Mechanical engineering and materials Books

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Book SynopsisThe subject of multiphase flows encompasses a vast field whose broad spectrum presents a problem for the experimental and analytical methodologies that might be appropriate for the reader's interests. This book presents a unified approach to the fundamental ideas of multiphase flows.Trade Review'The book is an excellent reference book for basic methods used in the treatment of multiphase flows, and it is very well written and enjoyable. It is warmly recommended to graduate students and researchers interested in modern problems concerning multiphase flows.' Zentralblatt MATHTable of Contents1. Introduction to multiphase flow; 2. Single-particle motion; 3. Bubble or droplet translation; 4. Bubble growth and collapse; 5. Cavitation; 6. Boiling and condensation; 7. Flow patterns; 8. Internal flow energy conversion; 9. Homogeneous flows; 10. Flows with bubble dynamics; 11. Flows with gas dynamics; 12. Sprays; 13. Granular flows; 14. Drift flux models; 15. System instabilities; 16. Kinematic waves.

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Book SynopsisThis is a textbook for undergraduate courses in systems dynamics and controls. It presents a comprehensive treatment of the analysis of lumped parameter physical systems. Beginning with a discussion of mathematical models and ODEs, the book covers input/output and state space models, computer simulation, and modeling methods and techniques in mechanical, electrical, thermal and fluid domains.Table of ContentsPreface; 1. Introduction; 2. Mechanical systems; 3. Mathematical models; 4. Analytical solutions of system input-output equations; 5. Numerical solutions of ordinary differential equations; 6. Simulation of dynamic systems; 7. Electrical systems; 8. Thermal systems; 9. Fluid systems; 10. Mixed systems; 11. Transfer functions; 12. Frequency analysis; 13. Closed-loop systems and system stability; 14. Control systems; 15. Analysis of discrete-time systems; 16. Digital control systems; Appendix 1. Fourier series and the Fourier transformation; Appendix 2. Laplace transformations; Appendix 3. Matlab tutorial; Appendix 4. Simulink tutorial; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe second edition of this best-selling textbook presents the concepts of continuum mechanics for advanced undergraduates and graduates. It features derivations of the basic equations of mechanics in invariant (vector and tensor) form and specification of governing equations to various co-ordinate systems, and numerous illustrative examples, chapter summaries and exercises.Table of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Vectors and tensors; 3. Kinematics of continua; 4. Stress measures; 5. Conservation and balance laws; 6. Constitutive equations; 7. Linearized elasticity; 8. Fluid mechanics and heat transfer; 9. Linearized viscoelasticity.

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Book SynopsisThe approach of the Beer and Johnston texts has been appreciated by hundreds of thousands of students over decades of engineering education. The Statics and Mechanics of Materials text uses this proven methodology in an - extensively revised second edition aimed at programs that teach these two subjects together or as a two semester sequence.Maintaining the proven methodology and pedagogy of the Beer and Johnson series, Statics and Mechanics of Materials, second edition combines the theory and application behind these two subjects into one cohesive text. A wealth of problems, Beer and Johnston's hallmark sample problems, and valuable review and summary sections at the end of each chapter highlight the key pedagogy of the text.Also available with this second edition is Connect. Connect is the only integrated learning system that empowers students by continuously adapting to deliver precisely what they need, when they need it, how they need it, so that class time is more

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Book SynopsisThis first volume of Computational Modelling of Aircraft and the Environment provides a comprehensive guide to the derivation of computational models from basic physical & mathematical principles, giving the reader sufficient information to be able to represent the basic architecture of the synthetic environment. Highly relevant to practitioners, it takes into account the multi-disciplinary nature of the aerospace environment and the integrated nature of the models needed to represent it. Coupled with the forthcoming Volume 2: Aircraft Models and Flight Dynamics it represents a complete reference to the modelling and simulation of aircraft and the environment. All major principles with this book are demonstrated using MATLAB and the detailed mathematics is developed progressively and fully within the context of each individual topic area, thereby rendering the comprehensive body of material digestible as an introductory level text. The author has drawn from his experiTrade Review"Overall this is an excellent book which leads the reader though a clear description of the subject and is easily navigated so that it also makes a good reference. I would not hesitate to recommend this book to novice and experienced practitioners of Earth modelling, inertial navigation, GPS systems and the like." (The Aeronautical Journal, May 2010) Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. List of Abbreviations. How To Use This Book. Series Preface. Chapter 1: Introduction. 1.1 Computational Modelling. 1.2 Modelling and Simulation (M&S). 1.3 Development Processes. 1.4 Models. 1.5 Meta-models. 1.6 Aerospace Applications. 1.7 Integration and Interoperability. 1.8 The End of the Beginning. Chapter 2: Platform Kinematics. 2.1 Axis Systems. 2.2 Changing Position and Orientation. 2.3 Rotating Axis Systems. 2.4 Quaternions. 2.5 Line of Sight. Chapter 3: Geospatial Reference Model. 3.1 Spherical Earth. 3.2 Spherical Trigonometry. 3.3 Great Circle Navigation. 3.4 Rhumb Line Navigation. 3.5 Reference Ellipsoids. 3.6 Coordinate Systems. 3.7 Navigation on an Ellipsoidal Earth. 3.8 Mapping. 3.9 General Principles of Map Projection. 3.10 Mercator Projection . 3.11 Transverse Mercator Projection. 3.12 Conformal Latitude. 3.13 Polar Stereographic Projection. 3.14 Three-Dimensional Mapping. 3.15 Actual Latitudes, Longitudes and Altitudes. Chapter 4: Positional Astronomy. 4.1 Earth and Sun. 4.2 Observational Reference Frames. 4.3 Measurement of Time. 4.4 Calendars and the J2000 Reference Epoch. 4.5 Chronological Scale. 4.6 Astrometric Reference Frames. 4.7 Orbital Mechanics. 4.8 Solar System Orbit Models. 4.9 GPS Orbit Models. 4.10 Night Sky. Chapter 5: Geopotential Fields. 5.1 Potential Fields. 5.2 Gravitation. 5.3 Geomagnetism. 5.4 Geopotential Computation. 5.5 Final Comment on Geopotential Models. Chapter 6: Atmosphere. 6.1 Overview. 6.2 Standard Atmosphere Models. 6.3 ISA Constants and Relationships. 6.4 Geopotential Altitude. 6.5 Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere. 6.6 Pressure Altitude. 6.7 Reference Atmospheres. 6.8 Seasonal Variation. 6.9 Climatic Regions. 6.10 Air Density. 6.11 Water Vapour. 6.12 Weather Systems. Appendix A: Introduction to MATLAB. A. 1 MATLAB. A. 2 The MATLAB Product Family. A. 3 Getting Started. A. 4 Getting Help. A. 5 Where? A. 6 Numbers: Variables and Literals. A. 7 Arithmetic. A. 8 Logic. A. 9 M-Files and Functions. A.10 Built-in Functions. A.11 Constants. A.12 Creating Graphs. A.13 Summary of Appendix A. Appendix B: Data and Function. B.1 Types of Data. B.2 Data Type Descriptions. B.2.1 ‘double’. B.2.2 ‘logical’. B.2.3 ‘char’. B.2.4 ‘cell’. B.2.5 ‘struct’. B.2.6 ‘function_handle’. B.3 Program Structure. B.3.1 Syntax. B.3.2 Conditional Execution. B.3.3 Iterative Execution. B.3.4 Exception Handling. B.3.5 Omissions. B.4 User-defined Functions. B.4.1 Interfacing. B.4.2 Generic Functions. B.4.3 Recursive Functions. B.4.4 Private Functions. B.5 User-defined Classes. B.6 Practical Implementation. B.6.1 Naming Convention. B.6.2 Program Architecture. B.6.3 Precedence. B.6.4 Preferences. B.7 Summary of Appendix B Appendix C: Organisations. C.1 Specialist Agencies of the United Nations. C.2 International Organisations. C.3 US Government Organisations. C.4 UK Government Organisations. C.5 European Organisations. C.6 Open Projects and Consortia. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisSelf-Doped Conducting Polymers provides an introduction to conducting polymers in general and self-doped conducting polymers in particular. This is followed by an in depth exploration of the synthesis, properties and utilization of several types of self-doped polymers. Optimization of self-doped polymers is also discussed.Trade Review"The authors have achieved their aim of providing and 'up-to-date overview' of self-doping conduction polymers." (Materials World, June 2008) "…a timely book for those active in this specific area and should also be acquired by all good scientific libraries." (Reactive and Functional Polymers, March 2007) "An especially pleasing feature of the reference is that the title of the papers are given, which helps one to choose items of interest for further reading." (Angewandte International Edition, November 2007)Table of Contents1. Introduction. 1.1 Conducting Polymers. 1.2 What Are Self-doped Conducting Polymers? 1.3 Types of Self-doped Polymers. 1.4 Doping Mechanism in Self-doped Polymers. 1.5 Effect of Substituents on Properties of Polymer. 1.6 Applications of Self-doped Polymers. References. 2. Self-doped Derivatives of Polyaniline. 2.0 Introduction. 2.1 Chemical Synthesis of Sulfonic Acid Derivatives. 2.2 Electrochemical Synthesis of Sulfonic Acid Derivatives. 2.3 Enzymatic Synthesis of Sulfonic Acid Derivatives. 2.4 Properties of Sulfonic Acid Derivatives. 2.5 Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxyl Acid Derivatives. 2.6 Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphonic Acid Derivatives. 2.7 Self-doped Polyaniline Nanostructures. References. 3. Boronic acid Substituted Self-doped Polyaniline. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Synthesis. 3.3 Properties of Self-doped PABA. 3.4 Self-Cross-Linked Self-doped Polyaniline. 3.5 Applications. References. 4. Self-doped Polythiophenes. 4.1 Sulfonic Acid Derivatives. 4.2 Carboxylate Derivatives. 4.3 Phosphanate Derivatives. References. 5. Miscellaneous Self-doped Polymers. 5.1 Self-doped Sulfonated Polypyrrole. 5.2 Carboxyl Acid Derivative. 5.3 Self-doped Poly(3,6-carbaz-9-yl)propanesulfonate. 5.4 Self-doped Poly(p-phenylenes). 5.5Self-doped Polyphenylenevinylene. 5.6 Self-doped Poly(indole-5-carboxylic acid). 5.7 Self-doped Ionically Conducting Polymers. References.

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Book SynopsisHysterisis is a system property that is fundamental to a range of engineering applications as the components of systems with hysterisis are able to react differently to different forces applied to them. Control theory is used to model these complex systems and cause them to behave in the desired manner; the Bouc-Wen model is a well-known semi-physical model that is used extensively to describe the hysterisis of systems in the areas of smart structures and civil engineering. The Bouc-Wen model for system hysterisis has increased in popularity due to its capability of capturing in an analytical form a range of shapes of hysteretic cycles that match the behaviour of a wide class of hysteretic systems. Systems with Hysterisis: Analysis, Identification and Control using the Bouc-Wen Model deals with the analysis, identification and control of these systems, and offers a comprehensive and self-contained framework for the study of the Bouc-Wen model. IncludesTable of ContentsPreface. List of Figures. List of Tables. 1. Introduction 1.1 Objective and contents of the book 1.2 The Bouc-Wen model: origin and literature review 2. Physical consistency of the Bouc-Wen model 2.1 Introduction 2.2 BIBO stability of the Bouc-Wen model 2.2.1 The model 2.2.2 Problem statement 2.2.3 Classi¯cation of the BIBO stable Bouc-Wen models 2.2.4 Practical remarks 2.3 Free motion of a hysteretic structural system 2.3.1 Problem statement 2.3.2 Asymptotic trajectories 2.3.3 Practical remarks 2.4 Passivity of the Bouc-Wen model 2.5 Limit cases 2.5.1 The limit case n = 1 2.5.2 The limit case ® = 1 2.5.3 The limit case ® = 0 2.5.4 The limit case ¯ + ° = 0 2.6 Conclusion 3 Forced limit cycle characterization of the Bouc-Wen model 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Problem statement 3.2.1 The class of inputs 3.2.2 Problem statement 3.3 The normalized Bouc-Wen model 3.4 Instrumental functions 3.5 Characterization of the asymptotic behavior of the hysteretic output 3.5.1 Technical Lemmas 3.5.2 Analytic description of the forced limit cycles for the Bouc-Wen model 3.6 Simulation example 3.7 Conclusion 4 Variation of the hysteresis loop with the Bouc-Wen model parameters 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Background results and methodology of the analysis 4.2.1 Background results 4.2.2 Methodology of the analysis 4.3 Maximal value of the hysteretic output 4.3.1 Variation with respect to ± 4.3.2 Variation with respect to ¾ 4.3.3 Variation with respect to n 4.3.4 Summary of the obtained results 4.4 Variation of the zero of the hysteretic output 4.4.1 Variation with respect to ± 4.4.2 Variation with respect to ¾ 4.4.3 Variation with respect to n 4.4.4 Summary of the obtained results 4.5 Variation of the hysteretic output with the Bouc-Wen model parameters 4.5.1 Variation with respect to ± 4.5.2 Variation with respect to ¾ 4.5.3 Variation with respect to n 4.5.4 Summary of the obtained results 4.6 The four regions of the Bouc-Wen model 4.6.1 The linear region Rl 4.6.2 The plastic region Rp 4.6.3 The transition regions Rt and Rs 4.7 Interpretation of the normalized Bouc-Wen model parameters 4.7.1 The parameters ½ and ± 4.7.2 The parameter ¾ 4.7.3 The parameter n 4.8 Conclusion 5 Robust identification of the Bouc-Wen model parameters 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Parameter identi¯cation for the Bouc-Wen model 5.2.1 Class of inputs 5.2.2 Identi¯cation methodology 5.2.3 Robustness of the identi¯cation method 5.2.4 Numerical simulation example 5.3 Modeling and identi¯cation of a magnetorheological damper 5.3.1 Some insights into the viscous + Bouc-Wen model for shear mode MR dampers 5.3.2 Alternatives to the viscous + Bouc-Wen model for shear mode MR dampers 5.4 Identi¯cation methodology for the viscous + Dahl model . . 5.4.1 Numerical simulations 5.5 Conclusion 6 Control of a system with a Bouc-Wen hysteresis 6.1 Introduction and problem statement 6.2 Control design and stability analysis 6.3 Numerical simulation 6.4 Conclusion A Mathematical background A.1 Existence and uniqueness of solutions A.2 Concepts of stability A.3 Passivity and absolute stability A.3.1 Passivity in mechanical systems A.3.2 Positive realness A.3.3 Sector functions A.3.4 Absolute stability A.4 Input-output properties References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe major themes for this book are intelligent materials; sensing and control of adaptive systems; applications to aerospace engineering. Every chapter is written by a global leader in their field and provides insights into the future directions of this field, setting the agenda for future research in adaptive structures.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xi Preface xvii 1 Adaptive Structures for Structural Health Monitoring 1Daniel J. Inman and Benjamin L. Grisso 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Structural Health Monitoring 4 1.3 Impedance-Based Health Monitoring 6 1.4 Local Computing 8 1.5 Power Analysis 11 1.6 Experimental Validation 13 1.7 Harvesting, Storage and Power Management 18 1.7.1 Thermal Electric Harvesting 19 1.7.2 Vibration Harvesting with Piezoceramics 22 1.8 Autonomous Self-healing 25 1.9 The Way Forward: Autonomic Structural Systems for Threat Mitigation 27 1.10 Summary 29 Acknowledgements 30 References 30 2 Distributed Sensing for Active Control 33Suk-Min Moon, Leslie P. Fowler and Robert L. Clark 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Description of Experimental Test Bed 35 2.3 Disturbance Estimation 36 2.3.1 Principal Component Analysis 36 2.3.2 Application of PCA: Case Studies 37 2.3.3 Combining Active Control and PCA to Identify Secondary Disturbances 40 2.4 Sensor Selection 43 2.4.1 Model Estimation 45 2.4.2 Optimal Sensor Strategy 45 2.4.3 Experimental Demonstration 48 2.5 Conclusions 55 Acknowledgments 56 References 56 3 Global Vibration Control Through Local Feedback 59Stephen J. Elliott 3.1 Introduction 59 3.2 Centralised Control of Vibration 61 3.3 Decentralised Control of Vibration 63 3.4 Control of Vibration on Structures with Distributed Excitation 67 3.5 Local Control in the Inner Ear 76 3.6 Conclusions 84 Acknowledgements 85 References 85 4 Lightweight Shape-Adaptable Airfoils: A New Challenge for an Old Dream 89L.F. Campanile 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Otto Lilienthal and the Flying Machine as a Shape-Adaptable Structural System 91 4.3 Sir George Cayley and the Task Separation Principle 93 4.4 Being Lightweight: A Crucial Requirement 95 4.5 Coupling Mechanism and Structure: Compliant Systems as the Basis of Lightweight Shape-Adaptable Systems 104 4.5.1 The Science of Compliant Systems 104 4.5.2 Compliant Systems for Airfoil Shape Adaptation 113 4.5.3 The Belt-Rib Airfoil Structure 115 4.6 Extending Coupling to the Actuator System: Compliant Active Systems 118 4.6.1 The Need for a Coupled Approach 118 4.6.2 Solid-State Actuation for Solid-State Deformability 120 4.6.3 Challenges and Trends of Structure–Actuator Integration 123 4.7 A Powerful Distributed Actuator: Aerodynamics 125 4.7.1 The Actuator Energy Balance 125 4.7.2 Balancing Kinematics by Partially Recovering Energy from the Flow 125 4.7.3 Active and Semi-Active Aeroelasticity 126 4.8 The Common Denominator: Mechanical Coupling 127 4.9 Concluding Remarks 128 Acknowledgements 129 References 129 5 Adaptive Aeroelastic Structures 137Jonathan Cooper 5.1 Introduction 137 5.2 Adaptive Internal Structures 142 5.2.1 Moving Spars 143 5.2.2 Rotating Spars 147 5.3 Adaptive Stiffness Attachments 152 5.4 Conclusions 159 5.5 The Way Forward 160 Acknowledgements 161 References 162 6 Adaptive Aerospace Structures with Smart Technologies – A Retrospective and Future View 163Christian Boller 6.1 Introduction 163 6.2 The Past Two Decades 165 6.2.1 SHM 167 6.2.2 Shape Control and Active Flow 170 6.2.3 Damping of Vibration and Noise 173 6.2.4 Smart Skins 176 6.2.5 Systems 177 6.3 Added Value to the System 179 6.4 Potential for the Future 185 6.5 A Reflective Summary with Conclusions 186 References 187 7 A Summary of Several Studies with Unsymmetric Laminates 191Michael W. Hyer, Marie-Laure Dano, Marc R. Schultz, Sontipee Aimmanee and Adel B. Jilani 7.1 Introduction and Background 191 7.2 Room-Temperature Shapes of Square [02/902]T Cross-Ply Laminates 193 7.3 Room-Temperature Shapes of More General Unsymmetric Laminates 198 7.4 Moments Required to Change Shapes of Unsymmetric Laminates 200 7.5 Use of Shape Memory Alloy for Actuation 206 7.6 Use of Piezoceramic Actuation 210 7.7 Consideration of Small Piezoceramic Actuators 216 7.8 Conclusions 228 References 228 8 Negative Stiffness and Negative Poisson’s Ratio in Materials which Undergo a Phase Transformation 231T.M. Jaglinski and R.S. Lakes 8.1 Introduction 231 8.2 Experimental Methods 234 8.2.1 Material Preparation 234 8.3 Composites 236 8.3.1 Theory 236 8.3.2 Experiment 237 8.4 Polycrystals 238 8.4.1 Theory 238 8.4.2 Experimental Results 239 8.5 Discussion 244 References 244 9 Recent Advances in Self-Healing Materials Systems 247M.W. Keller, B.J. Blaiszik, S.R. White and N.R. Sottos 9.1 Introduction 247 9.1.1 Microcapsule-Based Self-Healing 248 9.1.2 Critical Issues for Microencapsulated Healing 250 9.2 Faster Healing Systems – Fatigue Loading 251 9.3 Smaller Size Scales 253 9.4 Alternative Materials Systems – Elastomers 256 9.5 Microvascular Autonomic Composites 258 9.6 Conclusions 259 References 260 10 Adaptive Structures – Some Biological Paradigms 263Julian F.V. Vincent 10.1 Introduction 263 10.2 Deployment 264 10.3 Turgor-Driven Mechanisms 266 10.3.1 The Venus Fly Trap 270 10.3.2 Previous Theories 271 10.3.3 Background to an Elastic Model 271 10.3.4 The Trigger 273 10.4 Dead Plant Tissues 274 10.5 Morphing and Adapting in Animals 276 10.6 Sensing in Arthropods – Campaniform and Slit Sensilla 277 10.7 Developing an Interface Between Biology and Engineering 279 10.7.1 A Catalogue of Engineering 279 10.7.2 Challenging Engineering with Biology 280 10.7.3 Adaptive Structures – The TRIZ Route 282 10.7.4 Materials and Information 283 10.8 Envoi 285 Acknowledgements 285 References 285 Index 289

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Book SynopsisThermohydrodynamic Instability in Fluid-Film Bearings aims to establish instability criteria for a rotor-bearing system associated with fluid-film journal bearings. It focuses on how the influencing factors such as rotor flexibility, manufacturing imperfections such as residual shaft unbalance, and service-related imperfections such as uneven wear affect the stability of a rotor-bearing system It shows how the specific operating conditions such as oil inlet temperature, inlet pressure, and inlet position of a rotor-bearing system directly influence the system stability General design guidelines have been summarized to guide the engineering system design and the correction of failure and/or malfunction Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Fundamentals of Hydrodynamic Bearings 1 1.1 Reynolds Equation 3 1.1.1 Boundary Conditions for Reynolds Equation 6 1.1.2 Short Bearing Approximation 7 1.1.3 Long Bearing Approximation 7 1.2 Short Bearing Theory 8 1.2.1 Analytical Pressure Distribution 8 1.2.2 Hydrodynamic Fluid Force 9 1.2.3 Static Performance of Short Journal Bearings 11 1.3 Long Bearing Theory 13 1.3.1 Analytical Pressure Distribution of Long Journal Bearings 13 1.3.2 Hydrodynamic Fluid Force of Long Journal Bearings 17 1.3.3 Static Performance of Long Journal Bearings 19 1.4 Finite Bearing Solution 26 References 28 2 Governing Equations for Dynamic Analysis 29 2.1 Equation of Motion 29 2.2 Decomposition of the Equations of Motion Based on Short Bearing Theory 31 2.2.1 Laminar Flow Simplification 33 2.3 Decomposition of the Equations of Motion Based on Long Bearing Theory 34 2.4 Summary 37 References 37 3 Conventional Methods on System Instability Analysis 39 3.1 Linearized Stiffness and Damping Method 41 3.1.1 Derivation of Linearized Bearing Stiffness and Damping Coefficients 41 3.1.2 Instability Threshold Speed Based on the Linearized Stiffness and Damping Coefficients 48 3.2 Nonlinear Method 51 3.2.1 Brief Description of Trial-and-Error Method 51 3.2.2 Illustration of the Trial-and-Error Method 51 3.2.3 Comparison Between Different Types of Fluid-Film Boundary Conditions 54 References 56 4 Introduction to Hopf Bifurcation Theory 59 4.1 Brief Description of Hopf Bifurcation Theory 60 4.2 Shape and Size and Stability of Periodic Solutions 61 4.3 Definition of Orbital-Asymptotically Stable with an Asymptotic Phase 62 References 62 5 Application of HBT to Fluid-Film Bearings 63 5.1 Application I: Prediction of Stability Envelope 64 5.1.1 Definition of Stability Envelope 64 5.1.2 Equations of Motion 66 5.1.3 Application of Hopf Bifurcation Theory to the Equations of Motion 67 5.1.4 Numerical Investigation of the Stability Envelope Rs 69 5.1.5 Illustrative Case Study 70 5.2 Application II: Explanation of Hysteresis Phenomenon Associated with Instability 74 5.2.1 Introduction 74 5.2.2 Definition of Hysteresis Phenomenon Associated with Instability 75 5.2.3 Experimental Investigation 77 5.2.4 Relationship between Hysteresis Phenomenon and Subcritical Bifurcation 81 5.2.5 Case Studies 83 References 88 6 Analysis of Thermohydrodynamic Instability 91 6.1 Inlet Temperature Effects 91 6.1.1 Theoretical Prediction 92 6.1.2 Experimental Studies 97 6.1.3 Explanation of Newkirk and Lewis’s Experimental Results 104 6.1.4 Design Guidelines for Improving System Stability Based on Oil Supply Temperature 104 6.2 Effects of Inlet Pressure and Inlet Position 105 6.2.1 Equations of Motion with Consideration of Inlet Pressure and Position Effects 106 6.2.2 Influence of Oil Inlet Pressure on the Instability Threshold Speed 108 6.2.3 Influence of Oil Inlet Position on the Instability Threshold Speed 110 6.2.4 Design Guidelines on Inlet Pressure and Inlet Position 111 6.3 Rotor Stiffness Effects 112 6.3.1 Equations of Motion of a Flexible Rotor 113 6.3.2 Effects of Rotor Flexibility 117 6.3.3 Comparison with the Results Based on Rigid-Rotor Model 120 6.3.4 Experimental Verification 121 6.3.5 Application Examples 122 6.3.6 Design Guidelines on Rotor Stiffness 128 6.4 Worn Bearing Bushing Effects 129 6.4.1 Wear Profile Model 129 6.4.2 Dynamic Pressure Distribution in Worn Journal Bearing 132 6.4.3 Hydrodynamic Fluid Force in Worn Journal Bearing 133 6.4.4 Example Showing the Worn Bearing Bushing Profile and Its Pressure Profile 135 6.4.5 Bearing Bushing Wear Effect on System Stability 136 6.5 Shaft Unbalance Effects 139 6.5.1 Equation of Motion with Shaft Unbalance 140 6.5.2 Decomposition of the Equations of Motion with Shaft Unbalance 142 6.5.3 Numerical Solution of the Equations of Motion 144 6.5.4 Example Showing Shaft Unbalance Effects on Journal Orbits 145 6.6 Turbulence Effects 147 6.6.1 Governing Equations for Turbulent Flow 147 6.6.2 Effects of Turbulence on the Dynamic Performance 153 6.6.3 Effects of Turbulence on the Shape and Size and Stability of the Periodic Solutions 154 6.7 Drag Force Effect 160 6.7.1 Dynamic Fluid Forces in Journal Bearings 160 6.7.2 Equations of Motion 162 6.7.3 Effects of Drag Force on the Hopf Bifurcation Profile 163 References 165 Appendix A: Derivation of the Dynamic Pressure for Long Journal Bearing 169 Reference 171 Appendix B: Integrals Used in Section 1.3 173 References 174 Appendix C: Curve-fitting Functions for Long Journal Bearings 175 Reference 177 Appendix D: Jacobian Matrix of the Equations of Motion 179 Reference 181 Appendix E: Matlab Code to Evaluate Rotor Shaft Unbalance Effects 183 E1 Main Code 183 E2 Functions 189 E2.1 Function whirl_ fullflexiblewithunbalance.m 189 E2.2 Function kshaft.m 190 Appendix F: Nomenclature 193 Index 197

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Book SynopsisSmart technologies comprise a dynamic new interdisciplinary research field that encompasses a wide spectrum of engineering applications including, but not limited to, intelligent structures and materials, actuators, sensors and structural observability, control systems and software tools for the design of adaptive structures.Table of ContentsPreface. About the Authors. Organization of the Book. 1 Introduction to Smart Technologies (Jan Holnicki-Szulc, Jerzy Motylewski and Przemyslaw Kolakowski). 1.1 Smart Technologies – 30 Years of History. 1.2 Smart-Tech Hardware Issues. 1.2.1 Structual Health Monitoring. 1.2.2 Adaptive Impact Absorption. 1.3 Smart-Tech Software Issues. References. 2 The Virtual Distortion Method – A Versatile Reanalysis Tool (Przemyslaw Kolakowski, Marcin Wiklo and Jan Holnicki-Szulc). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Overview of Reanalysis Methods. 2.3 Virtual Distortion Method – The Main Idea. 2.4 VDM in Structural Statics. 2.4.1 Influence Matrix in Statics. 2.4.2 Stiffness Remodeling in Statics. 2.4.3 Plasticity in Statics. 2.4.4 Example 1 in Statics. 2.4.5 Example 2 in Statics. 2.5 VDM in Structural Dynamics. 2.5.1 Influence Matrices in Dynamics. 2.5.2 Stiffness Remodeling in Dynamics. 2.5.3 Plasticity in Dynamics. 2.5.4 Mass Remodeling in Dynamics. 2.6 VDM-Based Sensitivity Analysis. 2.7 Versatility of VDM in System Modeling. 2.8 Recapitulation. 2.8.1 General Remarks. 2.8.2 Applications of the VDM to Structures. 2.8.3 Applications of the VDM to Nonstructural Systems. References. 3 VDM-Based Health Monitoring of Engineering Systems (Przemyslaw Kolakowski, Andrzej´ Swiercz, Anita Orlowska, Marek Kokot and Jan Holnicki-Szulc). 3.1 Introduction to Structural Health Monitoring. 3.2 Damage Identification in Skeletal Structures. 3.2.1 Introduction. 3.2.2 Time Domain (VDM-T) versus Frequency Domain (VDM-F). 3.2.3 Modifications in Beams. 3.2.4 Problem Formulation and Optimization Issues. 3.2.5 Numerical Algorithm. 3.2.6 Numerical Examples. 3.2.7 Experimental Verification. 3.2.8 Conclusions. 3.3 Modeling and Identification of Delamination in Double-Layer Beams. 3.3.1 Introduction. 3.3.2 Modeling of Delamination. 3.3.3 Identification of Delamination. 3.3.4 Conclusions. 3.4 Leakage Identification in Water Networks. 3.4.1 Introduction. 3.4.2 Modeling of Water Networks and Analogies to Truss Structures. 3.4.3 VDM-Based Simulation of Parameter Modification. 3.4.4 Leakage Identification. 3.4.5 Numerical Examples. 3.4.6 Conclusions. 3.5 Damage Identification in Electrical Circuits. 3.5.1 Introduction. 3.5.2 Modeling of Electrical Circuits and Analogies to Truss Structures. 3.5.3 VDM Formulation. 3.5.4 Defect Identification. 3.5.5 Numerical Example. 3.5.6 Conclusions. References. 4 Dynamic Load Monitoring (Lukasz Jankowski, Krzysztof Sekula, Bartlomiej D. Blachowski, Marcin Wiklo, and Jan Holnicki-Szulc). 4.1 Real-Time Dynamic Load Identification. 4.1.1 Impact Load Characteristics. 4.1.2 Solution Map Approach. 4.1.3 Approach Based on Force and Acceleration. 4.1.4 Approaches Based on Conservation of Momentum. 4.1.5 Experimental Test Stand. 4.1.6 Experimental Verification. 4.1.7 Comparison of Approaches. 4.2 Observer Technique for On-Line Load Monitoring. 4.2.1 State-Space Representation of Mechanical Systems. 4.2.2 State Estimation and Observability. 4.2.3 Model-Based Input Estimation. 4.2.4 Unknown Input Observer. 4.2.5 Numerical Examples. 4.3 Off-Line Identification of Dynamic Loads. 4.3.1 Response to Dynamic Loading. 4.3.2 Load Reconstruction. 4.3.3 Optimum Sensor Location. 4.3.4 Numerical Example. References. 5 Adaptive Impact Absorption (Piotr K. Pawlowski, Grzegorz Mikulowski, Cezary Graczykowski, Marian Ostrowski, Lukasz Jankowski and Jan Holnicki-Szulc). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Multifolding Materials and Structures. 5.2.1 Introduction. 5.2.2 The Multifolding Effect. 5.2.3 Basic Model of the MFM. 5.2.4 Experimental Results. 5.3 Structural Fuses for Smooth Reception of Repetitive Impact Loads. 5.3.1 Introductory Numerical Example. 5.3.2 Optimal Control 162 5.3.3 Structural Recovery. 5.3.4 Numerical Example of Adaptation and Recovery. 5.4 Absorption of Repetitive, Exploitative Impact Loads in Adaptive Landing Gears. 5.4.1 The Concept of Adaptive Landing Gear. 5.4.2 Control System Issues. 5.4.3 Modeling of ALG. 5.4.4 Control Strategies. 5.4.5 Potential for Improvement. 5.4.6 Fast Control of an MRF-Based Shock Absorber. 5.5 Adaptive Inflatable Structures with Controlled Release of Pressure. 5.5.1 The Concept of Adaptive Inflatable Structures (AIS), Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Tools. 5.5.2 Protection against Exploitative Impact Loads for Waterborne Transport. 5.5.3 Protective Barriers against an Emergency Crash for Road Transport. 5.5.4 Adaptive Airbag for Emergency Landing in Aeronautic Applications. 5.6 Adaptive Crash Energy Absorber. 5.6.1 Low-Velocity Impacts. 5.6.2 Energy Absorption by the Prismatic Thin-Walled Structure. 5.6.3 Use of Pyrotechnic Technology for the Crash Stiffness Reduction. References. 6 VDM-Based Remodeling of Adaptive Structures Exposed to Impact Loads (Marcin Wiklo, Lukasz Jankowski, Malgorzata Mróz and Jan Holnicki-Szulc). 6.1 Material Redistribution in Elastic Structures. 6.1.1 VDM Formulation. 6.1.2 Sensitivity Analysis. 6.1.3 Numerical Testing Example. 6.2 Remodeling of Elastoplastic Structures. 6.2.1 VDM Formulation. 6.2.2 Sensitivity Analysis. 6.3 Adaptive Structures with Active Elements. 6.3.1 Stiffest Elastic Substructure. 6.3.2 Structural Fuses as Active Elements. 6.3.3 Comments. 6.4 Remodeling of Damped Elastic Structures. 6.4.1 Damping Model. 6.4.2 General VDM Formulation. 6.4.3 Specific Formulations and Sensitivity Analysis. References. 7 Adaptive Damping of Vibration by the Prestress Accumulation/Release Strategy (Arkadiusz Mróz, Anita Orlowska and Jan Holnicki-Szulc). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Mass–Spring System. 7.2.1 The Concept. 7.2.2 Analytical Solution. 7.2.3 Case with Inertia of the Active Spring Considered. 7.3 Delamination of a Layered Beam. 7.3.1 PAR Strategy for Layered Beams. 7.3.2 Numerical Example of a Simply Supported Beam. 7.3.3 PAR – the VDM Formulation. 7.4 Experimental Verification. 7.4.1 Experimental Set-up. 7.4.2 Control Procedure. 7.4.3 Results. 7.5 Possible Applications. References. 8 Modeling and Analysis of Smart Technologies in Vibroacoustics (Tomasz G. Zielínski). 8.1 Introduction. 8.1.1 Smart Hybrid Approach in Vibroacoustics. 8.1.2 A Concept of an Active Composite Noise Absorber. 8.1.3 Physical Problems Involved and Relevant Theories. 8.1.4 General Assumptions and Some Remarks on Notation. 8.2 Biot’s Theory of Poroelasticity. 8.2.1 Isotropic Poroelasticity and the Two Formulations. 8.2.2 The Classical Displacement Formulation. 8.2.3 The Mixed Displacement–Pressure Formulation. 8.3 Porous and Poroelastic Material Data and Coefficients. 8.3.1 Porous Materials with a Rigid Frame. 8.3.2 Poroelastic Materials. 8.4 Weak Forms of Poroelasticity, Elasticity, Piezoelectricity and Acoustics. 8.4.1 Weak Form of the Mixed Formulation of Poroelasticity. 8.4.2 Weak Form for an Elastic Solid. 8.4.3 Weak Form of Piezoelectricity. 8.4.4 Weak Form for an Acoustic Medium. 8.5 Boundary Conditions for Poroelastic Medium. 8.5.1 The Boundary Integral. 8.5.2 Imposed Displacement Field. 8.5.3 Imposed Pressure Field. 8.6 Interface Coupling Conditions for Poroelastic and Other Media. 8.6.1 Poroelastic–Poroelastic Coupling. 8.6.2 Poroelastic–Elastic Coupling. 8.6.3 Poroelastic–Acoustic Coupling. 8.6.4 Acoustic–Elastic Coupling. 8.7 Galerkin Finite Element Model of a Coupled System of Piezoelectric, Elastic, Poroelastic and Acoustic Media. 8.7.1 A Coupled Multiphysics System. 8.7.2 Weak Form of the Coupled System. 8.7.3 Galerkin Finite Element Approximation. 8.7.4 Submatrices and Couplings in the Algebraic System. 8.8 Modeling of Poroelastic Layers with Mass Implants Improving Acoustic Absorption. 8.8.1 Motivation. 8.8.2 Two Approaches in Modeling Small Solid Implants. 8.8.3 Acoustic Absorption of the Poroelastic Layer. 8.8.4 Results of Analyses. 8.8.5 Concluding Remarks. 8.9 Designs of Active Elastoporoelastic Panels. 8.9.1 Introduction. 8.9.2 Active Sandwich Panel. 8.9.3 Active Single-Plate Panel. 8.10 Modeling and Analysis of an Active Single-Plate Panel. 8.10.1 Kinds and Purposes of Numerical Tests. 8.10.2 Plate Tests. 8.10.3 Multilayer Analysis. 8.10.4 Analysis of Passive Behavior of the Panel. 8.10.5 Test of Active Behavior of the Panel. 8.10.6 Concluding Remarks. References. Acknowledgements. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe most current guide to solid state polymerization Solid State Polymerization (SSP)is an indispensable tool in the design, manufacture, and study of polymers, plastics, and fibers.Trade Review"Solid State Polymerization provides a solid overview over the entire field of industrial condensation polymers particularly polyamides and polyesters, and researchers and engineers will find relevant knowledge to develop polmerization reactors and design pertinent plants in the solid state." (Plastics Engineering, 15 November 2010). "Each and every chapter is critically reviewed and gathered most important and useful literature on this technique. ... A very useful resource." (Macromolecular Chemistry and Psychics, January 2010)Table of ContentsContributors. Preface. 1 Fundamentals of Solid State Polymerization (C. D. Papaspyrides and S. N. Vouyiouka). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Solid State Polymerization of Chain-Growth Polymers (Solid State Polyaddition). 1.3 Solid State Polymerization of Step-Growth Polymers (Solid State Polycondensation). 1.4 Solid State Polymerization Apparatus and Assemblies. 1.5 Solid State Applications in the Polymer Industry. 1.6 Conclusions. 2 Solid State Polymerization Chemistry and Mechanisms: Unequal Reactivity of End Groups (Haibing Zhang and Saleh A. Jabarin). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Special Characteristics of Solid State Polymerization. 2.3 Classical Kinetic Equations in Solid State Polymerization. 2.4 Model of Molecular Morphology and Chain-End Movement. 2.5 Reactivity of End Groups. 2.6 Why Intrinsic Viscosity Levels Off During Solid State Polymerization. 2.7 Solid State Polymerization Kinetics. 2.8 Conclusions. 3 Kinetic Aspects of Polyester Solid State Polymerization (F. Pilati and M. Toselli). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Phenomena Involved in Solid State Polymerization of Polyesters. 3.3 Modeling Solid State Polymerization of Polyesters. 3.4 Solid State Polymerization of Typical Polyesters. 3.5 Conclusions. 4 Kinetic Aspects of Polyamide Solid State Polymerization (S. N. Vouyiouka and C. D. Papaspyrides). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Simple Kinetic Models of Solid State Polyamidation. 4.3 Simulation of Solid State Polyamidation. 4.4 Simple SSP Kinetics: The Case of Poly(hexamethylene adipamide). 4.5 Conclusions. 5 Catalysis in Solid State Polymerization Processes (Rudolf Pfaendner). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Catalysts in Polyester Solid State Polymerization Processes. 5.3 Catalysts in Polyamide Solid State Polymerization Processes. 5.4 Reactive Additives in Solid State Polymerization Processes. 5.5 Inert Additives in Solid State Polymerization Processes. 5.6 Conclusions. 6 High-Pressure Solid State Polymerization of Polyamide Monomer Crystals (Tokimitsu Ikawa). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 High-Pressure Solid State Polymerization. 6.2.1 Crystals and Characteristics of Monomers. 6.3 Polymerizability and Structure Formation. 6.4 Conclusions. 7 Fundamental Process Modeling and Product Design for the Solid State Polymerization of Polyamide 6 and Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (Kevin C. Seavey and Y. A. Liu). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Solid State Polymerization Modeling Guide. 7.3 Fundamentals of Solid State Polymerization Reactors. 7.4 Numerical Solution. 7.5 Example Simulation and Application. 7.6 Modifications to Account for Crystallization. 7.7 Conclusions. 8 Recent Developments in Solid State Polymerization of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (S. A. Wadekar, U. S. Agarwal, W. H. Boon, and V. M. Nadkarni). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Conventional Solid State Polymerization Processes. 8.3 New Solid State Polymerization Processes. 8.4 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Flake Recycling Using Solid State Polymerization. 8.5 Particle Formation Technologies. 8.6 Alternatives to Solid State Polymerization. 8.7 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) for Fluid Packaging Applications. 8.8 Conclusions. Abbreviations and Symbols. Index.

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Book SynopsisEnvironmentally Conscious Materials Handling provides a foundation for understanding and implementing methods for reducing the environmental impact of all forms of handling packaged goods, as well as raw, hazardous, and toxic materials. Contributors present relevant practical and analytic techniques to ensure reliable materials handling.Table of ContentsContributors. Preface. Chapter 1: Materials Handling System Design (Sunderesh S. Heragu). Chapter 2: Ergonomics of Manual Materials Handling (James L. Smith, Jeffrey C. Wolstad, and Patrick Patterson). Chapter 3: Intelligent Control of Material Handling (Kasper Hallenborg). Chapter 4: Accommodating Environmental Concerns in Supply Chain Organization (Maria E. Mayorga and Ravi Subramanian). Chapter 5. Municipal Solid Waste Management and Disposal (Shoou-Yuh Chang). Chapter 6: Hazardous Waste Treatment (Mujde Erten-Unal). Chapter 7: Sanitary Landfill Operations (Berrin Tansel). Chapter 8: Transportation of Radioactive Materials (Audeen Waters Fentiman). Chapter 9: Pipe System Hydraulics (Blake Tullis). Index.

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Book Synopsis* In-depth look created by the unique perspective of the author, the leader in this field. * Serves as a comprehensive collection of current trends, thoughts and emerging hot aspects in the field of metal-fluorophore interactions and applications.Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. Mental-Enhanced Fluorescence: Progress Towards a Unified Plasmon-Fluorophore Description (Kadir Aslan and Chris D. Geddes). Spectral Profile Modifications In Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (E. C. Le Ru, J. Grand, N. Félidj, J. Aubard, G. Lévi, A. Hohenau, J. R. Krenn, E. Blackie and P. G. Etchegoin). The Role Of Plasmonic Engineering In Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (Daniel J. Ross, Nicholas P.W. Pieczonka and R. F. Aroca). Importance of Spectral Overlap: Fluorescence Enhancement by Single Metal Nanoparticles (Keiko Munechika, Yeechi Chen, Jessica M. Smith and.David S. Ginger). Near-IR Metal Enhanced Fluorescence And Controlled Colloidal Aggregation (Jon P. Anderson, Mark Griffiths, John G. Williams, Daniel L. Grone, Dave L. Steffens, and Lyle M. Middendorf). Optimisation Of Plasmonic Enhancement Of Fluorescence For Optical Biosensor Applications (Colette McDonagh, Ondrej Stranik, Robert Nooney and Brian D. MacCraith). Microwave-Accelerated Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (Kadir Aslan and Chris D. Geddes). Localized Surface Plasmon Coupled Fluorescence Fiber Optic Based Biosensing (Chien Chou, Ja-An Annie Ho, Chii-Chang Chen, Ming-Yaw, Wei-Chih Liu, Ying-Feng Chang, Chen Fu, Si-Han Chen and Ting-Yang Kuo). Surface Plasmon Enhanced Photochemistry (Stephen K. Gray). Metal-Enhanced Generation of Oxygen Rich Species (Yongxia Zhang, Kadir Aslan and Chris D. Geddes). Synthesis Of Anisotropic Noble Metal Nanoparticles (Damian Aherne, Deirdre M. Ledwith and John M. Kelly). Enhanced Fluorescence Detection Enabled By Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials (Jong-in Hahm). ZnO Platforms For Enhanced Directional Fluorescence Applications (H.C. Ong, D.Y. Lei, J. Li and J.B. Xu). E-Beam Lithography And Spontaneous Galvanic Displacement Reactions For Spatially Controlled MEF Applications (Luigi Martiradonna, S. Shiv Shankar and Pier Paolo Pompa). Metal-Enhanced Chemiluminescence (Yongxia Zhang, Kadir Aslan and Chris D. Geddes). Enhanced Fluorescence From Gratings (Chii-Wann Lin, Nan-Fu Chiu, Jiun-Haw Lee and Chih-Kung Lee). Enhancing Fluorescence with Sub-Wavelength Metallic Apertures (Steve Blair and Jérôme Wenger). Enhanced Multi-Photon Excitation of Tryptophan-Silver Colloid (Renato E. de Araujo, Diego Rativa and Anderson S. L. Gomes). Plasmon-enhanced radiative rates and applications to organic electronics (Lewis Rothberg and Shanlin Pan). Fluorescent Quenching Gold Nanoparticles: Potential Biomedical Applications (Xiaohua Huang, Ivan H. El-Sayed, and Mostafa A. El-Sayed). Index.

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Book SynopsisThe proposed book will offer comprehensive and versatile methodologies and recommendations on how to determine dynamic characteristics of typical micro- and opto-electronic structural elements (printed circuit boards, solder joints, heavy devices, etc.Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. 1 Some Major Structural Dynamics-Related Failure Modes and Mechanisms in Micro- and Opto-Electronic Systems and Dynamic Stability of These Systems (David S. Steinberg). 2 Linear Response to Shocks and Vibrations (Ephraim Suhir). 3 Linear and Nonlinear Vibrations Caused by Periodic Impulses (Ephraim Suhir). 4 Random Vibrations of Structural Elements in Electronic and Photonic Systems (Ephraim Suhir). 5 Natural Frequencies and Failure Mechanisms of Electronic and Photonic Structures Subjected to Sinusoidal or Random Vibrations (David S. Steinberg). 6 Drop/Impact of Typical Portable Electronic Devices: Experimentation and Modeling (T. X. Yu and C. Y. Zhou). 7 Shock Test Methods and Test Standards for Portable Electronic Devices (C. Y. Zhou, T. X. Yu, S. W. Ricky Lee, and Ephraim Suhir). 8 Dynamic Response of Solder Joint Interconnections to Vibration and Shock (David S. Steinberg). 9 Test Equipment, Test Methods, Test Fixtures, and Test Sensors for Evaluating Electronic Equipment (David S. Steinberg). 10 Correlation between Package-Level High-Speed Solder Ball Shear/Pull and Board-Level Mechanical Drop Tests with Brittle Fracture Failure Mode, Strength, and Energy (Fubin Song, S. W. Ricky Lee, Keith Newman, Bob Sykes, and Stephen Clark). 11 Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Studies of Lead-Free Solders in Electronic Packaging (V. B. C. Tan, K. C. Ong, C. T. Lim, and J. E. Field). 12 Fatigue Damage Evaluation for Microelectronic Components Subjected to Vibration (T. E. Wong). 13 Vibration Considerations for Sensitive Research and Production Facilities (E. E. Ungar, H. Amick, and J. A. Zapfe). 14 Applications of Finite Element Analysis: Attributes and Challenges (Metin Ozen). 15 Shock Simulation of Drop Test of Hard Disk Drives (D. W. Shu, B. J. Shi, and J. Luo). 16 Shock Protection of Portable Electronic Devices Using a “Cushion” of an Array of Wires (AOW) (Ephraim Suhir). 17 Board-Level Reliability of Lead-Free Solder under Mechanical Shock and Vibration Loads (Toni T. Matilla, Pekka Marjamaki, and Jorma Kivilahti). 18 Dynamic Response of PCB Structures to Shock Loading in Reliability Tests (Milena Vujosevic and Ephraim Suhir). 19 Linear Response of Single-Degree-of-Freedom System to Impact Load: Could Shock Tests Adequately Mimic Drop Test Conditions? (Ephraim Suhir). 20 Shock Isolation of Micromachined Device for High-g Applications (Sang-Hee Yoon, Jin-Eep Roh, and Ki Lyug Kim). 21 Reliability Assessment of Microelectronics Packages Using Dynamic Testing Methods (X. Q. Shi, G. Y. Li, and Q. J. Yang). 22 Thermal Cycle and Vibration/Drop Reliability of Area Array Package Assemblies (Reza Ghaffarian). 23 Could an Impact Load of Finite Duration Be Substituted with an Instantaneous Impulse? (Ephraim Suhir and Luciano Arruda). Index.

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Book SynopsisBatch processing is used extensively in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, coatings, and electronic materials industries, where new jobs are being created.Trade Review“This book gives a real world explanation of how to analyze and troubleshoot a process control system in a batch process plant.” (Heat Processing, 1 March 2014)Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1. Categories of Processes 3 1.2. The Industry 5 1.3. The Ultimate Batch Process: The Kitchen in Your Home 13 1.4. Categories of Batch Processes 14 1.5. Automation Functions Required for Batch 18 1.6. Automation Equipment 26 Reference 30 2 Measurement Considerations 31 2.1. Temperature Measurement 32 2.2. Pressure Measurement 39 2.3. Weight and Level 47 2.4. Flow Measurements 61 2.5. Loss-in-Weight Application 67 References 72 3 Continuous Control Issues 73 3.1. Loops That Operate Intermittently 74 3.2. Emptying a Vessel 80 3.3. Terminating a Co-Feed 85 3.4. Adjusting Ratio Targets 89 3.5. Attaining Temperature Target for the Heel 97 3.6. Characterization Functions in Batch Applications 100 3.7. Scheduled Tuning in Batch Applications 101 3.8. Edge of the Envelope 104 3.9. No Flow Through Control Valve 107 3.10. No Pressure Drop across Control Valve 111 3.11. Attempting to Operate above a Process-Imposed Maximum 115 3.12. Attempting to Operate Below a Process-Imposed Minimum 121 3.13. Jacket Switching 124 3.14. Smooth Transitions between Heating and One Cooling Mode 129 3.15. Smooth Transitions between Two Cooling Modes 140 References 148 4 Discrete Devices 149 4.1. Discrete Inputs 149 4.2. Discrete Outputs 157 4.3. State Feedbacks 167 4.4. Associated Functions 176 4.5. Beyond Two-State Final Control Elements 182 5 Material Transfers 185 5.1. Multiple-Source, Single-Destination Material Transfer System 186 5.2. Single-Source, Multiple-Destination Material Transfer System 189 5.3. Multiple-Source, Multiple-Destination Material Transfer System 191 5.4. Validating a Material Transfer 194 5.5. Dribble Flow 197 5.6. Simultaneous Material Transfers 202 5.7. Drums 203 6 Structured Logic for Batch 205 6.1. Structured Programming 207 6.2. Product Recipes and Product Batches 212 6.3. Formula 215 6.4. Operations 216 6.5. Phases 220 6.6. Actions 223 References 226 7 Batch Unit or Process Unit 227 7.1. Defining a Batch Unit 228 7.2. Supporting Equipment 232 7.3. Step Programmer 237 7.4. Failure Considerations 241 7.5. Coordination 254 7.6. Shared Equipment: Exclusive Use 257 7.7. Shared Equipment: Limited Capacity 261 7.8. Identical Batch Units 262 8 Sequence Logic 265 8.1. Features Provided by Sequence Logic 265 8.2. Failure Monitoring and Response 267 8.3. Relay Ladder Diagrams 273 8.4. Procedural Languages 276 8.5. Special Languages 278 8.6. State Machine 280 8.7. Grafcet/Sequential Function Charts (SFCs) 283 9 Batches and Recipes 290 9.1. Organization of Recipes 291 9.2. Corporate Recipes 294 9.3. Executing Product Batches Simultaneously 299 9.4. Managing Product Batches 302 9.5. Executing Operations 305 9.6. Batch History Data 309 9.7. Performance Parameters 313 Index 319

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Book SynopsisA thorough understanding of rigid body dynamics as it relates to modern mechanical and aerospace systems requires engineers to be well versed in a variety of disciplines. This book offers an all-encompassing view by interconnecting a multitude of key areas in the study of rigid body dynamics, including classical mechanics, spacecraft dynamics, and multibody dynamics. In a clear, straightforward style ideal for learners at any level,Advanced Dynamicsbuilds a solid fundamental base by first providing an in-depth review of kinematics and basic dynamics before ultimately moving forward to tackle advanced subject areas such as rigid body and Lagrangian dynamics. In addition, Advanced Dynamics: Is the only book that bridges the gap between rigid body, multibody, and spacecraft dynamics for graduate students and specialists in mechanical and aerospace engineering Contains coverage of special applications that highlight the different aspects of dynamics and enhaTable of ContentsPreface xiii Part I Fundamentals 1 1 Fundamentals of Kinematics 3 1.1 Coordinate Frame and Position Vector 3 1.1.1 Triad 3 1.1.2 Coordinate Frame and Position Vector 4 1.1.3 Vector Definition 10 1.2 Vector Algebra 12 1.2.1 Vector Addition 12 1.2.2 Vector Multiplication 17 1.2.3 Index Notation 26 1.3 Orthogonal Coordinate Frames 31 1.3.1 Orthogonality Condition 31 1.3.2 Unit Vector 34 1.3.3 Direction of Unit Vectors 36 1.4 Differential Geometry 37 1.4.1 Space Curve 38 1.4.2 Surface and Plane 43 1.5 Motion Path Kinematics 46 1.5.1 Vector Function and Derivative 46 1.5.2 Velocity and Acceleration 51 1.5.3 Natural Coordinate Frame 54 1.6 Fields 77 1.6.1 Surface and Orthogonal Mesh 78 1.6.2 Scalar Field and Derivative 85 1.6.3 Vector Field and Derivative 92 Key Symbols 100 Exercises 103 2 Fundamentals of Dynamics 114 2.1 Laws of Motion 114 2.2 Equation of Motion 119 2.2.1 Force and Moment 120 2.2.2 Motion Equation 125 2.3 Special Solutions 131 2.3.1 Force Is a Function of Time, F = F (t) 132 2.3.2 Force Is a Function of Position, F = F(x) 141 2.3.3 Elliptic Functions 148 2.3.4 Force Is a Function of Velocity, F = F (v) 156 2.4 Spatial and Temporal Integrals 165 2.4.1 Spatial Integral: Work and Energy 165 2.4.2 Temporal Integral: Impulse and Momentum 176 2.5 Application of Dynamics 188 2.5.1 Modeling 189 2.5.2 Equations of Motion 197 2.5.3 Dynamic Behavior and Methods of Solution 200 2.5.4 Parameter Adjustment 220 Key Symbols 223 Exercises 226 Part II Geometric Kinematics 241 3 Coordinate Systems 243 3.1 Cartesian Coordinate System 243 3.2 Cylindrical Coordinate System 250 3.3 Spherical Coordinate System 263 3.4 Nonorthogonal Coordinate Frames 269 3.4.1 Reciprocal Base Vectors 269 3.4.2 Reciprocal Coordinate Frame 278 3.4.3 Inner and Outer Vector Product 285 3.4.4 Kinematics in Oblique Coordinate Frames 298 3.5 Curvilinear Coordinate System 300 3.5.1 Principal and Reciprocal Base Vectors 301 3.5.2 Principal–Reciprocal Transformation 311 3.5.3 Curvilinear Geometry 320 3.5.4 Curvilinear Kinematics 325 3.5.5 Kinematics in Curvilinear Coordinates 335 Key Symbols 346 Exercises 347 4 Rotation Kinematics 357 4.1 Rotation About Global Cartesian Axes 357 4.2 Successive Rotations About Global Axes 363 4.3 Global Roll–Pitch–Yaw Angles 370 4.4 Rotation About Local Cartesian Axes 373 4.5 Successive Rotations About Local Axes 376 4.6 Euler Angles 379 4.7 Local Roll–Pitch–Yaw Angles 391 4.8 Local versus Global Rotation 395 4.9 General Rotation 397 4.10 Active and Passive Rotations 409 4.11 Rotation of Rotated Body 411 Key Symbols 415 Exercises 416 5 Orientation Kinematics 422 5.1 Axis–Angle Rotation 422 5.2 Euler Parameters 438 5.3 Quaternion 449 5.4 Spinors and Rotators 457 5.5 Problems in Representing Rotations 459 5.5.1 Rotation Matrix 460 5.5.2 Axis–Angle 461 5.5.3 Euler Angles 462 5.5.4 Quaternion and Euler Parameters 463 5.6 Composition and Decomposition of Rotations 465 5.6.1 Composition of Rotations 466 5.6.2 Decomposition of Rotations 468 Key Symbols 470 Exercises 471 6 Motion Kinematics 477 6.1 Rigid-Body Motion 477 6.2 Homogeneous Transformation 481 6.3 Inverse and Reverse Homogeneous Transformation 494 6.4 Compound Homogeneous Transformation 500 6.5 Screw Motion 517 6.6 Inverse Screw 529 6.7 Compound Screw Transformation 531 6.8 Plücker Line Coordinate 534 6.9 Geometry of Plane and Line 540 6.9.1 Moment 540 6.9.2 Angle and Distance 541 6.9.3 Plane and Line 541 6.10 Screw and Plücker Coordinate 545 Key Symbols 547 Exercises 548 7 Multibody Kinematics 555 7.1 Multibody Connection 555 7.2 Denavit–Hartenberg Rule 563 7.3 Forward Kinematics 584 7.4 Assembling Kinematics 615 7.5 Order-Free Rotation 628 7.6 Order-Free Transformation 635 7.7 Forward Kinematics by Screw 643 7.8 Caster Theory in Vehicles 649 7.9 Inverse Kinematics 662 Key Symbols 684 Exercises 686 Part III Derivative Kinematics 693 8 Velocity Kinematics 695 8.1 Angular Velocity 695 8.2 Time Derivative and Coordinate Frames 718 8.3 Multibody Velocity 727 8.4 Velocity Transformation Matrix 739 8.5 Derivative of a Homogeneous Transformation Matrix 748 8.6 Multibody Velocity 754 8.7 Forward-Velocity Kinematics 757 8.8 Jacobian-Generating Vector 765 8.9 Inverse-Velocity Kinematics 778 Key Symbols 782 Exercises 783 9 Acceleration Kinematics 788 9.1 Angular Acceleration 788 9.2 Second Derivative and Coordinate Frames 810 9.3 Multibody Acceleration 823 9.4 Particle Acceleration 830 9.5 Mixed Double Derivative 858 9.6 Acceleration Transformation Matrix 864 9.7 Forward-Acceleration Kinematics 872 9.8 Inverse-Acceleration Kinematics 874 Key Symbols 877 Exercises 878 10 Constraints 887 10.1 Homogeneity and Isotropy 887 10.2 Describing Space 890 10.2.1 Configuration Space 890 10.2.2 Event Space 896 10.2.3 State Space 900 10.2.4 State–Time Space 908 10.2.5 Kinematic Spaces 910 10.3 Holonomic Constraint 913 10.4 Generalized Coordinate 923 10.5 Constraint Force 932 10.6 Virtual and Actual Works 935 10.7 Nonholonomic Constraint 952 10.7.1 Nonintegrable Constraint 952 10.7.2 Inequality Constraint 962 10.8 Differential Constraint 966 10.9 Generalized Mechanics 970 10.10 Integral of Motion 976 10.11 Methods of Dynamics 996 10.11.1 Lagrange Method 996 10.11.2 Gauss Method 999 10.11.3 Hamilton Method 1002 10.11.4 Gibbs–Appell Method 1009 10.11.5 Kane Method 1013 10.11.6 Nielsen Method 1017 Key Symbols 1021 Exercises 1024 Part IV Dynamics 1031 11 Rigid Body and Mass Moment 1033 11.1 Rigid Body 1033 11.2 Elements of the Mass Moment Matrix 1035 11.3 Transformation of Mass Moment Matrix 1044 11.4 Principal Mass Moments 1058 Key Symbols 1065 Exercises 1066 12 Rigid-Body Dynamics 1072 12.1 Rigid-Body Rotational Cartesian Dynamics 1072 12.2 Rigid-Body Rotational Eulerian Dynamics 1096 12.3 Rigid-Body Translational Dynamics 1101 12.4 Classical Problems of Rigid Bodies 1112 12.4.1 Torque-Free Motion 1112 12.4.2 Spherical Torque-Free Rigid Body 1115 12.4.3 Axisymmetric Torque-Free Rigid Body 1116 12.4.4 Asymmetric Torque-Free Rigid Body 1128 12.4.5 General Motion 1141 12.5 Multibody Dynamics 1157 12.6 Recursive Multibody Dynamics 1170 Key Symbols 1177 Exercises 1179 13 Lagrange Dynamics 1189 13.1 Lagrange Form of Newton Equations 1189 13.2 Lagrange Equation and Potential Force 1203 13.3 Variational Dynamics 1215 13.4 Hamilton Principle 1228 13.5 Lagrange Equation and Constraints 1232 13.6 Conservation Laws 1240 13.6.1 Conservation of Energy 1241 13.6.2 Conservation of Momentum 1243 13.7 Generalized Coordinate System 1244 13.8 Multibody Lagrangian Dynamics 1251 Key Symbols 1262 Exercises 1264 References 1280 A Global Frame Triple Rotation 1287 B Local Frame Triple Rotation 1289 C Principal Central Screw Triple Combination 1291 D Industrial Link DH Matrices 1293 E Trigonometric Formula 1300 Index 1305

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Book SynopsisAs with the first two editions, this book covers most aspects of the research, development, and innovation process. Adding two more chapters to an already impressive volume, this new Third Edition expands on challenging issues related to diversity in science and technology organizations, along with insight on how diversity enhance creativity.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 R&D Organizations and Research Categories 1 1.1 How Information can be Used 2 1.2 A Perspective on R&D Management 5 1.3 What is Research and Development? 6 1.4 Research Categories 8 1.5 What to Research 10 1.6 Emphasis on Basic Versus Applied Research 16 1.7 What is Unique About Managing R&D Organizations? 17 1.8 Summary 19 1.9 Questions for Class Discussion 19 2 Elements Needed for an R&D Organization 20 2.1 People 20 2.2 Specialization 22 2.3 Staffing 23 2.4 Ideas 24 2.5 Defects in Human Information Processing 28 2.6 Fads in Science 30 2.7 Communication Networks 31 2.8 The Innovation Process 34 2.9 Funds 34 2.10 A Culture for R&D Organizations 36 2.11 Not-Invented-Here Syndrome 38 2.12 Fit of Person and Job 40 2.13 Creative Tensions: Managing Antithesis and Ambiguity 41 2.14 Develop a Climate of Participation 44 2.15 Summary 45 2.16 Questions for Class Discussion 46 3 Creating a Productive and Effective R&D Organization 47 3.1 Organization Effectiveness 47 3.2 Who are the Inventors and Innovators? 52 3.3 Odd Characteristics of Inventors and Innovators 58 3.4 Researcher’s Relationship with Management and Peers 59 3.5 Formation of Teams 60 3.6 Generating New Ideas 64 3.7 Emphases on Aspects of Organizational Culture 68 3.8 Ethos of A Scientific Community 69 3.9 Summary 71 3.10 Questions for Class Discussion 71 4 Job Design and Organizational Effectiveness 72 4.1 Job Attributes 73 4.2 Physical Location and Communication 74 4.3 Career Paths 76 4.4 Dual and Triple Hierarchies 78 4.5 Centralization and Decentralization 80 4.6 Keeping the Researcher at the Innovation Stage 81 4.7 Job Design and Conflict 83 4.8 Summary 86 4.9 Questions for Class Discussion 87 5 Influencing People 88 5.1 Attitude Attitude Change 89 5.2 Findings from Attitude Research 90 5.3 Behavioral Science Division Case 92 5.4 Case Analysis 94 5.5 Communication Alternatives and Outcomes 95 5.6 Summary 101 5.7 Questions for Class Discussion 102 6 Motivation in R&D Organizations 103 6.1 A Model of Human Behavior 104 6.2 Changing the Reward System to Support Technical Careers 112 6.3 Structuring the Organization for Optimal Communication 113 6.4 Rewards and Motivation 114 6.5 Reward System Discussion 116 6.6 Sense of Control and Community 119 6.7 A Federal R&D Laboratory Case 121 6.8 Summary 122 6.9 Questions for Class Discussion 122 7 Dealing with Diversity in R&D Organizations 123 7.1 Assimilation and Multiculturalism 124 7.2 Understanding Culture 126 7.3 Cultural Differences 128 7.4 What Happens When People from Different Cultures Work Together? 129 7.5 Cultural Distance 130 7.6 Cultural Intelligence and Related Concepts 130 7.7 A Model for Diversity in Groups 132 7.8 The Status of Minorities in Work Groups 135 7.9 Dealing with People from Different Disciplines, Organizational Levels and Functions 136 7.10 Intercultural Training 136 7.11 Summary 139 7.12 Questions for Class Discussion 139 8 Leadership in R&D Organizations 140 8.1 Identifying Your Leadership Style 142 8.2 Theories of Leadership and Leadership Styles 151 8.3 Leadership in R&D Organizations 154 8.4 R&D Leadership: A Process of Mutual Influence 157 8.5 A Leadership-Style Case 158 8.6 Leadership in a Creative Research Environment 160 8.7 Summary 161 8.8 Questions for Class Discussion 163 9 Managing Conflict in R&D Organizations 164 9.1 Conflict Within Individuals 164 9.2 Conflict Between Individuals 169 9.3 Conflict Between Groups 171 9.4 Intercultural Conflict 177 9.5 Personal Styles of Conflict Resolution 179 9.6 Unique Issues of Conflict in R&D Organizations 181 9.7 Ethics 183 9.8 Summary 183 9.9 Questions for Class Discussion 184 10 Performance Appraisal—Employee Contribution—In R&D Organizations 185 10.1 Some Negative Connotations of Performance Appraisal 185 10.2 Difficulties with Employee Appraisal 187 10.3 Performance Appraisal and the Management System 189 10.4 Performance Appraisal and Organizational Stages 190 10.5 Performance Appraisal and Organization Productivity 190 10.6 Goals of Engineers Versus Scientists 191 10.7 Performance Appraisal and Monetary Rewards 192 10.8 Performance Appraisal in Practice 194 10.9 A University Department Case 195 10.10 Implementation Strategy with Emphasis on Employee Contribution 196 10.11 Summary 203 10.12 Questions for Class Discussion 203 10.13 Appendix: Argonne National Laboratory Performance Review Information 204 11 Technology Transfer 213 11.1 Technology Transfer Hypotheses 214 11.2 Stages of Technology Transfer 214 11.3 Approaches and Factors Affecting Technology Transfer 216 11.4 Role of the User 218 11.5 Characteristics of Innovation and its Diffusion 220 11.6 Role of People 222 11.7 Boundary Spanning 223 11.8 Organizational Issues in Technology Transfer 226 11.9 The Agricultural Extension Model 227 11.10 NASA Technology Transfer Programs 228 11.11 IBM Technology Transfer Cases 229 11.12 Technology Transfer Strategy 231 11.13 Summary 236 11.14 Questions for Class Discussion 237 12 Models for Implementing Incremental and Radical Innovation 238 12.1 Defining Innovation 239 12.2 Strategic Choices in Technological Innovation 242 12.3 Making Technological Innovation Operational 244 12.4 The Market Marketers, and Market Research in Technological Innovation 249 12.5 Leading Innovative Organizations 253 12.6 Summary 254 12.7 Questions for Class Discussion 256 13 Organizational Change in R&D Settings 257 13.1 Why Organizational Change? 258 13.2 Steps in Organizational Change 259 13.3 Problems and Action Steps 259 13.4 Individual Change 262 13.5 Group Change: Team Building 264 13.6 Organizational Change 267 13.7 Evaluating Organizational Change 268 13.8 Case Study in Organizational Change 270 13.9 Summary 273 13.10 Questions for Class Discussion 273 14 Managing the Network of Technological Innovation 274 14.1 Overall Trends Within and Between Sectors 274 14.2 Trends in Research, Development, and Innovation in the Commercial Realm 276 14.3 Trends in Research, Development, and Innovation in the Federal Government 279 14.4 Trends in Research, Development, and Innovation in Universities 286 14.5 Open Innovation, Regional Economic Development, and the Global Innovation Network 290 14.6 Summary 294 14.7 Questions For Class Discussion 295 15 Universities and Basic Research 296 15.1 Basis for University Research Activities 297 15.2 Federal Support of University Research: An Entitlement or a Means to Achieve National Goals? 298 15.3 Basic Research: Who Needs It? 301 15.4 University–Industry Linkage 309 15.5 Rethinking Investment in Basic Research 311 15.6 Summary and Concluding Comments 312 15.7 Questions for Class Discussion 313 16 R&D Organizations and Strategy 315 16.1 What is Strategy? 316 16.2 Strategy Levels and Perspectives 319 16.3 Strategy Formulation and Implementation 319 16.4 Strategy Evaluation 321 16.5 Strategy and Innovation 322 16.6 Technology and Strategy 324 16.7 Applying a Strategy Process 325 16.8 Summary 330 16.9 Questions for Class Discussion 330 17 Research Development and Science Policy 331 17.1 Relationship Between Science and Technology 334 17.2 Technical Innovation and Economic Development 336 17.3 Analysis of Investment in Basic Research 339 17.4 R&D Expenditure 340 17.5 R&D Productivity 347 17.6 Global Perspectives on Innovation 352 17.7 R&D Expenditure and Science Policy 357 17.8 Summary 362 17.9 Questions for Class Discussion 363 References 364 Author Index 383 Subject Index 387

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Book SynopsisTaking a failure prevention perspective, this book provides engineers with a balance between analysis and design. Photos or images are included next to descriptions of the types and uses of common materials. The book has been updated with the most comprehensive coverage of possible failure modes and how to design with each in mind.Table of ContentsPart One: Engineering Principles. Chapter 1: Keystones of Design: Materials Selection and Geometry Determination. 1.1 Some Background Philosophy. 1.2 The Product Design Team. 1.3 Function and Form; Aesthetics and Ergonomics. 1.4 Concepts and Definition of Mechanical Design. 1.5 Design Safety Factor. 1.6 Stages of Design. 1.7 Steps in the Design Process. 1.8 Fail Safe and Safe Life Design Concepts. 1.9 The Virtues of Simplicity. 1.10 Lessons Learned Strategy. 1.11 Machine Elements, Subassemblies, and the Whole Machine. 1.12 The Role of Codes and standards in the Design Process. 1.13 Ethics in Engineering Design. 1.14 Units. Chapter 2: The Failure Perspective. 2.1 Role of Failure Prevention Analysis in Mechanical Design. 2.2 Failure Criteria. 2.3 Modes of Mechanical Failure. 2.4 Elastic Deformation, Yielding, and Ductile Rupture. 2.5 Elastic Instability and Buckling. 2.6 Shock and Impact. 2.7 Creep and Stress Rupture. 2.8 Wear and Corrosion. 2.9 Fretting, Fretting Fatigue, and Fretting Wear. 2.10 Failure Data and the Design Task. 2.11 Failure Assessment and Retrospective Design. 2.12 The Role of Safety Factors: Reliability Concepts. 2.13. Selection and Use of a Design Safety Factor. 2.14 Determination of Existing Safety Factors in a Completed Design: A Conceptual Constrast. 2.15 Reliability: Concepts, Definitions, and Data. 2.16 The Dilemma of Reliability Specification versus Design Safety Factor. Chapter 3: Materials Selection. 3.1 Steps in Materials Selection. 3.2 Analyzing Requirements of the Application. 3.3 Assembling Lists of Responsive Materials. 3.4 Matching Responsive Materials to Application Requirements; Rank-Ordered-Data Table Method. 3.5 Matching Responsive Materials to Application Requirements; Ashby chart Method. Chapter 4: Response of Machine Elements to Loads and Environments; Stress, Stain, and Energy Parameters. 4.1 Loads and Geometry. 4.2 Equilibrium Concepts and Free-Body Diagrams. 4.3 Force Analysis. 4.4 Stress Analysis; Common Stress Patterns for Common Types of Loading. 4.5 Deflection Analysis Common Types of Loading. 4.6 Stresses Caused by Curved Surfaces in Contact. 4.7 Load Sharing in Redundant Assemblies and Structures. 4.8 Preloading Concepts. 4.9 Residual Stresses. 4.10 Environmental Effects. Chapter 5: Failure Theories. 5.1 Preliminary Discussions. 5.2 Multiaxial States of Stress and Stain. 5.3 Stress Concentration. 5.4 Combined Stress Theories of Failure. 5.5 Brittle Facture and Crack Propagation; Linear Elastic Facture Mechanics. 5.6 Fluctuating Loads, Cumulative Damage, and Fatigue Life. 5.7 Multiaxial States of Cyclic Stress and Multiaxial Fatigue Failure Theories. Chapter 6: Geometry Determination. 6.1 The Contrast in Objectives Between Analysis and Design. 6.2 Basic Principles and Guidelines for Creating Shape and Size. 6.3 Critical Sections and Critical Points. 6.4 Transforming Combined Stress Failure Theories into Combined Stress Design Equations. 6.5 Simplifying Assumptions: The Need and the Risk. 6.6 Iteration Revisited. 6.7 Fits, Tolerances, and Finishes. Chapter 7: Design-Stage Integration of Manufacturing and Maintenance Requirements. 7.1 Concurrent Engineering. 7.2 Design for Function, Performances, and Reliability. 7.3 Selection of the Manufacturing Process. 7.4 Design for Manufacturing (DFM). 7.5 Design for Assembly (DFA). 7.6 Design for Critical Point Accessibility, Inspectability, Disassembly, Maintenance, and Recycling. Part Two: Design Applications. Chapter 8:Power Transmission Shafting; Couplings, Keys, and Splines. 8.1 Uses and Characteristics of Shafting. 8.2 Potential Failure Modes. 8.3 Shaft Materials. 8.4 Design Equations-Strength Based. 8.5 Design Equations-Deflection Based. 8.6 Shaft Vibration and Critical Speed. 8.7 Summary of Suggested Shaft Design Procedure; General Guidelines for Shaft Design. 8.8 Couplings, Keys, and Splines. Chapter 9: Pressurized Cylinders; Interference Fits. 9.1 Uses and Characteristics of Pressurized Cylinders. 9.2 Interference Fit Applications. 9.3 Potential Failure Modes. 9.4 Materials for Pressure Vessels. 9.5 Principles from Elasticity Theory. 9.6 Thin-Walled Cylinders. 9.7 Thick-Walled Cylinders. 9.8 Interference Fits: Pressure and Stress. 9.9 Design for Proper Interference. Chapter 10: Plain Bearings and Lubrication. 10.1 Types of Bearings. 10.2 Uses and Characteristics of Plain Bearings. 10.3 Potential Failure Modes. 10.4 Plain Bearing Materials. 10.5 Lubrication Concepts. 10.6 Boundary-Lubricated Bearing Design. 10.7 Hydrodynamic Bearing Design. 10.8 Hydrostatic Bearing Design. Chapter 11: Rolling Element Bearings. 11.1 Uses and Characteristics of Rolling Element Bearings. 11.2 Types of Rolling Element Bearings. 11.3 Potential Failure Modes. 11.4 Bearing Materials. 11.5 Bearing Selection. 11.6 Preloading and Bearing Stiffness. 11.7 Bearing Mounting and Enclosure. Chapter 12: Power Screw Assemblies. 12.1 Uses and Characteristics of Power Screws. 12.2 Potential Failure Modes. 12.3 Materials. 12.4 Power Screw Torque and Efficiency. 12.5 Suggested Power Screw Design Procedure. 12.6 Critical Points and Thread Stresses. Chapter 13: Machine Joints and Fastening Methods. 13.1 Uses and Characteristics of Joints in Machine Assemblies. 13.2 Selection of Joint Type and Fastening Method. 13.3 Potential Failure Modes. 13.4 Threaded Fasteners. 13. 5 Rivets. 13.6 Welds. 13.7 Adhesive Bonding. Chapter 14: Springs. 14.1 Uses and Characteristics of Springs. 14.2 Types of Springs. 14.3 Potential Failure Modes. 14.5 Axially Loaded Helical-Coil Springs; Stress, Deflection, and Spring Rate. 14.6 Summary of Suggested Helical-Coil Spring Design Procedure, and General Guidelines for Spring Design. 14.7 Beam Springs (Leaf Springs). 14.8 Summary of Suggested Leaf Spring Design Procedure. 14.9 Torsion Bars and Other Torsion Springs. 14.10 Belleville (Coned-Disk) Springs. 14.11 Energy Storage in Springs. Chapter 15: Gears and Systems of Gears. 15.1 Uses and Characteristics of Gears. 15.2 Types of Gears; Factors in Selection. 15.3 Gear Trains; Reduction Ratios. 15.4 Potential failure Modes. 15.5 Gear Materials. 15.6 Spur Gears; Tooth Profile and Mesh Geometry. 15.7 Gear Manufacturing; Methods, Quality, and Cost. 15.8 Spur Gears; Force Analysis. 15.9 Spur Gears; Stress Analysis and Design. 15.10 Lubrication and Heat Dissipation. 15.11 Spur Gears; Summary of Suggested Design Procedure. 15.12 Helical Gears; Nomenclature, Tooth Geometry, and Mesh Interaction. 15.13 Helical Gears; Force Analysis. 15.14 Helical Gears; Stress Analysis and Design. 15.15 Helical Gears; Summary of Suggested Design Procedure. 15.16 Bevel Gears; Nomenclature, Tooth Geometry, and Mesh Interaction. 15.17 Bevel Gears; Force Analysis. 15.18 Bevel Gears; Stress Analysis and Design. 15.19 Bevel Gears; Summary of Suggested Design Procedure. 15.20 Worm Gears and Worms; Nomenclature, Tooth Geometry, and Mesh Interaction. 15.21 Worm Gears and Worms; Force Analysis and Efficiency. 15.22 Worm Gears and Worms; Stress Analysis and Design. 15.23 Worm Gears and Worms; Suggested Design Procedure. Chapter 16: Brakes and Clutches. 16.1 Uses and Characteristics of Brakes and Clutches. 16.2 Types of Brakes and Clutches. 16.3 Potential Failure Modes. 16.4 Brake and Clutch Materials. 16.5 Basic Concepts for Design of Brakes and Clutches. 16.6 Rim (Drum) Brakes with Short Shoes. 16.7 Rim (Drum) Brakes with Long Shoes. 16.8 Band Brakes. 16.9 Disk Brakes and Clutches. 16.10 Cone Clutches and Brakes. Chapter 17: Belts, Chains, Wire Rope, and Flexible Shafts. 17.1 Uses and Characteristics of Flexible Power Transmission Elements. 17.2 Belt Drives; Potential Failure Modes. 17.3 Belts; Materials. 17.4 Belt Drives; Flat Belts. 17.5 Belt Drives: V-Belts. 17.6 Belt Drives; Synchronous Belts. 17.7 Chain Drives; Potential Failure Modes. 17.8 Chain Drives; Materials. 17.9 Chain Drives; Precision Roller Chain. 17.10 Roller Chain Drives; Suggested Selection Procedure. 17.11 Chain Drives; Inverted-Tooth Chain. 17.12. Wire Rope; Potential Failure Modes. 17.13 Wire Rope; Materials. 17.14 Wire Rope; Stresses and Strains. 17.15 Wire Rope; Suggested Selection Procedure. 17.16 Flexible Shafts. Chapter 18: Flywheels and High-Speed Rotors. 18.1 Uses and Characteristics of Flywheels. 18.2 Fluctuating Duty Cycles, Energy Management, and Flywheel inertia. 18.3 Types of Flywheels. 18.4 Potential Failure Modes. 18.5 Flywheel Materials. 18.6 Spoke-and-Rim Flywheels. 18.7 Disk Flywheels of Constant Thickness. 18.8 Disk Flywheels of Uniform Strength. 18.9 Uniform-Strength Disk Flywheel with a Rim. 18.10 Flywheels-to-Shaft Connections. Chapter 19: Cranks and Crankshafts. 19.1 Uses and Characteristics of Crankshafts. 19.2 Types of Crankshafts. 19.3 Potential Failure Modes. 19.4 Crankshaft Materials. 19.5 Summary of Suggested Crankshaft Design Procedure. Chapter 20: Completing the Machine. 20.1 Integrating the Components; Bases, Frames, and Housings. 20.2 Safety Issues; Guards, Devices, and Warnings. 20.3 Design Reviews; Releasing the Final Design. Appendix: NSPE Code of Ethics for Engineers. Table A-1 : Coefficients of Friction. Table A-2: Mass Moments of Inertia J and Radii of Gyration k for Selected Homogeneous Solid Bodies Rotating About Selected Axes, as Sketched. Table A-3: Section Properties of Selected W (Wide Flange) Shapes. Table A-4: Section Properties of Selected S (Standard 1) Shapes. Table A-5: Section Properties of Selected C (Channel) Shapes. Table A-6: Section Properties of Selected Equal-Leg L (Angle) Shapes. References. Photo Credits. Index.

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Book SynopsisA book to cover developments in corrosion inhibitors is long overdue. This has been addressed by Dr Sastri in a book which presents fundamental aspects of corrosion inhibition, historical developments and the industrial applications of inhibitors. The book deals with the electrochemical principles and chemical aspects of corrosion inhibition, such as stability of metal complexes, the Hammett equation, hard and soft acid and base principle, quantum chemical aspects and Hansch'' s model and also with the various surface analysis techniques, e.g. XPS, Auger, SIMS and Raman spectroscopy, that are used in industry for corrosion inhibition. The applications of corrosion inhibition are wide ranging. Examples given in this book include: oil and gas wells, petrochemical plants, steel reinforced cement, water cooling systems, and many more. The final chapters discuss economic and environmental considerations which are now of prime importance. The book is written for researchers in academia and iTrade Review“They contribute to a clear, lucid reading and understanding, making, this is a valuable text, for both professionals and students of engineering, science, chemistry and metallurgy. The book is enriched by an amazing number of references: 909; some of historical value, other illustrating fundamental aspects and current industrial practice.” (Materials and Corrosion, 1 November 2012) "It could be used as a tutorial and reference by professionals, or as a corrective supplemental text in a conventional graduate or undergraduate course on corrosion." (Book News, 1 October 2011) Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Introduction and Forms of Corrosion. 1.1 Definition. 1.2 Developments in Corrosion Science. 1.3 Development of Some Corrosion-Related Phenomena. 1.4 Economics of Corrosion. 1.5 Safety and Environmental Considerations. 1.6 Forms of Corrosion. 1.6.1 General Corrosion. 1.6.2 Galvanic Corrosion. 1.6.3 Crevice Corrosion. 1.6.4 Pitting Corrosion. 1.6.5 Dealloying or Selective Leaching. 1.6.6 Intergranular Corrosion. 1.6.7 Cavitation Damage. 1.6.8 Fretting Corrosion. 1.6.9 Corrosion Fatigue. 1.6.10 Stress-Corrosion Cracking. 1.7 Corrosion Inhibition. References. 2 Electrochemical Principles and Corrosion Monitoring. 2.1 Thermodynamic Basis. 2.2 Nature of Corrosion Reactions. 2.3 Standard Electrode Potentials. 2.4 Pourbaix Diagrams. 2.5 Dynamic Electrochemical Processes. 2.6 Monitoring Corrosion and Effectiveness of Corrosion Inhibitors. 2.6.1 Objectives of Corrosion Monitoring. 2.6.2 Corrosion Monitoring Probe Location. 2.6.3 Probe Type and its Selection. 2.6.4 Direct Intrusive Corrosion Monitoring Techniques. 2.6.4.1 Physical Techniques. 2.6.4.2 Electrical Resistance. 2.6.4.3 Inductive Resistance Probes (22). 2.6.4.4 Electrochemical Techniques. 2.6.4.5 Linear Polarization Resistance. 2.6.4.6 Zero-Resistance Ammetry. 2.6.4.7 Potentiodynamic–Galvanodynamic Polarization. 2.6.4.8 Electrochemical Noise. 2.6.4.9 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. 2.6.4.10 Harmonic Distortion Analysis. 2.6.5 Direct Nonintrusive Techniques. 2.6.5.1 Ultrasonics. 2.6.5.2 Magnetic Flux Leakage. 2.6.5.3 Eddy Current Technique. 2.6.5.4 Remote Field Eddy Current Technique. 2.6.5.5 Radiography. 2.6.5.6 Thin-Layer Activation and Gamma Radiography. 2.6.5.7 Electrical Field Mapping. 2.6.6 Indirect On-Line Measurement Techniques. 2.6.6.1 Hydrogen Monitoring. 2.6.6.2 Corrosion Potential. 2.6.6.3 On-Line Water Chemistry Parameters. 2.6.6.3.1 pH. 2.6.6.3.2 Conductivity. 2.6.6.3.3 Dissolved Oxygen. 2.6.6.3.4 Oxidation–Reduction Potential. 2.6.7 Fluid Detection. 2.6.7.1 Flow Regime. 2.6.7.2 Flow Velocity. 2.6.7.3 Process Parameters. 2.6.7.4 Pressure. 2.6.7.5 Temperature. 2.6.7.6 Dew Point. 2.6.7.7 Fouling. 2.6.8 Indirect Off-Line Measurement Techniques. 2.6.8.1 Off-Line Water Chemistry Parameters. 2.6.8.1.1 Alkalinity. 2.6.8.1.2 Metal Ion Analysis. 2.6.8.1.3 Concentration of Dissolved Solids. 2.6.8.1.4 Gas Analysis. 2.6.8.1.5 Residual Oxidant. 2.6.8.1.6 Microbiological Analysis. 2.6.8.1.7 Residual Inhibitor. 2.6.8.1.8 Filming Corrosion Inhibitor Residual. 2.6.8.1.9 Reactant Corrosion Inhibitor Residual. 2.6.8.1.10 Chemical Analysis of Process Samples. 2.6.8.1.11 Sulfur Content. 2.6.8.1.12 Total Acid Number. 2.6.8.1.13 Nitrogen Content. 2.6.8.1.14 Salt Content of Crude Oil. References. 3 Adsorption in Corrosion Inhibition. 3.1 Adsorption of Inhibitor at the Metal Surface. 3.2 Corrosion Inhibitors. 3.3 Adsorption Isotherms. 3.4 Anodic Dissolution and Adsorption. 3.4.1 Formation of Passive Films. 3.5 Role of Oxyanions (Passivation) in Corrosion Inhibition. 3.6 Inhibition of Localized Corrosion. 3.7 Adsorption of Halide Ions. 3.8 Influence of Environmental Factors. 3.9 Adsorption Interactions. 3.10 Passivation of Metals. 3.11 Inhibition of Localized Corrosion. References. 4 Corrosion Inhibition: Theory and Practice. 4.1 Factors Pertaining to Metal Samples. 4.1.1 Sample Preparation. 4.1.2 Environmental Factors. 4.1.3 Concentration of Inhibitor. 4.1.4 Process Conditions. 4.2 Inhibitors in Use. 4.3 Cooling Systems. 4.4 Processing with Acid Solutions. 4.5 Corrosion Problems in the Oil Industry. 4.6 Corrosion Inhibition of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete. 4.7 Corrosion Inhibition in Coal–Water Slurry Pipelines. 4.8 Corrosion Inhibition in the Mining Industry. 4.9 Atmospheric Corrosion Inhibition. References. 5 Corrosion Inhibition Mechanisms. 5.1 Interface Corrosion Inhibition. 5.2 Structure of the Inhibitor. 5.2.1 Stability Constants of Zinc–Triazole Complexes (15). 5.3 Structure–Activity Relationships. 5.4 Quantum Chemical Considerations. 5.4.1 Application of Hard and Soft Acid and Base Principle in Corrosion Inhibition. 5.5 Inhibitor Field Theory of Corrosion Inhibition. 5.6 Application to Typical Metal–Inhibitor Systems. 5.7 Photochemical Corrosion Inhibition. 5.8 Influence of Inhibitors on Corrosion Reactions in Acid Media. 5.9 Corrosion Inhibition in Neutral Solutions. 5.10 Corrosion Inhibition of Iron: Interphase and Intraphase Inhibition. 5.11 Passive Oxide Films. 5.12 Interaction of Anions with Oxide Films. References. 6 Industrial Applications of Corrosion Inhibition. 6.1 Corrosion Inhibition of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete. 6.2 Corrosion Inhibition in Coal-Water Slurries. 6.3 Corrosion Inhibition in Cooling Water Systems. 6.4 Molybdate Inhibitor in Corrosion Inhibition. 6.5 Corrosion Inhibition in Acid Solutions. 6.5.1 Acid Pickling. 6.6 Oxygen Scavengers. 6.7 Inhibition of Corrosion by Organic Coatings. 6.8 Mechanism of Protection by Tannins. 6.9 Corrosion Inhibition of Titanium and Zirconium in Acid Media. 6.10 Corrosion Resistance of Several Metals and Alloys. References. 7 Environmentally Friendly Corrosion Inhibitors. 7.1 Standardized Environmental Testing. 7.2 Summary of PARCOM Guidelines. 7.2.1 Toxicity: As Measured on Full Formulation. 7.2.2 Biodegradation. 7.2.3 Partition Coefficient. 7.2.4 Toxicity Testing. 7.3 Macrocyclic Compounds in Corrosion Inhibition. 7.4 Environmentally Green Inhibitors. 7.5 Role of Rare Earth Compounds in Replacing Chromate Inhibitors. 7.6 Oleochemicals as Corrosion Inhibitors. 7.7 Hybrid Coatings and Corrosion Inhibitors. 7.8 Barbiturates as Green Corrosion Inhibitors. 7.9 Corrosion Prevention of Copper Using Ultrathin Organic Monolayers. 7.10 Corrosion of Titanium Biomaterials. 7.11 Corrosion Control in the Electronics Industry. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis issue contains a collection of papers presented at the 69th Conference on Glass Problems at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Topics include melting and molding, refractories, and environmental issues and new products.Table of ContentsForeword ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii MELTING AND MODELING Experiences with an Oxygen-Fired Container Glass Furnace with Silica Crown-1 4 Years-a World Record? 3Jan J. Schep Fining of Glass Melts: What We Know about Fining Processes Today 13Ruud Beerkens All-Electric Furnaces for High Quality Demands in a Wide Range of Glass Compositions 29Lars Biennek, Harald Jodeit, and Hans-Jurgen Linz Laboratory Experiments and Mathematical Modeling Can Solve Furnace Operational Problems 4H. P. H. Muijsenberg, J. Ullrich and G. Neff Applications of Model Based Control in Float and Fiberglass 59Ron Finch LCD Glass Manufacturing for a Global Industry 69Daniel A. Nolet REFRACTORIES Buying Refractories in China 79Charles E. Semler Refractories for a Global Glass Market 89Sarah Baxendale and Nigel Longshaw History of Hot Repairs-Past, Present and Future 101David T. Boothe Water-cooled Refractory Shapes for Harsh Forehearth Superstructure Applications 111Walter L. Evans, Luke Evans, and Christopher W. Hughes A New Silica Brick Without Lime Bonding 115Gotz Heilemann, Stefan Postrach, Rongxing Bei, Bernhard Schmalenbach, and Klaus Santowski COMBUSTION AND ENERGY SAVINGS An Improved Solution for Oxy-Fuel Fired Glass Melting Furnaces 123Matthias Lindig Batch Preheating on Container Glass Furnaces 133Hansjurgen Barklage-Hilgefort Energy Saving Options for Glass Furnaces and Recovery of Heat from Their Flue Gases and Experiences with Batch and Cullet Pre-Heaters Applied in the Glass Industry 143Ruud Beerkens Industrial Results of ALGLASS FH Oxy Fuel Forehearth Burner Operation 163Robert Kalcevic, Remi Tsiava, Ryuji Fujinurna, Chendhill Periasarny, Rajeev Prabhakar, and George Todd Float Fire Gas Fired System for Tin Float Lines 173Jim Roberts, Herb Gessler, and Gary Deren Evaluation and Implementation of X-Ray Analysis of Raw Materials Using Borate Fusion Samples 177Neal T. Nichols and Brian D. Mitchell Glass Surface Corrosion and Protective Interleaving Systems 181Paul F. Duffer ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND NEW PRODUCTS Megatrends in the Commercial Glazing Market-A Challenge for the Glass Industry 191James J. Finley Looking Windward: Fiber Glass in the Energy Markets 203Cheryl A. Richards Current Glass Furnace Air Emission Compliance Issues 215C. Philip Ross Global Warming and Sustainability of the Glass Industry 227Guy Tackels Author Index 235

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Book SynopsisPresents a fully interdisciplinary approach with a stronger emphasis on polymers and composites than traditional materials books Materials science and engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and engineering.Trade Review“This book is an excellent introduction to the field of materials science and engineering for students and newcomers. It covers a combination of basic and advanced materials concepts and applications … This textbook is a good resource that provides the fundamentals of materials science and engineering supported by examples, problems, and adequate references for students. It will also serve as an important addition to the libraries of those interested in understanding materials science and engineering and their advanced applications.” Walid M. Daoush of Helwan University, Egypt in MRS Bulletin, 42:12 (2017)Table of ContentsForeword by Ulf W. Gedde xvPreface xvii Acknowledgments xix Part 1 Foundations 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 History of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), 3 1.2 Role of MSE in Society, 4 1.3 Teaching MSE, 5 1.4 Basic Rules of MSE, 5 1.5 States of Matter, 6 1.6 Materials in Everyday Life, 7 1.7 How to Make New Materials, 8 1.8 How to Use this Book, 9 1.9 Self-Assessment Questions, 9 References, 9 2 Intermolecular Forces 11 2.1 Interactions: The First Vertex of the Triangle, 11 2.2 Primary Chemical Bonds, 12 2.3 Physical Interactions, 12 2.4 Force and Energy, 15 2.5 Interactions and States of Matter, 16 2.6 Contactless Transport, 18 2.7 Self-Assessment Questions, 19 References, 19 3 Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams 21 3.1 What is Thermodynamics and Why is it Useful? 21 3.2 Definitions, 22 3.3 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, 23 3.4 First Law of Thermodynamics, 23 3.5 Second Law of Thermodynamics, 24 3.6 The So-Called Third Law of Thermodynamics, 25 3.7 Still More Laws of Thermodynamics? 26 3.8 Thermodynamic Potentials, 26 3.9 Thermodynamic Stability Criteria, 28 3.10 Unary Phase Diagrams and Supercritical States, 29 3.11 Liquid-Vapor Equilibria, 32 3.12 Liquid-Liquid Equilibria, 37 3.13 Solid-Liquid Equilibria, 38 3.14 Self-Assessment Questions, 42 References, 43 4 Crystal Structures 45 4.1 The Nature of Solid Phases, 45 4.2 Formation of Solid Phases, 48 4.3 Crystal Structures, 50 4.4 Defects in Crystals, 60 4.5 Self-Assessment Questions, 65 References, 66 5 Non-Crystalline and Porous Structures 67 5.1 Quasicrystals, 67 5.2 Mineraloids, 68 5.3 Diffractometry, 69 5.4 The Binary Radial Distribution Function, 70 5.5 Voronoi Polyhedra, 73 5.6 The Glass Transition, 76 5.7 Glasses and Liquids, 79 5.8 Aging of Glasses, 81 5.9 Porous Materials and Foams, 82 5.10 Self-Assessment Questions, 86 References, 86 Part 2 Materials 89 6 Metals 91 6.1 History and Composition, 91 6.2 Methods of Metallurgy, 94 6.3 Alloys, 104 6.4 Phase Diagrams of Metal Systems, 105 6.5 Ferrous Metals: Iron and Steel, 105 6.6 Non-Ferrous Metallic Engineering Materials, 107 6.7 Structures of Metals in Relation to Properties, 109 6.8 Glassy Metals and Liquid Metals, 110 6.9 Self-Assessment Questions, 116 References, 116 7 Ceramics 119 7.1 Classification of Ceramic Materials, 119 7.2 History of Ceramics, 120 7.3 Crystalline Ceramics, 121 7.4 Network Ceramics: Silicates and Sialons, 127 7.5 Carbon, 129 7.6 Glassy Ceramics, 133 7.7 Glass-Bonded Ceramics, 136 7.8 Cements, 139 7.9 Advanced and Engineering Ceramics, 141 7.10 General Properties of Ceramics, 146 7.11 Self-Assessment Questions, 147 References, 148 8 Organic Raw Materials 151 8.1 Introduction, 151 8.2 Natural Gas, 152 8.3 Petroleum, 154 8.4 Coal and Coal Tar, 158 8.5 General Remarks, 160 8.6 Self-Assessment Questions, 161 References, 162 9 Polymers 163 9.1 Polymers among other Classes of Materials, 165 9.2 Inorganic and Organic Polymers, 166 9.3 Thermoplastics and Thermosets, 167 9.4 Polymerization Processes, 172 9.5 Molecular Mass Distribution, 177 9.6 Molecular Structures of Important Polymers, 178 9.7 Spatial Structures of Macromolecules and Associated Properties, 178 9.8 Computer Simulation of Polymers, 183 9.9 Polymer Solutions, 184 9.10 Polymer Processing and the Role of Additives, 185 9.11 Applications of Specialty Polymers, 187 9.12 Self-Assessment Questions, 188 References, 188 10 Composites 191 10.1 Introduction, 191 10.2 Fiber Reinforced Composites, 193 10.3 Cermets and other Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs), 196 10.4 Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs), 198 10.5 Carbon–Carbon Composites, 199 10.6 Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs), 199 10.7 Hybrid Composites, 200 10.8 Laminar and Sandwich Composites, 200 10.9 Concretes and Asphalts, 202 10.10 Natural Composites, 205 10.11 A Comparison of Composites, 208 10.12 Self-Assessment Questions, 209 References, 209 11 Biomaterials 211 11.1 Definitions, 211 11.2 Overview of Biomaterials and Applications, 213 11.3 Joint Replacements, 214 11.4 Dental Materials, 218 11.5 Vascularization in Cardiac and other Applications, 219 11.6 Intraocular Lenses and Contact Lenses, 222 11.7 Drug Delivery Systems, 224 11.8 Biological and Natural Materials, 226 11.9 Bio-Based Materials, 231 11.10 Other Aspects of Biomaterials, 233 11.11 Self-Assessment Questions, 236 References, 236 12 Liquid Crystals and Smart Materials 241 12.1 Introduction, 241 12.2 Liquid Crystals, 242 12.3 Field-Responsive Composites, 248 12.3.1 Magnetorheological Fluids, 249 12.3.2 Electrorheological (ER) Fluids, 252 12.3.3 Electrorheological and Magnetorheological Elastomers, 254 12.4 Electrochromic Materials, 255 12.5 Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric Materials, 256 12.6 Shape-Memory Materials, 260 12.7 Self-Assessment Questions, 263 References, 263 Part 3 Behavior and Properties 267 13 Rheological Properties 269 13.1 Introduction, 269 13.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flow and the Melt Flow Index, 270 13.3 Viscosity and How it is Measured, 273 13.4 Linear and Nonlinear Viscoelasticity, 277 13.5 Drag Reduction, 281 13.6 Suspensions, Slurries, and Flocculation, 285 13.7 Self-Assessment Questions, 287 References, 288 14 Mechanical Properties 289 14.1 Mechanics at the Forefront, 289 14.2 Quasi-Static Testing, 290 14.3 Properties: Strength, Stiffness, and Toughness, 298 14.4 Creep and Stress Relaxation, 299 14.5 Viscoelasticity, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis, and Brittleness, 302 14.6 Fracture Mechanics, 305 14.7 Impact Testing, 309 14.8 Hardness and Indentation, 312 14.9 Self-Assessment Questions, 315 References, 316 15 Thermophysical Properties 319 15.1 Introduction, 319 15.2 Volumetric Properties and Equations of State, 320 15.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), 323 15.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis, 326 15.5 Thermal Conductivity, 327 15.6 Negative Temperatures, 330 15.7 Self-Assessment Questions, 333 References, 334 16 Color and Optical Properties 335 16.1 Introduction, 335 16.2 Atomic Origins of Color, 335 16.3 Color and Energy Diagrams, 339 16.4 Light and Bulk Matter, 344 16.5 Optical Properties and Testing Methods, 345 16.6 Lasers, 348 16.7 Electro-Optical Effects and Luminescence, 348 16.8 Photoinduction, 351 16.9 Invisibility, 352 16.10 Self-Assessment Questions, 355 References, 355 17 Electronic Properties 357 17.1 Introduction, 357 17.2 Conductivity, Resistivity, and Band Theory, 358 17.3 Conductivity in Metals, Semiconductors, and Insulators, 363 17.4 Semiconductors: Types and Electronic Behavior, 364 17.5 Superconductivity, 371 17.6 Phenomena of Dielectrical Polarization, 371 17.7 Self-Assessment Questions, 375 References, 375 18 Magnetic Properties 379 18.1 Magnetic Fields and their Creation, 379 18.2 Classes of Magnetic Materials, 383 18.3 Diamagnetic Materials, 384 18.4 Paramagnetic Materials, 384 18.5 Ferromagnetic and Antiferromagnetic Materials, 384 18.6 Ferrimagnetic Materials, 386 18.7 Applications of Magnetism, 386 18.8 Self-Assessment Questions, 389 References, 389 19 Surface Behavior and Tribology 391 19.1 Introduction and History, 391 19.2 Surfaces: Topography and Interactions, 393 19.3 Oxidation, 395 19.4 Corrosion, 399 19.5 Adhesion, 400 19.6 Friction, 404 19.7 Scratch Resistance, 411 19.8 Wear, 418 19.9 Lubrication and Nanoscale Tribology, 419 19.10 Final Comments, 421 19.11 Self-Assessment Questions, 422 References, 423 20 Materials Recycling and Sustainability 427 20.1 Introduction, 427 20.2 Water, 428 20.3 Nuclear Energy, 430 20.4 Energy Generation from Sunlight, 432 20.5 Energy Generation from Thermoelectricity, 435 20.6 Degradation of Materials, 437 20.7 Recycling, 438 20.8 Final Thoughts, 439 20.9 Self-Assessment Questions, 440 References, 441 21 Materials Testing and Standards 443 21.1 Introduction, 443 21.2 Standards and Metrics, 443 21.3 Testing, 444 21.4 Microscopy Testing, 445 21.5 Sensors in Testing, 447 21.6 Summary, 448 21.7 Self-Assessment Questions, 448 References, 448 Numerical Values of Important Physical Constants 449 Name Index 451 Subject Index 455

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Book SynopsisThis is the third book in the new partnership between Wiley and the International Institute for Learning (IIL). The new series features cutting-edge approaches to project management that provide project managers with new perspectives as well as practical tools.Table of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgments xi International Institute for Learning, Inc. (IIL) xii Chapter 1: PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES 1 Project Management Humor 2 Project Management 4 Project Necessities 6 Results of Good Planning 8 Project Characteristics 10 The Triple Constraint 12 Resources 14 Types of Project Resources 16 Project Organization 18 Multiple Boss Reporting 20 Project-Driven versus Non-Project-Driven Firms 22 Complexities in Non-Project-Driven Firms 24 Levels of Reporting 26 Low-Level Reporting 28 Why Use Project Management? 30 When to Use Project Management 32 Relationship 34 The Need for Restructuring 36 Improvement Opportunities 38 Resistance to Change 40 Chapter 2: THE BENEFITS OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT 43 Benefits of Project Management 44 Chapter 3: SOME IMPLEMENTATION COMPLEXITIES 69 The Challenges Facing Project Managers 70 Working with the Technical Prima Donna 72 Early Reasons for Failure 74 Chapter 4: ROLE OF THE MAJOR PLAYERS IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT: THE PROJECT MANAGER 77 The Three-Legged Stool 78 The Project Manager’s Stool 80 Negotiating for Resources 82 The Project Kickoff Meeting 84 Organizing the Project Team 86 Responsibility Assignment Matrix 88 Establishing the Project’s Policies and Procedures 90 Laying Out the Project Workflow and Plan 92 Establishing Performance Targets 94 Obtaining Funding 96 Executing the Plan 98 Acting as the Conductor 100 Putting Out Fires 102 Counseling and Facilitation 104 Encouraging the Team to Focus on Deadlines 106 Monitoring Progress by “Pounding the Pavement” 108 Evaluating Performance 110 Developing Contingency Plans 112 Briefing the Project Sponsor 114 Reviewing Status with the Team 116 Briefing the Customer 118 Closing Out the Project 120 Project Management Skills 122 Chapter 5: ROLE OF THE MAJOR PLAYERS IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT: THE PROJECT SPONSOR 127 The Need for a Sponsor 128 The Project Sponsor Interface 130 Chapter 6: ROLE OF THE MAJOR PLAYERS IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT: THE FUNCTIONAL MANAGER 133 Classical Management 134 The Functional Manager’s Role 136 Staffing Questions 138 Worker Understanding and Skills 140 Special Requirements 142 Recruitment Policy 144 Degree of Permissiveness 146 The Project Manager’s Recruitment Concerns 148 Management Plan Data 150 Staffing Pattern versus Time 152 Special Issues with Assignments 154 Conflicting Policies and Procedures 156 Asking for a Reference 158 A Summary of Other Special Issues 160 The Functional Manager’s Problems 162 The Functional Manager as a Forecaster 182 The Type of Matrix Structure 184 The Functional Manager’s View 186 Working with the Project Managers 188 Expectations of the Assigned Resources 190 Handling Organization Priorities 192 Handling Project-Related Priorities 194 Balancing Workloads 196 Multiproject Planning 198 Changing Resources during the Project 200 The Impact of Scope Changes 202 Risk Management 204 Project Documentation 206 Conflicts 208 Conflict Resolution 210 Talking to Project Managers 212 Project Performance Reports 214 Estimating and Scheduling 216 An Effective Working Relationship 218 Successful Culture 220 Promises Made 222 Non-Financial Awards/Recognition 224 Wall-Mounted Plaques for All to See (Cafeteria Wall) 226 Public Recognition 228 Other Non-Monetary Awards 230 Public Pat on the Back 232 Securing Proprietary Knowledge 234 Wearing Multiple Hats 236 Conclusion 238 Index 241

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Book SynopsisThis resource gives a comprehensive overview of surface modifications for applications in biotechnology using intelligent coatings. The coverage includes chemical properties, characterization methods, coating techniques, state-of-the-art examples, and an outlook on the promising future of this technology.Trade Review“The present book with its 350 pages is not a textbook but reading for experts and inspires scientists and engineers to further investigations to tackle the transition from synthetic to living materials, äs it is meant by the term "intelligent interfaces". The presented "smart" biosensors and medical devices demonstrate nicely, how we can learn from nature and make profit of its impressive "inventions" in our modern life.” (Tenside Surfactants Detergents, 1 May 2012) Table of ContentsForeword xv Preface xix Contributors xxiii 1. Stimulus-Responsive Polymers as Intelligent Coatings for Biosensors: Architectures, Response Mechanisms, and Applications 1 Vinalia Tjong, Jianming Zhang, Ashutosh Chilkoti, and Stefan Zauscher 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 SRP Architectures for Biosensor Applications 2 1.2.1 Cross-Linked Polymer Networks (Hydrogels) 2 1.2.2 End-Grafted Polymer Chains (Polymer Brushes) 5 1.2.3 Self-Assembled Polyelectrolyte (PEL) Multilayers (LBL Thin Films) 5 1.2.4 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers 6 1.2.5 Hybrid Coatings 6 1.3 Mechanisms of Response 6 1.3.1 Sensing Selectivity 6 1.3.2 Conformational Reorganization of SRP Coatings 7 1.3.2.1 Changes in Osmotic Swelling Pressure 7 1.3.2.2 Changes in Apparent Cross-Link Density 8 1.4 Sensing and Transduction Mechanisms 9 1.4.1 Optical Transduction 9 1.4.1.1 Examples of SRP Sensors That Use Optical Transduction Principles 11 1.4.2 Electrochemical Transduction 14 1.4.2.1 Examples of SRP Sensors That Use Electrochemical Transduction Principles 15 1.4.3 Mechanical Transduction 17 1.4.3.1 Examples of SRP Sensors That Use Mechanical Transduction Principles 18 1.5 Limitations and Challenges 19 1.5.1 LOD and Sensitivity 19 1.5.2 Selectivity 20 1.5.3 Working Range 20 1.5.4 Response Time 20 1.5.5 Reliability and Long-Term Stability 21 1.6 Conclusion and Outlook 22 Acknowledgements 22 References 22 2. Smart Surfaces for Point-of-Care Diagnostics 31 Michael A. Nash, Allison L. Golden, John M. Hoffman, James J. Lai, and Patrick S. Stayton 2.1 Introduction 31 2.1.1 POC Testing Challenges 32 2.2 Standard Methods for Biomarker Purification, Enrichment, and Detection 33 2.3 Smart Reagents for Biomarker Purification and Processing 34 2.3.1 IgG Antibody–pNIPAAm Conjugates 38 2.3.2 Single-Chain Antibody–pNIPAAm Conjugates 39 2.3.3 Nucleotide–pNIPAAm Conjugates 40 2.3.4 Magnetic Nanoparticle (mNP)–pNIPAAm Conjugates 40 2.3.5 Gold Nanoparticle (AuNP)–pNIPAAm Conjugates 42 2.4 Sample-Processing Modules for Smart Conjugate Bioassays 44 2.4.1 Grafting of pNIPAAm from Microchannel Surfaces 45 2.4.2 Grafting of pNIPAAm from Porous Membranes 48 2.4.3 Magnetic Processing Modules 51 2.5 Devices for Use in Smart Conjugate Bioassays 54 2.5.1 Lateral-Flow Immunochromatography Devices 55 2.5.2 Wicking Membrane Flow-Through Devices 56 2.5.3 Polylaminate Microfl uidic Devices 57 2.5.4 Multilayer PDMS Smart Microfl udic Devices 58 2.6 Conclusions 60 References 61 3. Design of Intelligent Surface Modifications and Optimal Liquid Handling for Nanoscale Bioanalytical Sensors 71 Laurent Feuz, Fredrik Höök, and Erik Reimhult 3.1 Introduction 71 3.2 Orthogonal Small (Nano)-Scale Surface Modification Using Molecular Self-Assembly 75 3.2.1 Surface Anchor: How to Define and Retain a Molecular Pattern 77 3.2.1.1 Weak Anchors: “Physisorption” 77 3.2.1.2 Strong Anchors: “Chemisorption” 79 3.2.1.3 Weak versus Strong Anchors for Nanoscale Sensors 80 3.2.2 Spacer: How to Suppress Binding 83 3.2.3 Recognizing and Capturing Analytes on an Intelligent Nanostructure 86 3.2.3.1 Antibodies 86 3.2.3.2 Antibody Fragments 87 3.2.3.3 Aptamers 87 3.2.3.4 General Considerations for Recognition Element Immobilization 87 3.3 Alternative Surface Patterning Strategies 89 3.3.1 Lithographic Patterning of Physisorbed Macromolecules 89 3.3.2 Nanoscale Molecular Surface Modification through Printing 90 3.3.3 Nanoscale Molecular Surface Modification through Direct Writing 91 3.3.4 Multivalency and the Intelligent Fluid Biointerface 92 3.3.5 Summary Functionalization of Nanoscale Biosensors 95 3.4 The Challenge of Analyte Transport 95 3.4.1 Convective versus Diffusive Flux ( jC vs. jD) 98 3.4.1.1 Scenario A ( jC = 0) 99 3.4.1.2 Scenario B ( jC = jD) 101 3.4.1.3 Scenario C ( jC > jD) 102 3.4.1.4 Summary of Scenarios A, B, and C 103 3.4.2 Reactive versus Diffusive Flux ( jR vs. jD) 106 3.4.3 Design and Operation Criteria for Efficient Mass Transport 108 3.5 Concluding Remarks 112 References 113 4. Intelligent Surfaces for Field-Effect Transistor-Based Nanobiosensing 123 Akira Matsumoto, Yuji Miyahara, and Kazunori Kataoka 4.1 Introduction 123 4.2 FET-Based Biosensors 124 4.2.1 Metal–Insulator–Semiconductor (MIS) Capacitors 124 4.2.2 Principles of bio-FETs 125 4.2.3 Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors (ISFETs) and Their Direct Coupling with Various Biorecognition Elements as a Conventional Approach to bio-FETs 126 4.3 Intelligent Surfaces for Signal Transduction and Amplification of bio-FETs 128 4.3.1 CNT-Mediated Signal Transduction 128 4.3.2 SAM-Assisted Detection 129 4.3.3 Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Gel-Based Interfaces for “Debye Length-Free” Detection 130 4.4 New Targets of bio-FETs 132 4.4.1 Carbohydrate Chain Sialic Acid (SA) Detection Using PBA SAM-Modifi ed FETs 132 4.4.2 Scent Detection Using “Beetle/Chip” FETs 134 4.4.3 Aptamer-Modifi ed Biorecognition Surfaces for a Universal Platform of bio-FETs 134 4.5 Future Perspective 135 References 136 5. Supported Lipid Bilayers: Intelligent Surfaces for Ion Channel Recordings 141 Andreas Janshoff and Claudia Steinem 5.1 Introduction 141 5.2 Supported Lipid Bilayers 142 5.2.1 SSMs on Flat Interfaces 142 5.2.1.1 Lipid Bilayers on Transparent Surfaces 143 5.2.1.2 Lipid Bilayers on Gold Surfaces 143 5.2.1.3 Lipid Bilayers on Silicon 145 5.2.2 SSMs on Porous/Aperture Containing Surfaces 146 5.2.2.1 Lipid Bilayers on Micromachined Apertures 146 5.2.2.2 Lipid Bilayers on Porous Materials 147 5.2.3 Patterning of SSMs 148 5.2.3.1 Patterning of Hybrid SSMs 149 5.2.3.2 Patterning of Nonhybrid SSMs 149 5.3 Characteristics of SSMs 151 5.3.1 Thermomechanical Properties of SSMs 151 5.3.2 Mechanical Stability 154 5.4 Ion Channels in SSMs 157 5.4.1 Carriers 158 5.4.2 Channel-Forming Peptides 158 5.4.3 Channel-Forming Proteins 162 5.5 Future Perspective: Ion Channels in Micropatterned Membranes 163 References 172 6. Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Intelligent Surfaces 183 Hans J. Griesser, Heike Hall, Toby A. Jenkins, Stefani S. Griesser, and Krasimir Vasilev 6.1 Introduction 183 6.2 Antibacterial Strategies 184 6.2.1 The Infection Problem 184 6.2.2 Approaches to Antibacterial Device Surfaces 186 6.2.3 Release of Antimicrobial Compounds from Polymers and Polymeric Coatings 190 6.2.4 Silver-Releasing Coatings 191 6.2.5 Nonfouling Coatings 196 6.2.6 Surface-Grafted Antibacterial Molecules 196 6.3 Bioactive Antibacterial Surfaces 198 6.3.1 Established, Commercially Available Antibiotics 198 6.3.2 Experimental Antibiotics 201 6.4 Stimulus-Responsive Antibacterial Coatings for Wound Dressings 204 6.5 Anti-Infl ammatory Surfaces 208 6.5.1 The Infl ammatory Response 208 6.5.2 Contact Activation of the Complement System 209 6.5.3 Foreign Body Reaction 211 6.5.4 Anti-infl ammatory Medication 212 6.5.5 Local Prevention of the Infl ammatory Reaction on Medical Device/Implant Surfaces 215 6.5.5.1 Prevention of Contact Activation of the Complement System 215 6.5.5.2 Prevention of the Foreign Body Reaction by Preventing Macrophage Adhesion and Fusion 216 6.5.5.3 Prevention of Inflammation on Material Surfaces by the Release of NO 217 6.5.5.4 Reduction of the Inflammatory Response by Increasing Hemocompatibility 220 6.6 Conclusions and Outlook 224 References 226 7. Intelligent Polymer Thin Films and Coatings for Drug Delivery 243 Alexander N. Zelikin and Brigitte Städler 7.1 Introduction 243 7.2 Surface-Mediated Drug Delivery 246 7.2.1 Controlled Cell Adhesion and Proliferation 247 7.2.2 Small Cargo 254 7.2.3 Delivery and Presentation of Protein and Peptide Cargo 257 7.2.4 Delivery of Gene Cargo 261 7.3 Drug Delivery Vehicles with Functional Polymer Coatings 268 7.3.1 Core–Shell Particles 268 7.3.2 Polymer Capsules 271 7.4 Concluding Remarks 280 References 280 8. Micro- and Nanopatterning of Active Biomolecules and Cells 291 Daniel Aydin, Vera C. Hirschfeld-Warneken, Ilia Louban, and Joachim P. Spatz 8.1 Introduction 291 8.2 Chemical Approaches for Protein Immobilization 291 8.3 Biomolecule Patterning by “Top-Down” Techniques 294 8.3.1 Microcontact Printing (μCP) 294 8.3.2 Nanoimprint Lithography (NIL) 294 8.3.3 Electron Beam Lithography (EBL) 295 8.3.4 Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN) 295 8.4 Biomolecule Nanoarrays by Block Copolymer Nanolithography 296 8.4.1 Block Copolymer Nanolithography 297 8.4.2 Biofunctionalization of Nanostructures 299 8.4.3 Hierarchically Nanostructured Biomolecule Arrays 300 8.4.4 Fabrication of Nanoscale Distance Gradients 302 8.4.5 Soft Polymeric Biomolecule Arrays 303 8.5 Application of Nanostructured Surfaces to Study Cell Adhesion 305 8.5.1 Mimicking the Extracellular Environment 305 8.5.2 Nanoscale Control of Cellular Adhesion 305 8.5.3 Micro-Nanopatterns to Uncouple Local from Global Density 307 8.5.4 Nanoscale Gradients to Induce Cell Polarization and Directed Migration 309 8.5.5 Substrate Elasticity Determines Cell Fate 311 8.6 Conclusion 313 References 313 9. Responsive Polymer Coatings for Smart Applications in Chromatography, Drug Delivery Systems, and Cell Sheet Engineering 321 Rogério P. Pirraco, Masayuki Yamato, Yoshikatsu Akiyama, Kenichi Nagase, Masamichi Nakayama, Alexandra P. Marques, Rui L. Reis, and Teruo Okano 9.1 Introduction 321 9.2 Temperature-Responsive Chromatography 322 9.2.1 Hydrophobic Chromatography 322 9.2.2 Ion-Exchange Chromatography 324 9.2.3 Affinity Chromatography 327 9.3 Temperature-Responsive Polymer Micelles 328 9.3.1 Temperature-Responsive Corona 329 9.3.2 Temperature-Responsive Core 332 9.4 Temperature-Responsive Culture Surfaces 333 9.4.1 Temperature-Responsive Culture Dishes 333 9.4.2 Temperature-Responsive Surfaces on Porous Substrates 336 9.4.3 Functionalization of Temperature-Responsive Surfaces 336 9.4.4 Temperature-Responsive Surface Patterning 338 9.5 Cell Sheet Engineering 339 9.5.1 Characterization of Harvested Cell Sheets 339 9.5.2 Applications in Regenerative Medicine 340 9.5.3 Thick Tissue Reconstruction 343 9.6 Conclusions 345 References 346 Index 355

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Book Synopsis* Explains the relationship of complexity theory to virtual project management * Supplies techniques, tips, and suggestions for building effective and successful teams in the virtual environment * Presents current information about best practices and relevant proactive tools .Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Introduction. Part I Complexity Theory. A Practitioner's Explanation of Complexity Theory. 1 Introduction to Complexity Theory. 2 Going beyond the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) Guide. 3 Virtual Leadership and Complexity. 4 Successful Virtual Projects. Part II How to Deploy Complexity Theory. 5 Successful Project Management Strategies of Complexity. 6 Virtual Leadership through Complexity. 7 How Organizational Culture Is the Key to Applying Complexity. 8 Cultural Conflict through the Lens of Complexity. 9 Cultural Conflict Resolution Strategies. 10 Risk Management through the Lens of Complexity. Part III Case Studies of Applied Complexity. 11 SEMCO (Organizational Complexity). 12 Web-Based Universities (Multilevel Complexity). 13 Small Team Complexity. Part IV Create Successful Project Communities. 14 Leadership of Complexity-Driven Organizations. 15 Communities. 16 Teams and Complexity. 17 Micro-Teams (Tribes). 18 Dealing Appropriately with Change. Part V Advanced Tools for Managing Complexity. 19 Complexity Tools for Organizations with Virtual Teams. 20 Virtual Projects and Complexity Theory. 21 Using Complexity to Address a Troubled Project. 22 The Future of Complexity. Index.

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Book Synopsis* Comprehensive source for state-of-the-art information regarding techniques/methods approaches for processing and fabrication of advanced ceramics and ceramic composites. * Detailed description and applications of each method/approach/technique covered in a separate chapter.Table of ContentsPreface vii Contributors ix PART I DENSIFICATION 1 1 SINTERING: FUNDAMENTALS AND PRACTICE 3 Rajendra K. Bordia and Héctor Camacho-Montes 2 THE ROLE OF THE ELECTRIC CURRENT AND FIELD DURING PULSED ELECTRIC CURRENT SINTERING 43 K. Vanmeensel, A. Laptev, S. G. Huang, J. Vleugels, and O. Van der Biest 3 VISCOUS-PHASE SILICATE PROCESSING 75 Ralf Müller and Stefan Reinsch PART II CHEMICAL METHODS 145 4 COLLOIDAL METHODS 147 Rodrigo Moreno 5 PROCESSING AND APPLICATIONS OF SOL–GEL GLASS 183 Esther H. Lan and Bruce Dunn 6 GELCASTING OF CERAMIC BODIES 199 Katherine T. Faber and Noah O. Shanti 7 POLYMER PROCESSING OF CERAMICS 235 Emanuel Ionescu and Ralf Riedel 8 CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION OF STRUCTURAL CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES 271 Takashi Goto 9 CVI PROCESSING OF CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES 313 Andrea Lazzeri 10 REACTIVE MELT-INFILTRATION PROCESSING OF FIBER-REINFORCED CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES 351 Natalie Wali and J.-M. Yang 11 COMBUSTION SYNTHESIS: AN UPDATE 391 S. B. Bhaduri PART III PHYSICAL METHODS 415 12 DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION 417 Víctor M. Orera and José I. Peña 13 SOLID FREE-FORM FABRICATION OF 3-D CERAMIC STRUCTURES 459 James E. Smay and Jennifer A. Lewis 14 MICROWAVE PROCESSING OF CERAMIC AND CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES 485 Cristina Leonelli and Paolo Veronesi 15 ELECTROPHORETIC DEPOSITION 517 Maria Cannio, Saša Novak, Laxmidhar Besra, and Aldo R. Boccaccini 16 PROCESSING OF CERAMICS BY PLASMA SPRAYING 551 Robert Vaßen Index 567

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Book SynopsisThis book covers molecular design and synthesis, as well as the development of smart molecular assemblies, for organic electronic systems. It identifies concepts that hold promise for successful development of organic/polymeric electronics with real-world applications.Table of ContentsPREFACE (Dr. Takashi Nakanishi). 1. SUPRAMOLECULAR OBJECTS TOWARDS MULTI-TASK ORGANIC MATERIALS. Chapter 1. Supramolecular Materialization of Fullerene Assemblies (Sukumaran Santhosh Babu, Hidehiko Asanuma, Takashi Nakanishi). Chapter 2. Tuning Amphiphilicity of Building Blocks for Controlled Self-assembly and Dis-assembly: A Way for Fabrication of Functional Supramolecular Materials (Huaping Xu, Xi Zhang). Chapter 3. Organic-Inorganic Supramolecular Materials (Katsuhiko Ariga, Jonathan P. Hill, Qingmin Ji). 2. STIMULI RESPONSIVE DYE ORGANIZED SOFT MATERIALS. Chapter 4. Functional Materials from Supramolecular Azobenzene Dye Architectures (Charl F. J. Faul). Chapter 5. Stimuli Responsive Supramolecular Dye Assemblies (Shiki Yagai). Chapter 6. Anion Responsive Supramolecular Dye Chemistry (Hiromitsu Maeda). 3. DIMENSION CONTROLLED ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS. Chapter 7. Polymeric Frameworks towards Porous Semiconductors (Jens Weber, Michael Bojdys, Arne Thomas). Chapter 8. Two-Dimensional Semiconductive p-Electronic Frameworks (Donglin Jiang, Xuesong Ding, Jia Guo). Chapter 9. Polymer Friendly Metal-Organic Frameworks (Takashi Uemura). 4. RECENT TRENDS OF ORGANIC RADICAL MATERIALS. Chapter 10. Multidimensional Supramolecular Organizations Based on Polychlorotriphenylmethyl Radicals (Veronica Mugnaini, Marta Mas-Torrent, Imma Ratera, Concepció Rovira, Jaume Veciana). Chapter 11. Photoswitching Property of Diarylethenes in Molecular Magnetism and Electronics (Kenji Matsuda, Kenji Higashiguchi). 5. ORGANOGELS AND POLYMER ASSEMBLY. Chapter 12. Self-Oscillating Polymer Gels (Ryo Yoshida). Chapter 13. Self-Assembly of Conjugated Polymers and their Application to Biosensors (David Bilby, Jinsang Kim). 6. SUPRAMOLECULAR LIQUID CRYSTALS. Chapter 14. Advanced Systems of Supramolecular Liquid Crystals (Takuma Yasuda, Takashi Kato). Chapter 15. Supramolecular and Dendron Liquid Crystals (John W. Goodby, Isabel M. Saez). Chapter 16. Photoresponsive Chiral Liquid Crystals (Ratheesh K. Vijayaraghavan, Suresh Das). Chapter 17. Liquid Crystals towards Soft-Organic Semiconductors (Yo Shimizu). 7. SUPRAMOLECULAR COMPOSITES BASED ON CARBON NANOTUBES. Chapter 18. CNT/Polymer Composite Materials (Tsuyohiko Fujigaya, Yasuhiko Tanaka, Naotoshi Nakashima). Chapter 19. Interaction of Carbon Nanotubes and Small Molecules (Sampath Srinivasan, Ayyappanpillai Ajayaghosh). Chapter 20. The Tuning CNT Devices using Self-assembling Organic and Biological Molecules (Jeong-O Lee, Ju-Jin Kim). 8. OPTOELECTRONICS BASED ON SUPRAMOLECULAR ASSEMBLIES. Chapter 21. Mimicking Photosynthesis with Fullerene-Based Systems (Juan Luis Delgado, Dirk M. Guldi, Nazario Martín). Chapter 22. Recent Trends of Supramolecular Photovoltaic Systems (Dario M. Bassani). FUTURE PERSPECTIVE IN SUPRAMOLECULAR SOFT MATERIALS. Commentary 1. What will be the Rosetta stone for the next-generation supramolecular chemistry? (Takuzo Aida). Commentary 2. Supramolecular Chemistry in Material Science (Dirk G. Kurth, Chemische Technologie der Materialsynthese, Universität Würzburg, Germany).

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Book Synopsis* Focuses on teaching the basic principles of managing complex projects in a highly complex global enviornment. * Published with the International Institute for Learning (IIL) which will be offering courses globally on this subject and promoting its use.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. International Institute for Learning, Inc. (IIL). Chapter 1: PROJECT MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK. Project Characteristics. The Complexity of Defining Complexity. Components of Complex Projects. The Triple Constraint. Secondary Success Factors. Other Success Factors. The Modified Triple Constraint. Prioritization of Constraints. Types of Project Resources. Skill Set. Three Critical Requirements. Problem Identification and Solution. The "Traditional" Project. The "Nontraditional" (Complex) Project. Why Traditional Project Management Must Change. Traditional versus Complex Projects. The Need for "Value" as a Driver. The Benefi ts of "Value" as a Driver. Elements of Complexity. Types of Virtual Teams. Virtual Team Competencies. Virtual Team Myths. Customer RFP Requirements. The Need for Business Solution Partners. "Engagement" Expectations. Before and After Engagement Project Management. Percentage of Projects Using Project Management. Possible Complex Project Outcomes. Long-Term Globalization Project Management Strategy. Global versus Nonglobal Companies. Quantity of Tools. Project Management Software. Areas of Best Practices. The Collective Belief. Chapter 2: INTEGRATION MANAGEMENT. Changes in Focus. Project Sponsorship (1 of 2). Project Sponsorship (2 of 2). Project Accountability. EPM Methodologies. Enterprise Environmental Factors. Organizational Process Assets. Weaknesses in Leadership Skills. Project's Business Case. Project Governance. Project's Assumptions. Alignment of Goals. Expert Judgment. Project Charter. Project Decision-Making. Go and No-Go Decision Points. Project Replanning. Optimism. Poor Project Performance. Project Justification. Project Plan Ownership. The Project Plan: Summary Levels. Project Management Plan. Project Approvals. Project's Constraints. Identification of Deliverables. Change Management. Change Control Meetings. Conducting Meetings. Partnerships and Alliances. Ability to Change. Chapter 3: SCOPE MANAGEMENT. Project Boundaries. Stakeholder Identification. Requirements Collection. Changing Product Requirements. The Project Plan: Work Package Levels. Project’s Deliverables. Work Performance Information. Verify Scope. Control Scope. Chapter 4: TIME MANAGEMENT. Project Dependencies. Templates. Activity List. Project Schedule. Purpose of Schedule. Types of Schedules. Published Estimating Data. Project Management Software. Top-Down versus Bottom-Up Estimating. Three-Point Estimates. Duration versus Effort. "What-if" Scenarios. Schedule Compression Techniques. Chapter 5: COST MANAGEMENT. The Basis for Project Funding. Project Funding. Multiple Funding Sources. Management Reserves. Cost-Estimating Techniques. Use of Earned Value Measurement. Forecast Reports. Chapter 6: HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT. Fervent Belief. Conflicts over Objectives. Shifting Leadership. Wage and Salary Inconsistencies. High Stakes. Culture. Multiple Cultures. Multicultural Teams. Shifting of Key Personnel. Quantity of Resources. Quality of the Resources. Availability of Resources. Control of the Resources. Worker Retention. Chapter 7: PROCUREMENT MANAGEMENT. Material/Service Requirements. BOT/ROT Contracts. Control of Vendors. Regulations Governing Vendor Selection. Impact of Stakeholders. Adversarial Procurement Positions. Multiple Contract Types. Chapter 8: QUALITY MANAGEMENT. "Satisficing" Zones. Different Life Cycles. Technology. Cost-Benefit Analysis. New Quality Boundaries. Chapter 9: RISK MANAGEMENT. Complexity, Uncertainty, and Risk. Risk Management. Identify Risks. Unequal Contingency Planning. Risk Analysis. Multiple Options Analysis. Risk Prioritization. Determining Risk Response Strategies. Monitoring and Controlling Risk. Technical Risks. Management Reserve. Chapter 10: COMMUNICATIONS MANAGEMENT. Stakeholders. Stakeholder Commitment. Getting Stakeholder Agreements. Stakeholder Issues and Challenges. Making Bad Assumptions. Another Bad Assumption. Value Creation. Stakeholder Management Responsibility. Changing Views in Stakeholder Management. Life-Cycle Stakeholder Management. Stakeholder Management—Macro Level. Stakeholder Management versus Customer Loyalty. Stakeholder Management—Micro Level. Stakeholder Identification. Classification of Stakeholders. Tiered Stakeholder Identification. Managing Stakeholder Expectations. Managing Stakeholder Expectations: The Design of Health Care Products. Perform Stakeholder Analysis. Stakeholder Mapping. Key Stakeholders. Unimportant Stakeholders. Perform Stakeholder Engagements. Defining Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). Prioritizing Stakeholders' Needs. Stakeholder Information Flow. Virtual Teams. Measuring KPIs. Reporting KPI Data. Summarized KPI Milestones. Stakeholder Communications. Project Review Meetings. Stakeholder Scope Change Requests. Linear Thinking. Enforcing Stakeholder Agreements. Stakeholder Debriefing Sessions. Satisfaction Management Survey Factors. Complex Project Management Skills. Three Critical Factors for Successful Stakeholder Management. Successful Stakeholder Management. Failures in Stakeholder Management. Final Thoughts. Index.

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Book SynopsisFirst book on rubber used as a construction material dedicated to the chemical process industry Despite the long history of rubber as a construction material, this book is a unique publication as it comprehensively looks at the material with respect to the anti-corrosion requirements of the multitude of industries where rubber is used, both on land and offshore. This guide documents how rubber reliably meets the threats of corrosion and contributes to the longevity of the equipment. Chapters on ebonite, natural, and synthetic rubbers, examine their relevant properties and chemical resistance. The book details the practical aspects and handling of rubber lined equipment: thin-walled structures, vacuum vessels, ducts, large diameter tanks, agitators, and fully lined pipes (both inside and outside). Molded and fabricated products of ebonite and soft rubber as well as hand-made rubber products are shown along with vulcanization technology, testing and inspections, measureTrade Review“The book will also be very useful to the construction industry.” (Int. J. Microstructure and Materials Properties, 1 May 2012) Table of ContentsAcknowledgements. Preface. 1. Introduction - Background and Reasons for Using Rubber as a Construction Material. 1.1 Background. 1.2 Elastomer. 1.3 Polymer. 1.4 Rubber. 1.5 Rubber Dampens. 1.6 Rubber Seals. 1.7 Rubber Protects Corrosion Effects. 1.8 Rubber Gives Thermal Insulation. 1.9 Rubber Gives Passive Fire Protection. 1.10 Rubber is Ablative. 1.11 Rubber wears. 1.12 Rubber Bonds with Metal. 1.13 Rubber is Impermeable. References. 2. Rubber Compounding. 2.1 Background. 2.2 Compounding. 2.3 Scope of Compounding. 2.4 Basic Compounding Formulation. 2.5 Property Requirements of Un-vulcanized Rubber. 2.6 Property Requirements of Vulcanized Rubber. 2.7 Basic Changes in Properties. 2.8 Compounding Ingredients. 3. Ebonite-Problems and Solutions. 3.1 Liquid Ebonite. 3.2 Rubber-sulphur Reaction. 3.3 Retarding Accelerators. 3.4 Coefficient of Vulcanization. 3.5 Synthetic Rubbers Which Can Be Converted into Ebonite. 3.6 Technological Aspects of Ebonites. 3.7 Uses of Ebonites. 3.8 Main Properties Exhibited by Ebonites. 3.9 Processing of Ebonite. 3.10 Vulcanization in Relation to Properties. 3.11 Rubber-sulphur Ratio and Cure Time. 3.12 Curing Temperature. 3.13 Method of Cure. 3.14 Shrinkage During Cure. 3.15 Shape Reduction During Cure. 4. Rubber Lining - Types and Application Procedures. 4.1 What is Rubber Lining? 4.2 Types of Corrosion. 4.3 Materials Selection. 4.4 Performance Tests. 4.5 Maintenance Requirements. 4.6 Control of Operating Conditions. 4.7 Corrosive Chemicals. 4.8 Codes of Practice Relating to Corrosion. 4.9 Types of Rubber Lining. 4.10 Application Procedures for Rubber Lining. 4.11 Role of Impurities. 4.12 Working Temperature. 4.13 Lining Thickness. 4.14 Adhesive Coating. 4.15 Application of Calendered Sheet. 4.16 Inspection of Rubber Lining. 4.17 Sheet Dimensions. 4.18 Sheet Laying and Rolling. 4.19 Lining Procedure for Pipes. 4.20 Storage of Rubber Lined Pipes. 4.21 Design and Fabrication of Lining Supports for Handling Lined Equipment. 4.22 Surface Preparation for Rubber Lining. 4.23 Methods of Surface Preparation. 4.24 On Site Rubber Lining. 5. Rubbers and Their Relevant Properties for the Chemical and Mineral Processing Industries. 5.1 Historical Aspects. 5.2 Elastomer Types According to American Society of Testing Materials-ASTM D2000. 5.3 Mullins Effect. 5.4 Payne Effect. 5.5 The Reversibility. 5.6 Resistance to Wear and Tear. 5.7 Chemical Compatibility. 5.8 Glass Transition Temperature. 5.9 High Temperature Behaviour. 5.10 Fluid Resistance. 5.11 Incompressibility. 5.12 Natural Rubber. 5.13 Synthetic Polyisoprene (IR). 5.14 Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR). 5.15 Butadiene Rubber. 5.16 Butyl Rubber (IIR). 5.17 Chlorobutyl (CIIR) and Bromobutyl (BUR). 5.18 Ethylene Propylene Rubbers (EPM and EPDM). 5.19 Polychloroprene (CR). 5.20 Nitrile Rubbers. 5.21 Chlorosulphonated Polyethylene (CSM). 5.22 Silicone Rubber. 5.23 Thiokol or Polysulphide Rubbers (T). 5.24 Polyurethane (AU or EU). 5.25 Fluoroelastomers (FKM). 6. Design Considerations for Fabrication of Equipment Suitable for Rubber Lining. 6.1 Mild Steel Vessels. 6.2 Pipes and Fittings. 6.3 Metal Defects Detrimental to Rubber Lining. 7. Chemical Process Plants and Equipment. 7.1 The Chemical Process. 7.2 Flue Gas Desulphurization Systems (FGD). 7.3 Water and Waste Water Treatment Equipment. 7.4 Nuclear Power Water Treatment Plant. 7.5 Radiation Units. 7.6 Phosphoric Acid Equipment. 7.7 Hydrochloric Acid Handling Equipment. 7.8 Sodium Hypochlorite and other Bleach Equipment. 7.9 Gold Ore Processing Equipment. 7.10 Equipment for Evaporation. 7.11 Crystallizer. 7.12 Dryers. 7.13 Cyclone Separators. 7.14 Thickeners. 7.15 Perforated Plates. 7.16 Industry Equipment and Components. 8. Processibility and Vulcanization Tests. 8.1 Critical Properties of Rubber. 8.2 Scorch. 8.3 Rate of Cure. 8.4 State of Cure. 8.5 Cure Time. 8.6 Over Cure. 8.7 Processibility. 8.8 Plasticity. 8.9 Plasticity Tests. 8.10 Plasticity and Viscosity Test Methods. 8.11 Residual Scorch. 8.12 Vulcanization Studies. 8.13 Vulcanization Test. 8.14 Density of Solids. 8.15 Hardness. 8.16 Spark Testing. 8.17 Immersion Test 8.18 Specifications and Codes of Practice. 9. Rubber to Metal Bonding. 9.1 The Rubber Bonding Process. 9.2 The Bonding Layer. 9.3 Selection of Bonding Agents. 9.4 Choice of Substrate. 9.5 The Bonding Process. 9.6 Application of Bonding Agents. 9.7 Adhesive Manufacture for Ebonite Bonding. 9.8 Moulding of Rubber-Metal Bonded Product. 9.9 Compounding of Rubber for Metal-Rubber Bonding. 10. Vulcanization Technology. 10.1 Principles of Vulcanization. 10.2 Sulphur and Sulphurless Vulcanization. 10.3 Peroxide Vulcanization. 10.4 Vulcanization Conditions. 10.5 Techniques of Vulcanization. 10.6 Control of Production Cures. 10.7 Vulcanization Time. 10.8 Common Defects in Vulcanizates. 11. Rubber in Seawater Systems. 11.1 Seawater. 11.2 Design Considerations in Seawater Corrosion Protecting System. 11.3 Epoxy Resin. 11.4 Elastomeric Polyurethane Coating. 11.5 Surface Preparation Methods. 11.6 Specific Corrosion Protection Measures. 11.7 Intake Water Tunnels. 11.8 Trash Rack and Traveling Water Screens. 11.9 Condenser Water Boxes. 11.10 Condenser Tubes and Tube Sheets. 11.11 Piping, Pumps and Heat Exchangers. 11.12 Field Observations. 11.13 Material of Construction for Seawater Based Systems in Nuclear Power Plants [1]. 12. Rubber in Oil Field Environment. 12.1 Well Fluid. 12.2 Completion Fluid. 12.3 Stimulation Fluid. 12.4 Explosive Decompression. 12.5 Effect of Increasing Molecular Weight. 13. Calendering of Rubber and Coated Rubber Sheets. 13.1 Calendering Machine. 13.2 Calender Design Features. 13.3 Fabric Coating-Topping. 13.4 Frictioning. 13.5 Rubber Sheets. 13.6 The Art of Calendering. 14. Moulding Technology. 14.1 Factors in Moulding. 14.2 Types of Moulding Process. 14.3 Press Curing. 14.4 Moulding of Hollow Parts. 14.5 Moulding Shrinkage. 14.6 Mould Lubricants. 14.7 Moulding Defects. 15. Service Life of Rubber-lined Chemical Equipment. 15.1 Materials that Improve the Ageing of Vulcanizates. 15.2 Oxidation. 15.3 Heat. 15.4 Flexing. 15.5 Ozone. 15.6 Light. 15.7 Sulphur. 15.8 Metals. 15.9 Fluids. 15.10 l Predicting Life of Lining. 15.11 Hydrochloric Acid Tank Lining Life. 15.12 Residual Life of Natural Rubber Lining in a Phosphoric Acid Storage Tank. 15.13 Immersion in Fluids. 16. Case Studies. 16.1 Case Study: Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster. 16.2 Case Study: Hinkle Reservoir. 16.3 Case Study: Ammonium Nitrate Explosion. 16.4 Case Study: "O"Ring Failure. 16.5 Case Study: Pebble Mill. 16.6 Case Study: Rubber and Ceramic Liners. 16.7 Case Study: Flue Gas Desulphurizing. 16.8 Case Study: Wrong Selection of Curing Method. Glossary of Terms. Appendix 1. ASTM Elastomer/Rubber Designations. Appendix 2. Properties of Specialty Rubbers. Appendix 3, Temperature-Pressure Equivalents of Saturated Steam. Appendix 4. List of Suppliers Who Publish Technical Literature on Rubbers and Chemicals. Bibiliography. About the Author. Index.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsCHAPTER 1 The Role of Statistics in Engineering. 1-1 The Engineering Method and Statistical Thinking. 1-2 Collecting Engineering Data. 1-3 Mechanistic and Empirical Models. 1-4 Observing Processes Over Time. CHAPTER 2 Data Summary and Presentation. 2-1 Data Summary and Display. 2-2 Stem-and-Leaf Diagram. 2-3 Histograms. 2-4 Box Plot. 2-5 Time Series Plots. 2-6 Multivariate Data. CHAPTER 3 Random Variables and Probability Distributions. 3-1 Introduction. 3-2 Random Variables. 3-3 Probability. 3-4 Continuous Random Variables. 3-5 Important Continuous Distributions. 3-6 Probability Plots. 3-7 Discrete Random Variables. 3-8 Binomial Distribution. 3-9 Poisson Process. 3-10 Normal Approximation to the Binomial and Poisson Distributions. 3-11 More than One Random Variable and Independence. 3-12 Functions of Random Variables. 3-13 Random Samples, Statistics, and the Central Limit Theorem. CHAPTER 4 Decision Making for a Single Sample. 4-1 Statistical Inference. 4-2 Point Estimation. 4-3 Hypothesis Testing. 4-4 Inference on the Mean of a Population, Variance Known. 4-5 Inference on the Mean of a Population, Variance Unknown. 4-6 Inference on the Variance of a Normal Population. 4-7 Inference on a Population Proportion. 4-8 Other Interval Estimates for a Single Sample. 4-9 Summary Tables of Inference Procedures for a Single Sample. 4-10 Testing for Goodness of Fit. CHAPTER 5 Decision Making for Two Samples. 5-1 Introduction. 5-2 Inference on the Means of Two Populations, Variances Known. 5-3 Inference on the Means of Two Populations, Variances Unknown. 5-4 The Paired t-Test. 5-5 Inference on the Ratio of Variances of Two Normal Populations. 5-6 Inference on Two Population Proportions. 5-7 Summary Tables for Inference Procedures for Two Samples. 5-8 What if We Have More than Two Samples? CHAPTER 6 Building Empirical Models. 6-1 Introduction to Empirical Models. 6-2 Simple Linear Regression. 6-3 Multiple Regression. 6-4 Other Aspects of Regression. CHAPTER 7 Design of Engineering Experiments. 7-1 The Strategy of Experimentation. 7-2 Factorial Experiments. 7-3 2k Factorial Design. 7-4 Center Points and Blocking in 2k Designs. 7-5 Fractional Replication of a 2k Design. 7-6 Response Surface Methods and Designs. 7-7 Factorial Experiments With More Than Two Levels. CHAPTER 8 Statistical Process Control. 8-1 Quality Improvement and Statistical Process Control. 8-2 Introduction to Control Charts. 8-3 X and R Control Charts. 8-4 Control Charts For Individual Measurements. 8-5 Process Capability. 8-6 Attribute Control Charts. 8-7 Control Chart Performance. 8-8 Measurement Systems Capability. APPENDICES. APPENDIX A Statistical Tables and Charts. APPENDIX B Bibliography. APPENDIX C Answers to Selected Exercises. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisProton conduction can be found in many different solid materials, from organic polymers at room temperature to inorganic oxides at high temperature. Solid state proton conductors are of central interest for many technological innovations, including hydrogen and humidity sensors, membranes for water electrolyzers and, most importantly, for high-efficiency electrochemical energy conversion in fuel cells. Focusing on fundamentals and physico-chemical properties of solid state proton conductors, topics covered include: Morphology and Structure of Solid Acids Diffusion in Solid Proton Conductors by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Structure and Diffusivity by Quasielastic Neutron Scattering Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy Mechanical and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Proton-Conducting Polymers Ab initio Modeling of Transport and Structure Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acids Proton-Conducting Aromatic Table of ContentsPreface xi About the Editors xiii Contributing Authors xv 1 Introduction and Overview: Protons, the Nonconformist Ions 1 Maria Luisa Di Vona and Philippe Knauth 1.1 Brief History of the Field 2 1.2 Structure of This Book 2 References 4 2 Morphology and Structure of Solid Acids 5 Habib Ghobarkar, Philippe Knauth and Oliver Sch€af 2.1 Introduction 5 2.1.1 Preparation Technique of Solid Acids 5 2.1.2 Imaging Technique with the Scanning Electron Microscope 6 2.2 Crystal Morphology and Structure of Solid Acids 8 2.2.1 Hydrohalic Acids 8 2.2.2 Main Group Element Oxoacids 10 2.2.3 Transition Metal Oxoacids 20 2.2.4 Carboxylic Acids 22 References 24 3 Diffusion in Solid Proton Conductors: Theoretical Aspects and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis 25 Maria Luisa Di Vona, Emanuela Sgreccia and Sebastiano Tosto 3.1 Fundamentals of Diffusion 25 3.1.1 Phenomenology of Diffusion 26 3.1.2 Solutions of the Diffusion Equation 35 3.1.3 Diffusion Coefficients and Proton Conduction 37 3.1.4 Measurement of the Diffusion Coefficient 38 3.2 Basic Principles of NMR 40 3.2.1 Description of the Main NMR Techniques Used in Measuring Diffusion Coefficients 42 3.3 Application of NMR Techniques 47 3.3.1 Polymeric Proton Conductors 47 3.3.2 Inorganic Proton Conductors 58 3.4 Liquid Water Visualization in Proton-Conducting Membranes by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging 62 3.5 Conclusions 66 References 67 4 Structure and Diffusivity in Proton-Conducting Membranes Studied by Quasielastic Neutron Scattering 71 Rolf Hempelmann 4.1 Survey 71 4.2 Diffusion in Solids and Liquids 73 4.3 Quasielastic Neutron Scattering: A Brief Introduction 76 4.4 Proton Diffusion in Membranes 82 4.4.1 Microstructure by Means of SAXS and SANS 82 4.4.2 Proton Conductivity and Water Diffusion 89 4.4.3 QENS Studies 90 4.5 Solid State Proton Conductors 95 4.5.1 Aliovalently Doped Perovskites 96 4.5.2 Hydrogen-Bonded Systems 101 4.6 Concluding Remarks 104 References 104 5 Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy: A Powerful Tool for the Determination of Charge Transfer Mechanisms in Ion Conductors 109 Vito Di Noto, Guinevere A. Giffin, Keti Vezzu`, Matteo Piga and Sandra Lavina 5.1 Basic Principles 110 5.1.1 The Interaction of Matter with Electromagnetic Fields: The Maxwell Equations 110 5.1.2 Electric Response in Terms of e*m ðoÞ, s*m ðoÞ, and Z*mðoÞ 111 5.2 Phenomenological Background of Electric Properties in a Time-Dependent Field 114 5.2.1 Polarization Events 114 5.3 Theory of Dielectric Relaxation 127 5.3.1 Dielectric Relaxation Modes of Macromolecular Systems 129 5.3.2 A General Equation for the Analysis in the Frequency Domain of s(o) and e(o) 132 5.4 Analysis of Electric Spectra 132 5.5 Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy Measurement Techniques 141 5.5.1 Measurement Systems 142 5.5.2 Contacts 158 5.5.3 Calibration 165 5.5.4 Calibration in Parallel Plate Methods 165 5.5.5 Measurement Accuracy 172 5.6 Concluding Remarks 180 References 180 6 Mechanical and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Proton-Conducting Polymers 185 Jean-Franc¸ois Chailan, Mustapha Khadhraoui and Philippe Knauth 6.1 Introduction 185 6.1.1 Molecular Configurations: The Morphology and Microstructure of Polymers 185 6.1.2 Molecular Motions 187 6.1.3 Glass Transition and Other Molecular Relaxations 188 6.2 Methodology of Uniaxial Tensile Tests 191 6.2.1 Elasticity and Young’s Modulus E 192 6.2.2 Elasticity and Shear Modulus G 195 6.2.3 Elasticity and Cohesion Energy 196 6.3 Relaxation and Creep of Polymers 197 6.3.1 Stress Relaxation of Polymers 198 6.3.2 Creep of Polymers 199 6.4 Engineering Stress–Strain Curves of Polymers 201 6.4.1 True Stress–Strain Curve for Plastic Flow and Toughness of Polymers 203 6.4.2 Behavior of Composite Membranes 204 6.4.3 Behavior in the Glassy Regime 205 6.4.4 Influence of the Rate of Deformation 206 6.4.5 Effect of Temperature on Mechanical Properties 209 6.4.6 Thermal Strain 210 6.5 Stress–Strain Tensile Tests of Proton-Conducting Ionomers 211 6.5.1 Influence of Heat Treatment and Cross-Linking 212 6.5.2 Behavior of Composites 214 6.5.3 Conclusions 215 6.6 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) of Polymers 217 6.6.1 Principle of Measurement 217 6.6.2 Molecular Motions and Dynamic Mechanical Properties 218 6.6.3 Experimental Considerations: How Does the Instrument Work? 219 6.6.4 Parameters of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis 220 6.7 The DMA of Proton-Conducting Ionomers 222 6.7.1 Perfluorosulfonic Acid Ionomer Membranes 222 6.7.2 Nonfluorinated Membranes 225 6.7.3 Organic–Inorganic Composite (or Hybrid) Membranes 230 Glossary 235 References 236 7 Ab Initio Modeling of Transport and Structure of Solid State Proton Conductors 241 Jeffrey K. Clark II and Stephen J. Paddison 7.1 Introduction 241 7.2 Theoretical Methods 244 7.2.1 Ab Initio Electronic Structure 244 7.2.2 Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics (AIMD) 248 7.2.3 Empirical Valence Bond (EVB) Models 249 7.3 Polymer Electrolyte Membranes 251 7.3.1 Local Microstructure 251 7.3.2 Proton Dissociation, Transfer, and Separation 258 7.4 Crystalline Proton Conductors and Oxides 279 7.4.1 Crystalline Proton Conductors 279 7.4.2 Oxides 284 7.5 Concluding Remarks 290 References 290 8 Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acids as Proton Conductor Membranes 295 Giulio Alberti, Riccardo Narducci and Maria Luisa Di Vona 8.1 Introduction on Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells 295 8.2 General Properties of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes 296 8.2.1 Ion Exchange of Polymers Electrolytes in H þ Form 297 8.3 Perfluorinated Membranes Containing Superacid –SO3H Groups 303 8.3.1 Nafion Preparation 304 8.3.2 Nafion Morphology 304 8.3.3 Nafion Water Uptake in Liquid Water at Different Temperatures 306 8.3.4 Water-Vapor Sorption Isotherms of Nafion 307 8.3.5 Curves T/nc for Nafion 117 Membranes in H þ Form 308 8.3.6 Water Uptake and Tensile Modulus of Nafion 311 8.3.7 Colligative Properties of Inner Proton Solutions in Nafion 313 8.3.8 Thermal Annealing of Nafion 315 8.3.9 MCPI Method 315 8.3.10 Proton Conductivity of Nafion 319 8.4 Some Information on Dow and on Recent AquivionIonomers 321 8.5 Instability of Proton Conductivity of Highly Hydrated PFSA Membranes 321 8.6 Composite Nafion Membranes 323 8.6.1 Silica-Filled Ionomer Membranes 323 8.6.2 Metal Oxide-Filled Nafion Membranes 324 8.6.3 Layered Zirconium Phosphate- and Zirconium Phosphonate-Filled Ionomer Membranes 324 8.6.4 Heteropolyacid-Filled Membranes 325 8.7 Some Final Remarks and Conclusions 326 References 327 9 Proton Conductivity of Aromatic Polymers 331 Baijun Liu and Michael D. Guiver 9.1 Introduction 331 9.2 Synthetic Strategies of the Various Acid-Functionalized Aromatic Polymers with Proton Transport Ability 332 9.2.1 Sulfonated Poly(arylene ether)s 332 9.2.2 Sulfonated Polyimides 341 9.2.3 Other Aromatic Polymers as PEMs 344 9.3 Approaches to Enhance Proton Conductivity 349 9.3.1 Nanophase-Separated Microstructures Containing Proton-Conducting Channels 349 9.3.2 Replacement of –Ph-SO3H by –CF2 –SO3H 353 9.3.3 Synthesis of High-IEC PEMs 355 9.3.4 Composite Membranes 356 9.4 Balancing Proton Conductivity, Dimensional Stability, and Other Properties 358 9.5 Electrochemical Performance of Aromatic Polymers 361 9.5.1 PEMFC Performance 362 9.5.2 DMFC Performance 363 9.6 Summary 363 References 365 10 Inorganic Solid Proton Conductors 371 Philippe Knauth and Maria Luisa Di Vona 10.1 Fundamentals of Ionic Conduction in Inorganic Solids 371 10.1.1 Defect Concentrations 372 10.1.2 Defect Mobilities 373 10.1.3 Kr€oger–Vink Nomenclature 373 10.1.4 Ionic Conduction in the Bulk: Hopping Model 376 10.2 General Considerations on Inorganic Solid Proton Conductors 378 10.2.1 Classification of Solid Proton Conductors 379 10.3 Low-Dimensional Solid Proton Conductors: Layered and Porous Structures 381 10.3.1 b- and b00-Alumina-Type 381 10.3.2 Layered Metal Hydrogen Phosphates 382 10.3.3 Micro- and Mesoporous Structures 384 10.4 Three-Dimensional Solid Proton Conductors: “Quasi-Liquid” Structures 385 10.4.1 Solid Acids 385 10.4.2 Acid Salts 385 10.4.3 Amorphous and Gelled Oxides and Hydroxides 387 10.5 Three-Dimensional Solid Proton Conductors: Defect Mechanisms in Oxides 387 10.5.1 Perovskite-Type Oxides 388 10.5.2 Other Structure Types 393 10.6 Conclusion 394 References 395 Index 399

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Book SynopsisTransparent electronics is emerging as one of the most promising technologies for the next generation of electronic products, away from the traditional silicon technology. It is essential for touch display panels, solar cells, LEDs and antistatic coatings. The book describes the concept of transparent electronics, passive and active oxide semiconductors, multicomponent dielectrics and their importance for a new era of novel electronic materials and products. This is followed by a short history of transistors, and how oxides have revolutionized this field. It concludes with a glance at low-cost, disposable and lightweight devices for the next generation of ergonomic and functional discrete devices. Chapters cover: Properties and applications of n-type oxide semiconductors P-type conductors and semiconductors, including copper oxide and tin monoxide Low-temperature processed dielectrics n and p-type thin film transistors (TFTs) sTable of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Oxides and Transparent Electronics: Fundamental Research or Heading Towards Commercial Products? 1 1.2 The Need for Transparent (Semi)Conductors 3 1.3 Reaching Full Transparency: Dielectrics and Substrates 5 References 6 2 N-type Transparent Semiconducting Oxides 9 2.1 Introduction: Binary and Multicomponent Oxides 9 2.1.1 Binary Compounds: the Examples of Zinc Oxide and Indium Oxide 9 2.1.2 Ternary and Quaternary Compounds: the Examples of Indium-Zinc Oxide and Gallium-Indium-Zinc Oxide 12 2.2 Sputtered n-TSOs: Gallium-Indium-Zinc Oxide System 16 2.2.1 Dependence of the Growth Rate on Oxygen Content in the Ar+O2 Mixture and Target Composition 16 2.2.2 Structural and Morphological Properties 18 2.2.3 Electrical Properties 22 2.2.4 Optical Properties 41 2.3 Sputtered n-TSOs: Gallium-Zinc-Tin Oxide System 49 2.4 Solution-Processed n-TSOs 51 2.4.1 ZTO by Spray-pyrolysis 51 2.4.2 ZTO by Sol-gel Spin-coating 52 2.4.3 GIZO Sol-gel by Spin-coating 52 References 55 3 P-type Transparent Conductors and Semiconductors 63 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 P-type Transparent Conductive Oxides 64 3.3 Thin Film Copper Oxide Semiconductors 66 3.3.1 Role of Oxygen in the Structure, Electrical and Optical Performance 70 3.4 Thin Film Tin Oxide Semiconductors 75 3.4.1 Structure, Composition and Morphology of Tin Oxide Films 78 3.4.2 Electrical and Optical Properties of Tin Oxide Films 84 References 94 4 Gate Dielectrics in Oxide Electronics 101 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 High-k Dielectrics: Why Not? 102 4.3 Requirements 103 4.4 High-k Dielectrics Deposition 106 4.5 Sputtered High-k Dielectrics in Oxide TFTs 106 4.6 Hafnium Oxide 107 4.6.1 Multicomponent Co-sputtered HfO2 Based Dielectrics 117 4.6.2 Multicomponent Dielectrics from Single Target 126 4.7 Tantalum Oxide (Ta2O5) 130 4.7.1 Multicomponent Ta2O5 Based Dielectrics 133 4.8 Multilayer Dielectrics 138 4.9 High-k Dielectrics/Oxide Semiconductors Interface 141 4.10 Summary 146 References 147 5 The (R)evolution of Thin-Film Transistors (TFTs) 155 5.1 Introduction: Device Operation, History and Main Semiconductor Technologies 155 5.1.1 Device Structure and Operation 155 5.1.2 Brief History of TFTs 161 5.1.3 Comparative Overview of Dominant TFT Technologies 168 5.2 Fabrication and Characterization of Oxide TFTs 170 5.2.1 N-type GIZO TFTs by Physical Vapor Deposition 171 5.2.2 N-type GZTO TFTs by Physical Vapor Deposition 187 5.2.3 N-type Oxide TFTs by Solution Processing 189 5.2.4 P-type Oxide TFTs by Physical Vapor Deposition 193 5.2.5 N-type GIZO TFTs with Sputtered Dielectrics 196 References 202 6 Electronics With and On Paper 211 6.1 Introduction 211 6.2 Paper in Electronics 212 6.3 Paper Properties 214 6.3.1 Structure, Morphology and Thermal Properties 214 6.3.2 Electrical Properties of the Paper 218 6.4 Resistivity Behaviour of Transparent Conductive Oxides Deposited on Paper 223 6.5 Paper Transistors 225 6.5.1 Current Transport in Paper Transistors 228 6.6 Floating Gate Non-volatile Paper Memory Transistor 230 6.6.1 Memory Paper Device Feasibility and Stability 233 6.6.2 Memory Selective and Charge Retention Time Behaviors 234 6.7 Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Circuits With and On Paper – Paper CMOS 237 6.7.1 Capacitance-Voltage and Current-Voltage Characteristics of N/P-Type Paper Transistors 240 6.7.2 N- and P-channel Paper FET Operation 243 6.7.3 CMOS Inverter Working Principles 244 6.7.4 Paper CMOS Performance 246 6.8 Solid State Paper Batteries 249 6.9 Electrochromic Paper Transistors 252 6.10 Paper UV Light Sensors 255 References 256 7 A Glance at Current and Upcoming Applications 267 7.1 Introduction: Emerging Areas for (Non-)transparent Electronics Based on Oxide Semiconductors 267 7.2 Active Matrices for Displays 268 7.2.1 Display Market Overview and Future Trends 268 7.2.2 Driving Schemes and TFT Requirements for LCD and OLED Displays 269 7.2.3 Displays with Oxide-Based Backplanes 271 7.3 Transparent Circuits 273 7.3.1 Inverters and Ring Oscillators 273 7.3.2 The Introduction of Oxide CMOS 275 7.4 Oxide Semiconductor Heterojunctions 278 7.4.1 Oxide Semiconductor Heterojunctions in the Literature 278 7.4.2 GIZO Heterojunctions Fabricated at CENIMAT 279 7.5 Field Effect Biosensors 280 7.5.1 Device Types and Working Principles 280 7.5.2 Oxide-Based Biosensors Fabricated at CENIMAT 281 References 284 Index 287

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Book SynopsisThe monitoring and control of a system whose behaviour is highly uncertain is an important and challenging practical problem. Methods of solution based on fuzzy techniques have generated considerable interest, but very little of the existing literature considers explicit ways of taking uncertainties into account.Table of ContentsPreface xi About the Author xv Acknowledgements xvii I ANALYSING THE BEHAVIOUR OF INFORMATION-POOR SYSTEMS 1 Characteristics of Information-Poor Systems 3 1.1 Introduction to Information-Poor Systems 3 1.1.1 Blast Furnaces 3 1.1.2 Container Cranes 3 1.1.3 Cooperative Control Systems 4 1.1.4 Distillation Columns 4 1.1.5 Drug Administration 4 1.1.6 Electrical Power Generation and Distribution 4 1.1.7 Environmental Risk Assessment Systems 4 1.1.8 Financial Investment and Portfolio Selection 5 1.1.9 Health Care Systems 5 1.1.10 Indoor Climate Control 5 1.1.11 NOx Emissions from Gas Turbines and Internal Combustion Engines 6 1.1.12 Penicillin Production Plant 6 1.1.13 Polymerization Reactors 6 1.1.14 Rotary Kilns 6 1.1.15 Solar Power Plant 7 1.1.16 Wastewater Treatment Plant 7 1.1.17 Wood Pulp Production Plant 7 1.2 Main Causes of Uncertainty 7 1.2.1 Sources of Modelling Errors 8 1.2.2 Sources of Measurement Errors 8 1.2.3 Reasons for Poorly Defined Objectives and Constraints 9 1.3 Design in the Face of Uncertainty 9 References 9 2 Describing and Propagating Uncertainty 13 2.1 Methods of Describing Uncertainty 13 2.1.1 Uncertainty Intervals and Probability Distributions 13 2.1.2 Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Numbers 14 2.2 Methods of Propagating Uncertainty 15 2.2.1 Interval Arithmetic 15 2.2.2 Statistical Methods 16 2.2.3 Monte Carlo Methods 16 2.2.4 Fuzzy Arithmetic 17 2.3 Fuzzy Arithmetic Using α-Cut Sets and Interval Arithmetic 18 2.4 Fuzzy Arithmetic Based on the Extension Principle 21 2.5 Representing and Propagating Uncertainty Using Pseudo-Triangular Membership Functions 24 2.6 Summary 27 References 27 3 Accounting for Measurement Uncertainty 29 3.1 Measurement Errors 29 3.2 Introduction to Fuzzy Random Variables 29 3.2.1 Definition of a Fuzzy Random Variable 30 3.2.2 Generating Fuzzy Random Variables from a Knowledge of the Random and Systematic Errors 30 3.3 A Hybrid Approach to the Propagation of Uncertainty 32 3.4 Fuzzy Sensor Fusion Based on the Extension Principle 34 3.5 Fuzzy Sensors 38 3.6 Summary 39 References 39 4 Accounting for Modelling Errors in Fuzzy Models 41 4.1 An Introduction to Rule-Based Models 41 4.2 Linguistic Fuzzy Models 41 4.2.1 Fuzzy Rules 41 4.2.2 Fuzzy Inferencing 42 4.2.3 Compositional Rules of Inference 43 4.3 Functional Fuzzy Models 47 4.4 Fuzzy Neural Networks 48 4.5 Methods of Generating Fuzzy Models 50 4.5.1 Modifying Expert Rules to Take Account of Uncertainty 50 4.5.2 Identifying Fuzzy Rules from Data 56 4.6 Defuzzification 58 4.7 Summary 60 References 60 5 Fuzzy Relational Models 63 5.1 Introduction to Fuzzy Relations and Fuzzy Relational Models 63 5.2 Fuzzy FRMs 65 5.3 Methods of Estimating Rule Confidences from Data 67 5.4 Estimating Probability Density Functions from Data 70 5.4.1 Probabilistic Interpretation of RSK Fuzzy Identification 71 5.4.2 Effect of Structural Errors on the Output of a Fuzzy FRM 78 5.4.3 Estimation Based on Limited Amounts of Training Data 83 5.5 Generic Fuzzy Models 86 5.5.1 Identification of Generic Fuzzy Models 87 5.5.2 Reducing the Time Required to Generate the Training Data 91 5.6 Summary 92 References 92 II CONTROL OF INFORMATION-POOR SYSTEMS 6 Fuzzy Decision-Making 97 6.1 Risk Assessment in Information-Poor Systems 97 6.2 Fuzzy Optimization in Information-Poor Systems 99 6.2.1 Fuzzy Goals and Fuzzy Constraints 99 6.2.2 Fuzzy Aggregation Operators 99 6.2.3 Fuzzy Ranking 100 6.3 Multi-Stage Decision-Making 101 6.3.1 Fuzzy Dynamic Programming 102 6.3.2 Branch and Bound 103 6.3.3 Genetic Algorithms 106 6.4 Fuzzy Decision-Making Based on Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets 106 6.4.1 Definition of an Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set 106 6.4.2 Multi-Attribute Decision-Making Using Intuitionistic Fuzzy Numbers 107 6.5 Summary 108 References 108 7 Predictive Control in Uncertain Systems 111 7.1 Model-Based Predictive Control 111 7.2 Fuzzy Approaches to Model-Based Control of Uncertain Systems 112 7.2.1 Inverse Control of Fuzzy Interval Systems 112 7.2.2 Fuzzy Model-Based Predictive Control 114 7.3 Practical Issues Associated with Multi-Step Fuzzy Decision-Making 115 7.3.1 Limiting the Accumulation of Uncertainty 115 7.3.2 Avoiding Excessive Computational Demands When Using Enumerative Search Optimization 115 7.3.3 Avoiding Excessive Computational Demands When Using Evolutionary Algorithms 116 7.3.4 Handling Infeasibility 117 7.3.5 Choosing the Weighting in Multi-Criteria Cost Functions 117 7.3.6 Dealing with Hard Constraints 118 7.4 A Simplified Approach to Fuzzy FRM-Based Predictive Control 118 7.4.1 The Fuzzy Decision-Maker 119 7.4.2 Conditional Defuzzification 120 7.5 FMPC of an Uncertain Dynamic System Based on a Generic Fuzzy FRM 122 7.6 Summary 127 References 128 8 Incorporating Fuzzy Inputs 129 8.1 Fuzzy Setpoints and Fuzzy Measurements 129 8.1.1 Fuzzy Setpoints 129 8.1.2 Fuzzy Measurements 129 8.2 Fuzzy Measures of the Tracking Error and its Derivative 131 8.3 Inference with Fuzzy Inputs 136 8.4 Fuzzy Output Neural Networks 138 8.5 Modelling Input Uncertainty Using a Fuzzy FRM 140 8.6 Summary 151 References 151 9 Disturbance Rejection in Information-Poor Systems 153 9.1 Rejecting Unmeasured Disturbances in Uncertain Systems 154 9.1.1 Robust Fuzzy Control 154 9.1.2 Feedback Linearization Using a Fuzzy Disturbance Observer 155 9.1.3 Fuzzy Model-Based Internal Model Control 155 9.2 Fuzzy IMC Based on a Fuzzy Output FRM 157 9.3 Rejecting Measured Disturbances in Non-Linear Uncertain Systems 161 9.4 Fuzzy MPC with Feedforward 162 9.5 Summary 166 References 166 III ONLINE LEARNING IN INFORMATION-POOR SYSTEMS 10 Online Model Identification in Information-Poor Environments 171 10.1 Online Fuzzy Identification Schemes 171 10.1.1 Recursive Fuzzy Least-Squares 171 10.1.2 Recursive Forms of the RSK Algorithm 172 10.2 Effect of Poor-Quality and Incomplete Training Data 176 10.3 Ways of Reducing the Computational Demands 177 10.3.1 Evolving Fuzzy Models 177 10.3.2 Hierarchical Fuzzy Models 181 10.4 Summary 185 References 185 11 Adaptive Model-Based Control of Information-Poor Systems 187 11.1 Robust Adaptive Fuzzy Control 187 11.2 Adaptive Fuzzy FRM-Based Predictive Control 188 11.3 Commissioning the Controller 189 11.3.1 Methods of Incorporating Prior Knowledge 189 11.3.2 Initialization Using a Generic Fuzzy FRM 189 11.4 Generating an Optimal Control Signal Using a Partially Trained Model 192 11.4.1 Taking the Amount of Training into Account 192 11.4.2 Incorporating a Secondary Controller 194 11.4.3 Combining the Fuzzy Predictions Generated by More than One Model 201 11.5 Dealing with the Effects of Disturbances 202 11.5.1 Adaptive Feedforward Control Based on an Inaccurate Disturbance Measurement 203 11.6 Summary 209 References 209 12 Adaptive Model-Free Control of Information-Poor Systems 211 12.1 Introduction to Model-Free Adaptive Control of Non-Linear Systems 211 12.2 Fuzzy FRM-Based Direct Adaptive Control 211 12.3 Behaviour in the Presence of a Noisy Measurement of the Plant Output 213 12.4 Behaviour in the Presence of an Unmeasured Disturbance 218 12.5 Accounting for Uncertainty Arising from a Measured Disturbance 222 12.6 Summary 227 References 227 13 Fault Diagnosis in Information-Poor Systems 229 13.1 Introduction to Fault Detection and Isolation in Non-Linear Uncertain Systems 229 13.1.1 Model-Based Methods for Non-Linear Systems 230 13.1.2 Ways of Accounting for Uncertainty 232 13.2 A Fuzzy FRM-Based Fault Diagnosis Scheme 233 13.2.1 Measuring the Similarity of FRMs 234 13.2.2 Accumulating Evidence of Fault-Free or Faulty Operation 236 13.2.3 Generating Robust Generic Models of Faulty Operation 239 13.2.4 Multi-Step Fault Diagnosis 239 13.3 Summary 242 References 243 IV SOME EXAMPLE APPLICATIONS 14 Control of Thermal Comfort 247 14.1 Main Sources of Uncertainty and Practical Considerations 248 14.2 Review of Approaches Suggested for Dealing with the Uncertainty 249 14.3 Design of the Fuzzy FRM-Based Control System 249 14.3.1 The Fuzzy FRM 250 14.3.2 The Fuzzy Cost Functions 252 14.3.3 The Fuzzy Goals 252 14.3.4 The Fuzzy Decision-Maker 254 14.3.5 The Conditional Defuzzifier 254 14.4 Performance of the Thermal Comfort Controller 254 14.5 Concluding Remarks 258 References 259 15 Identification of Faults in Air-Conditioning Systems 261 15.1 Main Sources of Uncertainty and Practical Considerations 261 15.2 Design of a Fuzzy FRM-Based Monitoring System for a Cooling Coil Subsystem 263 15.3 Diagnosis of Known Faults in a Simulated Cooling Coil Subsystem 264 15.3.1 Fault-Free Operation 264 15.3.2 Leaky Valve 264 15.3.3 Fouled Coil 265 15.3.4 Valve Stuck in the Fully Closed Position 266 15.3.5 Valve Stuck in the Midway Position 267 15.3.6 Valve Stuck in the Fully Open Position 268 15.4 Commissioning of Air-Handling Units 269 15.5 Concluding Remarks 272 References 272 16 Control of Heat Exchangers 275 16.1 Main Sources of Uncertainty and Practical Considerations 275 16.2 Design of a Fuzzy FRM-Based Predictive Controller 276 16.3 Design of a Fuzzy FRM-Based Internal Model Control Scheme 283 16.4 Concluding Remarks 290 References 290 17 Measurement of Spatially Distributed Quantities 293 17.1 Review of Approaches Suggested for Dealing with Sensor Bias 293 17.2 An Example Application 294 17.2.1 Air Temperature Estimation Using a Single-Point Sensor with Bias Correction 294 17.2.2 Air Temperature Estimation Based on Mass and Energy Balances 299 17.3 Using Bias Estimation and Fuzzy Data Fusion to Improve Automated Commissioning in Air-Handling Units 302 17.3.1 Diagnosis When the Measurement Bias is Estimated Accurately 303 17.3.2 Diagnosis When the Estimate of the Measurement Bias is Inaccurate 303 17.4 Concluding Remarks 305 References 306 Index 309

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Book SynopsisDynamics of Smart Structures is a practical, concise and integrated text that provides an introduction to the fundamental principles of a field that has evolved over the recent years into an independent and identifiable subject area.Trade Review"Examples of structures assembled from smart materials demonstrate basic principles and illustrate properties of commonly used smart structure prototypes. Extending beyond the needs of a two-semester or one-year course, the text can be used for a senior undergraduate or graduate course." (Book News, September 2010) Table of ContentsPreface. 1 From Smart Materials to Smart Structures. 1.1 Modern Materials: A Survey. 1.2 Ceramics. 1.3 Composites. 1.4 Introduction to Features of Smart Materials. 1.6 Shape Memory Materials. 1.7 Complex Fluids and Soft Materials. 1.8 Active Fibre Composites. 1.9 Optical Fibres. 1.10 Smart Structures and Their Applications. 2 Transducers for Smart Structures. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Transducers for Structural Control. 2.3 Actuation of Flexible Structures. 2.4 Sensors for Flexible and Smart Structures. 2.5 Fibre-optic Sensors. 3 Fundamentals of Structural Control. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Analysis of Control Systems in the Time Domain. 3.3 Properties of Linear Systems. 3.4 Shaping the Dynamic Response Using Feedback Control. 3.5 Modelling of the Transverse Vibration of Thin Beams. 3.6 Externally Excited Motion of Beams. 3.7 Closed-loop Control of Flexural Vibration. 4 Dynamics of Continuous Structures. 4.1 Fundamentals of Acoustic Waves. 4.2 Propagation of Acoustic Waves in the Atmosphere. 4.3 Circuit Modelling: The Transmission Lines. 4.4 Mechanics of Pure Elastic Media. 5 Dynamics of Plates and Plate-like Structures. 5.1 Flexural Vibrations of Plates. 5.2 The Effect of Flexure. 5.3 Vibrations in Plates of Finite Extent: Rectangular Plates. 5.4 Vibrations in Plates of Finite Extent: Circular Plates. 5.5 Vibrations of Membranes. 6 Dynamics of Piezoelectric Media. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Piezoelectric Crystalline Media. 6.3 Wave Propagation in Piezoelectric Crystals. 6.4 Transmission Line Model. 6.5 Discrete Element Model of Thin Piezoelectric Transducers. 6.6 The Generation of Acoustic Waves. 7 Mechanics of Electro-actuated Composite Structures. 7.1 Mechanics of Composite Laminated Media. 7.2 Failure of Fibre Composites. 7.3 Flexural Vibrations in Laminated Composite Plates. 7.4 Dynamic Modelling of Flexible Structures. 7.5 Active Composite Laminated Structures. 8 Dynamics of Thermoelastic Media: Shape Memory Alloys. 8.1 Fundamentals of Thermoelasticity. 8.2 The Shape Memory Effect: The Phase-transformation Kinetics. 8.3 Non-linear Constitutive Relationships. 8.4 Thermal Control of Shape Memory Alloys. 8.5 The Analysis and Modelling of Hysteresis. 8.6 Constitutive Relationships for Non-linear and Hysteretic Media. 8.7 Shape Memory Alloy Actuators: Architecture and Model Structure. 9 Controller Design for Flexible Structures. 9.1 Introduction to Controller Design. 9.2 Controller Synthesis for Structural Control. 9.3 Optimal Control Synthesis: H∞ Linear Matrix Inequalities. 9.4 Optimal Design of Structronic Systems. 9.5 Design of an Active Catheter. 9.6 Modelling and Control of Machine Tool Chatter. Index.

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Book SynopsisInfochemistry: Information Processing at the Nanoscale, defines a new field of science, and describes the processes, systems and devices at the interface between chemistry and information sciences. The book is devoted to the application of molecular species and nanostructures to advanced information processing. It includes the design and synthesis of suitable materials and nanostructures, their characterization, and finally applications of molecular species and nanostructures for information storage and processing purposes. Divided into twelve chapters; the first three chapters serve as an introduction to the basic concepts of digital information processing, its development, limitations and finally introduces some alternative concepts for prospective technologies. Chapters four and five discuss traditional low-dimensional metals and semiconductors and carbon nanostructures respectively, while further chapters discuss Photoelectrochemical photocurrent switching and related phTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Introduction to the Theory of Information 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Definition and Properties of Information 2 1.3 Principles of Boolean Algebra 4 1.4 Digital Information Processing and Logic Gates 7 1.4.1 Simple Logic Gates 7 1.4.2 Concatenated Logic Circuits 10 1.4.3 Sequential Logic Circuits 11 1.5 Ternary and Higher Logic Calculi 14 1.6 Irreversible vs Reversible Logic 16 1.7 Quantum Logic 18 References 20 2 Physical and Technological Limits of Classical Electronics 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Fundamental Limitations of Information Processing 24 2.3 Technological Limits of Miniaturization 27 References 34 3 Changing the Paradigm: Towards Computation with Molecules 37 References 53 4 Low-Dimensional Metals and Semiconductors 63 4.1 Dimensionality and Morphology of Nanostructures 63 4.2 Electrical and Optical Properties of Nanoobjects and Nanostructures 70 4.2.1 Metals 70 4.2.2 Semiconductors 84 4.3 Molecular Scale Engineering of Semiconducting Surfaces 96 4.3.1 Semiconductor–Molecule Interactions 100 4.3.2 Electronic Coupling between Semiconducting Surfaces and Adsorbates 103 References 109 5 Carbon Nanostructures 119 5.1 Nanoforms of Carbon 119 5.2 Electronic Structure and Properties of Graphene 120 5.3 Carbon Nanotubes 129 5.4 Conjugated and Polyaromatic Systems 139 5.5 Nanocarbon and Organic Semiconductor Devices 149 References 156 6 Photoelectrochemical Photocurrent Switching and Related Phenomena 165 6.1 Photocurrent Generation and Switching in Neat Semiconductors 165 6.2 Photocurrent Switching in MIM Organic Devices 168 6.3 Photocurrent Switching in Semiconducting Composites 178 6.4 Photocurrent Switching in Surface-Modified Semiconductors 181 References 192 7 Self-Organization and Self-Assembly in Supramolecular Systems 199 7.1 Supramolecular Assembly: Towards Molecular Devices 199 7.2 Self-Assembled Semiconducting Structures 201 7.3 Self-Assembly at Solid Interfaces 210 7.4 Controlling Self-Assembly of Nanoparticles 212 7.5 Self-Assembly and Molecular Electronics 215 References 219 8 Molecular-Scale Electronics 225 8.1 Electron Transfer and Molecular Junctions 225 8.2 Nanoscale Electromagnetism 232 8.3 Molecular Rectifiers 238 References 246 9 Molecular Logic Gates 249 9.1 Introduction 249 9.2 Chemically Driven Logic Gates 249 9.2.1 OR Gates 252 9.2.2 AND Gates 255 9.2.3 XOR Gates 267 9.2.4 INH Gates 272 9.2.5 IMP Gates 281 9.2.6 Inverted Logic Gates (NOR, NAND, XNOR) 283 9.2.7 Behind Classical Boolean Scheme-Ternary Logic and Feynman Gate 289 9.3 All-Optical Logic Gates 298 9.4 Electrochemical Logic Systems 307 References 315 10 Molecular Computing Systems 323 10.1 Introduction 323 10.2 Reconfigurable and Superimposed Molecular Logic Devices 323 10.3 Concatenated Chemical Logic Systems 337 10.4 Molecular-Scale Digital Communication 353 10.4.1 Multiplexers and Demultiplexers 354 10.4.2 Encoders and Decoders 355 10.4.3 Molecular-Scale Signal Amplification 359 10.5 Molecular Arithmetics: Adders and Subtractors 363 10.5.1 Molecular-Scale Half-Adders 363 10.5.2 Molecular-Scale Half-Subtractors 372 10.5.3 Half-Adders/Half-Subtractors 381 10.5.4 Full Adders and Full Subtractors: Towards Molecular Processors 382 10.6 Molecular-Scale Security Systems 386 10.7 Noise and Error Propagation in Concatenated Systems 396 References 398 11 Bioinspired and Biomimetic Logic Devices 405 11.1 Information Processing in Natural Systems 405 11.2 Protein-Based Digital Systems 408 11.2.1 Enzymes as Information Processing Molecules 409 11.2.2 Enzymes as Information Carriers 428 11.3 Binary Logic Devices based on Nucleic Acids 430 11.4 Logic Devices Based on Whole Organisms 445 References 450 12 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects 457 References 458 Index 461

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Book SynopsisCrystal Growth Processes Based on Capillarity closely examines crystal growth technologies, like Czochralski, Floating zone, and Bridgman. The up-to-date reference contains detailed technical and applied information, especially on the difficulty of crystal shape control. Including practical examples and software applications, this book provides both theoretical and experimental sections. Edited by a well-respected academic with over twenty-five years of experience in this field, the text is an excellent resource for professionals in crystal growth as well as for students in understanding the fundamentals and the technology of crystal growth.Trade Review"Although the book will be of the greatest value to crystal growers, both novices and experts, it should also prove useful to any materials scientist or engineer concerned with problems requiring an understanding of solid-molten liquid interfaces." (Materials World, 1 July 2011) "This book covers all crystal growth techniques and explains why and how they are dependent on liquid surface phenomena, or capillarity, combing a good balance of theory and experimental techniques." (Materials World, 1 March 2011)Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Acknowledgements. Nomenclature. Contributors. 1. Basic Principles of Capillarity in Relation to Crystal Growth (Nicolas Eustathopoulos, Béatrice Drevet, Simon Brandon and Alexander Virozub). 1.1 Definitions. 1.1.1 Characteristic Energies of Surfaces and Interfaces. 1.1.2 Capillary Pressure. 1.1.3 Surface Energy versus Surface Tension. 1.2 Contact Angles. 1.2.1 Thermodynamics. 1.2.2 Dynamics of Wetting. 1.2.3 Measurements of Contact Angle and Surface Tension by the Sessile Drop Technique. 1.2.4 Selected Data for the Contact Angle for Systems of Interest for Crystal Growth. 1.3 Growth Angles. 1.3.1 Theory. 1.3.2 Measurements of Growth Angles: Methods and Values. 1.3.3 Application of the Growth Angle Condition in Simulations of Crystal Growth. 1.3.4 Summary. Acknowledgements. References. 2. The Possibility of Shape Stability in Capillary Crystal Growth and Practical Realization of Shaped Crystals (Vitali A. Tatartchenko). 2.1 Crucible-Free Crystal Growth – Capillary Shaping Techniques. 2.2 Dynamic Stability of Crystallization – the Basis of Shaped Crystal Growth by CST. 2.2.1 Lyapunov Equations. 2.2.2 Capillary Problem – Common Approach. 2.2.3 Equation of Crystal Dimension Change Rate. 2.2.4 Equation of Crystallization Front Displacement Rate. 2.2.5 Stability Analysis in a System with Two Degrees of Freedom. 2.3 Stability Analysis and Growth of Shaped Crystals by the Cz Technique. 2.3.1 Capillary Problem. 2.3.2 Temperature Distribution in the Crystal–Melt System. 2.3.3 Stability Analysis and Shaped Crystal Growth. 2.3.4 Dynamic Stability Problem for the Kyropoulos Technique. 2.4 Stability Analysis and Growth of Shaped Crystals by the Verneuil Technique. 2.4.1 Principal Schemes of Growth. 2.4.2 Theoretical Investigation. 2.4.3 Practical Results of the Theoretical Analysis. 2.4.4 Stability Analysis-Based Automation. 2.5 Stability Analysis and Growth of Shaped Crystals by the FZ Technique. 2.6 TPS Techniques: Capillary Shaping and Impurity Distribution. 2.6.1 Capillary Boundary Problem for TPS. 2.6.2 Stability Analysis. 2.6.3 Experimental Tests of the Capillary Shaping Theory Statements. 2.6.4 Impurity Distribution. 2.6.5 Definition of TPS. 2.6.6 Brief History of TPS. 2.7 Shaped Growth of Ge, Sapphire, Si, and Metals: a Brief Presentation. 2.7.1 Ge. 2.7.2 Sapphire. 2.7.3 Si. 2.7.4 Metals and Alloys. 2.8 TPS Peculiarities. References. 3 Czochralski Process Dynamics and Control Design (Jan Winkler, Michael Neubert, Joachim Rudolph, Ning Duanmu and Michael Gevelber). 3.1 Introduction and Motivation. 3.1.1 Overview of Cz Control Issues. 3.1.2 Diameter Control. 3.1.3 Growth Rate Control. 3.1.4 Reconstruction of Quantities not Directly Measured. 3.1.5 Specifi c Problems for Control in Cz Crystal Growth. 3.1.6 PID Control vs. Model-Based Control. 3.1.7 Components of a Control System. 3.1.8 Modelling in Crystal Growth Analysis and Control. 3.2 Cz Control Approaches. 3.2.1 Proper Choice of Manipulated Variables. 3.2.2 Feedforward Control. 3.2.3 Model-Based Analysis of the Process. 3.2.4 Stability. 3.2.5 Model-Based Control. 3.2.6 Identification. 3.2.7 Measurement Issues and State Estimation. 3.3 Mathematical Model. 3.3.1 Hydromechanical–Geometrical Model. 3.3.2 Model of Thermal Behaviour. 3.3.3 Linear System Model Analysis. 3.4 Process Dynamics Analysis for Control. 3.4.1 Operating Regime and Batch Implications. 3.4.2 Actuator Performance Analysis. 3.4.3 Curved Interface. 3.4.4 Nonlinear Dynamics. 3.5 Conventional Control Design. 3.5.1 Control Based on Optical Diameter Estimation. 3.5.2 Weight-Based Control. 3.6 Geometry-Based Nonlinear Control Design. 3.6.1 Basic Idea. 3.6.2 Parametrization of the Hydromechanical–Geometrical Model in Crystal Length. 3.6.3 Flatness and Model-Based Feedback Control of the Length-Parametrized Model. 3.6.4 Control of Radius and Growth Rate. 3.7 Advanced Techniques. 3.7.1 Linear Observer Design. 3.7.2 Nonlinear Observer Design. 3.7.3 Control Structure Design for Batch Disturbance Rejection. References. 4 Floating Zone Crystal Growth (Anke Lüdge, Helge Riemann, Michael Wünscher, Günter Behr, Wolfgang Löser, Andris Muiznieks and Arne Cröll). 4.1 FZ Processes with RF Heating. 4.1.1 FZ Method for Si by RF Heating. 4.1.2 FZ Growth for Metallic Melts. 4.2 FZ Growth with Optical Heating. 4.2.1 Introduction. 4.2.2 Image Furnaces. 4.2.3 Laser Heating. 4.2.4 FZ Growth for Oxide Melts. 4.3 Numerical Analysis of the Needle-Eye FZ Process. 4.3.1 Literature Overview. 4.3.2 Quasi-Stationary Axisymmetric Mathematical Model of the Shape of the Molten Zone. 4.3.3 Numerical Investigation of the Influence of Growth Parameters on the Shape of the Molten Zone. 4.3.4 Nonstationary Axisymmetric Mathematical Model for Transient Crystal Growth Processes. Appendix: Code for Calculating the Free Surface During a FZ Process in Python. References. 5 Shaped Crystal Growth (Vladimir N. Kurlov, Sergei N. Rossolenko, Nikolai V. Abrosimov and Kheirreddine Lebbou). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Shaped Si. 5.2.1 EFG Method. 5.2.2 Dendritic Web Growth. 5.2.3 String Ribbon. 5.2.4 Ribbon Growth on Substrate (RGS). 5.3 Sapphire Shaped Crystal Growth. 5.3.1 EFG. 5.3.2 Variable Shaping Technique (VST). 5.3.3 Noncapillary Shaping (NCS). 5.3.4 Growth from an Element of Shape (GES). 5.3.5 Modulation-Doped Shaped Crystal Growth Techniques. 5.3.6 Automated Control of Shaped Crystal Growth. 5.4 Shaped Crystals Grown by the Micro-Pulling Down Technique (μ-PD). 5.4.1 Crucible–Melt Relation During Crystal Growth by the μ-PD Technique. 5.4.2 Examples of Crystals Grown by the μ-PD Technique. 5.5 Conclusions. References. 6 Vertical Bridgman Technique and Dewetting (Thierry Duffar and Lamine Sylla). 6.1 Peculiarities and Drawbacks of the Bridgman Processes. 6.1.1 Thermal Interface Curvature. 6.1.2 Melt–Crystal–Crucible Contact Angle. 6.1.3 Crystal–Crucible Adhesion and Thermomechanical Detachment. 6.1.4 Spurious Nucleation on Crucible Walls. 6.2 Full Encapsulation. 6.2.1 Introduction. 6.2.2 LiCl–KCl Encapsulant for Antimonides. 6.2.3 B2O3 Encapsulant. 6.2.4 Conclusion. 6.3 The Dewetting Process: a Modified VB Technique. 6.3.1 Introduction. 6.3.2 Dewetting in Microgravity. 6.3.3 Dewetting in Normal Gravity. 6.3.4 Theoretical Models of Dewetting. 6.3.5 Stability Analysis. 6.4 Conclusion and Outlook. References. 7 Marangoni Convection in Crystal Growth (Arne Cröll, Taketoshi Hibiya, Suguru Shiratori, Koichi Kakimoto and Lijun Liu). 7.1 Thermocapillary Convection in Float Zones. 7.1.1 Model Materials. 7.1.2 Semiconductors and Metals. 7.1.3 Effect of Oxygen Partial Pressure on Thermocapillary Flow in Si. 7.1.4 Fluid Dynamics of Thermocapillary Flow in Half-Zones. 7.1.5 Full Float Zones. 7.1.6 The Critical Marangoni Number Mac2. 7.1.7 Controlling Thermocapillary Convection in Float Zones. 7.2 Thermocapillary Convection in Cz Crystal Growth of Si. 7.2.1 Introduction. 7.2.2 Surface Tension-Driven Flow in Cz Growth. 7.2.3 Numerical Model. 7.2.4 Calculation Results. 7.2.5 Summary of Cz Results. 7.3 Thermocapillary Convection in EFG Set-Ups. 7.4 Thermocapillary Convection in Bridgman and Related Set-Ups. 7.5 Solutocapillary Convection. References. 8 Mathematical and Numerical Analysis of Capillarity Problems and Processes (Liliana Braescu, Simona Epure and Thierry Duffar). 8.1 Mathematical Formulation of the Capillary Problem. 8.1.1 Boundary Value Problems for the Young–Laplace Equation. 8.1.2 Initial and Boundary Conditions of the Meniscus Problem. 8.1.3 Approximate Solutions of the Axisymmetric Meniscus Problem. 8.2 Analytical and Numerical Solutions for the Meniscus Equation in the Cz Method. 8.3 Analytical and Numerical Solutions for the Meniscus Equation in the EFG Method. 8.3.1 Sheets. 8.3.2 Cylindrical Crystals. 8.4 Analytical and Numerical Solutions for the Meniscus Equation in the Dewetted Bridgman Method. 8.4.1 Zero Gravity. 8.4.2 Normal Gravity. 8.5 Conclusions. Appendix: Runge–Kutta Methods. A.1 Fourth-Order Runge–Kutta Method (RK4). A.2 Rkfixed and Rkadapt Routines for Solving IVP. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisFunctionalized Inorganic Fluorides: Synthesis, Characterization & Properties of Nanostructured Solids covers several classes of nanostructured and functionalized inorganic fluorides, oxide-fluorides, and fluorinated oxides such as silica and alumina. Ranging from powders or glass-ceramics to thin layers and coatings, they have applications as more efficient and less aggressive catalysts, UV absorbers, planar optical waveguides, integrated lasers and optical amplifiers, luminescent materials, anti-reflective coatings and high Tc superconductors. With a focus on new types of solids, such as nanopowders, hybrids, mesoporous fluorides, and intercalation compounds, the book covers new synthesis routes; physical-chemical characterizations - including morphology, structure, spectroscopic and optical behaviour; detailed ab initio investigations and simulations; and -last but not least- potential applications.Table of ContentsPreface. List of Contributors. 1 Sol-Gel Synthesis of Nano-Scaled Metal Fluorides – Mechanism and Properties (Erhard Kemnitz, Gudrun Scholz, Stephan Rüdiger). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Fluorolytic Sol-Gel Synthesis. References. 2 Microwave-Assisted Route Towards Fluorinated Nanomaterials (Damien Dambournet, Alain Demourgues and Alain Tressaud). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Introduction to Microwave Synthesis. 2.3 Preparation of Nanosized Metal Fluorides. 2.4 Concluding Remarks. Acknowledgements. References. 3 High Surface Area Metal Fluorides as Catalysts (Erhard Kemnitz and Stephan Rüdiger). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 High Surface Area Aluminium Fluoride as Catalyst. 3.3 Host-Guest Metal Fluoride Systems. 3.4 Hydroxy(oxo)fluorides as Bi-acidic Catalysts. 3.5 Oxidation Catalysis. 3.6 Metal Fluoride Supported Noble Metal Catalysts. References. 4 Investigation of Surface Acidity using a Range of Probe Molecules (Alexandre Vimont, Marco Daturi and John M. Winfield). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Characterisation of Acidity on a Surface: Contrasts with Molecular Fluorides. 4.3 Experimental Methodology. 4.4 Experimental Studies of Surface Acidity. 4.5 Conclusions. References. 5 Probing Short and Medium Range Order in Al-based Fluorides using High Resolution Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Parameter Modelling (Christophe Legein, Monique Body, Jean-Yves Buzaré, Charlotte Martineau and Gilles Silly). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 High Resolution NMR Techniques. 5.3 Application to Functionalized Al-Based Fluorides with Catalytic Properties. 5.4 Alkali and Alkaline-earth Fluoroaluminates: Model Compounds for Modelling of NMR Parameters. 5.5 Conclusion. References. 6 Predictive Modelling of Aluminium Fluoride Surfaces (Christine. L. Bailey, Sanghamitra Mukhopadhyay, Adrian Wander, Barry Searle and Nicholas Harrison). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Methodology. 6.3 Geometric Structure of α and β-AIF3. 6.4 Characterization of AlF3 Surfaces. 6.5 Surface Composition under Reaction Conditions. 6.6 Characterization of Hydroxylated Surfaces. 6.7 Surface Catalysis. 6.8 Conclusions. Acknowledgements. References. 7 Inorganic Fluoride Materials from Solvay-Fluor and their Industrial Applications (Placido Garcia Juan, Hans-Walter Swidersky, Thomas Schwarze and Johannes Eicher). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Hydrogen Fluoride. 7.3 Elemental Fluorine, F2. 7.4 Iodine Pentafluoride, IF5. 7.5 Sulfur Hexafluoride, SF6. 7.6 Ammonium Bifluoride, NH4HF2. 7.7 Potassium Fluorometalates, KZnF3 and K2SiF6. 7.8 Cryolite and Related Hexafluoroaluminates, Na3AlF6, Li3AlF6, K3AlF6. 7.9 Potassium Fluoroborate, KBF4. 7.10 Fluoboric Acid, HBF4. 7.11 Barium Fluoride, BaF2. 7.12 Synthetic Calcium Fluoride, CaF2. 7.13 Sodium Fluoride, NaF. 7.14 Sodium Bifluoride, NaHF2. 7.15 Potassium Bifluoride, KHF2. 7.16 Potassium Fluoroaluminate, KAlF4. 7.17 Fluoroaluminate Fluxes in Aluminum Brazing. 7.18 Summary. References. 8 New Nanostructured Fluorocompounds as UV Absorbers (Alain Demourgues, Laetitia Sronek and Nicolas Penin). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Synthesis of Tetravalent Ce and Ti-based Oxyfluorides. 8.3 Chemical Compositions and Structural Features of Ce and Ti-based Oxyfluorides:. 8.4 UV Shielding Properties of Divided Oxyfluorides. 8.5 Conclusion. Acknowledgement. References. 9 Oxyfluoride Transparent Glass Ceramics (Michel Mortier and Géraldine Dantelle). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Synthesis. 9.3 Different Systems. 9.4 Thermal Characterization. 9.5 Morphology of the Separated Phases. 9.6 Optical Properties of Glass-Ceramics. 9.7 Conclusion. References. 10 Sol-Gel Route to Inorganic Fluoride Nanomaterials with Optical Properties (Shinobu Fujihara). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Principle of a Sol-Gel Method. 10.3 Fluorinating Reagents and Method of Fluorination. 10.4 Control of Shapes and Microstructures. 10.5 Optical Properties. 10.6 Concluding Remarks. References. 11 Fluoride Glasses and Planar Optical Waveguides (Brigitte Boulard). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Rare Earth in Fluoride Glasses. 11.3 Fabrication of Waveguides: A Review. 11.4 Performances of Active Waveguides. 11.5 Fluoride Transparent Glass Ceramics: An Emerging Material. 11.6 Conclusion. References. 12 Polyanion Condensation in Inorganic and Hybrid Fluoroaluminates (Karim Adil, Amandine Cadiau, Annie Hemon-Ribaud, Marc Leblanc and Vincent Maisonneuve). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Synthesis. 12.3 Extended Finite Polyanions (0D). 12.4 1D Networks. 12.5 2D Networks. 12.6 3D Networks. 12.7 Evolution of the Condensation of Inorganic Polyanions. Acknowledgements. Supplementary Materials. References. 13 Synthesis, Structure and Superconducting/Magnetic Properties of Cu- and Mn- Based Oxyfluorides (Evgeny V. Antipov and Artem M. Abakumov). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Chemical Aspects of Fluorination of Complex Oxides. 13.3 Structural Aspects of Fluorination of Complex Cuprates and Superconducting Properties. 13.4 Fluorination of Manganites. 13.5 Conclusions. References. 14 Doping Influence on the Defect Structure and Ionic Conductivity of Fluorine- containing Phases (Elena I. Ardashnikova, Vladimir A. Prituzhalovand I. B. Kutsenok). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Influence of Oxygen Ions on Fluoride Properties. 14.3 Cation Doping of Fluorides. 14.4 Active Lone Electron Pair of Cations and Ionic Conductivity. 14.5 Peculiarities of the Defect Structure of Nonstoichiometric Fluorite-like Phases. 14.6 Ionic Transfer in Fluorite-like Phases. 14.7 Peculiarities of the Defect Structure of Nonstoichiometric Tysonite-like Phases. 14.8 Ionic Transfer in Tysonite-like Phases. 14.9 Conclusions. References. 15 Hybrid Intercalation Compounds Containing Perfluoroalkyl Groups (Yoshiaki Matsuo). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Preparation and Properties of Intercalation Compounds Containing Perfluoroalkyl Groups. 15.3 Photophysical and Photochemical Properties of Dyes in Intercalation Compounds Containing Perfluoroalkyl Groups. 15.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives. References. 16 The Fluoride Route: A Good Opportunity for the Preparation of 2D and 3D Inorganic Microporous Frameworks (Jean-Louis Paillaud, Philippe Caullet, Jocelyne Brendlé, Angélique Simon- Masseron and Joël Patarin). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Silica-based Microporous Materials. 16.3 Germanium-based Microporous Materials. 16.4 Phosphate-based Microporous Materials. 16.5 Synthetic Clays. 16.6 Conclusion. References. 17 Access to Highly Fluorinated Silica by Direct F2 Fluorination (Alain Demourgues, Emilie Lataste, Etienne Durand and Alain Tressaud). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Mesoporous Silica and Fluorination Procedures. 17.3 About the Chemical Composition and Morphology of Highly Fluorinated Silica. 17.4 FTIR Analysis. 17.5 Thermal Stability and Water Affinity of Highly Fluorinated Silica. 17.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Investigations. 17.7 Conclusions on the F2-gas Fluorination Mechanism of Mesoporous Silica. Acknowledgements. References. 18 Preparation and Properties of Rare-earth Containing Oxide Fluoride Glasses (Susumu Yonezawa, Jae-ho Kim and Masayuki Takashima). 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Preparation and Basic Characteristics of Oxide Fluoride Glasses Containing LnF3. 18.3 Optical and Magnetic Properties of LnF3-BaF2-AlF3-GeO2 (SiO2) Glasses. 18.4 Conclusion. References. 19 Switchable Hydrophobic-hydrophilic Fluorinated Layer for Offset Processing (Alain Tressaud, Christine Labrugère and Etienne Durand). 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 The Principles of Lithographic Printing Process. 19.3 Experimental Part. 19.4 Various Types of Surface Modifications using Fluorinated rf Plasmas. 19.5 Comparison of Surface Modifications of Porous Alumina using Various Fluorinated Media: CF4, C3F8 and c-C4F8. 19.6 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. Index..

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Book SynopsisDue to the rise in petroleum prices as well as increasing environmental concerns, there is a need to develop biochemicals and bioproducts that offer realistic alternatives to their traditional counterparts; this book will address the lack of a centralized resource of information on lubricants and greases from renewable sources, and will be useful to a wide audience in industry and academia. It is based on 20 years of research and development at the UNI-NABL Center, and discusses the various types of vegetable oils available, comparing their characteristics, properties and benefits against those of typical petroleum oils as well as discussing common evaluation tests and giving examples and case studies of successful applications of biobased lubricants and greases. Whilst scientific and engineering research data is included, the book is written in an accessible manner and is illustrated throughout. Focuses on an industrial application of lubrication technology undergoing Trade Review"All in all this book gives a very specific insight on the options and production of bio-based lubricants from a technical and chemical view, unfortunately the economic aspects are not shown." (Encyclopedia of Industrial Biotechnology, 30 August 2011) "This reference can be useful to a wide audience in industry and academia, and includes case studies on lubricants and greases from renewable sources, test results, new developments and more. " (Lubes & Greases Magazine, 2011) Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Preface. Series Preface. Acknowledgements. Summary. Introduction. 1 Historical Development of Vegetable Oil-based Lubricants. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Pioneering Industrial Uses of Vegetable Oils. 1.3 Petroleum. 2 Chemistry of Lubricants. 2.1 The Nature of the Carbon Atom. 2.2 Carbon and Hydrocarbons. 2.2.1 Pointers for Non-Chemists on Vegetable oil and General Chemistry. 3 Petroleum-based Lubricants. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Basic Chemistry of Crude Oils. 3.2.1 The Paraffinic Oils. 3.2.2 The Naphthenic Oils. 3.2.3 The Aromatic Oils. 4 Plant Oils. 4.1 Chemistry of Vegetable Oils Relating to Lubricants. 4.2 Triglycerides. 4.3 Properties of Vegetable Oils. 4.4 Vegetable Oil Processing. 4.4.1 Degumming. 4.4.2 Bleaching. 4.4.3 Refining. 4.4.4 Deodorizing. 4.4.5 Interesterification. 4.5 Oxidation. 4.5.1 Reducing Oxidation. 4.5.2 Hydrogenation. 4.6 Winterization. 4.7 Chemical Refining. 4.8 Conventional Crop Oils. 4.8.1 Soybean. 4.8.2 Palm Oil. 4.8.3 Rapeseed. 4.8.4 Sunflower Oil. 4.8.5 Corn. 4.8.6 Safflower. 5 Synthetic Based Lubricants: Petroleum-Derived and Vegetable Oil-Derived. 5.1 Esters. 5.2 Esters for Biofuels. 5.3 Complex Esters. 5.4 Estolides. 5.5 Other Chemical Modifications. 5.5.1 Metathesis. 5.5.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Fatty Acids. 6 Genetic Modification and Industrial Crops. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Industrial Crops. 6.2.1 Camelina. 6.2.2 Babassu. 6.2.3 Cuphea. 6.2.4 Castor. 6.2.5 Rice Bran. 6.2.6 Jatropha. 6.2.7 Neem. 6.2.8 Karanja (Pongam). 6.2.9 Poppy. 6.2.10 Sesame. 6.2.11 Jojoba. 6.2.12 Coconut. 6.2.13 Lesquerella. 6.2.14 Hemp. 6.2.15 Flaxseed oil. 6.2.16 Safflower. 6.3 Future and Industrial Crops. 7 Biobased Lubricants Technology. 7.1 Determination of Oxidation Stability. 7.1.1 Active Oxygen Method (AOCS Method Cd 12-57). 7.1.2 Peroxide Value (AOCS Method 8b-90). 7.1.3 Oil Stability Instrument (AOCS Method Cd 1 2b-92). 7.1.4 Rancimat. 7.1.5 Viscosity Change as a Measure of Oxidation. 7.2 Applications. 7.3 Petroleum White Oils and Food Grade Lubricants. 8 Performance Properties of Industrial Lubricants. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Common Performance Requirements. 8.2.1 Viscosity. 8.2.2 Flash and Fire Points. 8.2.3 Boiling Range. 8.2.4 Volatility. 8.2.5 Cold Temperature Properties. 8.2.6 Density. 8.2.7 Foaming Properties. 8.2.8 Copper Strip Corrosion. 8.2.9 Copper Strip Corrosion Test. 8.2.10 Rust Prevention. 8.2.11 Test Purpose. 8.2.12 Neutralization Number. 8.2.13 Solubility. 8.2.14 Aniline Point. 8.3 Heat Transfer Properties. 8.4 Dielectric Properties. 8.5 Fluid Quality. 8.6 Fluid Compatibility. 8.7 Hydrostatic Stability. 8.8 Demulsibility. 8.9 Oxidation Stability. 8.10 Oxidation Stability for Mineral Oils. 8.10.1 Aromatic Content of Mineral Oils. 8.11 Elemental Analysis. 8.12 Cleanliness. 8.13 Storage and Shipping Temperatures. 8.14 Tribological Performance of Biobased Lubricants. 8.14.1 Four Ball Wear Test: ASTM D 4172. 8.14.2 Four Ball Extreme Pressure Test. 8.14.3 Timken O.K. Load Test – ASTM D 2509. 8.14.4 FZG Rating. 8.15 Metalworking Fluids. 8.16 Biobased Engine Oils. 8.16.1 Stationary Diesel Engines for CORS. 8.16.2 Test Results. 9 Biobased and Petroleum-Based Greases. 9.1 How to Make Soap. 9.2 Basic Process for Manufacturing Grease. 9.2.1 Simple (Soap-Based) Greases. 9.2.2 Complex (Soap–Salt) based Greases. 9.2.3 Non-Soap-Based Greases. 9.2.4 Preformed Soaps. 9.2.5 Preformed Dehydrated Soap for Biobased Greases. 9.2.6 Microparticle Dispersion of Lithium Hydroxide. 9.2.7 Polymer-thickened Greases Using Bio-based Base Oil. 9.3 Continuous Grease Manufacturing Process. 9.4 Use of High Pressure-High, Shear Reaction Chambers (Contactor). 9.5 Vegetable Oil-based Greases. 9.5.1 Alternative Heating Methods. 9.5.2 Heating Method and Impact on Oxidation Stability. 9.6 Grease Consistency. 9.7 Grease Specifications. 9.7.1 ASTM D4950 Specification. 9.7.2 Service Category "L" Chassis (and Universal Joint) Grease. 9.7.3 Service Category "G" Wheel Bearing Grease. 9.7.4 Multi-purpose Category. 9.7.5 Dropping Point. 9.7.6 Water Washout. 9.7.7 Water Spray-Off. 9.7.8 Bearing Oxidation Test. 9.7.9 Grease Cleanliness and Noise. 9.7.10 Grease Mobility Test. 9.7.11 Evaporation. 9.7.12 Oxidation Stability for Storage of Biobased Greases. 9.7.13 Oxidation Stability in Service. 9.8 Friction and Wear Tests. 9.8.1 Four-ball Wear Test and Four-ball EP. 9.9 Application Examples of Biobased Greases. 9.9.1 Rail Curve Greases. 9.9.2 Solid Lubricants. 9.9.3 Truck Greases. 10 Factors Affecting the Environment. 10.1 Biodegradable and Biobased. 10.2 REACH. 10.3 Biodegradation of Oils. 10.3.1 Biodegradability Test. 10.3.2 Electrolytic Respirometer. 10.4 Toxicity Types and Testing Methods. 10.5 Chronic Toxicity. 10.6 Terrestrial Plant Toxicity. References. List of Useful Organizations. Useful Test Methods. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisAdvanced textbook on inorganic glasses suitable for both undergraduates and researchers.Trade Review"The target audience for this text is graduate students and researchers in functionalizing properties for photonic applications. Anyone concerned with the structure-property relationship of materials, however, will profit from reading this book" The Oprical Society, July 2017Table of ContentsSeries Preface xiii Preface xv 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Definition of Glassy States 1 1.2 The Glassy State and Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) 1 1.3 Kauzmann Paradox and Negative Change in Entropy 4 1.4 Glass-Forming Characteristics and Thermodynamic Properties 5 1.5 Glass Formation and Co-ordination Number of Cations 14 1.6 Ionicity of Bonds of Oxide Constituents in Glass-Forming Systems 20 1.7 Definitions of Glass Network Formers, Intermediates and Modifiers and Glass-Forming Systems 23 1.7.1 Constituents of Inorganic Glass-Forming Systems 24 1.7.2 Strongly Covalent Inorganic Glass-Forming Networks 26 1.7.3 Conditional Glass Formers Based on Heavy-Metal Oxide Glasses 29 1.7.4 Fluoride and Halide Network Forming and Conditional Glass-Forming Systems 31 1.7.5 Silicon Oxynitride Conditional Glass-Forming Systems 36 1.7.6 Chalcogenide Glass-Forming Systems 37 1.7.7 Chalcohalide Glasses 45 1.8 Conclusions 46 Selected Biography 46 References 46 2. Glass Structure, Properties and Characterization 51 2.1 Introduction 51 2.1.1 Kinetic Theory of Glass Formation and Prediction of Critical Cooling Rates 51 2.1.2 Classical Nucleation Theory 52 2.1.3 Non-Steady State Nucleation 54 2.1.4 Heterogeneous Nucleation 55 2.1.5 Nucleation Studies in Fluoride Glasses 56 2.1.6 Growth Rate 58 2.1.7 Combined Growth and Nucleation Rates, Phase Transformation and Critical Cooling Rate 59 2.2 Thermal Characterization using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) Techniques 62 2.2.1 General Features of a Thermal Characterization 62 2.2.2 Methods of Characterization 63 2.2.3 Determining the Characteristic Temperatures 64 2.2.4 Determination of Apparent Activation Energy of Devitrification 66 2.3 Coefficients of Thermal Expansion of Inorganic Glasses 68 2.4 Viscosity Behaviour in the near-Tg, above Tg and in the Liquidus Temperature Ranges 71 2.5 Density of Inorganic Glasses 75 2.6 Specific Heat and its Temperature Dependence in the Glassy State 76 2.7 Conclusion 77 References 77 3. Bulk Glass Fabrication and Properties 79 3.1 Introduction 79 3.2 Fabrication Steps for Bulk Glasses 80 3.2.1 Chemical Vapour Technique for Oxide Glasses 80 3.2.2 Batch Preparation for Melting Glasses 81 3.2.3 Chemical Treatment Before and During Melting 81 3.3 Chemical Purification Methods for Heavier Oxide (GeO2 and TeO2) Glasses 84 3.4 Drying, Fusion and Melting Techniques for Fluoride Glasses 87 3.4.1 Raw Materials 88 3.4.2 Control of Hydroxyl Ions during Drying and Melting of Fluorides 88 3.5 Chemistry of Purification and Melting Reactions for Chalcogenide Materials 91 3.6 Need for Annealing Glass after Casting 96 3.7 Fabrication of Transparent Glass Ceramics 97 3.8 Sol–Gel Technique for Glass Formation 99 3.8.1 Background Theory 99 3.8.2 Examples of Materials Chemistry and Sol–Gel Forming Techniques 103 3.9 Conclusions 105 References 105 4. Optical Fibre Design, Engineering, Fabrication and Characterization 109 4.1 Introduction to Geometrical Optics of Fibres: Geometrical Optics of Fibres and Waveguides (Propagation, Critical and Acceptance Angles, Numerical Aperture) 109 4.2 Solutions for Dielectric Waveguides using Maxwell’s Equation 114 4.2.1 Analysis of Mode Field Diameter in Single Mode Fibres 115 4.3 Materials Properties Affecting Degradation of Signal in Optical Waveguides 117 4.3.1 Total Intrinsic Loss 117 4.3.2 Electronic Absorption 118 4.3.3 Experimental Aspects of Determining the Short Wavelength Absorption 121 4.3.4 Scattering 121 4.3.5 Infrared Absorption 124 4.3.6 Characterization of Vibrational Structures using Raman and IR Spectroscopy 126 4.3.7 Experimental Aspects of Raman Spectroscopic Technique 127 4.3.8 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy 128 4.3.9 Examples of the Analysis of Raman and IR spectra 130 4.4 Fabrication of Core–Clad Structures of Glass Preforms and Fibres and their Properties 141 4.4.1 Comparison of Fabrication Techniques for Silica Optical Fibres with Non-silica Optical Fibres 143 4.4.2 Fibre Fabrication using Non-silica Glass Core–Clad Structures 151 4.4.3 Loss Characterization of Fibres 153 4.5 Refractive Indices and Dispersion Characteristics of Inorganic Glasses 158 4.5.1 Experimental Procedure for Measuring Refractive Index of a Glass or Thin Film 163 4.5.2 Dependence of Density on Temperature and Relationship with Refractive Index 166 4.5.3 Effect of Residual Stress on Refractive Index of a Medium and its Effect 169 4.6 Conclusion 170 References 170 5. Thin-film Fabrication and Characterization 178 5.1 Introduction 178 5.2 Physical Techniques for Thick and Thin Film Deposition 179 5.3 Evaporation 179 5.3.1 General Description 179 5.3.2 Technique, Materials and Process Control 179 5.4 Sputtering 181 5.4.1 Principle of Sputtering 181 5.5 Pulsed Laser Deposition 183 5.5.1 Introduction and Principle 183 5.5.2 Process 184 5.5.3 Key Features of PLD process 186 5.5.4 Controlling Parameters and Materials Investigated 187 5.5.5 Fabrication of Thin Film Structures using PLD and Molecular Beam Epitaxy 188 5.6 Ion Implantation 192 5.6.1 Introduction 192 5.6.2 Technique and Structural Changes 192 5.6.3 Governing Parameters for Ion Implantation 193 5.6.4 Materials Systems Investigated 194 5.7 Chemical Techniques 194 5.7.1 Characteristics of Chemical Vapour Deposition Processes 195 5.7.2 Materials System Studied and Applications 196 5.7.3 Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) 196 5.8 Ion-Exchange Technique 197 5.9 Chemical Solution or Sol–Gel Deposition (CSD) 200 5.9.1 Introduction 200 5.9.2 CSD Technique and Materials Deposited 202 5.10 Conclusion 203 References 203 6. Spectroscopic Properties of Lanthanide (Ln3+) and Transition Metal (M3+)-Ion Doped Glasses 209 6.1 Introduction 209 6.2 Theory of Radiative Transition 209 6.3 Classical Model for Dipoles and Decay Process 212 6.4 Factors Influencing the Line Shape Broadening of Optical Transitions 214 6.5 Characteristics of Dipole and Multi-Poles and Selection Rules for Optical Transitions: 218 6.5.1 Analysis of Dipole Transitions Based on Fermi’s Golden Rule 219 6.5.2 Electronic Structure and Some Important Properties of Lanthanides 221 6.5.3 Laporte Selection Rules for Rare-Earth and Transition Metal Ions 224 6.6 Comparison of Oscillator Strength Parameters, Optical Transition Probabilities and Overall Lifetimes of Excited States 227 6.6.1 Radiative and Non-Radiative Rate Equation 231 6.6.2 Energy Transfer and Related Non-Radiative Processes 233 6.6.3 Upconversion Process 237 6.7 Selected Examples of Spectroscopic Processes in Rare-Earth Ion Doped Glasses 238 6.7.1 Spectroscopic Properties of Trivalent Lanthanide (Ln3+)-Doped Inorganic Glasses 239 6.7.2 Brief Comparison of Spectroscopic Properties of Er3+-Doped Glasses 241 6.7.3 Spectroscopic Properties of Tm3+-Doped Inorganic Glasses 247 6.8 Conclusions 257 References 257 7. Applications of Inorganic Photonic Glasses 261 7.1 Introduction 261 7.2 Dispersion in Optical Fibres and its Control and Management 261 7.2.1 Intramodal Dispersion 262 7.2.2 Intermodal Distortion 265 7.2.3 Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) 266 7.2.4 Methods of Controlling and Managing Dispersion in Fibres 267 7.3 Unconventional Fibre Structures 269 7.3.1 Fibres with Periodic Defects and Bandgap 269 7.3.2 TIR and Endlessly Single Mode Propagation in PCF with Positive Core–Cladding Difference 272 7.3.3 Negative Core–Cladding Refractive Index Difference 272 7.3.4 Control of Group Velocity Dispersion (GVD) 273 7.3.5 Birefringence in Microstructured Optical Fibres 274 7.4 Optical Nonlinearity in Glasses, Glass-Ceramics and Optical Fibres 275 7.4.1 Theory of Harmonic Generation 275 7.4.2 Nonlinear Materials for Harmonic Generations and Parametric Processes 279 7.4.3 Fibre Based Kerr Media and its Application 285 7.4.4 Resonant Nonlinearity in Doped Glassy Hosts 287 7.4.5 Second Harmonic Generation in Inorganic Glasses 288 7.4.6 Electric-Field Poling and Poled Glass 289 7.4.7 Raman Gain Medium 291 7.4.8 Photo-induced Bragg and Long-Period Gratings in Fibres 292 7.5 Applications of Selected Rare-earth ion and Bi-ion Doped Amplifying Devices 294 7.5.1 Introduction 294 7.5.2 Examples of Three-Level or Pseudo-Three-Level Transitions 296 7.5.3 Examples of Four-Level Laser Systems 300 7.6 Emerging Opportunities for the Future 302 7.7 Conclusions 303 References 304 Supplementary References 311 Symbols and Notations Used 315 Index 317

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Book Synopsis*Trade Review"Provides a deep understanding of multiscale analysis and its implementation. " (Nanotech Cafe, 15 March 2011)Table of ContentsAbout the Author. Series Preface. Preface. Abbreviations. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Material Properties Based on Hierarchy of Material Structure. 1.2 Overview of Multiscale Analysis. 1.3 Framework of Multiscale Analysis Covering a Large Range of Spatial Scales. 1.4 Examples in Formulating Multiscale Models from Practice. 1.5 Concluding Remarks. References. 2 Basics of Atomistic Simulation. 2.1 The Role of Atomistic Simulation. 2.2 Interatomic Force and Potential Function. 2.3 Pair Potential. 2.4 Numerical Algorithms for Integration and Error Estimation. 2.5 Geometric Model Development of Atomistic System. 2.6 Boundary Conditions. 2.7 Statistical Ensembles. 2.8 Energy Minimization for Preprocessing and Statistical Mechanics Data Analyses. 2.9 Statistical Simulation Using Monte Carlo Methods. 2.10 Concluding Remarks. References. 3 Applications of Atomistic Simulation in Ceramics and Metals. Part 3.1 Applications in Ceramics and Materials with Ionic and Covalent Bonds. 3.1 Covalent and Ionic Potentials and Atomistic Simulation for Ceramics. 3.2 Born Solid Model for Ionic-bonding Materials. 3.3 Shell Model. 3.4 Determination of Parameters of Short-distance Potential for Oxides. 3.5 Applications in Ceramics: Defect Structure in Scandium Doped Ceria Using Static Lattice Calculation. 3.6 Applications in Ceramics: Combined Study of Atomistic Simulation with XRD for Nonstoichiometry Mechanisms in Y3Al5O12 (YAG) Garnets. 3.7 Applications in Ceramics: Conductivity of the YSZ Oxide Fuel Electrolyte and Domain Switching of Ferroelectric Ceramics Using MD. 3.8 Tersoff and Brenner Potentials for Covalent Materials. 3.9 The Atomistic Stress and Atomistic-based Stress Measure. Part 3.2 Applications in Metallic Materials and Alloys. 3.10 Metallic Potentials and Atomistic Simulation for Metals. 3.11 Embedded Atom Methods EAM and MEAM. 3.12 Constructing Binary and High Order Potentials from Monoatomic Potentials. 3.13 Application Examples of Metals: MD Simulation Reveals Yield Mechanism of Metallic Nanowires. 3.14 Collecting Data of Atomistic Potentials from the Internet Based on a Specific Technical Requirement. Appendix 3.A Potential Tables for Oxides and Thin-Film Coating Layers. References. 4 Quantum Mechanics and Its Energy Linkage with Atomistic Analysis. 4.1 Determination of Uranium Dioxide Atomistic Potential and the Significance of QM. 4.2 Some Basic Concepts of QM. 4.3 Postulates of QM. 4.4 The Steady State Schr€odinger Equation of a Single Particle. 4.5 Example Solution: Square Potential Well with Infinite Depth. 4.6 Schr€odinger Equation of Multi-body Systems and Characteristics of its Eigenvalues and Ground State Energy. 4.7 Three Basic Solution Methods for Multi-body Problems in QM. 4.8 Tight Binding Method. 4.9 Hartree-Fock (HF) Methods. 4.10 Electronic Density Functional Theory (DFT). 4.11 Brief Introduction on Developing Interatomic Potentials by DFT Calculations. 4.12 Concluding Remarks. Appendix 4.A Solution to Isolated Hydrogen Atom. References. 5 Concurrent Multiscale Analysis by Generalized Particle Dynamics Methods. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 The Geometric Model of the GP Method. 5.3 Developing Natural Boundaries Between Domains of Different Scales. 5.4 Verification of Seamless Transition via 1D Model. 5.5 An Inverse Mapping Method for Dynamics Analysis of Generalized Particles. 5.6 Applications of GP Method. 5.7 Validation by Comparison of Dislocation Initiation and Evolution Predicted by MD and GP. 5.8 Validation by Comparison of Slip Patterns Predicted by MD and GP. 5.9 Summary and Discussions. 5.10 States of Art of Concurrent Multiscale Analysis. 5.11 Concluding Remarks. References. 6 Quasicontinuum Concurrent and Semi-analytical Hierarchical Multiscale Methods Across Atoms/Continuum. 6.1 Introduction. Part 6.1 Basic Energy Principle and Numerical Solution Techniques in Solid Mechanics. 6.2 Principle of Minimum Potential Energy of Solids and Structures. 6.3 Essential Points of Finite Element Methods. Part 6.2 Quasicontinuum (QC) Concurrent Method of Multiscale Analysis. 6.4 The Idea and Features of the QC Method. 6.5 Fully Non-localized QC Method. 6.6 Applications of the QC Method. 6.7 Short Discussion about the QC Method. Part 6.3 Analytical and Semi-analytical Multiscale Methods Across Atomic/Continuum Scales. 6.8 More Discussions about Deformation Gradient and the Cauchy-Born Rule. 6.9 Analytical/Semi-analytical Methods Across Atom/Continuum Scales Based on the Cauchy-Born Rule. 6.10 Atomistic-based Continuum Model of Hydrogen Storage with Carbon Nanotubes. 6.11 Atomistic-based Model for Mechanical, Electrical and Thermal Properties of Nanotubes. 6.12 A Proof of 3D Inverse Mapping Rule of the GP Method. 6.13 Concluding Remarks. References. 7 Further Introduction to Concurrent Multiscale Methods. 7.1 General Feature in Geometry of Concurrent Multiscale Modeling. 7.2 Physical Features of Concurrent Multiscale Models. 7.3 MAAD Method for Analysis Across ab initio, Atomic and Macroscopic Scales. 7.4 Force-based Formulation of Concurrent Multiscale Modeling. 7.5 Coupled Atom Discrete Dislocation Dynamics (CADD) Multiscale Method. 7.6 1D Model for a Multiscale Dynamic Analysis. 7.7 Bridging Domains Method. 7.8 1D Benchmark Tests of Interface Compatibility for DC Methods. 7.9 Systematic Performance Benchmark of Most DC Atomistic/Continuum Coupling Methods. 7.10 The Embedded Statistical Coupling Method (ESCM). References. 8 Hierarchical Multiscale Methods for Plasticity. 8.1 A Methodology of Hierarchical Multiscale Analysis Across Micro/meso/macroscopic Scales and Information Transformation Between These Scales. 8.2 Quantitative Meso-macro Bridging Based on Self-consistent Schemes. 8.3 Basics of Continuum Plasticity Theory. 8.4 Internal Variable Theory, Back Stress and Elastoplastic Constitutive Equations. 8.5 Quantitative Micro-meso Bridging by Developing Meso-cell Constitutive Equations Based on Microscopic Analysis. 8.6 Determining Size Effect on Yield Stress and Kinematic Hardening Through Dislocation Analysis. 8.7 Numerical Methods to Link Plastic Strains at the Mesoscopic and Macroscopic Scales. 8.8 Experimental Study on Layer-thickness Effects on Cyclic Creep (Ratcheting). 8.9 Numerical Results and Comparison Between Experiments and Multiscale Simulation. 8.10 Findings in Microscopic Scale by Multiscale Analysis. 8.11 Summary and Conclusions. Appendix 8.A Constitutive Equations and Expressions of Parameters. Appendix 8.B Derivation of Equation (8.12e) and Matrix Elements. References. 9 Topics in Materials Design, Temporal Multiscale Problems and Bio-materials. Part 9.1 Materials Design. 9.1 Multiscale Modeling in Materials Design. Part 9.2 Temporal Multiscale Problems. 9.2 Introduction to Temporal Multiscale Problems. 9.3 Concepts of Infrequent Events. 9.4 Minimum Energy Path (MEP) and Transition State Theory in Atomistic Simulation. 9.5 Applications and Impacts of NEB Methods. Part 9.3 Multiscale Analysis of Protein Materials and Medical Implant Problems. 9.6 Multiscale Analysis of Protein Materials. 9.7 Multiscale Analysis of Medical Implants. 9.8 Concluding Remarks. Appendix 9A Derivation of Governing Equation (9.11) for Implicit Relationship of Stress, Strain Rate, Temperature in Terms of Activation Energy and Activation Volume. References. 10 Simulation Schemes, Softwares, Lab Practice and Applications. Part 10.1 Basics of Computer Simulations. 10.1 Basic Knowledge of UNIX System and Shell Commands. 10.2 A Simple MD Program. 10.3 Static Lattice Calculations Using GULP. 10.4 Introduction of Visualization Tools and Gnuplot. 10.5 Running an Atomistic Simulation Using a Public MD Software DL_POLY. 10.6 Nve and npt Ensemble in MD Simulation. Part 10.2: Simulation Applications in Metals and Ceramics by MD. 10.7 Non-equilibrium MD Simulation of One-phase Model Under External Shearing (1). 10.8 Non-equilibrium MD Simulation of a One-phase Model Under External Shearing (2). 10.9 Non-equilibrium MD Simulation of a Two-phase Model Under External Shearing. Part 10.3: Atomistic Simulation for Protein-Water System and Brief Introduction of Large-scale Atomic/Molecular System (LAMMPS) and the GP Simulation. 10.10 Using NAMD Software for Biological Atomistic Simulation. 10.11 Stretching of a Protein Module (1): System Building and Equilibration with VMD/NAMD. 10.12 Stretching of a Protein Module (2): Non-equilibrium MD Simulation with NAMD. 10.13 Brief Introduction to LAMMPS. 10.14 Multiscale Simulation by Generalized Particle (GP) Dynamics Method. Appendix 10.A Code Installation Guide. Prerequisites. 10.A.1 Introduction. 10.A.2 Using the KNOPPIX CD to Install the GNU/Linux System. 10.A.3 ssh and scp. 10.A.4 Fortran and C Compiler. 10.A.5 Visual Molecular Dynamics (VMD). 10.A.6 Installation of AtomEye. Appendix 10.B Brief Introduction to Fortran 90. 10.B.1 Program Structure, Write to Terminal and Write to File. 10.B.2 Do Cycle, Formatted Output. 10.B.3 Arrays and Allocation. 10.B.4 IF THEN ELSE. Appendix 10.C Brief Introduction to VIM. 10.C.1 Introduction. 10.C.2 Simple Commands. Appendix 10.D Basic Knowledge of Numerical Algorithm for Force Calculation. 10.D.1 Force Calculation in Atomistic Simulation. Appendix 10.E Basic Knowledge of Parallel Numerical Algorithm. 10.E.1 General Information. 10.E.2 Atom Decomposition. 10.E.3 Force Decomposition. 10.E.4 Domain Decomposition. Appendix 10.F Supplemental Materials and Software for Geometric Model Development in Atomistic Simulation. 10.F.1 Model Development for Model Coordinates Coincident with Main Crystal Axes. 10.F.2 Model Development for Model Coordinates not Coincident with Crystal Axes. References. Postface. Index.

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Book SynopsisA membrane reactor is a device for simultaneously performing a reaction and a membrane-based separation in the same physical device. Therefore, the membrane not only plays the role of a separator, but also takes place in the reaction itself. This text covers, in detail, the preparation and characterisation of all types of membranes used in membranes reactors. Each membrane synthesis process used by membranologists is explained by well known scientists in their specific research field. The book opens with an exhaustive review and introduction to membrane reactors, introducing the recent advances in this field. The following chapters concern the preparation of both organic and inorganic, and in both cases, a deep analysis of all the techniques used to prepare membrane are presented and discussed. A brief historical introduction for each technique is also included, followed by a complete description of the technique as well as the main results presented in the inteTable of ContentsContributors. Glossary. Introduction – A Review of Membrane Reactors (Fausto Gallucci, Angelo Basile and Faisal Ibney Hai). 1 Introduction. 2 Membranes for Membrane Reactors. 2.1 Polymeric Membranes. 2.2 Inorganic Membranes. 2.3 Membrane Housing. 2.4 Membrane Separation Regime. 3 Salient Features of Membrane Reactors. 3.1 Applications of Membrane Reactors. 3.2 Advantages of the Membrane Reactors. 4 Hydrogen Production by Membrane Reactors. 4.1 Methane Steam Reforming. 4.2 Dry Reforming of Methane. 4.3 Partial Oxidation of Methane. 4.4 Water Gas Shift Reaction Performed in Membrane Reactors. 4.5 Outlines on Reforming Reactions of Renewable Sources in Membrane Reactors. 5 Other Examples of Membrane Reactors. 5.1 Zeolite Membrane Reactors. 5.2 Fluidised Bed Membrane Reactor. 5.3 Perovskite Membrane Reactors. 5.4 Hollow Fibre Membrane Reactors. 5.5 Catalytic Membrane Reactors. 5.6 Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors. 6 Membrane Bioreactor. 6.1 A Brief History of the MBR Technology Development. 6.2 Market Value and Drivers. 6.3 Commercially Available MF/UF Membranes for MBR. 6.4 Advantages of MBR over CAS. 6.5 Organics and Nutrients Removal in MBR. 6.6 Recalcitrant Industrial Wastewater Treatment by MBR. 6.7 Recent Advances in Membrane Bioreactors Design/Operation. 6.8 Development Challenges. 6.9 Future Research. 7 Conclusion. References. 1 Microporous Carbon Membranes (Miki Yoshimune and Kenji Haraya). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Transport Mechanisms in Carbon Membranes. 1.3 Methods for the Preparation of Microporous Carbon Membranes. 1.4 Membrane Modules. 1.5 Applications of Membranes in Membrane Reactor Processes. 1.6 Final Remarks and Conclusions. 2 Metallic Membranes by Wire Arc Spraying: Preparation, Characterisation and Applications (Sayed Siavash Madaeni and Parisa Daraei). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Thermal Spraying. 2.3 Preparation of Membranes. 2.4 Characterisation of Prepared Metallic Membrane. 2.5 Applications of Prepared Metallic Membrane. 2.6 Final Remarks and Conclusions. 3 Inorganic Hollow Fibre Membranes for Chemical Reaction (Benjamin F. K. Kingsbury, Zhentao Wu and K. Li). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Preparation of Inorganic Hollow Fibre Membranes. 3.3 Coating of Pd/Ag Membranes. 3.4 Catalyst Impregnation. 3.5 Application in Chemical Reaction. 3.6 Final Remarks and Conclusions. 4 Metallic Membranes Prepared by Cold Rolling and Diffusion Welding (Silvano Tosti). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Preparation Method. 4.3 Applications. 4.4 Conclusions. 5 Preparation and Synthesis of Mixed Ionic and Electronic Conducting Ceramic Membranes for Oxygen Permeation (Jianhua Tong and Ryan O'Hayre). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Preparation of MIEC Ceramic Powders. 5.3 Preparation of MIEC Membranes. 5.4 Example Applications of MIEC Membranes for the Partial Oxidation of Methane. 5.5 Final Remarks and Conclusions. 6 Nanostructured Perovskites for the Fabrication of Thin Ceramic Membranes and Related Phenomena (V.V. Zyryanov, A.P. Nemudry and V.A. Sadykov). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Support. 6.3 Selection of Ceramics with High Oxygen Mobility. 6.4 Synthesis of Ceramics with Required Ts and a High Oxygen Permeability. 6.5 Combination of Compatible Materials and Operations. 6.6 Design of Catalyst for Selective Reforming of Methane to Syngas. 6.7 Conclusion. 7 Compact Catalytic Membrane Reactors for Reforming Applications Based on an Integrated Sandwiched Catalyst Layer (Sreekumar Kurungot and Takeo Yamaguchi). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Experimental. 7.3 Results and Discussion. 7.4 Conclusion. 8 Zeolite Membrane Reactors (Carlos Tellez and Miguel Menendez). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Zeolite Membrane Preparation Outlines. 8.3 Detailed Preparation Method of a Zeolite Membrane. 8.4 Types of Zeolite Membrane Reactors. 8.5 Concluding Remarks. 9 Metal Supported and Laminated Pd-Based Membranes (Silvano Tosti, Angelo Basile and Fausto Gallucci). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Preparation Method. 9.3 Applications. 9.4 Conclusions. 10 PVD Techniques for Metallic Membrane Reactors (R. Checchetto, R.S. Brusa, A. Miotello and A. Basile). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Physical Vapour Deposition Techniques. 10.3 Pd-Based Metallic Membranes. 10.4 Conclusions. 11 Membranes Prepared via Electroless Plating (M. Broglia, P. Pinacci and A. Basile). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Description of the Electroless Plating Process. 11.3 Morphology of Palladium Deposits. 11.4 Pd-Alloy Preparation. 11.5 Membrane Performances and Integration in Membrane Reactors. 11.6 Conclusions. 12 Silica Membranes – Preparation by Chemical Vapour Deposition and Characteristics (J. Galuszka and T. Giddings). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Fundamentals of Chemical Vapour Deposition. 12.3 CVD Apparatus. 12.4 Silica H-Membranes Produced by CVD. 12.5 Silica Membrane Structure and Transport Mechanism. 12.6 Hydrothermal Stability of Silica Membranes. 12.7 Examples of Silica Membrane Application. 12.8 Conclusions. 13 Membranes Prepared via Molecular Layering Method (A.A. Malygin, A.A. Malkov, S.V. Mikhaylovskiy, S.D. Dubrovensky, N.L. Basov, M.M. Ermilova, N.V. Orekhova and G.F. Tereschenko). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Molecular Layering: Principles, Synthesis Possibilities and Fields of Application. 13.3 Optimisation of MR Structure and Catalytic Properties by the ML Method. 14 Solvated Metal Atoms in the Preparation of Catalytic Membranes (Emanuela Pitzalis, Claudio Evangelisti, Nicoletta Panziera, Angelo Basile, Gustavo Capannelli and Giovanni Vitulli). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Preparation of Catalytic Membranes. 14.3 Catalytic Exploitation. 14.4 Conclusions. 15 Electrophoretic Deposition for the Synthesis of Inorganic Membranes (F.J. Varela-Gandıa, A. Berenguer-Murcia, A. Linares-Solano, E. Morallon and D. Cazorla-Amoros). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 State of the Art. 15.3 Experimental. 15.4 Discussion and Applications. 15.5 Conclusions. 16 Electrochemical Preparation of Nanoparticle Deposits: Application to Membranes and Catalysis (J. Arias-Pardilla, A. Berenguer-Murcia, D. Cazorla-Amoros and E. Morallon). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 State of the Art. 16.3 Experimental. 16.4 Discussion and Applications. 16.5 Conclusions. 17 Electrochemical Preparation of Pd Seeds/Inorganic Multilayers on Structured Metallic Fibres (F. Basile, P. Benito, G. Fornasari, M. Monti, E. Scavetta, M. Tonelli and A. Vaccari). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Brief Review on Preparation Method. 17.3 Explanation of the Proposed Preparation Method. 17.4 Multilayer Preparation on Metal Substrates. 17.5 Final Remarks and Conclusion. 18 Membranes Prepared Via Spray Pyrolysis (Mingtao Li and Liejin Guo). 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Spray Pyrolysis Material Preparation Method. 18.3 Selected Membranes Prepared Via Spray Pyrolysis Coating Method. 18.4 Catalyst Synthesis and Spread in PEMFC. 18.5 Remarks and Perspectives. 19 Preparation and Characterisation of Nanocrystalline and Quasicrystalline Alloys by Planar Flow Casting for Metal Membranes (J.W. Phair and M.A. Gibson). 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Properties and Preparation of Nanocrystalline and Quasicrystalline Metals. 19.3 Preparation of Nanocrystalline and Quasicrystalline Metal Membranes by Planar Flow Casting. 19.4 Nanocrystalline and Quasicrystalline Metal Membranes for Hydrogen Separation. 19.5 Concluding Remarks. 20 Preparation and Characterisation of Amorphous Alloy Membranes (Shin-ichi Yamaura and Akihisa Inoue). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Brief Review of Preparation Methods. 20.3 Experimental Procedure. 20.4 Hydrogen Permeation of Ni-Nb-Zr Amorphous Alloy Membranes. 20.5 Hydrogen Production by Methanol Steam Reforming Using Melt-Spun Ni-Nb-Ta-Zr-Co Amorphous Alloy Membrane. 20.6 Final Remarks and Conclusions. 21 Membranes Prepared Via Phase Inversion (M.G. Buonomenna, S.-H. Choi, F. Galiano and E. Drioli). 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 Brief Review. 21.3 Explanation of the Phase Inversion Process. 21.4 Some Applications. 21.5 Conclusions. 22 Porous Flat Sheet, Hollow Fibre and Capsule Membranes by Phase Separation of Polymer Solutions (Mathias Ulbricht and Heru Susanto). 22.1 Introduction. 22.2 Porous Polymeric Membranes Classification. 22.3 Polymers for Porous Membranes. 22.4 Polymeric Membrane Preparation Via Phase Separation. 22.5 Industrial Manufacturing of Porous Polymeric Membranes. 22.6 Applications in Membrane Reactor Processes. 22.7 Conclusions and Outlook. 23 Porous Polymer Membranes by Manufacturing Technologies other than Phase Separation of Polymer Solutions (Mathias Ulbricht and Heru Susanto). 23.1 Introduction. 23.2 Technologies Based on Extrusion of Polymer Films. 23.3 Electrospinning of Porous Polymer Membranes. 23.4 In Situ Polymerisation of Porous Membranes. 23.5 Surface and Pore Functionalised Membranes. 23.6 Overview on Technical Porous Polymeric Membranes. 23.7 Applications in Membrane Reactor Processes. 23.8 Conclusions and Outlook. 24 Palladium-Loaded Polymeric Membranes for Hydrogenation in Catalytic Membrane Reactors (V.V. Volkov, I.V. Petrova, V.I. Lebedeva, V.I. Roldughin and G.F. Tereshchenko). 24.1 Introduction. 24.2 Synthesis and Hydrogenation Studies. 24.3 Characterisation of Palladium Nanoparticles in Catalytic Membranes. 24.4 Kinetic Studies. 24.5 Conclusions. 25 Membrane Prepared via Plasma Modification (Marek Bryjak and Irena Gancarz). 25.1 Introduction. 25.2 Membrane Treatment with Microwave Plasma. 25.3 Modes of Plasma Use. 25.4 Plasma of Nonpolymerisable Gas. 25.5 Plasma of Polymerisable Species. 25.6 Plasma-Induced Grafting. 26 Enzyme-Immobilised Polymer Membranes for Chemical Reactions (Tadashi Uragami). 26.1 Introduction. 26.2 Brief Review of the Preparation Method of Enzyme-Immobilised Polymer Membranes. 26.3 Preparation of Enzyme-Immobilised Polymer Membranes. 26.4 Applications of Enzyme-Immobilised Polymer Membranes as Membrane Reactors. 26.5 Final Remarks and Conclusions. Final Remarks (Angelo Basile and Fausto Gallucci). 1 Introduction. 2 Membranes for Membrane Reactors. 2.1 Inorganic Membranes. 2.2 Organic Membranes. 3 Epilogue. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisLiquid-Phase Epitaxy is a technique used in the bulk growth of crystals, typically in semiconductor manufacturing, whereby the crystal is grown from a rich solution of the semiconductor onto a substrate in layers, each of which is formed by supersaturation or cooling. At least 50 of growth in the optoelectronics area is currently focussed on LPE.Table of ContentsSeries Preface. Preface. Acknowledgements. List of Contributors. 1. Introduction to Liquid Phase Epitaxy (Hans J. Scheel) 2. Liquid Phase Epitaxy in Russia Prior to 1990 (V.A. Mishurnyi) 3. Phase Diagrams and Modeling in Liquid Phase Epitaxy (Kazuo Nakajima) 4. Equipment and Instrumentation for Liquid Phase Epitaxy (Michael G. Mauk and James B. McNeely) 5. Silicon, Germanium and Silicon-Germanium Liquid Phase Epitaxy (Michael G. Mauk) 6. Liquid Phase Epitaxy of Silicon Carbide (R. Yakimova and M. Syvajarvi) 7. Liquid Phase Epitaxy of Gallium Nitride (Hans J. Scheel and Dennis Elwell) 8. Liquid Phase Epitaxy of Quantum Wells and Quantum Dots (A. Krier, X.L. Huang and Z. Labadi) 9. Liquid Phase Epitaxy of Hg1-x CDx Te (MCT) (P. Capper) 10. Liquid Phase Epitaxy of Widegap II-VIs (J.F. Wang and M. Isshiki) 11. Liquid Phase Epitaxy of Garnets (Taketoshi Hibiya and Peter Gornert) 12. Liquid Phase Epitaxy: A Survey of Capabilities, Recent Developments and Specialized Applications (Michael G. Mauk) 13. Liquid Phase Epitaxy for Light Emitting Diodes (Michael G. Mauk) Index.

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Book SynopsisMaterials Science of Membranes for Gas and Vapor Separation provides readers with a good overall perspective of new theoretical results that can be applied to advanced materials, as well as the separation of polymers.Table of ContentsContributors. Preface. 1. Transport of Gases and Vapors in Glassy and Rubbery Polymers (Scott Matteucci, Yuri Yampolskii, Benny D. Freeman and Ingo Pinnau). 2. Principles of Molecular Simulation of Gas Transport in Polymers (Doros N. Theodorou). 3. Molecular Simulation of Gas and Vapor Transport in Highly Permeable Polymers (Joel R. Fried). 4. Predicting Gas Solubility in Membranes through Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics for Glassy Polymers (Ferruccio Doghieri, Massimiliano Quinzi, David G. Rethwisch and Giulio C. Sarti). 5. The Solution–Diffusion Model: A Unified Approach to Membrane Permeation (Johannes G. (Hans) Wijmans and Richard W. Baker ). 6. Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy and Other Methods for Free Volume Evaluation in Polymers (Yuri Yampolskii and Victor Shantarovich). 7. Prediction of Gas Permeation Parameters of Polymers (Alexander Alentiev and Yuri Yampolskii ). 8. Synthesis and Permeation Properties of Substituted Polyacetylenes for Gas Separation and Pervaporation (Toshio Masuda and Kazukiyo Nagai). 9. Gas and Vapor Transport Properties of Perfluoropolymers (Tim C. Merkel, Ingo Pinnau, Rajeev Prabhakar and Benny D. Freeman). 10. Structure and Transport Properties of Polyimides as Materials for Gas and Vapor Membrane Separation (Kazuhiro Tanaka and Ken-Ichi Okamoto). 11. The Impact of Physical Aging of Amorphous Glassy Polymers on Gas Separation Membranes (Peter H. Pfromm). 12. Zeolite Membranes for Gas and Liquid Separations (George R. Gavalas). 13. Gas and Vapor Separation Membranes Based on Carbon Membranes (Hidetoshi Kita). 14. Polymer Membranes for Separation of Organic Liquid Mixtures (Tadashi Uragami ). 15. Zeolite Membranes for Pervaporation and Vapor Permeation (Hidetoshi Kita). 16. Solid-State Facilitated Transport Membranes for Separation of Olefins/Paraffins and Oxygen/Nitrogen ( Yong Soo Kang, Jong Hak Kim, Jongok Won and Hoon Sik Kim ). 17. Review of Facilitated Transport Membranes (Richard D. Noble and Carl A. Koval ). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis eagerly-awaited volume has been edited by two academic researchers with extensive and reputable experience in this field. Emphasis is given to the underlying science of the method of Auger microscopy, and its instrumental realization, the visualization and interpretation of the data in the sets of the images that form the output of the measurements and the methods used to quantify the images. Imaging artefacts in Auger microscopy and methods to correct them are also detailed. The authors describe the technique of Multi-Spectral Auger Microscopy (MULSAM) and demonstrate its advantages in mapping complex multi-component surfaces. The book concludes with an outlook for the future of Auger microscopy.Trade Review"…this book fills a key gap for researchers and graduate students." (Journal of the American Chemical Society, December 27, 2006)Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. Introduction (M.M. El Gomati and M. Prutton). 2. The Auger Process (J.A.D. Matthew). 3. Instrumentation (M.M. El Gomati and M. Prutton). 4. The Spatial Resolution (M.M. El Gomati). 5. Forming an Auger Image (M.M. El Gomati and M. Prutton). 6. Image Processing and Interpretation (M. Prutton). 7. Quantification of Auger Images (M. Prutton). 8. Applications: Materials Science (R.K. Wild). 9. Applications: Semiconductor Manufacturing (C.F.H. Gondran). 10. Concluding Remarks (M.M. El Gomati and M. Prutton). Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThere are many comprehensive design books, but none of them provide a significant number of detailed economic design examples of typically complex industrial processes. Most of the current design books cover a wide variety of topics associated with process design.Trade Review"I highly recommend the important and all encompassing book Principles and Case Studies of Simultaneous Design by William L. Luyben, to any chemistry or engineering students, practicing chemical engineers, product designers in industry, and business leaders looking for a fresh approach to simultaneous design issues. This book will transform your company's industrial processes and product design into one of a leader in process design." (Blog Business World, 26 November 2011)Table of ContentsPREFACE xv 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Overview / 1 1.2 History / 3 1.3 Books / 4 1.4 Tools / 4 Reference Textbooks / 5 2 PRINCIPLES OF REACTOR DESIGN AND CONTROL 7 2.1 Background / 7 2.2 Principles Derived from Chemistry / 8 2.2.1 Heat of Reaction / 8 2.2.2 Reversible and Irreversible Reactions / 9 2.2.3 Multiple Reactions / 10 2.3 Principles Derived from Phase of Reaction / 11 2.4 Determining Kinetic Parameters / 12 2.4.1 Thermodynamic Constraints / 12 2.4.2 Kinetic Parameters from Plant Data / 13 2.5 Principles of Reactor Heat Exchange / 13 2.5.1 Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactors / 13 2.5.2 Tubular Reactors / 14 2.5.3 Feed-Effluent Heat Exchangers / 16 2.6 Heuristic Design of Reactor/Separation Processes / 17 2.6.1 Introduction / 17 2.6.2 Process Studied / 18 2.6.3 Economic Optimization / 21 2.6.4 Other Cases / 22 2.6.5 Real Example / 27 2.7 Conclusion / 28 References / 29 3 PRINCIPLES OF DISTILLATION DESIGN AND CONTROL 31 3.1 Principles of Economic Distillation Design / 32 3.1.1 Operating Pressure / 32 3.1.2 Heuristic Optimization / 33 3.1.3 Rigorous Optimization / 33 3.1.4 Feed Preheating and Intermediate Reboilers and Condensers / 34 3.1.5 Heat Integration / 34 3.2 Principles of Distillation Control / 35 3.2.1 Single-End Control / 36 3.2.2 Dual-End Control / 38 3.2.3 Alternative Control Structures / 38 3.3 Conclusion / 39 References / 39 4 PRINCIPLES OF PLANTWIDE CONTROL 41 4.1 History / 42 4.2 Effects of Recycle / 42 4.2.1 Time Constants of Integrated Plant with Recycle / 42 4.2.2 Recycle Snowball Effect / 43 4.3 Management of Fresh Feed Streams / 45 4.3.1 Fundamentals / 45 4.3.2 Process with Two Recycles and Two Fresh Feeds / 46 4.4 Conclusion / 52 5 ECONOMIC BASIS 53 5.1 Level of Accuracy / 53 5.2 Sizing Equipment / 54 5.2.1 Vessels / 54 5.2.2 Heat Exchangers / 55 5.2.3 Compressors / 56 5.2.4 Pumps, Valves, and Piping / 56 5.3 Equipment Capital Cost / 56 5.3.1 Vessels / 56 5.3.2 Heat Exchangers / 56 5.3.3 Compressors / 57 5.4 Energy Costs / 57 5.5 Chemical Costs / 57 References / 57 6 DESIGN AND CONTROL OF THE ACETONE PROCESS VIA DEHYDROGENATION OF ISOPROPANOL 59 6.1 Process Description / 60 6.1.1 Reaction Kinetics / 61 6.1.2 Phase Equilibrium / 62 6.2 Turton Flowsheet / 62 6.2.1 Vaporizer / 63 6.2.2 Reactor / 64 6.2.3 Heat Exchangers, Flash Tank, and Absorber / 64 6.2.4 Acetone Column C1 / 66 6.2.5 Water Column C2 / 66 6.3 Revised Flowsheet / 66 6.3.1 Effect of Absorber Pressure / 66 6.3.2 Effect of Water Solvent and Absorber Stages / 68 6.3.3 Effect of Reactor Size / 68 6.3.4 Optimum Distillation Design / 69 6.4 Economic Comparison / 69 6.5 Plantwide Control / 71 6.5.1 Control Structure / 71 6.5.2 Column Control Structure Selection / 75 6.5.3 Dynamic Performance Results / 76 6.6 Conclusion / 81 References / 81 7 DESIGN AND CONTROL OF AN AUTO-REFRIGERATED ALKYLATION PROCESS 83 7.1 Introduction / 84 7.2 Process Description / 84 7.2.1 Reaction Kinetics / 85 7.2.2 Phase Equilibrium / 85 7.2.3 Flowsheet / 86 7.2.4 Design Optimization Variables / 88 7.3 Design of Distillation Columns / 89 7.3.1 Depropanizer / 89 7.3.2 Deisobutanizer / 89 7.4 Economic Optimization of Entire Process / 91 7.4.1 Flowsheet Convergence / 91 7.4.2 Yield / 91 7.4.3 Effect of Reactor Size / 91 7.4.4 Optimum Economic Design / 93 7.5 Alternative Flowsheet / 94 7.6 Plantwide Control / 96 7.6.1 Control Structure / 96 7.6.2 Controller Tuning / 100 7.6.3 Dynamic Performance / 101 7.7 Conclusion / 103 References / 105 8 DESIGN AND CONTROL OF THE BUTYL ACETATE PROCESS 107 8.1 Introduction / 108 8.2 Chemical Kinetics and Phase Equilibrium / 108 8.2.1 Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium / 108 8.2.2 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium / 110 8.3 Process Flowsheet / 112 8.3.1 Reactor / 112 8.3.2 Column C1 / 113 8.3.3 Column C2 / 113 8.3.4 Column C3 / 113 8.3.5 Flowsheet Convergence / 115 8.4 Economic Optimum Design / 117 8.4.1 Reactor Size and Temperature / 117 8.4.2 Butanol Recycle and Composition / 118 8.4.3 Distillation Column Design / 119 8.4.4 System Economics / 120 8.5 Plantwide Control / 121 8.5.1 Column C1 / 121 8.5.2 Column C2 / 122 8.5.3 Column C3 / 122 8.5.4 Plantwide Control Structure / 123 8.5.5 Dynamic Performance / 124 8.6 Conclusion / 133 References / 133 9 DESIGN AND CONTROL OF THE CUMENE PROCESS 135 9.1 Introduction / 136 9.2 Process Studied / 136 9.2.1 Reaction Kinetics / 136 9.2.2 Phase Equilibrium / 137 9.2.3 Flowsheet / 137 9.3 Economic Optimization / 140 9.3.1 Increasing Propylene Conversion / 140 9.3.2 Effects of Design Optimization Variables / 141 9.3.3 Economic Basis / 142 9.3.4 Economic Optimization Results / 143 9.4 Plantwide Control / 147 9.5 Conclusion / 158 References / 158 10 DESIGN AND CONTROL OF THE ETHYL BENZENE PROCESS 159 10.1 Introduction / 159 10.2 Process Studied / 160 10.2.1 Reaction Kinetics / 161 10.2.2 Phase Equilibrium / 162 10.2.3 Flowsheet / 163 10.3 Design of Distillation Columns / 164 10.3.1 Column Pressure Selection / 166 10.3.2 Number of Column Trays / 169 10.4 Economic Optimization of Entire Process / 169 10.5 Plantwide Control / 172 10.5.1 Distillation Column Control Structure / 172 10.5.2 Plantwide Control Structure / 173 10.5.3 Controller Tuning / 174 10.5.4 Dynamic Performance / 174 10.5.5 Modified Control Structure / 176 10.6 Conclusion / 183 References / 183 11 DESIGN AND CONTROL OF A METHANOL REACTOR/COLUMN PROCESS 185 11.1 Introduction / 185 11.2 Process Studied / 186 11.2.1 Compression and Reactor Preheating / 186 11.2.2 Reactor / 187 11.2.3 Separator, Recycle, and Vent / 187 11.2.4 Flash and Distillation / 188 11.3 Reaction Kinetics / 188 11.4 Overall and Per-Pass Conversion / 189 11.5 Phase Equilibrium / 191 11.6 Effects of Design Optimization Variables / 192 11.6.1 Economic Basis / 192 11.6.2 Effect of Pressure / 193 11.6.3 Effect of Reactor Size / 195 11.6.4 Effect of Vent/Recycle Split / 196 11.6.5 Effect of Flash-Tank Pressure / 197 11.6.6 Optimum Distillation Column Design / 198 11.7 Plantwide Control / 201 11.7.1 Control Structure / 201 11.7.2 Column Control Structure Selection / 203 11.7.3 High-Pressure Override Controller / 203 11.7.4 Dynamic Performance Results / 204 11.8 Conclusion / 209 References / 210 12 DESIGN AND CONTROL OF THE METHOXY-METHYL-HEPTANE PROCESS 211 12.1 Introduction / 211 12.2 Process Studied / 212 12.2.1 Reactor / 212 12.2.2 Column C1 / 213 12.2.3 Column C2 / 213 12.2.4 Column C3 / 213 12.3 Reaction Kinetics / 213 12.4 Phase Equilibrium / 215 12.5 Design Optimization / 215 12.5.1 Economic Basis / 216 12.5.2 Reactor Size versus Recycle Trade-Off / 216 12.6 Optimum Distillation Column Design / 220 12.6.1 Column Pressures / 220 12.6.2 Number of Stages / 220 12.6.3 Column Profiles / 222 12.7 Plantwide Control / 223 12.7.1 Control Structure / 225 12.7.2 Dynamic Performance Results / 227 12.8 Conclusion / 230 References / 231 13 DESIGN AND CONTROL OF A METHYL ACETATE PROCESS USING CARBONYLATION OF DIMETHYL ETHER 233 13.1 Introduction / 233 13.2 Dehydration Section / 234 13.2.1 Process Description of Dehydration Section / 234 13.2.2 Dehydration Kinetics / 235 13.2.3 Alternative Flowsheets / 236 13.2.4 Optimization of Three Flowsheets / 240 13.3 Carbonylation Section / 245 13.3.1 Process Description / 246 13.3.2 Carbonylation Kinetics / 247 13.3.3 Effect of Parameters / 248 13.3.4 Flowsheet Convergence / 250 13.3.5 Optimization / 251 13.4 Plantwide Control / 255 13.4.1 Control Structure / 255 13.4.2 Dynamic Performance / 261 13.5 Conclusion / 262 References / 262 14 DESIGN AND CONTROL OF THE MONO-ISOPROPYL AMINE PROCESS 263 14.1 Introduction / 263 14.2 Process Studied / 264 14.2.1 Reaction Kinetics / 264 14.2.2 Phase Equilibrium / 265 14.2.3 Flowsheet / 266 14.3 Economic Optimization / 268 14.3.1 Design Optimization Variables / 268 14.3.2 Optimization Results / 269 14.4 Plantwide Control / 270 14.4.1 Dynamic Model Sizing / 271 14.4.2 Distillation Column Control Structures / 272 14.4.3 Plantwide Control Structure / 276 14.5 Conclusion / 289 References / 290 15 DESIGN AND CONTROL OF THE STYRENE PROCESS 291 15.1 Introduction / 292 15.2 Kinetics and Phase Equilibrium / 293 15.2.1 Reaction Kinetics / 293 15.2.2 Phase Equilibrium / 294 15.3 Vasudevan et al. Flowsheet / 295 15.3.1 Reactors / 295 15.3.2 Condenser and Decanter / 295 15.3.3 Product Column C1 / 296 15.3.4 Recycle Column C2 / 298 15.4 Effects of Design Optimization Variables / 298 15.4.1 Effect of Process Steam / 298 15.4.2 Effect of Reactor Inlet Temperature / 301 15.4.3 Effect of Reactor Size / 302 15.4.4 Optimum Distillation Column Design / 303 15.4.5 Number of Reactors / 304 15.4.6 Reoptimization / 304 15.4.7 Other Improvements / 305 15.5 Proposed Design / 305 15.6 Plantwide Control / 306 15.6.1 Control Structure / 306 15.6.2 Column Control Structure Selection / 310 15.6.3 Dynamic Performance Results / 312 15.7 Conclusion / 317 References / 317 NOMENCLATURE 319 INDEX 321

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