Mechanical engineering and materials Books

Book SynopsisThis book is a tribute to Professor Abdelhak Ambari and brings together ten chapters written by colleagues who were fortunate enough to work with him. The contributions presented in this book cover the research themes in which Abdelhak Ambari was interested, and to which he made valuable experimental and theoretical contributions. For example: rheology of complex fluids and polymers; hydrodynamic interactions; flows at low Reynolds numbers; characterization of porous media; hydrodynamic instabilities and solid mechanics; electrochemical metrology. Some Complex Phenomena in Fluid and Solid Mechanics is aimed at a wide community of readers wishing to delve deeper into these scientific themes: since it is oriented toward the world of research, it will be a valuable tool for doctoral students and beyond. The book also provides undergraduate and graduate students with a good introduction to the techniques and approaches developed in fundamental and applied research in the fields of fl

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Book SynopsisArtificial Intelligence (AI) is currently one of the most talked-about technologies, both among scientists and in public media. Several factors have contributed to its development in recent years. The first is access to vast quantities of data, such as in the industrial field, the advent of Industry 4.0, which promotes automation and data sharing in several technologies. Another factor is the continuous improvement in computing power thanks to the development of ever more powerful processors and the optimization of algorithms. With these two limitations removed, the focus of most AI developments is on the quality of predictions. The integration of AI into the industrial domain represents an exciting new frontier for innovation. Just as AI has transformed many other sectors, its application to mechanical technologies enables significant improvements in design, manufacturing and quality control processes: from computer-aided design (CAD) to printing parameter optimization, defect detection and real-time monitoring. This type of technology requires computer systems, data with management systems and advanced algorithms which can be used by AIs. In mechanical engineering, AI offers many possibilities in mechanical construction, predictive maintenance, plant monitoring, robotics, additive manufacturing, materials, vibration, etc. Methods and Applications of Artificial Intelligence is dedicated to the methods and applications of AI in mechanical engineering. Each chapter clearly sets out the techniques used and developed and accompanies them with illustrative examples. The book is aimed at students but is also a valuable resource for practicing engineers and research lecturers.

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Book SynopsisInstabilities Modeling in Geomechanics describes complex mechanisms which are frequently met in earthquake nucleation, geothermal energy production, nuclear waste disposal and CO2 sequestration. These mechanisms involve systems of non-linear differential equations that express the evolution of the geosystem (e.g. strain localization, temperature runaway, pore pressure build-up, etc.) at different length and time scales. In order to study the evolution of a system and possible instabilities, it is essential to know the mathematical properties of the governing equations. Therefore, questions of the existence, uniqueness and stability of solutions naturally arise. This book particularly explores bifurcation theory and stability analysis, which are robust and rigorous mathematical tools that allow us to study the behavior of complex geosystems, without even explicitly solving the governing equations. The contents are organized into 10 chapters which illustrate the application of these methods in various fields of geomechanics.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiIoannis STEFANOU and Jean SULEM Chapter 1. Multiphysics Role in Instabilities in Geomaterials: a Review 1Tomasz HUECKEL 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. General remarks 2 1.3. Solid phase material criteria 5 1.4. Material sample stability: experimental 10 1.5. Boundary value problems: uniqueness and stability at the field scale 19 1.5.1. Landslides 19 1.5.2. Thermal pressurization problem 24 1.5.3. Localization during drying of geomaterials 25 1.6. Conclusion 27 1.7. References 27 Chapter 2. Fundamentals of Bifurcation Theory and Stability Analysis 31Ioannis STEFANOU and Sotiris ALEVIZOS 2.1. Introduction 31 2.2. Bifurcation and stability of dynamical systems 35 2.2.1. Definition of stability 36 2.2.2. Linear systems of ODEs 37 2.2.3. Nonlinear systems of ODEs 39 2.2.4. An example of LSA 41 2.3. Stability of two-dimensional linear dynamical systems 42 2.3.1. Classification of fixed points 43 2.3.2. Love mechanics: Romeo and Juliet 46 2.4. Common types of bifurcations 48 2.4.1. Saddle-node bifurcation 48 2.4.2. Transcritical bifurcation 50 2.4.3. Supercritical and subcritical pitchfork bifurcation 51 2.4.4. From one to two dimensions – limit cycles 53 2.4.5. Bifurcations in two dimensions – supercritical and subcritical Hopf bifurcation 54 2.4.6. Mathematical bifurcations in PDEs 59 2.5. From ODEs to PDEs 61 2.5.1. Deformation bands and the acoustic tensor 61 2.5.2. Deformation bands as an instability problem 65 2.6. Summary 68 2.7. Appendix 69 2.8. References 69 Chapter 3. Material Instability and Strain Localization Analysis 73Jean SULEM 3.1. Introduction 73 3.2. Shear band model 75 3.2.1. Strain localization criterion 76 3.2.2. Strain localization, loss of ellipticity and vanishing speed of acceleration waves 79 3.3. Shear band formation in element tests on rocks 80 3.3.1. Drucker–Prager model 80 3.3.2. Non-coaxial plasticity 82 3.3.3. Cataclastic shear banding 82 3.3.4. Postlocalization behavior 83 3.4. Strain localization in fluid-saturated porous media 84 3.4.1. Strain localization criterion in fluid-saturated porous media 84 3.4.2. Stability analysis of undrained shear on a saturated layer 86 3.5. Conclusion 90 3.6. References 90 Chapter 4. Experimental Investigation of the Emergence of Strain Localization in Geomaterials 95Pierre BÉSUELLE 4.1. Introduction 95 4.2. Methods 98 4.2.1. Digital image correlation 99 4.2.2. X-ray computed tomography 103 4.2.3. Experimental devices for in situ full-field measurements 104 4.3. Selected materials 110 4.3.1. Hostun sand 110 4.3.2. Caicos ooids sand 111 4.3.3. Vosges sandstone 111 4.3.4. Callovo–Oxfordian clayey rock 111 4.4. Strain localization in sands 112 4.4.1. Plane strain compression by FRS 112 4.4.2. Triaxial compression by X-ray CT and DIC 116 4.4.3. Triaxial compression by X-ray CT, the critical void ratio 122 4.5. Strain localization in porous rocks 124 4.5.1. Strain localization in Vosges sandstone 124 4.5.2. Strain localization in a clayey rock 130 4.6. Conclusion 135 4.7. References 136 Chapter 5. Numerical Modeling of Strain Localization 141Panos PAPANASTASIOU and Antonis ZERVOS 5.1. Introduction 142 5.2. Cosserat continuum 145 5.2.1. Governing equations 145 5.2.2. Finite element formulation of Cosserat model 148 5.2.3. Material parameters 150 5.2.4. Failure in thick-walled cylinder test 151 5.2.5. Stability analysis of elliptical shape perforations 154 5.3. Gradient elastoplasticity 156 5.3.1. Governing equations 156 5.3.2. Finite element formulation 160 5.3.3. Material model 162 5.3.4. Modeling of the biaxial test 163 5.3.5. Modeling cavity expansion 167 5.4. Conclusion 169 5.5. Acknowledgments 170 5.6. References 170 Chapter 6. Numerical Modeling of Bifurcation: Applications to Borehole Stability, Multilayer Buckling and Rock Bursting 175Euripides PAPAMICHOS 6.1. Introduction 175 6.2. Borehole stability 176 6.2.1. Primary loading path 177 6.2.2. Hole failure 180 6.2.3. Simulation of hollow cylinder experiments 183 6.3. Folding of elastic media as a bifurcation problem 187 6.3.1. Buckling of a layer under initial stress 188 6.3.2. Eigen-displacements and tractions at layer boundaries 190 6.3.3. Buckling of a layer system – the transfer matrix technique 191 6.3.4. Buckling of layered half-space 192 6.4. Axial splitting and spalling 194 6.4.1. Buckling of a half-space with surface parallel cracks 195 6.5. Conclusion 199 6.6. Acknowledgments 200 6.7. References 200 Chapter 7. Numerical Modeling of Multiphysics Couplings and Strain Localization 203Frédéric COLLIN, Panagiotis KOTRONIS and Benoît PARDOEN 7.1. Introduction 203 7.2. Experimental evidences of strain localization 205 7.3. Regularization methods 205 7.3.1. Enrichment of the constitutive law 206 7.3.2. Enrichment of the kinematics 209 7.4. Coupled local second gradient model for microstructure saturated media 212 7.4.1. Balance equations for microstructure poromechanics 213 7.4.2. Coupled finite element formulation 219 7.4.3. Two-dimensional specimen under compression 224 7.5. Coupled local second gradient model for an unsaturated medium 229 7.5.1. Partial saturation conditions 229 7.5.2. Anisotropy of the intrinsic permeability 230 7.5.3. Compressibility of the solid grains 231 7.6. Modeling of a gallery excavation 233 7.6.1. Numerical model 233 7.6.2. Influence of stress and permeability anisotropies 237 7.6.3. Influence of second gradient boundary condition 239 7.6.4. Influence of Biot’s coefficient 239 7.6.5. Influence of gallery ventilation 240 7.7. Conclusion 246 7.8. References 246 Chapter 8. Multiphysics Couplings and Strain Localization in Geomaterials 253Jean SULEM and Ioannis STEFANOU 8.1. Introduction 253 8.2. Thermo-chemo-chemical couplings and stability of shear zones 255 8.2.1. Problem statement 255 8.2.2. Stability of adiabatic undrained shear 257 8.2.3. Chemical weakening and earthquake nucleation 259 8.3. Dissolution weakening and compaction banding 264 8.3.1. Multiscale modeling of strong chemo-poro-mechanical coupling 264 8.3.2. Compaction banding in oedometric compression 268 8.4. Conclusion 273 8.5. References 274 Chapter 9. On the Thermo-poro-mechanics of Chemically Active Faults 279Manolis VEVEAKIS 9.1. Introduction 280 9.2. Time-independent formation of shear zones from solid mechanics 282 9.2.1. Shear zone thickness at boundary temperature conditions 283 9.2.2. Shear zone thickness at elevated temperature 284 9.3. Time-dependent evolution of shear zones 285 9.3.1. Energy considerations 287 9.3.2. The Taylor–Quinney coefficient 288 9.3.3. Chemical reactions 289 9.4. Postfailure evolution of a shear zone 290 9.4.1. Analysis of the system’s response 293 9.4.2. Time scales of the system 295 9.5. Comparison to field observations 296 9.6. Application to ETS sequences 298 9.6.1. Regular sequences – Cascadia ETS sequence 299 9.7. Discussion 302 9.8. Appendix: poro-chemical model 305 9.9. References 306 Chapter 10. Analysis of Instabilities in Faults 313Hadrien RATTEZ, Ioannis STEFANOU, Jean SULEM, Manolis VEVEAKIS and Thomas POULET 10.1. Introduction 314 10.2. Description of the model 316 10.2.1. Cosserat continuum theory 316 10.2.2. Constitutive equations for a Cosserat continuum 317 10.2.3. Mass balance equation 319 10.2.4. Energy balance equation 319 10.3. Bifurcation analysis 320 10.3.1. LSA for a Cosserat continuum with THM couplings 320 10.3.2. Localization conditions for a fault zone 322 10.3.3. Shear band thickness evolution in a fault zone 324 10.4. Numerical analysis 326 10.4.1. Regularization of the mesh dependency 326 10.4.2. Response and shear band thickness of a fault gouge 329 10.5. Conclusion 334 10.6. Bibliography 334 List of Authors 337 Index 339

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Book SynopsisConsidering the uncertainties in mechanical engineering in order to improve the performance of future products or systems is becoming a competitive advantage, sometimes even a necessity, when seeking to guarantee an increasingly high safety requirement. Mechanical Engineering in Uncertainties deals with modeling, quantification and propagation of uncertainties. It also examines how to take into account uncertainties through reliability analyses and optimization under uncertainty. The spectrum of the methods presented ranges from classical approaches to more recent developments and advanced methods. The methodologies are illustrated by concrete examples in various fields of mechanics (civil engineering, mechanical engineering and fluid mechanics). This book is intended for both (young) researchers and engineers interested in the treatment of uncertainties in mechanical engineering.Table of ContentsForeword xiMaurice LEMAIRE Preface xvChristian GOGU Part 1. Modeling, Propagation and Quantification of Uncertainties 1 Chapter 1. Uncertainty Modeling 3Christian GOGU 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. The usefulness of separating epistemic uncertainty from aleatory uncertainty 6 1.3. Probability theory 10 1.3.1. Theoretical context 10 1.3.2. Probabilistic approach for modeling aleatory uncertainties 13 1.3.3. Probabilistic approach for modeling epistemic uncertainties 16 1.4. Probability box theory (p-boxes) 21 1.5. Interval analysis 24 1.6. Fuzzy set theory 25 1.7. Possibility theory 27 1.7.1. Theoretical context 27 1.7.2. Comparison between probability theory and possibility theory 30 1.7.3. Rules for combining possibility distributions 34 1.8. Evidence theory 35 1.8.1. Theoretical context 35 1.8.2. Rules for combining belief mass functions 38 1.9. Evaluation of epistemic uncertainty modeling 40 1.10. References 40 Chapter 2. Microstructure Modeling and Characterization 43François WILLOT 2.1. Introduction 43 2.2. Probabilistic characterization of microstructures 45 2.2.1. Random sets 45 2.2.2. Covariance 47 2.2.3. Granulometry 50 2.2.4. Minkowski functionals 51 2.2.5. Stereology 53 2.2.6. Linear erosion 53 2.2.7. Representative volume element 54 2.3. Point processes 55 2.3.1. Homogeneous Poisson point processes 56 2.3.2. Inhomogeneous Poisson point processes 58 2.4. Boolean models 59 2.4.1. Definition and Choquet capacity 59 2.4.2. Properties 61 2.4.3. Covariance 63 2.4.4. Other characteristics 63 2.5. RSA models 66 2.6. Random tessellations 67 2.6.1. Voronoi tessellation 68 2.6.2. Johnson–Mehl tessellation 69 2.6.3. Laguerre tessellation 69 2.6.4. Random Poisson tessellation 70 2.6.5. The dead-leaves model 71 2.6.6. Generalized random partition models 72 2.7. Gaussian fields 73 2.8. Conclusion 76 2.9. Acknowledgments 77 2.10. References 77 Chapter 3. Uncertainty Propagation at the Scale of Aging Civil Engineering Structures 83David BOUHJITI, Julien BAROTH and Frédéric DUFOUR 3.1. Introduction 83 3.2. Problem positioning 85 3.2.1. Probabilistic formulation 85 3.2.2. Thermo-hydro-mechanical-leakage transfer function 86 3.2.3. Resulting probabilistic THM-F problem 87 3.3. Random field–based modeling of material properties 88 3.3.1. Random fields 88 3.3.2. Generation methods for discretized random fields 88 3.3.3. Random fields and autocorrelations 91 3.3.4. Application: contribution to modeling the cracking of reinforced concrete works by self-correlated r.f 92 3.4. Modeling uncertainty propagation using response surface methods 98 3.4.1. Probabilistic coupling strategies 98 3.4.2. Polynomial chaos method 101 3.5. Conclusion 108 3.6. References 108 Chapter 4. Reduction of Uncertainties in Multidisciplinary Analysis Based on a Polynomial Chaos Sensitivity Study 113Sylvain DUBREUIL, Nathalie BARTOLI, Christian GOGU and Thierry LEFEBVRE 4.1. Introduction 113 4.2. MDA with model uncertainty 115 4.2.1. Formalism 115 4.2.2. Solving the random MDA 119 4.2.3. Approximation of the quantity of interest using sparse polynomial chaos 122 4.3. Sensitivity analysis and uncertainty reduction 124 4.3.1. Introduction 124 4.3.2. Sobol’ indices approximated by polynomial chaos 126 4.4. Application to an aeroelastic test case 128 4.4.1. Presentation 128 4.4.2. Construction of disciplinary metamodels 131 4.4.3. Sensitivity analysis and uncertainty reduction 133 4.5. Conclusion 140 4.6. References 140 Part 2. Taking Uncertainties into Account: Reliability Analysis and Optimization under Uncertainties 143 Chapter 5. Rare-event Probability Estimation 145Jean-Marc BOURINET 5.1. Introduction 145 5.1.1. Mapping to the multivariate standard normal space 147 5.1.2. Copulas and correlation 149 5.1.3. Isoprobabilistic transformations 152 5.2. MPFP-based methods 159 5.2.1. First-order reliability method 159 5.2.2. Second-order reliability method 163 5.3. Simulation methods 166 5.3.1. Crude MC simulation 167 5.3.2. Subset simulation 168 5.3.3. IS and CE methods 182 5.4. Sensitivity measures 189 5.4.1. Introduction 189 5.4.2. FORM 191 5.4.3. Crude MC simulation and subset simulation 195 5.5. References 198 Chapter 6. Adaptive Kriging-based Methods for Failure Probability Evaluation: Focus on AK Methods 205Cécile MATTRAND, Pierre BEAUREPAIRE and Nicolas GAYTON 6.1. Introduction 205 6.2. Presentation of Kriging 208 6.2.1. Principle 208 6.2.2. Identification of Kriging hyperparameters 209 6.2.3. Kriging-based prediction 210 6.2.4. Illustration of Kriging-based prediction 210 6.3. Employing Kriging to calculate failure probabilities 211 6.3.1. The EFF function 212 6.3.2. The U function 212 6.3.3. The IMSET function 213 6.3.4. The SUR function 213 6.3.5. The H function 214 6.3.6. The OBJ function 214 6.3.7. The L function 214 6.3.8. Discussion 214 6.4. The AK-MCS method: presentation and generic principle 215 6.4.1. Presentation of the AK-MCS method 215 6.4.2. Illustration of the AK-MCS method 217 6.4.3. Discussion 219 6.5. The AK-IS method for estimating probabilities of rare events 219 6.5.1. Presentation of the AK-IS method 219 6.5.2. Illustration of the AK-IS method 220 6.5.3. Discussion 220 6.6. The AK-SYS method for system reliability problems 222 6.6.1. Some generalities about system reliability analysis 222 6.6.2. Presentation of the AK-SYS method 223 6.6.3. Illustration of the AK-SYS method 225 6.6.4. Alternatives to the AK-SYS method 226 6.6.5. Application to problems indexed by a subset 227 6.7. The AK-HDMR1 method for high-dimensional problems 229 6.7.1. HDMR functional decomposition 230 6.7.2. Presentation of the AK-HDMR1 method 231 6.8. Conclusion 233 6.9. References 234 Chapter 7. Global Reliability-oriented Sensitivity Analysis under Distribution Parameter Uncertainty 237Vincent CHABRIDON, Mathieu BALESDENT, Guillaume PERRIN, Jérôme MORIO, Jean-Marc BOURINET and Nicolas GAYTON 7.1. Introduction 237 7.2. Theoretical framework and notations 242 7.3. Global variance-based reliability-oriented sensitivity indices 244 7.3.1. Introducing the Sobol’ indices on the indicator function 244 7.3.2. Rewriting Sobol’ indices on the indicator function using Bayes’ Theorem 245 7.4. Sobol’ indices on the indicator function adapted to the bi-level input uncertainty 247 7.4.1. Reliability analysis under distribution parameter uncertainty 247 7.4.2. Bi-level input uncertainty: aggregated versus disaggregated types of uncertainty 249 7.4.3. Disaggregated random variables 250 7.4.4. Extension to the bi-level input uncertainty and pick-freeze estimators 251 7.5. Efficient estimation using subset sampling and KDE 253 7.5.1. The problem of estimating the optimal distribution at failure 253 7.5.2. Data-driven tensorized KDE 257 7.5.3. Methodology based on subset sampling and data-driven tensorized G-KDE 258 7.6. Application examples 258 7.6.1. Example #1: a polynomial function toy-case 261 7.6.2. Example #2: a truss structure 264 7.6.3. Example #3: application to a launch vehicle stage fallback zone estimation 267 7.6.4. Summary about numerical results and discussion 274 7.7. Conclusion 274 7.8. Acknowledgments 275 7.9. References 275 Chapter 8. Stochastic Multiobjective Optimization: A Descent Algorithm 279Quentin MERCIER and Fabrice POIRION 8.1. Introduction 279 8.2. Mathematical refresher 281 8.2.1. Stochastic processes 281 8.2.2. Convex analysis 282 8.3. Multiobjective optimization and common descent vector 288 8.3.1. Binary relations 288 8.3.2. Multiobjective optimization, Pareto preorder 290 8.3.3. Common descent vector 296 8.4. Descent algorithm for multiobjective optimization and its extension to the stochastic framework 298 8.4.1. Multiple gradient descent algorithm 298 8.4.2. Stochastic multiple gradient descent algorithm 300 8.5. Illustrations 305 8.5.1. Performance of the SMGDA algorithm 305 8.5.2. Multiobjective approach to RBDO problems 309 8.5.3. Rewriting the probabilistic constraint 310 8.6. References 316 List of Authors 319 Index 321

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Book SynopsisThis book explores a key technology regarding the importance of connections via an Internet of Things network and how this helps us to easily communicate with others and gather information. Namely, what would happen if this suddenly became unavailable due to a shortage of power or electricity? Using thermoelectric generators is a viable solution as they use the heat around us to generate the much-needed electricity for our technological needs. This second volume on the challenges and prospects of thermoelectric generators covers the reliability and durability of thermoelectric materials and devices, the effect of microstructures on the understanding of electronic properties of complex materials, thermoelectric nanowires, the impact of chemical doping or magnetism, thermoelectric generation using the anomalous Nernst effect, phonon engineering, the current state and future prospects of thermoelectric technologies, transition metal silicides, and past, present and future applications of thermoelectrics.Table of ContentsPreface ixHiroyuki AKINAGA, Atsuko KOSUGA and Takao MORI Introduction xiiiHiroyuki AKINAGA, Atsuko KOSUGA and Takao MORI Part 1 Material Challenges and Novel Effects 1 Chapter 1 Reliability and Durability of Thermoelectric Materials and Devices: Present Status and Strategies for Improvement 3Congcong XU, Hongjing SHANG, Zhongxin LIANG, Fazhu DING and Zhifeng REN 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Thermoelectric material stability 5 1.3 Mg3(Sb, Bi)2 5 1.4 Zn4Sb3 7 1.5 Skutterudites 8 1.6 Cu2-xX (X = S, Se, Te) 9 1.7 GeTe 11 1.8 Outlook on thermoelectric materials stability 12 1.9 Thermoelectric device design analysis 13 1.9.1 Thermal stress analysis 13 1.9.2 Interface analysis, design and fabrication 21 1.10 Advanced thermoelectric module case studies 33 1.10.1 Bi2Te3 33 1.10.2 Mg3(Sb, Bi)2 35 1.10.3 GeTe 37 1.10.4 Skutterudites 39 1.11 Summary and outlook 40 1.12 References 41 Chapter 2 Effect of Microstructure in Understanding the Electronic Properties of Complex Materials 53Chenguang FU, Chaoliang HU, Qi ZHANG, Airan LI and Tiejun ZHU 2.1 Introduction 53 2.2 Basic principles of electronic transport parameters 54 2.2.1 Solid solutions 59 2.2.2 Intrinsic defects 60 2.2.3 Grain boundary 62 2.2.4 Texture 65 2.3 Summary 67 2.4 References 67 Chapter 3 Thermoelectric Nanowires 73Olga CABALLERO-CALERO and Marisol MARTÍN-GONZÁLEZ 3.1 Introduction 73 3.2 Nanowires: a way to enhance thermoelectric efficiency 74 3.3 Fabrication of thermoelectric nanowires 77 3.4 Measurement of thermoelectric properties in nanowires 79 3.5 Nanowire-based thermoelectric devices 86 3.6 Interconnected 3D nanowire networks 87 3.7 Summary and outlook 89 3.8 References 89 Chapter 4 Impact of Chemical Doping or Magnetism in Model Thermoelectric Sulfides 99Sylvie HÉBERT, Ramzy DAOU and Antoine MAIGNAN 4.1 Introduction 100 4.2 TiS2: intercalation chemistry to combine power factor optimization and lattice thermal conductivity degradation 101 4.3 Magnetism and thermoelectricity in sulfides 104 4.4 Conclusion 110 4.5 References 110 Chapter 5 Thermoelectric Generation Using the Anomalous Nernst Effect 117Akito SAKAI and Satoru NAKATSUJI 5.1 Thermoelectric conversion – Seebeck effect and anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) 117 5.2 Physics of topological magnets 120 5.2.1 Transverse electrical and thermal conductivity driven by Berry curvature 120 5.2.2 Magnetic Weyl semimetals, Weyl magnets 121 5.2.3 Type-II Weyl semimetals 122 5.2.4 Nodal line magnets 123 5.3 Experimental realization of the giant anomalous Nernst effect 124 5.3.1 Weyl antiferromagnets Mn3X (X = Sn, Ge) 124 5.3.2 Weyl ferromagnet Co2MnGa 124 5.3.3 Nodal-web ferromagnets Fe3X (X = Ga, Al) 125 5.4 Summary and prospects 127 5.5 Acknowledgment 127 5.6 References 127 Chapter 6 A Comprehensive Review of Phonon Engineering 131Bin XU, Harsh CHANDRA, and Junichiro SHIOMI 6.1 Introduction 131 6.1.1 Thermal conductivity 133 6.1.2 Phonons in thermal transport 133 6.2 Methodology of phonon engineering 142 6.2.1 Computational method for thermal conduction and phonon properties 142 6.2.2 Experimental method for nano-/micro-scale heat conduction characterization 144 6.2.3 Direct measurement of phonon properties through phonon scattering 149 6.2.4 Phonon engineering for low thermal conductivity 152 6.2.5 Intrinsic low thermal conductivity in complex lattice structure 153 6.2.6 Low thermal conductivity by nanostructures 155 6.2.7 Coherent phonon engineering in superlattice 158 6.3 Summary and future prospects 162 6.4 References 164 Part 2 Toward Device Applications 171 Chapter 7 The Current State of Thermoelectric Technologies and Applications with Prospects 173Slavko BERNIK 7.1 Introduction 173 7.2 Thermoelectric materials 180 7.3 Thermoelectric devices – structure, materials, fabrication technology 189 7.4 Summary 198 7.5 References 199 Chapter 8 Processing of Thermoelectric Transition Metal Silicides Towards Module Development 213Sylvain LE TONQUESSE, Mathieu PASTUREL, Franck GASCOIN and David BERTHEBAUD 8.1 Introduction 213 8.2 Recent progress on the process of thermoelectric transition metals silicide 214 8.2.1 Synthesis of mesostructured silicides through magnesiothermic reduction 214 8.2.2 Synthesis of higher manganese silicide through wet ball milling 218 8.2.3 Issues of MnSi striations and thermal stability on thermoelectric performance of doped higher manganese silicide 219 8.2.4 Upscaling processes, the examples of additive manufacturing and RGS process 223 8.3 Towards contacts and device developments 225 8.4 References 226 Chapter 9 Application of the Thermoelectrics; Past, Present and Future 229Hirokuni HACHIUMA 9.1 Introduction 229 9.2 Thermoelectric module 230 9.3 TEC application for refrigerator and cooler 231 9.4 TEC for electronic components 234 9.4.1 TEC for optical communication 234 9.4.2 Multi-stage TEC for optical sensors 236 9.5 TEC for semiconductor manufacturing 239 9.6 TEG application 241 9.6.1 TEG for energy harvesting (EH) 242 9.6.2 TEG for stand-alone power source 244 9.6.3 TEG for waste heat recovery 245 9.7 Conclusion 247 9.8 References 247 List of Authors 249 Index 253 Summary of Volume 1 255

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Book SynopsisMany areas of material science have been transformed by the use of synchrotron radiation X-rays, including the fields of cultural heritage materials and biomineralization. This book presents a selection of contributions that illustrate recent developments and applications of these tools, focused either on the main techniques used in the cultural heritage and biomineralization communities or on specific materials, studying their intrinsic properties or how they change with time. Each chapter can be read alone, and each individually demonstrates the intimate links between materials and methods. The chapters explore the main principles of synchrotron radiation, as well as techniques based on X-ray absorption and diffraction, and give an overview of how these approaches have developed in recent decades in the field of cultural heritage, with specific examples such as ancient ceramics, corrosion of iron-based materials, concrete used in Roman monuments and the biomineralization process in sea urchin spines.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in additive manufacturing in the world of concrete construction. 3D Concrete Printing tackles its subject from several angles, including issues relating to concrete materials (such as their formulation or fresh-state behavior), the various printing processes that have been developed, and how to describe the mechanical behavior and architectural and structural designs of printed structures. This book also considers the transition to application and industrialization, and the relevance of these new technologies in reducing the environmental impact of the construction sector. Finally, material characterization methodologies are presented with a view to describing the behavior of materials both before and after printing, and the modeling tools used to simulate the process are listed.

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Book SynopsisThis book examines long-run technological change and the complex set of interrelated phenomena which can be grouped under the heading of 'innovative processes'. The authors refer to a broad notion of the technological system and propose an original methodology to ensure consistent empirical analysis.The book aims to explain, rather than merely identify, the effects of technological change. It does so by promoting the analysis of intersectoral innovation flows as a way to investigate the nature of technological change. At both the macro and sectoral level, institutional and structural elements are considered along with more standard technological and industrial variables. International comparisons are carried out on a systematic basis for a set of OECD countries, plus a focus on two important industrial sectors (motor vehicles and chemicals). The authors find that institutional arrangements (such as models of capitalism) turn out to play an important role in shaping both the internal and external relationships of macro technological systems. Moreover, the structure and performance of an industry is shaped by the broader techno-economic elements of the relevant sectoral technological system. The authors successfully integrate the theoretical and empirical analysis of technological systems with a specific investigation of intersectoral innovation flows. The book will be welcomed by students, scholars and researchers in the fields of innovation, evolutionary economics, industrial organisation and business studies.Table of ContentsContents: Preface Introduction Part I: Theoretical Background and Methodology 1. System View of the Process of Technological Change 2. The Technological System 3. Intersectoral Innovation Flows Part II: Empirical Analysis: The Macro Perspective 4. The Technological System Configurations 5. Exploring the Technological System 6. The Complete Technological System: A Comparative Analysis of Core and Extra-core Relationships Part III: Empirical Analysis: The Sectoral Perspective 7. The Automobile Technological System 8. The Chemical Technological System Conclusions Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive introduction to the mathematical and algorithmic methods for the Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) of complex mechanical systems such as aircraft or car engines. We have focused on the presentation of strategies efficiently and economically managing the different levels of complexity in coupled disciplines (e.g. structure, fluid, thermal, acoustics, etc.), ranging from Reduced Order Models (ROM) to full-scale Finite Element (FE) or Finite Volume (FV) simulations. Particular focus is given to the uncertainty quantification and its impact on the robustness of the optimal designs. A large collection of examples from academia, software editing and industry should also help the reader to develop a practical insight on MDO methods.Table of ContentsForeword xv Notes for Instructors xix Acknowledgements xxi Chapter 1. Multilevel Multidisciplinary Optimization in Airplane Design 1 Michel RAVACHOL 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Overview of the traditional airplane design process and expected MDO contributions 2 1.3. First step toward MDO: local dimensioning by mathematical optimization 4 1.4. Second step toward MDO: multilevel multidisciplinary dimensioning 4 1.5. Elements of an MDO process 7 1.6. Choice of optimizers 9 1.7. Coupling between levels 11 1.8. Post-processing 13 1.9. Conclusion 16 Chapter 2. Response Surface Methodology and Reduced Order Models 17 Manuel SAMUELIDES 2.1. Introduction 17 2.2. Introducing some more notations 20 2.3. Linear regression 21 2.4. Non-linear regression 26 2.5. Kriging interpolation 35 2.6. Non-parametric regression and kernel-based methods 37 2.7. Support vector regression 45 2.8. Model selection 56 2.9. Introduction to design of computer experiments (DoCE) 59 2.10. Bibliography 62 Chapter 3. PDE Metamodeling using Principal Component Analysis 65 Florian DE VUYST 3.1. Principal component analysis (PCA) 68 3.2. Truncation rank and projector error 71 3.3. Application: POD reduction of velocity fields in an engine combustion chamber 74 3.4. Reduced-basis methods, numerical analysis 78 3.5. Intrusive/non-intrusive aspects 86 3.6. Double reduction in both space and parameter dimensions 87 3.7. The weighted residual method 88 3.8. Non-linear problems 90 3.9. General discussion and comparison of surrogates 99 3.10. A numerical example 102 3.11. Time-dependent problems 107 3.12. Numerical analysis of a linear spatio-temporal PDE problem 110 3.13. Related works and complementary bibliography 114 3.14. Bibliography 115 Chapter 4. Reduced-order Models for Coupled Problems 119 Rajan FILOMENO COELHO, Manyu XIAO, Piotr BREITKOPF, Catherine KNOPF-LENOIR, Pierre VILLON and Maryan SIDORKIEWICZ 4.1. Introduction 119 4.2. Model reduction methods for coupled problems 122 4.3. Application 1: MDO of an aeroelastic 2D wing demonstrator 129 4.4. Application 2: MDO of an aeroelastic 3D wing in transonic flow 156 4.5. Application 3: Multiobjective shape optimization of an intake port 173 4.6. Conclusions 193 4.7. Bibliography 194 Chapter 5. Multilevel Modeling 199 Pierre-Alain BOUCARD, Sandrine BUYTET, Bruno SOULIER, Praveen CHANDRASHEKARAPPA and Régis DUVIGNEAU 5.1. Introduction 199 5.2. Notations and vocabulary 200 5.3. Parallel model optimization 204 5.4. Multilevel parameter optimization 205 5.5. Multilevel model optimization 210 5.6. General resolution strategy 215 5.7. Use of the multiscale approach in multilevel optimization 218 5.8. A multilevel method for aerodynamics using an inexact pre-evaluation approach 231 5.9. Numerical examples 237 5.10. Conclusion 258 5.11. Bibliography 260 Chapter 6. Multiparameter Shape Optimization 265 Abderrahmane BENZAOUI and Régis DUVIGNEAU 6.1. Introduction 265 6.2. Multilevel optimization 267 6.3. Validation 270 6.4. Applications 275 6.5. Conclusion 283 6.6. Bibliography 284 Chapter 7. Two-discipline Optimization 287 Jean-Antoine DESIDERI 7.1. Pareto optimality, game strategies, and split of territory in multiobjective optimization 288 7.2. Aerostructural shape optimization of a business-jet wing 306 7.3. Conclusions 315 7.4. Bibliography 318 Chapter 8. Collaborative Optimization 321 Yogesh PARTE, Didier AUROUX, Joël CLÉMENT, Mohamed MASMOUDI and Jean HERMETZ 8.1. Introduction 321 8.2. Definition of parameters 322 8.3. Notations and terminology 326 8.4. Different frameworks for multidisciplinary design optimization 332 8.5. Reduced order models and approximations 355 8.6. Application of MDO to conceptual design of supersonic business jets (SSBJ) 356 8.7. Comments and conclusions 363 8.8. Bibliography 363 Chapter 9. An Empirical Study of the Use of Confidence Levels in RBDO with Monte-Carlo Simulations 369 Daniel SALAZAR APONTE, Rodolphe LE RICHE, Gilles PUJOL and Xavier BAY 9.1. Introduction 369 9.2. Accounting for uncertainties in optimization problem formulations 370 9.3. Example: the two-bars test case 375 9.4. Monte-Carlo estimation of the design criteria 377 9.5. A simple evolutionary optimizer for noisy functions: introducing the confidence level 382 9.6. Effects of the step size, the Monte-Carlo budget and the confidence level on ES convergence 387 9.7. Conclusions 401 9.8. Bibliography 403 Chapter 10. Uncertainty Quantification for Robust Design 405 Régis DUVIGNEAU, Massimiliano MARTINELLI and Praveen CHANDRASHEKARAPPA 10.1. Introduction 405 10.2. Problem statement 406 10.3. Estimation using the method of moments 407 10.4. Metamodel-based Monte-Carlo method 414 10.5. Application to aerodynamics 415 10.6. Conclusion 423 10.7. Bibliography 424 Chapter 11. Reliability-based Design Optimization (RBDO) 425 Ghias KHARMANDA, Abedelkhalak EL HAMI and Eduardo SOUZA DE CURSI 11.1. Introduction 425 11.2. Numerical methods in RBDO 432 11.3. Semi-analytic methods in RBDO 435 11.4. Academic applications 441 11.5. An industrial application: RBDO of an intake port 450 11.6. An industrial application: RBDO of a simplified model of a supersonic jet 453 11.7. Conclusions 454 11.8 Bibliography 456 Chapter 12. Multidisciplinary Optimization in the Design of Future Space Launchers 459 Guillaume COLLANGE, Nathalie DELATTRE, Nikolaus HANSEN, Isabelle QUINQUIS and Marc SCHOENAUER 12.1. The space launcher problem 459 12.2. Launcher design 460 12.3. Multidisciplinary optimization in the launcher preliminary design phase 462 12.4. Evolutionary optimization for space launcher design: an example 464 12.5. Bibliography 468 Chapter 13. Industrial Applications of Design Optimization Tools in the Automotive Industry 469 Jean-Jacques MAISONNEUVE, Fabian PECOT, Antoine PAGES and Maryan SIDORKIEWICZ 13.1. Introduction 469 13.2. Specific problems linked to manufacturing applications 471 13.3. Existing tools: objectives, functions and limitations 475 13.4. Using existing tools – Renault’s application 479 13.5. Expected developments 496 13.6. Conclusion 496 13.7. Bibliography 497 Chapter 14. Object-oriented Programming of Optimizers – Examples in Scilab 499 Yann COLLETTE, Nikolaus HANSEN, Gilles PUJOL, Daniel SALAZAR APONTE and Rodolphe LE RICHE 14.1. Introduction 499 14.2. Decoupling the simulator from the optimizer 500 14.3. The “ask & tell” pattern 502 14.4. Example: a “multistart” strategy 503 14.5. Programming an ask & tell optimizer: a tutorial 505 14.6. The simplex method 515 14.7. Covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) 522 14.8. Ask & tell formalism for uncertainty handling 529 14.9. Conclusions 536 14.10. Bibliography 537 List of Authors 539 Index 545

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Book SynopsisSince Lord Rayleigh introduced the idea of viscous damping in his classic work "The Theory of Sound" in 1877, it has become standard practice to use this approach in dynamics, covering a wide range of applications from aerospace to civil engineering. However, in the majority of practical cases this approach is adopted more for mathematical convenience than for modeling the physics of vibration damping. Over the past decade, extensive research has been undertaken on more general "non-viscous" damping models and vibration of non-viscously damped systems. This book, along with a related book Structural Dynamic Analysis with Generalized Damping Models: Identification, is the first comprehensive study to cover vibration problems with general non-viscous damping. The author draws on his considerable research experience to produce a text covering: dynamics of viscously damped systems; non-viscously damped single- and multi-degree of freedom systems; linear systems with non-local and non-viscous damping; reduced computational methods for damped systems; and finally a method for dealing with general asymmetric systems. The book is written from a vibration theory standpoint, with numerous worked examples which are relevant across a wide range of mechanical, aerospace and structural engineering applications. Contents 1. Introduction to Damping Models and Analysis Methods.2. Dynamics of Undamped and Viscously Damped Systems.3. Non-Viscously Damped Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems.4. Non-viscously Damped Multiple-Degree-of-Freedom Systems.5. Linear Systems with General Non-Viscous Damping.6. Reduced Computational Methods for Damped SystemsTable of ContentsPreface xi Nomenclature xv Chapter 1. Introduction to Damping Models and Analysis Methods 1 1.1. Models of damping 3 1.1.1. Single-degree-of-freedom systems 4 1.1.2. Continuous systems 8 1.1.3. Multiple-degrees-of-freedom systems 10 1.1.4. Other studies 11 1.2. Modal analysis of viscously damped systems 13 1.2.1. The state-space method 14 1.2.2. Methods in the configuration space 15 1.3. Analysis of non-viscously damped systems 21 1.3.1. State-space-based methods 22 1.3.2. Time-domain-based methods 23 1.3.3. Approximate methods in the configuration space 23 1.4. Identification of viscous damping 24 1.4.1. Single-degree-of-freedom systems 24 1.4.2. Multiple-degrees-of-freedom systems 25 1.5. Identification of non-viscous damping 28 1.6. Parametric sensitivity of eigenvalues and eigenvectors 29 1.6.1. Undamped systems 29 1.6.2. Damped systems 30 1.7. Motivation behind this book 32 1.8. Scope of the book 33 Chapter 2. Dynamics of Undamped and Viscously Damped Systems 41 2.1. Single-degree-of-freedom undamped systems 41 2.1.1. Natural frequency 42 2.1.2. Dynamic response 43 2.2. Single-degree-of-freedom viscously damped systems 45 2.2.1. Natural frequency 46 2.2.2. Dynamic response 47 2.3. Multiple-degree-of-freedom undamped systems 52 2.3.1. Modal analysis 53 2.3.2. Dynamic response 55 2.4. Proportionally damped systems 58 2.4.1. Condition for proportional damping 60 2.4.2. Generalized proportional damping 61 2.4.3. Dynamic response 65 2.5. Non-proportionally damped systems 80 2.5.1. Free vibration and complex modes 81 2.5.2. Dynamic response 87 2.6. Rayleigh quotient for damped systems 93 2.6.1. Rayleigh quotients for discrete systems 94 2.6.2. Proportional damping 96 2.6.3. Non-proportional damping 97 2.6.4. Application of Rayleigh quotients 100 2.6.5. Synopses 101 2.7. Summary 101 Chapter 3. Non-Viscously Damped Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems 103 3.1. The equation of motion 104 3.2. Conditions for oscillatory motion 108 3.3. Critical damping factors 112 3.4. Characteristics of the eigenvalues 113 3.4.1. Characteristics of the natural frequency 114 3.4.2. Characteristics of the decay rate corresponding to the oscillating mode 118 3.4.3. Characteristics of the decay rate corresponding to the non-oscillating mode 122 3.5. The frequency response function 123 3.6. Characteristics of the response amplitude 126 3.6.1. The frequency for the maximum response amplitude 128 3.6.2. The amplitude of the maximum dynamic response 137 3.7. Simplified analysis of the frequency response function 141 3.8. Summary 144 Chapter 4. Non-viscously Damped Multiple-Degree-of-Freedom Systems 147 4.1. Choice of the kernel function 149 4.2. The exponential model for MDOF non-viscously damped systems 151 4.3. The state-space formulation 153 4.3.1. Case A: all coefficient matrices are of full rank 153 4.3.2. Case B: coefficient matrices are rank deficient 158 4.4. The eigenvalue problem 162 4.4.1. Case A: all coefficient matrices are of full rank 162 4.4.2. Case B: coefficient matrices are rank deficient 165 4.5. Forced vibration response 166 4.5.1. Frequency domain analysis 167 4.5.2. Time-domain analysis 168 4.6. Numerical examples 169 4.6.1. Example 1: SDOF system with non-viscous damping 169 4.6.2. Example 2: a rank-deficient system 170 4.7. Direct time-domain approach 174 4.7.1. Integration in the time domain 174 4.7.2. Numerical realization 175 4.7.3. Summary of the method 179 4.7.4. Numerical examples 181 4.8. Summary 184 Chapter 5. Linear Systems with General Non-Viscous Damping 187 5.1. Existence of classical normal modes 188 5.1.1. Generalization of proportional damping 189 5.2. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors 191 5.2.1. Elastic modes 193 5.2.2. Non-viscous modes 197 5.2.3. Approximations for lightly damped systems 198 5.3. Transfer function 199 5.3.1. Eigenvectors of the dynamic stiffness matrix 201 5.3.2. Calculation of the residues 202 5.3.3. Special cases 204 5.4. Dynamic response 205 5.4.1. Summary of the method 207 5.5. Numerical examples 208 5.5.1. The system 208 5.5.2. Example 1: exponential damping 210 5.5.3. Example 2: GHM damping 213 5.6. Eigenrelations of non-viscously damped systems 215 5.6.1. Nature of the eigensolutions 216 5.6.2. Normalization of the eigenvectors 217 5.6.3. Orthogonality of the eigenvectors 219 5.6.4. Relationships between the eigensolutions and damping 223 5.6.5. System matrices in terms of the eigensolutions 225 5.6.6. Eigenrelations for viscously damped systems 226 5.6.7. Numerical examples 227 5.7. Rayleigh quotient for non-viscously damped systems 230 5.8. Summary 234 Chapter 6. Reduced Computational Methods for Damped Systems 237 6.1. General non-proportionally damped systems with viscous damping 238 6.1.1. Iterative approach for the eigensolutions 239 6.1.2. Summary of the algorithm 244 6.1.3. Numerical example 246 6.2. Single-degree-of-freedom non-viscously damped systems 247 6.2.1. Nonlinear eigenvalue problem for non-viscously damped systems 250 6.2.2. Complex conjugate eigenvalues 251 6.2.3. Real eigenvalues 253 6.2.4. Numerical examples 257 6.3. Multiple-degrees-of-freedom non-viscously damped systems 259 6.3.1. Complex conjugate eigenvalues 260 6.3.2. Real eigenvalues 262 6.3.3. Numerical example 263 6.4. Reduced second-order approach for non-viscously damped systems 264 6.4.1. Proportionally damped systems 266 6.4.2. The general case 271 6.4.3. Numerical examples 274 6.5. Summary 277 Appendix 281 Bibliography 299 Author index 329 Index 335

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Book SynopsisEverything engineers need to know about mechanical vibration and shock...in one authoritative reference work! This fully updated and revised 3rd edition addresses the entire field of mechanical vibration and shock as one of the most important types of load and stress applied to structures, machines and components in the real world. Examples include everything from the regular and predictable loads applied to turbines, motors or helicopters by the spinning of their constituent parts to the ability of buildings to withstand damage from wind loads or explosions, and the need for cars to maintain structural integrity in the event of a crash. There are detailed examinations of underlying theory, models developed for specific applications, performance of materials under test conditions and in real-world settings, and case studies and discussions of how the relationships between these affect design for actual products. Invaluable to engineers specializing in mechanical, aeronautical, civil, electrical and transportation engineering, this reference work, in five volumes is a crucial resource for the solution of shock and vibration problems. The relative and absolute response of a mechanical system with a single degree of freedom is considered for an arbitrary excitation, and its transfer function is defined in various forms. The characteristics of sinusoidal vibration are examined in the context both of the real world and of laboratory tests, and for both transient and steady state response of the one-degree-of-freedom system. Viscous damping and then non-linear damping are considered. The various types of swept sine perturbations and their properties are described and, for the one-degree-of-freedom system, the consequence of an inappropriate choice of sweep rate are considered. From the latter, rules governing the choice of suitable sweep rates are then developed.Table of ContentsForeword to Series xi Introduction xv List of Symbols xix Chapter 1 The Need 1 1.1 The need to carry out studies into vibrations and mechanical shocks 1 1.2. Some real environments 3 1.2.1. Sea transport 3 1.2.2. Earthquakes 5 1.2.3. Road vibratory environment 6 1.2.4. Rail vibratory environment 7 1.2.5. Propeller airplanes 8 1.2.6. Vibrations caused by jet propulsion airplanes 8 1.2.7. Vibrations caused by turbofan aircraft 9 1.2.8. Helicopters 9 1.3. Measuring vibrations and shocks 11 1.4. Filtering 15 1.4.1. Definitions 15 1.4.2. Digital filters 18 1.5. Digitizing the signal 21 1.5.1. Signal sampling frequency 21 1.5.2. Quantization error 25 1.6. Reconstructing the sampled signal 28 1.7. Characterization in the frequency domain 31 1.8. Elaboration of the specifications 32 1.9. Vibration test facilities 33 1.9.1 Electro-dynamic exciters 33 1.9.2. Hydraulic actuators 37 1.9.3. Test Fixtures 38 Chapter 2 Basic Mechanics 41 2.1. Basic principles of mechanics 41 2.1.1. Principle of causality 41 2.1.2. Concept of force 41 2.1.3. Newton’s first law (inertia principle) 42 2.1.4. Moment of a force around a point 42 2.1.5. Fundamental principle of dynamics (Newton’s second law) 43 2.1.6 Equality of action and reaction (Newton’s third law) 43 2.2. Static effects/dynamic effects 43 2.3. Behavior under dynamic load (impact) 45 2.4. Elements of a mechanical system 48 2.4.1. Mass 48 2.4.2. Stiffness 49 2.4.3. Damping 57 2.4.4. Static modulus of elasticity 71 2.4.5 Dynamic modulus of elasticity 72 2.5. Mathematical models 74 2.5.1. Mechanical systems 74 2.5.2. Lumped parameter systems 75 2.5.3. Degrees of freedom 77 2.5.4. Mode 77 2.5.5. Linear systems 79 2.5.6. Linear one-degree-of-freedom mechanical systems 79 2.6 Setting an equation for n degrees-of-freedom lumped parameter mechanical system 80 2.6.1. Lagrange equations 80 2.6.2. D’Alembert’s principle 88 2.6.3. Free-body diagram 88 Chapter 3 Response of a Linear One-Degree-of-Freedom Mechanical System to an Arbitrary Excitation 97 3.1. Definitions and notation 97 3.2. Excitation defined by force versus time 99 3.3. Excitation defined by acceleration 103 3.4. Reduced form 104 3.4.1 Excitation defined by a force on a mass or by an acceleration of support 104 3.4.2. Excitation defined by velocity or displacement imposed on support 106 3.5. Solution of the differential equation of movement 109 3.5.1. Methods 109 3.5.2. Relative response 109 3.5.3. Absolute response 113 3.5.4. Summary of main results 118 3.6. Natural oscillations of a linear one-degree-of-freedom system 119 3.6.1. Damped aperiodic mode 120 3.6.2. Critical aperiodic mode 124 3.6.3. Damped oscillatory mode 127 Chapter 4 Impulse and Step Responses 145 4.1 Response of a mass–spring system to a unit step function (step or indicial response) 145 4.1.1. Response defined by relative displacement 145 4.1.2 Response defined by absolute displacement, velocity or acceleration 153 4.2. Response of amass–spring system to a unit impulse excitation 158 4.2.1. Response defined by relative displacement 158 4.2.2. Response defined by absolute parameter 164 4.3. Use of step and impulse responses 169 4.4. Transfer function of a linear one-degree-of-freedom system 176 4.4.1. Definition 176 4.4.2 Calculation of H(h) for relative response 179 4.4.3 Calculation of H(h) for absolute response 180 4.4.4. Other definitions of the transfer function 182 4.5. Measurement of transfer function 188 Chapter 5 Sinusoidal Vibration 189 5.1. Definitions 189 5.1.1. Sinusoidal vibration 189 5.1.2. Mean value 191 5.1.3. Mean square value–rms value 192 5.1.4. Periodic vibrations 195 5.1.5. Quasi-periodic signals 198 5.2. Periodic and sinusoidal vibrations in the real environment 199 5.3. Sinusoidal vibration tests 199 Chapter 6 Response of a Linear One-Degree-of-Freedom Mechanical System to a Sinusoidal Excitation 203 6.1. General equations of motion 204 6.1.1 Relative response 204 6.1.2. Absolute response 207 6.1.3. Summary 209 6.1.4. Discussion 210 6.1.5. Response to periodic excitation 212 6.1.6. Application to calculation for vehicle suspension response 213 6.2. Transient response 215 6.2.1. Relative response 215 6.2.2. Absolute response 219 6.3. Steady state response 219 6.3.1. Relative response 219 6.3.2. Absolute response 220 6.4. Responses 6.4.1. Amplitude and phase 221 6.4.2. Variations of velocity amplitude 222 6.4.3. Variations in velocity phase 234 6.5. Responses 6.5.1 Expression for response 235 6.5.2. Variation in response amplitude 236 6.5.3. Variations in phase 241 6.6. Responses 6.6.1 Movement transmissibility 249 6.6.2. Variations in amplitude 250 6.6.3. Variations in phase 253 6.7. Graphical representation of transfer functions 255 6.8 Definitions 257 6.8.1. Compliance–stiffness 257 6.8.2 Mobility – impedance 258 6.8.3. Inertance –mass 259 Chapter 7 Non-viscous Damping 261 7.1. Damping observed in real structures 261 7.2. Linearization of non-linear hysteresis loops – equivalent viscous damping 262 7.3. Main types of damping 266 7.3.1 Damping force proportional to the power b of the relative velocity 266 7.3.2 Constant damping force 267 7.3.3. Damping force proportional to the square of velocity 269 7.3.4 Damping force proportional to the square of displacement 270 7.3.5. Structural or hysteretic damping 271 7.3.6. Combination of several types of damping 272 7.3.7. Validity of simplification by equivalent viscous damping 273 7.4. Measurement of damping of a system 274 7.4.1. Measurement of amplification factor at resonance 274 7.4.2. Bandwidth or √2 method 276 7.4.3. Decreased rate method (logarithmic decrement) 277 7.4.4 Evaluation of energy dissipation under permanent sinusoidal vibration 284 7.4.5. Other methods 288 7.5. Non-linear stiffness 288 Chapter 8 Swept Sine 291 8.1. Definitions 291 8.1.1. Swept sine 291 8.1.2. Octave – number of octaves in frequency interval (f1, f2) 294 8.1.3. Decade 294 8.2. “Swept sine” vibration in the real environment 295 8.3. “Swept sine” vibration in tests 295 8.4. Origin and properties of main types of sweepings 297 8.4.1. The problem 297 8.4.2 Case 1: sweep where time ∆t spent in each interval ∆f is constant for all values of f0 301 8.4.3. Case 2: sweep with constant rate 313 8.4.4. Case 3: sweep ensuring a number of identical cycles ∆N in all intervals ∆f (delimited by the half-power points) for all values of f0 314 Chapter 9 Response of a Linear One-Degree-of-Freedom System to a Swept Sine Vibration 319 9.1. Influence of sweep rate 319 9.2 Response of a linear one-degree-of-freedom system to a swept sine excitation 321 9.2.1. Methods used for obtaining response 321 9.2.2. Convolution integral (or Duhamel’s integral) 322 9.2.3 Response of a linear one-degree-of freedom system to a linear swept sine excitation 324 9.2.4 Response of a linear one-degree-of-freedom system to a logarithmic swept sine 334 9.3. Choice of duration of swept sine test 338 9.4. Choice of amplitude 342 9.5. Choice of sweep mode 343 Appendix Laplace Transformations 353 Vibration Tests: a Brief Historical Background 367 Bibliography 373 Index 387 Summary of Other Volumes in the Series 393

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Book SynopsisEverything engineers need to know about mechanical vibration and shock...in one authoritative reference work! This fully updated and revised 3rd edition addresses the entire field of mechanical vibration and shock as one of the most important types of load and stress applied to structures, machines and components in the real world. Examples include everything from the regular and predictable loads applied to turbines, motors or helicopters by the spinning of their constituent parts to the ability of buildings to withstand damage from wind loads or explosions, and the need for cars to maintain structural integrity in the event of a crash. There are detailed examinations of underlying theory, models developed for specific applications, performance of materials under test conditions and in real-world settings, and case studies and discussions of how the relationships between these affect design for actual products. Invaluable to engineers specializing in mechanical, aeronautical, civil, electrical and transportation engineering, this reference work, in five volumes is a crucial resource for the solution of shock and vibration problems. This volume focuses on specification development in accordance with the principle of tailoring. Extreme response and the fatigue damage spectra are defined for each type of stress (sinusoidal vibration, swept sine, shock, random vibration, etc.). The process for establishing a specification from the life cycle profile of equipment which will be subject to these types of stresses is then detailed. The analysis takes into account the uncertainty factor, designed to cover uncertainties related to the real-world environment and mechanical strength, and the test factor, which takes account of the number of tests performed to demonstrate the resistance of the equipment.Table of ContentsForeword to Series xiii Introduction xvii List of Symbols xxi Chapter 1 Extreme Response Spectrum of a Sinusoidal Vibration 1 1.1 The effects of vibration 1 1.2 Extreme response spectrum of a sinusoidal vibration 2 1.3 Extreme response spectrum of a swept sine vibration 13 Chapter 2 Extreme Response Spectrum of a Random Vibration 21 2.1 Unspecified vibratory signal 22 2.2 Gaussian stationary random signal 23 2.3 Limit of the ERS at the high frequencies 49 2.4 Response spectrum with up-crossing risk 50 2.5 Comparison of the various formulae 62 2.6 Effects of peak truncation on the acceleration time history 66 2.7 Sinusoidalvibration superimposed on a broadband random vibration 68 2.8 Swept sine superimposed on a broadband random vibration 83 2.9 Swept narrowbands on a wideband random vibration 85 Chapter 3 Fatigue Damage Spectrum of a Sinusoidal Vibration 89 3.1 Fatigue damage spectrum definition 89 3.2 Fatigue damage spectrum of a single sinusoid 92 3.3 Fatigue damage spectum of a periodic signal 96 3.4 General expression for the damage 98 3.5 Fatigue damage with other assumptions on the S-N curve 98 3.6 Fatigue damage generated by a swept sine vibration on a single-degree-of-freedom linear system 102 3.7 Reduction of test time 121 3.8 Notes on the design assumptions of the ERS and FDS 124 Chapter 4 Fatigue Damage Spectrum of a Random Vibration 125 4.1 Fatigue damage spectrum from the signal as function of time 125 4.2 Fatigue damage spectrum derived from a power spectral density 127 4.3 Simplified hypothesis of Rayleigh's law 132 4.4 Calculation of the fatigue damage spectrum with Dirlik's probability density 138 4.5 Up-crossing risk fatigue damage spectrum 140 4.6 Reduction of test time 144 4.7 Truncation of the peaks of the "input" acceleration signal 149 4.8 Sinusoidal vibration superimposed on a broadband random vibration 152 4.9 Swept sine superimposed on a broadband random vibration 161 4.10 Swept narrowbands on a broadband random vibration 162 Chapter 5 Fatigue Damage Spectrum of a Shock 165 5.1 General relationship of fatigue damage 165 5.2 Use of shock response spectrum in the impulse zone 167 5.3 Damage created by simple shocks in static zone of the response spectrum 169 Chapter 6 Influence of Calculation Conditions of ERSs and FDSs 171 6.1 Variation of the ERS with amplitude and vibraiton duration 171 6.2 Variation of the FDS with amplitude and duration of vibration 175 6.3 Should ERSs and FDSs be drawn with a linear or logarithmic frequency step? 175 6.4 With how many points must ERSs and FDSs be calculated? 177 6.5 Difference between ERSs and FDSs calculated from a vibratory signal according to time and from its PSD 180 6.6 Influence of the number of PSD calculation points on ERS and FDS 187 6.7 Influence of the PSD statistical error on ERS and FDS 192 6.8 Influence of the sampling frequency during ERS and FDS calculation from a signal on time 193 6.9 Influence of the peak counting method 202 6.10 Influence of a non-zero mean stress on FDS 206 Chapter 7 Tests and Standards 217 7.1 Definitions 217 7.2 Types of tests 218 7.3 What can be expected from a test specification? 223 7.4 Specification types 224 7.5 Standards specifying test tailoring 235 Chapter 8 Uncertainty Factor 243 8.1 Need - definitions 243 8.2 Sources of uncertainty 247 8.3 Statistical aspect of the real environment and of material strength 249 8.4 Statistical uncertainty factor 272 Chapter 9 Aging Factor 293 9.1 Purpose of the aging factor 293 9.2 Aging functions used in reliability 293 9.3 Method for calculating the aging factor 296 9.4 Influence of the aging law's standard deviation 299 9.5 Influence of the aging law mean 300 Chapter 10 Test Factor 301 10.1 Philosophy 301 10.2 Normal distributions 303 10.3 Log-normal distributions 315 10.4 Weibull distributions 318 10.5 Choice of confidence level 320 Chapter 11 Specification Development 321 11.1 Test tailoring 321 11.2 Step 1: analysis of the life-cycle profile. Review of the situations 322 11.3 Step 2: determination of the real environmental data associated with each situation 324 11.4 Step 3: determination of the environment to be simulated 325 11.5 Step 4: establishment of the test program 356 11.6 Applying this method ot the example of the "round robin" comparative study 363 11.7 Taking environment into account in project mamagement 366 Chapter 12 Influence of Calculation Conditions of Specification 375 12.1 Choice of the number of points in the specification (PSD) 375 12.2 Influence of the Q factor on specification (outside of time reduction) 378 12.3 Influence of the Q factor on specification when duration id reduced 382 12.4 Validity of a specification established for a Q factor equal to 10 when the real structure has another value 387 12.5 Advantage in the consideration of a variable Q factor for the calculation of ERSs and FDSs 388 12.6 Influence of the value of parameter b on the specification 390 12.7 Choice of the value of parameter b in the case of material made up of several components 394 12.8 Influence of temperature on parameter b and constant C 395 12.9 Importance of a factor of 10 between the specification FDS and the reference FDS (real environment) in a small frequency band 396 12.10 Validity of a specification established by reference to a one-degree-of-freedom system when real structures are multi-degree-of-freedom systems 398 Chapter 13 OPther Uses of Extreme Response, Up-Crossing Risk and Fitigue Damage Spectra 399 13.1 Comparisons of the severity of different vibrations 399 13.2 Swept sine excitation - random vibration transformation 403 13.3 Definition of a random vibration with the same severity as a series of shocks 408 13.4 Writing a specification only from an ERS (or an URS) 413 13.5 Establishment of a swept sine vibration specification 418 Appendix 421 Formulae 457 Bibliography 481 Index 497

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Book SynopsisThe books Fractional Calculus with Applications in Mechanics: Vibrations and Diffusion Processes and Fractional Calculus with Applications in Mechanics: Wave Propagation, Impact and Variational Principles contain various applications of fractional calculus to the fields of classical mechanics. Namely, the books study problems in fields such as viscoelasticity of fractional order, lateral vibrations of a rod of fractional order type, lateral vibrations of a rod positioned on fractional order viscoelastic foundations, diffusion-wave phenomena, heat conduction, wave propagation, forced oscillations of a body attached to a rod, impact and variational principles of a Hamiltonian type. The books will be useful for graduate students in mechanics and applied mathematics, as well as for researchers in these fields. Part 1 of this book presents an introduction to fractional calculus. Chapter 1 briefly gives definitions and notions that are needed later in the book and Chapter 2 presents definitions and some of the properties of fractional integrals and derivatives. Part 2 is the central part of the book. Chapter 3 presents the analysis of waves in fractional viscoelastic materials in infinite and finite spatial domains. In Chapter 4, the problem of oscillations of a translatory moving rigid body, attached to a heavy, or light viscoelastic rod of fractional order type, is studied in detail. In Chapter 5, the authors analyze a specific engineering problem of the impact of a viscoelastic rod against a rigid wall. Finally, in Chapter 6, some results for the optimization of a functional containing fractional derivatives of constant and variable order are presented.Table of ContentsPreface xiPart 1. Mathematical Preliminaries, Definitions and Properties of Fractional Integrals and Derivatives 1 Chapter 1. Mathematical Preliminaries 3 Chapter 2. Basic Definitions and Properties of Fractional Integrals and Derivatives 17 Part 2. Mechanical Systems 49 Chapter 3. Waves in Viscoelastic Materials of Fractional-Order Type 51 Chapter 4. Forced Oscillations of a System: Viscoelastic Rod and Body 149 Chapter 5. Impact of Viscoelastic Body Against the Rigid Wall 243 Chapter 6. Variational Problems with Fractional Derivatives 279Bibliography 379Index 403

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Book SynopsisThis book is part of a set of books which offers advanced students successive characterization tool phases, the study of all types of phase (liquid, gas and solid, pure or multi-component), process engineering, chemical and electrochemical equilibria, and the properties of surfaces and phases of small sizes. Macroscopic and microscopic models are in turn covered with a constant correlation between the two scales. Particular attention has been given to the rigor of mathematical developments.Table of ContentsPREFACE xiii NOTATIONS xvii SYMBOLS xix CHAPTER 1. THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS AND VARIABLES 1 1.1. State variables and characteristic functions of a phase 2 1.1.1. Intensive and extensive conjugate variables 2 1.1.2. Variations in internal energy during a transformation 3 1.1.3 Characteristic function associated with a canonical set of variables 5 1.2. Partial molar parameters 7 1.2.1. Definition 7 1.2.2. Properties of partial molar variables 8 1.3. Chemical potential and generalized chemical potentials 8 1.3.1. Chemical potential and partial molar free enthalpy 8 1.3.2. Definition of generalized chemical potential 9 1.3.3. Variations in the chemical potential and generalized chemical potential with variables 10 1.3.4. Gibbs–Duhem relation 10 1.3.5. Generalized Helmholtz relations 11 1.3.6. Chemical system associated with the general system 12 1.4. The two modeling scales 14 CHAPTER 2. MACROSCOPIC MODELING OF A PHASE 15 2.1. Thermodynamic coefficients and characteristic matrices 15 2.1.1. Thermodynamic coefficients and characteristic matrix associated with the internal energy 15 2.1.2. Symmetry of the characteristic matrix 17 2.1.3. The thermodynamic coefficients needed and required to thermodynamically define the phase 17 2.1.4. Choosing other variables: thermodynamic coefficients and characteristic matrix associated with a characteristic function 19 2.1.5. Change in variable from one characteristic matrix to another 22 2.1.6. Relations between thermodynamic coefficients and secondary derivatives of the characteristic function 26 2.1.7. Examples of thermodynamic coefficients: calorimetric coefficients 27 2.2. Partial molar variables and thermodynamic coefficients 27 2.3. Common variables and thermodynamic coefficients 28 2.3.1. State equation 29 2.3.2. Expansion coefficients 30 2.3.3. Molar heat capacities 32 2.3.4. Young’s Modulus 34 2.3.5. Electric permittivity 34 2.3.6. Volumic and area densities of electric charge 34 2.4. Thermodynamic charts: justification of different types 35 2.4.1. Representation of a variable as a function of its conjugate 35 2.4.2. Representation of a characteristic function as a function of one of its natural variables 38 2.5. Stability of phases 39 2.5.1. Case of ensemble E0 of extensive variables 40 2.5.2. Coefficients associated with ensemble En 43 2.5.3. Case of other ensembles of variables 44 2.5.4. Conclusion: stability conditions of a phase in terms of thermodynamic coefficients 46 2.5.5. Example – applying stability conditions 46 2.6. Consistency of thermodynamic data 48 2.7. Conclusion on the macroscopic modeling of phases 49 CHAPTER 3. MULTI-COMPOUND PHASES – SOLUTIONS 51 3.1. Variables attached to solutions 51 3.1.1. Characterizing a solution 52 3.1.2. Composition of a solution 53 3.1.3. Peculiar variables and mixing variables 54 3.2. Recap of ideal solutions 57 3.2.1. Thermodynamic definition 57 3.2.2. Molar Gibbs energy of mixing of an ideal solution 57 3.2.3. Molar enthalpy of mixing of the ideal solution 57 3.2.4. Molar entropy of mixing of the ideal solution 58 3.2.5. Molar volume of mixing 58 3.2.6. Molar heat capacity of ideal solution: Kopp’s law 58 3.3. Characterization imperfection of a real solution 59 3.3.1. Lewis activity coefficients 60 3.3.2. Characterizing the imperfection of a real solution by the excess Gibbs energy 71 3.3.3. Other ways to measure the imperfection of a solution 74 3.4. Activity of a component in any solution: Raoult’s and Henry’s laws 76 3.5. Ionic solutions 77 3.5.1. Chemical potential of an ion 78 3.5.2. Relation between the activities of ions and the overall activity of solutes 80 3.5.3. Mean concentration and mean ionic activity coefficient 80 3.5.4. Obtaining the activity coefficient of an individual ion 82 3.5.5. Ionic strength 82 3.6. Curves of molar variables as a function of the composition in binary systems of a solution with two components 83 CHAPTER 4. STATISTICS OF OBJECT COLLECTIONS 87 4.1. The need to statistically process a system 87 4.1.1. Collections, system description – Stirling’s approximation 87 4.1.2. Statistical description hypothesis 88 4.1.3. The Boltzmann principle 89 4.2. Statistical effects of distinguishable non-quantum elements 89 4.2.1. Distribution law 90 4.2.2. Calculation of 91 4.2.3. Determining coefficient 92 4.2.4. Energy input to a system 95 4.2.5. The Boltzmann principle for entropy 96 4.3. The quantum description and space of phases 97 4.3.1. Wave functions and energy levels 97 4.3.2. Space of phases: discernibility of objects and states 98 4.3.3. Localization and non-localization of objects 98 4.4. Statistical effect of localized quantum objects 99 4.5. Collections of non-localized quantum objects 100 4.5.1. Eigen symmetrical and antisymmetric functions of non-localized objects 101 4.5.2. Statistics of non-localized elements with symmetrical wave functions 103 4.5.3. Statistics of non-localized elements with an asymmetric function 105 4.5.4. Classical limiting case 107 4.6. Systems composed of different particles without interactions 107 4.7. Unicity of coefficient 108 4.8. Determining coefficient in quantum statistics 110 CHAPTER 5. CANONICAL ENSEMBLES AND THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS 113 5.1. An ensemble 113 5.2. Canonical ensemble 114 5.2.1. Description of a canonical ensemble 114 5.2.2. Law of distribution in a canonical ensemble 115 5.2.3. Canonical partition function 116 5.3. Molecular partition functions and canonical partition functions 117 5.3.1. Canonical partition functions for ensembles of discernable molecules 117 5.3.2. Canonical partition functions of indiscernible molecules 118 5.4. Thermodynamic functions and the canonical partition function 120 5.4.1. Expression of internal energy 120 5.4.2. Entropy and canonical partition functions 121 5.4.3. Expressing other thermodynamic functions and thermodynamic coefficients in the canonical ensemble 123 5.5. Absolute activity of a constituent 125 5.6. Other ensembles of systems and associated characteristic functions 127 CHAPTER 6. MOLECULAR PARTITION FUNCTIONS 131 6.1. Definition of the molecular partition function 131 6.2. Decomposition of the molecular partition function into partial partition functions 131 6.3. Energy level and thermal agitation 133 6.4. Translational partition functions 134 6.4.1. Translational partition function with the only constraint being the recipient 135 6.4.2. Translational partition function with the constraint being a potential centered and the container walls 137 6.5. Maxwell distribution laws 139 6.5.1. Distribution of ideal gas molecules in volume 139 6.5.2. Distribution of ideal gas molecules in velocity 140 6.6. Internal partition functions 142 6.6.1. Vibrational partition function 142 6.6.2. Rotational partition function 144 6.6.3. Nuclear partition function and correction of symmetry due to nuclear spin 146 6.6.4. Electronic partition function 149 6.7. Partition function of an ideal gas 149 6.8. Average energy and equipartition of energy 150 6.8.1. Mean translational energy 151 6.8.2. Mean rotational energy 152 6.8.3. Mean vibrational energy 152 6.9. Translational partition function and quantum mechanics 153 6.10. Interactions between species 155 6.10.1. Interactions between charged particles 155 6.10.2. Interaction energy between two neutral molecules 156 6.11. Equilibrium constants and molecular partition functions 161 6.11.1. Gaseous phase homogeneous equilibria 162 6.11.2. Liquid phase homogeneous equilibria 164 6.11.3. Solid phase homogenous equilibria 166 6.12. Conclusion on the macroscopic modeling of phases 167 CHAPTER 7. PURE REAL GASES 169 7.1. The three states of the pure compound: critical point 169 7.2. Standard state of a molecular substance 170 7.3. Real gas – macroscopic description 171 7.3.1. Pure gas diagram (P-V) 171 7.3.2. “Cubic” state equations 172 7.3.3. Other state equations 177 7.3.4. The theorem of corresponding states and the generalized compressibility chart 180 7.3.5. Molar Gibbs energy or chemical potential of a real gas 182 7.3.6. Fugacity of a real gas 183 7.3.7. Heat capacities of gases 186 7.4. Microscopic description of a real gas 188 7.4.1. Canonical partition function of a fluid 188 7.4.2. Helmholtz energy and development of the virial 195 7.4.3. Forms of the second coefficient of the virial 197 7.4.4. Macroscopic state equations and microscopic description 202 7.4.5. Chemical potential and fugacity of a real gas 203 7.4.6. Conclusion on microscopic modeling of a real gas 204 7.5. Microscopic approach of the heat capacity of gases 206 7.5.1. Classical theorem from the equipartition of energy 207 7.5.2. Quantum theorem of heat capacity at constant volume 208 CHAPTER 8. GAS MIXTURES 213 8.1. Macroscopic modeling of gas mixtures 213 8.1.1. Perfect solutions of perfect gases 213 8.1.2. Mixture of real gases 215 8.2. Characterizing gas mixtures 217 8.2.1. Method of the state equations of gas mixtures 218 8.2.2. The Beattie–Bridgeman state equation 218 8.2.3. Calculating the compressibility coefficient of a mixture 222 8.2.4. Method using activity coefficients of solutions 225 8.3. Determining activity coefficients of a solution from an equation of state 225 8.3.1. Methodology 226 8.3.2. Studying solutions using the PSRK method 227 8.3.3. VTPR Model 230 8.3.4. VGTPR Model 233 APPENDICES 237 APPENDIX 1 239 APPENDIX 2 243 APPENDIX 3 245 APPENDIX 4 253 APPENDIX 5 257 BIBLIOGRAPHY 261 INDEX 265

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Book SynopsisThis book deals with the various aspects of stochastic dynamics, the resolution of large mechanical systems, and inverse problems. It integrates the most recent ideas from research and industry in the field of stochastic dynamics and optimization in structural mechanics over 11 chapters. These chapters provide an update on the various tools for dealing with uncertainties, stochastic dynamics, reliability and optimization of systems. The optimization–reliability coupling in structures dynamics is approached in order to take into account the uncertainties in the modeling and the resolution of the problems encountered. Accompanied by detailed examples of uncertainties, optimization, reliability, and model reduction, this book presents the newest design tools. It is intended for students and engineers and is a valuable support for practicing engineers and teacher-researchers.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1 Introduction to Inverse Methods 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Identification methods 3 1.3 Identification of the strain hardening law 6 1.3.1 Example of an application 8 1.3.2 Validation test 9 1.3.3 Hydroforming a welded tube 11 Chapter 2 Linear Differential Equation Systems of the First Order with Constant Coefficients: Application in Mechanical Engineering 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Modeling dissipative systems 15 2.2.1 Intrinsic solutions of autonomous systems 17 2.2.2 Intrinsic solutions 17 2.2.3 Intrinsic solutions of the adjoining system 19 2.2.4 Relation between the intrinsic solutions of s and s* 19 2.2.5 Relation between modal matrices X and X* 20 2.3 Autonomous system general solution 21 2.3.1 Direct solution by using the exponential matrix 21 2.3.2 Indirect solution by modal transformation 23 2.4 General solution of the complete equation 24 2.4.1 Direct solution by the exponential matrix 24 2.4.2 Indirect solution by modal transformation 24 2.4.3 General solution in the particular case of harmonic excitation 26 2.5 Applications to mechanical structures 27 2.5.1 Discrete mechanical structure at n degrees of freedom, linear, regular and non-dissipative 27 2.5.2 Discrete mechanical structure at n DOF, linear, regular and dissipative 29 2.5.3 Intrinsic vector norm 32 2.5.4 Particular solution of the system with a harmonic force 34 2.6 Inverse problems: expressions of the M, B, K matrices according to the intrinsic solutions 36 Chapter 3 Introduction to Linear Structure Dynamics 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Problems in structure dynamics 41 3.2.1 Finite elements method 43 3.2.2 Modal superposition method 44 3.2.3 Direct integration 46 3.2.4 Newmark method 46 3.2.5 The θ Wilson method 47 3.2.6 Modal analysis of the sandwich beam 49 Chapter 4 Introduction to Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis 53 4.1 Introduction 53 4.2 Linear systems 54 4.2.1 Generalities 54 4.2.2 Simple examples of large displacements 56 4.2.3 Simple example of a variable 58 4.2.4 Simple example of dry friction 58 4.2.5 Material nonlinearities 59 4.3 The nonlinear 1 DOF system 60 4.3.1 Generalities 60 4.3.2 Movement without non-dampened excitation 61 4.3.3 Case of a stiffness in the form � (1 + �� 2) 62 4.3.4 Movement with non-dampened excitation 65 4.3.5 Movement with dampened excitation 68 4.4 Nonlinear N DOF systems 71 4.4.1 Generalities 71 4.4.2 Nonlinear connection with periodic movement 72 4.4.3 Direct integration of the equations 74 Chapter 5 Condensation Methods Applied to Eigen Value Problems 77 5.1 Introduction 77 Contents vii 5.2 Mathematical generality: matrix transformation 78 5.3 Dynamic condensation methods 80 5.4 Guyan condensation 84 5.5 Rayleigh–Ritz method 87 5.6 Case of a temporary problem 90 5.6.1 Simplification with a full modal basis 91 Chapter 6 Linear Substructure Approach for Dynamic Analysis 105 6.1 Generalities 105 6.2 Different types of Ritz vectors 107 6.2.1 Stress vectors of the j st substructure �� (j) 107 6.2.2 Attachment vectors of the j st substructure �� (j) 108 6.2.3 Displacement field type vectors in dynamic regimes 108 6.3 Synthesis of eigen solutions of the assembled structure: formulation by an energetic method (Lagrange with multiplicators) 111 6.3.1 Equilibrium equation of the k st isolated substructure �� (k) 111 6.3.2 Ritz basis for the k the substructure �� (k) 112 6.3.3 Compatibilities between substructure �� (1) and �� (2) 113 6.3.4 Lagrangian L of the assembled structure 113 6.4 Craig and Bampton substructuration method 116 6.4.1 Formulation of base relations in the case of two substructures 117 6.4.2 Assembly of two substructures 119 6.4.3 Restoring physical DOF 120 6.4.4 Comments 121 6.5 Mixed method 121 6.5.1 Formation in the case of a single secondary SS 122 6.5.2 Reconstructing the assembled structure 122 6.5.3 Comments 123 6.6 Methods with eigen vectors with free common contours 124 6.6.1 Stiffness method of coupling 124 6.6.2 Solution to [6.39] Ritz transformation 127 6.6.3 Formulation based on the dynamic flexibility matrices: search for the assembled structure’s eigen solutions 129 6.6.4 Formulation in the case of two �� (k) , k = 1,2, etc 130 6.7 Method systematically introducing an intermediary connection structure 133 6.7.1 Formation 133 6.7.2 Introducing Ritz vectors 136 6.7.3 Introducing fitting conditions 137 6.7.4 Equilibrium equations of the assembled structure 139 6.7.5 Normalization of the assembled structure’s eigen vectors 140 6.7.6 Critique of the method 141 Chapter 7 Nonlinear Substructure Approach for Dynamic Analysis 145 7.1 Introduction 145 7.2 Dynamic substructuration approaches 147 7.2.1 Linear case 148 7.2.2 Nonlinear case 149 7.3 Nonlinear substructure approach 151 7.3.1 Vibration equations of a substructure 152 7.3.2 Fixed interface problem 153 7.3.3 Static raising problem 155 7.3.4 Representation of the system in Craig-Bampton’s linear base 155 7.3.5 Model reduction with the Shaw and Pierre approach 157 7.3.6 Assembling substructures 159 7.4 Proper orthogonal decomposition for flows 160 7.4.1 Properties of the POD modes 161 7.4.2 POD snapshot 162 7.4.3 Script of low-order dynamic systems 163 7.5 Numerical results 168 7.5.1 Modal analysis 171 7.5.2 Decomposition of the circular acoustic cavity 173 7.5.3 Decomposition of the elastic ring 174 Chapter 8 Direct and Inverse Sensitivity 177 8.1 Introduction 177 8.2 Direct sensitivity 180 8.2.1 Definition of the state’s sensitivity matrix x(t) 180 8.2.2 Sensitivity equations 180 8.2.3 Simple direct applications 182 8.3 Sensitivity of eigen solutions 183 8.3.1 Direct numerical method 183 8.3.2 Derivatives of the eigen vectors according to the modal bases 184 8.3.3 Derivatives of eigen vectors based on the exact expressions 187 8.4 First derivative of a particular solution 190 8.4.1 Scalar case (primarily didactic) 190 8.4.2 General case 190 8.5 Grouping the sensitivity relations together 191 8.5.1 Variations 191 8.5.2 Grouping the eigen values and eigen vectors together 192 8.6 Inverse sensitivity 195 8.6.1 Overdetermined case: 2a > m 196 8.6.2 Unique solution: 2a = m 197 8.6.3 Underdetermined case: 2a < m 198 Chapter 9 Parametric Identification and Model Adjustment in Linear Elastic Dynamics 205 9.1 Introduction 205 9.2 Study in the elastic dynamics of mechanical structures 206 9.2.1 Provisional calculations of behavior based on mathematical models 207 9.2.2 Identification 207 9.3 Parametric identification – use of a test for constructing weaker calculation models 208 9.3.1 Introduction 208 9.3.2 Error minimization in the behavioral equation 209 9.3.3 Error minimization on the outputs 210 9.3.4 Combined estimation of the state and the parameters 211 9.4 Some basic methods in parametric identification 211 9.4.1 Linear dependency with respect to the parameters and estimation in the sense of the least squares 211 9.4.2 Estimation of parameters in the sense of maximum likelihood 212 9.4.3 Estimation of the vector p by the Gauss–Newton method Bayes formulation Vector z(p) nonlinear function of p 214 9.4.4 Non-random least squares method 218 9.4.5 Quasi-linearization method 220 9.5 Parametric correction of finite elements models in linear elastic dynamics based on the test results 221 9.5.1 Highlighting a few difficulties 222 9.6 M model adjustment: k∈ � c, c by minimizing the matrix norms by the correction matrices δm, δk 223 9.6.1 Principle of Baruch and Bar-Itzhack method 224 9.6.2 Kabe, Smith and Beattie methods 226 9.7 M model adjustment: k∈ � c, c by minimizing residue vectors made up based on local correction matrices ΔM I , ΔK I 227 9.7.1 Minimization of formed residue based on the behavior equation 228 9.7.2 Minimization of formed reside based on outputs 228 Chapter 10 Inverse Problems in Dynamics: Robustness Function 235 10.1 Introduction 235 10.2 Convex models 236 10.2.1 Definitions 236 10.2.2 Direct problem 237 10.2.3 Inverse problem 237 10.3 Robustness function 238 10.3.1 Monocriterion response 238 10.3.2 Multicriteria response 238 10.4 Solution methods 239 10.4.1 Interval arithmetic 239 10.4.2 Optimization method 240 10.5 Numerical calculations 244 10.6 Applications 245 10.6.1 Dual-recessed beam 245 10.6.2 Square 251 10.7 Conclusion 256 Chapter 11 Modal Synthesis and Reliability Optimization Methods 259 11.1 Introduction 259 11.2 Design reliability optimization in structural dynamics 260 11.2.1 Frequential hybrid method 260 11.2.2 Optimization condition of the hybrid problem 266 11.3 The SP method 270 11.3.1 Formulation of the problem 271 11.3.2 Implementation of the SP approach 273 11.4 Modal synthesis and RBDO coupling methods 281 11.5 Discussion 286 Appendix 289 Bibliography 299 Index 307

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Book SynopsisThis book aims to provide a synthesis of work and ideas done by our team over the last fifteen years in the field of information processing for expression of industrial performance. The statement of objectives on the one hand and the calculation of the other performances are discussed, with the search for the explanation of the link between these two basic steps of an industrial improvement. Beyond the synthetic and typological character of this study, the originality of this work lies in the consideration of the temporal dimension of the objectives, and spread on performance expressions. A fuzzy processing and multi-criteria aggregations time information that can be quantitative, qualitative or symbolic are proposed, in line with industrial practice and literature in the field of performance management.Table of ContentsForeword ix Chapter 1. The Industrial System 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. The RB company’s “Hydraulic Cylinder Production” line 2 1.2.1. The Overall Equipment Effectiveness – OEE 4 1.2.2. The Non-compliance rate 5 1.2.3. The Throughput time 5 1.3. Characterization of the industrial system 6 1.3.1. General comments about systems theory 7 1.3.2. The role of the observer 12 1.3.3. Abstraction levels 13 1.3.4. Structure of the industrial system 14 1.3.5. Behavior of the industrial system 17 1.3.6. To summarize these system characteristics 23 1.4. A few words about information handling for the “Hydraulic Cylinder Production” line of the RB company 24 1.5. Objectives and systems theory 26 1.6. Summary 29 Chapter 2. Industrial Objectives: The Variable 31 2.1. Introduction 31 2.2. The objective and the variable: re-reading the tale of the chicken and the egg 34 2.3. Definition of the notion of a variable 37 2.4. When a variable becomes a criterion 42 2.5. Industrial typology 47 2.5.1. Key success factors and key performance factors 49 2.5.2. Strategic, tactical and operational variables 50 2.5.3. Action variables and state variables 51 2.5.4. Customer satisfaction, productivity and context 53 2.6. Relationships between variables: industrial practice 54 2.6.1. Hierarchical approaches 54 2.6.2. Cognitive approaches 60 2.7. Semantic and choice of a variable: the power of an intention 62 2.8. Summary 68 Chapter 3. Industrial Objectives: The Value 71 3.1. Introduction 71 3.2. A value to define the objective 73 3.3. The value and the intention 78 3.3.1. The desire-objective 78 3.3.2. The requirement-objective 80 3.3.3. Inadequacy, improvement and desire 84 3.3.4. The value, the desire-objectives and the requirement-objectives 87 3.4. The value and the time 89 3.4.1. Achieving the objective, a question of time 89 3.4.2. Some characteristics of the temporal horizon 91 3.4.3. Summary 94 3.5. The observer’s intention and the temporal horizon: converging perspectives 95 3.6. What is said about objectives 97 3.7. Summary 105 Chapter 4. Industrial Objectives: A Fuzzy Formalization to Move from Natural Language to Numbers 107 4.1. Introduction 107 4.2. The interest of using the theory of fuzzy subsets 109 4.3. When Mr. C.C. expresses himself about the Throughput time of the “Hydraulic Cylinder Production” line 113 4.4. Numbers and words 114 4.5. Graduality and fuzzy subsets 121 4.5.1. Membership function 121 4.5.2. Fuzzy meaning and description 124 4.6. Operations between fuzzy subsets 126 4.6.1. Fuzzy union, intersection and complement 126 4.6.2. Example of use of the operator of fuzzy union. 127 4.6.3. Example of use of the fuzzy intersection operator 129 4.6.4. Triangular norms 132 4.6.5. Triangular conorms 133 4.7. Imprecision of measurements and theory of possibilities 134 4.7.1. Generalities about measurement uncertainties 136 4.7.2. Confidence intervals and possibility distribution 138 4.7.3. Fuzzy descriptions of an imprecise measurement 141 4.8. Summary 144 Chapter 5. Industrial Objectives: Outlining Performance Expression 147 5.1. Introduction 147 5.2. The notion of performance 148 5.2.1. General comments 148 5.2.2. Industrial performance 151 5.3. From performance to performance expression 155 5.3.1. General comments 155 5.3.2. Semantics of performance expression 157 5.4. The process of precisiation of the finality into objectives: model and notations 159 5.4.1. Principle 160 5.4.2. From the finality to the goal variables 162 5.4.3. From goal variables to objective variables 163 5.4.4. The process of precisiation 163 5.4.5. Objective attributes 163 5.5. Computation of performance expression: our assumptions 169 5.6. Summary 171 Chapter 6. Industrial Objectives: Computation of Performance Expression of the Desire-Objective 173 6.1. Introduction 173 6.2. Returning to the notion of the desire-objective 174 6.3. “Computation” of the performance expression of a desire-objective 176 6.4. The observer expresses their “feeling” directly 178 6.5. The observer has a measurement value associated with the considered variable 179 6.6. The observer has a set of measurement values or of information associated with the considered variable 182 6.7. Looking back over computation 187 6.8. Summary 189 Chapter 7. Industrial Objectives: Computation of the Performance Expression of the Requirement-Objective 191 7.1. Introduction 191 7.2. Returning to the notion of a requirement-objective 192 7.3. A few points about the notion of scale 194 7.4. Computation of the performance expression for the improvement-objective 196 7.4.1. The observer computes a numerical performance expression 197 7.4.2. The observer computes a linguistic performance expression 204 7.4.3. Looking back over the computation 212 7.5. Computation of the performance expression of the inadequacy-objective 214 7.5.1. The observer computes a performance expression 215 7.5.2. The observer computes a performance expression and represents it visually 220 7.5.3. Looking over the computation 227 7.6. Summary 227 Conclusion 229 Bibliography 233 Index 249

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Book SynopsisInterface Engineering in Organic Field-Effect Transistors Systematic summary of advances in developing effective methodologies of interface engineering in organic field-effect transistors, from models to experimental techniques Interface Engineering in Organic Field-Effect Transistors covers the state of the art in organic field-effect transistors and reviews charge transport at the interfaces, device design concepts, and device fabrication processes, and gives an outlook on the development of future optoelectronic devices. This book starts with an overview of the commonly adopted methods to obtain various semiconductor/semiconductor interfaces and charge transport mechanisms at these heterogeneous interfaces. Then, it covers the modification at the semiconductor/electrode interfaces, through which to tune the work function of electrodes as well as reveal charge injection mechanisms at the interfaces. Charge transport physics at the semiconductor/dielectric interface is discussed in detail. The book describes the remarkable effect of SAM modification on the semiconductor film morphology and thus the electrical performance. In particular, valuable analyses of charge trapping/detrapping engineering at the interface to realize new functions are summarized. Finally, the sensing mechanisms that occur at the semiconductor/environment interfaces of OFETs and the unique detection methods capable of interfacing organic electronics with biology are discussed. Specific sample topics covered in Interface Engineering in Organic Field-Effect Transistors include: Noncovalent modification methods, charge insertion layer at the electrode surface, dielectric surface passivation methods, and covalent modification methods Charge transport mechanism in bulk semiconductors, influence of additives on materials’ nucleation and morphology, solvent additives, and nucleation agents Nanoconfinement effect, enhancing the performance through semiconductor heterojunctions, planar bilayer heterostructure, ambipolar charge-transfer complex, and supramolecular arrangement of heterojunctions Dielectric effect in OFETs, dielectric modification to tune semiconductor morphology, surface energy control, microstructure design, solution shearing, eliminating interfacial traps, and SAM/SiO2 dielectrics A timely resource providing the latest developments in the field and emphasizing new insights for building reliable organic electronic devices, Interface Engineering in Organic Field-Effect Transistors is essential for researchers, scientists, and other interface-related professionals in the fields of organic electronics, nanoelectronics, surface science, solar cells, and sensors.Table of ContentsPreface ix Author Biographies xi List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Different Interfaces in OFETs 1 1.2 Brief Historic Overview of Interface Engineering in OFETs 3 1.3 Scope of the Book 3 2 Interfacial Modification Methods 7 2.1 Noncovalent Modification Methods 7 2.1.1 Charge Insertion Layer at the Electrode Surface 7 2.1.2 Dielectric Surface Passivation Methods 9 2.2 Covalent Modification Methods 12 2.2.1 SAM Modification of Electrodes 12 2.2.2 SAM Modification of Dielectrics 12 2.2.2.1 SAM/SiO2 Dielectrics 14 2.2.2.2 SAM/High-k Dielectrics 14 2.2.2.3 Self-Assembled Monolayer Field-Effect Transistors (SAMFETs) 28 2.3 Efforts in Developing New Methods 31 3 Semiconductor/Semiconductor Interface 33 3.1 Influence of Additives on a Material’s Nucleation and Morphology 37 3.1.1 Solvent Additives 37 3.1.2 Nucleating Agents 41 3.1.3 Template-Mediated Crystallization 43 3.1.4 Blending with Insulating Polymers 45 3.1.5 Blending with Polymer Elastomer: Nanoconfinement Effect 50 3.2 Enhancing the Performance Through Semiconductor Heterojunctions 55 3.2.1 Planar Bilayer Heterostructures 57 3.2.2 Molecular-Level Heterojunction 61 3.2.3 Supramolecular Arrangement of the Heterojunctions 64 3.3 Integrating Molecular Functionalities into Electrical Circuits 69 3.3.1 Charge-Trapping-Induced Memory Effect 69 3.3.2 Photochromism-Induced Switching Effect 72 4 Semiconductor/Electrode Interface 77 4.1 Work Function Tuning for Better Contact 79 4.1.1 SAM Modification 80 4.1.2 Charge Insertion Layer Modification 84 4.1.3 Polymer-Based Electrodes 89 4.1.4 Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Electrodes 92 4.1.5 Covalent Bond Formation at the Molecular Level 97 4.2 Installing Switching Effects at Semiconductor/Electrode Interface 100 5 Semiconductor/Dielectric Interface 103 5.1 Dielectric Modification to Tune Semiconductor Morphology 105 5.1.1 Dielectric Surface Energy Control 106 5.1.1.1 Modify with SAM 106 5.1.1.2 Surface Modification with Polymers 112 5.1.2 Dielectric Microstructure Design 113 5.1.2.1 Roughness Effect 114 5.1.2.2 Nano-fabrication Created Microstructure 116 5.1.2.3 Self-assembled Morphology of Dielectric 118 5.2 Eliminating Interfacial Traps 120 5.2.1 Dielectric Surface Passivation (Treatment) Methods 121 5.2.1.1 Polymer Encapsulation of Dielectrics 122 5.2.1.2 Gap Dielectrics 124 5.2.2 SAM/SiO2 Dielectrics 126 5.2.2.1 Provide Efficient Insulating Barrier Height 127 5.2.2.2 Control Surface Polarity and Carrier Density 128 5.2.3 SAM/High-k Dielectrics 131 5.2.3.1 Fundamentals of SAM-Modified High-k Dielectrics 132 5.2.3.2 SAM/High-k Hybrid Dielectrics for Flexible Substrate 134 5.2.4 Self-assembled Monolayer Field-Effect Transistors (SAMFETs) 137 5.2.4.1 Molecule Design for SAMFETs 137 5.2.4.2 Morphology Control of SAMFET 139 5.3 Integrating New Functionalities 141 5.3.1 Photoresponsive Dielectrics 142 5.3.2 Other External Stimuli-Responsive Dielectrics 144 5.3.2.1 Pressure Sensor 145 5.3.2.2 Thermal Sensor 147 5.3.2.3 Magnetic Sensor 147 5.3.2.4 Multifunctional Sensor 148 5.3.3 Integrating Memory Effect at the Dielectrics 148 6 Semiconductor/Environment Interface 155 6.1 Device Optimization to Improve Sensing Performance 156 6.1.1 Monolayer Functionalization 156 6.1.2 Bilayer Heterojunction Approach 158 6.1.3 Remote Floating Gate 159 6.2 OECT-Based and EGOFET-Based Sensors 160 7 Interfacing Organic Electronics with Biology 165 7.1 Integration of OFETs/OECTs with Nonelectrogenic Cells 166 7.2 Integration of Flexible Bioelectronics with Electrogenic Cells 170 7.3 Light/Cell/Device Interfaces 174 8 Concluding Remarks and Outlook 179 8.1 New Challenges in Molecular Design 179 8.2 High-Quality OSC Films: Self-Assembly Control 180 8.3 High-Performance Scalable Flexible Optoelectronics 180 8.4 Exploration of Novel Structures: Organic/2D Heterostructures and Vertical Structures 181 8.5 Instability: Stability in Aqueous Media and Thermal Stability in Hygienic Applications 181 8.6 Multifunctional Sensor Systems 183 References 185 Index 251

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Book SynopsisAnhand von ausführlich durchgerechneten Anwendungsbeispielen stellt Jörg Wauer Forschungsergebnisse zum Thema Mehrfeldsysteme mit Oberflächen- und Volumenkopplung prägnant dar und liefert so einen Einblick auf interdisziplinäre dynamische Systeme der Physik mit verteilten Parametern. Damit zeigt der Autor erstmalig eine wissenschaftlich exakte Behandlung und Diskussion des Themas Dynamik verteilter Mehrfeldsysteme.Table of ContentsMehrfeldsysteme mit Oberflächenkopplung mit Fluid-Festkörperwechselwirkung als Prototyp.- Mehrfeldsysteme mit Volumenkopplung mit thermoelastischen Koppelschwingungen sowie der Dynamik von piezoelektrischen und magnetoelastischen Systemen als Hauptvertreter.

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Book SynopsisThis is a textbook on the mechanical behavior of materials for mechanical and materials engineering. It emphasizes quantitative problem solving. This new edition includes treatment of the effects of texture on properties and microstructure, on discontinuous and inhomogeneous deformation, and treatment of foams.Table of Contents1. Stress and strain; 2. Elasticity; 3. Mechanical tensile testing; 4. Strain hardening of metals; 5. Plasticity; 6. Strain-rate and temperature dependence of flow stress; 7. Slip; 8. Dislocation geometry and energy; 9. Dislocation mechanics; 10. Mechanical twinning; 11. Hardening mechanisms; 12. Discontinuous and inhomogeneous deformation; 13. Ductility and fracture; 14. Fracture mechanics; 15. Viscoelasticity; 16. Creep and stress rupture; 17. Fatigue; 18. Residual stresses; 19. Ceramics; 20. Polymers; 21. Composites; 22. Mechanical working; Appendix I. Miller indices; Appendix II. Stereographic projection.

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