Mathematics and Science Books

Book SynopsisAs its title says, it's the hundred-page machine learning book. It was written by an expert in machine learning holding a Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence with almost two decades of industry experience in computer science and hands-on machine learning.This is a unique book in many aspects. It is the first successful attempt to write an easy to read book on machine learning that isn't afraid of using math. It's also the first attempt to squeeze a wide range of machine learning topics in a systematic way and without loss in quality.The book contains only those parts of the huge body of material on machine learning developed since the 1960s that have proven to have a significant practical value. A beginner in machine learning will find in this book just enough details to get a comfortable level of understanding of the field and start asking the right questions. Practitioners with experience will use this book as a collection of pointers to the directions of further self-improvement.The book also comes in handy when brainstorming at the beginning of a project, when you try to answer the question whether a given technical or business problem is 'machine-learnable' and, if yes, which techniques you should try to solve it.The book comes with a wiki which contains pages that extend some book chapters with additional information: Q&A, code snippets, further reading, tools, and other relevant resources. Thanks to the continuously updated wiki this book like a good wine keeps getting better after you buy it.

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Book SynopsisThough thousands of articles and books have been published on various aspects of the Manhattan Project, this book is the first comprehensive single-volume history prepared by a specialist for curious readers without a scientific background. This project, the United States Army’s program to develop and deploy atomic weapons in World War II, was a pivotal event in human history. The author presents a wide-ranging survey that not only tells the story of how the project was organized and carried out, but also introduces the leading personalities involved and features simplified but accurate descriptions of the underlying science and the engineering challenges. The technical points are illustrated by reader-friendly graphics. . Trade Review“The book is written in a clear and powerful language, and it involves a reader as a catching detective novel. Multiple memoirs and archives are cited, plenty of rare historical pictures and illustrations are shown. The book presents a fascinating history of science and technology, management and politics, giving to readers a view and feeling of participation in one of the most pivotal undertakings in human history which is a big part of our contemporary world.” (Stan Lipovetsky, Technometrics, Vol. 64 (2), 2022)Table of ContentsIntroduction: An Overview of the Manhattan Project.- Background: A Brief but Friendly Tour of Nuclear Physics.- Organization: Coordinating Government and Army Support.- Design: The Los Alamos Laboratory.- Production: Uranium and Plutonium.- Testing: Project Trinity.- Deployment: Hiroshima and Nagasaki.- Legacy: The Cold War, the Nuclear Landscape, and Possible Futures.

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Book SynopsisThis collection of essays traces a scientific journey bookmarked by remarkable mentors and milestones of science. It provides fascinating reading for everyone interested in the history, public appreciation, and value of science, as well as giving first-hand accounts of many key events and prominent figures. The author was one of the “sputnik kids” growing up in the US at the start of the space age. He built a working laser just two years after they were first invented, an experience that convinced him to become a physicist. During his 50-year career in physics, many personalities and notable events in science and technology helped to form his view of how science contributes to the modern world​, including his conviction that the impact of science can be most effective when introduced within the context of the humanities - especially history, literature and the arts.From the Foreword by former U.S. Congressman, Rush D. Holt: In this volume, we have the wide-ranging thoughts and observations of Fred Dylla, an accomplished physicist with an engineer’s fascination for gadgets, a historian’s long perspective, an artist’s aesthetic eye, and a teacher’s passion for sharing ideas. Throughout his varied career [...] his curiosity has been his foremost characteristic and his ability to see the connection between apparently disparate things his greatest skill. [...] Here he examines the roots and growth of innovation in examples from Bell Laboratories, Edison Electric Light Company, and cubist painter Georges Braque. He considers the essential place of publishing in science, that epochal intellectual technique for learning how the world works. He shows the human enrichment and practical benefits that derive from wise investments in scientific research, as well as the waste resulting from a failure to embrace appropriate technologies.Trade Review“The author’s infectious enthusiasm for science—and his evocative depiction of post–World War II optimism about the future—is inspiring.” (Physics Today, March, 2021)“All of the essays are thoughtful and fun to read. Anyone interested in science will find them interesting and accessible.” (Michael Duncan, Optics & Photonics News, osa-opn.org, February 11, 2021)“[Dylla … explores] the idea that a single individual at the right time and place can change the course of history. Bounding through the centuries, he highlights the importance of science policy and science communication, the funding of big and small science alike, and the contemporary challenges linked to research, teaching science and scholarly publishing.” (Cristina Agrigoroae, CERN Courier, cerncourier.com, January 29, 2021)Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis textbook presents a comprehensive introduction to ultrafast laser physics with a keen awareness of the needs of graduate students. It is self-contained and ready to use for both ultrafast laser courses and background for experimental investigation in the lab. The book starts with an advanced introduction to linear and nonlinear pulse propagation, details Q-switching and modelocking and goes into detail while explaining ultrashort pulse generation and measurement. Finally, the characterization of the laser signals is illustrated, and a broad range of applications presented. A multitude of worked examples and problems with solutions help to deepen the reader's understanding.Table of ContentsLinear pulse propagation in dispersive media.- linear pulse propagation.- dispersion compensation.- nonlinear pulse propagation.- relaxation oscillations in lasers.- Q-switching.- active modelocking.- passive modelocking: generation of ultrashort laser pulses.- pulse duration measurements.- noise characterization of pulsed laser signals.- applications of short-pulse lasers.- appendices.- index.

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Book SynopsisPreface.- Chapter 1.  Microphysics and geometry of snow surfaces.- Chapter 2.  Local optical properties of snow layers.- Chapter 3. Properties of solar light reflected from snow.- Chapter 4. Snow remote sensing.

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Book SynopsisAus moderner Sicht werden in diesem Teubner-Taschenbuch die Grundlagen und wichtige Anwendungen der statistischen Physik dargestellt. Auf eine gründliche Darstellung der Begriffsbildungen der statistischen Physik, auf die korrekte Herleitung grundlegender Gleichungen und auf die Durchführung wichtiger Beweise wird besonderer Wert gelegt. Das Buch eignet sich als Begleittext für Kurs- und Spezialvorlesungen, als Repetitorium zur Prüfungsvorbereitung und als Nachschlagewerk zur raschen Information für breite Leserkreise aus Mathematik, Naturwissenschaften und technischen Disziplinen, insbesondere für Studenten dieser Fachrichtungen.Table of ContentsKombinatorik - Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie - Quantenmechanik und Wahrscheinlichkeit - Thermodynamik - Statistische Physik der Gleichgewichtssysteme - Statistische Physik der Systeme im Nichtgleichgewicht - Statistische Physik und Informationstheorie - Phasenraummethoden der Quantenstatistik - Fraktaltheorie und Perkolationstheorie - Theorie dynamischer Systeme, Chaostheorie, Ergodentheorie - Statistische Thermodynamik chemischer Systeme - Statistische Theorie biologischer Systeme - Synergetik, weitere Anwendungen der statistischen Physik

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Table of ContentsDas Prinzip von d’Alembert in der Klassischen Mechanik und in der Quantentheorie.

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Table of ContentsAspects of non-commutative order.- Correspondences between von neumann algebras and discrete automorphism groups.- The construction and decomposition of quantum fields using operator theory, probability and fiber bundles.- On KMS states of a C* dynamical system.- Recent developments in the theory of unbounded derivations in C*-algebras.- Quasi-expectations and injective operator algebras.- General short exact sequence theorem for toeplitz operators of uniform algebras.- AW*-algebras with monotone convergence property and type III, non W*, AW*-factors.- A non-W*, AW*-factor.- Fixed points and commutation theorems.- Algebraic features of equilibrium states.- Minimal dilations of CP-flows.- Resistance inequalities for the isotropic heisenberg model.- Homogeneity of the state space of factors of type III1.- Product isometries and automorphisms of the car algebra.- Construction of ITPFI with non-trivial uncountable T-set.- On the algebraic reduction theory for countable direct summand C*-algebras of separable C*-algebras.- C*-algebras and applications to physics.

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Book SynopsisThis work was first published in 1947 in German under the title "Re­ chenmethoden der Quantentheorie". It was meant to serve a double purpose: to help both, the student when first confronted with quantum mechanics and the experimental scientist, who has never before used it as a tool, to learn how to apply the general theory to practical problems of atomic physics. Since that early date, many excellent books have been written introducing into the general framework of the theory and thus indispensable to a deeper understanding. It seems, however, that the more practical side has been somewhat neglected, except, of course, for the flood of special monographs going into broad detail on rather restricted topics. In other words, an all-round introduction to the practical use of quantum mechanics seems, so far, not to exist and may still be helpful. It was in the hope of filling this gap that the author has fallen in with the publishers' wish to bring the earlier German editions up to date and to make the work more useful to the worldwide community of science students and scientists by writing the new edition in English. From the beginning there could be no doubt that the work had to be much enlarged. New approximation methods and other developments, especially in the field of scattering, had to be added. It seemed necessary to include relativistic quantum mechanics and to offer, at least, a glimpse of radiation theory as an example of wave field quantization.Table of ContentsI. General Concepts.- 1. Law of probability conservation.- 2. Variational principle of Schrödinger.- 3. Classical mechanics for space averages.- 4. Classical laws for angular motion.- 5. Energy conservation law.- 6. Hermitian conjugate.- 7. Construction of an hermitian operator.- 8. Derivatives of an operator.- 9. Time rate of an expectation value.- 10. Schrödinger and Heisenberg representations.- 11. Time dependent hamiltonian.- 12. Repeated measurement.- 13. Curvilinear coordinates.- 14. Momentum space wave functions.- 15. Momentum space: Periodic and aperiodic wave functions.- II. One-Body Problems without Spin.- A. One-Dimensional Problems.- 16. Force-free case: Basic solutions.- 17. Force-free case: Wave packet.- 18. Standing wave.- 19. Opaque division wall.- 20. Opaque wall described by Dirac ? function.- 21. Scattering at a Dirac ? function wall.- 22. Scattering at a symmetric potential barrier.- 23. Reflection at a rectangular barrier.- 24. Inversion of reflection.- 25. Rectangular potential hole.- 26. Rectangular potential hole between two walls.- 27. Virtual levels.- 28. Periodic potential.- 29. Diraccomb.- 30. Harmonic oscillator.- 31. Oscillator in Hilbert space.- 32. Oscillator eigenfunctions constructed by Hilbert space operators.- 33. Harmonic oscillator in matrix notation.- 34. Momentum space wave functions of oscillator.- 35. Anharmonic oscillator.- 36. Approximate wave functions.- 37. Potential step.- 38. Pöschl-Teller potential hole.- 39. Potential hole of modified Pöschl-Teller type.- 40. Free fall of a body over earth’s surface.- 41. Accelerating electrical field.- B. Problems of Two or Three Degrees of Freedom without Spherical Symmetry.- 42. Circular oscillator.- 43. Stark effect of a two-dimensional rotator.- 44. Ionized hydrogen molecule.- 45. Oblique incidence of a plane wave.- 46. Symmetrical top.- C. The Angular Momentum.- 47. Infinitesimal rotation.- 48. Components in polar coordinates.- 49. Angular momentum and Laplacian.- 50. Hilbert space transformations.- 51. Commutators in Schrödinger representation.- 52. Particlcs of spin 1.- 53. Commutation with a tensor.- 54. Quadrupole tensor. Spherical harmonics.- 55. Transformation of spherical harmonics.- 56. Construction of Hilbert space for an angular momentum component.- 57. Orthogonality of spherical harmonics.- D. Potentials of Spherical Symmetry.- a) Bound States.- 58. Angular momentum expectation values.- 59. Construction of radial momentum operator.- 60. Solutions neighbouring eigenfunctions.- 61. Quadrupole moment.- 62. Particle enclosed in a sphere.- 63. Square well of finite depth.- 64. Wood-Saxon potential.- 65. Spherical oscillator.- 66. Degeneracy of the spherical oscillator.- 67. Kepler problem.- 68. Hulthén potential.- 69. Kratzer’s molecular potential.- 70. Morse potential.- 71. Rotation correction of Morse formula.- 72. Yukawa potential hole.- 73. Isotope shift in x-rays.- 74. Muonic atom ground state.- 75. Central-force model of deuteron.- 76. Momentum space wave functions for central force potentials.- 77. Momentum space integral equation for central force potentials.- 78. Momentum space wave functions for hydrogen.- 79. Stark effect of a three-dimensional rotator.- b) Problems of Elastic Scattering.- 80. Interference of incident and scattered waves.- 81. Partial wave expansion of plane wave.- 82. Partial wave expansion of scattering amplitude.- 83. Scattering at low energies.- 84. Scattering by a constant repulsive potential.- 85. Anomalous scattering.- 86. Scattering resonances.- 87. Contribution of higher angular momenta.- 88. Shape-independent approximation.- 89. Rectangular hole: Low-energy scattering.- 90. Low-energy scattering and bound state.- 91. Deuteron potential with and without hard core.- 92. Low-energy cross section with and without hard core.- 93. Low-energy scattering by a modified Pöschl-Teller potential hole.- 94. Radial integral equation.- 95. Variational principle of Schwinger.- 96. Successive approximations to partial-wave phase shift.- 97. Calogero’s equation.- 98. Linearization of Calogero’s equation.- 99. Scattering length for a negative-power potential.- 100. Second approximation to Calogero equation.- 101. Square-well potential: Scattering length.- 102. Scattering length for a Yukawa potential.- 103. Improvement of convergence in a spherical harmonics series.- 104. Collision-parameter integral.- 105. Born scattering: Successive approximation steps.- 106. Scattering by a Yukawa potential.- 107. Scattering by an exponential potential.- 108. Born scattering by a charge distribution of spherical symmetry.- 109. Hard sphere: High energy scattering.- 110. Rutherford scattering formula.- 111. Partial wave expansion for the Coulomb field.- 112. Anomalous scattering.- 113. Sommerfeld-Watson transform.- 114. Regge pole.- E. The Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) Approximation.- 115. Eikonal expansion.- 116. Radial WKB solutions.- 117. WKB boundary condition of Langer.- 118. Oscillator according to WKB approach.- 119. WKB eigenvalues in a homogeneous field.- 120. Kepler problem in WKB approach.- 121. WKB phases in the force-free case.- 122. Calculation of WKB phases.- 123. Coulomb phases by WKB method.- 124. Quasipotential.- F. The Magnetic Field.- 125. Introduction of a magnetic field.- 126. Current in presence of a magnetic field.- 127. Normal Zeeman effect.- 128. Paramagnetic and diamagnetic susceptibilities without spin.- III. Particles with Spin.- A. One-Body Problems.- 129. Construction of Pauli matrices.- 130. Eigenstates of Pauli matrices.- 131. Spin algebra.- 132. Spinor transformation properties.- 133. Spin electron in a central field.- 134. Quadrupole moment of a spin state.- 135. Expectation values of magnetic moments.- 136. Fine structure.- 137. Plane wave of spin 1/2 particles.- 138. Free electron spin resonance.- B. Two- and Three-Body Problems.- 139. Spin functions for two particles.- 140. Spin-dependent central force between nucleons.- 141. Powers of spin operators.- 142. Angular momentum eigenfunctions of two spin particles.- 143. Tensor force operator.- 144. Deuteron with tensor interaction.- 145. Electrical quadrupolc and magnetic dipole moments of deuteron.- 146. Spin functions of three particles.- 147. Neutron scattering by molecular hydrogen.- IV. Many-Body Problems.- A. Few Particles.- 148. Two repulsive particles on a circle.- 149. Three-atomic linear molecule.- 150. Centre-of-mass motion.- 151. Virial theorem.- 152. Slater determinant.- 153. Exchange in interaction terms with Slater determinant.- 154. Two electrons in the atomic ground state.- 155. Excited states of the helium atom.- 156. Excited S states of the helium atom.- 157. Lithium ground state.- 158. Exchange correction to lithium ground state.- 159. Dielectric susceptibility.- 160. Diamagnetic susceptibility of neon.- 161. Van der Waals attraction.- 162. Excitation degeneracy.- 163. Neutral hydrogen molecule.- 164. Scattering of equal particles.- 165. Anomalous proton-proton scattering.- 166. Inelastic scattering.- B. Very Many Particles: Quantum Statistics.- 167. Electron gas in a metal.- 168. Paramagnetic susceptibility of a metal.- 169. Field emission, uncorrected for image force.- 170. Field emission, corrected for image force.- 171. White dwarf.- 172. Thomas-Fermi approximation.- 173. Amaldi correction for a neutral atom.- 174. Energy of a Thomas-Fermi atom.- 175. Virial theorem for the Thomas-Fermi atom.- 176. Tietz approximation of a Thomas-Fermi field.- 177. Variational approximation of Thomas-Fermi field.....- 178. Screening of K electrons.- V. Non-Stationary Problems.- 179. Two-level system with time-independent perturbation.- 180. Periodic perturbation of two-level system.- 181. Dirac perturbation method.- 182. Periodic perturbation: Resonance.- 183. Golden Rule for scattering.- 184. Born scattering in momentum space.- 185. Coulomb excitation of an atom.- 186. Photoeffect.- 187. Dispersion of light. Oscillator strengths.- 188. Spin flip in a magnetic resonance device.- VI. The Relativistic Dirac Equation.- 189. Iteration of the Dirac equation.- 190. Plane Dirac waves of positive energy.- 191. Transformation properties of a spinor.- 192. Lorentz covariants.- 193. Parity transformation.- 194. Charge conjugation.- 195. Mixed helicity states.- 196. Spin expectation value.- 197. Algebraic properties of a Dirac wave spinor.- 198. Current in algebraic formulation.- 199. Conduction current and polarization current.- 200. Splitting up of Dirac equations into two pairs.- 201. Central forces in Dirac theory.- 202. Kepler problem in Dirac theory.- 203. Hydrogen atom fine structure.- 204. Radial Kepler solutions at positive kinetic energies.- 205. Angular momentum expansion of plane Dirac wave.- 206. Scattering by a central force potential.- 207. Continuous potential step.- 208. Plane wave at a potential jump.- 209. Reflected intensity at a potential jump.- VII. Radiation Theory.- 210. Quantization of Schrödinger field.- 211. Scattering in Born approximation.- 212. Quantization of classical radiation field.- 213. Emission probability of a photon.- 214. Angular distribution of radiation.- 215. Transition probability.- 216. Selection rules for dipole radiation.- 217. Intensities of Lyman lines.- 218. Compton effect.- 219. Bremsstrahlung.- Mathematical Append.- Coordinate systems.- ? function.- Bessel functions.- Legendre functions.- Spherical harmonics.- The hypergeometric series.- The confluent scries.- Some functions defined by integrals.- Index for Volumes I and II.

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Book SynopsisThis is not an introduction to physics but an analysis of its founda­ tions. Indeed, the aims of this book are: (1) to analyze the form and content of some of the key ideas of physics; (2) to formulate several basic physical theories in an explicit and orderly (i. e. , axiomatic) fashion; (3) to exhibit their presuppositions and discuss some of their philosoph­ ical implications; (4) to discuss some of the controversial issues, and (5) to debunk certain dusty philosophical tenets that obscure the under­ standing of physics and hinder its progress. To the extent to which these goals are attained, the volume can serve as a companion to studies in theoretical physics aiming at deepening the understanding of the logical structure and the physical meaning of our science. In order to keep the book slender, whole fields of basic physical research had to be excluded - chiefly many-body physics, quantum field theories, and elementary particle theories. A large coverage was believed to be less important than a comparatively detailed analysis and reconstruction of three representative monuments: classical mechan­ ics, general relativity, and quantum mechanics, as well as their usually unrecognized presuppositions. The reader is invited to join the project and supply some of the many missing chapters - or to rewrite the present ones entirely.Table of ContentsFoundations Research.- 1. Object: Fundamental Theories.- 2. Aims: Analysis and Synthesis.- 3. Why Foundations ?.- 4. How FR ?.- 5. Present State of FR.- 6. Outlook.- 1 Toolbox.- 1. Form and Content.- 1.1. Language.- 1.2. Logic.- 1.3. Semantics.- 2. Predicates.- 2.1. Magnitudes.- 2.2. Constants.- 2.3. Semantical and Methodological Status.- 2.4. Dimensions.- 2.5. Scales and Units.- 3. Hypotheses.- 3.1. Assumptions.- 3.2. Law Statements.- 3.3. Variational Principles.- 3.4. Conservation Laws.- 4. Theories.- 4.1. Form and Content.- 4.2. Physical Axiomatics.- 4.3. Theory Construction.- 5. Theory Checking.- 5.1. Testability.- 5.2. Explanation and Prediction.- 5.3. Rival Theories and Programmes.- 2 Protophysics.- 1. Zerological Principles.- 2. Physical Probabilities.- 3. Chronology.- 4. Physical Geometry.- 5. General Systems Theory.- 6. Analytical “Dynamics”.- 6.1. General “Dynamics”.- 6.2. Excursus: Independent Axiomatization of Hamilton’s “Dynamics”.- 6.3. Transition from G to Lagrange’s “Dynamics”.- 6.4. Excursus: Independent Axiomatization of Lagrange’s “Dynamics”.- 6.5. Transition from G to Hamilton-Jacobi’s “Dynamics”.- 6.6. Extensions to Continuous Systems.- 6.7. Intertheory Relations.- 3 Classical Mechanics.- 1. Particle Mechanics.- 1.1. Background and Primitives.- 1.2. Axioms.- 1.3. Sample of Theorems.- 1.4. Analysis.- 2. Continuum Mechanics.- 2.1. Background and Building Blocks.- 2.2. Axioms.- 2.3. Typical Consequences.- 2.4. Tests.- 4 Classical Field Theories.- 1. Classical Electromagnetism.- 1.1. Microelectromagnetism.- 1.2. Alternative Formulations of Microelectromagnetism.- 1.3. Some Typical Theorems.- 1.4. Classical Electrodynamics.- 1.5. Phenomenological Macroelectromagnetism.- 1.6. Representational Macroelectromagnetism.- 1.7. Nonfield Theories of E.M..- 1.8. Testability of CEM.- 2. Special Relativity.- 2.1. Background and Heuristic Cue.- 2.2. Basis of Relativistic Kinematics.- 2.3. Some Logical Consequences.- 2.4. Relativistic Physics.- 2.5. Disputed Questions.- 3. General Relativity.- 3.1. Heuristic Components.- 3.2. Basis of General Relativity.- 3.3. Comments.- 3.4. Some Representative Theorems.- 3.5. Empirical Tests.- 5 Quantum Mechanics.- 1. Quantum Heuristics.- 2. Background and Building Blocks.- 3. Comprehensive Postulates.- 4. Comprehensive Theorems.- 5. Specific Postulates.- 6. Specific Theorems.- 7. Measurement Theory.- 8. Debated Questions.- Epilogue.

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Book SynopsisSince Valasek's discovery of the ferroelectric properties of Rochelle salt nearly 60 years ago, ferroelectricity has been regarded as one of the tradi- tional branches of dielectric physics. It has had important applications in lattice dynamics, quantum electronics, and nonlinear optics. The study of electron processes in ferroelectrics was begun with VUL's investigations of the ferroelectric properties of barium titanate [1.1]. In- trinsic and extrinsic optical absorption, band structure, conductivity and photoconductivity, carrier mobility. and transport mechanisms were examined in this compound, and in other perovskite ferroelectric semiconductors. An important discovery was that of the highly photosensitive photoconducting ferroelectrics of type AVBVICVIII (e.g. SbSI) by MERZ et al. in 1962 [1.2,3]. A large number of ferroelectric semiconductors (some photosensitive, some not) are now known, including broad-band materials (e.g. lithium niobate, lithium tantalate, barium and strontium niobate, and type-A~B~I compounds), BI and narrow-band semiconductors (e.g. type_AIVB compounds). A series of improper ferroelectric semiconductors and photosensitive ferroelastics have been discovered, of which Sb 0 I is an example. s 7 Owing to the uncertainty of their band structure, the difficulty in deter- mining the nature of the levels, the complexity of alloying, and their gen- erally low mobility values, ferroelectrics are rarely of interest regarded as nonlinear semiconductors. The most fruitful approach has been the study of the influence of electrons (especially nonequilibrium electrons) and electron excitations on phase transitions and ferroelectric properties. A large group of phenomena have recently been discovered and investigated.Table of Contents1. Introduction.- 2. The Thermodynamics of Photoferroelectrics.- 2.1 The Free Energy of a Ferroelectric Semiconductor.- 2.2 First- and Second-Order Phase Transitions.- 2.3 Effect of Electrons on Phase Transitions: Photoferroelectric Phenomena.- 2.4 The Energy-Gap Anomaly.- 2.5 Electrical Conductivity of Ferroelectric Semiconductors Near the Curie Point.- 3. The Microscopic Theory of Photoferroelectric Phenomena.- 3.1 Ferroelectric Phase Transitions and the Soft Vibration Mode..- 3.2 Effect of Screening on the Soft Vibration Mode.- 3.3 Ferroelectric Phase Transitions and Interband Electron-Phonon Interactions.- 3.4 Change in Dipole Moment of Centres on Optical Recharging.- 3.5 Phasons and Fluctuons.- 4. Screening of Spontaneous Polarization.- 4.1 Debye Length as Screening Length Parameter in Ferroelectrics.- 4.2 Screening and Periodic Structure of Interphase Boundaries in Ferroelectrics.- 5. Photoferroelectric Phenomena and Photostimulated Phase Transitions.- 5.1 Thermodynamics of Photoferroelectric Phenomena.- 5.2 Photostimulated Shift of Phase Transition Temperature and Photohysteresis Effect.- 5.3 Influence of Electron Excitations on Spontaneous Polarization.- 5.4 Photodeformation Effect.- 5.5 Photoinduced Rayleigh Scattering in BaTiO3.- 6. The Anomalous Photovoltaic Effect in Ferroelectrics.- 6.1 The APV Effect in Ferroelectrics.- 6.2 Photovoltaic Current with Short-Circuited Electrodes.- 6.3 The Nature of the AP Effect in Ferroelectrics.- 6.3.1 Asymmetry of Impurity Centers and Frank-Condon Relaxation.- 6.3.2 Photoinduced Fluctuations.- 7. The Photorefractive Effect in Ferroelectrics.- 7.1. Mechanisms of the PR Effect in Ferroelectrics.- 7.1.1 The AP Effect.- 7.1.2 The Influence of Electron Excitations on Spontaneous Polarization.- 7.1.3 The Diffusion of Nonequilibrium Carriers.- 7.1.4 The Photoconductivity in an External Field.- 7.2. Photorefractive Holographic Recording.- 7.3 Photorefractive Sensitivity.- 7.4 Effect of Photorefraction on Multiphoton Excitation.- 8. Screening Phenomena.- 8.1 Influence of Nonequilibrium Carriers on Screening of Interfaces.- 8.2 Influence of Screening on Switching Processes.- 8.2.1 Photoswitching in SbSI.- 8.2.2 Photoswitching in PLZT.- 8.3 The Photodomain Effect.- 8.3.1 The Photodomain Effect in SbSI and BaTiO3.- 8.3.2 The Influence of Intrinsic Illumination on Pyrocurrents in SbSI and BaTiO3.- 8.4 Screening and Short-Circuit Photocurrents.- References.

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Table of ContentsSymmetry and invariance properties of the coupling parameters.- Different models for the potential energy in crystals.- Dynamics of molecular crystals.- Anharmonic effects in thermodynamical properties.- Point defects in crystal lattices.- Interaction of phonons with particles and radiation.

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Book SynopsisLearn what it takes to create and implement a truly successful seed policy!This unique book brings together international experts on seed policy and law. While other books approach the subject from the perspective of seed industry development and privatization, Seed Policy, Legislation, and Law makes clear that a successful national seed policy must be based on a thorough analysis of connected issues such as biodiversity and rural development. In addition to giving you an essential overview of seed regulatory reform, this book will also bring you up to date on recent developments in the field, such as intellectual property and the biosafety of GMOs.Seed Policy, Legislation, and Law examines: quality control issues in developing countries case studies from Turkey, Uganda, and Bangladesh property rights for plant varieties the regulation of genetically modified seeds in emerging economies agro-biodiversity as it relates to seed policy why a farmer seed system is essential in a national seed sector the impact of the transition from central seed sector planning to a free market how international seed associations can impact policy development new technological developments like GURTs and appropriate policy responses Table of ContentsPreface; Seed Policy, Legislation and Law: Widening a Narrow Focus; SEED POLICY The Importance of the Farmers’ Seed Systems in a Functional National Seed Sector; Seed Sectors in Transition: From Centrally Planned to Free Market; Policy Measures for Stimulating Indigenous Seed Enterprises; Challenges and Limitations of the Market; The Role of International Seed Associations in International Policy Development; Policy Response to Technological Developments: The Case of GURTs; SEED LEGISLATION AND COUNTRY CASES Seed Regulatory Reform: An Overview; Seed Quality Control in Developing Countries; Variety Controls; The Rules for International Seed Trade; Progresses in the Turkish Seed Industry; Seed Industry Development and Seed Legislation in Uganda; Seed Regulatory Frameworks in a Small Farmer Environment: The Case of Bangladesh; UPCOMING ISSUES Property Rights on Plant Varieties: An Overview; Regulating Genetically-Modified Seeds in Emerging Economies; An Agrobiodiversity Perspective on Seed Policies

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Book SynopsisThis book examines the treatability of hazardous wastes by different physicochemical treatment processes according to the Quantitative Structure and Activity Relationship (QSAR) between kinetic rate constants and molecular descriptors. The author explores how to use these models to select treatment processes according to the molecular structure of organic pollutants. He covers how to use them to predict treatability of organic pollutants having similar molecular structures by each treatment process in both homogeneous and heterogeneous media. The book is a guide for assessing the treatability of pollutants prior to designing a treatment process and a reference on advanced oxidation processes.Table of ContentsThis book examines the treatability of hazardous wastes by different physicochemical treatment processes according to the Quantitative Structure and Activity Relationship (QSAR) between kinetic rate constants and molecular descriptors. The author explores how to use these models to select treatment processes according to the molecular structure of organic pollutants. He covers how to use them to predict treatability of organic pollutants having similar molecular structures by each treatment process in both homogeneous and heterogeneous media. The book is a guide for assessing the treatability of pollutants prior to designing a treatment process and a reference on advanced oxidation processes.

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Book SynopsisThe world can be an amazing place if you know the right questions to ask: How much does a ghost reduce a house's value? How are winemakers responding to climate change? How much should you tip your Uber driver? Should your dog fear Easter more than fireworks? The keen minds of The Economist love to look beyond everyday appearances to find out what really makes things tick. In this latest collection of The Economist Explains, they have gathered the weirdest and most counter-intuitive answers they've found in their endless quest to explain our bizarre world. Take a peek at some Unconventional Wisdom - and pass it on! The world only gets more amazing when discoveries are shared.Trade ReviewThe Father Christmas of knowledge -- Giles CorenPraise for Go Figure: Books like this make you wary of ever guessing the answer to anything -- Mark Mason * Daily Mail *

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Book SynopsisThis open access book chronicles the rise of a new scientific paradigm offering novel insights into the age-old enigmas of existence. Over 300 years ago, the human mind discovered the machine code of reality: mathematics. By utilizing abstract thought systems, humans began to decode the workings of the cosmos. From this understanding, the current scientific paradigm emerged, ultimately discovering the gift of technology. Today, however, our island of knowledge is surrounded by ever longer shores of ignorance. Science appears to have hit a dead end when confronted with the nature of reality and consciousness. In this fascinating and accessible volume, James Glattfelder explores a radical paradigm shift uncovering the ontology of reality. It is found to be information-theoretic and participatory, yielding a computational and programmable universe.Table of ContentsPart I Climbing to the Summit.- Deciphering the Rules of Nature.- The Simplicity of Complexity.- Crafting Technology.- Part II The Downfall.- The Truth about Reality.- The Missing Foundations of Science.- Problems with Consciousness.- Part III A New Horizon.- So, How Can You Be Sure?.- A Universe Built of Information.- Fabricating Reality.

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Book SynopsisPhysik für Biologen - Kein trockener Stoff nur für die Prüfung! Eine Einführung in die Grundlagen der klassischen und modernen Physik sowie in die physikalischen Gesetzmäßigkeiten der Natur. Physik für Biologen - Die Grundlagen verstehen und die Wissenschaft vom Leben wird lebendig!Table of ContentsKlassische Physik.- Einführung.- Die Physik des Massenpunkts.- Die Physik des starren Körpers.- Die Physik des deformierbaren Körpers.- Die Physik der Flüssigkeiten.- Thermodynamik.- Mechanische Schwingungen und Wellen.- Das elektrische und das magnetische Feld.- Zeitlich veränderliche Felder.- Optik.- Moderne Physik.- Einführung.- Die spezielle Relativitätstheorie.- Die Quantelung des Lichts.- Materiewellen.- Atomphysik.- Kernphysik.- Quantenphysik der Vielteilchensysteme.- Molekülphysik.- Anhänge.

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Book SynopsisThis monograph deals with curious and little-known acoustic systems of commun­ ication based on whistling that are in use at the present time in many parts of the world and have had, on the evidence available, even greater currency in the past. In spite of their wide distribution, they have not so far received the attention they might have been expected to attract: linguistically and in other ways they are most interesting. For it should be realized that they are much more than mere codes or conventional systems of signals; they function in exactly the same way as speech (in the sense we normally use the term), being in fact rather extraordinary realizations of the languages spoken in the re­ gions where they occur. They utilize the vocabulary, grammar and, in many cases to a large extent, the phonology of the local speech. However their phonetic system is profoundly modified acoustically and (in some cases less so) from the point of view of articulation, because the glottal tone of every­ day communication, the "voice", is repl aced by a whistl e which carries the in­ formation. The advantage of this procedure, from the point of view of the user, is a vastly increased range as well as, under certain circumstances, a degree of secrecy. It will be shown that whistled languages appear in two main, very different forms.Table of Contents1. Introduction and Historical Sketch.- 2. Ecology.- 3. Physics of the Signal; Range.- 4. The Mechanism of Whistle Production.- 5. Phonology and Phonetics of Whistled Speech.- 6. Extra-Linguistic Information Contents of the Signal.- 7. Whistling in the Animal Kingdom.- Conclusions.

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Table of Contents1 Stromsteuernde Hochvakuum-, Gas- und Festkörper-Entladungsgeräte.- I. Hoehvakuumdioden und ihre Entladungsformen.- A. Energieprofile emittierter Elektronen zwischen Kathode und Anode..- 1. „Kontaktspannung“ Uk.- 2. Energieprofile für UK < UA (bremsendes Kontaktfeld; Fall der stromsteuernden Glühkathodenröhren).- 3. Energieprofile für UK > UA (beschleunigendes Kontaktfeld; Fall des thermionischen Energiewandlers).- B. Kennliniengleichungen für Hochvakuumdioden mit ebener bzw. zylinderförmiger Massivglühkathode.- 1. Sättigungsbereich (Ua < Us).- 2. Anlaufstrombereich (Ua > 0).- a) Diode mit ebenen Elektroden.- b) Diode mit zylinderförmigen Elektroden.- 3. Raumladungsbereich (0 < Ua< Us).- a) Diode mit ebenen Elektroden.- b) Diode mit zylinderförmigen Elektroden.- c) Graphisch-experimentelle Bestimmung der Raumladungskonstanten K.- C. Daten von Hochvakuum-Gleichrichtern.- 1. Betriebsdaten.- 2. Emissions- und Heizdaten.- 3. Konstruktionsarten.- D. Röntgenröhren.- 1. Mechanismus der Röntgenstrahlerzeugung.- 2. Strahlungsleistung einer Röntgenröhre.- 3. Wirkungsgrad, Güte und Belastbarkeit einer Röntgenröhre.- 4. Absorption von Röntgenstrahlen.- 5. Technische Röntgenanlagen.- a) Aufbau von Röntgenröhren.- b) Schaltungen zum Betrieb von Röntgenröhren.- c) Anwendungen von Röntgenröhren.- E. Hochvakuum-Photodioden (Photozellen).- 1. Lichtstärke und Lichtfluß.- 2. Lichtempfindlichkeit von Photozellen.- 3. Ia-Ua-Kennlinienfeld und Betriebsschaltung einer Photozelle.- 4. Ausführungsformen und Daten technischer Photozellen.- II. Gasgefüllte Dioden und ihre Entladungsformen.- A. Dioden mit selbständigen Entladungen.- 1. Glimmentladungs-Dioden.- a) Dioden mit normaler Glimmentladung (Stromdichte jn = 0,01 bis 10 mA/cm2; Gasdruck etwa 10?2 bis 10 Torr).- b) Dioden mit anormaler Glimmentladung (Stromdichte jan > 10 mA/cm2).- c) Dioden mit „behinderter“ Glimmentladung.- d) Dioden mit „Hohlkathoden-Entladung“.- e) Dioden mit „Spritzentladung“.- 2. Lichtbogen-Dioden.- a) Der Quecksilberdampf-Gleichrichter.- b) Die Wolfram- Punktlichtlampe.- c) Bogenlampen mit Kohleelektroden.- B. Dioden mit unselbständigen Gasentladungen.- 1. Dioden mit unselbständiger Kaltkathoden-Gasentladung.- a) Ionisationskammer.- b) Gasgefüllte Photozelle.- c) Gasentladungs- (Geiger-Müller-(Zählrohre.- d) Corona-Stabilisatorröhren.- 2. Dioden mit (unselbständiger) Glühkathoden-Gasentladung.- a) Ia-Ua-Kennlinien einer Glühkathoden-Gasdiode bei verschiedenem Druck.- b) Räumlicher Potential verlauf in einer Glühkathoden-Gasdiode bei wachsendem Gasdruck.- c) Ausführungsformen von Gasdioden mit Glühkathoden.- C. Dimensionierung von Gasdioden auf Grund ihrer Entladungseigenschaften.- 1. Bestimmung der Entladungseigenschaften mit Hilfe der Sondenmethodik.- 2. Ähnlichkeitsgesetze für Gasdioden.- III. Hochvakuumtrioden.- A. Kennliniengleichungen.- B. Potential verlauf und Elektronenbahnen.- 1. Triode mit ebenen Elektroden.- 2. Triode mit Zylindere lektroden.- C. Berechnung des Durchgriffs.- 1. Triode mit ebenen Elektroden.- 2. Triode mit zylindrischen Elektroden.- D. Abhängigkeit des Durchgriffs von den Betriebsdaten.- 1. Vergrößerung des Durchgriffs mit Abnahme von Ia durch Inselbildung.- 2. Verkleinerung d es Durchgriffs durch Raumladung.- E. Ausführungsformen von Hochvakuumtrioden.- 1. Trioden für niedrige Leistungen und Frequenzen bis 1000 MHz.- 2. Trioden für niedrige Leistungen und Frequenzen über 1000 MHz (Scheibentrioden).- 3. Trioden für hohe Leistungen (Sendetrioden).- 4. Nachteile der Trioden.- IV. Hochvakuum-Mehrpolröhren.- A. Steuerspannung in Mehrgitterröhren.- B. Stromverteilung in Mehrgitterröhren mit einem positiven Gitter.- C. Potentialverlauf in Mehrgitterröhren.- D. Typische Mehrgitterröhren.- 1. Tetroden.- a) Raumladegitter-Tetrode.- b) Schirmgitter-Tetrode.- c) Ausführungsformen und Anwendungen von Tetroden.- 2. Pentoden.- a) Wirkungsweise und Kennlinien.- b) Typische Daten und Anwendungen.- 3. Hexoden, Heptoden und Oktoden.- a) Wirkungsweise und Kennlinien.- b) Anwendungen.- E. Photovervielfacherröhren (“Photomultiplier”).- 1. VervielfachungsVorgänge.- 2. Typische Betriebsdaten.- 3. Bauformen.- 4. Anwendungen.- F. Mehrpolige Hochvakuum-Schalt- und Zählröhren.- 1. Dekadische Elektronenstrahl-Schaltröhre mit axialem Magnetfeld..- a) Aufbau.- b) Schaltvorgang.- 2. Dekadische Zählröhre mit Leuchtschirm-Anzeige.- V. Gasgefüllte Mehrpolröhren.- A. Glühkathoden-Gastriode (Thyratron).- 1. Aufbau und Wirkungsweise.- 2. Betriebsdaten.- 3. Anwendungen.- B. Gastrioden mit flüssiger Quecksilberkathode (Zündstift-Trioden).- 1. Ignitron.- 2. Excitron.- 3. Anwendungen.- C. Kaltkathoden-Mehrpolröhren.- 1. Schaltröhren (Relaisröhren).- 2. Zählröhren.- 3. Signalröhren.- VI. Zweipolige Festkörper-Entladungsgeräte.- A. Charakteristische Daten anorganischer Halbleiter.- B. Festkörperdioden.- 1. Elektrische Eigenschaften und Bändermodelle.- 2. Ausführungsformen von Festkörperdioden.- a) Selendioden.- b) Cu2O-Dioden (Kupferoxydul-Gleichrichter).- c) Germanium- und Siliziumdioden.- d) Kapazitätsdioden.- e) Zenerdioden.- f) Tunneldioden.- g) Rückwärts- (Backward-)Dioden.- C. Photo widerstände, Photodioden und Photoelemente.- 1. Innerer lichtelektrischer Effekt.- 2. Ausführungsformen von lichtempfindlichen Halbleiter-Bauelementen.- a) Photowiderstände.- b) Photodioden.- c) Photoelemente.- D. Heißleiter (Thermistoren).- VII. Festkörper-Mehrpolgeräte.- A. Niederfrequenz-, Hochfrequenz- und Leistungs-Transistoren.- 1. Niederfrequenz-Transistoren.- 2. Hochfrequenz-Transistoren.- 3. Leistungs-Transistoren.- B. Sonderformen von Transistoren.- 1. Spitzentransistor.- 2. Unipolar- (Feldeffekt-)Transistor.- 3. Schalt-Transistor.- 4. Transistor-Tetrode (Doppelbasis-Transistor).- 5. Phototransistor.- C. Thyristoren (gesteuerte Silizium-Gleichrichter).- 1. Spannungsgesteuerter Thyristor.- 2. Lichtgesteuerte Thyristoren.- D. Doppelbasisdiode (“Faden-Transistor”).- VIII. Weitere Festkörper-Entladungsgeräte.- A. Elektrolumineszenz-Lampen und-Bildverstärker.- 1. Mechanismus der Elektrolumineszenz.- 2. Ausführungsformen von Elektrolumineszenz-Lampen.- a) Lampe mit ZnS-Leuchtstoffschicht.- b) Infrarot-Strahler mit GaAs-Sperrschicht.- 3. Festkörper-Bildverstärker.- B. Atombatterien.- 1. Prinzip.- 2. Ausführungen.- a) Atombatterie mit direkter Erregung („Quantentransformator“).- b) Atombatterie mit indirekter Erregung.- C. Kristallzähler.- 1. Einkristallzähler.- 2. Sperrschichtzähler.- a) Germanium- und Silizium-p-n-Sperrschichtzähler.- b) Germanium- bzw. Silizium-p-i-n-Sperrschichtzähler.- 3. Kristall-Auslösezähler.- D. Hallgeneratoren.- E. Halbleiter-Kühlelemente.- IX. Mikro-Transistorsysteme.- A. Integrierte Dünnfilmschaltungen.- B. Integrierte Halbleiterschaltungen.- X. Laser.- A. Spontane und induzierte Strahlungsemission.- B. Laserarten.- 1. Festkörper-Laser.- a) Rubin-Laser.- b) Dioden-Laser.- 2. Gas-Laser.- C. Eigenschaften und Anwendungen der Laserstrahlung.- 1. Eigenschaften.- 2. Technische Anwendungen.- XI. Literaturverzeichnis zum Kapitel 1.- 2 Elektronenoptische Geräte.- I. Elektronenlinsen.- A. Bedingungen für die „optische“ Ausbreitung eines Elektronenstrahls.- 1. Weglängen-Bedingung.- 2. Bedingung hinsichtlich der Ladungsabstoßung.- B. Elektrische Elektronenlinsen.- 1. Allgemeines.- a) Einteilungsarten.- b) Elektrische Eigenschaften.- 2. Scheibenlinsen.- a) Allgemeine Berechnung der Brennweiten.- b) Brennweitenformeln für typische Scheibenlinsen.- c) Anwendungen der Scheibenlinsen.- 3. Rohrlinsen.- a) Einrohrlinse mit Netz.- b) Zweirohrlinse (mit gleichem Rohrdurchmesser).- c) Einrohrlinse mit zwei Netzen.- d) Anwendungen der Rohrlinsen.- C. Magnetische Elektronenlinsen.- 1. Allgemeines.- a) Einteilungsarten.- b) Elektrische Eigenschaften.- 2. Allgemeine Berechnung der Brennweite und der Bilddrehung.- 3. Magnetische Linsen ohne Feldumkehr.- a) Kurze Luftspulen.- b) Kurze Eisenspulen (ohne Feldumkehr).- c) Anwendungen der kurzen Luft- bzw. Eisenspulen ohne Feldumkehr.- 4. Magnetische Linsen mit einfacher Feldumkehr.- a) Eisenfreie Linsen.- b) Eisenlinsen.- c) Anwendungen.- 5. Magnetische Linsen mit doppelter Feldumkehr.- a) Eisenfreie Linsen.- b) Eisenlinsen.- c) Anwendungen.- D. Elektronenoptische Abbildungsgesetze.- 1. Bildkonstruktion.- 2. Linsengleichung und Abbildungsmaßstab.- a) Linsengleichung.- b) Abbildungsmaßstab.- 3. Linsengleichung und Abbildungsmaßstab für elektrische und magnetische Linsen.- a) Elektrische Linsen.- b) Magnetische Linsen.- E. Abbildungsfehler.- 1. Schärfefehler des Bildpunktes.- a) Öffnungsfehler (sphärische Aberration).- b) Astigmatismus.- c) Komafehler.- 2. Maßstabsfehler (Verzeichnung).- a) Die kissenförmige Verzeichnung.- b) Die tonnenförmige Verzeichnung.- 3. Anisotrope Bildfehler.- a) Anisotroper Astigmatismus.- b) Anisotrope Verzeichnung („Zerdrehung“).- 4. Vergleich der Bildfehler bei elektrischen und magnetischen Linsen.- II. Immersionssysteme.- A. Vorsammelsysteme in Kathodenstrahl- und Laufzeitröhren.- B. Sammelsysteme in Röntgenröhren.- C. Abbildungssysteme mit langer Magnetspule.- D. Bündelungssysteme in Verstärker- und Senderöhren.- E. Kugel- und Plattenkondensator-Immersionssystem.- F. Statisch-periodische Elektronenstrahl-Fokussiersysteme.- 1. Elektrische Systeme.- a) Rohrlinsensystem für kreiszylindrische Elektronenstrahlen.- b) Rohrlinsensystem für hohlzylindrische Elektronenstrahlen.- c) Slalom-Fokussiersystem.- 2. Magnetische Systeme.- III. Elektronenoptische Ablenkorgane.- A. Allgemeine Eigenschaften der Ablenkorgane.- B. Doppelsymmetrische elektrische Ablenkorgane.- 1. Lange parallele Ablenkplatten.- 2. Kurze parallele Ablenkplatten.- 3. Geneigte kurze Ablenkplatten.- 4. Gekrümmte und geknickte Ablenkplatten.- 5. Elektrisches Ablenksystem mit sinusförmiger Randpotentialverteilung.- C. Doppelsymmetrische magnetische Ablenkorgane.- 1. Eisenfreie Ablenkspule mit „langem“ homogenem Magnetfeld.- 2. Eisenfreie Ablenkspule mit „kurzem“ homogenem Magnetfeld.- 3. Eisenfreie Parallelleiter-Kreiszylinderspule.- 4. Eisenfreie gekreuzte elliptische Ablenkspule.- 5. Eisenspule mit Polwicklung.- 6. Eisenspule mit Schenkelwicklung.- 7. Vergleich des Ablenk Vermögens verschiedener Luftspulen.- 8. Rotierende Ablenkspule.- D. Fehler der doppelsymmetrischen Ablenkorgane und ihre Kompensation.- 1. Verzeichnung.- a) Maßstabsfehler.- b) Koordinatenkrümmung.- 2. Astigmatismus und Bildwölbung.- a) Definition.- b) Ursachen.- c) Korrekturen.- 3. Komafehler.- 4. Trapezfehler.- E. Einfachsymmetrische Ablenkorgane.- 1. Ablenkorgane zur Trapezentzerrung.- a) In Elektronenstrahlröhren mit geneigtem Bildschirm.- b) In Elektronenstrahlröhren mit elektrischer Unsymmetrie der Ablenkspannung.- 2. Ablenkorgane für Polarkoordinaten.- 3. Fokussierende (abbildende) Ablenkorgane.- a) Eigenschaften und Einteilung.- b) Fokussierende elektri-sche Ablenkorgane.- c) Fokussierende magnetische Ablenkorgane.- d) Aufbau typischer Massenspektrographen.- F. Fehler der einfachsymmetrischen Ablenkorgane von Elektronenstrahlröhren und ihre Kompensation.- 1. Fehlerarten und -Ursachen.- 2. Fehlerkorrektur.- IV. Elektronenoptischc Ähnlichkeitsgesetze 286.- A. Geometrisch ähnliche Vergrößerung oder Verkleinerung der Dimensionen.- 1. Elektrische Linsen.- 2. Magnetische Kreisringlinse ohne Feldumkehr.- 3. Elektrische und magnetische Ablenkorgane.- B. Änderung der Spannungen bzw. Ströme.- 1. Elektrische Elektronenlinsen.- 2. Magnetische Elektronenlinsen.- 3. Immersionssysteme.- 4. Elektrische und magnetische Ablenkorgane.- C. Änderung der Teilchenladung bzw. Teilchenmasse.- 1. Elektrische und magnetische Linsen.- 2. Elektrische und magnetische Ablenkorgane.- V. Elektronenstrahl-Wandlerröhren.- A. Elektronenoptische Bild-Bild-Wandlerröhren („Bildwandler“).- 1. Prinzipieller Aufbau und Wirkungsweise.- a) Bildwandler ohne Elektronenstrahlfokussierung.- b)Bildwandler mit Elektronenstrahlfokussierung.- 2. Bildfehler bei Wandlern mit elektrostatischem System.- a) Der Maßstabsfehler.- b) Chromatische und sphärische Aberration.- c) Koma und Astigmatismus.- 3. Ausführungsformen von Bildwandlern.- a) Dioden.- b) Trioden.- c) Tetrode (mit Nach-beschleunigung).- d) Bildwandler mit mehreren Sekundäremissionsstufen.- e) Röntgenbild Verstärker.- 4. Anwendungen.- a) Die Medizin.- b) Die Photographie.- c) Die Mikroskopie.- d) Untersuchung von undurchsichtigen Medien.- B. Signal-Bild-Wandlerröhren.- 1. Oszillographenröhren.- a) Die Art der Ablenkung.- b) Die Ablenkempfindlichkeit.- c) Die Beschleunigungsspannung.- d) Die obere Grenzfrequenz.- e) Die maximale Schreibgeschwindigkeit.- f) Die Lichtausbeute, Farbe und Nachleuchtdauer des Leuchtschirms.- 2. Fernseh-Bildröhren.- a) Schwarz-Weiß-Fernsehbildröhren.- b) Lochblenden- Bildröhre für Farbfernsehen.- 3. Bildradar- und Bildspeicherröhren.- a) Bildradarröhren.- b) Bildspeicherröhren.- C. Bild-Signal-Wandlerröhren.- 1. Superikonoskop.- 2. Superorthikon.- 3. Vidikon.- D. Signal-Signal-Wandlerröhren.- VI. Elektronenmikroskope.- A. Prinzip und Kenngrößen.- B. Aufbau und Eigenschaften verschiedener Elektronenmikroskope.- 1. Durchstrahlungs-Elektronenmikroskope.- a) Aufbau.- b) Streu Vorgänge bei der Bildentstehung.- 2. Spezielle Ausführungsformen.- a) Emissions-Elektronenmikroskop.- b) Spiegel-Elektronenmikroskop.- c) Schatten-Elektronenmikroskop.- 3. Technische Daten neuerer Elektronenmikroskope.- VII. Teilchenbeschleuniger.- A. Linearbeschleuniger.- 1. Einstufiger Gleichspannungs-Linearbeschleuniger.- 2. Mehrstufiger Gleichspannungs-Linearbeschleuniger.- 3. Mehrstufige HF-Linearbeschleuniger.- a) Linearbeschleuniger mit Rohrlinsensystem.- b) Linear-beschleuniger mit hintereinanderliegenden Lochscheibenresonatoren.- 4. Anwendungen der Linearbeschleuniger.- B. Ionen-Spiralbahn-Beschleuniger mit zwei HF-Elektroden in einem konstanten magnetischen Führungsfeld (Zyklotron).- 1. Aufbau und Wirkungsweise.- 2. Richtungs- und Phasenfokussierung des Ionenstrahls.- 3. Technische Daten und Anwendungen.- C. Kreisbahn-Induktionsbeschleuniger.- 1. Betatron („Elektronenschleuder“).- a) Aufbau und Wirkungsweise.- b) Betriebsbedingungen des Betatrons.- c) Technische Daten.- 2. Deuteriumerhitzer für die Kernfusion.- a) Prinzip.- b) Aufbau und Wirkungsweise einer Kernfusionsanlage.- c) Pinch-Effekt.- D. Kreisbahn-Beschleuniger mit magnetischem Führungsfeld und zwei oder mehr HF-Elektroden (Synchrotrons).- 1. Elektronen-Synchrotron.- a) Aufbau und Wirkungsweise.- b) Vorteile des Elektronen-Synchrotrons.- c) Technische Daten und Anwendung.- 2. Synchrozyklotron.- a) Aufbau und Wirkungsweise.- b) Technische Daten und Anwendungen.- 3. Protonen-Synchrotron.- a) Aufbau und Wirkungsweise.- b) Technische Daten.- VIII. Literaturverzeichnis zum Kapitel 2.- IX. Übungsaufgaben zu Band I und II.

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisMaster PowerPoint and improve your presentation skills-with one book!It's no longer enough to have slide after slide of text, bullets, and charts. It's not even enough to have good speaking skills if your PowerPoint slides bore your audience.

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Book SynopsisThe volumes of Organic Reactions are collections of chapters each devoted to a single reaction, or a definite phase of a reaction, of wide applicability. The material is treated from a preparative viewpoint, with emphasis on limitations, interfering influences, effects of structure, and the selection of experimental techniques. Numerous detailed procedures illustrate the significant modifications of each method. Includes tables that contain all possible examples of the reaction under consideration.Table of Contents1. The Alkylation of Aromatic Compounds by the Friedel-Crafts Method--Charles C. Price 2. The Willgerodt Reaction--Marvin Carmack and M. A. Spielman 3. Preparation of Ketenes and Ketene Dimers--W. E. Hanford and John C. Sauer 4. Direct Sulfonation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Halogen Derivatives--C. M. Suter and Arthur W. Weston 5. Azlactones--H. E. Carter 6. Substitution and Addition Reactions of Thiocyanogen--John L. Wood 7. The Hofmann Reaction--Everett S. Wallis and John F. Lane 8. The Schmidt Reaction--Hans Wolff 9. The Curtius Reaction--Peter A. S. Smith Index

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Book SynopsisThe volumes of Organic Reactions are collections of chapters each devoted to a single reaction, or a definite phase of a reaction, of wide applicability. The material is treated from a preparative viewpoint, with emphasis on limitations, interfering influences, effects of structure, and the selection of experimental techniques. Numerous detailed procedures illustrate the significant modifications of each method. Includes tables that contain all possible examples of the reaction under consideration.Table of Contents1. Catalytic Hydrogenation of Esters to Alcohols--The Late HomerAdkins 2. The Synthesis of Ketones from Acid Halides and OrganometallicCompounds of Magnesium, Zinc, and Cadmium--David A. Shirley 3. The Acylation of Ketones to form beta-Diketones or beta-KetoAldehydes--Charles R. Hauser, Frederic W. Swamer, and Joe T.Adams 4. The Sommelet Reaction--S. J. Angyal 5. The Synthesis of Aldehydes from Carboxylic Acids--ErichMosettig 6. The Metalation Reaction with Organolithium Compounds--HenryGilman and John W. Morton, Jr. 7. beta-Lactones--Harold E. Zaugg 8. The Reaction of Diazomethane and Its Derivatives with Aldehydesand Ketones--C. David Gutsche Index

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Book SynopsisThe volumes of Organic Reactions are collections of chapters each devoted to a single reaction, or a definite phase of a reaction, of wide applicability. The material is treated from a preparative viewpoint, with emphasis on limitations, interfering influences, effects of structure, and the selection of experimental techniques. Numerous detailed procedures illustrate the significant modifications of each method. Includes tables that contain all possible examples of the reaction under consideration.Table of Contents1. Cyclobutane Derivatives from Thermal Cycloaddition Reactions--John D. Roberts and Clay M. Sharts 2. The Preparation of Olefins by the Pyrolysis of Xanthates. The Chugaev Reaction--Harold R. Nace 3. The Synthesis of Aliphatic and Alicyclic Nitro Compounds--Nathan Kornblum 4. Synthesis of Peptides with Mixed Anhydrides--Noel F. Albertson 5. Desulfurization with Raney Nickel--George R. Pettit and Eugene E. van Tamelen Author Index, Volumes 1-12 Chapter Index, Volumes 1-12 Subject Index, Volume 12 535

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Book SynopsisA unique guide written for the chemist who is planning to use or is considering the possible use of supported reagents, an application with great growth potential in the near future. Using practical examples of methods of supported reagent analysis, this comprehensive reference source also contains useful references detailing the best techniques to apply to particular problems. The authors discuss the many choices available in the preparation of supported reagents, including loading, support, method of preparation and activation, as well as covering the various analytical techniques to apply to solids. They also use numerous examples of supported reagents and their use in organic synthesis, emphasizing practical aspects. Chemists in catalysis, organic synthesis, analysis and materials science will obtain enough information to make use of these essentially simple but fascinating materials, which in a little over twenty years have matured from academic curiositiTable of ContentsSupported Reagents/ Characterization of Supported Reagents/ Reactions Catalyzed by Solid Acids/ Reactions Catalyzed by Solid Bases/ Oxidations Catalyzed by Supported Reagents/ Other Reactions Catalyzed by Supported Reagents

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Book SynopsisThe volumes of Organic Reactions are collections of chapters each devoted to a single reaction, or a definite phase of a reaction, of wide applicability. The material is treated from a preparative viewpoint, with emphasis on limitations, interfering influences, effects of structure, and the selection of experimental techniques. Numerous detailed procedures illustrate the significant modifications of each method. Includes tables that contain all possible examples of the reaction under consideration.Table of Contents1. The Synthesis of Substituted Ferrocenes and Other phi-Cyclopentadienyl-Transition Metal Compounds--Donald E. Bublitz and Kenneth L. Rinehart, Jr 2. The gamma-Alkylation and gamma-Arylation of Dianions of beta-Dicarbonyl Compounds--Thomas M. Harris and Constance M. Harris 3. The Ritter Reaction--L. I. Krimen and Donald J. Cota Author Index, Volumes 1-17 Chapter and Topic Index, Volumes 1-17 Subject Index, Volume 17

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Book SynopsisThe volumes of Organic Reactions are collections of chapters each devoted to a single reaction, or a definite phase of a reaction, of wide applicability. The material is treated from a preparative viewpoint, with emphasis on limitations, interfering influences, effects of structure, and the selection of experimental techniques. Numerous detailed procedures illustrate the significant modifications of each method. Includes tables that contain all possible examples of the reaction under consideration.Table of Contents1. Preparation of Ketones from the Reaction of Organolithium Reagents with Carboxylic Acids Margaret J. Jorgenson 2. The Smiles and Related Rearrangements of Aromatic Systems William E. Truce, Eunice M. Kreider, and William W. Brand 3. The Reactions of Diazoacetic Esters with Alkenes, Alkynes, Heterocylic and Aromatic Compounds Vinod Dave and E. W. Warnhoff 4. The Base Promoted Rearrangements of Quaternary Ammonium Salts Stanley H. Pine Author Index, Volumes 1-18 Chapter Index, Volumes 1-18 Subject Index, Volume 18

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Book SynopsisIf you're an engineer or scientist who has suddenly been thrust into the world of management, you may find yourself thinking that managing people is more of a challenge than your former highly technical job. Veteran management consultant Michael K. Badawy couldn't agree more. He says, The primary problems of engineering and R&D management are not technicalthey are human. Badawy offers real help for the human side of technical management in his classic Developing Managerial Skills in Engineers and Scientists. Since 1982, thousands of technical executives, supervisors, managers, and students have turned to this classic for hands-on management techniques. This thoroughly revised second edition hones in on issues facing today's technical manager: Total Quality Management Technological entrepreneurship Cross-functional teams Success requirement for project management Interdepartmental interfacing Educating technologists in managing techTable of ContentsTHE PRACTICE OF TECHNICAL MANAGEMENT. Technical Management in Action. Preventing Managerial Failure. TRANSFORMATION OF TECHNOLOGISTS INTO MANAGERS. Issues in Career Transition. TECHNOLOGIES FOR CAREER TRANSITION. Technologies for Management. Technologies for Engineers and Scientists. Educating Technologists for Management. THE ORGANIZING FUNCTION. Fundamental Principles Every Technical Manager Should Know. Managing Without Authority--Project, Matrix, and Cross-Functional Teams. Developing Your Organizational Design Skills. THE PLANNING AND DECISION-MAKING FUNCTION. Understanding Managerial and Strategic Planning. Developing Your Decision-Making and Problem-Solving Skills. THE CONTROLLING AND EVALUATION FUNCTION. Developing Your Control and Evaluation Skills. Measuring and Evaluating Engineering and R&D. LOOKING AHEAD. The Quest for Quality: Managers Beware. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe use of analytical methods in studies concerning works of art and archaeological artifacts provides essential information on the materials they are made from, including their composition, age, and methods used in their production. This book explains how to use analytical methods to obtain such information.Trade Review"Scientists...explain how analytical methods are being used tostudy works of art and archaeological artifacts...they discussbasic principles, procedures, and applications." (Reference &Research Book News, November 2001)Table of ContentsAnalytical Methods in Art and Archaeology (E. Ciliberto). Elemental Analysis (R. Hancock). Atomic Spectroscopy and Spectrometry (S. Young & A.Pollard). X-Ray Fluorescence (L. Moens, et al.). Neutron Activation Analysis for Provenance Determination inArchaeology (H. Neff). Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission (J.-C. Dran, et al.). Molecular and Structural Analysis (G. Spoto). Biomolecular Analysis by Organic Mass Spectrometry (R.Evershed). Biomolecular Methods (R. Cano). Raman Spectroscopy (F. Cariati & S. Bruni). Thermal Analysis (M. Odlyha). UV-VIS-NIR, FT-IR, AND FORS Spectroscopies (M. Bacci). X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Auger Electron Spectroscopy inArt An Archaeology (G. Spoto & E. Ciliberto). Electron Microscopy and its Application to the Study ofArchaeological Materials and Art Preservation (M. Jose-Yacaman& J. Ascencio). Isotope Analysis, Dating, and Provenance Methods (G. Wagner). Radiocarbon Dating (R. Hedges). Lead Isotope Analyses Applied to Provenance Studies (N. Gale &Z. Stos-Gale). Luminescence Dating (S. Troja & R. Roberts). Electron Spin Resonance Dating (R. Grun). Data Handling and Statistical Analysis (M. Baxter & C.Buck). Index.

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Book SynopsisCovers the period from the early Christian church to the 20th century, offering fresh appraisals of such encounters as the trial of Galileo, the formulation of the Newtonian worldview, and the controversies over 'scientific creationism'. This book explores not only the impact of religion on science, but also the influence of science and religion.

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Book SynopsisPresents a provocative view of Robert Boyle (1627-1691), one of the leading figures of the Scientific Revolution, by revealing his avid and lifelong pursuit of alchemy. This title shows that his alchemical quest positions him more accurately in the intellectual and cultural crossroads of the seventeenth century.Trade Review"Principe is to be congratulated on bringing [Boyle] into a new focus."--D. M. Knight, Nature "The Aspiring Adept is an audacious, enchanting, and deeply rewarding book, one that will be of equal interest to historians, chemists, and interested laypersons. It is a real treat."--A. J. Rocke, Chemistry in Britain "Lawrence Principe's book goes a long way toward recovering the complexity of Boyle's mind and work... [His] ability to reconstruct Boyle's laboratory practices, ascertain the relations between Boyle and a large community of like-minded practitioners, and retrieve, fully or partially, some of Boyle's alchemical writings is ... remarkable."--Mordechai Feingold, American Scientist "Principe has performed a great service by printing some of the choicer parts [of Boyle's unpublished works]... [He] avoids the easy temptation to interpret Boyle's alchemical operations in terms of modern chemistry."--Peter Dear, Physics WorldTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsNote on Primary SourcesAbbreviationsIntroductionAlchemy and Chemistry: A Crucial Note on Terminology and CategoriesCh. IBoyle SpagyricizedCh. IISkeptical of the Sceptical ChymistCh. IIIThe Dialogue on Transmutation, Kinds of Transmutations, and Boyle's BeliefsCh. IVAdepti, Aspirants, and CheatsCh. VBoyle and Alchemical PracticeCh. VIMotivations: Truth, Medicine, and ReligionEpilogue: A New Boyle and a New AlchemyApp. 1Robert Boyle's Dialogue on the Transmutation and Melioration of MetalsApp. 2Interview Accounts of Transmutation and Prefaces to Boyle's Other Chrysopoetic WritingsApp. 3Dialogue on the Converse with Angels Aided by the Philosophers' StoneWorks CitedIndex

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Book SynopsisPresents a treatment of basic topics that arise in Fourier analysis. This title illustrates the role played by the structure of Euclidean spaces, particularly the action of translations, dilatations, and rotations, and motivates the study of harmonic analysis on more general spaces having an analogous structure, for example, symmetric spaces.Table of Contents*Frontmatter, pg. i*Preface, pg. vii*Contents, pg. ix*I. The Fourier Transform, pg. 1*II. Boundary Values of Harmonic Functions, pg. 37*III. The Theory of Hp Spaces on Tubes, pg. 89*IV. Symmetry Properties o f the Fourier Transform, pg. 133*V. Interpolation of Operators, pg. 177*VI. Singular Integrals and Systems of Conjugate Harmonic Functions, pg. 217*VII. Multiple Fourier Series, pg. 245*Bibliography, pg. 287*Index, pg. 295

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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