Mechanical engineering and materials Books

Book SynopsisEnergy efficiency is today a crucial topic in the built environment - for both designers and managers of buildings. This increased interest is driven by a combination of new regulations and directives within the EU and worldwide to combat global warming. All buildings now must now acquire and display an EPC (energy performance certificate), a rating similar to the AG rating given to white goods. But in order to understand how to be more efficient in energy use, you need first to understand the mechanisms of both energy requirements and how energy is used in buildings. Energy Audits: a workbook for energy management in buildings tackles the fundamental principles of thermodynamics through day-to-day engineering concepts and helps students understand why energy losses occur and how they can be reduced. It provides the tools to measure process efficiency and sustainability in power and heating applications, helping engineers to recognize why energy losses occur and how thTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xiii Dimensions and Units xv List of Figures xxi List of Tables xxv 1 Energy and the Environment 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Forms of energy 2 1.2.1 Mechanical energy 2 1.2.2 Electrical energy 3 1.2.3 Chemical energy 4 1.2.4 Nuclear energy 4 1.2.5 Thermal energy 5 1.3 Energy conversion 6 1.4 The burning question 8 1.4.1 Combustion of coal 9 1.4.2 Combustion of oil 10 1.4.3 Combustion of natural gas 10 1.5 Environmental impact from fossil fuels 11 1.6 Energy worldwide 12 1.7 Energy and the future 13 1.7.1 The dream scenario 15 1.7.2 The renewable scenario 15 1.8 Worked examples 15 1.9 Tutorial problems 19 1.10 Case Study: Future energy for the world 20 2 Energy Audits for Buildings 23 2.1 The need for an energy audit 24 2.2 The energy benchmarking method 25 2.2.1 Benchmarking step by step 25 2.2.2 How savings can be achieved 29 2.3 The degree-days concept 33 2.3.1 Regression of degree-day and energy consumption data 33 2.4 Energy Performance Certificates 34 2.5 Worked examples 36 2.6 Tutorial problems 43 3 Building Fabric’s Heat Loss 45 3.1 Modes of heat transfer 46 3.2 Fourier’s law of thermal conduction 46 3.2.1 Conduction through a planar wall 46 3.2.2 Radial conduction through a pipe wall 47 3.3 Heat transfer by convection 48 3.3.1 Convective heat transfer: experimental correlations 49 3.3.2 Free convection 50 3.3.3 Forced convection 50 3.4 Heat transfer through a composite wall separating two fluids 51 3.5 Heat exchange through a tube with convection on both sides 52 3.6 A composite tube with fluid on the inner and outer surfaces 53 3.7 Heat transfer by radiation 54 3.8 Building fabric’s heat load calculations 55 3.9 Energy efficiency and the environment 57 3.9.1 Space heating 57 3.9.2 Insulation standards 58 3.9.3 The economics of heating 58 3.10 Worked examples 60 3.11 Tutorial problems 67 4 Ventilation 69 4.1 Aims of ventilation 70 4.2 Air quality 70 4.2.1 Minimum fresh air requirements 71 4.2.2 Composition of respired air 71 4.3 Ventilation methods 73 4.3.1 Natural ventilation 74 4.3.2 Mechanical or forced ventilation 75 4.4 Ventilation flow calculations 76 4.4.1 Volume flow calculations 76 4.4.2 Ventilation heat load calculations 76 4.4.3 Ventilation calculations based on CO2 build-up 76 4.5 Fans 77 4.5.1 Fan laws 78 4.5.2 Selection of fans 78 4.5.3 Calculation of ventilation fan duty 79 4.5.4 Pressure drop calculation 79 4.5.5 Energy efficiency in ventilation systems 81 4.6 Worked examples 82 4.7 Tutorial problems 91 4.8 Case Study: The National Trust’s ventilation system 92 5 Heat Gains in Buildings 99 5.1 Introduction 100 5.2 Lighting 100 5.2.1 Lighting criteria 100 5.2.2 Lighting terminology 101 5.2.3 Measurement of light intensity 102 5.2.4 Types of lamp 102 5.3 Energy-saving measures for lighting 104 5.4 Casual heat gains from appliances 105 5.5 Occupants’ heat gains 106 5.6 Worked examples 106 5.7 Tutorial problems 110 5.8 Case Study: Calculation of heating load for a building – options 111 6 Thermal Comfort 115 6.1 Thermal comfort in human beings 116 6.2 Energy balance of the human body 116 6.3 Latent heat losses 117 6.3.1 Heat loss by diffusion 118 6.3.2 Heat loss by evaporation 119 6.3.3 Heat loss by respiration 119 6.4 Sensible heat losses 119 6.4.1 Heat loss by conduction 120 6.4.2 Heat loss by convection 120 6.4.3 Heat loss by radiation 120 6.5 Estimation of thermal comfort 124 6.5.1 Determination of comfort temperature, PMV and PPD 124 6.6 Worked examples 125 6.7 Tutorial problems 131 7 Refrigeration, Heat Pumps and the Environment 133 7.1 Introduction 134 7.2 History of refrigeration 135 7.3 Refrigeration choice and environmental impact 136 7.3.1 TEWI calculation 139 7.4 Refrigeration system components 139 7.4.1 The compressor unit 140 7.4.2 The expansion valve 142 7.4.3 The condenser 144 7.4.4 The evaporator 145 7.5 Heat pump and refrigeration cycles 146 7.5.1 The heat engine 146 7.5.2 Reversed heat engine (heat pump/refrigerator) 147 7.5.3 Carnot refrigeration cycle 149 7.5.4 Simple refrigeration cycle 150 7.5.5 Practical refrigeration cycle 150 7.5.6 Irreversibilities in the refrigeration cycle 152 7.5.7 Multi-stage compression 153 7.5.8 Multipurpose refrigeration systems with a single compressor 155 7.6 Worked examples 156 7.7 Tutorial problems 164 7.8 Case Study: Star Refrigeration Ltd – heat pumps in a chocolate factory. May 2010, UK 165 8 Design of Heat Exchangers 169 8.1 Types of heat exchanger 170 8.1.1 Double-pipe heat exchangers 170 8.1.2 Shell-and-tube heat exchangers 170 8.1.3 Cross-flow heat exchangers 170 8.2 Overall heat transfer coefficient 172 8.3 Analysis of heat exchangers 173 8.3.1 The logarithmic mean temperature difference method 173 8.3.2 The F-method for analysis of heat exchangers 175 8.3.3 The effectiveness–NTU method for analysis of heat exchangers 176 8.4 Optimisation of heat transfer surfaces (fins) 181 8.4.1 Fin types 181 8.4.2 Theory of fins 182 8.5 Worked examples 184 8.6 Tutorial problems 197 9 Instrumentation for Energy Management 201 9.1 Introduction 202 9.2 Temperature measurement 202 9.2.1 Expansion thermometers 202 9.2.2 Electrical resistance thermometers 205 9.2.3 Thermocouples 208 9.2.4 Change-of-state thermometers 209 9.2.5 Optical pyrometers 209 9.2.6 Infrared temperature sensors 210 9.2.7 Selection guides for temperature measurement 211 9.3 Humidity measurement 211 9.3.1 Wet and dry bulb hygrometer 211 9.3.2 Liquid-in-steel hygrometers 212 9.3.3 Electrical resistance hygrometer 213 9.3.4 Hair hygrometer 213 9.3.5 Thermal conductivity hygrometer 214 9.3.6 Capacitive humidity sensors 215 9.4 Pressure measurement 216 9.4.1 Barometers 216 9.4.2 Bourdon pressure gauge 216 9.4.3 Pressure transducers 217 9.4.4 Manometers 218 9.5 Flow measurement 219 9.5.1 Flow measurement by collection 219 9.5.2 Flow measurement by rotameter 219 9.5.3 Flow measurement by turbine flow meter 219 9.5.4 Flow measurement by differential pressure flow meter 220 9.5.5 Velocity and flow measured by anemometers 223 9.6 Electrical measurements 225 9.6.1 Energy in electrical circuits 225 9.6.2 Ohm’s law 225 9.6.3 Electrical power 225 9.6.4 Alternating current power 226 9.6.5 Electrical measurements 227 9.7 Worked examples 230 9.8 Tutorial problems 234 10 Renewable Energy Technology 235 10.1 Introduction 236 10.2 Solar energy 237 10.2.1 Solar declination 238 10.2.2 Solar altitude angle and azimuth angle 238 10.2.3 Solar time and angles 238 10.2.4 Solar radiation 239 10.2.5 Incidence angle 240 10.2.6 Fixed aperture 240 10.2.7 Solar tracking 241 10.2.8 The aperture intensity 241 10.2.9 Energy conversion efficiency 243 10.2.10 Installation of photovoltaic modules 243 10.2.11 Technology status 243 10.2.12 PV system components 245 10.3 Wind energy 248 10.3.1 Ideal wind power calculation 249 10.3.2 Theory of wind turbines 250 10.3.3 Wind turbine components 253 10.3.4 Types of wind turbine 253 10.4 Biomass 255 10.4.1 Sources of biomass 255 10.4.2 Combustion equation for biomass 257 10.5 Hydraulic turbines 258 10.5.1 Theory of hydraulic turbines 258 10.5.2 Fluid power 263 10.5.3 Classification of hydraulic turbines 264 10.5.4 Design and selection of hydraulic turbines 267 10.5.5 Relationship between specific speed and type of hydraulic turbine 267 10.6 Worked examples 268 10.7 Tutorial problems 277 Appendix: Case Study: Energy audit for a school 279 Index 289

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Book SynopsisComputational Dynamics, 3rd edition, thoroughly revised and updated, provides logical coverage of both theory and numerical computation techniques for practical applications. The author introduces students to this advanced topic covering the concepts, definitions and techniques used in multi-body system dynamics including essential coverage of kinematics and dynamics of motion in three dimensions. He uses analytical tools including Lagrangian and Hamiltonian methods as well as Newton-Euler Equations. An educational version of multibody computer code is now included in this new edition www.wiley.com/go/shabana that can be used for instruction and demonstration of the theories and formulations presented in the book, and a new chapter is included to explain the use of this code in solving practical engineering problems. Most books treat the subject of dynamics from an analytical point of view, focusing on the techniques for analyzing the problems presented. This bTable of ContentsPreface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Computational Dynamics. 1.2 Motion and Constraints. 1.3 Degrees of Freedom. 1.4 Kinematic Analysis. 1.5 Force Analysis. 1.6 Dynamic Equations and Their Different Forms. 1.7 Forward and Inverse Dynamics. 1.8 Planar and Spatial Dynamics. 1.9 Computer and Numerical Methods. 1.10 Organization, Scope, and Notations of the Book. 2 Linear Algebra. 2.1 Matrices. 2.2 Matrix Operations. 2.3 Vectors. 2.4 Three-Dimensional Vectors. 2.5 Solution of Algebraic Equations. 2.6 Triangular Factorization. 2.7 QR Decomposition. 2.8 Singular Value Decomposition. Problems. 3 Kinematics. 3.1 Kinematics of Rigid Bodies. 3.2 Velocity Equations. 3.3 Acceleration Equations. 3.4 Kinematics of a Point Moving on a Rigid Body. 3.5 Constrained Kinematics. 3.6 Classical Kinematic Approach. 3.7 Computational Kinematic Approach. 3.8 Formulation of the Driving Constraints. 3.9 Formulation of the Joint Constraints. 3.10 Computational Methods in Kinematics. 3.11 Computer Implementation. 3.12 Kinematic Modeling and Analysis. 3.13 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 4 Forms of the Dynamic Equations. 4.1 D’Alembert’s Principle. 4.2 D’Alembert’s Principle and Newton–Euler Equations. 4.3 Constrained Dynamics. 4.4 Augmented Formulation. 4.5 Lagrange Multipliers. 4.6 Elimination of the Dependent Accelerations. 4.7 Embedding Technique. 4.8 Amalgamated Formulation. 4.9 Open-Chain Systems. 4.10 Closed-Chain Systems. 4.11 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 5 Virtual Work and Lagrangian Dynamics. 5.1 Virtual Displacements. 5.2 Kinematic Constraints and Coordinate Partitioning. 5.3 Virtual Work. 5.4 Examples of Force Elements. 5.5 Workless Constraints. 5.6 Principle of Virtual Work in Statics. 5.7 Principle of Virtual Work in Dynamics. 5.8 Lagrange’s Equation. 5.9 Gibbs–Appel Equation. 5.10 Hamiltonian Formulation. 5.11 Relationship between Virtual Work and Gaussian Elimination. Problems. 6 Constrained Dynamics. 6.1 Generalized Inertia. 6.2 Mass Matrix and Centrifugal Forces. 6.3 Equations of Motion. 6.4 System of Rigid Bodies. 6.5 Elimination of the Constraint Forces. 6.6 Lagrange Multipliers. 6.7 Constrained Dynamic Equations. 6.8 Joint Reaction Forces. 6.9 Elimination of Lagrange Multipliers. 6.10 State Space Representation. 6.11 Numerical Integration. 6.12 Algorithm and Sparse Matrix Implementation. 6.13 Differential and Algebraic Equations. 6.14 Inverse Dynamics. 6.15 Static Analysis. Problems. 7 Spatial Dynamics. 7.1 General Displacement. 7.2 Finite Rotations. 7.3 Euler Angles. 7.4 Velocity and Acceleration. 7.5 Generalized Coordinates. 7.6 Generalized Inertia Forces. 7.7 Generalized Applied Forces. 7.8 Dynamic Equations of Motion. 7.9 Constrained Dynamics. 7.10 Formulation of the Joint Constraints. 7.11 Newton–Euler Equations. 7.12 D’Alembert’s Principle. 7.13 Linear and Angular Momentum. 7.14 Recursive Methods. Problems. 8 Special Topics in Dynamics. 8.1 Gyroscopes and Euler Angles. 8.2 Rodriguez Formula. 8.3 Euler Parameters. 8.4 Rodriguez Parameters. 8.5 Quaternions. 8.6 Rigid Body Contact. 8.7 Stability and Eigenvalue Analysis. Problems. 9 Multibody Sysyem Computer Codes. 9.1 Introduction to SAMS/2000. 9.2 Code Structure. 9.3 System Identification and Data Structure. 9.4 Installing the Code and Theoretical Background. 9.5 SAMS/2000 Setup. 9.6 Use of the Code. 9.7 Body Data. 9.8 Constraint Data. 9.9 Performing Simulations. 9.10 Batch Jobs. 9.11 Graphics Control. 9.12 Animation Capabilities. 9.13 General Use of the Input Data Panels. 9.14 Spatial Analysis. 9.15 Special Modules and Features of the Code. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisStatistical Theory and Modeling for Turbulent Flows offers a thorough grounding in the subject of turbulence that is unavailable elsewhere in a single text, developing both the physical insight and the mathematical framework needed to express the theory.Table of ContentsPreface. Preface to second edition. Preface to first edition. Motivation. Epitome. Acknowledgements. Part I FUNDAMENTALS OF TURBULENCE. 1 Introduction. 1.1 The turbulence problem. 1.2 Closure modeling. 1.3 Categories of turbulent flow. Exercises. 2 Mathematical and statistical background. 2.1 Dimensional analysis. 2.1.1 Scales of turbulence. 2.2 Statistical tools. 2.2.1 Averages and probability density functions. 2.2.2 Correlations. 2.3 Cartesian tensors. 2.3.1 Isotropic tensors. 2.3.2 Tensor functions of tensors; Cayley–Hamilton theorem. Exercises. 3 Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations. 3.1 Background to the equations. 3.2 Reynolds averaged equations. 3.3 Terms of kinetic energy and Reynolds stress budgets. 3.4 Passive contaminant transport. Exercises. 4 Parallel and self-similar shear flows. 4.1 Plane channel flow. 4.1.1 Logarithmic layer. 4.1.2 Roughness. 4.2 Boundary layer. 4.2.1 Entrainment. 4.3 Free-shear layers. 4.3.1 Spreading rates. 4.3.2 Remarks on self-similar boundary layers. 4.4 Heat and mass transfer. 4.4.1 Parallel flow and boundary layers. 4.4.2 Dispersion from elevated sources. Exercises. 5 Vorticity and vortical structures. 5.1 Structures. 5.1.1 Free-shear layers. 5.1.2 Boundary layers. 5.1.3 Non-random vortices. 5.2 Vorticity and dissipation. 5.2.1 Vortex stretching and relative dispersion. 5.2.2 Mean-squared vorticity equation. Exercises. Part II SINGLE-POINT CLOSURE MODELING. 6 Models with scalar variables. 6.1 Boundary-layer methods. 6.1.1 Integral boundary-layer methods. 6.1.2 Mixing length model. 6.2 The k –ε model. 6.2.1 Analytical solutions to the k –ε model. 6.2.2 Boundary conditions and near-wall modifications. 6.2.3 Weak solution at edges of free-shear flow; free-stream sensitivity. 6.3 The k –ω model. 6.4 Stagnation-point anomaly. 6.5 The question of transition. 6.5.1 Reliance on the turbulence model. 6.5.2 Intermittency equation. 6.5.3 Laminar fluctuations. 6.6 Eddy viscosity transport models. Exercises. 7 Models with tensor variables. 7.1 Second-moment transport. 7.1.1 A simple illustration. 7.1.2 Closing the Reynolds stress transport equation. 7.1.3 Models for the slow part. 7.1.4 Models for the rapid part. 7.2 Analytic solutions to SMC models. 7.2.1 Homogeneous shear flow. 7.2.2 Curved shear flow. 7.2.3 Algebraic stress approximation and nonlinear eddy viscosity. 7.3 Non-homogeneity. 7.3.1 Turbulent transport. 7.3.2 Near-wall modeling. 7.3.3 No-slip condition. 7.3.4 Nonlocal wall effects. 7.4 Reynolds averaged computation. 7.4.1 Numerical issues. 7.4.2 Examples of Reynolds averaged computation. Exercises. 8 Advanced topics. 8.1 Further modeling principles. 8.1.1 Galilean invariance and frame rotation. 8.1.2 Realizability. 8.2 Second-moment closure and Langevin equations. 8.3 Moving equilibrium solutions of SMC. 8.3.1 Criterion for steady mean flow. 8.3.2 Solution in two-dimensional mean flow. 8.3.3 Bifurcations. 8.4 Passive scalar flux modeling. 8.4.1 Scalar diffusivity models. 8.4.2 Tensor diffusivity models. 8.4.3 Scalar flux transport. 8.4.4 Scalar variance. 8.5 Active scalar flux modeling: effects of buoyancy. 8.5.1 Second-moment transport models. 8.5.2 Stratified shear flow. Exercises. Part III THEORY OF HOMOGENEOUS TURBULENCE. 9 Mathematical representations. 9.1 Fourier transforms. 9.2 Three-dimensional energy spectrum of homogeneous turbulence. 9.2.1 Spectrum tensor and velocity covariances. 9.2.2 Modeling the energy spectrum. Exercises. 10 Navier–Stokes equations in spectral space. 10.1 Convolution integrals as triad interaction. 10.2 Evolution of spectra. 10.2.1 Small-k behavior and energy decay. 10.2.2 Energy cascade. 10.2.3 Final period of decay. Exercises. 11 Rapid distortion theory. 11.1 Irrotational mean flow. 11.1.1 Cauchy form of vorticity equation. 11.1.2 Distortion of a Fourier mode. 11.1.3 Calculation of covariances. 11.2 General homogeneous distortions. 11.2.1 Homogeneous shear. 11.2.2 Turbulence near a wall. Exercises. Part IV TURBULENCE SIMULATION. 12 Eddy-resolving simulation. 12.1 Direct numerical simulation. 12.1.1 Grid requirements. 12.1.2 Numerical dissipation. 12.1.3 Energy-conserving schemes. 12.2 Illustrations. 12.3 Pseudo-spectral method. Exercises. 13 Simulation of large eddies. 13.1 Large eddy simulation. 13.1.1 Filtering. 13.1.2 Subgrid models. 13.2 Detached eddy simulation. Exercises. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisExperimental solid mechanics is the study of materials to determine their physical properties. This study might include performing a stress analysis or measuring the extent of displacement, shape, strain and stress which a material suffers under controlled conditions.Trade Review“The book is highly recommended as a textbook in courses of experimental mechanics and can be used as a basis on which the researcher, the student and the practitioner can develop their ideas and promote research and applications of the experimental methods in engineering problems. The connection and interrelation of the various optical techniques is astonishing.” (Wiley Experimental Techniques journal, 2012)Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xvii Preface xix Foreword xxi 1 Continuum Mechanics – Historical Background 1 1.1 Definition of the Concept of Stress 4 1.2 Transformation of Coordinates 5 1.3 Stress Tensor Representation 6 1.4 Principal Stresses 8 1.5 Principal Stresses in Two Dimensions 10 1.6 The Equations of Equilibrium 11 1.7 Strain Tensor 13 1.8 Stress – Strain Relations 15 1.9 Equations of Compatibility 18 References 19 2 Theoretical Stress Analysis – Basic Formulation of Continuum Mechanics. Theory of Elasticity 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Fundamental Assumptions 21 2.3 General Problem 22 2.4 St. Venant’s Principle 25 2.5 Plane Stress, Plane Strain 28 2.6 Plane Stress Solution of a Simply Supported Beam with a Uniform Load 30 2.7 Solutions in Plane Strain and in Plane Stress 33 2.8 The Plane Problem in Polar Coordinates 35 2.9 Thick Wall Cylinders 36 References 39 3 Strain Gages – Introduction to Electrical Strain Gages 41 3.1 Strain Measurements – Point Methods 41 3.2 Electrical Strain Gages 42 3.3 Basics of Electrical Strain Gages 43 3.4 Gage Factor 45 3.5 Basic Characteristics of Electrical Strain Gages 48 3.6 Errors Due to the Transverse Sensitivity 54 3.7 Errors Due to Misalignment of Strain Gages 58 3.8 Reinforcing Effect of the Gage 60 3.9 Effect of the Resistance to Ground 61 3.10 Linearity of the Gages. Hysteresis 63 3.11 Maximum Deformations 64 3.12 Stability in Time 64 3.13 Heat Generation and Dissipation 64 3.14 Effect of External Ambient Pressure 65 3.15 Dynamic Effects 67 References 71 4 Strain Gages Instrumentation – TheWheatstone Bridge 75 4.1 Introduction 75 References 109 5 Strain Gage Rosettes: Selection, Application and Data Reduction 111 5.1 Introduction 111 5.2 Errors, Corrections, and Limitations for Rosettes 119 5.3 Applications of Gages to Load Cells 119 References 121 6 Optical Methods – Introduction 123 6.1 Historical Perspective and Overview 123 6.2 Fundamental Basic Definitions of Optics 127 6.3 The Electromagnetic Theory of Light 128 6.4 Properties of Polarized Light 137 6.5 The Jones Vector Representation 138 6.6 Light Intensity 141 6.7 Refraction of the Light 141 6.8 Geometrical Optics. Lenses and Mirrors 146 References 154 7 Optical Methods – Interference and Diffraction of Light 155 7.1 Connecting Light Interference with Basic Optical Concepts 155 7.2 Light Sources 155 7.3 Interference 161 7.4 Interferometers 166 7.5 Diffraction of the Light 171 References 181 8 Optical Methods – Fourier Transform 183 8.1 Introduction 183 8.2 Simple Properties 185 8.3 Transition to Two Dimensions 187 8.4 Special Functions 188 8.5 Applications to Diffraction Problems 191 8.6 Diffraction Patterns of Gratings 193 8.7 Angular Spectrum 195 8.8 Utilization of the FT in the Analysis of Diffraction Gratings 199 References 205 9 Optical Methods – Computer Vision 207 9.1 Introduction 207 9.2 Study of Lens Systems 208 9.3 Lens System, Coordinate Axis and Basic Layout 210 9.4 Diffraction Effect on Images 211 9.5 Analysis of the Derived Pupil Equations for Coherent Illumination 216 9.6 Imaging with Incoherent Illumination 217 9.7 Digital Cameras 230 9.8 Illumination Systems 242 9.9 Imaging Processing Systems 245 9.10 Getting High Quality Images 246 References 249 10 Optical Methods – Discrete Fourier Transform 251 10.1 Extension to Two Dimensions 253 10.2 The Whittaker-Shannon Theorem 257 10.3 General Representation of the Signals Subjected to Analysis 261 10.4 Computation of the Phase of the Fringes 271 10.5 Fringe Patterns Singularities 276 10.6 Extension of the Fringes beyond Boundaries 279 References 283 11 Photoelasticity – Introduction 285 11.1 Introduction 285 11.2 Derivation of the Fundamental Equations 286 11.3 Wave Plates 291 11.4 Polarizers 293 11.5 Instrument Matrices 294 11.6 Polariscopes 296 11.7 Artificial Birefringence 304 11.8 Polariscopes 307 11.9 Equations of the Intensities of the Plane Polariscope and the Circular Polariscope for a Stressed Plate 309 References 311 12 Photoelasticity Applications 313 12.1 Calibration Procedures of a Photoelastic Material 313 12.2 Interpretation of the Fringe Patterns 319 12.3 Determination of the Fringe Order 319 12.4 Relationship between Retardation Changes of Path and Sign of the Stress Differences 327 12.5 Isoclinics and Lines of Principal Stress Trajectories 328 12.6 Utilization of White Light in Photoelasticity 333 12.7 Determination of the Sign of the Boundary Stresses 338 12.8 Phase Stepping Techniques 342 12.9 RGB Photoelasticity 343 12.10 Reflection Photoelasticity 355 12.11 Full Field Analysis 364 12.12 Three Dimensional Analysis 366 12.13 Integrated Photoelasticity 375 12.14 Dynamic Photoelasticity 380 References 383 13 Techniques that Measure Displacements 387 13.1 Introduction 387 13.2 Formation of Moir´e Patterns. One Dimensional Case 388 13.3 Formation of Moir´e Patterns. Two Dimensional Case 390 13.4 Relationship of the Displacement Vector and the Strain Tensor Components 393 13.5 Properties of the Moire Fringes (Isothetic Lines) 395 13.6 Sections of the Surface of Projected Displacements 396 13.7 Singular Points and Singular Lines 401 13.8 Digital Moir´e 402 13.9 Equipment Required to Apply the Moir´e Method for Displacement and Strain Determination Utilizing Incoherent Illumination 412 13.10 Strain Analysis at the Sub-Micrometer Scale 419 13.11 Three Dimensional Moir´e 424 13.12 Dynamic Moir´e 426 References 432 14 Moir´e Method. Coherent Ilumination 435 14.1 Introduction 435 14.2 Moir´e Interferometry 435 14.3 Optical Developments to Obtain Displacement, Contours and Strain Information 439 14.4 Determination of All the Components of the Displacement Vector 3-D Interferometric Moir´e 446 14.5 Application of Moir´e Interferometry to High Temperature Fracture Analysis 451 References 456 15 Shadow Moir´e & Projection Moir´e – The Basic Relationships 459 15.1 Introduction 459 15.2 Basic Equation of Shadow Moir´e 460 15.3 Basic Differential Geometry Properties of Surfaces 461 15.4 Connection between Differential Geometry and Moir´e 463 15.5 Projective Geometry and Projection Moir´e 467 15.6 Epipolar Model of the Two Projectors and One Camera System 469 15.7 Approaches to Extend the Moir´e Method to More General Conditions of Projection and Observation 471 15.8 Summary of the Chapter 482 References 482 16 Moir´e Contouring Applications 485 16.1 Introduction 485 16.2 Basic Principles of Optical Contouring Measuring Devices 486 16.3 Contouring Methods that Utilize Projected Carriers 486 16.4 Parallax Determination in an Area 489 16.5 Mathematical Modeling of the Parallax Determination in an Area 490 16.6 Limitations of the Contouring Model 492 16.7 Applications of the Contouring Methods 494 16.8 Double Projector System with Slope and Depth-of-Focus Corrections 506 16.9 Sensitivity Limits for Contouring Methods 518 References 520 17 Reflection Moir´e 523 17.1 Introduction 523 17.2 Incoherent Illumination. Derivation of the Fundamental Relationship 523 17.3 Interferometric Reflection Moir´e 526 17.4 Analysis of the Sensitivity that can be Achieved with the Described Setups 530 17.5 Determination of the Deflection of Surfaces Using Reflection Moir´e 531 17.6 Applications of the Reflection Moir´e Method 532 17.7 Reflection Moir´e Application – Analysis of a Shell 539 References 545 18 Speckle Patterns and Their Properties 547 18.1 Introduction 547 18.2 First Order Statistics 550 18.3 Three Dimensional Structure of Speckle Patterns 558 18.4 Sensor Effect on Speckle Statistics 560 18.5 Utilization of Speckles to Measure Displacements. Speckle Interferometry 562 18.6 Decorrelation Phenomena 564 18.7 Model for the Formation of the Interference Fringes 567 18.8 Integrated Regime. Metaspeckle 569 18.9 Sensitivity Vector 572 18.10 Speckle Techniques Set-Ups 573 18.11 Out-of-Plane Interferometer 576 18.12 Shear Interferometry (Shearography) 577 18.13 Contouring Interferometer 578 18.14 Double Viewing. Duffy Double Aperture Method 579 References 581 19 Speckle 2 583 19.1 Speckle Photography 583 19.2 Point-Wise Observation of the Speckle Field 584 19.3 Global View 585 19.4 Different Set-Ups for Speckle Photography 589 19.5 Applications of Speckle Interferometry 590 19.6 High Temperature Strain Measurement 593 19.7 Four Beam Interferometer Sensitive to in Plane Displacements 597 References 606 20 Digital Image Correlation (DIC) 607 20.1 Introduction 607 20.2 Process to Obtain the Displacement Information 608 20.3 Basic Formulation of the Problem 610 20.4 Introduction of Smoothing Functions to Solve the Optimization Problem 613 20.5 Determination of the Components of the Displacement Vector 618 20.6 Important Factors that Influence the Packages of DIC 619 20.7 Evaluation of the DIC Method 621 20.8 Double Viewing DIC. Stereo Vision 627 References 628 21 Holographic Interferometry 631 21.1 Holography 631 21.2 Basic Elements of the Holographic Process 632 21.3 Properties of Holograms 634 21.4 Set up to Record Holograms 636 21.5 Holographic Interferometry 641 21.6 Derivation of the Equation of the Sensitivity Vector 644 21.7 Measuring Displacements 646 21.8 Holographic Moir´e 651 21.9 Lens Holography 658 21.10 Holographic Moir´e. Real Time Observation 661 21.11 Displacement Analysis of Curved Surfaces 665 21.12 Holographic Contouring 669 21.13 Measurement of Displacements in 3D of Transparent Bodies 675 21.14 Fiber Optics Version of the Holographic Moir´e System 675 References 677 22 Digital and Dynamic Holography 681 22.1 Digital Holography 681 22.2 Determination of Strains from 3D Holographic Moir´e Interferograms 685 22.3 Introduction to Dynamic Holographic Interferometry 689 22.4 Vibration Analysis 693 22.5 Experimental Set up for Time Average Holography 695 22.6 Investigation on Fracture Behavior of Turbine Blades Under Self-Exciting Modes 700 22.7 Dynamic Holographic Interferometry. Impact Analysis. Wave Propagation 708 22.8 Applications of Dynamic Holographic Interferometry 712 References 721 Index 723

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Book SynopsisThe Duffing Equation: Nonlinear Oscillators and their Behaviour brings together the results of a wealth of disseminated research literature on the Duffing equation, a key engineering model with a vast number of applications in science and engineering, summarizing the findings of this research.Trade Review"The book is a very well written and tightly edited exposition, not only of Duffing equations, but also of the general behavior of nonlinear oscillators. The book is likely to be of interest and use to students, engineers, and researchers in the ongoing studies of nonlinear phenomena. The book cites over 340 references." (Zentralblatt MATH, 2011) Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. 1 Background: On Georg Duffing and the Duffing Equation (Ivana Kovacic and Michael J. Brennan). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Historical perspective. 1.3 A brief biography of Georg Duffing. 1.4 The work of Georg Duffing. 1.5 Contents of Duffing's book. 1.6 Research inspired by Duffing’s work. 1.7 Some other books on nonlinear dynamics. 1.8 Overview of this book. References. 2 Examples of Physical Systems Described by the Duffing Equation (Michael J. Brennan and Ivana Kovacic). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Nonlinear stiffness. 2.3 The pendulum. 2.4 Example of geometrical nonlinearity. 2.5 A system consisting of the pendulum and nonlinear stiffness. 2.6 Snap-through mechanism. 2.7 Nonlinear isolator. 2.8 Large deflection of a beam with nonlinear stiffness. 2.9 Beam with nonlinear stiffness due to inplane tension. 2.10 Nonlinear cable vibrations. 2.11 Nonlinear electrical circuit. 2.12 Summary. References. 3 Free Vibration of a Duffing Oscillator with Viscous Damping (Hiroshi Yabuno). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Fixed points and their stability. 3.3 Local bifurcation analysis. 3.4 Global analysis for softening nonlinear stiffness (γ< 0). 3.5 Global analysis for hardening nonlinear stiffness (γ< 0). 3.6 Summary. Acknowledgments. References. 4 Analysis Techniques for the Various Forms of the Duffing Equation (Livija Cveticanin). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Exact solution for free oscillations of the Duffing equation with cubic nonlinearity. 4.3 The elliptic harmonic balance method. 4.4 The elliptic Galerkin method. 4.5 The straightforward expansion method. 4.6 The elliptic Lindstedt–Poincaré method. 4.7 Averaging methods. 4.8 Elliptic homotopy methods. 4.9 Summary. References. Appendix AI: Jacob elliptic function and elliptic integrals. Appendix 4AII: The best L2 norm approximation. 5 Forced Harmonic Vibration of a Duffing Oscillator with Linear Viscous Damping (Tamas Kalmar-Nagy and Balakumar Balachandran). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Free and forced responses of the linear oscillator. 5.3 Amplitude and phase responses of the Duffing oscillator. 5.4 Periodic solutions, Poincare sections, and bifurcations. 5.5 Global dynamics. 5.6 Summary. References. 6 Forced Harmonic Vibration of a Duffing Oscillator with Different Damping Mechanisms (Asok Kumar Mallik). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Classification of nonlinear characteristics. 6.3 Harmonically excited Duffing oscillator with generalised damping. 6.4 Viscous damping. 6.5 Nonlinear damping in a hardening system. 6.6 Nonlinear damping in a softening system. 6.7 Nonlinear damping in a double-well potential oscillator. 6.8 Summary. Acknowledgments. References. 7 Forced Harmonic Vibration in a Duffing Oscillator with Negative Linear Stiffness and Linear Viscous Damping (Stefano Lenci and Giuseppe Rega). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Literature survey. 7.3 Dynamics of conservative and nonconservative systems. 7.4 Nonlinear periodic oscillations. 7.5 Transition to complex response. 7.6 Nonclassical analyses. 7.7 Summary. References. 8 Forced Harmonic Vibration of an Asymmetric Duffing Oscillator (Ivana Kovacic and Michael J. Brennan). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Models of the systems under consideration. 8.3 Regular response of the pure cubic oscillator. 8.4 Regular response of the single-well Helmholtz–Duffing oscillator. 8.5 Chaotic response of the pure cubic oscillator. 8.6 Chaotic response of the single-well Helmholtz–Duffing oscillator. 8.7 Summary. References. Appendix Translation of Sections from Duffing's Original Book (Keith Worden and Heather Worden). Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a new teaching methodology in Dynamics using E-learning, simulations and animation of mechanisms and mechanical vibrating systems. It covers Dynamics and Vibration modules that are taught at different undergraduate levels to the engineering students at Universities in the UK and worldwide.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xiii List of symbols xiv Part I: Dynamics 1 Kinematics of Particles 3 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Rectilinear motion 8 1.3 Curvilinear motion 17 1.4 Tutorial sheet 36 2 Kinematics of Rigid Bodies 57 2.1 Introduction 58 2.2 Rigid body motion 58 2.3 Kinematics of wheels and gears 60 2.4 Kinematics of linkages and mechanisms 71 2.5 Tutorial sheet 95 3 Kinetics of Particles 113 3.1 Introduction 114 3.2 Newton’s laws 115 3.3 Force and acceleration 119 3.4 Work and energy 127 3.5 Impulse and momentum 136 3.6 Tutorial sheet 147 4 Kinetics of Rigid Bodies 167 4.1 Introduction 168 4.2 Force and acceleration 168 4.3 Work and energy 191 4.4 Impulse and momentum 201 4.5 Tutorial sheet 210 5 Balancing of Machines 229 5.1 Introduction 230 5.2 Balancing of rotating masses 230 5.3 Balancing of reciprocating engines 242 5.4 Tutorial sheet 253 Part II: Vibration 6 Free Vibration of Systems with a Single Degree of Freedom 265 6.1 Introduction 266 6.2 Undamped free vibration 268 6.3 Viscous damped free vibration 286 6.4 Tutorial sheet 300 7 Forced Vibration of Systems with a Single Degree of Freedom 315 7.1 Introduction 316 7.2 Undamped forced vibration – Harmonic force 317 7.3 Viscous damped forced vibration – harmonic force 324 7.4 General forced response 333 7.5 Vibration isolation 339 7.6 Tutorial sheet 350 8 Vibration of Systems with Two Degrees of Freedom 363 8.1 Introduction 364 8.2 Deriving the equations of motion 365 8.3 Undamped free vibration 371 8.4 Torsional vibration 385 8.5 Undamped forced vibrations 388 8.6 Vibration absorbers 394 8.7 Viscous damping 401 8.8 Tutorial sheet 405 9 Vibration of Continuous Systems 417 9.1 Introduction 418 9.2 Lateral vibration of a cable or string 418 9.3 Longitudinal vibration of a bar 428 9.4 Lateral vibration of a beam 438 9.5 Whirling shafts 448 9.6 Tutorial sheet 456 10 Finite-Element Method 467 10.1 Introduction 468 10.2 Bar element 468 10.3 Beam element 484 10.4 Guidelines for using Ansys 508 10.5 Tutorial sheet 510 Appendix A DAMA and Guidelines for Simulations 519 Appendix B Properties of Area 555 Appendix c Equivalent Stiffness for Combinations of Springs 557 Appendix d Summary of Formulas 561 Index 567

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Book SynopsisFocusing on spectroscopic properties of molecular systems, Quantum Modeling of Molecular Materials presents the state-of-the-art methods in theoretical chemistry that are used to determine molecular properties relevant to different spectroscopies.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Introduction 1 2 Quantum Mechanics 11 2.1 Fundamentals 11 2.1.1 Postulates of Quantum Mechanics 11 2.1.2 Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Formalisms 11 2.1.3 Wave Functions and Operators 18 2.2 Time Evolution of Wave Functions 22 2.3 Time Evolution of Expectation Values 25 2.4 Variational Principle 27 Further Reading 29 3 Particles and Fields 31 3.1 Microscopic Maxwell’s Equations 32 3.1.1 General Considerations 32 3.1.2 The Stationary Case 34 3.1.3 The General Case 38 3.1.4 Electromagnetic Potentials and Gauge Freedom 39 3.1.5 Electromagnetic Waves and Polarization 41 3.1.6 Electrodynamics: Relativistic and Nonrelativistic Formulations 45 3.2 Particles in Electromagnetic Fields 48 3.2.1 The Classical Mechanical Hamiltonian 48 3.2.2 The Quantum-Mechanical Hamiltonian 52 3.3 Electric and Magnetic Multipoles 57 3.3.1 Multipolar Gauge 57 3.3.2 Multipole Expansions 59 3.3.3 The Electric Dipole Approximation and Beyond 63 3.3.4 Origin Dependence of Electric and Magnetic Multipoles 64 3.3.5 Electric Multipoles 65 3.3.5.1 General Versus Traceless Forms 65 3.3.5.2 What We Can Learn from Symmetry 68 3.3.6 Magnetic Multipoles 69 3.3.7 Electric Dipole Radiation 70 3.4 Macroscopic Maxwell’s Equations 72 3.4.1 Spatial Averaging 72 3.4.2 Polarization and Magnetization 73 3.4.3 Maxwell’s Equations in Matter 77 3.4.4 Constitutive Relations 79 3.5 Linear Media 81 3.5.1 Boundary Conditions 82 3.5.2 Polarization in Linear Media 86 3.5.3 Electromagnetic Waves in a Linear Medium 92 3.5.4 Frequency Dependence of the Permittivity 96 3.5.4.1 Kramers–Kronig Relations 97 3.5.4.2 Relaxation in the Debye Model 98 3.5.4.3 Resonances in the Lorentz Model 101 3.5.4.4 Refraction and Absorption 105 3.5.5 Rotational Averages 107 3.5.6 A Note About Dimensions, Units, and Magnitudes 110 Further Reading 111 4 Symmetry 113 4.1 Fundamentals 113 4.1.1 Symmetry Operations and Groups 113 4.1.2 Group Representation 117 4.2 Time Symmetries 120 4.3 Spatial Symmetries 125 4.3.1 Spatial Inversion 125 4.3.2 Rotations 127 Further Reading 134 5 Exact-State Response Theory 135 5.1 Responses in Two-Level System 135 5.2 Molecular Electric Properties 145 5.3 Reference-State Parameterizations 151 5.4 Equations of Motion 156 5.4.1 Time Evolution of Projection Amplitudes 157 5.4.2 Time Evolution of Rotation Amplitudes 159 5.5 Response Functions 163 5.5.1 First-Order Properties 166 5.5.2 Second-Order Properties 166 5.5.3 Third-Order Properties 169 5.5.4 Fourth-Order Properties 174 5.5.5 Higher-Order Properties 179 5.6 Dispersion 179 5.7 Oscillator Strength and Sum Rules 183 5.8 Absorption 185 5.9 Residue Analysis 190 5.10 Relaxation 194 5.10.1 Density Operator 195 5.10.2 Liouville Equation 196 5.10.3 Density Matrix from Perturbation Theory 200 5.10.4 Linear Response Functions from the Density Matrix 201 5.10.5 Nonlinear Response Functions from the Density Matrix 204 5.10.6 Relaxation in Wave Function Theory 204 5.10.7 Absorption Cross Section 207 5.10.8 Einstein Coefficients 210 Further Reading 211 6 Electronic and Nuclear Contributions to Molecular Properties 213 6.1 Born–Oppenheimer Approximation 213 6.2 Separation of Response Functions 216 6.3 Molecular Vibrations and Normal Coordinates 221 6.4 Perturbation Theory for Vibrational Wave Functions 225 6.5 Zero-Point Vibrational Contributions to Properties 227 6.5.1 First-Order Anharmonic Contributions 227 6.5.2 Importance of Zero-Point Vibrational Corrections 231 6.5.3 Temperature Effects 234 6.6 Pure Vibrational Contributions to Properties 235 6.6.1 Perturbation Theory Approach 235 6.6.2 Pure Vibrational Effects from an Analysis of the Electric-Field Dependence of the Molecular Geometry 238 6.7 Adiabatic Vibronic Theory for Electronic Excitation Processes 244 6.7.1 Franck–Condon Integrals 248 6.7.2 Vibronic Effects in a Diatomic System 250 6.7.3 Linear Coupling Model 252 6.7.4 Herzberg–Teller Corrections and Vibronically Induced Transitions 252 Further Reading 253 7 Approximate Electronic State Response Theory 255 7.1 Reference State Parameterizations 255 7.1.1 Single Determinant 255 7.1.2 Configuration Interaction 263 7.1.3 Multiconfiguration Self-Consistent Field 266 7.1.4 Coupled Cluster 268 7.2 Equations of Motion 271 7.2.1 Ehrenfest Theorem 271 7.2.2 Quasi-Energy Derivatives 275 7.3 Response Functions 276 7.3.1 Single Determinant Approaches 276 7.3.2 Configuration Interaction 281 7.3.3 Multiconfiguration Self-Consistent Field 281 7.3.4 Matrix Structure in the SCF, CI, and MCSCF Approximations 281 7.3.5 Coupled Cluster 285 7.4 Residue Analysis 288 7.5 Relaxation 291 Further Reading 293 8 Response Functions and Spectroscopies 295 8.1 Nuclear Interactions 296 8.1.1 Nuclear Charge Distribution 296 8.1.2 Hyperfine Structure 301 8.1.2.1 Nuclear Magnetic Dipole Moment 301 8.1.2.2 Nuclear Electric Quadrupole Moment 305 8.2 Zeeman Interaction and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance 310 8.3 Polarizabilities 317 8.3.1 Linear Polarizability 317 8.3.1.1 Weak Intermolecular Forces 321 8.3.2 Nonlinear Polarizabilities 325 8.4 Magnetizability 326 8.4.1 The Origin Dependence of the Magnetizability 328 8.4.2 Magnetizabilities from Magnetically Induced Currents 331 8.4.3 Isotropic Magnetizabilities and Pascal’s Rule 332 8.5 Electronic Absorption and Emission Spectroscopies 335 8.5.1 Visible and Ultraviolet Absorption 338 8.5.2 Fluorescence Spectroscopy 343 8.5.3 Phosphorescence 344 8.5.4 Multiphoton Absorption 347 8.5.4.1 Multiphoton Absorption Cross Sections 348 8.5.4.2 Few-State Models for Two-Photon Absorption Cross Section 350 8.5.4.3 General Multiphoton Absorption Processes 351 8.5.5 X-ray Absorption 354 8.5.5.1 Core-Excited States 355 8.5.5.2 Field Polarization 358 8.5.5.3 Static Exchange Approximation 360 8.5.5.4 Complex or Damped Response Theory 362 8.6 Birefringences and Dichroisms 364 8.6.1 Natural Optical Activity 366 8.6.2 Electronic Circular Dichroism 372 8.6.3 Nonlinear Birefringences 375 8.6.3.1 Magnetic Circular Dichroism 376 8.6.3.2 Electric Field Gradient-Induced Birefringence 379 8.7 Vibrational Spectroscopies 381 8.7.1 Infrared Absorption 381 8.7.1.1 Double-Harmonic Approximation 381 8.7.1.2 Anharmonic Corrections 383 8.7.2 Vibrational Circular Dichroism 384 8.7.3 Raman Scattering 388 8.7.3.1 Raman Scattering from a Classical Point of View 388 8.7.3.2 Raman Scattering from a Quantum Mechanical Point of View 392 8.7.4 Vibrational Raman Optical Activity 402 8.8 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 408 8.8.1 The NMR Experiment 408 8.8.2 NMR Parameters 413 Further Reading 417 Appendicies A Abbreviations 419 B Units 421 C Second Quantization 423 C.1 Creation and Annihilation Operators 423 C.2 Fock Space 425 C.3 The Number Operator 426 C.4 The Electronic Hamiltonian on Second-Quantized Form 427 C.5 Spin in Second Quantization 429 D Fourier Transforms 431 E Operator Algebra 435 F Spin Matrix Algebra 439 G Angular Momentum Algebra 441 H Variational Perturbation Theory 445 I Two-Level Atom 451 I.1 Rabi Oscillations 452 I.2 Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory 454 I.3 The Quasi-energy Approach 455 Index 457

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Book SynopsisPath Planning Strategies for Cooperative Autonomous Air Vehicles offers a dedicated, practical guide to computational path planning for cooperative autonomous vehicles. Focusing path planning for multiple UAVs for simultaneous arrival on target, it also covers path planners that are applicable to land, sea, or space-borne vehicles.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Series Preface. Preface. Acknowledgements. List of Figures. List of Tables. Nomenclature. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Path Planning Formulation. 1.2 Path Planning Constraints. 1.3 Cooperative Path Planning and Mission Planning. 1.4 Path Planning – An Overview. 1.5 The Road Map Method. 1.6 Probabilistic Methods. 1.7 Potential Field. 1.8 Cell Decomposition. 1.9 Optimal Control. 1.10 Optimization Techniques. 1.11 Trajectories for Path Planning. 1.12 Outline of the Book. References. 2. Path Planning in Two Dimensions. 2.1 Dubins Paths. 2.2 Designing Dubins Path using Analytical Geometry. 2.3 Existence of Dubins Paths. 2.4 Length of Dubins Paths. 2.5 Design of Dubins Paths using Principles of Differential Geometry. 2.6 Path of Continuous Curvature. 2.7 Producing Flyable Clothoid Paths. 28 Producing Flyable Pythagorean Hodograph Paths (2D). References. 3. Path Planning in Three Dimensions. 3.1 Dubins Paths in Three Dimensions Using Differential Geometry. 3.2 Path Length – Dubins 3D. 3.3 Pythagorean Hodograph Paths – 3D. 3.4 Design of Flyable Paths Using PH Curves. References. 4. Collision Avoidance. 4.1 Research into Obstacle Avoidance. 4.2 Obstacle Avoidance for Mapped Obstacles. 4.3 Obstacle Avoidance of Unmapped Static Obstacles. 4.4 Algorithmic Implementation. References. 5. Path-Following Guidance. 5.1 Path Following the Dubins Path. 5.2 Linear Guidance Algorithm. 5.3 Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion Guidance. 5.4 Dynamic Obstacle Avoidance Guidance. References. 6. Path Planning for Multiple UAVs. 6.1 Problem Formulation. 6.2 Simultaneous Arrival. 6.3 Phase I: Producing Flyable Paths. 6.4 Phase II: Producing Feasible Paths. 6.5 Phase III: Equalizing Path Length. 6.6 Multiple Path Algorithm. 6.7 Algorithm Application for Multiple UAVs. 6.8 2D Pythagorean Hodograph Paths. 6.9 3D Dubins Paths. 6.10 3D Pythagorean Hodograph Paths. References. Appendix A Differential Geometry. Appendix B. Pythagorean Hodograph. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book aims to enable readers to understand and implement, via the widely used statistical software package Minitab (Release 16), statistical methods fundamental to the Six Sigma approach to the continuous improvement of products, processes and services.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgements. About the Author. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Quality and Quality Improvement. 1.2 Six Sigma Quality Improvement. 1.3 The Six Sigma Roadmap and DMAIC. 1.4 The Role of Statistical Methods in Six Sigma. 1.5 Minitab and its Role in the Implementation of Statistical Methods. 1.6 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 2 Data Display, Summary and Manipulation. 2.1 The Run Chart – a First Minitab Session. 2.1.1 Input of Data Via Keyboard and Creation of a Run Chart in Minitab. 2.1.2 Minitab Projects and Their Components. 2.2 Display and Summary of Univariate Data. 2.2.1 Histogram and Distribution. 2.2.2 Shape of a Distribution. 2.2.3 Location. 2.2.4 Variability. 2.3 Data Input, Output, Manipulation and Management. 2.3.1 Data Input and Output. 2.3.2 Stacking and Unstacking of Data; Changing Data Type and Coding. 2.3.3 Case Study Demonstrating Ranking, Sorting and Extraction of Information from Date/Time Data. 2.4 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 3 Exploratory Data Analysis, Display and Summary of Multivariate Data. 3.1 Exploratory Data Analysis. 3.1.1 Stem-and-Leaf Displays. 3.1.2 Outliers and Outlier Detection. 3.1.3 Boxplots. 3.1.4 Brushing. 3.2 Display and Summary of Bivariate and Multivariate Data. 3.2.1 Bivariate Data – Scatterplots and Marginal Plots. 3.2.2 Covariance and Correlation. 3.2.3 Multivariate Data – Matrix Plots. 3.2.4 Multi-Vari Charts. 3.3 Other Displays. 3.3.1 Pareto Charts. 3.3.2 Cause-and-Effect Diagrams. 3.4 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 4 Statistical Models. 4.1 Fundamentals of Probability. 4.1.1 Concept and Notation. 4.1.2 Rules for Probabilities. 4.2 Probability Distributions for Counts and Measurements. 4.2.1 Binomial Distribution. 4.2.2 Poisson Distribution. 4.2.3 Normal (Gaussian) Distribution. 4.3 Distribution of Means and Proportions. 4.3.1 Two Preliminary Results. 4.3.2 Distribution of the Sample Mean. 4.3.3 Distribution of the Sample Proportion. 4.4 Multivariate Normal Distribution. 4.5 Statistical Models Applied to Acceptance Sampling. 4.5.1 Acceptance Sampling by Attributes. 4.5.2 Acceptance Sampling by Variables. 4.6 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 5 Control Charts. 5.1 Shewhart Charts for Measurement Data. 5.1.1 I and MR Charts for Individual Measurements. 5.1.2 Tests for Evidence of Special Cause Variation on Shewhart Charts. 5.1.3 Xbar and R Charts for Samples (Subgroups) of Measurements. 5.2 Shewhart Charts for Attribute Data. 5.2.1 P Chart for Proportion Nonconforming. 5.2.2 NP Chart for Number Nonconforming. 5.2.3 C Chart for Count of Nonconformities. 5.2.4 U Chart for Nonconformities Per Unit. 5.2.5 Funnel Plots. 5.3 Time-Weighted Control Charts. 5.3.1 Moving Averages and their Applications. 5.3.2 Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Control Charts. 5.3.3 Cumulative Sum Control Charts. 5.4 Process Adjustment. 5.4.1 Process Tampering. 5.4.2 Autocorrelated Data and Process Feedback Adjustment. 5.5 Multivariate Control Charts. 5.6 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 6 Process Capability Analysis. 6.1 Process Capability. 6.1.1 Process Capability Analysis with Measurement Data. 6.1.2 Process Capability Indices and Sigma Quality Levels. 6.1.3 Process Capability Analysis with Nonnormal Data. 6.1.4 Tolerance Intervals. 6.1.5 Process Capability Analysis with Attribute Data. 6.2 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 7 Process Experimentation with a Single Factor. 7.1 Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing. 7.2 Tests and Confidence Intervals for the Comparison of Means and Proportions with a Standard. 7.2.1 Tests Based on the Standard Normal Distribution – z-Tests. 7.2.2 Tests Based on the Student t-Distribution – t-Tests. 7.2.3 Tests for Proportions. 7.2.4 Nonparametric Sign and Wilcoxon Tests. 7.3 Tests and Confidence Intervals for the Comparison of Two Means or Two Proportions. 7.3.1 Two-Sample t-Tests. 7.3.2 Tests for Two Proportions. 7.3.3 Nonparametric Mann–Whitney Test. 7.4 The Analysis of Paired Data – t-Tests and Sign Tests. 7.5 Experiments with a Single Factor Having More Than Two Levels. 7.5.1 Design and Analysis of a Single-Factor Experiment. 7.5.2 The Fixed Effects Model. 7.5.3 The Random Effects Model. 7.5.4 The Nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis Test. 7.6 Blocking in Single-Factor Experiments. 7.7 Experiments with a Single Factor, with More Than Two Levels, where the Response is a Proportion. 7.8 Tests for Equality of Variances. 7.9 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 8 Process Experimentation with Two or More Factors. 8.1 General Factorial Experiments. 8.1.1 Creation of a General Factorial Experimental Design. 8.1.2 Display and Analysis of Data from a General Factorial Experiment. 8.1.3 The Fixed Effects Model, Comparisons. 8.1.4 The Random Effects Model, Components of Variance. 8.2 Full Factorial Experiments in the 2k Series. 8.2.1 22 Factorial Experimental Designs, Display and Analysis of Data. 8.2.2 Models and Associated Displays. 8.2.3 Examples of 23 and 24 Experiments, the Use of Pareto and Normal Probability Plots of Effects. 8.3 Fractional Factorial Experiments in the 2k-p Series. 8.3.1 Introduction to Fractional Factorial Experiments, Confounding and Resolution. 8.3.2 Case Study Examples. 8.4 Taguchi Experimental Designs. 8.5 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 9 Evaluation of Measurement Processes. 9.1 Measurement Process Concepts. 9.1.1 Bias, Linearity, Repeatability and Reproducibility. 9.1.2 Inadequate Measurement Units. 9.2 Gauge Repeatability and Reproducibility Studies. 9.3 Comparison of Measurement Systems. 9.4 Attribute Scenarios. 9.5 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 10 Regression and Model Building. 10.1 Regression with a Single Predictor Variable. 10.2 Multiple Regression. 10.3 Response Surface Methods. 10.4 Categorical Data and Logistic Regression. 10.4.1 Tests of Association Using the Chi-Square Distribution. 10.4.2 Binary Logistic Regression. 10.5 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 11 Learning More and Further Minitab. 11.1 Learning More about Minitab and Obtaining Help. 11.1.1 Meet Minitab. 11.1.2 Help. 11.1.3 StatGuide. 11.1.4 Tutorials. 11.1.5 Assistant. 11.1.6 Glossary, Methods and Formulas. 11.1.7 Minitab on the Web and Knowledgebase/FAQ. 11.2 Macros. 11.2.1 Minitab Session Commands. 11.2.2 Global and Local Minitab Macros. 11.3 Further Features of Minitab. 11.4 Quality Companion. 11.5 Postscript. Appendix 1. Appendix 2. Appendix 3. Appendix 4. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book aims to enable readers to understand and implement, via the widely used statistical software package Minitab (Release 16), statistical methods fundamental to the Six Sigma approach to the continuous improvement of products, processes and services.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgements. About the Author. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Quality and Quality Improvement. 1.2 Six Sigma Quality Improvement. 1.3 The Six Sigma Roadmap and DMAIC. 1.4 The Role of Statistical Methods in Six Sigma. 1.5 Minitab and its Role in the Implementation of Statistical Methods. 1.6 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 2 Data Display, Summary and Manipulation. 2.1 The Run Chart – a First Minitab Session. 2.1.1 Input of Data Via Keyboard and Creation of a Run Chart in Minitab. 2.1.2 Minitab Projects and Their Components. 2.2 Display and Summary of Univariate Data. 2.2.1 Histogram and Distribution. 2.2.2 Shape of a Distribution. 2.2.3 Location. 2.2.4 Variability. 2.3 Data Input, Output, Manipulation and Management. 2.3.1 Data Input and Output. 2.3.2 Stacking and Unstacking of Data; Changing Data Type and Coding. 2.3.3 Case Study Demonstrating Ranking, Sorting and Extraction of Information from Date/Time Data. 2.4 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 3 Exploratory Data Analysis, Display and Summary of Multivariate Data. 3.1 Exploratory Data Analysis. 3.1.1 Stem-and-Leaf Displays. 3.1.2 Outliers and Outlier Detection. 3.1.3 Boxplots. 3.1.4 Brushing. 3.2 Display and Summary of Bivariate and Multivariate Data. 3.2.1 Bivariate Data – Scatterplots and Marginal Plots. 3.2.2 Covariance and Correlation. 3.2.3 Multivariate Data – Matrix Plots. 3.2.4 Multi-Vari Charts. 3.3 Other Displays. 3.3.1 Pareto Charts. 3.3.2 Cause-and-Effect Diagrams. 3.4 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 4 Statistical Models. 4.1 Fundamentals of Probability. 4.1.1 Concept and Notation. 4.1.2 Rules for Probabilities. 4.2 Probability Distributions for Counts and Measurements. 4.2.1 Binomial Distribution. 4.2.2 Poisson Distribution. 4.2.3 Normal (Gaussian) Distribution. 4.3 Distribution of Means and Proportions. 4.3.1 Two Preliminary Results. 4.3.2 Distribution of the Sample Mean. 4.3.3 Distribution of the Sample Proportion. 4.4 Multivariate Normal Distribution. 4.5 Statistical Models Applied to Acceptance Sampling. 4.5.1 Acceptance Sampling by Attributes. 4.5.2 Acceptance Sampling by Variables. 4.6 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 5 Control Charts. 5.1 Shewhart Charts for Measurement Data. 5.1.1 I and MR Charts for Individual Measurements. 5.1.2 Tests for Evidence of Special Cause Variation on Shewhart Charts. 5.1.3 Xbar and R Charts for Samples (Subgroups) of Measurements. 5.2 Shewhart Charts for Attribute Data. 5.2.1 P Chart for Proportion Nonconforming. 5.2.2 NP Chart for Number Nonconforming. 5.2.3 C Chart for Count of Nonconformities. 5.2.4 U Chart for Nonconformities Per Unit. 5.2.5 Funnel Plots. 5.3 Time-Weighted Control Charts. 5.3.1 Moving Averages and their Applications. 5.3.2 Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Control Charts. 5.3.3 Cumulative Sum Control Charts. 5.4 Process Adjustment. 5.4.1 Process Tampering. 5.4.2 Autocorrelated Data and Process Feedback Adjustment. 5.5 Multivariate Control Charts. 5.6 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 6 Process Capability Analysis. 6.1 Process Capability. 6.1.1 Process Capability Analysis with Measurement Data. 6.1.2 Process Capability Indices and Sigma Quality Levels. 6.1.3 Process Capability Analysis with Nonnormal Data. 6.1.4 Tolerance Intervals. 6.1.5 Process Capability Analysis with Attribute Data. 6.2 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 7 Process Experimentation with a Single Factor. 7.1 Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing. 7.2 Tests and Confidence Intervals for the Comparison of Means and Proportions with a Standard. 7.2.1 Tests Based on the Standard Normal Distribution – z-Tests. 7.2.2 Tests Based on the Student t-Distribution – t-Tests. 7.2.3 Tests for Proportions. 7.2.4 Nonparametric Sign and Wilcoxon Tests. 7.3 Tests and Confidence Intervals for the Comparison of Two Means or Two Proportions. 7.3.1 Two-Sample t-Tests. 7.3.2 Tests for Two Proportions. 7.3.3 Nonparametric Mann–Whitney Test. 7.4 The Analysis of Paired Data – t-Tests and Sign Tests. 7.5 Experiments with a Single Factor Having More Than Two Levels. 7.5.1 Design and Analysis of a Single-Factor Experiment. 7.5.2 The Fixed Effects Model. 7.5.3 The Random Effects Model. 7.5.4 The Nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis Test. 7.6 Blocking in Single-Factor Experiments. 7.7 Experiments with a Single Factor, with More Than Two Levels, where the Response is a Proportion. 7.8 Tests for Equality of Variances. 7.9 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 8 Process Experimentation with Two or More Factors. 8.1 General Factorial Experiments. 8.1.1 Creation of a General Factorial Experimental Design. 8.1.2 Display and Analysis of Data from a General Factorial Experiment. 8.1.3 The Fixed Effects Model, Comparisons. 8.1.4 The Random Effects Model, Components of Variance. 8.2 Full Factorial Experiments in the 2k Series. 8.2.1 22 Factorial Experimental Designs, Display and Analysis of Data. 8.2.2 Models and Associated Displays. 8.2.3 Examples of 23 and 24 Experiments, the Use of Pareto and Normal Probability Plots of Effects. 8.3 Fractional Factorial Experiments in the 2k-p Series. 8.3.1 Introduction to Fractional Factorial Experiments, Confounding and Resolution. 8.3.2 Case Study Examples. 8.4 Taguchi Experimental Designs. 8.5 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 9 Evaluation of Measurement Processes. 9.1 Measurement Process Concepts. 9.1.1 Bias, Linearity, Repeatability and Reproducibility. 9.1.2 Inadequate Measurement Units. 9.2 Gauge Repeatability and Reproducibility Studies. 9.3 Comparison of Measurement Systems. 9.4 Attribute Scenarios. 9.5 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 10 Regression and Model Building. 10.1 Regression with a Single Predictor Variable. 10.2 Multiple Regression. 10.3 Response Surface Methods. 10.4 Categorical Data and Logistic Regression. 10.4.1 Tests of Association Using the Chi-Square Distribution. 10.4.2 Binary Logistic Regression. 10.5 Exercises and Follow-Up Activities. 11 Learning More and Further Minitab. 11.1 Learning More about Minitab and Obtaining Help. 11.1.1 Meet Minitab. 11.1.2 Help. 11.1.3 StatGuide. 11.1.4 Tutorials. 11.1.5 Assistant. 11.1.6 Glossary, Methods and Formulas. 11.1.7 Minitab on the Web and Knowledgebase/FAQ. 11.2 Macros. 11.2.1 Minitab Session Commands. 11.2.2 Global and Local Minitab Macros. 11.3 Further Features of Minitab. 11.4 Quality Companion. 11.5 Postscript. Appendix 1. Appendix 2. Appendix 3. Appendix 4. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis text outlines the concepts of modern control theory applied to the design and analysis of general flight control systems in a concise and mathematically rigorous style. It presents a comprehensive treatment of atmospheric and space flight control systems including aircraft, rockets and entry vehicles and spacecraft.Table of ContentsSeries Preface xiii Preface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Notation and Basic Definitions 1 1.2 Control Systems 3 1.2.1 Linear Tracking Systems 7 1.2.2 Linear Time-Invariant Tracking Systems 9 1.3 Guidance and Control of Flight Vehicles 10 1.4 Special Tracking Laws 13 1.4.1 Proportional Navigation Guidance 13 1.4.2 Cross-Product Steering 16 1.4.3 Proportional-Integral-Derivative Control 19 1.5 Digital Tracking System 24 1.6 Summary 25 Exercises 26 References 28 2 Optimal Control Techniques 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Multi-variable Optimization 31 2.3 Constrained Minimization 33 2.3.1 Equality Constraints 34 2.3.2 Inequality Constraints 38 2.4 Optimal Control of Dynamic Systems 41 2.4.1 Optimality Conditions 43 2.5 The Hamiltonian and the Minimum Principle 44 2.5.1 Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman Equation 45 2.5.2 Linear Time-Varying System with Quadratic Performance Index 47 2.6 Optimal Control with End-Point State Equality Constraints 48 2.6.1 Euler–Lagrange Equations 50 2.6.2 Special Cases 50 2.7 Numerical Solution of Two-Point Boundary Value Problems 52 2.7.1 Shooting Method 54 2.7.2 Collocation Method 57 2.8 Optimal Terminal Control with Interior Time Constraints 61 2.8.1 Optimal Singular Control 62 2.9 Tracking Control 63 2.9.1 Neighboring Extremal Method and Linear Quadratic Control 64 2.10 Stochastic Processes 69 2.10.1 Stationary Random Processes 75 2.10.2 Filtering of Random Noise 77 2.11 Kalman Filter 77 2.12 Robust Linear Time-Invariant Control 81 2.12.1 LQG/LTR Method 82 2.12.2 H2/H?E?E Design Methods 89 2.13 Summary 96 Exercises 98 References 101 3 Optimal Navigation and Control of Aircraft 103 3.1 Aircraft Navigation Plant 104 3.1.1 Wind Speed and Direction 110 3.1.2 Navigational Subsystems 112 3.2 Optimal Aircraft Navigation 115 3.2.1 Optimal Navigation Formulation 116 3.2.2 Extremal Solution of the Boundary-Value Problem: Long-Range Flight Example 119 3.2.3 Great Circle Navigation 121 3.3 Aircraft Attitude Dynamics 128 3.3.1 Translational and Rotational Kinetics 132 3.3.2 Attitude Relative to the Velocity Vector 135 3.4 Aerodynamic Forces and Moments 136 3.5 Longitudinal Dynamics 139 3.5.1 Longitudinal Dynamics Plant 142 3.6 Optimal Multi-variable Longitudinal Control 145 3.7 Multi-input Optimal Longitudinal Control 147 3.8 Optimal Airspeed Control 148 3.8.1 LQG/LTR Design Example 149 3.8.2 H?E?E Design Example 160 3.8.3 Altitude and Mach Control 166 3.9 Lateral-Directional Control Systems 173 3.9.1 Lateral-Directional Plant 173 3.9.2 Optimal Roll Control 177 3.9.3 Multi-variable Lateral-Directional Control: Heading-Hold Autopilot 180 3.10 Optimal Control of Inertia-Coupled Aircraft Rotation 183 3.11 Summary 189 Exercises 192 References 194 4 Optimal Guidance of Rockets 195 4.1 Introduction 195 4.2 Optimal Terminal Guidance of Interceptors 195 4.3 Non-planar Optimal Tracking System for Interceptors: 3DPN 199 4.4 Flight in a Vertical Plane 208 4.5 Optimal Terminal Guidance 211 4.6 Vertical Launch of a Rocket (Goddard’s Problem) 216 4.7 Gravity-Turn Trajectory of Launch Vehicles 219 4.7.1 Launch to Circular Orbit: Modulated Acceleration 220 4.7.2 Launch to Circular Orbit: Constant Acceleration 227 4.8 Launch of Ballistic Missiles 228 4.8.1 Gravity-Turn with Modulated Forward Acceleration 232 4.8.2 Modulated Forward and Normal Acceleration 233 4.9 Planar Tracking Guidance System 237 4.9.1 Stability, Controllability, and Observability 241 4.9.2 Nominal Plant for Tracking Gravity-Turn Trajectory 243 4.10 Robust and Adaptive Guidance 247 4.11 Guidance with State Feedback 250 4.11.1 Guidance with Normal Acceleration Input 250 4.12 Observer-Based Guidance of Gravity-Turn Launch Vehicle 254 4.12.1 Altitude-Based Observer with Normal Acceleration Input 255 4.12.2 Bi-output Observer with Normal Acceleration Input 260 4.13 Mass and Atmospheric Drag Modeling 266 4.14 Summary 274 Exercises 275 References 275 5 Attitude Control of Rockets 277 5.1 Introduction 277 5.2 Attitude Control Plant 277 5.3 Closed-Loop Attitude Control 281 5.4 Roll Control System 281 5.5 Pitch Control of Rockets 282 5.5.1 Pitch Program 282 5.5.2 Pitch Guidance and Control System 283 5.5.3 Adaptive Pitch Control System 288 5.6 Yaw Control of Rockets 294 5.7 Summary 295 Exercises 295 Reference 296 6 Spacecraft Guidance Systems 297 6.1 Introduction 297 6.2 Orbital Mechanics 297 6.2.1 Orbit Equation 298 6.2.2 Perifocal and Celestial Frames 299 6.2.3 Time Equation 301 6.2.4 Lagrange’s Coefficients 304 6.3 Spacecraft Terminal Guidance 305 6.3.1 Minimum Energy Orbital Transfer 307 6.3.2 Lambert’s Theorem 311 6.3.3 Lambert’s Problem 313 6.3.4 Lambert Guidance of Rockets 322 6.3.5 Optimal Terminal Guidance of Re-entry Vehicles 327 6.4 General Orbital Plant for Tracking Guidance 334 6.5 Planar Orbital Regulation 339 6.6 Optimal Non-planar Orbital Regulation 345 6.7 Summary 352 Exercises 352 References 355 7 Optimal Spacecraft Attitude Control 357 7.1 Introduction 357 7.2 Terminal Control of Spacecraft Attitude 357 7.2.1 Optimal Single-Axis Rotation of Spacecraft 358 7.3 Multi-axis Rotational Maneuvers of Spacecraft 364 7.4 Spacecraft Control Torques 375 7.4.1 Rocket Thrusters 375 7.4.2 Reaction Wheels, Momentum Wheels and Control Moment Gyros 377 7.4.3 Magnetic Field Torque 378 7.5 Satellite Dynamics Plant for Tracking Control 379 7.6 Environmental Torques 380 7.6.1 Gravity-Gradient Torque 382 7.7 Multi-variable Tracking Control of Spacecraft Attitude 383 7.7.1 Active Attitude Control of Spacecraft by Reaction Wheels 385 7.8 Summary 389 Exercises 389 References 390 Appendix A: Linear Systems 391 A.1 Definition 391 A.2 Linearization 392 A.3 Solution to Linear State Equations 392 A.3.1 Homogeneous Solution 393 A.3.2 General Solution 393 A.4 Linear Time-Invariant System 394 A.5 Linear Time-Invariant Stability Criteria 395 A.6 Controllability of Linear Time-Invariant Systems 395 A.7 Observability of Linear Time-Invariant Systems 395 A.8 Transfer Matrix 396 A.9 Singular Value Decomposition 396 A.10 Linear Time-Invariant Control Design 397 A.10.1 Regulator Design by Eigenstructure Assignment 397 A.10.2 Regulator Design by Linear Optimal Control 398 A.10.3 Linear Observers and Output Feedback Compensators 398 References 400 Appendix B: Stability 401 B.1 Preliminaries 401 B.2 Stability in the Sense of Lagrange 402 B.3 Stability in the Sense of Lyapunov 404 B.3.1 Asymptotic Stability 406 B.3.2 Global Asymptotic Stability 406 B.3.3 Lyapunov’s Theorem 407 B.3.4 Krasovski’s Theorem 408 B.3.5 Lyapunov Stability of Linear Systems 408 References 408 Appendix C: Control of Underactuated Flight Systems 409 C.1 Adaptive Rocket Guidance with Forward Acceleration Input 409 C.2 Thrust Saturation and Rate Limits (Increased Underactuation) 415 C.3 Single- and Bi-output Observers with Forward Acceleration Input 417 References 432 Index 433

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Book SynopsisWritten by leading experts in the field and featuring fully integrated colour throughout, Isogeometric Analysis provides a groundbreaking solution for the integration of CAD and FEA technologies.Trade Review"This is the most beautiful scientific book that I have ever seen. (I am excluding popular science books from this statement; this book matches some of them in its beauty.) The authors, editors and publishers should be congratulated for giving so much attention not just to the content but also to the way the book looks. It is extremely inviting to read." (Iacm Expressions, 1 October 2010)Table of ContentsPreface 1 From CAD and FEA to Isogeometric Analysis: An Historical Perspective 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The evolution of FEA basis functions 1.3 The evolution of CAD representations 1.4 Things you need to get used to in order to understand NURBS-based isogeometric analysis Notes 2 NURBS as a Pre-analysis Tool: Geometric Design and Mesh Generation 2.1 B-splines 2.2 Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines 2.3 Multiple patches 2.4 Generating a NURBS mesh: a tutorial 2.5 Notation Appendix 2.A: Data for the bent pipe Notes 3 NURBS as a Basis for Analysis: Linear Problems 3.1 The isoparametric concept 3.2 Boundary value problems 3.3 Numerical methods 3.4 Boundary conditions 3.5 Multiple patches revisited 3.6 Comparing isogeometric analysis with classical finite element analysis Appendix 3.A: Shape function routine Appendix 3.B: Error estimates Notes 4 Linear Elasticity 4.1 Formulating the equations of elastostatics 4.2 Infinite plate with circular hole under constant in-plane tension 4.3 Thin-walled structures modeled as solids Appendix 4.A: Geometrical data for the hemispherical shell Appendix 4.B: Geometrical data for a cylindrical pipe Appendix 4.C: Element assembly routine Notes 5 Vibrations and Wave Propagation 5.1 Longitudinal vibrations of an elastic rod 5.2 Rotation-free analysis of the transverse vibrations of a Bernoulli–Euler beam 5.3 Transverse vibrations of an elastic membrane 5.4 Rotation-free analysis of the transverse vibrations of a Poisson–Kirchhoff plate 5.5 Vibrations of a clamped thin circular plate using three-dimensional solid elements 5.6 The NASA aluminum testbed cylinder 5.7 Wave propagation Appendix 5.A: Kolmogorov n-widths Notes 6 Time-Dependent Problems 6.1 Elastodynamics 6.2 Semi-discrete methods 6.3 Space–time finite elements 7 Nonlinear Isogeometric Analysis 7.1 The Newton–Raphson method 7.2 Isogeometric analysis of nonlinear differential equations 7.3 Nonlinear time integration: The generalized-α method Note 8 Nearly Incompressible Solids 8.1 B formulation for linear elasticity using NURBS 8.2 F formulation for nonlinear elasticity Notes 9 Fluids 9.1 Dispersion analysis 9.2 The variational multiscale (VMS) method 9.3 Advection–diffusion equation 9.4 Turbulence Notes 10 Fluid–Structure Interaction and Fluids on Moving Domains 10.1 The arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) formulation 10.2 Inflation of a balloon 10.3 Flow in a patient-specific abdominal aorta with aneurysm 10.4 Rotating components Appendix 10.A: A geometrical template for arterial blood flow modeling 11 Higher-order Partial Differential Equations 11.1 The Cahn–Hilliard equation 11.2 Numerical results 11.3 The continuous/discontinuous Galerkin (CDG) method Note 12 Some Additional Geometry 12.1 The polar form of polynomials 12.2 The polar form of B-splines Note 13 State-of-the-Art and Future Directions 13.1 State-of-the-art 13.2 Future directions Appendix A: Connectivity Arrays A.1 The INC Array A.2 The IEN array A.3 The ID array A.3.1 The scalar case A.3.2 The vector case A.4 The LM array Note References Index

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Book SynopsisA complete introduction tocar-to-X communications networking Automotive Inter-networking will introduce a range of new network and system technologies for vehicle safety, entertainment and comfort systems currently being researched and developed.Table of ContentsPreface xi List of Abbreviations xiii 1 Automotive Internetworking: The Evolution Towards Connected and Cooperative Vehicles 1 1.1 Evolution of In-Vehicle Electronics 1 1.2 Motivation for Connected Vehicles 4 1.3 Terminology 7 1.4 Stakeholders 10 1.5 Outline of this Book 10 References 12 2 Application Classifications and Requirements 13 2.1 Classification of Applications and their Implications 14 2.1.1 Driving-Related Applications 15 2.1.2 Vehicle-Related Applications 19 2.1.3 Passenger-Related Applications 22 2.2 Requirements and Overall System Properties 25 2.3 Overview on Suitable Communication Technologies 28 2.3.1 Communication Technologies 28 2.3.2 Suitability for AutoNet Applications 31 2.4 Summary 34 References 34 3 System Architecture 37 3.1 Domain View of AutoNets 37 3.2 ISO/OSI Reference Model View 40 3.3 Profiling 42 3.4 Standardised Architectures 43 3.4.1 Architecture of the C2C Communication Consortium (C2C-CC) 44 3.4.2 ISO TC204 CALM Architecture 45 3.4.3 ETSI TC ITS Architecture: EN 302 655 47 3.4.4 IEEE WAVE Architecture Featuring IEEE802.11p and IEEE1609.x Standards 49 3.5 Subsystem Architectures 50 3.5.1 Vehicle Architecture 51 3.5.2 Roadside Architecture 55 3.5.3 Infrastructure Architecture 56 3.5.4 Mobile Device Architecture 61 3.6 Summary 62 References 63 4 Applications: Functionality and Protocols 65 4.1 Foresighted Safety Case Study: Environmental Notifications 67 4.1.1 Data Collection and Individual Situation Analysis 68 4.1.2 Cooperative Situation Analysis 71 4.1.3 Distributed Knowledge Management 73 4.1.4 Individual Relevance and Interface to the Driver 75 4.1.5 Data Security and Privacy 77 4.1.6 Reliable Estimation of the Current Driving Condition 78 4.1.7 Communication and Information Dissemination 79 4.1.8 Standardisation Issues 80 4.2 Active Safety Case Study: Cooperative Collision Avoidance and Intersection Assistance 81 4.2.1 Data Collection 82 4.2.2 Situation Analysis and Application Logic 83 4.2.3 Knowledge Management 88 4.2.4 Communication 90 4.2.5 Security and Privacy 93 4.2.6 Driver Interaction 95 4.3 Green Driving Case Study: Traffic Lights Assistance 98 4.3.1 Green Light Optimal Speed Advisory 99 4.3.2 Example: TRAVOLUTION 107 4.4 Business and Convenience Case Study: Insurance and Financial Services 107 4.4.1 Accident Management Services 108 4.4.2 Examples for Insurance and Financial Services (IFS) 116 References 118 5 Application Support 121 5.1 Application Support in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 121 5.2 Communication Aspects in the Application Support 123 5.2.1 CAM: Cooperative Awareness Messages 123 5.2.2 DENM: Decentralised Environmental Notification Messages 125 5.3 AutoNet Facilities 125 5.3.1 Application Plane 126 5.3.2 Information Plane 128 5.3.3 Communication Plane 130 5.4 Implementation Issues for the Application Support Layer 131 5.5 Summary 133 References 133 6 Transport Layer 135 6.1 Transport Layer Integration in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 135 6.1.1 AutoNet Transport 137 6.1.2 TCP, UDP 138 6.2 TCP in AutoNets 139 6.2.1 Congestion Control in TCP 140 6.2.2 Impact of AutoNets 141 6.2.3 Enhancements of TCP and Technical Requirements for AutoNet Scenarios 143 6.2.4 The MOCCA Transport Protocol 144 6.2.5 Evaluation Results 148 6.3 Summary 151 References 152 7 Networking 155 7.1 Networking Principles in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 155 7.1.1 Network Layer Functionality in AutoNets 155 7.1.2 Network Protocol Data Units 158 7.2 AutoNet Ad-Hoc Networking 160 7.2.1 AutoNet Ad-Hoc Network Characteristics 160 7.2.2 AutoNet Ad-Hoc Network Addressing and Routing 165 7.2.3 Beaconing 176 7.2.4 Network Utility Maximisation in AutoNets 177 7.3 AutoNet Cellular Networking 187 7.3.1 Communication Architecture for AutoNet Cellular Networking 189 7.3.2 Deployment Strategies 190 7.3.3 Interactions and Cross-Layer Optimisations 192 7.4 IPv6 and Mobility Extensions 192 7.4.1 IPv6 193 7.4.2 Mobility Extensions 194 7.4.3 Deployment Issues 197 References 200 8 Physical Communication Technologies 205 8.1 Wireless Networks in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 206 8.2 Automotive WLAN and DSRC 208 8.2.1 Spectrum Policies 209 8.2.2 IEEE 802.11p 213 8.2.3 ETSI G5A 221 8.3 Utility-Centric Medium Access in IEEE 802.11p 221 8.3.1 Data Differentiation 221 8.3.2 Inter-Vehicle Contention 222 8.3.3 Cross-Layer Issues 223 8.3.4 Evaluation of Utility-Centric Medium Access 225 8.4 Technology Comparison 230 8.5 Conclusion 231 References 231 9 Security and Privacy 233 9.1 Stakes, Assets, Threats and Attacks 235 9.1.1 Stakeholders and Assets 235 9.1.2 Threats and Attacks 236 9.2 Challenges and Requirements 238 9.3 AutoNet Security Architecture and Management 241 9.4 Security Services 244 9.4.1 Cryptographic Mechanisms 244 9.4.2 Digital Signatures 246 9.5 Certification 247 9.5.1 Trust 247 9.5.2 Trusted Third Platforms: Certificate Authorities 249 9.5.3 Certificate Generation and Distribution 250 9.5.4 Certificate Revocation 253 9.6 Securing Vehicles 253 9.7 Secure Communication 254 9.7.1 Secure Messaging 254 9.7.2 Secure Routing and Forwarding 255 9.7.3 Secure Group Communication 255 9.7.4 Plausibility Checks 255 9.8 Privacy 256 9.8.1 Secret Information 256 9.9 Conclusion 258 References 259 10 System Management 261 10.1 System Management in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 261 10.2 Functional Management Building Blocks 263 10.3 Selected Management Issues of an AutoNet Station 264 10.3.1 Cost/Benefit Management 264 10.3.2 Congestion Control 265 10.3.3 Mobility Management 265 10.3.4 TCP Management 268 10.4 Implementation Issues of the Management Layer 270 10.5 Summary 271 References 271 11 Research Methodologies 273 11.1 Early Activities to Investigate AutoNets 274 11.1.1 Activities at the University of Duisburg 274 11.1.2 Activities at the Ohio State University 275 11.2 Methodologies 277 11.2.1 Model Domains for AutoNets 278 11.2.2 Dependency Examples 280 11.3 Simulation Methodology 282 11.3.1 Communication Network Simulation 284 11.3.2 Traffic Simulation 287 11.3.3 Implementation Issues 290 11.4 Field Operational Testing Methodology 298 11.4.1 Applications and Requirements 300 11.4.2 System Architecture 302 11.4.3 Trials 304 11.4.4 Analysis 306 11.5 Summary 307 References 307 12 Markets 309 12.1 Current Market Developments 310 12.1.1 Technological Push 311 12.1.2 Economic Pull 311 12.1.3 Stakeholder Analysis 312 12.2 Challenges 327 12.2.1 Harmonisation and Standardisation 328 12.2.2 Life Cycle 330 12.2.3 Costs and Revenues in an Emerging Business Ecosystem 330 12.2.4 Customer Acceptance 331 12.3 Driving the Emergence of a Coherent Business Ecosystem 333 12.3.1 Strategies for the Development of a Modular Business Ecosystem 333 12.3.2 Early Examples of Telematic Business Ecosystems 339 12.4 Summary 342 References 342 13 Impact and Future Projections 345 A Appendix 351 A.1 Standardisation Bodies for AutoNets 351 A.1.1 ETSI 351 A.1.2 CEN 352 A.1.3 ISO 353 A.1.4 IETF 354 A.1.5 IEEE 354 A.1.6 Car2Car Communication Consortium 354 A.2 Research Projects on AutoNets 355 A.2.1 Early Activities 355 A.2.2 The eSafety Initiative 358 A.2.3 COMeSafety 360 A.2.4 COOPERS 361 A.2.5 CVIS 361 A.2.6 SAFESPOT 363 A.2.7 SeVeCom 363 A.2.8 GeoNet 363 A.2.9 FRAME, E-FRAME 364 A.2.10 VII and IntelliDrive 364 A.2.11 Travolution 365 A.2.12 Aktiv 365 A.2.13 PRE-DRIVE C2X 366 A.2.14 simTD 367 References 368 Index 369

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Book SynopsisThis volume provides a comprehensive treatment of modern computational mechanics work in particle and continuum dynamics. The coverage encompasses classical Newtonian, Lagrangian, and Hamiltonian mechanics, as well as new and alternate contemporary approaches and their equivalences to address various problems in engineering sciences and physics.Table of ContentsPREFACE xv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxi ABOUT THE AUTHORS xxiii 1 INTRODUCTION 11.1 Overview 11.2 Applications 13 2 MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES 152.1 Sets and Functions 152.2 Vector Spaces 182.3 Matrix Algebra 242.4 Vector Differential Calculus 282.5 Vector Integral Calculus 322.6 Mean Value Theorem 332.7 Function Spaces 342.8 Tensor Analysis 38 PART I N-BODY DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS 3 CLASSICAL MECHANICS 573.1 Newtonian Mechanics 573.2 Lagrangian Mechanics 603.3 Hamiltonian Mechanics 91 4 PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK 1084.1 Virtual Work in N-Body Dynamical Systems 1084.2 Vector Formalism: Newtonian Mechanics in N-Body Dynamical Systems 1144.3 Scalar Formalisms: Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Mechanics in N-Body Dynamical Systems 116 5 HAMILTON’S PRINCIPLE AND HAMILTON’S LAW OF VARYING ACTION 1215.1 Introduction 1215.2 Variation of the Principal Function 1225.3 Calculus of Variations 1255.4 Hamilton’s Principle 1295.5 Hamilton’s Law of Varying Action 133 6 PRINCIPLE OF BALANCE OF MECHANICAL ENERGY 1416.1 Introduction 1426.2 Principle of Balance of Mechanical Energy 1426.3 Total Energy Representations and Framework in the Differential Calculus Setting 1446.4 Appendix: Total Energy Representations and Framework in the Variational Calculus Setting 156 7 EQUIVALENCE OF EQUATIONS 1637.1 Equivalence in the Lagrangian Form of D’Alembert’s Principle/Principle of Virtual Work 1637.2 Equivalence in Hamilton’s Principle or Hamilton’s Law of Varying Action 1657.3 Equivalence in the Principle of Balance of Mechanical Energy 1667.4 Equivalence Relations Between Governing Equations 1677.5 Conservation Laws 1717.6 Noether’s Theorem 171 PART II CONTINUOUS-BODY DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS 8 CONTINUUM MECHANICS 1758.1 Displacements, Strains and Stresses 1758.2 General Principles 1978.3 Constitutive Equations in Elasticity 2068.4 Virtual Work and Variational Principles 2208.5 Direct Variational Methods for Two-Point Boundary-Value Problems 237 9 PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK: FINITE ELEMENTS AND SOLID/STRUCTURAL MECHANICS 2679.1 Introduction 2679.2 Finite Element Library 3019.3 Nonlinear Finite Element Formulations 3439.4 Scalar Formalisms: Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Mechanics and Finite Element Formulations in Continuous-Body Dynamical Systems 350 10 HAMILTON'S PRINCIPLE AND HAMILTON'S LAW OF VARYING ACTION: FINITE ELEMENTS AND SOLID/STRUCTURAL MECHANICS 36410.1 Introduction 36410.2 Hamilton’s Principle and Hamilton’s Law of Varying Action in Elastodynamics 36510.3 Lagrangian Mechanics Framework and Finite Element Formulations 37010.4 Hamiltonian Mechanics Framework and Finite Element Formulations 400 11 PRINCIPLE OF BALANCE OF MECHANICAL ENERGY: FINITE ELEMENTS AND SOLID/STRUCTURAL MECHANICS 42611.1 Introduction 42711.2 Total Energy Representations and Framework in the Differential Calculus Setting and Finite Element Formulations 42911.3 Lagrangian Mechanics Framework in the Differential Calculus Setting and Finite Element Formulations 44911.4 Hamiltonian Mechanics Framework in the Differential Calculus Setting and Finite Element Formulations 45411.5 Appendix: Total Energy Representations and Framework in the Variational Calculus Setting and Finite Element Formulations 458 12 EQUIVALENCE OF EQUATIONS 47512.1 Equivalence in the Principle of Virtual Work in Dynamics 47512.2 Equivalence in Hamilton’s Principle or Hamilton’s Law of Varying Action 47812.3 Equivalence in the Principle of Balance of Mechanical Energy 48212.4 Equivalence of Strong and Weak Forms for Initial Boundary-Value Problems 48312.5 Equivalence of the Semi-Discrete Finite Element Equations of Motion 48712.6 Equivalence of Finite Element Formulations 48812.7 Conservation Laws 490 PART III THE TIME DIMENSION 13 TIME DISCRETIZATION OF EQUATIONS OF MOTION: OVERVIEW AND CONVENTIONAL PRACTICES 49513.1 Introduction 49513.2 Single-Step Methods for First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations 50013.3 Linear Multistep Methods 50513.4 Second-Order Systems and Single Step and/or Equivalent LMS Methods: Brief Overview of Classical Methods from Historical Perspectives and Chronological Developments 50713.5 Symplectic-Momentum Conservation and Variational Time Integrators 52713.6 Energy-Momentum Conservation and Time Integration Algorithms 536 14 TIME DISCRETIZATION OF EQUATIONS OF MOTION: RECENT ADVANCES 55314.1 Introduction 55314.2 Time Discretization and the Total Energy Framework: Linear Dynamic Algorithms and Designs - Generalized Single Step Single Solve [GSSSS] Unified Framework Encompassing LMS Methods 55514.3 Time Discretization and the Total Energy Framework: Nonlinear Dynamics Algorithms and Designs - Generalized Single Step Single Solve [GSSSS] Framework Encompassing LMS Methods 57814.4 Time Discretization and Total Energy Framework: N-Body Systems 63214.5 Time Discretization and Total Energy Framework: Nonconservative/Conservative Mechanical Systems with Holonomic-Scleronomic Constraints 64914.5.1 General Formulations 650Exercises 662 REFERENCES 669 INDEX 681

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Book SynopsisFundamentals of the Finite Element Method for Heat and Mass Transfer, Second Edition is a comprehensively updated new edition and is a unique book on the application of the finite element method to heat and mass transfer. Addresses fundamentals, applications and computer implementation Educational computer codes are freely available to download, modify and use Includes a large number of worked examples and exercises Fills the gap between learning and researchTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xii Series Editor’s Preface xiv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Importance of Heat and Mass Transfer 1 1.2 Heat Transfer Modes 2 1.3 The Laws of Heat Transfer 3 1.4 Mathematical Formulation of Some Heat Transfer Problems 5 1.4.1 Heat Transfer from a Plate Exposed to Solar Heat Flux 5 1.4.2 Incandescent Lamp 7 1.4.3 Systems with a Relative Motion and Internal Heat Generation 8 1.5 Heat Conduction Equation 10 1.6 Mass Transfer 13 1.7 Boundary and Initial Conditions 13 1.8 Solution Methodology 15 1.9 Summary 15 1.10 Exercises 16 References 17 2 Some Basic Discrete Systems 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Steady-state Problems 20 2.2.1 Heat Flow in a Composite Slab 20 2.2.2 Fluid Flow Network 23 2.2.3 Heat Transfer in Heat Sinks 26 2.3 Transient Heat Transfer Problem 28 2.4 Summary 31 2.5 Exercises 31 References 36 3 The Finite Element Method 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Elements and Shape Functions 42 3.2.1 One-dimensional Linear Element 43 3.2.2 One-dimensional Quadratic Element 46 3.2.3 Two-dimensional Linear Triangular Element 49 3.2.4 Area Coordinates 53 3.2.5 Quadratic Triangular Element 55 3.2.6 Two-dimensional Quadrilateral Elements 58 3.2.7 Isoparametric Elements 63 3.2.8 Three-dimensional Elements 72 3.3 Formulation (Element Characteristics) 76 3.3.1 Ritz Method (Heat Balance Integral Method – Goodman’s Method) 78 3.3.2 Rayleigh–Ritz Method (Variational Method) 79 3.3.3 The Method of Weighted Residuals 82 3.3.4 Galerkin Finite ElementMethod 86 3.4 Formulation for the Heat Conduction Equation 89 3.4.1 Variational Approach 90 3.4.2 The GalerkinMethod 93 3.5 Requirements for Interpolation Functions 94 3.6 Summary 100 3.7 Exercises 100 References 102 4 Steady-State Heat Conduction in One-dimension 105 4.1 Introduction 105 4.2 PlaneWalls 105 4.2.1 Homogeneous Wall 105 4.2.2 CompositeWall 107 4.2.3 Finite Element Discretization 108 4.2.4 Wall with Varying Cross-sectional Area 110 4.2.5 Plane Wall with a Heat Source: Solution by Linear Elements 112 4.2.6 Plane Wall with Heat Source: Solution by Quadratic Elements 115 4.2.7 Plane Wall with a Heat Source: Solution by Modified Quadratic Equations (Static Condensation) 117 4.3 Radial Heat Conduction in a Cylinder Wall 118 4.4 Solid Cylinder with Heat Source 120 4.5 Conduction – Convection Systems 123 4.6 Summary 126 4.7 Exercises 127 References 129 5 Steady-state Heat Conduction in Multi-dimensions 131 5.1 Introduction 131 5.2 Two-dimensional Plane Problems 132 5.2.1 Triangular Elements 132 5.3 Rectangular Elements 142 5.4 Plate with Variable Thickness 145 5.5 Three-dimensional Problems 146 5.6 Axisymmetric Problems 148 5.6.1 Galerkin Method for Linear Triangular Axisymmetric Elements 150 5.7 Summary 153 5.8 Exercises 153 References 155 6 Transient Heat Conduction Analysis 157 6.1 Introduction 157 6.2 Lumped Heat Capacity System 157 6.3 Numerical Solution 159 6.3.1 Transient Governing Equations and Boundary and Initial Conditions 159 6.3.2 The GalerkinMethod 160 6.4 One-dimensional Transient State Problem 162 6.4.1 Time Discretization-Finite Difference Method (FDM) 163 6.4.2 Time Discretization-Finite ElementMethod (FEM) 168 6.5 Stability 169 6.6 Multi-dimensional Transient Heat Conduction 169 6.7 Summary 171 6.8 Exercises 171 References 173 7 Laminar Convection Heat Transfer 175 7.1 Introduction 175 7.1.1 Types of Fluid Motion Assisted Heat Transport 176 7.2 Navier-Stokes Equations 177 7.2.1 Conservation of Mass or Continuity Equation 177 7.2.2 Conservation ofMomentum 179 7.2.3 Energy Equation 183 7.3 Nondimensional Form of the Governing Equations 184 7.4 The Transient Convection-Diffusion Problem 188 7.4.1 Finite Element Solution to the Convection-Diffusion Equation 189 7.4.2 A Simple Characteristic Galerkin Method for Convection-Diffusion Equation 191 7.4.3 Extension to Multi-dimensions 197 7.5 Stability Conditions 202 7.6 Characteristic Based Split (CBS) Scheme 202 7.6.1 Spatial Discretization 208 7.6.2 Time-step Calculation 211 7.6.3 Boundary and Initial Conditions 211 7.6.4 Steady and Transient Solution Methods 213 7.7 Artificial Compressibility Scheme 214 7.8 Nusselt Number, Drag and Stream Function 215 7.8.1 Nusselt Number 215 7.8.2 Drag Calculation 216 7.8.3 Stream Function 217 7.9 Mesh Convergence 218 7.10 Laminar Isothermal Flow 219 7.11 Laminar Nonisothermal Flow 231 7.11.1 Forced Convection Heat Transfer 232 7.11.2 Buoyancy-driven Convection Heat Transfer 238 7.11.3 Mixed Convection Heat Transfer 240 7.12 Extension to Axisymmetric Problems 243 7.13 Summary 246 7.14 Exercises 247 References 249 8 Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer 253 8.1 Introduction 253 8.1.1 Time Averaging 254 8.1.2 Relationship between 𝜅, 𝜖, 𝜈T and 𝛼T 256 8.2 Treatment of Turbulent Flows 257 8.2.1 Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) 257 8.2.2 One-equation Models 258 8.2.3 Two-equation Models 259 8.2.4 Nondimensional Form of the Governing Equations 260 8.3 Solution Procedure 262 8.4 Forced Convective Flow and Heat Transfer 263 8.5 Buoyancy-driven Flow 272 8.6 Other Methods for Turbulence 275 8.6.1 Large Eddy Simulation (LES) 275 8.7 Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) and Monotonically Integrated LES (MILES)278 8.8 Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) 278 8.9 Summary 279 References 279 9 Heat Exchangers 281 9.1 Introduction 281 9.2 LMTD and Effectiveness-NTU Methods 283 9.2.1 LMTD Method 283 9.2.2 Effectiveness – NTU Method 285 9.3 Computational Approaches 286 9.3.1 System Analysis 286 9.3.2 Finite Element Solution to Differential Equations 289 9.4 Analysis of Heat Exchanger Passages . 289 9.5 Challenges 297 9.6 Summary 299 References 299 10 Mass Transfer 301 10.1 Introduction 301 10.2 Conservation of Species 302 10.2.1 Nondimensional Form 304 10.2.2 Buoyancy-driven Mass Transfer 305 10.2.3 Double-diffusive Natural Convection 306 10.3 Numerical Solution 307 10.4 TurbulentMass Transport 317 10.5 Summary 319 References 319 11 Convection Heat and Mass Transfer in Porous Media 321 11.1 Introduction 321 11.2 Generalized Porous Medium Flow Approach 324 11.2.1 Nondimensional Scales 327 11.2.2 Limiting Cases 329 11.3 Discretization Procedure 329 11.3.1 Temporal Discretization 330 11.3.2 Spatial Discretization 331 11.3.3 Semi- and Quasi-Implicit Forms 332 11.4 Nonisothermal Flows 333 11.5 PorousMedium-Fluid Interface 342 11.6 Double-diffusive Convection 347 11.7 Summary 349 References 349 12 Solidification 353 12.1 Introduction 353 12.2 Solidification via Heat Conduction 354 12.2.1 The Governing Equations 354 12.2.2 Enthalpy Formulation 354 12.3 Convection During Solidification 356 12.3.1 Governing Equations and Discretization 358 12.4 Summary 363 References 364 13 Heat and Mass Transfer in Fuel Cells 365 13.1 Introduction 365 13.1.1 Fuel Cell Types 367 13.2 Mathematical Model 368 13.2.1 Anodic and Cathodic Compartments 371 13.2.2 Electrolyte Compartment 373 13.3 Numerical Solution Algorithms 373 13.3.1 Finite ElementModeling of SOFC 374 13.4 Summary 378 References 378 14 An Introduction to Mesh Generation and Adaptive Finite Element Methods 379 14.1 Introduction 379 14.2 Mesh Generation 380 14.2.1 Advancing Front Technique (AFT) 381 14.2.2 Delaunay Triangulation 382 14.2.3 Mesh Cosmetics 387 14.3 Boundary Grid Generation 390 14.3.1 Boundary Grid for a Planar Domain 390 14.3.2 NURBS Patches 391 14.4 Adaptive Refinement Methods 392 14.5 Simple Error Estimation and Mesh Refinement 393 14.5.1 Heat Conduction 394 14.6 Interpolation Error Based Refinement 397 14.6.1 Anisotropic Adaptive Procedure 398 14.6.2 Choice of Variables and Adaptivity 399 14.7 Summary 401 References 402 15 Implementation of Computer Code 405 15.1 Introduction 405 15.2 Preprocessing 406 15.2.1 Mesh Generation 406 15.2.2 Linear Triangular Element Data 408 15.2.3 Element Area Calculation 409 15.2.4 Shape Functions and Their Derivatives 410 15.2.5 Boundary Normal Calculation 411 15.2.6 MassMatrix and Mass Lumping 412 15.2.7 Implicit Pressure or Heat Conduction Matrix 414 15.3 Main Unit 416 15.3.1 Time-step Calculation 416 15.3.2 Element Loop and Assembly 419 15.3.3 Updating Solution 420 15.3.4 Boundary Conditions 421 15.3.5 Monitoring Steady State 422 15.4 Postprocessing 423 15.4.1 Interpolation of Data 424 15.5 Summary 424 References 424 A Gaussian Elimination 425 Reference 426 B Green’s Lemma 427 C Integration Formulae 429 C.1 Linear Triangles 429 C.2 Linear Tetrahedron 429 D Finite Element Assembly Procedure 431 E Simplified Form of the Navier–Stokes Equations 435 F Calculating Nodal Values of Second Derivatives 437 Index 439

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Book Synopsis* A handy one stop reference resource for important research accomplishments in the area of rubber nanocomposites. * Covers the various aspects of preparation, characterization, morphology, properties and applications of rubber nanocomposites.Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. Editor Biographies. 1 Nanocomposites: State of the Art, New Challenges and Opportunities (Ranimol Stephen and Sabu Thomas). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Various Nanofillers. 1.3 Rubber Nanocomposites. 1.4 Future Outlook, Challenges and Opportunities. References. 2 Manufacturing Techniques of Rubber Nanocomposites (Jun Ma, Li-Qun Zhang and Li Geng). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Melt Compounding. 2.3 Solution Blending. 2.4 Latex Compounding. 2.5 Summary. Acknowledgments. References. 3 Reinforcement of Silicone Rubbers by Sol-Gel In Situ Generated Filler Particles (Liliane Bokobza and Amadou Lamine Diop). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Synthetic Aspects. 3.3 Properties of the Hybrid Materials. 3.4 Conclusions. References. 4 Interface Modification and Characterization (Jun Ma, Li-Qun Zhang and Jiabin Dai). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Rubber Nanocomposites Without Interface Modification. 4.3 Interface Modification by Nonreactive Routes. 4.4 Interface Modification by Reactive Routes. 4.5 Characterization of Interface Modification. 4.6 Conclusion. List of Abbreviations. Acknowledgments. References. 5 Natural Rubber Green Nanocomposites (Alain Dufresne) 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Preparation of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals. 5.3 Processing of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Reinforced Rubber Nanocomposites. 5.4 Morphological Investigation. 5.5 Swelling Behavior. 5.6 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis. 5.7 Tensile Tests. 5.8 Successive Tensile Tests. 5.9 Barrier Properties. 5.10 Conclusions. References. 6 Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Rubber Composites (R. Verdejo, M.A. Lopez-Manchado, L. Valentini and J.M. Kenny). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes. 6.3 Elastomeric Nanocomposites. 6.4 Outlook. References. 7 Rubber/Clay Nanocomposites: Preparation, Properties and Applications (K.G. Gatos and J. Karger-Kocsis). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Clays and Their Organophilic Modification. 7.3 Preparation of Rubber/Clay Nanocomposites. 7.4 Properties of Rubber/Clay Nanocomposites. 7.5 Applications. 7.6 Outlook. Acknowledgments. References. 8 Cellulosic Fibril–Rubber Nanocomposites (Maya Jacob John and Sabu Thomas). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Cellulose. 8.3 Cellulosic Nanoreinforcements. 8.4 Studies on Cellulosic/Latex Nanocomposites. 8.5 Conclusions. References. 9 Nanofillers In Rubber–Rubber Blends (Rosamma Alex). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Types of Nanofillers. 9.3 Role of Nanofillers in Reinforcement. 9.4 Methods to Enhance Polymer–Filler Interaction and Reinforcement. 9.5 Role of Nanofiller as Compatibilizer. 9.6 Structure Compatibility Concept of NR-Based Latex Blends. 9.7 Solubility Parameter and Mixing of Latices. 9.8 Preparation of Nanocomposites. 9.9 Rubber Blend Nanocomposites Based on Skim NR Latex and Fresh NR Latex: Preparation, Characterization and Mechanical Properties. 9.10 Advantages of Nanocomposites and Application of Rubber Nanocomposites. References. 10 Thermoplastic Polyurethane Nanocomposites (S.K. Smart, G.A. Edwards and D.J. Martin). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Market. 10.3 TPU Chemistry, Morphology and Properties. 10.4 TPU Nanocomposites. 10.5 Layered Silicate/TPU Nanocomposites. 10.6 Carbon Nanotube/TPU Nanocomposites. 10.7 Future Perspectives. References. 11 Microscope Evaluation of the Morphology of Rubber Nanocomposites (Hiroaki Miyagawa). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Optical Microscopy. 11.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy. 11.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy. 11.5 Scanning Probe Microscopy. 11.6 Summary. References. 12 Mechanical Properties of Rubber Nanocomposites: How, Why . . . and Then? (L. Chazeau, C. Gauthier and J.M. Chenal). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Typical Mechanical Behavior of Rubber Nanocomposites. 12.3 How to Explain Reinforcement in Rubber Nanocomposite? 12.4 Modeling Attempts. 12.5 General Conclusions. References. 13 Nonlinear Viscoelastic Behavior of Rubbery Bionanocomposites (Alireza S. Sarvestani and Esmaiel Jabbari). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Rubbery Bionanocomposites. 13.3 Nonlinear Viscoelasticity of Hydrogel Nanocomposites. 13.4 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 14 Rheological Behavior of Rubber Nanocomposites (Philippe Cassagnau and Claire Barres). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Linear Viscoelasticity. 14.3 Payne Effect. 14.4 Flow Properties of Rubber Nanocomposites. 14.5 Conclusions. References. 15 Electron Spin Resonance in Studying Nanocomposite Rubber Materials (S. Valic). 15.1 An Approach to the Study of Polymer Systems. 15.2 ESR – Spin Probe Study of Nanocomposite Rubber Materials. 15.3 Summary. References. 16 Studies on Solid-State NMR and Surface Energetics of Silicas for Improving Filler–Elastomer Interactions in Nanocomposites (Soo-Jin Park and Byung-Joo Kim). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Surface Modification of Silicas. 16.3 Solid-State NMR Analyses of Silicas. 16.4 Surface Energetics of Silicas. 16.5 Other Surface Analyses of Modified Silicas. 16.6 Mechanical Interfacial Properties of the Compounds. 16.7 Conclusions. References. 17 Wide-Angle X-ray Diffraction and Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Studies of Rubber Nanocomposites (Valerio Causin). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 WAXD: An Overview. 17.3 SAXS: An Overview. 17.4 Lamellar Fillers. 17.5 Nonlamellar Fillers. 17.6 Characterization of the Matrix in Polymer-Based Nanocomposites. References. 18 Barrier Properties of Rubber Nanocomposites (Changwoon Nah and M. Abdul Kader). 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Theoretical Consideration. 18.3 Experimental Studies. 18.4 Applications. 18.5 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 19 Rubber/Graphite Nanocomposites (Guohua Chen and Weifeng Zhao). 19.1 Introduction and Background. 19.2 Graphite and its Nanostructure. 19.3 Rubber/Graphite Nanocomposites. 19.4 Future Outlook. Acknowledgments. References. 20 Aging and Degradation Behavior of Rubber Nanocomposites (Suneel Kumar Srivastava and Himadri Acharya). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Types of Fillers Used in Rubber Nanocomposites. 20.3 Aging of Rubber Nanocomposites. 20.4 Degradation of Rubber Nanocomposites. 20.5 Summary. References. 21 Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS) and Nanoindentation (NI) (Dariusz M. Bielinski and Ludomir Slusarski). 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy. 21.3 Nanoindentation 621 22 Thermoelasticity and Stress Relaxation Behavior of Synthetic Rubber/ Organoclay Nanocomposites (K.M. Sukhyy, E.G. Privalko, V.P. Privalko and M.V. Burmistr). 22.1 Introduction. 22.2 Experimental. 22.3 Polychloroprene/Organoclay Nanocomposites. 22.4 Styrene-co-Butadiene Rubber/Organoclay Nanocomposites. 23 Theoretical Modeling and Simulation of Rubber Nanocomposites (Jan Kalfus and Josef Jancar). 23.1 Introduction. 23.2 Brief Theory of Conformation Statistics and Chain Dynamics. 23.3 Basic Aspects of Rubber Elasticity. 23.4 Mechanisms of Nanocomposite Reinforcement. 23.5 Chains at Rubber–Filler Interfaces. 23.6 Structural Peculiarities of Rubbery Nanocomposites. 23.7 Concluding Remarks. Acknowledgments. References. 24 Application of Rubber Nanocomposites (Miroslawa El Fray and Lloyd A. Goettler). 24.1 Introduction. 24.2 Rubber Nanocomposites in Tire Engineering Applications. 24.3 Rubber Nanocomposite Membranes. 24.4 Applications of Rubber Nanocomposites in Sporting Goods. 24.5 Advanced Nanocomposites for Airspace Applications. 24.6 Nanorubbers in Medicine and Healthcare. 24.7 Conclusions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisComputational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is now an essential and effective tool used in the design of all types of turbomachine, and this topic constitutes the main theme of this book. With over 50 years of experience in the field of aerodynamics, Professor Naixing Chen has developed a wide range of numerical methods covering almost the entire spectrum of turbomachinery applications. Moreover, he has also made significant contributions to practical experiments and real-life designs. The book focuses on rigorous mathematical derivation of the equations governing flow and detailed descriptions of the numerical methods used to solve the equations. Numerous applications of the methods to different types of turbomachine are given and, in many cases, the numerical results are compared to experimental measurements. These comparisons illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of the methods a useful guide for readers. Lessons for the design of improved blading are also indicated after many applicaTrade Review"Numerous b&w illustrations are included. The audience for the book includes senior undergraduate and graduate students in mechanics, energy and power, and aerospace engineering, as well as design and research engineers and scientists." (SciTech Book News, December 2010) Table of ContentsForeword xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix Nomenclature xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction to the Study of the Aerothermodynamics of Turbomachinery 1 1.2 Brief Description of the Development of the Numerical Study of the Aerothermodynamics of Turbomachinery 2 1.3 Summary 6 2 Governing Equations Expressed in Non-Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates to Calculate 3D Viscous Fluid Flow in Turbomachinery 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Aerothermodynamics Governing Equations (Navier–Stokes Equations) of Turbomachinery 10 2.3 Viscous and Heat Transfer Terms of Equations 11 2.4 Examples of Simplification of Viscous and Heat Transfer Terms 15 2.5 Tensor Form of Governing Equations 20 2.6 Integral Form of Governing Equations 21 2.7 A Collection of the Basic Relationships for Non-Orthogonal Coordinates 22 2.8 Summary 24 3 Introduction to Boundary Layer Theory 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 General Concepts of the Boundary Layer 25 3.3 Summary 35 4 Numerical Solutions of Boundary Layer Differential Equations 37 4.1 Introduction 37 4.2 Boundary Layer Equations Expressed in Partial Differential Form 37 4.3 Numerical Solution of the Boundary Layer Differential Equations for a Cascade on the Stream Surface of Revolution 41 4.4 Calculation Results and Validations 45 4.5 Application to Analysis of the Performance of Turbomachinery Blade Cascades 49 4.6 Summary 57 5 Approximate Calculations Using Integral Boundary Layer Equations 59 5.1 Introduction 59 5.2 Integral Boundary Layer Equations 59 5.3 Generalized Method for Approximate Calculation of the Boundary Layer Momentum Thickness 64 5.4 Laminar Boundary Layer Momentum Integral Equation 66 5.5 Transitional Boundary Layer Momentum Integral Equation 68 5.6 Turbulent Boundary Layer Momentum Integral Equation 70 5.7 Calculation of a Compressible Boundary Layer 81 5.8 Summary 84 6 Application of Boundary Layer Techniques to Turbomachinery 87 6.1 Introduction 87 6.2 Flow Rate Coefficient and Loss Coefficient of Two-Dimensional Blade Cascades 87 6.3 Studies on the Velocity Distributions Along Blade Surfaces and Correlation Analysis of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of Plane Blade Cascades 92 6.4 Summary 101 7 Stream Function Methods for Two- and Three-Dimensional Flow Computations in Turbomachinery 103 7.1 Introduction 103 7.2 Three-Dimensional Flow Solution Methods with Two Kinds of Stream Surfaces 104 7.3 Two- Stream Function Method for Three-Dimensional Flow Solution 106 7.4 Stream Function Methods for Two-Dimensional Viscous Fluid Flow Computations 118 7.5 Stream Function Method for Numerical Solution of Transonic Blade Cascade Flow on the Stream Surface of Revolution 127 7.6 Finite Analytic Numerical Solution Method (FASM) for Solving the Stream Function Equation of Blade Cascade Flow 131 7.7 Summary 140 8 Pressure Correction Method for Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Flow Computations in Turbomachinery 145 8.1 Introduction 145 8.2 Governing Equations of Three-Dimensional Turbulent Flow and the Pressure Correction Solution Method 146 8.3 Two-Dimensional Turbulent Flow Calculation Examples 157 8.4 Three-Dimensional Turbulent Flow Calculation Examples 169 8.5 Summary 198 9 Time-Marching Method for Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Flow Computations in Turbomachinery 199 9.1 Introduction 199 9.2 Governing Equations of Three-Dimensional Viscous Flow in Turbomachinery 201 9.3 Solution Method Based on Multi-Stage Runge-Kutta Time-Marching Scheme 205 9.4 Two-Dimensional Turbulent Flow Examples Calculated by the Multi-Stage Runge–Kutta Time-Marching Method 216 9.5 Three-Dimensional Flow Examples Calculated by the Multi-Stage Runge–Kutta Time-Marching Method 226 9.6 Summary 249 10 Numerical Study on the Aerodynamic Design of Circumferentialand Axial-Leaned and Bowed Turbine Blades 251 10.1 Introduction 251 10.2 Circumferential Blade-Bowing Study 252 10.3 Axial Blade-Bowing Study 266 10.4 Circumferential Blade-Bowing Study of Turbine Nozzle Blade Row with Low Span-Diameter Ratio 277 10.5 Summary 286 11 Numerical Study on Three-Dimensional Flow Aerodynamics and Secondary Vortex Motions in Turbomachinery 287 11.1 Introduction 287 11.2 Post-Processing Algorithms 288 11.3 Axial Turbine Secondary Vortices 289 11.4 Some Features of Straight-Leaned Blade Aerodynamics of a Turbine Nozzle with Low Span-Diameter Ratio 310 11.5 Numerical Study on the Three-Dimensional Flow Pattern and Vortex Motions in a Centrifugal Compressor Impeller 317 11.6 Summary 326 12 Two-Dimensional Aerodynamic Inverse Problem Solution Study in Turbomachinery 329 12.1 Introduction 329 12.2 Stream Function Method 331 12.3 A Hybrid Problem Solution Method Using the Stream Function Equation with Prescribed Target Velocity for the Blade Cascades of Revolution 336 12.4 Stream-Function-Coordinate Method (SFC) for the Blade Cascades on the Surface of Revolution 343 12.5 Stream-Function-Coordinate Method (SFC) with Target Circulation for the Blade Cascades on the Surface of Revolution 350 12.6 Two-Dimensional Inverse Method Using a Direct Solver with Residual Correction Technique 353 12.7 Summary 359 13 Three-Dimensional Aerodynamic Inverse Problem Solution Study in Turbomachinery 361 13.1 Introduction 361 13.2 Two-Stream-Function-Coordinate-Equation Inverse Method 362 13.3 Three-Dimensional Potential Function Hybrid Solution Method 364 13.4 Summary 372 14 Aerodynamic Design Optimization of Compressor and Turbine Blades 375 14.1 Introduction 375 14.2 Parameterization Method 377 14.3 Response Surface Method (RSM) for Blade Optimization 387 14.4 A Study on the Effect of Maximum Camber Location for a Transonic Fan Rotor Blading by GPAM 395 14.5 Optimization of a Low Aspect Ratio Turbine by GPAM and a Study of the Effects of Geometry on the Aerodynamics Performance 401 14.6 Blade Parameterization and Aerodynamic Design Optimization for a 3D Transonic Compressor Rotor 412 14.7 Summary 426 References 429 Index 441

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Book SynopsisIn Applied Gas Dynamics, Professor Ethirajan Rathakrishnan introduces the high-tech science of gas dynamics, from a definition of the subject to the three essential processes of this science, namely, the isentropic process, shock and expansion process, and Fanno and Rayleigh flows.Trade Review"He begins this single-authored text with basic facts: definitions, supersonic flow, speed of flow, temperature rise, Mach angle, thermodynamics of fluid flow, and so on. Subsequent chapters address steady one-dimensional flow, normal shock waves, oblique shock and expansion waves, compressible flow equations, similarity rule, and two-dimensional compressible flows, among other topics, ending with chapters on ramjet, and jets. Each chapter concludes with a summary and exercise problems." (SciTech Book News, December 2010) Table of ContentsPreface. About the Author. 1 Basic Facts. 1.1 Definition of Gas Dynamics. 1.2 Introduction. 1.3 Compressibility. 1.4 Supersonic Flow – What is it? 1.5 Speed of Sound. 1.6 Temperature Rise. 1.7 Mach Angle. 1.8 Thermodynamics of Fluid Flow. 1.9 First Law of Thermodynamics (Energy Equation). 1.10 The Second Law of Thermodynamics (Entropy Equation). 1.11 Thermal and Calorical Properties. 1.12 The Perfect Gas. 1.13 Wave Propagation. 1.14 Velocity of Sound. 1.15 Subsonic and Supersonic Flows. 1.16 Similarity Parameters. 1.17 Continuum Hypothesis. 1.18 Compressible Flow Regimes. 1.19 Summary. Exercise Problems. 2 Steady One-Dimensional Flow. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Fundamental Equations. 2.3 Discharge from a Reservoir. 2.4 Streamtube Area–Velocity Relation. 2.5 de Laval Nozzle. 2.6 Supersonic Flow Generation. 2.7 Performance of Actual Nozzles. 2.8 Diffusers. 2.9 Dynamic Head Measurement in Compressible Flow. 2.10 Pressure Coefficient. 2.11 Summary. Exercise Problems. 3 Normal Shock Waves. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Equations of Motion for a Normal Shock Wave. 3.3 The Normal Shock Relations for a Perfect Gas. 3.4 Change of Stagnation or Total Pressure Across a Shock. 3.5 Hugoniot Equation. 3.6 The Propagating Shock Wave. 3.7 Reflected Shock Wave. 3.8 Centered Expansion Wave. 3.9 Shock Tube. 3.10 Summary. Exercise Problems. 4 Oblique Shock and ExpansionWaves. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Oblique Shock Relations. 4.3 Relation between β and θ. 4.4 Shock Polar. 4.5 Supersonic Flow Over a Wedge. 4.6 Weak Oblique Shocks. 4.7 Supersonic Compression. 4.8 Supersonic Expansion by Turning. 4.9 The Prandtl–Meyer Expansion. 4.10 Simple and Nonsimple Regions. 4.11 Reflection and Intersection of Shocks and Expansion Waves. 4.12 Detached Shocks. 4.13 Mach Reflection. 4.14 Shock-Expansion Theory. 4.15 Thin Aerofoil Theory. 4.15.1 Application of Thin Aerofoil Theory. 4.16 Summary. Exercise Problems. 5 Compressible Flow Equations. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Crocco's Theorem. 5.3 General Potential Equation for Three-Dimensional Flow. 5.4 Linearization of the Potential Equation. 5.5 Potential Equation for Bodies of Revolution. 5.6 Boundary Conditions. 5.7 Pressure Coefficient. 5.8 Summary. Exercise Problems. 6 Similarity Rule. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Two-Dimensional Flow: The Prandtl-Glauert Rule for Subsonic Flow. 6.3 Prandtl–Glauert Rule for Supersonic Flow: Versions I and II. 6.4 The von Karman Rule for Transonic Flow. 6.5 Hypersonic Similarity. 6.6 Three-Dimensional Flow: Gothert’s Rule. 6.7 Summary. Exercise Problems. 7 Two-Dimensional Compressible Flows. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 General Linear Solution for Supersonic Flow. 7.3 Flow Over a Wave-Shaped Wall. 7.4 Summary. Exercise Problems. 8 Flow with Friction and Heat Transfer. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Flow in Constant Area Duct with Friction. 8.4 Flow with Heating or Cooling in Ducts. 8.5 Summary. Exercise Problems. 9 Method of Characteristics. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 The Concepts of Characteristic. 9.3 The Compatibility Relation. 9.4 The Numerical Computational Method. 9.5 Theorems for Two-Dimensional Flow. 9.6 Numerical Computation with Weak Finite Waves. 9.7 Design of Supersonic Nozzle. 9.8 Summary. 10 Measurements in Compressible Flow. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Pressure Measurements. 10.3 Temperature Measurements. 10.4 Velocity and Direction. 10.5 Density Problems. 10.6 Compressible Flow Visualization. 10.7 Interferometer. 10.8 Schlieren System. 10.9 Shadowgraph. 10.10 Wind Tunnels. 10.11 Hypersonic Tunnels. 10.12 Instrumentation and Calibration of Wind Tunnels. 10.13 Calibration and Use of Hypersonic Tunnels. 10.14 Flow Visualization. 10.15 Summary. Exercise Problems. 11 Ramjet. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 The Ideal Ramjet. 11.3 Aerodynamic Losses. 11.4 Aerothermodynamics of Engine Components. 11.5 Flow Through Inlets. 11.6 Performance of Actual Intakes. 11.7 Shock–Boundary Layer Interaction. 11.8 Oblique Shock Wave Incident on Flat Plate. 11.9 Normal Shocks in Ducts. 11.10 External Supersonic Compression. 11.11 Two-Shock Intakes. 11.12 Multi-Shock Intakes. 11.13 Isentropic Compression. 11.14 Limits of External Compression. 11.15 External Shock Attachment. 11.16 Internal Shock Attachment. 11.17 Pressure Loss. 11.18 Supersonic Combustion. 11.19 Summary. 12 Jets. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Mathematical Treatment of Jet Profiles. 12.3 Theory of Turbulent Jets. 12.4 Experimental Methods for Studying Jets and the Techniques Used for Analysis. 12.5 Expansion Levels of Jets. 12.6 Control of Jets. 12.7 Summary. Appendix. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe combined finite discrete element method is a relatively new computational tool aimed at problems involving static and / or dynamic behaviour of systems involving a large number of solid deformable bodies. Such problems include fragmentation using explosives (e.g rock blasting), impacts, demolition (collapsing buildings), blast loads, digging and loading processes, and powder technology. The combined finite-discrete element method - a natural extension of both discrete and finite element methods - allows researchers to model problems involving the deformability of either one solid body, a large number of bodies, or a solid body which fragments (e.g. in rock blasting applications a more or less intact rock mass is transformed into a pile of solid rock fragments of different sizes, which interact with each other). The topic is gaining in importance, and is at the forefront of some of the current efforts in computational modeling of the failure of solids. * Accompanying souTrade Review"...This book will be beneficial to all those who need to learn more about the combined finite-discrete element method..." ( DEW Journal, Vol.14, No.1, November 2004)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. 1 Introduction. 1.1 General Formulation of Continuum Problems. 1.2 General Formulation of Discontinuum Problems. 1.3 A Typical Problem of Computational Mechanics of Discontinua. 1.4 Combined Continua-Discontinua Problems. 1.5 Transition from Continua to Discontinua. 1.6 The Combined Finite-Discrete Element Method. 1.7 Algorithmic and Computational Challenge of the Combined Finite-Discrete Element Method. 2 Processing of Contact Interaction in the Combined Finite Discrete Element Method. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 The Penalty Function Method. 2.3 Potential Contact Force in 2D. 2.4 Discretisation of Contact Force in 2D. 2.5 Implementation Details for Discretised Contact Force in 2D. 2.6 Potential Contact Force in 3D. 2.6.1 Evaluation of contact force. 2.6.2 Computational aspects. 2.6.3 Physical interpretation of the penalty parameter. 2.6.4 Contact damping. 2.7 Alternative Implementation of the Potential Contact Force. 3 Contact Detection. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Direct Checking Contact Detection Algorithm. 3.2.1 Circular bounding box. 3.2.2 Square bounding object. 3.2.3 Complex bounding box. 3.3 Formulation of Contact Detection Problem for Bodies of Similar Size in 2D. 3.4 Binary Tree Based Contact Detection Algorithm for Discrete Elements of Similar Size. 3.5 Direct Mapping Algorithm for Discrete Elements of Similar Size. 3.6 Screening Contact Detection Algorithm for Discrete Elements of Similar Size. 3.7 Sorting Contact Detection Algorithm for Discrete Elements of a Similar Size. 3.8 Munjiza-NBS Contact Detection Algorithm in 2D. 3.8.1 Space decomposition. 3.8.2 Mapping of discrete elements onto cells. 3.8.3 Mapping of discrete elements onto rows and columns of cells. 3.8.4 Representation of mapping. 3.9 Selection of Contact Detection Algorithm. 3.10 Generalisation of Contact Detection Algorithms to 3D Space. 3.10.1 Direct checking contact detection algorithm. 3.10.2 Binary tree search. 3.10.3 Screening contact detection algorithm. 3.10.4 Direct mapping contact detection algorithm. 3.11 Generalisation of Munjiza-NBS Contact Detection Algorithm to Multidimensional Space. 3.12 Shape and Size Generalisation–Williams C-GRID Algorithm. 4 Deformability of Discrete Elements. 4.1 Deformation. 4.2 Deformation Gradient. 4.2.1 Frames of reference. 4.2.2 Transformation matrices. 4.3 Homogeneous Deformation. 4.4 Strain. 4.5 Stress. 4.5.1 Cauchy stress tensor. 4.5.2 First Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor. 4.5.3 Second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor. 4.6 Constitutive Law. 4.7 Constant Strain Triangle Finite Element. 4.8 Constant Strain Tetrahedron Finite Element. 4.9 Numerical Demonstration of Finite Rotation Elasticity in the Combined Finite-Discrete Element Method. 5 Temporal Discretisation. 5.1 The Central Difference Time Integration Scheme. 5.1.1 Stability of the central difference time integration scheme. 5.2 Dynamics of Irregular Discrete Elements Subject to Finite Rotations in 3D. 5.2.1 Frames of reference. 5.2.2 Kinematics of the discrete element in general motion. 5.2.3 Spatial orientation of the discrete element. 5.2.4 Transformation matrices. 5.2.5 The inertia of the discrete element. 5.2.6 Governing equation of motion. 5.2.7 Change in spatial orientation during a single time step. 5.6.8 Change in angular momentum due to external loads. 5.6.9 Change in angular velocity during a single time step. 5.6.10 Munjiza direct time integration scheme. 5.3 Alternative Explicit Time Integration Schemes. 5.3.1 The Central Difference time integration scheme (CD). 5.3.2 Gear’s predictor-corrector time integration schemes (PC-3, PC-4, and PC-5). 5.3.3 CHIN integration scheme. 5.3.4 OMF30 time integration scheme. 5.3.5 OMF32 time integration scheme. 5.3.6 Forest & Ruth time integration scheme. 5.4 The Combined Finite-Discrete Element Simulation of the State of Rest. 6 Sensitivity to Initial Conditions in Combined Finite-Discrete Element Simulations. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Combined Finite-Discrete Element Systems. 7 Transition from Continua to Discontinua. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Strain Softening Based Smeared Fracture Model. 7.3 Discrete Crack Model. 7.4 A Need for More Robust Fracture Solutions. 8 Fluid Coupling in the Combined Finite-Discrete Element Method. 8.1 Introduction. 8.1.1 CFD with solid coupling. 8.1.2 Combined finite-discrete element method with CFD coupling. 8.2 Expansion of the Detonation Gas. 8.2.1 Equation of state. 8.2.2 Rigid chamber. 8.2.3 Isentropic adiabatic expansion of detonation gas. 8.2.4 Detonation gas expansion in a partially filled non-rigid chamber. 8.3 Gas Flow Through Fracturing Solid. 8.3.1 Constant area duct. 8.4 Coupled Combined Finite-Discrete Element Simulation of Explosive Induced Fracture and Fragmentation. 8.4.1 Scaling of coupled combined finite-discrete element problems. 8.5 Other Applications. 9 Computational Aspects of Combined Finite-Discrete Element Simulations. 9.1 Large Scale Combined Finite-Discrete Element Simulations. 9.1.1 Minimising RAM requirements. 9.1.2 Minimising CPU requirements. 9.1.3 Minimising storage requirements. 9.1.4 Minimising risk. 9.1.5 Maximising transparency. 9.2 Very Large Scale Combined Finite-Discrete Element Simulations. 9.3 Grand Challenge Combined Finite-Discrete Element Simulations. 9.4 Why the C Programming Language? 9.5 Alternative Hardware Architectures. 9.5.1 Parallel computing. 9.5.2 Distributed computing. 9.5.3 Grid computing. 10 Implementation of some of the Core Combined Finite-Discrete Element Algorithms. 10.1 Portability, Speed, Transparency and Reusability. 10.1.1 Use of new data types. 10.1.2 Use of MACROS. 10.2 Dynamic Memory Allocation. 10.3 Data Compression. 10.4 Potential Contact Force in 3D. 10.4.1 Interaction between two tetrahedrons. 10.5 Sorting Contact Detection Algorithm. 10.6 NBS Contact Detection Algorithm in 3D. 10.7 Deformability with Finite Rotations in 3D. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisMaintenance and continuous health monitoring of air, land and sea structures is one of the most important concerns in a wide range of industries including transportation and civil engineering. Effective maintenance minimises not only the cost of ownership of structures but also improves safety and the perception of safety.Trade Review"...very relevant and timely...strongly recommend this multidisciplinary book...an integrated volume of real value..." (Measurement and Control, Vol 37(5), June 2004)Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. 1. Introduction (G. Bartelds, J.H. Heida, J. McFeat and C. Boller). 1.1 Health and Usage Monitoring in Aircraft Structures – Why and How? 1.2 Smart Solution in Aircraft Monitoring. 1.3 End-User Requirements. 1.3.1 Damage Detection. 1.3.2 Load History Monitoring. 1.4 Assessment of Monitoring Technologies. 1.5 Background of Technology Qualification Process. 1.6 Technology Qualification. 1.6.1 Philosophy. 1.6.2 Performance and Operating Requirements. 1.6.3 Qualification Evidence – Requirements and Provision. 1.6.4 Risks. 1.7 Flight Vehicle Certification. 1.8 Summary. References. 2. Aircraft Structural Health and Usage Monitoring (C. Boller and W.J. Staszewski). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Aircraft Structural Damage. 2.3 Ageing Aircraft Problem. 2.4 LifeCycle Cost of Aerospace Structures. 2.4.1 Background. 2.4.2 Example. 2.5 Aircraft Structural Design. 2.5.1 Background. 2.5.2 Aircraft Design Process. 2.6 Damage Monitoring Systems in Aircraft. 2.6.1 Loads Monitoring. 2.6.2 Fatigue Monitoring. 2.6.3 Load Models. 2.6.4 Disadvantages of Current Loads Monitoring Systems. 2.6.5 Damage Monitoring and Inspections. 2.7 Non-Destructive Testing. 2.7.1 Visual Inspection. 2.7.2 Ultrasonic Inspection. 2.7.3 Eddy Current. 2.7.4 Acoustic Emission. 2.7.5 Radiography, Thermography and Shearography. 2.7.6 Summary. 2.8 Structural Health Monitoring. 2.8.1 Vibration and Modal Analysis. 2.8.2 Impact Damage Detection. 2.9 Emerging Monitoring Techniques and Sensor Technologies. 2.9.1 Smart Structures and Materials. 2.9.2 Damage Detection Techniques. 2.9.3 Sensor Technologies. 2.9.4 Intelligent Signal Processing. 2.10 Conclusions. References. 3. Operational Load Monitoring Using Optical Fibre Sensors (P. Foote, M. Breidne, K. Levin, P. Papadopolous, I. Read, M. Signorazzi, L.K. Nilsson, R. Stubbe and A. Claesson). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Fibre Optics. 3.2.1 Optical Fibres. 3.2.2 Optical Fibre Sensors. 3.2.3 Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors. 3.3 Sensor Target Specifications. 3.4 Reliability of Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors. 3.4.1 Fibre Strength Degradation. 3.4.2 Grating Decay. 3.4.3 Summary. 3.5 Fibre Coating Technology. 3.5.1 Polyimide Chemistry and Processing. 3.5.2 Polyimide Adhesion to Silica. 3.5.3 Silane Adhesion Promoters. 3.5.4 Experimental Example. 3.5.5 Summary. 3.6 Example of Surface Mounted Operational Load Monitoring Sensor System. 3.6.1 Sensors. 3.6.2 Optical Signal Processor. 3.6.3 Optical Interconnections. 3.7 Optical Fibre Strain Rosette. 3.8 Example of Embedded Optical Impact Detection System. 3.9 Summary. References. 4. Damage Detection Using Stress and Ultrasonic Waves (W.J. Staszewski, C. Boller, S. Grondel, C. Biemans, E. O’Brien, C. Delebarre and G.R. Tomlinson). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Acoustic Emission. 4.2.1 Background. 4.2.2 Transducers. 4.2.3 Signal Processing. 4.2.4 Testing and Calibration. 4.3 Ultrasonics. 4.3.1 Background. 4.3.2 Inspection Modes. 4.3.3 Transducers. 4.3.4 Display Modes. 4.4 Acousto-Ultrasonics. 4.5 Guided Wave Ultrasonics. 4.5.1 Background. 4.5.2 Guided Waves. 4.5.3 Lamb Waves. 4.5.4 Monitoring Strategy. 4.6 Piezoelectric Transducers. 4.6.1 Piezoelectricity and Piezoelectric Materials. 4.6.2 Constitutive Equations. 4.6.3 Properties. 4.7 Passive Damage Detection Examples. 4.7.1 Crack Monitoring Using Acoustic Emission. 4.7.2 Impact Damage Detection in Composite Materials. 4.8 Active Damage Detection Examples. 4.8.1 Crack Monitoring in Metallic Structures Using Broadband Acousto-Ultrasonics. 4.8.2 Impact Damage Detection in Composite Structures Using Lamb Waves. 4.9 Summary. References. 5. Signal Processing for Damage Detection (W.J. Staszewski and K. Worden). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Data Pre-Processing. 5.2.1 Signal Smoothing. 5.2.2 Signal Smoothing Filters. 5.3 Signal Features for Damage Identification. 5.3.1 Feature Extraction. 5.3.2 Feature Selection. 5.4 Time–Domain Analysis. 5.5 Spectral Analysis. 5.6 Instantaneous Phase and Frequency. 5.7 Time–Frequency Analysis. 5.8 Wavelet Analysis. 5.8.1 Continuous Wavelet Transform. 5.8.2 Discrete Wavelet Transform. 5.9 Dimensionality Reduction Using Linear and Nonlinear Transformation. 5.9.1 Principal Component Analysis. 5.9.2 Sammon Mapping. 5.10 Data Compression Using Wavelets. 5.11 Wavelet-Based Denoising. 5.12 Pattern Recognition for Damage Identification. 5.13 Artificial Neural Networks. 5.13.1 Parallel Processing Paradigm. 5.13.2 The Artificial Neuron. 5.13.3 Multi-Layer Networks. 5.13.4 Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Networks and Others. 5.13.5 Applications. 5.14 Impact Detection in Structures Using Pattern Recognition. 5.14.1 Detection of Impact Positions. 5.14.2 Detection of Impact Energy. 5.15 Data Fusion. 5.16 Optimised Sensor Distributions. 5.16.1 Informativeness of Sensors. 5.16.2 Optimal Sensor Location. 5.17 Sensor Validation. 5.18 Conclusions. References. 6. Structural Health Monitoring Evaluation Tests (P.A. Lloyd, R. Pressland, J. McFeat, I. Read, P. Foote, J.P. Dupuis, E. O’Brien, L. Reithler, S. Grondel, C. Delebarre, K. Levin, C. Boller, C. Biemans and W.J. Staszewski). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Large-Scale Metallic Evaluator. 6.2.1 Lamb Wave Results from Riveted Metallic Specimens. 6.2.2 Acoustic Emission Results from a Full-Scale Fatigue Test. 6.3 Large-Scale Composite Evaluator. 6.3.1 Test Article. 6.3.2 Sensor and Specimen Integration. 6.3.3 Impact Tests. 6.3.4 Damage Detection Results – Distributed Optical Fibre Sensors. 6.3.5 Damage Detection Results – Bragg Grating Sensors. 6.3.6 Lamb Wave Damage Detection System. 6.4 Flight Tests. 6.4.1 Flying Test-Bed. 6.4.2 Acoustic Emission Optical Damage Detection System. 6.4.3 Bragg Grating Optical Load Measurement System. 6.4.4 Fibre Optic Load Measurement Rosette System. 6.5 Summary. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis second edition includes new material for: partially saturated porous media; reactive porous media; and macroscopic electrical effects. It contains a single theoretical framework to the subject to explain the interdisciplinary nature of the subject.Trade Review“…provides a unified approach to the fundamental concepts of continuum poromechanics…” (CAB Abstracts)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. 1. Deformation and Kinematics. Mass Balance. 1.1 The Porous Medium and the Continuum Approach. 1.1.1 Connected and Occluded Porosity. The Matrix. 1.1.2 Skeleton and Fluid Particles. Continuity Hypothesis. 1.2 The Skeleton Deformation. 1.2.1 Deformation Gradient and Transport Formulae. 1.2.2 Eulerian and Lagrangian Porosities. Void Ratio. 1.2.3 Strain Tensor. 1.2.4 Infinitesimal Transformation and the Linearized Strain Tensor. 1.3 Kinematics. 1.3.1 Particle Derivative. 1.3.2 Strain Rates. 1.4 Mass Balance. 1.4.1 Equation of Continuity. 1.4.2 The Relative Flow Vector of a Fluid Mass. Filtration Vector. Fluid Mass Content. 1.5 Advanced Analysis. 1.5.1 Particle Derivative with a Surface of Discontinuity. 1.5.2 Mass Balance with a Surface of Discontinuity. The Rankine–Hugoniot Jump Condition. 1.5.3 Mass Balance and the Double Porosity Network. 2. Momentum Balance. Stress Tensor. 2.1 Momentum Balance. 2.1.1 The Hypothesis of Local Forces. 2.1.2 The Momentum Balance. 2.1.3 The Dynamic Theorem. 2.2 The Stress Tensor. 2.2.1 Action–Reaction Law. 2.2.2 The Tetrahedron Lemma and the Cauchy Stress Tensor. 2.3 Equation ofMotion. 2.3.1 The Local Dynamic Resultant Theorem. 2.3.2 The Dynamic Moment Theorem and the Symmetry of the Stress Tensor. 2.3.3 Partial Stress Tensor. 2.4 Kinetic Energy Theorem. 2.4.1 StrainWork Rates. 2.4.2 Piola–Kirchhoff Stress Tensor. 2.4.3 Kinetic Energy Theorem. 2.5 Advanced Analysis. 2.5.1 The Stress Partition Theorem. 2.5.2 Momentum Balance and the Double Porosity Network. 2.5.3 The Tortuosity Effect. 3. Thermodynamics. 3.1 Thermostatics of Homogeneous Fluids. 3.1.1 Energy Conservation and Entropy Balance. 3.1.2 Fluid State Equations. Gibbs Potential. 3.2 Thermodynamics of Porous Continua. 3.2.1 Postulate of Local State. 3.2.2 The First Law. 3.2.3 The Second Law. 3.3 Conduction Laws. 3.3.1 Darcy’s Law. 3.3.2 Fourier’s Law. 3.4 Constitutive Equations of the Skeleton. 3.4.1 State Equations of the Skeleton. 3.4.2 Complementary Evolution Laws. 3.5 Recapitulating the Laws. 3.6 Advanced Analysis. 3.6.1 Fluid Particle Head. Bernoulli Theorem. 3.6.2 Thermodynamics and the Double Porosity Network. 3.6.3 Chemically Active Porous Continua. 4. Thermoporoelasticity. 4.1 Non-linear Thermoporoelastic Skeleton. 4.1.1 Infinitesimal Transformation and State Equations. 4.1.2 Tangent Thermoporoelastic Properties. 4.1.3 The Incompressible Matrix and the Effective Stress. 4.2 Linear Thermoporoelastic Skeleton. 4.2.1 Linear Thermoporoelasticity. 4.2.2 Isotropic Linear Thermoporoelasticity. 4.2.3 Relations Between Skeleton and Matrix Properties. 4.2.4 Anisotropic Poroelasticity. 4.3 Thermoporoelastic Porous Material. 4.3.1 Constitutive Equations of the Saturating Fluid. 4.3.2 Constitutive Equations of the Porous Material. 4.4 Advanced Analysis. 4.4.1 Non-linear Isotropic Poroelasticity. 4.4.2 Brittle Fracture of Fluid-infiltrated Materials. 4.4.3 From Poroelasticity to the Swelling of Colloidal Mixtures. 4.4.4 From Poroelasticity to Chemoelasticity and Ageing Materials. 5. Problems of Poroelasticity. 5.1 Linearized Poroelasticity Problems. 5.1.1 The Hypothesis of Small Perturbations. 5.1.2 Field Equations and Boundary Conditions. 5.1.3 The Diffusion Equation. 5.2 Solved Problems of Poroelasticity. 5.2.1 Injection of a Fluid. 5.2.2 Consolidation of a Soil Layer. 5.2.3 Drilling of a Borehole. 5.3 Thermoporoelasticity Problems. 5.3.1 Field Equations. 5.3.2 Half-space Subjected to a Change in Temperature. 5.4 Advanced Analysis. 5.4.1 Uniqueness of Solution. 5.4.2 The Beltrami–Michell Equations. 5.4.3 Mandel’s Problem. 5.4.4 Non-linear Sedimentation. 6. Unsaturated Thermoporoelasticity. 6.1 Mass andMomentum Balance. 6.1.1 Partial Porosities and Degree of Saturation. 6.1.2 Mass andMomentum Balance. 6.1.3 Mass and Momentum Balance with Phase Change. 6.2 Thermodynamics. 6.2.1 Energy and Entropy Balance for the Porous Material. 6.2.2 Skeleton State Equations. Averaged Fluid Pressure and Capillary Pressure. 6.2.3 Thermodynamics of Porous Media with Phase Change. 6.3 Capillary Pressure Curve. 6.3.1 Energy Approach to the Capillary Pressure Curve. 6.3.2 Capillary Pressure, Natural Imbibition and Isotherm of Sorption. 6.4 Unsaturated Thermoporoelastic Constitutive Equations. 6.4.1 Energy Separation and the Equivalent Pore Pressure Concept. 6.4.2 Equivalent Pore Pressure and Averaged Fluid Pressure. 6.4.3 Equivalent Pore Pressure and Thermoporoelastic Constitutive Equations. 6.4.4 Equivalent Pore Pressure, Wetting and Free Swelling of Materials. 6.5 Heat and Mass Conduction. 6.5.1 Fourier’s Law, Thermal Equation and Phase Change. 6.5.2 Darcy’s Law. 6.5.3 Fick’s Law. 6.6 Advanced Analysis. 6.6.1 The Stress Partition Theorem in the Unsaturated Case. 6.6.2 Capillary Hysteresis. Porosimetry. 6.6.3 Capillary Pressure Curve, Deformation and Equivalent Pore Pressure. 6.6.4 Isothermal Drying of Weakly Permeable Materials. 7. Penetration Fronts. 7.1 Dissolution Fronts. 7.1.1 Mass Balance and Fick’s Law for the Solute. 7.1.2 Instantaneous Dissolution and the Formation of a Penetration Front. 7.1.3 Stefan-like Problem. 7.2 Solute Penetration with Non-linear Binding. 7.2.1 The Binding Process and the Formation of a Penetration Front. 7.2.2 The Time Lag and the Diffusion Test. 7.3 Ionic Migration with Non-linear Binding. 7.3.1 Ionic Migration in the Advection Approximation. 7.3.2 The Travelling Wave Solution. 7.3.3 The Time Lag and the Migration Test. 7.4 Advanced Analysis. 7.4.1 Stefan-like Problem with Non-instantaneous Dissolution. 7.4.2 Imbibition Front. 7.4.3 Surfaces of Discontinuity and Wave Propagation. 8. Poroplasticity. 8.1 Poroplastic Behaviour. 8.1.1 Plastic Strain and Plastic Porosity. 8.1.2 Poroplastic State Equations for the Skeleton. 8.1.3 Poroplastic State Equations for the Porous Material. 8.1.4 Domain of Poroelasticity and the Loading Function Ideal and Hardening Poroplastic Material. 8.2 Ideal Poroplasticity. 8.2.1 The Flow Rule and the Plastic Work. 8.2.2 Principle of Maximal Plastic Work and the Flow Rule. Standard and Non-standard Materials. 8.3 Hardening Poroplasticity. 8.3.1 Hardening Variables and Trapped Energy. 8.3.2 Flow Rule for the Hardening Material. Hardening Modulus. 8.4 Usual Models of Poroplasticity. 8.4.1 Poroplastic Effective Stress. 8.4.2 Isotropic and Kinematic Hardening. 8.4.3 The Usual Cohesive–Frictional Poroplastic Model. 8.4.4 The Cam–Clay Model. 8.5 Advanced Analysis. 8.5.1 Uniqueness of Solution. 8.5.2 Limit Analysis. 8.5.3 Thermal and Chemical Hardening. 8.5.4 Localization of Deformation. 9. Poroviscoelasticity. 9.1 Poroviscoelastic Behaviour. 9.1.1 Viscous Strain and Viscous Porosity. 9.1.2 Poroviscoelastic State Equations for the Skeleton. 9.1.3 Complementary Evolution Laws. 9.2 Functional Approach to Linear Poroviscoelasticity. 9.2.1 Creep Test. Instantaneous and Relaxed Properties. The Trapped Energy. 9.2.2 Creep and Relaxation Functions. 9.2.3 Poroviscoelastic Properties and Constituent Properties. 9.3 Primary and Secondary Consolidation. 9.4 Advanced Analysis. 9.4.1 Poroviscoplasticity. 9.4.2 Functional Approach to the Thermodynamics of Poroviscoelasticity. A. Differential Operators. A.1 Orthonormal Cartesian Coordinates. A.2 Cylindrical Coordinates. A.3 Spherical Coordinates. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology is a vital area of research and development addressing the control, modification and fabrication of materials, structures and devices with nanometre precision and the synthesis of such structures into systems of micro and macroscopic dimensions.Trade Review"…a refreshing work, a very readable introduction to nanotechnology…" (CHOICE, February 2006 ) “ …the book reads well (and) abounds with instructive diagrams …” (Chemistry World, July 2005)Table of ContentsList of contributors. Preface. Chapter authors. 1 Generic methodologies for nanotechnology: classification and fabrication. 1.1 Introduction and classification. 1.2 Summary of the electronic properties of atoms and solids. 1.3 Effects of the nanometre length scale. 1.4 Fabrication methods. 1.5 Preparation, safety and storage issues. Bibliography. 2 Generic methodologies for nanotechnology: characterization. 2.1 General classification of characterization methods. 2.2 Microscopy techniques. 2.3 Electron microscopy. 2.4 Field ion microscopy. 2.5 Scanning probe techniques. 2.6 Diffraction techniques. 2.7 Spectroscopy techniques. 2.8 Surface analysis and depth profiling. 2.9 Summary of techniques for property measurement. Bibliography. 3 Inorganic semiconductor nanostructures. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Overview of relevant semiconductor physics. 3.3 Quantum confinement in semiconductor nanostructures. 3.4 The electronic density of states. 3.5 Fabrication techniques. 3.6 Physical processes in semiconductor nanostructures. 3.7 The characterisation of semiconductor nanostructures. 3.8 Applications of semiconductor nanostructures. 3.9 Summary and outlook. Bibliography. 4 Nanomagnetic materials and devices. 4.1 Magnetism. 4.2 Nanomagnetic materials. 4.3 Magnetoresistance. 4.4 Probing nanomagnetic materials. 4.5 Nanomagnetism in technology. 4.6 The challenges facing nanomagnetism. Bibliography. 5 Processing and properties of inorganic nanomaterials. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 The thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transformations. 5.3 Synthesis methods. 5.4 Structure. 5.5 Microstructural stability. 5.6 Powder consolidation. 5.7 Mechanical properties. 5.8 Ferromagnetic properties. 5.9 Catalytic properties. 5.10 Present and potential applications for nanomaterials. Bibliography. 6 Electronic and electro-optic molecular materials and devices. 6.1 Concepts and materials. 6.2 Applications and devices. 6.3 Carbon nanotubes. Appendix: Reference table of organic semiconductors. Bibliography. 7 Self-assembling nanostructured molecular materials and devices. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Building blocks. 7.3 Principles of self-assembly. 7.4 Self-assembly methods to prepare and pattern nanoparticles. 7.5 Templated nanostructures. 7.6 Liquid crystal mesophases. 7.7 Summary and outlook. Bibliography. 8 Macromolecules at interfaces and structured organic films. 8.1 Macromolecules at interfaces. 8.2 The principles of interface science. 8.3 The analysis of wet interfaces. 8.4 Modifying interfaces. 8.5 Making thin organic films. 8.6 Surface effects on phase separation. 8.7 Nanopatterning surfaces by self-assembly. 8.8 Practical nanoscale devices exploiting macromolecules at interfaces. Bibliography. 9 Bionanotechnology. 9.1 New tools for investigating biological systems. 9.2 Biomimetic nanotechnology. 9.3 Conclusions. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe rapid growth of miniaturisation to meet the demand for increasingly smart devices is driving global investment in a wide range of industries such as IT, electronics, energy, biotechnology and materials science. Nanotechnology: Global Strategies, Industry Trends and Applications, written by experts from Asia, Europe and the USA, gives a comprehensive and important global perspective on nanotechnology. The book is divided into 3 parts: National Nanotechnology Initiatives in Asia, Europe and the USAexplores the current status of nanotechnology in China, Korea, Europe and the USA. Investing in Nanotechnology provides practical information about the opportunities and risks involved in nanotechnology and predictions for future growth. Frontiers of Nanotechnology discusses future applications of the technology and the real-world issues surrounding these. Outlining developing trends, emerging opportunities,Trade Review"…a valuable…reference." (IEEE Circuits & Devices Magazine, September/October 2006)Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Foreword (Hiroyuki Yoshikawa). Introduction: Movements in Nanotechnology (Jurgen Schulte). Part One: National Nanotechnology Initiatives in Asia, Europe and the US. 1. Scientific Development and Industrial Application of Nanotechnology in China (Hongchen Gu and Jurgen Schulte). 2. Current Status of Nanotechnology in Korea and Research into Carbon Nanotubes (Jo-Won Lee and Wonbong Choi). 3. Nanotechnology in Europe (Ottilia Saxl). 4. The Vision and Strategy of the US National Nanotechnology Initiative (M. C. Roco). Part Two: Investing in Nanotechnolgy. 5. Growth through Nanotechnology Opportunities and Risks (Jurgen Schulte). 6. Need for a New Type of Venture Capital (Po Chi Wu). Part Three: Frontiers of Nanotechnology. 7. Frontier Nanotechnology for the Next Generation (Tsuneo Nakahara and Takahiro Imai). 8. Next-Generation Applications for Polymeric Nanofibres (Teik-Cheng Lim and Seeram Ramakrishna). 9. Nanotechnology Applications in Textiles (David Soane, David Offord and William Ware). 10. Measurement Standards for Nanometrology (Isao Kojima and Tetsuya Baba). Index.

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Book SynopsisReliability & Risk: A Bayesian Perspective addresses the need for a sound introduction to the mathematical and statistical aspects of reliability analysis from a Bayesian perspective. It features many real examples, taken from the author's vast experience, and lots of applications from reliability engineering.Trade Review"The book is written by an expert in reliability analysis and it is a very valuable source of information for mathematical models for reliability problems ... An extensive bibliography concludes the book." (Stat Papers, 2011) "As the author mentions in his preface, the book can be read in several different ways, as a text for a graduate level course on reliability or as a source book for “information and open problems." This book has been a joy to read for this reviewer." (International Statistical Review, August 2008) "Singpurwalla seems to be at his best in probabilistic modeling of reality. He has written what must be one of the first books reliability written from a subjective, Bayesian point of view." (International Statistical Review, August 2008) "The material of this book will be most profitable for practitioners and researchers in reliability and survivability, who will greatly appreciate it as a source of information and open problems." (Mathematical Reviews, 2008h) "This is a very interesting, provocative, and worthwhile book." (Biometrics, June 2008) "What I liked most about this book, however, is the way it blends interesting technical material with foundational discussion about the nature of uncertainty." (Biometrics, June 2008) "The investigation of the theoretical models under consideration in the book is first class…" (Law, Probability and Risk Advance Access, September 2007) "I feel that I have learned an effective plotting technique from these plots…" (Technometrics, February 2008) "…a cornucopia of probability models and inference methods for different problems…[that] serve as a rich taxonomy that statisticians can use to fit models…works as both an educational tool and as a reference." (MAA Reviews, March 6, 2007)Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xv 1 Introduction and Overview 1 1.1 Preamble: What do ‘Reliability’, ‘Risk’ and ‘Robustness’ Mean? 1 1.2 Objectives and Prospective Readership 3 1.3 Reliability, Risk and Survival: State-of-the-Art 3 1.4 Risk Management: A Motivation for Risk Analysis 4 1.5 Books on Reliability, Risk and Survival Analysis 6 1.6 Overview of the Book 7 2 The Quantification of Uncertainty 9 2.1 Uncertain Quantities and Uncertain Events: Their Definition and Codification 9 2.2 Probability: A Satisfactory Way to Quantify Uncertainty 10 2.2.1 The Rules of Probability 11 2.2.2 Justifying the Rules of Probability 12 2.3 Overview of the Different Interpretations of Probability 13 2.3.1 A Brief History of Probability 14 2.3.2 The Different Kinds of Probability 16 2.4 Extending the Rules of Probability: Law of Total Probability and Bayes’ Law 19 2.4.1 Marginalization 20 2.4.2 The Law of Total Probability 20 2.4.3 Bayes’ Law: The Incorporation of Evidence and the Likelihood 20 2.5 The Bayesian Paradigm: A Prescription for Reliability, Risk and Survival Analysis 22 2.6 Probability Models, Parameters, Inference and Prediction 23 2.6.1 The Genesis of Probability Models and Their Parameters 24 2.6.2 Statistical Inference and Probabilistic Prediction 26 2.7 Testing Hypotheses: Posterior Odds and Bayes Factors 27 2.7.1 Bayes Factors: Weight of Evidence and Change in Odds 28 2.7.2 Uses of the Bayes Factor 30 2.7.3 Alternatives to Bayes Factors 31 2.8 Utility as Probability and Maximization of Expected Utility 32 2.8.1 Utility as a Probability 32 2.8.2 Maximization of Expected Utility 33 2.8.3 Attitudes to Risk: The Utility of Money 33 2.9 Decision Trees and Influence Diagrams for Risk Analysis 34 2.9.1 The Decision Tree 34 2.9.2 The Influence Diagram 35 3 Exchangeability and Indifference 45 3.1 Introduction to Exchangeability: de Finetti’s Theorem 45 3.1.1 Motivation for the Judgment of Exchangeability 46 3.1.2 Relationship between Independence and Exchangeability 46 3.1.3 de Finetti’s Representation Theorem for Zero-one Exchangeable Sequences 48 3.1.4 Exchangeable Sequences and the Law of Large Numbers 49 3.2 de Finetti-style Theorems for Infinite Sequences of Non-binary Random Quantities 50 3.2.1 Sufficiency and Indifference in Zero-one Exchangeable Sequences 51 3.2.2 Invariance Conditions Leading to Mixtures of Other Distributions 51 3.3 Error Bounds on de Finetti-style Results for Finite Sequences of Random Quantities 55 3.3.1 Bounds for Finitely Extendable Zero-one Random Quantities 55 3.3.2 Bounds for Finitely Extendable Non-binary Random Quantities 56 4 Stochastic Models of Failure 59 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Preliminaries: Univariate, Multivariate and Multi-indexed Distribution Functions 59 4.3 The Predictive Failure Rate Function of a Univariate Probability Distribution 62 4.3.1 The Case of Discontinuity 65 4.4 Interpretation and Uses of the Failure Rate Function – the Model Failure Rate 66 4.4.1 The True Failure Rate: Does it Exist? 69 4.4.2 Decreasing Failure Rates, Reliability Growth, Burn-in and the Bathtub Curve 69 4.4.3 The Retrospective (or Reversed) Failure Rate 74 4.5 Multivariate Analogues of the Failure Rate Function 76 4.5.1 The Hazard Gradient 76 4.5.2 The Multivariate Failure Rate Function 77 4.5.3 The Conditional Failure Rate Functions 78 4.6 The Hazard Potential of Items and Individuals 79 4.6.1 Hazard Potentials and Dependent Lifelengths 81 4.6.2 The Hazard Gradient and Conditional Hazard Potentials 83 4.7 Probability Models for Interdependent Lifelengths 85 4.7.1 Preliminaries: Bivariate Distributions 85 4.7.2 The Bivariate Exponential Distributions of Gumbel 89 4.7.3 Freund’s Bivariate Exponential Distribution 91 4.7.4 The Bivariate Exponential of Marshall and Olkin 93 4.7.5 The Bivariate Pareto as a Failure Model 107 4.7.6 A Bivariate Exponential Induced by a Shot-noise Process 110 4.7.7 A Bivariate Exponential Induced by a Bivariate Pareto’s Copula 115 4.7.8 Other Specialized Bivariate Distributions 115 4.8 Causality and Models for Cascading Failures 117 4.8.1 Probabilistic Causality and Causal Failures 117 4.8.2 Cascading and Models of Cascading Failures 118 4.9 Failure Distributions with Multiple Scales 120 4.9.1 Model Development 120 4.9.2 A Failure Model Indexed by Two Scales 123 5 Parametric Failure Data Analysis 125 5.1 Introduction and Perspective 125 5.2 Assessing Predictive Distributions in the Absence of Data 127 5.2.1 The Exponential as a Chance Distribution 127 5.2.2 The Weibull (and Gamma) as a Chance Distribution 128 5.2.3 The Bernoulli as a Chance Distribution 129 5.2.4 The Poisson as a Chance Distribution 133 5.2.5 The Generalized Gamma as a Chance Distribution 135 5.2.6 The Inverse Gaussian as a Chance Distribution 136 5.3 Prior Distributions in Chance Distributions 136 5.3.1 Eliciting Prior Distributions via Expert Testimonies 137 5.3.2 Using Objective (or Default) Priors 141 5.4 Predictive Distributions Incorporating Failure Data 144 5.4.1 Design Strategies for Industrial Life-testing 145 5.4.2 Stopping Rules: Non-informative and Informative 147 5.4.3 The Total Time on Test 149 5.4.4 Exponential Life-testing Procedures 150 5.4.5 Weibull Life-testing Procedures 155 5.4.6 Life-testing Under the Generalized Gamma and the Inverse Gaussian 156 5.4.7 Bernoulli Life-testing Procedures 157 5.4.8 Life-testing and Inference Under the BVE 159 5.5 Information from Life-tests: Learning from Data 161 5.5.1 Preliminaries: Entropy and Information 161 5.5.2 Learning for Inference from Life-test Data: Testing for Confidence 164 5.5.3 Life-testing for Decision Making: Acceptance Sampling 166 5.6 Optimal Testing: Design of Life-testing Experiments 170 5.7 Adversarial Life-testing and Acceptance Sampling 173 5.8 Accelerated Life-testing and Dose–response Experiments 175 5.8.1 Formulating Accelerated Life-testing Problems 175 5.8.2 The Kalman Filter Model for Prediction and Smoothing 177 5.8.3 Inference from Accelerated Tests Using the Kalman Filter 179 5.8.4 Designing Accelerated Life-testing Experiments 183 6 Composite Reliability: Signatures 187 6.1 Introduction: Hierarchical Models 187 6.2 ‘Composite Reliability’: Partial Exchangeability 188 6.2.1 Simulating Exchangeable and Partially Exchangeable Sequences 189 6.2.2 The Composite Reliability of Ultra-reliable Units 190 6.2.3 Assessing Reliability and Composite Reliability 192 6.3 Signature Analysis and Signatures as Covariates 193 6.3.1 Assessing the Power Spectrum via a Regression Model 195 6.3.2 Bayesian Assessment of the Power Spectrum 195 6.3.3 A Hierarchical Bayes Assessment of the Power Spectrum 198 6.3.4 The Spectrum as a Covariate Using an Accelerated Life Model 200 6.3.5 Closing Remarks on Signatures and Covariates 202 7 Survival in Dynamic Environments 205 7.1 Introduction: Why Stochastic Hazard Functions? 205 7.2 Hazard Rate Processes 206 7.2.1 Hazard Rates as Shot-noise Processes 207 7.2.2 Hazard Rates as Lévy Processes 208 7.2.3 Hazard Rates as Functions of Diffusion Processes 210 7.3 Cumulative Hazard Processes 211 7.3.1 The Cumulative Hazard as a Compound Poisson Process 213 7.3.2 The Cumulative Hazard as an Increasing Lévy Process 213 7.3.3 Cumulative Hazard as Geometric Brownian Motion 214 7.3.4 The Cumulative Hazard as a Markov Additive Process 215 7.4 Competing Risks and Competing Risk Processes 218 7.4.1 Deterministic Competing Risks 219 7.4.2 Stochastic Competing Risks and Competing Risk Processes 220 7.5 Degradation and Aging Processes 222 7.5.1 A Probabilistic Framework for Degradation Modeling 223 7.5.2 Specifying Degradation Processes 223 8 Point Processes for Event Histories 227 8.1 Introduction: What is Event History? 227 8.1.1 Parameterizing the Intensity Function 229 8.2 Other Point Processes in Reliability and Life-testing 229 8.2.1 Multiple Failure Modes and Competing Risks 229 8.2.2 Items Experiencing Degradation and Deterioration 231 8.2.3 Units Experiencing Maintenance and Repair 231 8.2.4 Life-testing Under Censorship and Withdrawals 233 8.3 Multiplicative Intensity and Multivariate Point Processes 234 8.3.1 Multivariate Counting and Intensity Processes 234 8.4 Dynamic Processes and Statistical Models: Martingales 236 8.4.1 Decomposition of Continuous Time Processes 238 8.4.2 Stochastic Integrals and a Martingale Central Limit Theorem 239 8.5 Point Processes with Multiplicative Intensities 240 9 Non-parametric Bayes Methods in Reliability 243 9.1 The What and Why of Non-parametric Bayes 243 9.2 The Dirichlet Distribution and its Variants 244 9.2.1 The Ordered Dirichlet Distribution 246 9.2.2 The Generalized Dirichlet – Concept of Neutrality 246 9.3 A Non-parametric Bayes Approach to Bioassay 247 9.3.1 A Prior for Potency 248 9.3.2 The Posterior Potency 249 9.4 Prior Distributions on the Hazard Function 250 9.4.1 Independent Beta Priors on Piecewise Constant Hazards 250 9.4.2 The Extended Gamma Process as a Prior 251 9.5 Prior Distributions for the Cumulative Hazard Function 253 9.5.1 Neutral to the Right Probabilities and Gamma Process Priors 253 9.5.2 Beta Process Priors for the Cumulative Hazard 255 9.6 Priors for the Cumulative Distribution Function 259 9.6.1 The Dirichlet Process Prior 260 9.6.2 Neutral to the Right-prior Processes 264 10 Survivability of Co-operative, Competing and Vague Systems 269 10.1 Introduction: Notion of Systems and their Components 269 10.1.1 Overview of the Chapter 269 10.2 Coherent Systems and their Qualitative Properties 270 10.2.1 The Reliability of Coherent Systems 274 10.3 The Survivability of Coherent Systems 281 10.3.1 Performance Processes and their Driving Processes 282 10.3.2 System Survivability Under Hierarchical Independence 283 10.3.3 System Survivability Under Interdependence 284 10.3.4 Prior Distributions on the Unit Hypercube 286 10.4 Machine Learning Methods in Survivability Assessment 291 10.4.1 An Overview of the Neural Net Methodology 292 10.4.2 A Two-phased Neural Net for System Survivability 293 10.5 Reliability Allocation: Optimal System Design 294 10.5.1 The Decision Theoretic Formulation 294 10.5.2 Reliability Apportionment for Series Systems 296 10.5.3 Reliability Apportionment for Parallel Redundant Systems 297 10.5.4 Apportioning Node Reliabilities in Networks 298 10.5.5 Apportioning Reliability Under Interdependence 298 10.6 The Utility of Reliability: Optimum System Selection 299 10.6.1 Decision-making for System Selection 300 10.6.2 The Utility of Reliability 301 10.7 Multi-state and Vague Stochastic Systems 303 10.7.1 Vagueness or Imprecision 304 10.7.2 Many-valued Logic: A Synopsis 305 10.7.3 Consistency Profiles and Probabilities of Vague Sets 305 10.7.4 Reliability of Components in Vague Binary States 307 10.7.5 Reliability of Systems in Vague Binary States 307 10.7.6 Concluding Comments on Vague Stochastic Systems 308 11 Reliability and Survival in Econometrics and Finance 309 11.1 Introduction and Overview 309 11.2 Relating Metrics of Reliability to those of Income Inequality 310 11.2.1 Some Metrics of Reliability and Survival 310 11.2.2 Metrics of Income Inequality 311 11.2.3 Relating the Metrics 313 11.2.4 The Entropy of Income Shares 315 11.2.5 Lorenz Curve Analysis of Failure Data 315 11.3 Invoking Reliability Theory in Financial Risk Assessment 317 11.3.1 Asset Pricing of Risk-free Bonds: An Overview 317 11.3.2 Re-interpreting the Exponentiation Formula 319 11.3.3 A Characterization of Present Value Functions 320 11.3.4 Present Value Functions Under Stochastic Interest Rates 325 11.4 Inferential Issues in Asset Pricing 328 11.4.1 Formulating the Inferential Problem 329 11.4.2 A Strategy for Pooling Present Value Functions 329 11.4.3 Illustrative Example: Pooling Present Value Functions 331 11.5 Concluding Comments 332 Appendix A Markov Chain Monté Carlo Simulation 335 A.1 The Gibbs Sampling Algorithm 335 Appendix B Fourier Series Models and the Power Spectrum 339 B.1 Preliminaries: Trigonometric Functions 339 B.2 Orthogonality of Trigonometric Functions 340 B.3 The Fourier Representation of a Finite Sequence of Numbers 341 B.4 Fourier Series Models for Time Series Data 342 B.4.1 The Spectrum and the Periodgram of f(t) 343 Appendix C Network Survivability and Borel’s Paradox 345 C.1 Preamble 345 C.2 Re-assessing Testimonies of Experts Who have Vanished 345 C.3 The Paradox in Two Dimensions 346 C.4 The Paradox in Network Survivability Assessment 347 Bibliography 349 Index 365

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Book SynopsisOffers basic and advanced methods for using the finite element method for three dimensional, industrial problems. This book covers cyclic symmetry, rigid body motion, and nonlinear multiple point constraints.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Nomenclature xv 1 Displacements, Strain, Stress and Energy 1 1.1 The Reference State 1 1.2 The Spatial State 4 1.3 Strain Measures 9 1.4 Principal Strains 13 1.5 Velocity 19 1.6 Objective Tensors 22 1.7 Balance Laws 25 1.7.1 Conservation of mass 25 1.7.2 Conservation of momentum 25 1.7.3 Conservation of angular momentum 26 1.7.4 Conservation of energy 26 1.7.5 Entropy inequality 27 1.7.6 Closure 28 1.8 Localization of the Balance Laws 28 1.8.1 Conservation of mass 28 1.8.2 Conservation of momentum 29 1.8.3 Conservation of angular momentum 31 1.8.4 Conservation of energy 31 1.8.5 Entropy inequality 31 1.9 The Stress Tensor 31 1.10 The Balance Laws in Material Coordinates 34 1.10.1 Conservation of mass 35 1.10.2 Conservation of momentum 35 1.10.3 Conservation of angular momentum 37 1.10.4 Conservation of energy 37 1.10.5 Entropy inequality 37 1.11 The Weak Form of the Balance of Momentum 38 1.11.1 Formulation of the boundary conditions (material coordinates) 38 1.11.2 Deriving the weak form from the strong form (material coordinates) 39 1.11.3 Deriving the strong form from the weak form (material coordinates) 41 1.11.4 The weak form in spatial coordinates 41 1.12 The Weak Form of the Energy Balance 42 1.13 Constitutive Equations 43 1.13.1 Summary of the balance equations 43 1.13.2 Development of the constitutive theory 44 1.14 Elastic Materials 47 1.14.1 General form 47 1.14.2 Linear elastic materials 49 1.14.3 Isotropic linear elastic materials 52 1.14.4 Linearizing the strains 54 1.14.5 Isotropic elastic materials 58 1.15 Fluids 59 2 Linear Mechanical Applications 63 2.1 General Equations 63 2.2 The Shape Functions 67 2.2.1 The 8-node brick element 68 2.2.2 The 20-node brick element 69 2.2.3 The 4-node tetrahedral element 71 2.2.4 The 10-node tetrahedral element 72 2.2.5 The 6-node wedge element 73 2.2.6 The 15-node wedge element 73 2.3 Numerical Integration 75 2.3.1 Hexahedral elements 76 2.3.2 Tetrahedral elements 78 2.3.3 Wedge elements 78 2.3.4 Integration over a surface in three-dimensional space 81 2.4 Extrapolation of Integration Point Values to the Nodes 82 2.4.1 The 8-node hexahedral element 83 2.4.2 The 20-node hexahedral element 84 2.4.3 The tetrahedral elements 86 2.4.4 The wedge elements 86 2.5 Problematic Element Behavior 86 2.5.1 Shear locking 87 2.5.2 Volumetric locking 87 2.5.3 Hourglassing 90 2.6 Linear Constraints 91 2.6.1 Inclusion in the global system of equations 91 2.6.2 Forces induced by linear constraints 96 2.7 Transformations 97 2.8 Loading 103 2.8.1 Centrifugal loading 103 2.8.2 Temperature loading 104 2.9 Modal Analysis 106 2.9.1 Frequency calculation 106 2.9.2 Linear dynamic analysis 108 2.9.3 Buckling 112 2.10 Cyclic Symmetry 114 2.11 Dynamics: The α-Method 120 2.11.1 Implicit formulation 120 2.11.2 Extension to nonlinear applications 123 2.11.3 Consistency and accuracy of the implicit formulation 126 2.11.4 Stability of the implicit scheme 130 2.11.5 Explicit formulation 136 2.11.6 The consistent mass matrix 138 2.11.7 Lumped mass matrix 140 2.11.8 Spherical shell subject to a suddenly applied uniform pressure 141 3 Geometric Nonlinear Effects 143 3.1 General Equations 143 3.2 Application to a Snapping-through Plate 148 3.3 Solution-dependent Loading 150 3.3.1 Centrifugal forces 150 3.3.2 Traction forces 151 3.3.3 Example: a beam subject to hydrostatic pressure 154 3.4 Nonlinear Multiple Point Constraints 154 3.5 Rigid Body Motion 155 3.5.1 Large rotations 155 3.5.2 Rigid body formulation 159 3.5.3 Beam and shell elements 162 3.6 Mean Rotation 167 3.7 Kinematic Constraints 171 3.7.1 Points on a straight line 171 3.7.2 Points in a plane 173 3.8 Incompressibility Constraint 174 4 Hyperelastic Materials 177 4.1 Polyconvexity of the Stored-energy Function 177 4.1.1 Physical requirements 177 4.1.2 Convexity 180 4.1.3 Polyconvexity 184 4.1.4 Suitable stored-energy functions 189 4.2 Isotropic Hyperelastic Materials 190 4.2.1 Polynomial form 191 4.2.2 Arruda–Boyce form 193 4.2.3 The Ogden form 194 4.2.4 Elastomeric foam behavior 195 4.3 Nonhomogeneous Shear Experiment 196 4.4 Derivatives of Invariants and Principal Stretches 199 4.4.1 Derivatives of the invariants 199 4.4.2 Derivatives of the principal stretches 200 4.4.3 Expressions for the stress and stiffness for three equal eigenvalues 206 4.5 Tangent Stiffness Matrix at Zero Deformation 209 4.5.1 Polynomial form 210 4.5.2 Arruda–Boyce form 211 4.5.3 Ogden form 211 4.5.4 Elastomeric foam behavior 211 4.5.5 Closure 212 4.6 Inflation of a Balloon 212 4.7 Anisotropic Hyperelasticity 216 4.7.1 Transversely isotropic materials 217 4.7.2 Fiber-reinforced material 219 5 Infinitesimal Strain Plasticity 225 5.1 Introduction 225 5.2 The General Framework of Plasticity 225 5.2.1 Theoretical derivation 225 5.2.2 Numerical implementation 232 5.3 Three-dimensional Single Surface Viscoplasticity 235 5.3.1 Theoretical derivation 235 5.3.2 Numerical procedure 239 5.3.3 Determination of the consistent elastoplastic tangent matrix 242 5.4 Three-dimensional Multisurface Viscoplasticity: the Cailletaud Single Crystal Model 244 5.4.1 Theoretical considerations 244 5.4.2 Numerical aspects 248 5.4.3 Stress update algorithm 249 5.4.4 Determination of the consistent elastoplastic tangent matrix 259 5.4.5 Tensile test on an anisotropic material 260 5.5 Anisotropic Elasticity with a von Mises–type Yield Surface 262 5.5.1 Basic equations 262 5.5.2 Numerical procedure 263 5.5.3 Special case: isotropic elasticity 270 6 Finite Strain Elastoplasticity 273 6.1 Multiplicative Decomposition of the Deformation Gradient 273 6.2 Deriving the Flow Rule 275 6.2.1 Arguments of the free-energy function and yield condition 275 6.2.2 Principle of maximum plastic dissipation 276 6.2.3 Uncoupled volumetric/deviatoric response 278 6.3 Isotropic Hyperelasticity with a von Mises–type Yield Surface 279 6.3.1 Uncoupled isotropic hyperelastic model 279 6.3.2 Yield surface and derivation of the flow rule 280 6.4 Extensions 284 6.4.1 Kinematic hardening 284 6.4.2 Viscoplastic behavior 285 6.5 Summary of the Equations 287 6.6 Stress Update Algorithm 287 6.6.1 Derivation 287 6.6.2 Summary 291 6.6.3 Expansion of a thick-walled cylinder 293 6.7 Derivation of Consistent Elastoplastic Moduli 294 6.7.1 The volumetric stress 295 6.7.2 Trial stress 295 6.7.3 Plastic correction 296 6.8 Isochoric Plastic Deformation 300 6.9 Burst Calculation of a Compressor 302 7 Heat Transfer 305 7.1 Introduction 305 7.2 The Governing Equations 305 7.3 Weak Form of the Energy Equation 307 7.4 Finite Element Procedure 309 7.5 Time Discretization and Linearization of the Governing Equation 310 7.6 Forced Fluid Convection 312 7.7 Cavity Radiation 317 7.7.1 Governing equations 317 7.7.2 Numerical aspects 324 References 329 Index 335

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Book SynopsisOffers a comprehensive review of the many aspects and intricacies of sensors used in the spacecraft industry. This work covers sensor development from concept, design, and cost, to building, testing, interfacing, integrating, and on orbit operation. It also includes the Matlab codes that are used to create the example plots.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 2. Sensors and Signals. 3. Noise and Filtering in Spacecraft Sensors. 4. Infrared Sensors. 5. Passive Microwave Sensors. 6. Spacebased Radar Sensors. 7. GPS. Index.

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Book SynopsisModelling and analysis of dynamical systems is a widespread practice as it is important for engineers to know how a given physical or engineering system will behave under specific circumstances.Table of ContentsPreface. I: OBTAINING DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS FOR PHYSICAL SYSTEMS. 1. Introduction to System Elements. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Chapter summary. 2. Obtaining Differential Equations for Mechanical Systems by the Newtonian Method. 2.1 The Configuration Space. 2.2 Constraints. 2.3 Differential Equations from Newtons Laws. 2.4 Practical Difficulties with the Newtonian Formalism. 2.5 Chapter Summary. 3. Differential Equations of Electrical Circuits from Kirchoff’s Laws. 3.1 Kirchoff’s Laws about Current and Voltage. 3.2 The Mesh Current and Node Voltage Methods. 3.3 Using Graph Theory to Obtain the Minimal Set of Equations. 3.4 Chapter Summary. 4. The Lagrangian Formalism. 4.1 Elements of the Lagrangian Approach. 4.2 Obtaining Dynamical Equations by Lagrangian Method. 4.3 The Principle of Least Action. 4.4 Lagrangian Method Applied to Electrical Circuits. 4.5 Systems with External Forces or Electromotive Forces. 4.6 Systems with Resistance or Friction. 4.7 Accounting for Current Sources. 4.8 Modeling Mutual Inductances. 4.9 A General Methodology for Electrical Networks. 4.10 Modeling Coulomb Friction. 4.11 Chapter Summary. 5. Obtaining First-Order Equations. 5.1 First-Order Equations from the Lagrangian Method. 5.2 The Hamiltonian Formalism. 5.3 Chapter Summary. 6. Unified Modelling of Systems Through the Language of Bond Graphs. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 The Basic Concept. 6.3 One-port Elements. 6.4 The Junctions. 6.5 Junctions in Mechanical Systems. 6.6 Numbering of Bonds. 6.7 Reference Power Directions. 6.8 Two-port Elements. 6.9 The Concept of Causality. 6.10 Differential Causality. 6.11 Obtaining Differential Equations from Bond Graphs. 6.12 Alternative Methods of Creating System Bond Graphs. 6.13 Algebraic Loops. 6.14 Fields. 6.15 Activation. 6.16 Equations for Systems with Differential Causality. 6.17 Bond Graph Software. 6.18 Chapter Summary. II: SOLVING DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND UNDERSTANDING DYNAMICS. 7. Numerical Solution of Differential Equations. 7.1 The Basic Method, and the Techniques of Approximation. 7.2 Methods to Balance Accuracy and Computation Time. 7.3 Chapter Summary. 8. Dynamics in the State Space. 8.1 The State Space. 8.2 Vector Field. 8.3 Local Linearization Around Equilibrium Points. 8.4 Chapter Summary. 9. Solutions for a System of First-Order Linear Differential Equations. 9.1 Solution of a First-Order Linear Differential Equation. 9.2 Solution of a System of Two First-Order Linear Differential Equations. 9.3 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors. 9.4 Using Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors for Solving Differential Equations 9.5 Solution of a Single Second Order Differential Equation. 9.6 Systems with Higher Dimensions. 9.7 Chapter Summary. 10. Linear Systems with External Input. 10.1 Constant external input. 10.2 When the forcing function is a square wave. 10.3 Sinusoidal forcing function. 10.4 Other forms of excitation function. 10.5 Chapter Summary. 11. Dynamics of Nonlinear Systems. 11.1 All systems of practical interest are nonlinear. 11.2 Vector Fields for Nonlinear Systems. 11.3 Attractors in nonlinear systems. 11.4 Different types of periodic orbits in a nonlinear system. 11.5 Chaos. 11.6 Quasiperiodicity. 11.7 Stability of limit cycles. 11.8 Chapter Summary. 12. Discrete-time Dynamical Systems. 12.1 The Poincar´e Section. 12.2 Obtaining a discrete-time model. 12.3 Dynamics of Discrete-Time Systems. 12.4 One-dimensional maps. 12.5 Bifurcations. 12.6 Saddle-node bifurcation. 12.7 Period-doubling bifurcation. 12.8 Periodic windows. 12.9 Two-dimensional maps. 12.10 Bifurcations in 2-D discrete-time systems. 12.11 Global dynamics of discrete-time systems. 12.12 Chapter Summary. Index.

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Book SynopsisModelling and analysis of dynamical systems is a widespread practice as it is important for engineers to know how a given physical or engineering system will behave under specific circumstances.Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Introduction to System Elements. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Chapter summary. 2 The Newtonian Method. 2.1 The Configuration Space. 2.2 Constraints. 2.3 Differential Equations from Newtons Laws. 2.4 Practical Difficulties with the Newtonian Formalism. 2.5 Chapter Summary. 3 Differential Equations by Kirchoff’s Laws. 3.1 Kirchoff’s Laws about Current and Voltage. 3.2 The Mesh Current and Node Voltage Methods. 3.3 Using Graph Theory to Obtain the Minimal Set of Equations. 3.4 Chapter Summary. 4 The Lagrangian Formalism. 4.1 Elements of the Lagrangian Approach. 4.2 Obtaining Dynamical Equations by Lagrangian Method. 4.3 The Principle of Least Action. 4.4 Lagrangian Method Applied to Electrical Circuits. 4.5 Systems with External Forces or Electromotive Forces. 4.6 Systems with Resistance or Friction. 4.7 Accounting for Current Sources. 4.8 Modeling Mutual Inductances. 4.9 A General Methodology for Electrical Networks. 4.10 Modeling Coulomb Friction. 4.11 Chapter Summary. 5 Obtaining First Order Equations. 5.1 First Order Equations from the Lagrangian Method. 5.2 The Hamiltonian Formalism. 5.3 Chapter Summary. 6 The Language of Bond Graphs. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 The Basic Concept. 6.3 One-port Elements. 6.4 The Junctions. 6.5 Junctions in Mechanical Systems. 6.6 Numbering of Bonds. 6.7 Reference Power Directions. 6.8 Two-port Elements. 6.9 The Concept of Causality. 6.10 Differential Causality. 6.11 Obtaining Differential Equations from Bond Graphs. 6.12 Alternative Methods of Creating System Bond Graphs. 6.13 Algebraic Loops. 6.14 Fields. 6.15 Activation. 6.16 Equations for Systems with Differential Causality. 6.17 Bond Graph Software. 6.18 Chapter Summary. 7 Numerical Solution of Differential Equations. 7.1 The Basic Method, and the Techniques of Approximation. 7.2 Methods to Balance Accuracy and Computation Time. 7.3 Chapter Summary. 8 Dynamics in the State Space. 8.1 The State Space. 8.2 Vector Field. 8.3 Local Linearization Around Equilibrium Points. 8.4 Chapter Summary. 9 Linear Differential Equations. 9.1 Solution of a First-Order Linear Differential Equation. 9.2 Solution of a System of Two First-Order Linear Differential Equations. 9.3 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors. 9.4 Using Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors for Solving Differential Equations 9.5 Solution of a Single Second Order Differential Equation. 9.6 Systems with Higher Dimensions. 9.7 Chapter Summary. 10 Linear systems with external input. 10.1 Constant external input. 10.2 When the forcing function is a square wave. 10.3 Sinusoidal forcing function. 10.4 Other forms of excitation function. 10.5 Chapter Summary. 11 Dynamics of Nonlinear Systems. 11.1 All systems of practical interest are nonlinear. 11.2 Vector Fields for Nonlinear Systems. 11.3 Attractors in nonlinear systems. 11.4 Different types of periodic orbits in a nonlinear system. 11.5 Chaos. 11.6 Quasiperiodicity. 11.7 Stability of limit cycles. 11.8 Chapter Summary. 12 Discrete-time Dynamical Systems. 12.1 The Poincar´e Section. 12.2 Obtaining a discrete-time model. 12.3 Dynamics of Discrete-Time Systems. 12.4 One-dimensional maps. 12.5 Bifurcations. 12.6 Saddle-node bifurcation. 12.7 Period-doubling bifurcation. 12.8 Periodic windows. 12.9 Two-dimensional maps. 12.10 Bifurcations in 2-D discrete-time systems. 12.11 Global dynamics of discrete-time systems. 12.12 Chapter Summary.

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Book SynopsisThe Symposium on Nanostructured Materials and Systems was held during the 8th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology (PACRIM 8) from May 31-June 5, 2009 in Vancouver, Canada. This symposium aimed to review the progress in the state-of-the-art of nanoscience and nanotechnology including synthesis, processing, modeling, applications and assessment of toxicological potential of nanomatter. More than 55 contributions (invited talks, oral presentations, and posters), were presented by participants, from all over the world, representing universities, research institutions, and industry which made this symposium an attractive forum for interdisciplinary presentations and discussions and to elaborate their functional diversity. This issue contains 16 peer-reviewed papers (invited and contributed) incorporating the latest developments related to synthesis, processing and manufacturing technologies of nanoscaled materials and systems including one-dimensional nanostruTrade Review Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Hydrogen Permeable Membranes from Palladium Coated Anodic Alumina (Ian Brown, Jeremy Wu, Melanie Nelson, Mark Bowden, and Tim Kemmitt). Softening of Rare Earth Orthophosphates by Transformation Plasticity: Possible Applications to Fiber-Matrix Interphases in Ceramic Composites (R. S. Hay, G. Fair, E. E. Boakye, P. Mogilevsky, T. A. Parthasarathy, and J. Davis). Solvothermal Synthesis of Gadolinium Hydroxide and Oxide Powders and Their Potential for Biomedical Applications (Eva Hemmer, Yvonne Kohl, Sanjay Mathur, Hagen Thielecke, and Kohei Soga). CVD Grown Semiconductor Nanowires: Synthesis, Properties and Challenges (J. Pan, H. Shen, and S. Mathur). Nanowires as Building Blocks of New Devices: Present State and Prospects (F. Hernandez-Ramirez, J. D. Prades, R. Jimenez-Diaz, S. Barth, A. Cirera, A. Romano-Rodriguez, S. Mathur, and J. R. Morante). Preparation of TiO2-Nanoparticles-Thin Films by Electrophoresis Deposition Method (Kazuatsu Ito, Yuuki Sato, Motonari Adachi, and Shinzo Yoshikado). Effect of Nano-Silica on Acid Resistance Properties of Enamel and Its Connection to Energy Saving (Majid Jafari and Javad Sarraf). Immobilization of Myoglobin with Regenerated Silk Fibroin/MWCNTs on Screen-Printed Electrode: Direct Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis of H2O2 (Lei Zhang, Lei Shi, Wei Song, and Yi-Tao Long). Liquid Phase Patterning and Morphology Control of Metal Oxides (Yoshitake Masuda). Role of Nano-Structured Domain Derived from Organically Modified Silicate in Electrocatalysis (P. C. Pandey, D. S. Chauhan, and V. Singh). Individual Metal Oxide Nanowires in Chemical Sensing: Breakthroughs, Challenges and Prospects (J. D. Prades, R. Jimenez-Diaz, F. Hernandez-Ramirez, A. Cirera, A. Romano-Rodriguez, S. Mathur, and J. R. Morante). Preparation and Their Mechanical Properties of Al2O3/Ti Composite Materials (Enrique Rocha-Rangel, Elizabeth Refugio-García, José G. Miranda-Hernández, Eduardo Térres-Rojas, and Sebastián Díaz de la Torre). Biphasic Nano-Materials and Applications in Life Sciences: 1D Al/Al2O3 Nanostructures for Improved Neuron Cell Culturing (M. Veith, O. C. Aktas, J. Lee, M. M. Miró, C. K. Akkan). Bioactive Glass-Ceramic/Mesoporous Silica Composite Scaffolds for Bone Grafting and Drug Release (Enrica Verné, Francesco Baino, Marta Miola, Giorgia Novajra, Renato Mortera, Barbara Onida, Chiara Vitale-Brovarone). Comparison of Oxide and Nitride Thin Films—Electrochemical Impedance Measurements and Materials Properties (Y. Liu, C. Qu, R.E. Miller, D.D. Edwards, J.H. Fan, P .Li, E. Pierce, A. Geleil, G. Wynick, and X. W. Wang). Synthesis of PbTe Nanowires with Enhanced Seebeck Coefficient (Wenwen Zhou, Hao Cheng, Aidong Li, Huey Hoon Hng, Jan Ma, and Qingyu Yan). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book supplies the long awaited revision of the bestseller on heat conduction, replacing some of the coverage of numerical methods with content on micro- and nano-scale heat transfer. Extensive problems, cases, and examples have been thoroughly updated, and a solutions manual is available.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Preface to Second Edition xvii 1 Heat Conduction Fundamentals 1 1-1 The Heat Flux 2 1-2 Thermal Conductivity 4 1-3 Differential Equation of Heat Conduction 6 1-4 Fourier’s Law and the Heat Equation in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinate Systems 14 1-5 General Boundary Conditions and Initial Condition for the Heat Equation 16 1-6 Nondimensional Analysis of the Heat Conduction Equation 25 1-7 Heat Conduction Equation for Anisotropic Medium 27 1-8 Lumped and Partially Lumped Formulation 29 References 36 Problems 37 2 Orthogonal Functions, Boundary Value Problems, and the Fourier Series 40 2-1 Orthogonal Functions 40 2-2 Boundary Value Problems 41 2-3 The Fourier Series 60 2-4 Computation of Eigenvalues 63 2-5 Fourier Integrals 67 References 73 Problems 73 3 Separation of Variables in the Rectangular Coordinate System 75 3-1 Basic Concepts in the Separation of Variables Method 75 3-2 Generalization to Multidimensional Problems 85 3-3 Solution of Multidimensional Homogenous Problems 86 3-4 Multidimensional Nonhomogeneous Problems: Method of Superposition 98 3-5 Product Solution 112 3-6 Capstone Problem 116 References 123 Problems 124 4 Separation of Variables in the Cylindrical Coordinate System 128 4-1 Separation of Heat Conduction Equation in the Cylindrical Coordinate System 128 4-2 Solution of Steady-State Problems 131 4-3 Solution of Transient Problems 151 4-4 Capstone Problem 167 References 179 Problems 179 5 Separation of Variables in the Spherical Coordinate System 183 5-1 Separation of Heat Conduction Equation in the Spherical Coordinate System 183 5-2 Solution of Steady-State Problems 188 5-3 Solution of Transient Problems 194 5-4 Capstone Problem 221 References 233 Problems 233 Notes 235 6 Solution of the Heat Equation for Semi-Infinite and Infinite Domains 236 6-1 One-Dimensional Homogeneous Problems in a Semi-Infinite Medium for the Cartesian Coordinate System 236 6-2 Multidimensional Homogeneous Problems in a Semi-Infinite Medium for the Cartesian Coordinate System 247 6-3 One-Dimensional Homogeneous Problems in An Infinite Medium for the Cartesian Coordinate System 255 6-4 One-Dimensional homogeneous Problems in a Semi-Infinite Medium for the Cylindrical Coordinate System 260 6-5 Two-Dimensional Homogeneous Problems in a Semi-Infinite Medium for the Cylindrical Coordinate System 265 6-6 One-Dimensional Homogeneous Problems in a Semi-Infinite Medium for the Spherical Coordinate System 268 References 271 Problems 271 7 Use of Duhamel’s Theorem 273 7-1 Development of Duhamel’s Theorem for Continuous Time-Dependent Boundary Conditions 273 7-2 Treatment of Discontinuities 276 7-3 General Statement of Duhamel’s Theorem 278 7-4 Applications of Duhamel’s Theorem 281 7-5 Applications of Duhamel’s Theorem for Internal Energy Generation 294 References 296 Problems 297 8 Use of Green’s Function for Solution of Heat Conduction Problems 300 8-1 Green’s Function Approach for Solving Nonhomogeneous Transient Heat Conduction 300 8-2 Determination of Green’s Functions 306 8-3 Representation of Point, Line, and Surface Heat Sources with Delta Functions 312 8-4 Applications of Green’s Function in the Rectangular Coordinate System 317 8-5 Applications of Green’s Function in the Cylindrical Coordinate System 329 8-6 Applications of Green’s Function in the Spherical Coordinate System 335 8-7 Products of Green’s Functions 344 References 349 Problems 349 9 Use of the Laplace Transform 355 9-1 Definition of Laplace Transformation 356 9-2 Properties of Laplace Transform 357 9-3 Inversion of Laplace Transform Using the Inversion Tables 365 9-4 Application of the Laplace Transform in the Solution of Time-Dependent Heat Conduction Problems 372 9-5 Approximations for Small Times 382 References 390 Problems 390 10 One-Dimensional Composite Medium 393 10-1 Mathematical Formulation of One-Dimensional Transient Heat Conduction in a Composite Medium 393 10-2 Transformation of Nonhomogeneous Boundary Conditions into Homogeneous Ones 395 10-3 Orthogonal Expansion Technique for Solving M-Layer Homogeneous Problems 401 10-4 Determination of Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues 407 10-5 Applications of Orthogonal Expansion Technique 410 10-6 Green’s Function Approach for Solving Nonhomogeneous Problems 418 10-7 Use of Laplace Transform for Solving Semi-Infinite and Infinite Medium Problems 424 References 429 Problems 430 11 Moving Heat Source Problems 433 11-1 Mathematical Modeling of Moving Heat Source Problems 434 11-2 One-Dimensional Quasi-Stationary Plane Heat Source Problem 439 11-3 Two-Dimensional Quasi-Stationary Line Heat Source Problem 443 11-4 Two-Dimensional Quasi-Stationary Ring Heat Source Problem 445 References 449 Problems 450 12 Phase-Change Problems 452 12-1 Mathematical Formulation of Phase-Change Problems 454 12-2 Exact Solution of Phase-Change Problems 461 12-3 Integral Method of Solution of Phase-Change Problems 474 12-4 Variable Time Step Method for Solving Phase-Change Problems: A Numerical Solution 478 12-5 Enthalpy Method for Solution of Phase-Change Problems: A Numerical Solution 484 References 490 Problems 493 Note 495 13 Approximate Analytic Methods 496 13-1 Integral Method: Basic Concepts 496 13-2 Integral Method: Application to Linear Transient Heat Conduction in a Semi-Infinite Medium 498 13-3 Integral Method: Application to Nonlinear Transient Heat Conduction 508 13-4 Integral Method: Application to a Finite Region 512 13-5 Approximate Analytic Methods of Residuals 516 13-6 The Galerkin Method 521 13-7 Partial Integration 533 13-8 Application to Transient Problems 538 References 542 Problems 544 14 Integral Transform Technique 547 14-1 Use of Integral Transform in the Solution of Heat Conduction Problems 548 14-2 Applications in the Rectangular Coordinate System 556 14-3 Applications in the Cylindrical Coordinate System 572 14-4 Applications in the Spherical Coordinate System 589 14-5 Applications in the Solution of Steady-state problems 599 References 602 Problems 603 Notes 607 15 Heat Conduction in Anisotropic Solids 614 15-1 Heat Flux for Anisotropic Solids 615 15-2 Heat Conduction Equation for Anisotropic Solids 617 15-3 Boundary Conditions 618 15-4 Thermal Resistivity Coefficients 620 15-5 Determination of Principal Conductivities and Principal Axes 621 15-6 Conductivity Matrix for Crystal Systems 623 15-7 Transformation of Heat Conduction Equation for Orthotropic Medium 624 15-8 Some Special Cases 625 15-9 Heat Conduction in an Orthotropic Medium 628 15-10 Multidimensional Heat Conduction in an Anisotropic Medium 637 References 645 Problems 647 Notes 649 16 Introduction to Microscale Heat Conduction 651 16-1 Microstructure and Relevant Length Scales 652 16-2 Physics of Energy Carriers 656 16-3 Energy Storage and Transport 661 16-4 Limitations of Fourier’s Law and the First Regime of Microscale Heat Transfer 667 16-5 Solutions and Approximations for the First Regime of Microscale Heat Transfer 672 16-6 Second and Third Regimes of Microscale Heat Transfer 676 16-7 Summary Remarks 676 References 676 Appendixes 679 Appendix I Physical Properties 681 Table I-1 Physical Properties of Metals 681 Table I-2 Physical Properties of Nonmetals 683 Table I-3 Physical Properties of Insulating Materials 684 Appendix II Roots of Transcendental Equations 685 Appendix III Error Functions 688 Appendix IV Bessel Functions 691 Table IV-1 Numerical Values of Bessel Functions 696 Table IV-2 First 10 Roots of Jn(z) = 0, n = 0,1,2,3,4,5 704 Table IV-3 First Six Roots of βJ1(β) − cJ0(β) = 0 705 Table IV-4 First Five Roots of J0(β)Y0(cβ) − Y0(β)J0(cβ) = 0 706 Appendix V Numerical Values of Legendre Polynomials of the First Kind 707 Appendix VI Properties of Delta Functions 710 Index 713

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Book SynopsisContributions from three Focused Sessions that were part of the 34th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC), in Daytona Beach, FL, January 24-29, 2010 are presented in this volume. The broad range of topics is captured by the Focused Session titles, which are listed as follows: FS1 - Geopolymers and other Inorganic Polymers; FS3 - Computational Design, Modeling Simulation and Characterization of Ceramics and Composites; and FS4 - Nanolaminated Ternary Carbides and Nitrides (MAX Phases). The session on Geopolymers and other Inorganic Polymers continues to attract growing attention from international researchers (USA, Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Czech Republic, and Viet Nam) and it is encouraging to see the variety of established and new applications being found for these novel and potentially useful materials. The session organizer gratefully acknowledges the support of the US Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xi GEOPOLYMERS AND OTHER INORGANIC POLYMERS Geomaterial Foam to Reinforce Wood 3 E. Prud'homme, P. Michaud, C. Peyratout, A. Smith, S. Rossignol, E. Joussein, and N. Sauvât Effect of Curing Conditions on the Porosity Characteristics of Metakaolin-Fly Ash Geopolymers 11 Tammy L. Metroke, Michael V. Henley, and Michael I. Hammons New Insights on Geopolymerisation using Molybdate, Raman, and Infrared Spectroscopy 17 C. H. Rüscher, E. Mielcarek, J. Wongpa, F. Jirasit, and W. Lutz Transformation of Polysialate Matrixes from Al-Rich and Si-Rich Metakaolins: Polycondensation and Physico-Chemical Properties 35 Elie Kamseu and Cristina Leonelli Effect of High Tensile Strength Polypropylene Chopped Fiber Reinforcements on the Mechanical Properties of Sodium Based Geopolymer Composites 47 Daniel R. Lowry and Waltraud M. Kriven Properties of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Geopolymer Composites 51 E. Rill, D. R. Lowry, and W. M. Kriven Novel Applications of Metal-Geopolymers 69 Oleg Bortnovsky, Petr Bezucha, Petr Sazama, Jiri Dëdecek, Zdena Tvarùzkovâ, and Zdenék Sobalik Making Foamed Concretes from Fly Ash Based on Geopolymer Method 83 Nhi Tuan Pham and Hoang Huy Le Preparation of Electrically Conductive Materials Based on Geopolymers with Graphite 91 Z. Cerny, I. Jakubec, P. Bezdicka, L. Sulc, J. Machacek, J. Bludskâ, and P. Roubicek Effect of Synthesis Parameters and Post-Cure Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Geopolymers Containing Slag 101 Tammy L. Metroke, Brian Evans, Jeff Eichler, Michael I. Hammons, and Michael V. Henley COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN, MODELING, SIMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION Electronic Structure and Band-Gaps of Eu-Doped LaSi3N5 Ternary Nitrides 109 L. Benco, Z. Lences, and P. Sajgalik First Principle Molecular Dynamic Simulations of Oxygen Plasma Etching of Organosilicate Low Dielectric Materials 119 Jincheng Du and Mrunal Chaudhari Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation of Cation Diffusion in Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia 127 Brian Good Dynamic Neutron Diffraction Study of Thermal Stability and Self-Recovery in Aluminium Titanate 139 I. M. Low and Z. Oo NANOLAMINATED TERNARY CARBIDES AND NITRIDES Titanium and Aluminium Based Compounds as a Precursor for SHSofTi2AIN 153 L. Chlubny, J. Lis, and M. M. Bucko Investigations on the Oxidation Behavior of Max-Phase Based Ti2AIC Coatings on 7-TiAI 161 Maik Fröhlich Study of High-Temperature Thermal Stability of Max Phases in Vacuum 171 I. M. Low, W. K. Pang, S. J. Kennedy, and R. I. Smith Detection of Amorphous Silica in Oxidized Maxthal Ti3SiC2 at 500-1000°C 181 W. K. Pang, I. M. Low, J. V. Hanna, and J. P. Palmquist Author Index 191

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Book SynopsisSkillfully introducing the basic concepts of nanomaterials and devices fabricated from these nanomaterials, Introduction to Semiconductor Nanomaterials and Devices applies traditional physics concepts to explain new phenomena encountered in cutting-edge research fields, such as plasmon-photon interaction, in nanotechnology and nanoscience.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Fundamental Constants xvii 1 Growth of Bulk, Thin Films, and Nanomaterials 1 1.1 Introduction, 1 1.2 Growth of Bulk Semiconductors, 5 1.2.1 Liquid-Encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) Method, 5 1.2.2 Horizontal Bridgman Method, 11 1.2.3 Float-Zone Growth Method, 14 1.2.4 Lely Growth Method, 16 1.3 Growth of Semiconductor Thin Films, 18 1.3.1 Liquid-Phase Epitaxy Method, 19 1.3.2 Vapor-Phase Epitaxy Method, 20 1.3.3 Hydride Vapor-Phase Epitaxial Growth of Thick GaN Layers, 22 1.3.4 Pulsed Laser Deposition Technique, 25 1.3.5 Molecular Beam Epitaxy Growth Technique, 27 1.4 Fabrication and Growth of Semiconductor Nanomaterials, 46 1.4.1 Nucleation, 47 1.4.2 Fabrications of Quantum Dots, 55 1.4.3 Epitaxial Growth of Self-Assembly Quantum Dots, 56 1.5 Colloidal Growth of Nanocrystals, 61 1.6 Summary, 63 Problems, 64 Bibliography, 67 2 Application of Quantum Mechanics to Nanomaterial Structures 68 2.1 Introduction, 68 2.2 The de Broglie Relation, 71 2.3 Wave Functions and Schr¨odinger Equation, 72 2.4 Dirac Notation, 74 2.4.1 Action of a Linear Operator on a Bra, 77 2.4.2 Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions of an Operator, 78 2.4.3 The Dirac δ-Function, 78 2.4.4 Fourier Series and Fourier Transform in Quantum Mechanics, 81 2.5 Variational Method, 82 2.6 Stationary States of a Particle in a Potential Step, 83 2.7 Potential Barrier with a Finite Height, 88 2.8 Potential Well with an Infinite Depth, 92 2.9 Finite Depth Potential Well, 94 2.10 Unbound Motion of a Particle (E > V0) in a Potential Well With a Finite Depth, 98 2.11 Triangular Potential Well, 100 2.12 Delta Function Potentials, 103 2.13 Transmission in Finite Double Barrier Potential Wells, 108 2.14 Envelope Function Approximation, 112 2.15 Periodic Potential, 117 2.15.1 Bloch’s Theorem, 119 2.15.2 The Kronig–Penney Model, 119 2.15.3 One-Electron Approximation in a Periodic Dirac δ-Function, 123 2.15.4 Superlattices, 126 2.16 Effective Mass, 130 2.17 Summary, 131 Problems, 132 Bibliography, 134 3 Density of States in Semiconductor Materials 135 3.1 Introduction, 135 3.2 Distribution Functions, 138 3.3 Maxwell–Boltzmann Statistic, 139 3.4 Fermi–Dirac Statistics, 142 3.5 Bose–Einstein Statistics, 145 3.6 Density of States, 146 3.7 Density of States of Quantum Wells, Wires, and Dots, 152 3.7.1 Quantum Wells, 152 3.7.2 Quantum Wires, 155 3.7.3 Quantum Dots, 158 3.8 Density of States of Other Systems, 159 3.8.1 Superlattices, 160 3.8.2 Density of States of Bulk Electrons in the Presence of a Magnetic Field, 161 3.8.3 Density of States in the Presence of an Electric Field, 163 3.9 Summary, 168 Problems, 168 Bibliography, 170 4 Optical Properties 171 4.1 Fundamentals, 172 4.2 Lorentz and Drude Models, 176 4.3 The Optical Absorption Coefficient of the Interband Transition in Direct Band Gap Semiconductors, 179 4.4 The Optical Absorption Coefficient of the Interband Transition in Indirect Band Gap Semiconductors, 185 4.5 The Optical Absorption Coefficient of the Interband Transition in Quantum Wells, 186 4.6 The Optical Absorption Coefficient of the Interband Transition in Type II Superlattices, 189 4.7 The Optical Absorption Coefficient of the Intersubband Transition in Multiple Quantum Wells, 191 4.8 The Optical Absorption Coefficient of the Intersubband Transition in GaN/AlGaN Multiple Quantum Wells, 196 4.9 Electronic Transitions in Multiple Quantum Dots, 197 4.10 Selection Rules, 201 4.10.1 Electron–Photon Coupling of Intersubband Transitions in Multiple Quantum Wells, 201 4.10.2 Intersubband Transition in Multiple Quantum Wells, 202 4.10.3 Interband Transition, 202 4.11 Excitons, 204 4.11.1 Excitons in Bulk Semiconductors, 205 4.11.2 Excitons in Quantum Wells, 211 4.11.3 Excitons in Quantum Dots, 213 4.12 Cyclotron Resonance, 214 4.13 Photoluminescence, 220 4.14 Basic Concepts of Photoconductivity, 225 4.15 Summary, 229 Problems, 230 Bibliography, 232 5 Electrical and Transport Properties 233 5.1 Introduction, 233 5.2 The Hall Effect, 237 5.3 Quantum Hall and Shubnikov-de Haas Effects, 241 5.3.1 Shubnikov-de Haas Effect, 243 5.3.2 Quantum Hall Effect, 246 5.4 Charge Carrier Transport in Bulk Semiconductors, 249 5.4.1 Drift Current Density, 249 5.4.2 Diffusion Current Density, 254 5.4.3 Generation and Recombination, 257 5.4.4 Continuity Equation, 259 5.5 Boltzmann Transport Equation, 264 5.6 Derivation of Transport Coefficients Using the Boltzmann Transport Equation, 268 5.6.1 Electrical Conductivity and Mobility in n-type Semiconductors, 270 5.6.2 Hall Coefficient, RH, 273 5.7 Scattering Mechanisms in Bulk Semiconductors, 274 5.7.1 Scattering from an Ionized Impurity, 276 5.7.2 Scattering from a Neutral Impurity, 277 5.7.3 Scattering from Acoustic Phonons: Deformation Potential, 277 5.7.4 Scattering from Acoustic Phonons: Piezoelectric Potential, 278 5.7.5 Optical Phonon Scattering: Polar and Nonpolar, 278 5.7.6 Scattering from Short-Range Potentials, 279 5.7.7 Scattering from Dipoles, 281 5.8 Scattering in a Two-Dimensional Electron Gas, 281 5.8.1 Scattering by Remote Ionized Impurities, 283 5.8.2 Scattering by Interface Roughness, 285 5.8.3 Electron–Electron Scattering, 286 5.9 Coherence and Mesoscopic Systems, 287 5.10 Summary, 293 Problems, 294 Bibliography, 297 6 Electronic Devices 298 6.1 Introduction, 298 6.2 Schottky Diode, 301 6.3 Metal–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MESFETs), 305 6.4 Junction Field-Effect Transistor (JFET), 314 6.5 Heterojunction Field-Effect Transistors (HFETs), 318 6.6 GaN/AlGaN Heterojunction Field-Effect Transistors (HFETs), 322 6.7 Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors (HBTs), 325 6.8 Tunneling Electron Transistors, 328 6.9 The p–n Junction Tunneling Diode, 329 6.10 Resonant Tunneling Diodes, 334 6.11 Coulomb Blockade, 338 6.12 Single-Electron Transistor, 340 6.13 Summary, 353 Problems, 354 Bibliography, 357 7 Optoelectronic Devices 359 7.1 Introduction, 359 7.2 Infrared Quantum Detectors, 361 7.2.1 Figures of Merit, 361 7.2.2 Noise in Photodetectors, 366 7.2.3 Multiple Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors (QWIPs), 369 7.2.4 Infrared Photodetectors Based on Multiple Quantum Dots, 380 7.3 Light-Emitting Diodes, 387 7.4 Semiconductor Lasers, 392 7.4.1 Basic Principles, 392 7.4.2 Semiconductor Heterojunction Lasers, 399 7.4.3 Quantum Well Edge-Emitting Lasers, 403 7.4.4 Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers, 406 7.4.5 Quantum Cascade Lasers, 409 7.4.6 Quantum Dots Lasers, 412 7.5 Summary, 416 Problems, 418 Bibliography, 419 Appendix A Derivation of Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 420 Appendix B Perturbation 424 Bibliography, 428 Appendix C Angular Momentum 429 Appendix D Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) Approximation 431 Bibliography, 436 Appendix E Parabolic Potential Well 437 Bibliography, 441 Appendix F Transmission Coefficient in Superlattices 442 Appendix G Lattice Vibrations and Phonons 445 Bibliography, 455 Appendix H Tunneling Through Potential Barriers 456 Bibliography, 461 Index 463

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Book SynopsisDuring the past decades, understanding of the science and technology powering electronic materials has played a major role in satisfying social needs by developing electronic devices for automotive, telecommunications, military, and medical applications. This volume contains a collection of selected papers from the international symposia on Advanced Dielectric Materials and Electronic Devices and Ferroelectrics and Multiferroics presented during the Material Science and Technology conference held in Pittsburgh in October 2009. It is a one-stop resource for academics on the most important issues in advances in electroceramic materials.Trade Review"Advances in Electroceramic Materials II: Ceramic Transactions, Volume 221" During the past decades, understanding of the science and technology powering electronic materials has played a major role in satisfying social needs by developing electronic devices for automotive, telecommunications, military, and medical applications." (World News, 8 February 2011) Table of ContentsPreface. Design, Synthesis and Properties. Barium Titanate Stannate Functionally Graded Materials: Choosing of the Ti/Sn Concentration Gradient and the Influence of the Gradient on Electrical Properties (S. Markovic and D. Uskokovic). Barium Titanate and Cobalt Ferrite Nano-Particles Decorated SiCN/MWCNT Nanotubes: Synthesis and Microstructural Characterization (Vishwas Bedekar, Gurpreet Singh, Roop Mahajan, and Shashank Priya). Synthesis, Structural and Electrical Properties of the Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–K0.5Bi0.5TiO3 Ceramic System (Jakob König, Mojca Otonicar, Sreco D. Skapin, and Danilo Suvorov). Improvement of Electric Properties of (K,Na)NbO3 and (K,Na)(Nb, Ta)O3 Based Lead-Free Piezoelectrics (Kochi Kukuta, Yoshiki Watanabe, Shun Kondo, Takeshi Asano, Jun Sakai, and Makoto Suzuki). Structural and Electrical Characterization of Lead-Free (1-x)(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3-xBaTiO3 Piezoelectric Ceramics (Deepam Maurya, Cheol-Woo Ahn, and Shashank Priya). Temperature Dependences of Piezoelectric Properties of Textured (Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3–BaTiO3 Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics (Hahime Nagata, Masahiro Menoto, Yuji Hiruma, and Tadashi Takenaka). Structure and Dielectric Properties of Tellurium Oxide-Based Materials (N. Berkaïne, J. Cornette, D. Hamani, P. Thomas, O. Masson, A. Mirgorodsky, J. Colas, J.R. Ducière, T. Merle-Méjean, J.-C. Champarnaud-Mesjard, M. Smirnov, V. Couderc, T. Cardinal, and E. Fargin). Dielectric Anisotropy of Ferroelectric Single Crystals in Microwave C-Band by Cavity Vectorial Perturbation Method (Robert McIntosh, Amar Bhalla, and Ruyan Guo). Characterization and Microstructure Evolution in Er-Doped BaTiO3 Ceramics (V. Mitic, V.B. Pavolovic, V. Paunovic, Lj. Kocic, and Lj. Zivkovic.). Improvement of the Dielectric Properties of Tunable (Ba,Sr)TiO3–MgO Composites by Decreasing Heterogeneous Diffusion (Romaine Costs, Michel Paté, and Jean-Pierre Ganne). High Thermal Conductivity A/N Materials (Isabel K. Lloyd). Metal-Encapsulation of Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles (Su-Chul Yang, Cheol-Woo Ahn, Chee-Sung Park, Yaodong Yang, Dwight Viehland, and Shashank Priya). Applications and Devices. Optical and Electrical Single Crystals for UV/VUV Applications (K. Shimamura, E.G. Villora, and N. Ichinose). Microanalyses for Piezoresistive Effect on Actual and Modeled Interfaces of RuO2-Glass Thick Film Resistors (M. Totokawa and T. Tani). Lead-Free Piezoelectric Materials for Sensors, Capacitors, and Actuators (Cheol-Woo Ahn, Deepam Maurya, Alex O. Aning, and Shashank Priya). Processing Issues in Pulse DC Sputtering of Vanadium Oxide This Films for Uncooled Infrared Detectors (S.S.N. Bharadwaja, C. Venkatasubramanyam, N. Fieldhouse, B. Gauntt, Myung Yoon Lee, S. Ashok, E.C. Dickey, T.N. Jackson, and M. Horn). Semiconducting Metal Oxides as Oxygen Sensor (Wei Wu, David W. Greene, and Irving J. Oppenheim). Introduction of Embossed Diaphragm in an Integrated Optical and Electronic Sensor (Ivan Padron, Anthony T. Fiory, and Nuggehalli M. Ravindra). Optical Line Width in Quantum Dots and Nanodevices (Karel Kral and Miroslav Mensik). DuPontTM Green TapeTM 9K7 Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) Low Loss Dielectric System for High Frequency Microwave Applications (K. M. Nair, M. F. McCombs, K. E. Souders, J. M. Parisi, K. H. Hang, D. M. Nair, and S. C. Beers). Polyvinvylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Piezoelectric for Intravascular Monitoring of Blood Pressure and Arterial Blood Flow Rate (Juan P. Tamez, Hsiao-Yuan Wang, Amar Bhalla, and Ruyan Guo). Indirect Template Method of Magnetic Field Assisted Assembly (Rene D. Rivero, Ivan Padron, Michael R. Booty, Anthony T. Fiory, and N.M. Ravindra). Recent Developments in Thermoelectric Metrology at NIST (W. Wong-Ng, J. Martin, E. L. Thomas, M. Otani, N. Lowhorn, M. Green, G. Liu, Y.G. Yan, J. Hattick-Simpers, and T. Tran). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisContributions from the 34th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC), held in Daytona Beach, FL, January 24-29, 2010, are presented in this volume.Table of ContentsPreface vii Graphene Encapsulated Gold Nanoparticles and Their Characterization 1Junchi Wu and Nitin Chopra A Surfactant-Assisted Solid-State Synthesis of BaTi03 from BaC03 and Ti02 9Yu-Lun Chang, and Hsing-I Hsiang Morphological Stability of Gold Nanoparticles on Titania Nanoparticles 23M. Nahar and D. Kovar Synthesis of Nanostructured Mesoporous Ordered Silica Supported Fe203 Nanoparticles for Water Purification 31Sawsan A. Mahmoud and Heba M. Gobara Patterning by Focused Ion Beam Assisted Anodization 47J. Zhao, K. Lu, B. Chen, and Z. Tian Agricultural-Waste Nano-Particle Synthesis Templates for Hydrogen Storage 57William L Bradbury and Eugene A. Olevsky Synthesis, Structural and Mechanical Characterization of Artificial Nanocomposites 69Yong Sun, Zaiwang Huang, and Xiaodong Li Properties of Freeze-Casted Composites of Silica and Kaoiinite 79J. Walz and K. Lu Controlled Processing of Bulk Assembling of Nanoparticles of Titania 87M. Jitianu, J. K. Ko, S. Miller, C. Rohn, and Ft. A. Haber Phase Transition and Consolidation of Colloidal Nanoparticles 101Yoshihiro Hirata, Naoki Matsunaga, and Soichiro Sameshima Thin Film Nanocomposites for Thermoelectric Applications 113Otto J. Gregory, Ximing Chen, Matin Amani, Brian Monteiro, and Andrew Carracia Indium Tin Oxide Nanosized Transparent Conductive Thin Films Obtained by Sputtering from Large Size Planar and Rotary Targets 125E. Medvedovski, C.J. Szepesi, O. Yankov, and P. Lippens Engineered Oxide Nanofilms Prepared from Solutions at Relatively Low Temperatures 147Arvid Pasto, Michael Pozvonkov, Morgan Spears, Evan Hyde, and Mark Deininger Experimental Study of Structural Zone Model for Composite Thin Films in Magnetic Recording Media Application 161Hua Yuan and David E. Laughlin Process Optimization of Ion Plating Nickel-Copper-Silver Thin Film Deposition 169Mike Danyluk Author Index 187

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Book SynopsisDesigning Engineers First Editionis written in short modules, where each module is built around a specific learning outcome and is cross-referenced to the other modules that should be read as pre-requisites, and could be read in tandem with or following that module. The book begins with a brief orientation to the design process, followed by coverage of the design process in a series of short modules. The rest of the book contains a set of modules organized in several major categories: Communication & Critical Thinking, Teamwork & Project Management, and Design for Specific Factors (e.g. environmental, human factors, intellectual property). A resource section provides brief reference material on economics, failure and risk, probability and statistics, principles & problem solving, and estimation.Table of ContentsPreface v Part 1 How Engineers Design 0 Introduction 1 Design Process Overview 5 Project Phases 10 Communicating throughout the Process 14 What Engineers Design 18 How Engineering Projects Are Initiated 22 Navigating the Engineering Design Process 27 Engineering School Projects 32 Part 2 Design Process 34 Requirements Introduction to Requirements 35 Functions 43 Objectives 50 Constraints 56 Documenting the Context 61 Describing Stakeholders 69 Describing Users, Operators, and Clients 76 Characteristics of Good Requirements 83 Summary: Putting It All Together 92 Functional Basis 96 Multi-use Design Tools Black Box Method 101 Decomposition 104 Information Gathering 108 Benchmarking 115 Pairwise Comparison 122 Idea Generation Introduction to Idea Generation 125 Brainstorming 128 Creativity Methods 134 Morphological Charts, Analogy, and TRIZ 140 Decision-making Design Evaluation and Selection 144 Selecting a Design Solutiona 150 Decision Methods for Teams 160 Iterating Stages in Iteration: Generate, Select, Reflect 163 Suggested Iteration Process 167 Reflection Considerations for Iteration 173 Investigating Ideas Using Metrics 177 Investigating Ideas through Models and Prototypes 180 Feasibility Checking 185 Routine Design 189 Post-Conceptual Design Intermediate Design 194 Final Design 202 Post-Final Design Engineering 213 Part 3 Implementing a Project 218 Working in Teams Introduction to Teamwork 219 Organizing 225 Tools for Organizing 230 Producing 237 Managing Teams 240 Management Strategies 247 Sample Team Documents 253 Project Management Introduction to Project Management 261 Project Management Concepts 267 Creating a Project Plan 273 Estimating Cost and Time 279 Project Cycle (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Monitoring a Project (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Project Analysis (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Advanced Tools and Methods (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Personal Management (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) MS Project Instructions 284 Client Interaction Client Meetings (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Asking Questions and Listening (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Critical Thinking Basic Concepts 293 Critical Thinking in Design Documents 300 Making and Supporting Statements Effectively 306 Skeptical Thinking 313 Communication Engineering Communication 318 Organizing Communication 323 Putting Together an Engineering Report (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Diagrammatic Elements 330 Using Pictures and Photographs 339 Influencers of Communication 344 Organizing Presentations 349 Effective Slides 354 Part 4 Design for X 360 Durability Design for Durability 361 The Environment Design for the Environment: Introduction 365 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 369 LCA Goal Definition and Scoping 375 LCA Inventory Analysis 382 LCA Impact and Improvement 388 Sustainability 396 Flexibility Design for Flexibility: Introduction 401 Managing Flexibility 408 Human Factors Design for Human Factors: Introduction 413 Task Analysis 420 Use Case Method 426 Concept of Operations 433 Intellectual Property Design for Intellectual Property: Introduction 438 Principles of Patentability 444 Intellectual Property in the Design Process 449 Frisbee Patents 454 Manufacture Design for Manufacture: Introduction 460 Manufacturing Process Choices 468 Safety Design for Safety: Introduction 475 Identifying Hazards 481 Safety in the Design Process 486 Workplace Safety 495 Testing & Maintenance Design for Testing and Maintenance (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Part 5 Resources 498 Principles and Problem Solving Problem Spectrum: Open, Constrained, and Closed (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Solving Closed Problems (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Writing up a Problem Solution (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Significant Figures (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Conservation of Mass and Energy (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Estimation Introduction to Estimation 499 Estimation Techniques 504 Estimating Cost and Labor 515 Estimation Confidence 518 Probability & Statistics Introduction to Probability and Statistics (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Discrete Distributions (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Continuous Distributions (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Fitting a Line (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Uses (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Economics Introduction to Economics 523 Time and Money Calculations 528 Project Decisions 532 Types of Costs and Revenues 540 Payback 546 Failure & Risk Introduction to Failure and Risk 550 Handling Risk 555 Why Things Fail 563 Part 6 Case Studies 570 Aerial Photography 571 The Razor Sole Skate (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) A Video Titler for Sewer Inspection (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) The Steam Whistle Brewery (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Selling Flowers (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Sample Design Briefs (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Historic Design Failures (see www.wiley.com/college/mccahan) Glossary 577 Index 601

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Book SynopsisThis book is a practical handbook for engineers and maintenance staff responsible for the upkeep of power generating stations that use salient pole electric machines. The contents include real-world examples such as large vertical hydro generators, as well as related problems and solutions.Trade ReviewHydro generators have been an essential part of the world’s electrical supply for over 100 years and have a power output up to about 1,000 MW. To our knowledge, this is the first book that is specifically focused on how to operate, test, and maintain such machines. This book has a similar format to the well-regarded book Handbook of Large Turbo Generator Operation and Maintenance, written by two of the authors of the hydro generator book (Kerszenbaum and Klempner). This book will be of interest to readers of this magazine because there is a significant focus on the electrical insulation used in hydro generator rotor and stator windings. The main authors are Mottershead and Bomben, who have extensive experience in hydro generator design and operation, respectively. These authors are well known from published papers and their work on IEEE standards working groups. Bomben is currently the chair of the Board of Governors for the IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference. Handbook of Large Hydro Generators: Operation and Maintenance is a practical handbook for engineers and maintenance staff responsible for the upkeep of large salient-pole hydro generators and pumped-storage generators. It first presents the physics and design of large vertical salient-pole generators. The book then offers readers real-world experience, problem description, and solutions, while teaching them about the design, modernization, inspections, maintenance, and operation of salient-pole machines. One of the best aspects are the explanations of what to look for when doing inspections of the rotor and stators. The book also covers generator protection and auxiliary systems inspection. The final two chapters are dedicated to maintenance and testing, and maintenance philosophies, upgrades, and uprates. Perhaps in a future version of this book they will discuss how to repair hydro generators in more detail. The handbook includes over 420 full color photos and 180 illustrations, forms, and tables to complement the topics covered in the chapters. Every hydro generating plant in the world should have a copy of this book.- John Shea, IEEE DEIS Magazine Book ReviewsTable of ContentsPreface xi About the Authors xv Acknowledgments xvii Chapter 1 Principles of Operation of Synchronous Machines 1 1.1 Introduction to Basic Notions on Electric Power 1 1.2 Electrical–Mechanical Equivalence 6 1.3 Alternating Current (AC) 6 1.4 Three-Phase Circuits 13 1.5 Basic Principles of Machine Operation 14 1.6 The Synchronous Machine 18 1.7 Synchronous Machine: Basic Operation 23 Chapter 2 Generator Design and Construction 35 2.1 Stator Core 36 2.2 Stator Frame 50 2.3 Electromagnetics 54 2.4 Core-End Heating 62 2.5 Flux and Armature Reaction 62 2.6 Stator Core and Frame Forces 64 2.7 Stator Windings 65 2.8 Stator Winding Wedges 79 2.9 Endwinding Support Systems 85 2.10 Stator Winding Configurations 86 2.11 Stator Terminal Connections 88 2.12 Rotor Rim 91 2.13 Rotor Spider/Drum 103 2.14 Rotor Pole Body 106 2.15 Rotor Winding and Insulation 110 2.16 Amortisseur Winding 116 2.17 Slip/Collector Rings and Brush Gear 119 2.18 Cooling Air 122 2.19 Rotor Fans/Blower 124 2.20 Rotor Inertia, Torque, and Torsional Stress 125 2.21 Thrust and Guide Bearings 128 Chapter 3 Generator Auxiliary Systems 157 3.1 Oil Systems 157 3.2 Stator Surface Air Cooling System 161 3.3 Bearing Cooling Coils and Water Supply 165 3.4 Stator Winding Direct Cooling Water System 167 3.5 Excitation Systems 171 3.6 Excitation System Performance Characteristics 174 Chapter 4 Operation and Control 177 4.1 Basic Operating Parameters 177 4.2 Operating Modes 188 4.3 Machine Curves 190 4.4 Special Operating Conditions 200 4.5 Basic Operation Concepts 208 4.6 System Considerations 225 4.7 Grid-Induced Torsional Vibrations 235 4.8 Excitation and Voltage Regulation 237 Chapter 5 Monitoring and Diagnostics 241 5.1 Generator Monitoring Philosophies 242 5.2 Simple Monitoring with Static High-Level Alarm Limits 243 5.3 Dynamic Monitoring with Load Varying Alarm Limits 244 5.4 Artificial Intelligence (AI) Diagnostic Systems 247 5.5 Monitored Parameters 250 5.6 Radio Frequency Monitoring 273 5.7 Capacitive Coupling 274 5.8 Stator Slot Coupler 276 5.9 Rotor 278 5.10 Excitation System 286 Chapter 6 Generator Protection 291 6.1 Basic Protection Philosophy 291 6.2 IEEE Device Number 295 6.3 Brief Description of Protective Functions 296 6.4 Tripping and Alarming Methods 307 Chapter 7 Inspection Practices and Methodology 311 7.1 Site Preparation 311 7.2 Experience and Training 314 7.3 Inspection Frequency 317 7.4 Generator Accessibility 318 7.5 Inspection Tools 319 7.6 Inspection Forms 321 Chapter 8 Stator Inspection 337 8.1 Stator Frame Soleplates 338 8.2 Stator Frame: General 349 8.3 Stator Core Air Ducts 354 8.4 Stator Core Laminations 356 8.5 Stator Core Clamping System 378 8.6 Stator Coils/Bars 389 8.7 Flow Restriction in Water Cooled Stator Windings 396 8.8 Stator Wedging System 398 8.9 Stator Endwinding 405 8.10 Main and Neutral End Leads, Cables, VTs, CTs, and Insulators 411 Chapter 9 Rotor Inspection 417 9.1 Rotor Spider with Shrunk Laminated Rims 419 9.2 Rotor Rim 430 9.3 Rotor Poles 436 9.4 Rotor Brakes 458 Chapter 10 Auxilliaries Inspection 465 10.1 Excitation: Field Breaker 465 10.2 Excitation: Static Exciter Components 470 10.3 Brushless Exciter 470 10.4 Static Exciter Transformer 472 10.5 Excitation: Rotating Exciters 473 10.6 Excitation: Sliprings, Commutator, and Brushes 481 10.7 Surface Air Coolers 499 10.8 Fire Protection 502 10.9 General Items 504 10.10 Thrust and Guide Bearing 507 10.11 Miscellaneous Auxiliaries 510 Chapter 11 Maintenance and Testing 513 11.1 Stator Core Mechanical 513 11.2 Stator Core Electrical Tests 518 11.3 Stator Winding Mechanical Tests 531 11.4 Stator Winding Electrical Tests 534 11.5 Rotor Mechanical Testing 568 11.6 Rotor Electrical Testing 583 11.7 Bearings 590 11.8 Heat-Run Testing 590 Chapter 12 Maintenance Philosophies, Upgrades, and Uprates 595 12.1 General Maintenance Philosophies 595 12.2 Operational and Maintenance History 597 12.3 Maintenance Intervals/Frequency 598 12.4 Planned Outages 599 12.5 Rehabilitation, Uprating/Upgrading and Life Extension 601 12.6 Excitation System Upgrades 611 12.7 Workforce 627 12.8 Spare Parts 628 12.9 Effect of Uprating on Generator Life 629 12.10 Required Information, Tests and Inspection Prior to Uprating/Upgrading 631 12.11 Maintenance Schedule After Uprating 632 Index 633

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Book SynopsisSmart structures that contain embedded piezoelectric patches are loaded by both mechanical and electrical fields. Traditional plate and shell theories were developed to analyze structures subject to mechanical loads. However, these often fail when tasked with the evaluation of both electrical and mechanical fields and loads. In recent years more advanced models have been developed that overcome these limitations. Plates and Shells for Smart Structures offers a complete guide and reference to smart structures under both mechanical and electrical loads, starting with the basic principles and working right up to the most advanced models. It provides an overview of classical plate and shell theories for piezoelectric elasticity and demonstrates their limitations in static and dynamic analysis with a number of example problems. This book also provides both analytical and finite element solutions, thus enabling the reader to compare strong and weak solutions to the problems. <Trade Review“The book is well written and would make an excellent textbook.” (Zentralblatt MATH, 1 December 2012)Table of ContentsAbout the Authors ix Preface xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Direct and inverse piezoelectric effects 2 1.2 Some known applications of smart structures 3 References 6 2 Basics of piezoelectricity and related principles 9 2.1 Piezoelectric materials 9 2.2 Constitutive equations for piezoelectric problems 14 2.3 Geometrical relations for piezoelectric problems 18 2.4 Principle of virtual displacements 20 2.4.1 PVD for the pure mechanical case 23 2.5 Reissner mixed variational theorem 23 2.5.1 RMVT(u, , σn) 24 2.5.2 RMVT(u, , Dn) 26 2.5.3 RMVT(u, , σn, Dn) 28 References 30 3 Classical plate/shell theories 33 3.1 Plate/shell theories 33 3.1.1 Three-dimensional problems 34 3.1.2 Two-dimensional approaches 34 3.2 Complicating effects of layered structures 37 3.2.1 In-plane anisotropy 38 3.2.2 Transverse anisotropy, zigzag effects, and interlaminar continuity 38 3.3 Classical theories 41 3.3.1 Classical lamination theory 41 3.3.2 First-order shear deformation theory 42 3.3.3 Vlasov–Reddy theory 45 3.4 Classical plate theories extended to smart structures 45 3.4.1 CLT plate theory extended to smart structures 45 3.4.2 FSDT plate theory extended to smart structures 56 3.5 Classical shell theories extended to smart structures 58 3.5.1 CLT and FSDT shell theories extended to smart structures 59 References 60 4 Finite element applications 63 4.1 Preliminaries 63 4.2 Finite element discretization 64 4.3 FSDT finite element plate theory extended to smart structures 68 References 87 5 Numerical evaluation of classical theories and their limitations 89 5.1 Static analysis of piezoelectric plates 90 5.2 Static analysis of piezoelectric shells 92 5.3 Vibration analysis of piezoelectric plates 98 5.4 Vibration analysis of piezoelectric shells 101 References 104 6 Refined and advanced theories for plates 105 6.1 Unified formulation: refined models 105 6.1.1 ESL theories 106 6.1.2 Murakami zigzag function 108 6.1.3 LW theories 110 6.1.4 Refined models for the electromechanical case 113 6.2 Unified formulation: advanced mixed models 113 6.2.1 Transverse shear/normal stress modeling 113 6.2.2 Advanced mixed models for the electromechanical case 115 6.3 PVD(u, ) for the electromechanical plate case 117 6.4 RMVT(u, , σn) for the electromechanical plate case 122 6.5 RMVT(u, , Dn) for the electromechanical plate case 130 6.6 RMVT(u, , σn, Dn) for the electromechanical plate case 137 6.7 Assembly procedure for fundamental nuclei 148 6.8 Acronyms for refined and advanced models 150 6.9 Pure mechanical problems as particular cases, PVD(u) and RMVT(u, σn) 151 6.10 Classical plate theories as particular cases of unified formulation 153 References 154 7 Refined and advanced theories for shells 157 7.1 Unified formulation: refined models 157 7.1.1 ESL theories 158 7.1.2 Murakami zigzag function 160 7.1.3 LW theories 162 7.1.4 Refined models for the electromechanical case 165 7.2 Unified formulation: advanced mixed models 165 7.2.1 Transverse shear/normal stress modeling 166 7.2.2 Advanced mixed models for the electromechanical case 168 7.3 PVD(u, ) for the electromechanical shell case 169 7.4 RMVT(u, , σn) for the electromechanical shell case 175 7.5 RMVT(u, , Dn) for the electromechanical shell case 181 7.6 RMVT(u, , σn, Dn) for the electromechanical shell case 188 7.7 Assembly procedure for fundamental nuclei 197 7.8 Acronyms for refined and advanced models 200 7.9 Pure mechanical problems as particular cases, PVD(u) and RMVT(u, σn) 200 7.10 Classical shell theories as particular cases of unified formulation 202 7.11 Geometry of shells 202 7.11.1 First quadratic form 204 7.11.2 Second quadratic form 204 7.11.3 Strain–displacement equations 205 7.12 Plate models as particular cases of shell models 208 References 210 8 Refined and advanced finite elements for plates 213 8.1 Unified formulation: refined models 213 8.1.1 ESL theories 215 8.1.2 Murakami zigzag function 217 8.1.3 LW theories 219 8.1.4 Refined models for the electromechanical case 222 8.2 Unified formulation: advanced mixed models 222 8.2.1 Transverse shear/normal stress modeling 223 8.2.2 Advanced mixed models for the electromechanical case 225 8.3 PVD(u,) for the electromechanical plate case 226 8.4 RMVT(u,, σn) for the electromechanical plate case 231 8.5 RMVT(u,,Dn) for the electromechanical plate case 238 8.6 RMVT(u,, σn,Dn) for the electromechanical plate case 244 8.7 FE assembly procedure and concluding remarks 252 References 252 9 Numerical evaluation and assessment of classical and advanced theories using MUL2 software 255 9.1 The MUL2 software for plates and shells: analytical closed-form solutions 256 9.1.1 Classical plate/shell theories as particular cases in the MUL2 software 264 9.2 The MUL2 software for plates: FE solutions 269 9.3 Analytical closed-form solution for the electromechanical analysis of plates 276 9.4 Analytical closed-form solution for the electromechanical analysis of shells 283 9.5 FE solution for electromechanical analysis of beams 290 9.6 FE solution for electromechanical analysis of plates 296 References 302 Index 303

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Book SynopsisThis textbook introduces readers to the modern light microscope. It can either be used alone or in conjunction with a practical course. The book begins with an account of how the light microscope works, and how to set up the instrument for optimum performance.Table of ContentsAbout the Author ix Acknowledgements xi Look-Up Guide to Feature Boxes by Theme xii Glossary and Definitions xiv Notes xxiv Introduction xxvii 1 Our Eyes and the Microscope 1 2 Light 29 3 Basic Microscope Optics 55 4 Microscope Anatomy and Design 75 5 Ergonomics 91 6 Optical Aberrations of the Microscope 101 7 The Microscope Objective 127 8 Condensers and Eyepieces 161 9 Illumination in the Microscope 177 10 Diffraction and Image Formation in Microscopy 211 11 Contrast Generation and Enhancement 243 12 Reflected-Light Microscopy 289 13 Polarised-Light Microscopy: Part 1 – Theory 317 14 Polarised-Light Microscopy: Part 2 – Applied 347 15 Fluorescence Microscopy 383 16 Fluorophores and Fluorescent Proteins 405 17 Optical Sectioning and Confocal Microscopy 425 18 Operating the Confocal Microscope 447 19 Light-Sheet Microscopy 483 20 Bleed-Through and Spectral Unmixing 507 21 Deconvolution 523 22 Multi-Photon Microscopy 543 23 Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy 561 24 FRAP and FRET 569 25 Colocalisation 587 26 Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy 613 27 Choosing a Microscope Platform and Core Imaging Facilities 637 28 Biological Specimen Preparation 663 29 Materials Specimen Preparation 687 30 Recording the Image: Part 1 – Theory 707 31 Recording the Image: Part 2 – Applied 733 Appendices 1 Buying, and Tendering for, a Light Microscope 769 2 Troubleshooting Poor Image Quality 773 3 The Michel-Lévy Interference Colour Chart 775 4 Cleaning and Maintenance of the Light Microscope 779 5 Selected Suppliers 783 6 Historical Background 787 7 Timeline of Key Events 791 Index 799

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Book SynopsisModelling and Managing Airport Performance provides an integrated view of state-of-the-art research on measuring and improving the performance of airport systems with consideration of both airside and landside operations. The considered facets of performance include capacity, delays, economic costs, noise, emissions and safety.Trade Review“Modelling and Managing Airport Performance provides an integrated view of state-of-the-art research on measuring and improving the performance of airport systems with consideration of both airside and landside operations.” (Expofairs, 1 July 2014)Table of ContentsList of Contributors xv Series Editor’s Preface xix Acknowledgements xxi List of Abbreviations xxiii Introduction xxvii 1 Modeling Airport Landside Performance 1Anderson Ribeiro Correia and S. C. Wirasinghe 1.1 Motivation for Level of Service Modeling 1 1.2 Relationship between Measures of Capacity and Level of Service 2 1.3 Airport Landside Components 3 1.3.1 Emplaning Curbside 3 1.3.2 Check-in Counter 5 1.3.3 Security Screening 7 1.3.4 Departure Lounge 8 1.3.5 Baggage Claim 10 1.4 Methodology for Deriving Quantitative Standards for Individual Components 13 1.4.1 Introduction 13 1.4.2 The Method of Successive Categories 13 1.5 Degree of Importance of Landside Components and Attributes 21 1.5.1 Introduction 21 1.5.2 Selection of Components and Attributes 21 1.5.3 The AHP – Analytical Hierarchy Process 22 1.5.4 Descriptive Analysis of Passenger Responses 22 1.5.5 Degrees of Importance of Components and Their Attributes 23 1.6 Conclusions 25 References 25 2 Decision Support Systems for Integrated Airport Performance Assessment and Capacity Management 27Konstantinos G. Zografos, Giovanni Andreatta, Michel J.A. van Eenige and Michael A. Madas 2.1 Introduction and Objectives 27 2.2 SPADE DSS Description 29 2.2.1 Basic Modelling Concepts 29 2.2.2 High-Level Structure 30 2.2.3 Suite of Use Cases 33 2.3 SPADE DSS Applications 37 2.3.1 SPADE DSS Application for Strategic Decision Making 37 2.3.2 SPADE DSS Application for Operational/Tactical Decision Making 50 2.4 Conclusions 62 Acknowledgements 64 Notes 64 References 64 3 Measuring Air Traffic Management (ATM) Delays Related to Airports: A Comparison between the US and Europe 67John Gulding, David A. Knorr, Marc Rose, Philippe Enaud and P. Holger Hegendoerfer 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Operations at the Main 34 US and European Airports 68 3.3 Value of Delay as a Performance Measure 70 3.3.1 On-Time/Punctuality Measures 72 3.3.2 Evolution of Scheduled Block Times 74 3.3.3 Delays by Phase of Flight 74 3.4 ATM-Related Operational Performance at US and European Airports 76 3.4.1 Managing En-Route and Arrival Constraints at the Departure Gate 80 3.4.2 Managing Arrival Constraints within the Last 100 NM 80 3.4.3 Managing Departure Runway Constraints – A Look at Taxi-Out Delay 85 3.5 Summary and Conclusion 91 Notes 91 References 92 4 Forecasting Airport Delays 95David K. Chin, Alius J. Meilus, Daniel Murphy, and Prabhakar Thyagarajan 4.1 Introduction 95 4.2 Historical Example – JFK Summer 2007 95 4.3 Delay Forecasting Methodology 97 4.3.1 Projected Demand 97 4.3.2 Annual Service Volume Delay Model 99 4.3.3 NAS-Wide Delay Model 101 4.3.4 Results 110 4.4 Conclusion 116 References 116 5 Airport Operational Performance and Its Impact on Airline Cost 119Mark Hansen and Bo Zou 5.1 Introduction 119 5.2 Quantifying Operational Performance 121 5.2.1 Arrival Delay Against Schedule and Schedule Buffer 121 5.2.2 Alternative Metrics 122 5.3 Estimating the Cost Impact of Imperfect Operational Performance 123 5.3.1 Cost Factor Approach 123 5.3.2 Aggregate Cost Approach 136 5.4 Further Issues 139 5.4.1 Cancellations 139 5.4.2 Optimal Level of Operational Performance and System Response 140 5.5 Conclusions 141 Notes 141 References 141 6 New Methodologies for Airport Environmental Impact Analysis 145Mark Hansen, Megan S. Ryerson, and Richard F. Marchi 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Pollutant Overview 146 6.2.1 Noise 146 6.2.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 150 6.2.3 Water Runoff 153 6.2.4 Criteria Air Pollutants 155 6.3 The Future of Airport Environmental Impact Analysis 161 6.3.1 Environmental Impact Models 162 6.3.2 Environmental Impact Policy Models 164 6.4 Conclusion 166 Acknowledgements 167 References 167 7 Airport Safety Performance 171Alfred Roelen and Henk A.P. Blom 7.1 Introduction 171 7.2 Accident Rates in Commercial Aviation 172 7.2.1 From Accident Statistics to Accident Rates 172 7.2.2 CICTT categories 175 7.2.3 Take-off, Landing and Ground Operation versus Other Categories 175 7.3 Analysis of Take-off, Landing and Ground Operation Accidents 177 7.3.1 Runway Excursions 177 7.3.2 Take-off and Landing Categories other than Runway Excursion 179 7.3.3 Ground Operation Categories 181 7.3.4 Summary of Take-off, Landing and Ground Operation Analysis 184 7.4 Analysis of Other CICTT Categories 186 7.4.1 Occurrence Rate per Category Grouping 186 7.4.2 Airborne Grouping Categories 188 7.4.3 Categories in the Weather Group 191 7.4.4 Categories in the Aircraft Group 191 7.4.5 Categories in the Miscellaneous Group 194 7.4.6 Categories in the Non-Aircraft Group 194 7.4.7 Summary of the Findings for the Other CICTT Categories 194 7.5 Safety Driving Mechanisms 197 7.5.1 Technological Developments 197 7.5.2 Regulation 199 7.5.3 Competition, Reputation and Balancing Objectives 200 7.5.4 Professionalism and Safety Culture 201 7.6 Safety Initiatives 202 7.6.1 Initiatives of the Flight Safety Foundation 202 7.6.2 Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST) 203 7.6.3 European Action Plan for the Prevention of Runway Incursions 204 7.6.4 FAA/Eurocontrol Action Plan 15 on Safety Research and Development 204 7.6.5 Impact of Safety Initiatives on Safety Improvements 205 7.7 Conclusion 206 Acknowledgements 207 Notes 208 References 208 8 Scheduled Delay as an Indicator for Airport Scheduling Performance 211Dennis Klingebiel, Daniel Kösters and Johannes Reichmuth 8.1 Introduction 211 8.2 Background 212 8.2.1 Airport Coordination 212 8.2.2 Performance Indicator: Scheduled Delays 214 8.2.3 Slot Utilization and Scheduled Delays 215 8.3 Definition of a Model to Predict Scheduled Delays 219 8.4 Validation of the Model Approach 221 8.5 Application of the Model Approach 225 8.5.1 Analyzing the Impact of Different Demand Profiles on the Scheduling Performance 225 8.5.2 Analyzing the Impact of Declared Capacity Values on the Scheduling Performance 228 8.6 Conclusion 231 References 231 9 Implementation of Airport Demand Management Strategies: A European Perspective 233Michael A. Madas and Konstantinos G. Zografos 9.1 Introduction 233 9.2 Current Practice 235 9.3 Review of Existing Policy Proposals 237 9.4 Is a New Regime Really Necessary? 239 9.4.1 Mismatch but also Misuse 240 9.4.2 Poor Allocation Efficiency 240 9.4.3 Declared Capacity Considerations 241 9.4.4 Barriers to New Entrants 241 9.4.5 Potential Impacts 242 9.4.6 Pricing Effectiveness of Existing System 243 9.5 From Theory into Policy Practice 244 9.6 Improvement Complements to Existing Policy Practice: Directions for Future Research 252 9.7 Conclusions 255 Notes 256 References 256 10 Design and Justification for Market-Based Approaches to Airport Congestion Management: The US Experience 259Michael O. Ball, Mark Hansen, Prem Swaroop and Bo Zou 10.1 Introduction 259 10.2 Background 260 10.2.1 Airport Operations and Slot Controls 260 10.2.2 Recent Public Policy Initiatives in the US 263 10.3 The Fundamental Question: Economic Justification for Slot Controls 264 10.4 Other Implications of Slot Controls 270 10.5 Design Issues for Slot Controls 273 10.5.1 Getting the Slot Level Right 273 10.5.2 Small Community Access 273 10.5.3 Where Does the Money Go? 274 10.5.4 Federal versus Local Control 274 10.5.5 Who Can Own Slots? 275 10.5.6 International Bilateral Agreements 275 10.5.7 Infrastructure Investment Incentives 275 10.6 Conclusions 275 References 276 Index

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive and dedicated guide to automotive production lines, The Automotive Body Manufacturing Systems and Processes addresses automotive body processes from the stamping operations through the final assembly activities.Table of ContentsPreface. Foreword. Acknowledgments. List of abbreviations. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Anatomy of a Vehicle, Vehicle Functionality and Components. 1.2 Vehicle Manufacturing: An Overview. 1.3 Conclusion. Exercises. 2 Stamping and Metal Forming Processes. 2.1 Formability Science of Automotive Sheet Panels: An Overview. 2.2 Automotive Materials. 2.3 Automotive Stamping Presses and Dies. 2.4 Tailor Welded Blanks and their Stamping. 2.5 Advances in Metal Forming. 2.6 Stampings Dimensional Approval Process. 2.7 Stamping Process Costing. Exercises. 3 Automotive Joining. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Fusion Welding Operations. 3.3 Robotic Fusion-Welding Operations. 3.4 Adhesive Bonding. 3.5 Welding and Dimensional Conformance. 3.6 Advances in Automotive Welding. 3.7 The Automotive Joining Costing. Exercises. 4 Automotive Painting. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Immersion Coating Processes. 4.3 Paint Curing Processes, and Balancing. 4.4 Under-Body Sealant, PVC and Wax Applications. 4.5 Painting Spray Booths Operations. 4.6 Material Handling Systems Inside the Painting Area. 4.7 Painting Robotics. 4.8 Paint Quality Measurements. Exercises. 5 Final Assembly. 5.1 Basics of Final Assembly Operations. 5.2 Ergonomics of the Final Assembly Area. 5.3 Mechanical Fastening and Bolting. Exercises. 6 Ecology of Automotive Manufacturing. 6.1 Introduction of Automotive Manufacturing Ecology. 6.2 Energy Consumption and Accounting. 6.3 The Automotive Materials' Ecological Impact. 6.4 The Painting Process Ecology. 6.5 Ecology of the Automobile. 7 Static Aspects of the Automotive Manufacturing Processes. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Layout Strategies. 7.3 Process-Oriented Layout. 7.4 Cell-Based Layout Design. 7.5 Product-Based Layout. 7.6 Lean Manufacturing Tools for Layout Design and Optimization. 7.7 Locational Strategies. Exercises. 8 Operational Aspects of the Automotive Manufacturing Processes. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Aggregate Production Planning. 8.3 Master Production Scheduling (MPS). 8.4 Material Requirement Planning (MRP). 8.5 Production Line Control and Management Style. 8.6 Selection and Management of Suppliers. 8.7 An Overview of the Automotive Quality Tools. Exercises. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisWhen using numerical simulation to make a decision, how can its reliability be determined? What are the common pitfalls and mistakes when assessing the trustworthiness of computed information, and how can they be avoided? Whenever numerical simulation is employed in connection with engineering decision-making, there is an implied expectation of reliability: one cannot base decisions on computed information without believing that information is reliable enough to support those decisions. Using mathematical models to show the reliability of computer-generated information is an essential part of any modelling effort. Giving users of finite element analysis (FEA) software an introduction to verification and validation procedures, this book thoroughly covers the fundamentals of assuring reliability in numerical simulation. The renowned authors systematically guide readers through the basic theory and algorithmic structure of the finite element method, using helpful exampleTrade Review“I highly recommend this as a textbook for an undergraduate engineering course on FE analysis. Moreover, I recommend this book to every engineer who practices FE computation, since this is a well-written and unique source for studying the extremely important issue of reliability of FE analysis in practice.” (IACM Expressions, 1 September 2012)Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Series Preface. Preface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Numerical simulation. 1.2 Why is numerical accuracy important? 1.3 Chapter summary. 2 An outline of the finite element method. 2.1 Mathematical models in one dimension. 2.2 Approximate solution. 2.3 Generalized formulation in one dimension. 2.4 Finite element approximations. 2.5 FEM in one dimension. 2.6 Properties of the generalized formulation. 2.7 Error estimation based on extrapolation. 2.8 Extraction methods. 2.9 Laboratory exercises. 2.10 Chapter summary. 3 Formulation of mathematical models. 3.1 Notation. 3.2 Heat conduction. 3.3 The scalar elliptic boundary value problem. 3.4 Linear elasticity. 3.5 Incompressible elastic materials. 3.6 Stokes' flow. 3.7 The hierarchic view of mathematical models. 3.8 Chapter summary. 4 Generalized formulations. 4.1 The scalar elliptic problem. 4.2 The principle of virtual work. 4.3 Elastostatic problems. 4.4 Elastodynamic models. 4.5 Incompressible materials. 4.6 Chapter summary. 5 Finite element spaces. 5.1 Standard elements in two dimensions. 5.2 Standard polynomial spaces. 5.3 Shape functions. 5.4 Mapping functions in two dimensions. 5.5 Elements in three dimensions. 5.6 Integration and differentiation. 5.7 Stiffness matrices and load vectors. 5.8 Chapter summary. 6 Regularity and rates of convergence. 6.1 Regularity. 6.2 Classification. 6.3 The neighborhood of singular points. 6.4 Rates of convergence. 6.5 Chapter summary. 7 Computation and verification of data. 7.1 Computation of the solution and its first derivatives. 7.2 Nodal forces. 7.3 Verification of computed data. 7.4 Flux and stress intensity factors. 7.5 Chapter summary. 8 What should be computed and why? 8.1 Basic assumptions. 8.2 Conceptualization: drivers of damage accumulation. 8.3 Classical models of metal fatigue. 8.4 Linear elastic fracture mechanics. 8.5 On the existence of a critical distance. 8.6 Driving forces for damage accumulation. 8.7 Cycle counting. 8.8 Validation. 8.9 Chapter summary. 9 Beams, plates and shells. 9.1 Beams. 9.2 Plates. 9.3 Shells. 9.4 The Oak Ridge experiments. 9.5 Chapter summary. 10 Nonlinear models. 10.1 Heat conduction. 10.2 Solid mechanics. 10.3 Chapter summary. A Definitions. A.1 Norms and seminorms. A.2 Normed linear spaces. A.3 Linear functionals. A.4 Bilinear forms. A.5 Convergence. A.6 Legendre polynomials. A.7 Analytic functions. A.8 The Schwarz inequality for integrals. B Numerical quadrature. B.1 Gaussian quadrature. B.2 Gauss–Lobatto quadrature. C Properties of the stress tensor. C.1 The traction vector. C.2 Principal stresses. C.3 Transformation of vectors. C.4 Transformation of stresses. D Computation of stress intensity factors. D.1 The contour integral method. D.2 The energy release rate. E Saint-Venant's principle. E.1 Green's function for the Laplace equation. E.2 Model problem. F Solutions for selected exercises. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisHilbert Transform Applications in Mechanical Vibration addresses recent advances in theory and applications of the Hilbert transform to vibration engineering, enabling laboratory dynamic tests to be performed more rapidly and accurately.Table of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. 1 INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Brief History of the Hilbert Transform. 1.2 Hilbert Transform in Vibration Analysis. 1.3 Organization of the Book. PART I. HILBERT TRANSFORM AND ANALYTIC SIGNAL. 2 ANALYTIC SIGNAL REPRESENTATION. 2.1 Local Versus Global Estimations. 2.2 The Hilbert Transform Notation. 2.3 Main Properties of the Hilbert Transform. 2.4 The Hilbert Transform of Multiplication. 2.5 Analytic Signal Representation. 2.6 Polar Notation. 2.7 Angular Position and Speed. 2.8 Signal Waveform and Envelope. 2.9 Instantaneous Phase. 2.10 Instantaneous Frequency. 2.11 Envelope vs. Instantaneous Frequency Plot. 2.12 Distribution Functions of the Instantaneous Characteristics. 2.13 Signal Bandwidth. 2.14 Instantaneous Frequency Distribution and Negative Values. 2.15 Conclusions. 3 SIGNAL DEMODULATION. 3.1 Envelope and Instantaneous Frequency Extraction. 3.2 Hilbert Transform and Synchronous Detection. 3.3 Digital Hilbert Transformers. 3.4 Instantaneous Characteristics Distortions. 3.5 Conclusions. Part II. HILBERT TRANSFORM AND VIBRATION SIGNALS. 4 TYPICAL EXAMPLES AND DESCRIPTION OF VIBRATION DATA. 4.1 Random Signal. 4.2 Decay Vibration Waveform. 4.3 Slow Linear Sweeping Frequency Signal. 4.4 Harmonic Frequency Modulation. 4.5 Harmonic Amplitude Modulation. 4.6 Product of Two Harmonics. 4.7 Single Harmonic with DC Offset. 4.8 Composition of Two Harmonics. 4.9 Derivative and Integral of the Analytic Signal. 4.10 Signal Level. 4.11 Frequency Contents. 4.12 Narrowband and Wideband Signal. 4.13 Conclusions. 5 ACTUAL SIGNAL CONTENTS. 5.1 Monocomponent Signal. 5.2 Multicomponent Signal. 5.3 Types of multicomponent signals. 5.4 Averaging Envelope and Instantaneous Frequency. 5.5 Smoothing and Approximation of the Instantaneous Frequency. 5.6 Congruent Envelope. 5.7 Congruent Instantaneous Frequency. 5.8 Conclusions. 6 LOCAL AND GLOBAL VIBRATION DECOMPOSITIONS. 6.1 Empirical Mode Decomposition. 6.2 Analytical Basics of the EMD. 6.3 Global Hilbert Vibration Decomposition. 6.4 Instantaneous Frequency of the Largest Energy Component. 6.5 Envelope of the Largest Energy Component. 6.6 Subtraction of the Synchronous Largest Component. 6.7 Hilbert Vibration Decomposition Scheme. 6.8 Examples of Hilbert Vibration Decomposition. 6.9 Comparison of the Hilbert Transform Decomposition Methods. 6.10 Common Properties of the Hilbert Transform Decompositions. 6.11 The Differences between the Hilbert Transform Decompositions. 6.12 Amplitude-Frequency Resolution of HT Decompositions. 6.13 Limiting Number of Valued Oscillating Components. 6.14 Decompositions of Typical Non-stationary Vibration Signals. 6.15 Main Results and Recommendations. 6.16 Conclusions. 7 SIGNAL ANALYSIS PRACTICE EXPERIENCE AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION. 7.1 Structural Health Monitoring. 7.2 Standing and Traveling Wave Separation. 7.3 Echo Signal Estimation. 7.4 Synchronization Description. 7.5 Fatigue Estimation. 7.6 Multichannel Vibration Generation. 7.7 Conclusions. Part III. HILBERT TRANSFORM AND VIBRATION SYSTEMS 8 VIBRATION SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS. 8.1 Kramers-Kronig Relations. 8.2 Detection of Nonlinearities in Frequency Domain. 8.3 Typical Nonlinear Elasticity Characteristics. 8.4 Phase Plane Representation of Elastic Nonlinearities in Vibration Systems. 8.5 Complex Plane Representation. 8.6 Approximate Primary Solution of a Conservative Nonlinear System. 8.7 Hilbert Transform and Hysteretic Damping. 8.8 Nonlinear Damping Characteristics in SDOF Vibration System. 8.9 Typical Nonlinear Damping in Vibration System. 8.10 Velocity-Dependent Nonlinear Damping. 8.11 Velocity-Independent Damping. 8.12 Combination of Different Damping Elements. 8.13 Conclusions. 9 IDENTIFICATION OF THE PRIMARY SOLUTION. 9.1 Theoretical Bases of the Hilbert Transform System Identification. 9.2 Free Vibration Modal Characteristics. 9.3 Forced Vibration Modal Characteristics. 9.4 BackBone (Skeleton Curve). 9.5 Damping Curve. 9.6 Frequency Response. 9.7 Force Static Characteristics. 9.8 Conclusions. 10 THE FREEVIB and FORCEVIB METHODS. 10.1 FREEVIB Identification Examples. 10.2 FORCEVIB Identification Examples. 10.3 System Identification with Biharmonic Excitation. 10.4 Identification of Nonlinear Time-Varying System. 10.5 Experimental Identification of Nonlinear Vibration System. 10.6 Conclusions. 11 CONSIDERING HIGH ORDER SUPERHARMONICS. IDENTIFICATION OF ASYMMETRIC AND MDOF SYSTEMS. 11.1 Description of the Precise Method Scheme. 11.2 Identification of the Instantaneous Modal Parameters. 11.3 Congruent Modal Parameters. 11.4 Congruent Nonlinear Elastic and Damping Forces. 11.5 Examples of Precise Free Vibration Identification. 11.6 Forced Vibration Identification Considering High-Order Superharmonics. 11.7 Identification of Asymmetric Nonlinear System. 11.8 Experimental Identification of a Crack. 11.9 Identification of MDOF Vibration System. 11.10 Identification of Weakly Nonlinear Coupled Oscillators. 11.11 Conclusions. 12 SYSTEM ANALYSIS PRACTICE EXPERIENCE AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION. 12.1 Non-parametric Identification of Nonlinear Mechanical Vibration Systems. 12.2 Parametric Identification of Nonlinear Mechanical Vibrating Systems. 12.3 Structural Health Monitoring and Damage Detection. 12.4 Conclusions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThere is increasing interest in the potential of UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) and MAV (Micro Air Vehicle) technology and their wide ranging applications including defence missions, reconnaissance and surveillance, border patrol, disaster zone assessment and atmospheric research. High investment levels from the military sector globally is driving research and development and increasing the viability of autonomous platforms as replacements for the remotely piloted vehicles more commonly in use. UAV/UAS pose a number of new challenges, with the autonomy and in particular collision avoidance, detect and avoid, or sense and avoid, as the most challenging one, involving both regulatory and technical issues. Sense and Avoid in UAS: Research and Applications covers the problem of detect, sense and avoid in UAS (Unmanned Aircraft Systems) in depth and combines the theoretical and application results by leading academics and researchers from industry and academia. Trade Review“This book is a good introductory book for anyone interested in unmanned aerial systems and presents in a very comprehensive manner the challenges associated with the basic task of sense and avoid.” (The Aeronautical Journal, 1 January 2014) Table of ContentsPreface xv About the Editor xix About the Contributors xxi Part I Introduction 1 Introduction 3 George Limnaios, Nikos Tsourveloudis and Kimon P. Valavanis 1.1 UAV versus UAS 3 1.2 Historical Perspective on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 5 1.3 UAV Classification 9 1.4 UAV Applications 14 1.5 UAS Market Overview 17 1.6 UAS Future Challenges 20 1.7 Fault Tolerance for UAS 26 References 31 2 Performance Tradeoffs and the Development of Standards 35 Andrew Zeitlin 2.1 Scope of Sense and Avoid 35 2.2 System Configurations 36 2.3 S&A Services and Sub-functions 38 2.4 Sensor Capabilities 39 2.4.1 Airborne Sensing 39 2.4.2 Ground-Based Sensing 41 2.4.3 Sensor Parameters 41 2.5 Tracking and Trajectory Prediction 42 2.6 Threat Declaration and Resolution Decisions 43 2.6.1 Collision Avoidance 43 2.6.2 Self-separation 45 2.6.3 Human Decision versus Algorithm 45 2.7 Sense and Avoid Timeline 46 2.8 Safety Assessment 48 2.9 Modeling and Simulation 49 2.10 Human Factors 50 2.11 Standards Process 51 2.11.1 Description 51 2.11.2 Operational and Functional Requirements 52 2.11.3 Architecture 52 2.11.4 Safety, Performance, and Interoperability Assessments 52 2.11.5 Performance Requirements 52 2.11.6 Validation 53 2.12 Conclusion 54 References 54 3 Integration of SAA Capabilities into a UAS Distributed Architecture for Civil Applications 55 Pablo Royo, Eduard Santamaria, Juan Manuel Lema, Enric Pastor and Cristina Barrado 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 System Overview 57 3.2.1 Distributed System Architecture 58 3.3 USAL Concept and Structure 59 3.4 Flight and Mission Services 61 3.4.1 Air Segment 61 3.4.2 Ground Segment 65 3.5 Awareness Category at USAL Architecture 68 3.5.1 Preflight Operational Procedures: Flight Dispatcher 70 3.5.2 USAL SAA on Airfield Operations 72 3.5.3 Awareness Category during UAS Mission 75 3.6 Conclusions 82 Acknowledgments 82 References 82 Part II Regulatory Issues and Human Factors 4 Regulations and Requirements 87 Xavier Prats, Jorge Ramirez, Luis Delgado and Pablo Royo 4.1 Background Information 88 4.1.1 Flight Rules 90 4.1.2 Airspace Classes 91 4.1.3 Types of UAS and their Missions 93 4.1.4 Safety Levels 96 4.2 Existing Regulations and Standards 97 4.2.1 Current Certification Mechanisms for UAS 99 4.2.2 Standardization Bodies and Safety Agencies 102 4.3 Sense and Avoid Requirements 103 4.3.1 General Sense Requirements 103 4.3.2 General Avoidance Requirements 106 4.3.3 Possible SAA Requirements as a Function of the Airspace Class 108 4.3.4 Possible SAA Requirements as a Function of the Flight Altitude and Visibility Conditions 109 4.3.5 Possible SAA Requirements as a Function of the Type of Communications Relay 110 4.3.6 Possible SAA Requirements as a Function of the Automation Level of the UAS 111 4.4 Human Factors and Situational Awareness Considerations 112 4.5 Conclusions 113 Acknowledgments 114 References 115 5 Human Factors in UAV 119 Marie Cahillane, Chris Baber and Caroline Morin 5.1 Introduction 119 5.2 Teleoperation of UAVs 122 5.3 Control of Multiple Unmanned Vehicles 123 5.4 Task-Switching 124 5.5 Multimodal Interaction with Unmanned Vehicles 127 5.6 Adaptive Automation 128 5.7 Automation and Multitasking 129 5.8 Individual Differences 131 5.8.1 Attentional Control and Automation 131 5.8.2 Spatial Ability 134 5.8.3 Sense of Direction 135 5.8.4 Video Games Experience 135 5.9 Conclusions 136 References 137 Part III SAA Methodologies 6 Sense and Avoid Concepts: Vehicle-Based SAA Systems (Vehicle-to-Vehicle) 145 Stepan Kopriva, David Sislak and Michal Pechoucek 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Conflict Detection and Resolution Principles 146 6.2.1 Sensing 146 6.2.2 Trajectory Prediction 147 6.2.3 Conflict Detection 148 6.2.4 Conflict Resolution 149 6.2.5 Evasion Maneuvers 150 6.3 Categorization of Conflict Detection and Resolution Approaches 150 6.3.1 Taxonomy 150 6.3.2 Rule-Based Methods 151 6.3.3 Game Theory Methods 152 6.3.4 Field Methods 153 6.3.5 Geometric Methods 154 6.3.6 Numerical Optimization Approaches 156 6.3.7 Combined Methods 158 6.3.8 Multi-agent Methods 160 6.3.9 Other Methods 163 Acknowledgments 166 References 166 7 UAS Conflict Detection and Resolution Using Differential Geometry Concepts 175 Hyo-Sang Shin, Antonios Tsourdos and Brian White 7.1 Introduction 175 7.2 Differential Geometry Kinematics 177 7.3 Conflict Detection 178 7.3.1 Collision Kinematics 178 7.3.2 Collision Detection 180 7.4 Conflict Resolution: Approach I 182 7.4.1 Collision Kinematics 183 7.4.2 Resolution Guidance 186 7.4.3 Analysis and Extension 188 7.5 Conflict Resolution: Approach II 191 7.5.1 Resolution Kinematics and Analysis 192 7.5.2 Resolution Guidance 193 7.6 CD&R Simulation 195 7.6.1 Simulation Results: Approach I 195 7.6.2 Simulation Results: Approach II 199 7.7 Conclusions 200 References 203 8 Aircraft Separation Management Using Common Information Network SAA 205 Richard Baumeister and Graham Spence 8.1 Introduction 205 8.2 CIN Sense and Avoid Requirements 208 8.3 Automated Separation Management on a CIN 212 8.3.1 Elements of Automated Aircraft Separation 212 8.3.2 Grid-Based Separation Automation 214 8.3.3 Genetic-Based Separation Automation 214 8.3.4 Emerging Systems-Based Separation Automation 216 8.4 Smart Skies Implementation 217 8.4.1 Smart Skies Background 217 8.4.2 Flight Test Assets 217 8.4.3 Communication Architecture 219 8.4.4 Messaging System 221 8.4.5 Automated Separation Implementation 223 8.4.6 Smart Skies Implementation Summary 223 8.5 Example SAA on a CIN – Flight Test Results 224 8.6 Summary and Future Developments 229 Acknowledgments 231 References 231 Part IV SAA Applications 9 AgentFly: Scalable, High-Fidelity Framework for Simulation, Planning and Collision Avoidance of Multiple UAVs 235 David Sislak, Premysl Volf, Stepan Kopriva and Michal Pechoucek 9.1 Agent-Based Architecture 236 9.1.1 UAV Agents 237 9.1.2 Environment Simulation Agents 237 9.1.3 Visio Agents 238 9.2 Airplane Control Concept 238 9.3 Flight Trajectory Planner 241 9.4 Collision Avoidance 245 9.4.1 Multi-layer Collision Avoidance Architecture 246 9.4.2 Cooperative Collision Avoidance 247 9.4.3 Non-cooperative Collision Avoidance 250 9.5 Team Coordination 252 9.6 Scalable Simulation 256 9.7 Deployment to Fixed-Wing UAV 260 Acknowledgments 263 References 263 10 See and Avoid Using Onboard Computer Vision 265 John Lai, Jason J. Ford, Luis Mejias, Peter O’Shea and Rod Walker 10.1 Introduction 265 10.1.1 Background 265 10.1.2 Outline of the SAA Problem 265 10.2 State-of-the-Art 266 10.3 Visual-EO Airborne Collision Detection 268 10.3.1 Image Capture 268 10.3.2 Camera Model 269 10.4 Image Stabilization 269 10.4.1 Image Jitter 269 10.4.2 Jitter Compensation Techniques 270 10.5 Detection and Tracking 272 10.5.1 Two-Stage Detection Approach 272 10.5.2 Target Tracking 278 10.6 Target Dynamics and Avoidance Control 278 10.6.1 Estimation of Target Bearing 278 10.6.2 Bearing-Based Avoidance Control 279 10.7 Hardware Technology and Platform Integration 281 10.7.1 Target/Intruder Platforms 281 10.7.2 Camera Platforms 282 10.7.3 Sensor Pod 286 10.7.4 Real-Time Image Processing 288 10.8 Flight Testing 289 10.8.1 Test Phase Results 290 10.9 Future Work 290 10.10 Conclusions 291 Acknowledgements 291 References 291 11 The Use of Low-Cost Mobile Radar Systems for Small UAS Sense and Avoid 295 Michael Wilson 11.1 Introduction 295 11.2 The UAS Operating Environment 297 11.2.1 Why Use a UAS? 297 11.2.2 Airspace and Radio Carriage 297 11.2.3 See-and-Avoid 297 11.2.4 Midair Collisions 298 11.2.5 Summary 299 11.3 Sense and Avoid and Collision Avoidance 300 11.3.1 A Layered Approach to Avoiding Collisions 300 11.3.2 SAA Technologies 300 11.3.3 The UA Operating Volume 303 11.3.4 Situation Awareness 304 11.3.5 Summary 304 11.4 Case Study: The Smart Skies Project 305 11.4.1 Introduction 305 11.4.2 Smart Skies Architecture 305 11.4.3 The Mobile Aircraft Tracking System 307 11.4.4 The Airborne Systems Laboratory 310 11.4.5 The Flamingo UAS 311 11.4.6 Automated Dynamic Airspace Controller 311 11.4.7 Summary 312 11.5 Case Study: Flight Test Results 312 11.5.1 Radar Characterisation Experiments 312 11.5.2 Sense and Avoid Experiments 319 11.5.3 Automated Sense and Avoid 324 11.5.4 Dynamic Sense and Avoid Experiments 326 11.5.5 Tracking a Variety of Aircraft 326 11.5.6 Weather Monitoring 331 11.5.7 The Future 332 11.6 Conclusion 333 Acknowledgements 333 References 334 Epilogue 337 Index 339

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Book Synopsisthe book does an excellent job of putting together several different classes of materials. Many common points emerge, and the book may facilitate the development of hybrids in which the qualities of the parents are enhanced. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.Trade Review"The present book confirms that the view is correct, even if applications are difficult to forecast. However, the book does an excellent job of putting together several different classes of materials. Many common points emerge, and the book may facilitate the development of hybrids in which the qualities of the "parents" are enhanced." (Angewandte Chemie, 2011)Table of ContentsInorganic Materials Series Preface. Preface. List of Contributors. 1 Metal-Based Quadratic Nonlinear Optical Materials (Olivier Maury and Hubert Le Bozec). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Basic Concepts of Second-Order Nonlinear Optics. 1.2.1 Introduction to Nonlinear Molecular Materials. 1.2.2 Molecular Engineering of Quadratic NLO Chromophores. 1.2.3 Experimental Measurements of Second-Order NLO Activities. 1.3 Dipolar Metal Complexes. 1.3.1 Metal Complexes as Donor Groups. 1.3.2 Metal Complexes as Acceptor Groups. 1.3.3 Bimetallic Push–Pull Complexes. 1.3.4 Metal Complexes as p-Conjugated Bridges. 1.4 Octupolar Metal Complexes. 1.4.1 Metal as Peripheral Donor (or Acceptor) Substituent. 1.4.2 Metal as Template. 1.4.3 Conformational Studies Using Second-Order NLO Activity Measurements. 1.5 Switching Optical Nonlinearities of Metal Complexes. 1.5.1 Redox Switching of Quadratic Nonlinearities. 1.5.2 Acid/Base Switching of Quadratic Nonlinearities. 1.5.3 Photoswitching of Quadratic Nonlinearities. 1.6 Towards the Design of Pre-Organised Materials. 1.6.1 Supramolecular Octupolar Self-Ordering Within Metallodendrimers. 1.6.2 Engineering of NLO-Active Crystals. 1.7 Conclusions. References. 2 Physical Properties of Metallomesogens (Koen Binnemans). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Overview of Mesophases. 2.3 Optical Properties. 2.3.1 Birefringence. 2.3.2 Light Absorption and Colour. 2.3.3 Luminescence. 2.3.4 Nonlinear Optical Properties. 2.4 Electrical Properties. 2.4.1 Electrical Conductivity. 2.4.2 Photoconductivity. 2.4.3 Electrochromism. 2.4.4 Ferroelectricity. 2.5 Magnetic Properties. 2.5.1 Magnetic Anisotropy and Alignment in External Magnetic Fields. 2.5.2 Spin-Crossover Phenomena. 2.5.3 Single Molecule Magnets. 2.6 Conclusions. References. 3 Molecular Magnetic Materials (Neil Robertson and Gordon T. Yee). 3.1 Introduction. 3.1.1 History of Measurements. 3.2 Basic Concepts. 3.2.1 Magnetisation and Susceptibility. 3.2.2 The Curie and Curie–Weiss Laws. 3.2.3 Other Measurements. 3.2.4 Orbital Angular Momentum. 3.3 The Van Vleck Equation. 3.3.1 Application of the Van Vleck Formula to an Isolated, Spin-Only Metal Complex. 3.3.2 Deviations from the Curie Law: Zero-Field Splitting. 3.3.3 Exchange Coupling. 3.4 Dimensionality of Magnetic Systems. 3.4.1 Lattice Dimensionality vs Single Ion Anisotropy. 3.4.2 Mean or Molecular Field Approximation in Any Dimension and Any Value of S. 3.4.3 One-Dimensional Systems. 3.4.4 Two-Dimensional Magnetic Materials. 3.4.5 Three-Dimensional Magnetic Materials. 3.5 Switchable and Hybrid Systems and Future Perspectives. 3.5.1 Bistable and Switchable Magnetic Materials. 3.5.2 Multifunctional Magnetic Materials. 3.6 Conclusions. References. 4 Molecular Inorganic Conductors and Superconductors (Lydie Valade and Hisashi Tanaka). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Families of Molecular Conductors and Superconductors. 4.2.1 From Molecules to Conductors and Superconductors. 4.2.2 Organic Metals and Superconductors. 4.2.3 Transition Metal Complex-Based Conducting Systems. 4.3 Systems Based on Metal Bis-Dithiolene Complexes. 4.3.1 Synthesis of Metal Bis-Dithiolene Complexes. 4.3.2 Synthesis of Conductors and Superconductors Based on Metal Bis-Dithiolene Complexes. 4.3.3 Superconductors Based on [M(dmit)2] Complexes. 4.3.4 Conductors Based on Neutral Metal Bis-Dithiolene Complexes. 4.4 Towards the Application of Molecular Inorganic Conductors and Superconductors. 4.4.1 Processing Methods. 4.4.2 Films and Nanowires of Molecular Inorganic Conductors. 4.5 Conclusions. Acknowledgements. References. 5 Molecular Nanomagnets (Richard E. P. Winpenny and Eric J. L. McInnes). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 A Very Brief Introduction to Magnetochemistry. 5.3 Techniques. 5.3.1 Magnetometry. 5.3.2 AC Magnetometry. 5.3.3 Micro-SQUIDs. 5.3.4 Specific Heat. 5.3.5 Torque Magnetometry. 5.3.6 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy. 5.3.7 Inelastic Neutron Scattering (INS). 5.3.8 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy. 5.4 Single Molecule Magnets. 5.4.1 Physics of Single Molecule Magnets. 5.4.2 Chemistry of Single Molecule Magnets. 5.5 Emerging Trends. 5.5.1 Monometallic SMMs. 5.5.2 Molecular Spintronics. 5.5.3 Quantum Information Processing. 5.5.4 Antiferromagnetic (AF) Rings and Chains. 5.5.5 Magnetocaloric Effect. 5.5.6 High Symmetry Polyhedra and Spin Frustration. 5.5.7 Single Chain Magnets. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisFunctional oxides have a wide variety of applications in the electronic industry. The discovery of new metal oxides with interesting and useful properties continues to drive much research in chemistry, physics, and materials science.Table of ContentsInorganic Materials Series Preface ix Preface xi List of Contributors xiii 1 Noncentrosymmetric Inorganic Oxide Materials: Synthetic Strategies and Characterisation Techniques 1 P. Shiv Halasyamani 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Strategies toward Synthesising Noncentrosymmetric Inorganic Materials 3 1.3 Electronic Distortions 4 1.3.1 Metal Oxyfluoride Systems 8 1.3.2 Salt-Inclusion Solids 9 1.3.3 Borates 11 1.3.4 Noncentrosymmetric Coordination Networks 12 1.4 Properties Associated with Noncentrosymmetric Materials 16 1.4.1 Second-Harmonic Generation 18 1.4.2 Piezoelectricity 21 1.4.3 Pyroelectricity 25 1.4.4 Ferroelectricity 27 1.5 Outlook – Multifunctional Materials 30 1.5.1 Perovskites 31 1.5.2 Hexagonal Manganites 32 1.5.3 Metal Halide and Oxy-Halide Systems 32 1.6 Concluding Thoughts 33 1.6.1 State of the Field 33 Acknowledgements 34 References 34 2 Geometrically Frustrated Magnetic Materials 41 John E. Greedan 2.1 Introduction 41 2.2 Geometric Frustration 42 2.2.1 Definition and Criteria: Subversion of the Third Law 42 2.2.2 Magnetism Short Course 43 2.2.3 Frustrated Lattices – The Big Four 46 2.2.4 Ground States of Frustrated Systems: Consequences of Macroscopic Degeneracy 46 2.3 Real Materials 52 2.3.1 The Triangular Planar (TP) Lattice 52 2.3.2 The Kagome´ Lattice 57 2.3.3 The Face-Centred Cubic Lattice 72 2.3.4 The Pyrochlores and Spinels 76 2.3.5 Other Frustrated Lattices 105 2.4 Concluding Remarks 108 References 109 3 Lithium Ion Conduction in Oxides 119 Edmund Cussen 3.1 Introduction 119 3.2 Sodium and Lithium b-Alumina 126 3.3 Akali Metal Sulfates and the Effect of Anion Disorder on Conductivity 132 3.4 LISICON and Related Phases 145 3.5 Lithium Conduction in NASICON-Related Phases 155 3.6 Doped Analogues of LiZr2(PO4)3 164 3.7 Lithium Conduction in the Perovskite Structure 175 3.7.1 The Structures of Li3xLa2/3xTiO3 181 3.7.2 Doping Studies of Lithium Perovskites 185 3.8 Lithium-Containing Garnets 187 References 197 4 Thermoelectric Oxides 203 Sylvie Hébert and Antoine Maignan 4.1 Introduction 203 4.2 How to Optimise Thermoelectric Generators (TEG) 204 4.2.1 Principle of a TEG 204 4.2.2 The Figure of Merit 207 4.2.3 Beyond the Classical Approach 210 4.3 Thermoelectric Oxides 213 4.3.1 Semiconducting Oxides and the Heikes Formula 215 4.3.2 NaxCoO2 and the Misfit Cobaltate Family 221 4.3.3 Degenerate Semiconductors 240 4.3.4 All-Oxide Modules 249 4.4 Conclusion 251 Acknowledgements 252 References 252 5 Transition Metal Oxides: Magnetoresistance and Half-Metallicity 257 Tapas Kumar Mandal and Martha Greenblatt 5.1 Introduction 257 5.2 Magnetoresistance: Concepts and Development 258 5.2.1 Phenomenon of Magnetoresistance: Metallic Multilayers and Anisotropic Magnetoresistance (AMR) 258 5.2.2 Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) Effect 259 5.2.3 Colossal Magnetoresistance (CMR) in Perovskite Oxomanganates 261 5.2.4 Tunnelling Magnetoresistance (TMR) and Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJ) 263 5.2.5 Powder, Intrinsic and Extrinsic MR 263 5.3 Half-Metallicity 264 5.3.1 Half-Metallicity in Heusler Alloys 264 5.3.2 Half-Metallic Ferro/Ferrimagnets, Antiferromagnets 265 5.4 Oxides Exhibiting Half-Metallicity 266 5.4.1 CrO2 266 5.4.2 Fe3O4 and Other Spinel Oxides 268 5.4.3 Perovskite Oxomanganates 270 5.4.4 Double Perovskites 272 5.5 Magnetoresistance and Half-Metallicity of Double Perovskites 273 5.5.1 Double Perovskite Structure 273 5.5.2 Ordering and Anti-Site (AS) Disorder in Double Perovskites 276 5.5.3 Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties of Double Perovskites 281 5.5.4 Magnetoresistance and Half-Metallicity in Double Perovskites 284 5.5.5 High Curie Temperature (TC) Double Perovskites and Room Temperature MR 285 5.6 Spintronics – The Emerging Magneto-Electronics 286 5.7 Summary 288 Acknowledgements 289 References 289 Index 295

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Book SynopsisWhile knowledge of the origin of physical properties of many simple solids is comprehensive, this is not the case for low-dimensional solids. This field, however, has seen tremendous development in the last couple of years and the materials have a wide range of applications such as in display devices.Trade Review"Introducing topics such as novel layered superconductors, inorganic-DNA delivery systems and the chemistry and physics of inorganic nanotubes and nanosheets, Low-Dimensional Solids discusses some of the most exciting concepts in this developing field". (Centre Daily Times, 19 January 2011)Table of ContentsInorganic Materials Series Preface ix Preface xi List of Contributors xiii 1 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 1 Alan V. Chadwick and Shelly L.P. Savin 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Oxide Types; Point Defects and Electrical Conductivity 4 1.3 Preparation of Nanoionic Materials 10 1.4 Characterisation 1 1.4.1 Determination of Particle Size and Dispersion 13 1.4.2 Characterisation of Microstructure 16 1.4.3 Transport Measurements 20 1.5 Review of the Current Experimental Data and their Agreement with Theory 30 1.5.1 Microstructure 30 1.5.2 Transport 31 1.5.3 Mechanical Properties 42 1.5.4 Magnetic Properties 44 1.6 Applications 46 1.6.1 Gas Sensors 46 1.6.2 Batteries 50 1.6.3 Fuel Cells 54 1.6.4 Catalysis and Adsorption 55 1.6.5 Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Nanocrystalline Oxides 60 1.7 Overview and Prospects 62 References 65 2 Inorganic Nanotubes and Nanowires 77 C.N.R. Rao, S.R.C. Vivekchand and A. Govindaraj 2.1 Introduction 77 2.2 Inorganic Nanotubes 78 2.2.1 Synthesis 79 2.2.2 Functionalisation and Solubilisation 114 2.2.3 Properties and Applications 115 2.3 Nanowires 116 2.3.1 Synthesis 116 2.3.2 Self-Assembly and Functionalisation 127 2.3.3 Properties and Applications 130 2.4 Outlook 145 References 146 3 Biomedical Applications of Layered Double Hydroxides 163 Jin-Ho Choy, Jae-Min Oh and Dae-Hwan Park 3.1 Introduction 163 3.1.1 Layered Nanohybrids 163 3.1.2 Layered Nanomaterials 164 3.2 Nanomaterials for Biological Applications 167 3.2.1 Layered Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications 167 3.2.2 Cellular Uptake Pathway of Drug-Inorganic Nanohybrids 174 3.2.3 Targeting Effect of Drug-Inorganic Nanohybrids 178 3.3 Nanomaterials for DNA Molecular Code System 180 3.3.1 Genetic Molecular Code in DNA 180 3.3.2 Chemically and Biologically Stabilised DNA in Layered Nanoparticles 180 3.3.3 Invisible DNA Molecular Code System for Ubiquitous Application 183 3.4 Conclusion 184 References 184 4 Carbon Nanotubes and Related Structures 189 M. Ángeles Herranz, Juan Luis Delgado and Nazario Martín 4.1 Introduction 189 4.2 Endohedral Fullerenes 191 4.2.1 Endohedral Metallofullerenes 191 4.2.2 Surgery of Fullerenes 197 4.3 Carbon Nanotubes 200 4.3.1 Covalent Functionalisation 201 4.3.2 Noncovalent Functionalisation 205 4.3.3 Endohedral Functionalisation 208 4.4 Other Carbon Nanotube Forms 209 4.4.1 Cup-Stacked Carbon Nanotubes 209 4.4.2 Carbon Nanohorns 210 4.4.3 Carbon Nanobuds 211 4.4.4 Carbon Nanotori 212 4.5 Carbon Nano-Onions 213 4.6 Graphenes 216 4.7 Summary and Outlook 219 Acknowledgements 219 References 220 5 Magnesium Diboride MgB 2 : A Simple Compound with Important Physical Properties 229 Michael Pissas 5.1 Introduction 229 5.1.1 Electronic Structure of MgB 2 232 5.1.2 Substitutions in MgB 2 Superconductor 235 5.2 Preparation of Pure and Alloyed MgB 2 236 5.2.1 Preparation of Pure and Alloyed Polycrystalline MgB 2 236 5.2.2 Single Crystal Growth of Pristine and Alloyed MgB 2 245 5.3 Physical Properties of MgB 2 246 5.3.1 Boron Isotope Effect 246 5.3.2 Evidence for Two Energy Gaps in MgB 2 248 5.3.3 Dependence of the Superconducting Transition Temperature on Hydrostatic Pressure 249 5.3.4 Resistivity Measurements in MgB 2 250 5.4 Flux Line Properties in Single Crystals of MgB 2 , Mg 1 x Al x B 2 and Mgb 2 x c x 256 5.4.1 Type II Superconductors 256 5.4.2 Flux Line Properties of Pristine MgB 2 259 5.4.3 Aluminium Substituted Single Crystals 266 5.4.4 Carbon Substituted Single Crystals 271 5.4.5 Two-Band Superconductivity and Possible Implications on the Vortex Matter Phase Diagram 275 5.5 Conclusions 278 References 278 Index 287

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