreceptor 2 1.3 Types of Nanomaterials Used in Cell Biosensor 9 1.4 Classification of Biosensors Based on Transducers 10 1.5 Application of Biosensors of Cells 22 1.6 Analytical Method for Biosensors of Cells 25 1.7 Recovery Time 27 1.8 Conclusion 28 2 Bioreceptors for Enzymatic Interactions 33Vipul Prajapati and Shraddha Shinde 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 History of Biosensors 34 2.3 Biosensors 36 2.4 Classification of Biosensors 37 2.5 Types of Bioreceptors 38 2.6 Transducers for Enzymatic Interactions 42 2.7 Enzymes and Enzymatic Interactions in Biosensor 45 2.8 Applications of Enzyme Biosensor 52 2.9 Conclusion and Future Expectations 56 3 Dendrimer-Based Nanomaterials for Biosensors 61Chetna Modi, Vipul Prajapati, Nikita Udhwani, Khyati Parekh and Hiteshi Chadha 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Biosensors 69 3.3 Dendrimers in Drug Delivery System 70 3.4 Dendrimers as Sensors 74 3.5 Conclusion 79 4 Biosensors in 2D Photonic Crystals 85Gowdhami D. and V. R. Balaji 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Biosensors 86 4.3 The Overall Inference 98 4.4 Conclusion 98 5 Bioreceptors for Affinity Binding in Theranostic Development 103Tracy Ann Bruce-Tagoe, Jaison Jeevanandam and Michael K. Danquah 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Affinity-Binding Receptors 104 5.3 Affinity-Binding Bioreceptors in Theranostic Applications 107 5.4 Conclusion 112 6 Biosensors for Glucose Monitoring 117Hoang Vinh Tran 6.1 Introduction 118 6.2 Development of Enzyme-Based Glucose Biosensors 124 6.3 Fabrication of Enzymatic Glucose Biosensors 127 6.4 Recent Trends for Development of Glucose Biosensors 133 6.5 Conclusion 136 7 Metal-Free Quantum Dots-Based Nanomaterials for Biosensors 145Esra Bilgin Simsek 7.1 Introduction 145 7.2 Metal-Free Quantum Dots as Biosensors 146 7.3 Conclusions 161 8 Bioreceptors for Microbial Biosensors 169S. Nalini, S. Sathiyamurthi, P. Ramya, R. Sivagamasundari, K. Mythili and M. Revathi 8.1 Introduction 169 8.2 Progression of Biosensor Technology 170 8.3 Biosensors Types 170 8.4 Why is a Biosensor Required? 171 8.5 Optical Microbial Biosensors 171 8.6 Mechanical Microbial Biosensor 172 8.7 Electrochemical Biosensor 172 8.8 Impedimetric Microbial Biosensor 176 8.9 Application of Bs in Various Fields 176 8.10 Recent Trends, Future Challenges, and Constrains of Biosensor Technology 178 8.11 Conclusion 180 9 Plasmonic Nanomaterials in Sensors 185Noor Mohammadd, Ruhul Amin, Kawsar Ahmed and Francis M. Bui 9.1 Introduction 185 9.2 Fundamentals of Plasmonics 188 9.3 Optical Properties of Plasmonic Nanomaterials 189 9.4 Fiber Optic and PCF-Based Plasmonic Sensors 190 9.5 Effects of Plasmonic Nanomaterials in PCF-Based SPR Sensors 191 9.6 Current Challenges and Future Directions 195 9.7 Conclusion 195 10 Magnetic Biosensors 201Sumaiya Akhtar Mitu, Kawsar Ahmed and Francis M. Bui 10.1 Introduction 201 10.2 History 202 10.3 Structural Design 203 10.4 Numerical Analysis 204 10.5 Outcome Analysis 206 10.5.1 Magnetic Fluid Sensor 206 10.5.2 Elliptical Hole-Assisted Magnetic Fluid Sensor 208 10.5.3 Ring Core Fiber 208 10.6 Conclusion 210 11 Biosensors for Salivary Biomarker Detection of Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases 215Bhama Sajeevan, Gopika M.G., Sreelekshmi, Rejithammol R., Santhy Antherjanam and Beena Saraswathyamma 11.1 Introduction 215 11.2 Biosensors for Neurodegenerative Diseases 218 11.3 Biosensor for Cancer 229 11.4 Conclusion 235 12 Design and Development of Fluorescent Chemosensors for the Recognition of Biological Amines and Their Cell Imaging Studies 245Nelson Malini, Sepperumal Murugesan and Ayyanar Siva 12.1 Introduction 245 12.2 Chemosensors 246 12.3 Importance of Biogenic Amines 247 12.4 Conclusion 261 13 Application of Optical Nanoprobes for Supramolecular Biosensing: Recent Trends and Future Perspectives 267Riyanka Das, Rajeshwari Pal, Sourav Bej, Moumita Mondal and Priyabrata Banerjee 13.1 Introduction 267 13.2 Optical Nanoprobes for Biosensing Applications 270 13.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 297 14 In Vivo Applications for Nanomaterials in Biosensors 327Abhinay Thakur and Ashish Kumar 14.1 Introduction 327 14.2 Types of NM-Based Biosensors 332 14.3 Conclusion and Perspectives 342 15 Biosensor and Nanotechnology for Diagnosis of Breast Cancer 347Kavitha Sharanappa Gudadur, Aiswarya Manammal and PandiyarasanVeluswamy 15.1 Introduction 347 15.2 Characteristics of Biosensors 350 15.3 Cancer Therapy with Nanomaterials 352 15.4 Diagnosis of Breast Cancer 359 15.5 Conclusion 362 16 Bioreceptors for Antigen--Antibody Interactions 371Vipul Prajapati and Princy Shrivastav 16.1 Introduction 371 16.2 Antibodies: A Brief Overview 372 16.3 Antigen--Antibody Reactions 379 16.4 Antibody-Based Biosensors (Immunosensors) 381 16.5 Modified Antibodies as Bioreceptors: A Novel Approach 390 16.6 Conclusion 391 17 Biosensors for Paint and Pigment Analysis 395Sonal Desai, Priyal Desai and Vipul Prajapati 17.1 Paint and Pigments 396 17.2 Characteristics of Pigments for Paints 399 17.3 Analysis of Paints and Pigments 400 17.4 Biosensors and Their Background 400 17.5 Components, Principle and Working of Biosensors 401 17.6 Applications of Biosensors 402 17.7 Conclusion 412 18 Bioreceptors for Tissue 419Vipul Prajapati, Jenifer Ferreir, Riya Patel, Shivani Patel and Pragati Joshi 18.1 Introduction 420 18.2 History 422 18.3 Tissue-Based Biosensors 423 18.4 Classification 425 18.5 Applications of Tissue-Based Biosensors 432 18.6 Generalized Areas Encompassing Biosensors 435 18.7 Conclusion 437 19 Biosensors for Pesticide Detection 443Hoang Vinh Tran 19.1 Introduction 445 19.2 Biosensors for Pesticide Detection 447 19.3 Electrochemical Immunosensors for Pesticide Detection 456 19.4 Applications of Nanomaterials for the Development of Pesticide Immunosensors 462 19.5 Conclusion 464 20 Advances in Biosensor Applications for Agroproducts Safety 469Adeshina Fadeyibi 20.1 Introduction 469 20.2 Biosensors for Safety of Plant Products 470 20.3 Biosensors for Safety of Animal Products 473 20.4 Biosensors for Safety of Microbes Used in Food Processing and Storage 476 20.5 Prospects and Conclusions 476 References 476 Index 481

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Book SynopsisDiscover the deep insights into the operation, modulation, and control strategies of multilevel converters, alongside their recent applications in variable speed drives, renewable energy generation, and power systems. Multilevel converters have gained attention in recent years for medium/high voltage and high power industrial and residential applications. The main advantages of multilevel converters over two level converters include less voltage stress on power semiconductors, low dv/dt, low common voltage, reduced electromagnetic interference, and low total harmonics distortion, among others. Better output power quality is ensured by increasing the number of levels in the synthesized output voltage waveform. Several multilevel topologies have been reported in the literature, such as neutral point clamped (NPC), flying capacitor (FC), cascaded H-bridge (CHB), hybrid cascaded H-bridge, asymmetrical cascaded H-bridge, modular multilevel converters (MMC), active neutral point clamped conv

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Book Synopsis2D NANOMATERIALS The book provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis, modification, characterization, and application of 2D nanomaterials. In recent years, 2D nanomaterials have emerged as a remarkable cornerstone in the field of advanced materials research, with their unique properties and versatile applications captivating the attention of scientists and engineers worldwide. This book is a testament to the ever-growing interest and importance of 2D nanomaterials in the realm of materials science, nanotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and a myriad of engineering specializations. The book is structured into three sections, each delving into different aspects of 2D nanomaterials. The first section explores the synthesis of these materials, providing an overview of both top-down and bottom-up strategies. Understanding the methods by which these materials can be synthesized is crucial for advancing their potential applications. Additionally, this section details

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Book SynopsisDEVELOPMENT OF GEOPOLYMER FROM POND ASH-THERMAL POWERPLANT WASTE Explains how geopolymer technologies using industrial waste obtained from thermal power plants become cementitious materials in construction sectors for civil engineers. Utilization of waste materials has become a global challenge since they endanger our environment. In this book, the authors demonstrate how to utilize fly ash/pond ash (waste materials from thermal power plants) to produce a novel material called ''Geopolymer'' (GP). Red mud, slags, etc., are mixed with fly ash to produce GP with enhanced strength. As shown in a few European countries, GP can replace cement, and some permanent structures constructed with GP are now appearing in a few advanced countries. GP, and geopolymer concrete, is considered suitable for the construction of roads, buildings, etc., and will eventually, fully or partially, replace cement. The book highlights the mechanism of the formation of GP from pond aTable of ContentsPreface xi 1 Historical Development of Construction Materials – From Stone Age to Modern Age 1 Ashis Kumar Samal, Muktikanta Panigrahi, Ratan Indu Ganguly and Radha Raman Dash 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Chronological Development of Construction 2 1.2.1 Neolithic Age 2 1.2.2 Copper Age and Bronze Age 3 1.2.3 Iron Age and Steel Age 3 1.2.4 Ancient Mesopotamia 4 1.2.5 Ancient Egypt 4 1.2.6 Ancient Greece and Rome 5 1.2.7 Ancient China 8 1.2.8 The Middle Ages 9 1.2.9 The Renaissance 11 1.2.10 The Seventeenth Century 15 1.2.11 The Eighteenth Century 15 1.2.12 The Nineteenth Century 16 1.2.13 The Twentieth Century 17 1.3 Different Types of Ash Used in Construction 18 1.3.1 Wood Ash 19 1.3.2 Rice Husk Ash 19 1.3.3 Cigar Ash 19 1.3.4 Volcanic Ash 19 1.3.5 Quarry Dust 20 1.3.6 Coconut Shell Ash 21 1.3.7 Coal Ash and Fly Ash 21 1.3.8 Fly Ash Generation 24 1.3.9 Nature and Composition of Thermal Power Plant Ashes 24 1.3.10 Pond Ash 29 1.3.11 Various Uses of Pulverized Fuel Ash 31 1.3.12 Importance of Pond Ash Management 32 1.4 Physical Characteristics of Coal Ashes 33 1.5 Coal Ash Utilization 38 1.6 Slag 39 1.6.1 Generation of Slag 40 1.6.2 Slag Properties and Utilization 44 1.7 Geopolymers 45 1.7.1 Constituents of Geopolymers 46 1.7.2 Geopolymer Properties 52 1.8 Durability of Concrete 53 1.9 Accelerated Durability Testing 55 1.10 Conclusion(S) 56 Acknowledgments 56 References 56 2 Fundamentals of Geopolymer Cementitious Materials 71 Muktikanta Panigrahi, Ratan Indu Ganguly and Radha Raman Dash 2.1 Introduction 72 2.2 Parameters of Geopolymer Concrete 78 2.3 Geopolymer Formation Mechanism 78 2.4 Conclusions 81 Acknowledgments 81 References 82 3 Pond Ash (PA)-Based Geopolymer Cementitious Materials 91 Muktikanta Panigrahi, Ratan Indu Ganguly and Radha Raman Dash 3.1 Introduction 92 3.2 Experimental Details 94 3.2.1 Materials 94 3.2.1.1 Pond Ash 94 3.2.1.2 Physical Properties of Pond Ash 96 3.2.1.3 Chemicals 96 3.2.2 Preparation of Geopolymer from Pond Ash 98 3.2.3 Test Methods 100 3.2.4 Results and Discussion 104 3.3 Conclusions 114 Acknowledgments 115 References 116 4 Quantification of Variables on Strength Property of Pond Ash (PA)-Based Geopolymer 123 Muktikanta Panigrahi, Subhasmita Prusty, Ratan Indu Ganguly and Radha Raman Dash 4.1 Introduction 124 4.2 Experimental Details 126 4.2.1 Materials and Method 126 4.2.2 Preparation of Geopolymer from Raw Materials 126 4.2.3 Characterization of Prepared Samples 127 4.3 Results and Discussion 127 4.3.1 Testing of Significance Coefficients 133 4.4 Conclusions 148 Acknowledgments 148 References 149 5 Development of Pond Ash (PA)–High Carbon Ferrochrome (HCFC) Slag-Based Geopolymer Cementitious Materials 151 Muktikanta Panigrahi, Ratan Indu Ganguly and Radha Raman Dash 5.1 Introduction 152 5.2 Experimental Details 156 5.2.1 Source of Materials 156 5.2.2 PA/HCFC Slag-Based Geopolymer (GP) Preparation 157 5.2.3 PA/HCFC-Based Geopolymeric Mortar and Concrete 158 5.2.4 Characterizations of PA/HCFC-Based Geopolymeric Material 158 5.2.5 Results and Discussion 159 5.3 Conclusions 163 Acknowledgments 164 References 164 6 Pond Ash (PA)–Jute Fiber-Based Geopolymer Cementitious Materials 169 Muktikanta Panigrahi, Paresh Biswal, Niharika Patel, Ratan Indu Ganguly and Radha Raman Dash 6.1 Introduction 170 6.2 Experimental Details 175 6.2.1 Chemicals and Materials 175 6.2.1.1 Physical Properties of Jute Fiber 176 6.2.2 PA/Jute Fiber-Based Geopolymer, Mortar and Concrete 178 6.2.3 Results and Discussion 186 6.3 Conclusions 189 Acknowledgments 189 References 189 7 Corrosion of Pond Ash (PA)-Based Geopolymer Products 195 Slipika Panda, Muktikanta Panigrahi, Ratan Indu Ganguly and Radha Raman Dash 7.1 Introduction 196 7.2 Experimental Details 203 7.2.1 Chemicals and Materials 203 7.2.2 Preparation of Pond Ash-Based Geopolymer Products 203 7.2.2.1 Pond Ash-Based Geopolymer Mortar Preparation 203 7.2.2.2 Pond Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete Preparation 204 7.2.3 Characterizations of Pa-Based Geopolymer GP Mortar/Concrete (Before and After) Corrosion 206 7.2.4 Results and Discussion 207 7.3 Conclusions 220 Acknowledgments 220 References 221 8 Applications, Challenges and Opportunities of Geopolymer Materials 227 Ashis Kumar Samal, Muktikanta Panigrahi, Ratan Indu Ganguly and Radha Raman Dash 8.1 Introduction 228 8.2 Challenges 234 8.3 Opportunity 234 8.4 Conclusions 235 Acknowledgments 235 References 235 Index 241

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Book SynopsisMECHANICAL ENGINEERING IN BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS The book explores the latest research and developments related to the interdisciplinary field of biomedical and mechanical engineering offering insights and perspectives on the research, key technologies, and mechanical engineering techniques used in biomedical applications. The book is divided into several sections that cover different aspects of mechanical engineering in biomedical research. The first section focuses on the role of additive manufacturing technologies, rehabilitation in healthcare applications, and artificial recreation of human organs. The section also covers the advances, risks, and challenges of bio 3D printing. The second section presents insight into biomaterials, including their properties, applications, and fabrication techniques. The section also covers the use of powder metallurgy methodology and techniques of biopolymer and bio-ceramic coatings on prosthetic implants. The third section covTable of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xv Part I: Additive Manufacturing 1 1 The Role of Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Rehabilitation in Healthcare and Medical Applications 3Vidyapati Kumar, Ankita Mistri and Abhishek Mohata 2 Artificial Recreation of Human Organs by Additive Manufacturing 23Neetesh Soni and Paola Leo 3 Advances, Risks, and Challenges of 3D Bioprinting 43Chinmaya Padhy, Manish Amin, Suhridh Sundaram and Priyanka Paul 4 Laser-Induced Forward Transfer for Biosensor Application 77Ankit Das, Samarpan Deb Majumder, Drazan Kozak and Chien-Fang Ding Part II: Biomaterials 119 5 The Effect of the Nanostructured Surface Modification on the Morphology and Biocompatibility of Ultrafine-Grained Titanium Alloy for Medical Application 121Dragana Mihajlovic, Marko Rakin, Anton Hohenwarter, Djordje Veljovic, Vesna Kojic and Veljko Djokic 6 Powder Metallurgy-Prepared Ti-Based Biomaterials with Enhanced Biocompatibility 151Sugár, P., Antala, R., Sugárová, J. and Kovácik, J. 7 Total Hip Replacement Response to a Variation of the Radial Clearance Through In Silico Models 185Alessandro Ruggiero and Alessandro Sicilia 8 Techniques of Biopolymer and Bioceramic Coatings on Prosthetic Implants 231Sikta Panda, Chandan Kumar Biswas and Subhankar Paul 9 Mechanical Behavior of Bioglass Materials for Bone Implantation 261Md Ershad and Ranjan Kumar 10 Biomedical Applications of Composite Materials 277Mulugundam Siva Surya, Atla Sridhar and Maddula Satya Prasad Part III: Biofluid Mechanics 291 11 Materials Advancement, Biomaterials, and Biosensors 293Ashish Kumar Bhui, Priyanka Singh, Yunus Raza Baig, Sanvedna Shukla, Satish Sen, Amar Dey and Rajmani Patel 12 Blockage Study in Carotid Arteries 327Bushra Khatoon and M. Siraj Alam 13 Mechanical Properties of Human Synovial Fluid: An Approach for Osteoarthritis Treatment 343Sunil More, K. L. Vasudev, N.N. Krishnadas and Ankit Kotia 14 Artificial Human Heart Biofluid Simulation as a Boon to Humankind: A Review Study 355Md Akhtar Khan Part IV: Robotics 367 15 Robotics in Medical Science 369Sourav Karmakar, Akanksha Mishra, Anand Kumar Mishra and Jay Prakash Srivastava 16 A Research Perspective on Ankle–Foot Prosthetics Designs for Transtibial Amputees 397Vidyapati Kumar, Pushpendra Gupta and Dilip Kumar Pratihar References 410 Index 413

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Book SynopsisThis book, set against the backdrop of huge advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning within mechatronic systems, serves as a comprehensive guide to navigating the intricacies of mechatronics and harnessing its transformative potential. Mechatronics has been a revolutionary force in engineering and medical robotics over the past decade. It will lead to a major industrial revolution and affect research in every field of engineering. This book covers the basics of mechatronics, computational intelligence approaches, simulation and modeling concepts, architectures, nanotechnology, real-time monitoring and control, different actuators, and sensors. The book explains clearly and comprehensively the engineering design process at different stages. As the historical divisions between the various branches of engineering and computer science become less clearly defined, mechatronics may provide a roadmap for nontraditional engineering students studying within the traditional u

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Book SynopsisStructural Adhesives Uniquely provides up-to-date and comprehensive information on the topic in an easily-accessible form. A structural adhesive can be described as a high-strength adhesive material that is isotropic in nature and bonds two or more parts together in a load-bearing structure. A structural adhesive material must be capable of transmitting the stress/load without loss of structural integrity within design limits. There are many types of established structural adhesives, including epoxy, urethane, acrylic, silicone, etc. Structural Adhesives comprises nine chapters and is divided into two parts: Part 1, Preparation, Properties, and Characterization; Part 2, Applications. The topics covered include: structural epoxy adhesives; biological reinforcement of epoxies as structural adhesives; marble dust reinforced epoxy structural adhesive composites; characterization of various structural adhesive materials; effects of shear and peel stress distTable of ContentsPreface xiii Part 1: Preparation, Properties and Characterization 1 1 Structural Epoxy Adhesives 3 Chunfu Chen 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Epoxy Adhesive Chemistry 4 1.2.1 Epoxy Resins 4 1.2.2 Curing Agents and Catalysts 7 1.2.3 Formulating Epoxy Adhesives 10 1.3 Properties, Testing and Characterization 11 1.4 Typical Epoxy Adhesives 13 1.4.1 Room Temperature Cure Epoxy Adhesives 13 1.4.2 Thermal Cure Epoxy Adhesives 14 1.4.3 UV Cure Epoxy Adhesives 16 1.5 Recent Developments and New Trends 18 1.5.1 High Performance Toughened Epoxy Adhesives 18 1.5.2 Low Temperature Cure One-Component Epoxy Adhesives 19 1.5.3 Instant Bonding Epoxy Adhesives 20 1.5.4 Sustainable Epoxy Adhesive Development 22 1.6 Summary 22 References 23 2 Biological Reinforcement of Epoxies as Structural Adhesives 31 Anna Rudawska, Jakub Szabelski, Izabela Miturska-Barańska and Elżbieta Doluk 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Epoxy Resins and Curing Agents 33 2.2.1 Epoxy Resins 33 2.2.2 Curing Agents 34 2.2.3 Curing Methods 38 2.2.4 Epoxy Structural Adhesives 40 2.3 Modification of Epoxies, and Modifying Agents 41 2.3.1 Epoxy Modification Methods 41 2.3.2 Fillers Properties 44 2.3.3 Fillers Types 45 2.3.3.1 Filler Classification Criterion: Type of Material 46 2.3.3.2 Filler Classification Criterion: Shape of the Filler Particles 47 2.3.3.3 Filler Classification Criterion: Filler Particle Size 48 2.3.3.4 Filler Classification Criterion: Origin 49 2.3.3.5 Filler Classification Criterion: Activity 50 2.4 Biological Reinforcement of Epoxy Adhesives 51 2.4.1 Introduction 51 2.4.2 Types of Biological Reinforcements 51 2.4.2.1 Natural Fibers 53 2.4.2.2 Wood 53 2.4.2.3 Vegetable Oils 58 2.4.2.4 Fungi 59 2.4.2.5 Extracted Plant Ingredients 60 2.4.2.6 Nut Shells 64 2.4.2.7 Straw 65 2.4.3 Natural Fibers 66 2.4.4 Plant Fibers 68 2.4.4.1 Cotton Fibers 68 2.4.4.2 Hemp Fibers 68 2.4.4.3 Linen (Flax) Fibers 69 2.4.4.4 Jute Fibers 71 2.4.4.5 Sisal Fibers 72 2.4.4.6 Coconut (Coir) Fibers 73 2.4.4.7 Cellulose Fibers 74 2.4.4.8 Bamboo Fibers 76 2.4.4.9 Kenaf Fibers 77 2.4.4.10 Other Fibers 78 2.5 Fungi-Modified Adhesives 80 2.6 Prospects 83 2.7 Summary 84 References 85 3 Marble Dust Reinforced Epoxy Structural Adhesive Composites 105 Amar Patnaik, Pankaj Agarwal, Ankush Sharma, Deepika Shekhawat and Tapan Kumar Patnaik 3.1 Introduction 106 3.2 Materials and Methods 110 3.2.1 Procurement of Raw Materials 110 3.2.2 Fabrication of Composites 111 3.2.3 Physical and Mechanical Characterization 113 3.2.3.1 Density and Void Content 113 3.2.3.2 Water Absorption 114 3.2.3.3 Vickers Hardness 115 3.2.3.4 Tensile Test 115 3.2.3.5 Flexure Test 117 3.2.3.6 Impact Test 117 3.2.3.7 Thermal Conductivity 117 3.2.3.8 Specific Wear Rate 117 3.2.3.9 TOPSIS Approach 118 3.3 Results and Discussion 119 3.3.1 Density and Void Content 119 3.3.2 Water Absorption 120 3.3.3 Hardness 121 3.3.4 Tensile Strength and Tensile Modulus 121 3.3.5 Flexural Strength and Flexural Modulus 122 3.3.6 Impact Energy 123 3.3.7 Thermal Conductivity 123 3.3.8 Specific Wear Rate 125 3.3.9 Ranking of Epoxy Adhesive Composites 126 3.4 Summary and Conclusions 131 References 132 4 Characterization of Various Structural Adhesive Materials 135 Srujan Sapkal, Pooja Maske, S. K. Panigrahi and Himanshu S. Panda List of Abbreviations 136 List of Symbols 137 4.1 Introduction 138 4.2 Various Structural Adhesives and their Properties 139 4.2.1 Phenolic Structural Adhesives 139 4.2.2 Epoxy Structural Adhesives 140 4.2.3 Polyurethane (PU) Structural Adhesives 141 4.2.4 Acrylic Structural Adhesives 142 4.2.5 Cyanoacrylate Structural Adhesives 143 4.2.6 Silicone Structural Adhesives 143 4.3 Characterization Techniques for Structural Adhesives 144 4.3.1 Chemical Characterization 144 4.3.1.1 Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) 144 4.3.1.2 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 145 4.3.1.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 147 4.3.1.4 Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC) 151 4.3.1.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 153 4.3.1.6 Raman Spectroscopy 156 4.3.2 Physical Characterization 161 4.3.2.1 Contact Angle Measurement 161 4.3.2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 164 4.3.2.3 Gelation Time 165 4.3.2.4 Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) 166 4.3.2.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 167 4.3.3 Thermal Characterization 168 4.3.3.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 170 4.3.3.2 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) 171 4.3.3.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 172 4.3.4 Mechanical Characterization 176 4.3.4.1 Tensile Test 177 4.3.4.2 Lap Shear Test 178 4.3.4.3 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) 179 4.4 Summary 185 Acknowledgements 186 References 186 5 The Effects of Shear and Peel Stress Distributions on the Behavior of Structural Adhesives in Tubular Composite Joints 193 Mohammad Shishesaz 5.1 Introduction 194 5.1.1 A Brief Review of Loads (Stresses) and Failure of Adhesively Bonded Tubular Composite Joints 194 5.1.2 Major Factors Affecting the Peel and Shear Stresses in the Adhesive Layer and its Performance (Failure) 199 5.2 Governing Equations Based on Linear Elasticity 200 5.2.1 Typical Assumptions in a Tubular Lap Joint under Torsion 200 5.3 Factors Influencing the Adhesive Behavior and Stresses 209 5.3.1 The Effects of Geometric and Mechanical Properties of the Adhesive and Adherends 209 5.3.2 The Effects of Load Type on the Adhesive Stresses and Behavior 217 5.3.3 The Effects of Damages due to Voids, Debonds, or Delaminations 221 5.3.4 Additional Factors Influencing the Adhesive Behavior and Its Performance 230 5.3.5 The Effect of Nonlinear Behavior of the Adhesive on Its Performance 236 5.3.6 Factors Influencing the Failure Behavior of the Adhesive Layer 238 5.4 Design Aspects Regarding the Selection of Adhesive Layer 239 5.5 Summary 244 Acknowledgement 245 Nomenclature 245 References 249 6 Inelastic Response of Structural Aerospace Adhesives 255 Yi Chen and Lloyd Smith List of Symbols 255 6.1 Introduction 257 6.2 Time-Independent Plasticity 258 6.2.1 Yield Stress 258 6.2.2 Elasto-Plastic Models 262 6.3 Time-Dependent Inelasticity 263 6.3.1 Creep Loading 263 6.3.2 Cyclic Loading 267 6.3.3 Time-Dependent Models 270 6.3.3.1 Modeling of Creep 270 6.3.3.2 Modeling of Ratcheting 274 6.4 Environmental Factors 276 6.4.1 Temperature 276 6.4.2 Moisture 277 6.4.3 Modeling 278 6.5 Summary 280 References 281 Part 2: Applications 291 7 Structural Reactive Acrylic Adhesives: Preparation, Characterization, Properties and Applications 293 D.A. Aronovich and L.B. Boinovich 7.1 Introduction 293 7.2 Сompositions and Chemistries 295 7.2.1 Base Monomer 296 7.2.2 Thickeners and Elastomeric Components 299 7.2.3 Adhesive Additives 308 7.2.4 Initiators 310 7.2.5 Aerobically Curable Systems 319 7.2.6 Fillers 319 7.3 Physico-Mechanical Properties of SAAs 323 7.4 Adhesives for Low Surface Energy Materials 329 7.4.1 Initiators Based on Trialkylboranes 329 7.4.2 Comparison of the Initiation System Containing Trialkylborane with the Redox System Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) - Tertiary Aromatic Amine 340 7.4.3 Alternative Types of Trialkylborane Initiators 342 7.4.4 Additives Modifying the Curing Stage 344 7.4.5 Other Components of SAAs 346 7.4.6 Hybrid SAAs 348 7.5 Comparison of the Properties of SAAs and Other Reactive Adhesives 354 7.6 Summary and Outlook 358 References 359 8 Application of Structural Adhesives in Composite Connections 375 M. D. Banea and H.F.M. de Queiroz 8.1 Introduction 375 8.2 Factors Affecting the Performance of Composite Adhesive Joints 376 8.2.1 Effect of Surface Preparation 377 8.2.2 Effect of Joint Configuration and Failure Mode 378 8.2.3 Effect of Mechanical Properties of Adhesive and Adherend Materials 383 8.2.4 Effect of the Environmental Conditions 386 8.3 Recent Developments and Trends 388 8.4 Summary 389 References 390 9 Naval Applications of Structural Adhesives 397 Bikash Chandra Chakraborty List of Abbreviations 398 List of Symbols with Units 399 9.1 Introduction 400 9.2 Type of Marine Adhesives 401 9.2.1 Essential Characteristics 402 9.2.2 Flexible Adhesives 403 9.2.2.1 Bonding Multilayer Rubber Tiles 406 9.2.2.2 Bonding Silicone Rubber Gaskets 407 9.2.3 Thermoset-Based Marine Adhesives 408 9.3 Application on Naval Platform 415 9.3.1 Vibrodamping Arrangements 415 9.3.2 Underwater Application 416 9.3.3 Acid-Resistant Rubber Bonding 421 9.3.3.1 Example 422 9.4 Diffusion of Water in Adhesive Matrix 423 9.4.1 Fickian Diffusion 423 9.4.1.1 Example 427 9.4.2 Dual-Fickian Prediction 430 9.4.3 Effect on Flexural Strength 431 9.4.3.1 Example 432 9.5 Summary 436 References 437 Index 445

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Book SynopsisINDUSTRIAL VALVES Improve the design and safety of your industrial valves with this comprehensive guide Industrial valves are used to regulate the flow of liquids, gases, or slurries. They are fundamental to multiple industries, including marine shipping, in which valves regulate power supply, wastewater, water for fire-fighting, and other shipboard essentials. They are also critical to the oil and gas industry, where valves are used to control the flow of oil or gas out of deposits, direct the crude oil refining process, protect key areas and equipment from spillage and overflow, and more. Without the safety and regulating power provided by industrial valves these industries could not proceed. This book provides a thorough introduction to the modeling and calculation of key challenges related to valve design, manufacturing, and operation. It focuses particularly on solving problems of material failure due to corrosion and cavitation, allowing readers to construcTable of Contents1 Flow Capacity 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Flow Coefficient Chart and Flow Curve 8 1.3 Rangeability and Turndown 12 1.4 Valve Authority 14 1.5 Valve Gain 15 Questions and Answers 16 Further Reading 20 2 Valve Sizing 22 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 Isolation Valve Sizing 22 2.3 Nonreturn (Check) Valve Sizing 26 2.4 Control Valve Sizing 34 2.4.1 Control Valve Sizing for Liquids 34 2.4.1.1 Specify the Variables Required to Size the Valve 35 2.4.1.2 Determine the Equation Constant (N) 37 2.4.1.3 Determine Piping Geometry Factor (FP) 37 2.4.1.4 Determine the Maximum Flow Rate (qmax) and Maximum Pressure Drop (ΔPmax) 39 2.4.1.5 Solve for Flow Coefficient 44 2.4.1.6 Select the Correct Valve Size 44 2.4.2 Control Valve Sizing for Gas and Steam 47 2.4.2.1 Specify the Variables Required to Size the Valve 47 2.4.2.2 Determine the Equation Constant (N) 48 2.4.2.3 Determine Piping Geometry Factor (FP) 48 2.4.2.4 Determine the Expansion Factor (Y) 48 2.4.2.5 Solve for the Required Flow Coefficient (Cv) 50 2.5 Safety Relief Valve Sizing 56 2.5.1 Sizing for Gas or Vapor Relief 59 2.5.1.1 Critical Flow 59 2.5.1.2 Subcritical Flow 73 2.5.2 Sizing for Steam Relief 75 2.5.3 Sizing for Liquid Relief 79 2.5.3.1 Sizing for Liquid Relief with Capacity Certification 79 2.5.3.2 Sizing for Liquid Relief Without Capacity Certification 84 2.5.4 Sizing for Two-Phase Liquid/Vapor Relief 85 2.5.4.1 Sizing for Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor, Liquid Flashes 88 2.5.4.2 Sizing for Subcooled at the Pressure Relief Valve Inlet 91 2.5.5 Sizing for Fire Case and Hydraulic Expansion 93 2.5.5.1 Hydraulic Expansion (Thermal Expansion) 95 2.5.5.2 Sizing Safety Valve for the Fire Case 96 Questions and Answers 103 Further Reading 110 3 Cavitation and Flashing 112 3.1 Introduction 112 3.2 Cavitation 112 3.2.1 What is Cavitation? 112 3.2.2 Cavitation Essential Parameters 113 3.2.3 Cavitation Analysis 115 3.3 Flashing 116 Questions and Answers 118 Further Reading 123 4 Wall Thickness 125 4.1 Introduction 125 4.2 ASME B16.34 Minimum Wall Thickness Calculation 125 4.2.1 Conservation Approach (Mandatory Appendix A) 125 4.2.2 Nonconservation Method 129 4.2.3 ASME Sec. VIII Div. 02 Wall Thickness Calculation 134 4.3 Wafer Design Thickness Validation 136 Questions and Answers 142 Further Reading 147 5 Material and Corrosion 149 5.1 Introduction 149 5.2 Carbon Dioxide Corrosion 150 5.2.1 Corrosion Mechanism 150 5.2.2 Corrosion Mitigation 151 5.2.3 Corrosion Rate Calculation 152 5.2.3.1 Basic CO2 Corrosion Rate 152 5.2.3.2 Corrective CO2 Corrosion Rate 154 5.2.3.3 Final CO2 Corrosion Rate 161 5.3 Pitting Corrosion 162 5.4 Carbon Equivalent 165 5.5 Hydrogen-Induced Stress Cracking (HISC) Corrosion 167 5.5.1 HISC and Vulnerable Materials 168 5.5.2 HISC and Stress 168 5.5.3 HISC and Cathodic Protection 168 5.5.4 HISC and DNV Standard 169 Questions and Answers 177 Further Reading 184 6 Noise 185 6.1 Introduction to Sound 185 6.2 Introduction to Noise 186 6.3 Noise in Industrial Valves 189 6.3.1 Mechanical Noise and Vibration 190 6.3.2 Fluid Noise 190 6.3.2.1 Aerodynamic Noise 191 6.3.2.2 Hydrodynamic Noise 191 6.3.3 Noise Control Strategies 191 6.4 Noise Calculations for Pipes and Valves 192 6.4.1 Acoustic Fatigue Analysis 192 6.4.1.1 Sound Power Level Calculations 193 6.4.1.2 Mach Number 198 6.4.2 Noise in Control Valves 203 6.4.2.1 Aerodynamic Noise in Control Valves 203 6.4.2.2 Hydrodynamic Noise in Control Valves 208 6.4.3 Noise in Pressure Safety or Relief Valves 215 6.4.3.1 Calculation of Noise Emission According to ISO 4126-9 216 6.4.3.2 Calculation of Noise Emission According to API 521 218 6.4.3.3 Calculation of Noise Emission According to VDI 2713 221 Questions and Answers 222 Further Reading 231 7 Water Hammering 233 7.1 Introduction 233 7.2 Water Hammering and Pressure Loss in Check Valves 233 7.3 Water Hammering Calculations 243 Questions and Answers 249 Further Reading 256 8 Safety Valves 258 8.1 Introduction 258 8.2 Safety Valve Parts 259 8.3 Safety Valve Design and Operation 259 8.3.1 Design and Operation Parameters 259 8.3.1.1 Overpressure Criteria 277 8.3.2 Principle of Operation 278 8.3.3 Safety Valve Reaction Forces 282 8.3.4 Safety Valve Capacity Conversion 294 Questions and Answers 296 Further Reading 302 9 Safety and Reliability 304 9.1 Introduction 304 9.2 Safety Standards 305 9.3 Risk Analysis 308 9.4 Basic Safety and Reliability Concepts 312 9.4.1 System Incidents and Failures 312 9.4.1.1 Failure Rate 313 9.4.1.2 Repair Rate 317 9.4.1.3 Mean Time to Failure (MTTF) 317 9.4.1.4 Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) 318 9.4.1.5 Mean Time to Repair and Recovery (MTTR) 319 9.4.1.6 Mean Time to Detection (MTTD) 319 9.4.2 Reliability and Unreliability 319 9.4.3 Availability and Unavailability 331 9.5 Safety Integrity Level (SIL) Calculations 336 9.5.1 SIL 336 9.5.2 Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD) 338 9.5.3 Mean Downtime 339 9.5.4 Diagnostic Coverage 342 9.5.5 Safe Failure Fraction (SFF) 342 9.6 Condition Monitoring (ValveWatch) 347 Questions and Answers 348 Further Reading 354 10 Valve Operation 357 10.1 Introduction 357 10.2 Valve Torque 358 10.3 Stem Design 363 10.3.1 MAST Calculations 363 10.3.2 Buckling Prevention 369 10.3.3 Torsional Deflection Prevention 374 10.3.4 MAST Limitation for Quarter-Turn Cryogenic Valves 376 Questions and Answers 378 Further Reading 384 11 Miscellaneous 385 11.1 Introduction 385 11.2 Joint Efficiency 386 11.2.1 Weld Joint Efficiency 386 11.2.2 Bolted Joint Efficiency 388 11.2.2.1 Bolted Bonnet or Cover Joints 388 11.2.2.2 Bolted Body Joints 392 11.2.3 Threaded Joint Efficiency 394 11.2.3.1 Threaded Bonnet or Cover Joints 394 11.2.3.2 Threaded Body Joints 395 11.3 Stem Sealing 395 Questions and Answers 399 Further Reading 405 Index 407

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Book SynopsisSMART MATERIALS FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Smart materials, also known as advanced or creative materials, are described as advanced materials that react intuitively to environmental changes or as materials that can return to their original shape in response to certain stimuli. Smart materials are classified as either active or passive based on their characteristics. There are two types of active materials. The first kind cannot change its characteristics when subjected to outside stimuli, for example photochromatic spectacles that only alter their color when exposed to sunlight. The other, which includes piezoelectric materials, can change one sort of energy (thermal, electrical, chemical, mechanical, or optical) into another. When subjected to external pressure, it can generate an electric charge. As an example, optical fibers can transmit electromagnetic waves. In contrast, passive smart materials can transmit a specific sort of energy. They have some amazing qualities th

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Book SynopsisThermal Spreading and Contact Resistance: Fundamentals and Applications Single source reference on how applying thermal spreading and contact resistance can solve problems across a variety of engineering fields Thermal Spreading and Contact Resistance: Fundamentals and Applications offers comprehensive coverage of the key information that engineers need to know to understand thermal spreading and contact resistance, including numerous predictive models for determining thermal spreading resistance and contact conductance of mechanical joints and interfaces, plus detailed examples throughout the book. Written by two of the leading experts in the field, Thermal Spreading and Contact Resistance: Fundamentals and Applications includes information on: Contact conductance, mass transfer, transport from super-hydrophobic surfaces, droplet/surface phase change problems, and tribology applications such as sliding surfaces and roller bearings <Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xv Preface xvi Acknowledgments xix Nomenclature xx 1 Fundamental Principles of Thermal Spreading Resistance 1 1.1 Applications 2 1.2 Semi-Infinite Regions, Flux Tubes, Flux Channels, and Finite Spreaders 4 1.3 Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions 6 1.3.1 Source Plane Conditions 6 1.3.2 Sink Plane Conditions 7 1.3.3 Interface Conditions 8 1.4 Thermal Spreading Resistance 8 1.4.1 Half-Space Regions 8 1.4.2 Semi-Infinite Flux Tubes and Channels 10 1.4.3 Finite Disks and Channels 11 1.5 Solution Methods 11 1.6 Summary 12 References 12 2 Thermal Spreading in Isotropic Half-Space Regions 15 2.1 CircularAreaonaHalf-Space 15 2.1.1 Isothermal Circular Source 16 2.1.2 Isoflux Circular Source 17 2.1.3 Parabolic Flux Circular Source 19 2.1.4 Summary of Circular Source Thermal Spreading Resistance 20 2.2 Elliptical Area on a Half-Space 20 2.2.1 Isothermal Elliptical Source 20 2.2.2 Isoflux Elliptical Source 22 2.2.3 Parabolic Flux Elliptical Source 23 2.3 Method of Superposition of Point Sources 25 2.3.1 Application to a Circular Source 26 2.3.2 Application to Triangular Source Areas 28 2.4 Rectangular Area on a Half-Space 29 2.4.1 Isothermal Rectangular Area 29 2.4.2 Isoflux Rectangular Source 30 2.5 Spreading Resistance of Symmetric Singly Connected Areas: The Hyperellipse 33 2.6 Regular Polygonal Isoflux Sources 34 2.7 Additional Results for Other Source Shapes 36 2.7.1 Triangular Source 36 2.7.2 Rhombic Source 36 2.7.3 Rectangular Source with Rounded Ends 37 2.7.4 Rectangular Source with Semicircular Ends 37 2.8 Model for an Arbitrary Singly Connected Heat Source on a Half-Space 38 2.9 Circular Annular Area on a Half-Space 40 2.9.1 Isothermal Circular Annular Ring Source 40 2.9.2 Isoflux Circular Annular Ring Source 40 2.10 Other Doubly Connected Areas on a Half-Space 41 2.11 Problems with Source Plane Conductance 42 2.11.1 Isoflux Heat Source on a Convectively Cooled Half-Space 42 2.11.2 Effect of Source Contact Conductance on Spreading Resistance 44 2.12 Circular Area on Single Layer (Coating) on Half-Space 45 2.12.1 Equivalent Isothermal Circular Contact 45 2.12.2 Isoflux Circular Contact 47 2.12.3 Isoflux, Equivalent Isothermal, and Isothermal Solutions 47 2.12.3.1 Isoflux Contact Area 47 2.12.3.2 Equivalent Isothermal Contact Area 48 2.12.3.3 Isothermal Contact Area 48 2.13 Thermal Spreading Resistance Zone: Elliptical Heat Source 48 2.14 Temperature Rise of Multiple Isoflux Sources 52 2.14.1 Two Coplanar Isoflux Circular Sources 52 2.15 Temperature Rise in an Arbitrary Area 56 2.15.1 Temperature Rise at Arbitrary Point 56 2.15.2 Average Temperature Rise 57 2.16 Superposition of Isoflux Circular Heat Sources 58 2.16.1 Nine Coplanar Circles on Square Cluster 61 2.16.2 Five Coplanar Circles on Square Cluster 62 2.16.3 Four Coplanar Circles on Triangular Cluster 63 2.17 Superposition of Micro- and Macro-Spreading Resistances 64 References 68 3 Circular Flux Tubes and Disks 71 3.1 Semi-Infinite Flux Tube 71 3.1.1 Isothermal Source on a Flux Tube 76 3.2 Finite Disk with Sink Plane Conductance 77 3.2.1 Distributed Heat Flux over Source Area 81 3.3 Compound Disk 82 3.3.1 Special Limits in the Compound Disk Solution 85 3.4 Multilayered Disks 85 3.5 Flux Tube with Circular Annular Heat Source 88 3.6 Flux Tubes and Disks with Edge Conductance 90 3.7 Spreading Resistance for an Eccentric Source on a Flux Tube 93 3.8 Thermal Spreading with Variable Conductivity Near the Contact Surface 94 3.9 Effect of Surface Curvature on Thermal Spreading Resistance in a Flux Tube 97 References 99 4 Rectangular Flux Channels 103 4.1 Two-Dimensional Semi-Infinite Flux Channel 104 4.1.1 Variable Heat Flux Distributions 106 4.2 Three-Dimensional Semi-Infinite Flux Channel 108 4.2.1 Correlation Equations for Various Combinations of Source Areas and Boundary Conditions 110 4.3 Finite Two- and Three-Dimensional Flux Channels 111 4.4 Compound Two- and Three-Dimensional Flux Channels 115 4.4.1 Special Limiting Cases for Rectangular Flux Channels 118 4.5 Finite Two- and Three-Dimensional Flux Channels with Eccentric Heat Sources 120 4.6 Rectangular Flux Channels with Edge Conductance 124 4.7 Multilayered Rectangular Flux Channels 126 4.8 Rectangular Flux Channel with an Elliptic Heat Source 128 4.9 Spreading in a Curved Flux Channel (Annular Sector) 130 4.10 Effect of Surface Curvature on Thermal Spreading Resistance in a Two-Dimensional Flux Channel 134 References 135 5 Orthotropic Media 137 5.1 Heat Conduction in Orthotropic Media 137 5.2 Circular Source on a Half-Space 141 5.3 Single-Layer Flux Tubes 143 5.3.1 Circular Flux Tubes with Edge Cooling 144 5.4 Single-Layer Rectangular Flux Channel 144 5.4.1 Rectangular Flux Channels with Edge Cooling 146 5.5 Multilayered Orthotropic Spreaders 147 5.5.1 Circular Flux Tubes 148 5.5.2 Multilayered Orthotropic Flux Channels 151 5.5.3 Multilayered Orthotropic Flux Channels with an Eccentric Source 153 5.6 General Multilayered Rectangular Orthotropic Spreaders 153 5.6.1 Coordinate Transformations for Fully Orthotropic Media 155 5.6.2 General Solution for K X ≠ K Y ≠ K Z 156 5.6.3 Total Thermal Resistance 159 5.7 Measurement of Orthotropic Thermal Conductivity 160 References 163 6 Multisource Analysis for Microelectronic Devices 167 6.1 Multiple Heat Sources on Finite Isotropic Spreaders 168 6.1.1 Single Source Surface Temperature Distribution 169 6.1.2 Multisource Surface Temperature Distribution 170 6.2 Influence Coefficient Method 172 6.2.1 Thermal Resistance 174 6.2.2 Source Plane Convection 174 6.3 Extension to Compound, Orthotropic, and Multilayer Spreaders 175 6.3.1 Compound Media 175 6.3.2 Orthotropic Spreaders 177 6.3.3 Multilayer Isotropic/Orthotropic Spreaders 178 6.4 Non-Fourier Conduction Effects in Microscale Devices 181 6.5 Application to Irregular-Shaped Heat Sources 185 References 187 7 Transient Thermal Spreading Resistance 189 7.1 Transient Spreading Resistance of an Isoflux Source on an Isotropic Half-Space 189 7.1.1 Transient Spreading Resistance of an Isoflux Circular Area 190 7.1.2 Transient Spreading Resistance of an Isoflux Strip on a Half-Space 193 7.1.3 Transient Spreading Resistance of an Isoflux Hyperellipse 194 7.1.4 Transient Spreading Resistance of Isoflux Regular Polygons 194 7.1.5 Universal Time Function 195 7.2 Transient Spreading Resistance of an Isothermal Source on a Half-Space 195 7.3 Models for Transient Thermal Spreading in a Half-Space 199 7.4 Transient Spreading Resistance Between Two Half-Spaces in Contact Through a Circular Area 201 7.5 Transient Spreading in a Two-Dimensional Flux Channel 202 7.6 Transient Spreading in a Circular Flux Tube from an Isoflux Source 203 7.7 Transient Spreading in a Circular Flux Tube from an Isothermal Source 205 7.8 Models for Transient Thermal Spreading in Circular Flux Tubes 207 References 211 8 Applications with Nonuniform Conductance in the Sink Plane 213 8.1 Applications with Nonuniform Conductance 213 8.1.1 Distributed Heat Transfer Coefficient Models 214 8.1.2 Mixed-Boundary Conditions in the Source Plane 216 8.1.3 Least Squares Approximation 217 8.2 Finite Flux Channels with Variable Conductance 218 8.2.1 Two-Dimensional Flux Channel 218 8.2.2 Three-Dimensional Flux Channel 221 8.3 Finite Flux Tube with Variable Conductance 225 References 228 9 Further Applications of Spreading Resistance 231 9.1 Moving Heat Sources 231 9.1.1 Governing Equations 232 9.1.2 Asymptotic Limits 233 9.1.3 Stationary and Moving Heat Source Limits 234 9.1.3.1 Stationary Heat Sources (Pe → 0) 234 9.1.3.2 Moving Heat Sources (Pe → ∞) 236 9.1.4 Analysis of Real Contacts 238 9.1.4.1 Effect of Contact Shape 238 9.1.4.2 Models for All Peclet Numbers 240 9.1.5 Prediction of Flash Temperature 241 9.2 Problems Involving Mass Diffusion 243 9.2.1 Mass Transport from a Circular Source on a Half-Space 244 9.2.2 Diffusion from Other Source Shapes 245 9.2.2.1 Elliptic Source 246 9.2.2.2 Rectangular Source 246 9.3 Mass Diffusion with Chemical Reaction 246 9.3.1 Diffusion from a 2D Strip Source with Chemical Reaction 247 9.3.2 Circular Source on a Disk with Chemical Reaction 249 9.3.3 Diffusion from a Rectangular Source with Chemical Reaction 251 9.4 Diffusion Limited Slip Behavior: Super-Hydrophobic Surfaces 254 9.4.1 Circular and Square Pillars 256 9.4.1.1 Circular/Square 256 9.4.1.2 Ridges 257 9.4.2 Rectangular and Elliptical Pillars for φ s → 0 258 9.4.3 Effect of Meniscus Curvature 261 9.5 Problems with Phase Change in the Source Region (Solidification) 261 9.6 Thermal Spreading with Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity 263 9.6.1 Kirchoff Transform 263 9.6.2 Thermal Conductivity Models 265 9.6.3 Application for Thermal Spreading Resistance in a Rectangular Flux Channel 266 9.7 Thermal Spreading in Spherical Domains 268 9.7.1 Thermal Spreading in Hollow Spherical Shells 268 9.7.2 Thermal Spreading in a Hollow Hemispherical Shell with Convection on the Interior Boundary 271 References 272 10 Introduction to Thermal Contact Resistance 275 10.1 Thermal Contact Resistance 275 10.2 Types of Joints or Interfaces 278 10.2.1 Conforming Rough Solids 279 10.2.2 Nonconforming Smooth Solids 281 10.2.3 Nonconforming Rough Solids 281 10.2.4 Single Layer Between Two Conforming Rough Solids 281 10.3 Parameters Influencing Contact Resistance or Conductance 282 10.4 Assumptions for Resistance and Conductance Model Development 283 10.5 Measurement of Joint Conductance and Thermal Interface Material Resistance 283 References 285 11 Conforming Rough Surface Models 287 11.1 Conforming Rough Surface Models 288 11.2 Plastic Contact Model for Asperities 290 11.2.1 Vickers Micro-hardness Correlation Coefficients 293 11.2.2 Dimensionless Contact Conductance: Plastic Deformation 293 11.3 Elastic Contact Model for Asperities 294 11.3.1 Dimensionless Contact Conductance: Elastic Deformation 295 11.4 Conforming Rough Surface Model: Elastic–Plastic Asperity Deformation 296 11.4.1 Correlation Equations for Dimensionless Contact Conductance: Elastic–Plastic Model 297 11.5 Radiation Resistance and Conductance for Conforming Rough Surfaces 300 11.6 Gap Conductance for Large Parallel Isothermal Plates 302 11.7 Gap Conductance for Joint Between Conforming Rough Surfaces 303 11.8 Joint Conductance for Conforming Rough Surfaces 306 11.9 Joint Conductance for Conforming Rough Surfaces: Scale Analysis Approach 310 11.10 Joint Conductance Enhancement Methods 317 11.10.1 Metallic Coatings and Foils 317 11.10.2 Ranking Metallic Coating Performance 325 11.10.3 Elastomeric Inserts 326 11.10.4 Thermal Greases and Pastes 328 11.10.5 Phase Change Materials (PCM) 332 11.11 Thermal Resistance at Bolted Joints 332 References 332 12 Contact of Nonconforming Smooth Solids 337 12.1 Joint Resistances of Nonconforming Smooth Solids 338 12.2 Point Contact Model 338 12.3 Local Gap Thickness 341 12.4 Contact Resistance of Isothermal Elliptical Contact Area 341 12.5 Elastogap Resistance Model 342 12.6 Joint Radiative Resistance 344 12.7 Joint Resistance of Sphere-Flat Contact 345 12.7.1 Joint Resistance for Sphere-Flat in Vacuum 345 12.7.2 Effect of Gas Pressure on Joint Resistance of a Sphere-Flat Contact 346 12.8 Joint Resistance for Contact of a Sphere and Layered Substrate 349 12.9 Joint Resistance for Elastic–Plastic Contact of Hemisphere and Flat in Vacuum 352 12.9.1 Alternative Constriction Parameter for Hemisphere 353 12.10 Ball Bearing Resistance 356 12.11 Line Contact Models 356 12.11.1 Contact Strip and Local Gap Thickness 356 12.11.2 Contact Resistance at Line Contact 357 12.11.3 Gap Resistance at Line Contact 358 12.11.4 Joint Resistance at Line Contact 358 12.12 Joint Resistance of Nonconforming Rough Surfaces 359 12.13 System for Nonconforming Rough Surface Contact 360 12.13.1 Vickers Micro-hardness Model 360 12.13.2 Scale Analysis Results 361 12.13.3 Contact of Smooth Hemisphere and Rough Flat 363 12.13.4 General Micro–Macro Spreading Resistance Model 364 12.13.5 Comparisons of Nonconforming Rough Surface Model with Vacuum Data 365 12.13.6 General Model Obtained from Scaling Analysis and Data 366 12.14 Joint Resistance of Nonconforming Rough Surface and Smooth Flat Contact 370 12.14.1 Micro-gap Thermal Resistance 371 12.14.2 Macro-gap Thermal Resistance 372 References 374 Appendix A Special Functions 379 A. 1 Gamma and Beta Function 379 A.. 1 Gamma Function 379 A.1. 2 Beta Function 382 A. 2 Error Function 382 A. 3 Bessel Functions 384 A.3. 1 Bessel Functions of the First and Second Kind 385 A.3. 2 Zeroes of the Bessel Functions 387 A.. 3 Modified Bessel Functions of the First and Second Kind 387 A. 4 Elliptic Integrals 389 A. 5 Legendre Functions 391 A. 6 Hypergeometric Function 392 A.6. 1 Relationship to Other Functions 393 References 393 Appendix B Hardness 395 B. 1 Micro- and Macro-hardness Indenters 395 B.. 1 Brinell and Meyer Macrohardness 395 B.1. 2 Rockwell Macro-hardness 397 B.1. 3 Knoop Micro-hardness Indenter and Test 398 B.1. 4 Vickers Micro-hardness Indenter and Test 399 B.1. 5 Berkovich Micro and Nano Hardness Indenter and Nano Hardness Tests 399 B. 2 Micro- and Macro-hardness Tests and Correlations 400 B.2. 1 Direct Approximate Method 402 B.. 2 Vickers Micro-hardness Correlation Equations 403 B. 3 Correlation Equations for Vickers Coefficients 406 B. 4 Temperature Effects on Vickers and Brinell Hardness 407 B.4. 1 Temperature Effects on Yield Strength and Vickers Micro Hardness of SS 304L 407 B.4. 2 Temperature Effect on Brinell Hardness 407 B.4. 3 Temperature Effect on Vickers Micro-hardness and Correlation Coefficients 409 B. 5 Nanoindentation Tests 411 References 416 Appendix C Thermal Properties 419 C.1 Thermal Properties of Solids 420 C.2 Thermal Conductivity of Gases 420 C.3 Resistance of Thermal Interface Materials (TIMs) 423 References 423 Index 425

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