Materials science Books

Book SynopsisThe purpose of this volume is to help engineers and designers understand corrosion so that they can solve existing corrosion problems and prevent future ones. It should be the first book you select when researching a corrosion problem. The coverage of the volume has been completely revised to ensure that it is the most comprehensive, practical, and up-to-date resource available.

Read more less

Book SynopsisMaterial developments and advances in the study of corrosion since the landmark Metals Handbook, Volume 13, Corrosion (1987) have driven the development of a volume devoted to the corrosion performance of materials and the selection and application of materials for corrosion resistance. The result: a brand-new 700-page ASM Handbook, comprised of 48 peer-reviewed articles on how metals and nonmetals are effected by various elements.

Read more less

Book SynopsisAddresses how corrosion impacts specific segments of the world economy - by environment and by industrial sector. This Volume provides you with answers to corrosion problems affecting your industry, and provides ways to address corrosion issues in the environments that your equipment experiences.

Read more less

Book SynopsisProvides state-of-the-art reference information for product and production engineers. Coverage addresses all methods of sheet metal fabrication technologies, selection of equipment and die materials, specification of forming practices for specific alloys, and new techniques for process design and control.

Read more less

Book SynopsisIntroduces mathematical models for describing microstructural phenomena. The teaching method of the book is enhanced with solved problems. Each chapter has exercises complemented with notes, hints, and answers, and references important literature.

Read more less

Book SynopsisPrinciples of Brazing is a valuable resource for those working with the brazing process or designing component joints. This book will help solve practical engineering challenges, by building on fundamental metallurgy.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis volume covers standard designations from worldwide standards for cast irons and steels, wrought carbon and alloy steels, stainless steels, high strength steels, and tool steels. Entries are provided for more than 30,000 alloy designations.

Read more less

Book SynopsisFriction stir welding is a relatively new joining process developed initially for aluminum alloys. It is a solid-state joining technique that is energy efficient, environment friendly, and versatile. This book covers the rapidly growing area of friction stir welding. It also addresses the use of the technology for other types of materials processing.

Read more less

Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition . vPreface to the First Edition. vii1 The Where, What, and How. 1The Structure of Planet Earth. 1Definitions. 3Concentrations of Metals. 13Ore-Forming Processes. 15Mine Exploration. 262 Mining Methods. 37Surface Mining. 37Underground Mining. 43Mining Operations and Equipment. 53Some Big Ideas. 653 Mineral Processing and Metal Refining. 67Comminution. 67Smelting and Refining. 84Hydrometallurgy . 89Physical Separation Methods. 1064 Nonmetallic Minerals. 113Coal. 113Diamonds . 119Aggregates . 1235 Mine Waste Management. 129Tailings. 130Waste Rock . 139Wastewater . 141Acid Rock Drainage. 141Mine Waste Treatment and Disposal Methods. 144 6 Mining, Society, and the Environment . 151Human Resources . 151Safety. 153Health . 156Mining and Society . 158Mining and the Environment. 164Mining and Sustainability. 167Summary. 1727 Mining and Money. 179The Metal Supply System . 180Metal Prices. 184Resources and Reserves . 190Reporting of Resources and Reserves. 196Economic Analysis. 1988 A Future of Mining. 203Drivers of Innovation in Mining. 203Paths for Innovation. 207Biotechnology to the Rescue?. 210Advanced Machines and Systems. 215In Extremis: A Virtual Metal Supply Company. 218Appendix A: All the Chemistry You Need to Know . 223Appendix B: Grade Distributions and Grade–Tonnage Curves . 229Index. 233

Read more less

Book SynopsisA challenge for professionals involved in the cultural heritage sites in tropical environments, is the biodeterioration of stone. This volume discusses the types and causes of stone biodeterioration in hot and humid climates, and preventive and remedial treatments.Table of ContentsPart 1 General aspects of biodegeneration in tropical regions: characteristics of tropical regions; ecological aspects of biodeterioration; identification of biodeteriogens and their activity; phenomenology of biological alterations. Part 2 Biodeteriogens - characteristics and biodeterioration mechanisms: bacteria and bacterial biodeterioration; fungi and fungal biodeterioration; algae and algal biodeterioration; lichens and lichenic biodeterioration; biodeterioration by mosses and liverworts; biodeterioration by higher plants. Part 3 Preventive and remedial methods: preventive methods; remedial methods. Part 4 Selection of chemical treatments: some considerations in biocide selection; biocide application - procedures and precautions; chemical treatments used to control biodeteriogens. Part 5 Current research status and areas for further investigation: current research status; areas for further investigation.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis classic review of alumina, covering every aspect of the material from mineral structure and composition to inherent properties, offers a myriad of applications. This book is a timeless reference for anyone involved in the research, application, or sale of this versatile ceramic material. .Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION. NOMENCLATURE. PREPARATION OF ALUMINA PHASES. Bauxite. Preparation of Bayer Alumina. Wet Alkaline Processes. Wet Acid Processes. Furnace Processes. Carbothermic Processes. Electrolytic Processes. Amorphous and Gel Aluminas. Preparation of the Alumina Trihydroxides. Gibbsite. Bayerite. Nordstrandite, Bayerite II, Randomite. Preparation of the Alumina Monohydroxides. Boehmite. Disapore. Transition Aluminas. Dehydration Mechanism. Sequence of Transition. Phases Formed on Aluminum. Rehydration. Alpha Alumina. Preparation. Factors Affecting Alumina Transitions. Special Ceramic Aluminas. Beta and Zeta Aluminas. Suboxides and Gaseous Phases. STRUCTURE AND MINERALOGICAL PROPERTIES. Structure of the Alumina Phases. Pseudomorphosis. Surface Area of Alumina. Porosity. Sorptive Capacity. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINA. General Considerations. Bending, Compressive, Tensile, and Torsional Strength. Impact Strength. Moduli of Elasticity (E), and Rigidity (G). Poisson's Ration (ì). Creep Characteristics. Thermal Shock. Internal Friction. Fatigue. Hardness and Abrasiveness of Alumina THERMAL PROPERTIES. Thermophysical and Thermochemical Constants. Specific Heat. Thermal Expansion. Thermal Conductivity. Thermal Diffusivity SONIC EFFECTS IN ALUMINA. Velocity of Sound in Alumina. Ultrasonic Absorption. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINA. Introduction. Electrical Conductivity of Alumina. Dielectric Constant and Loss Factor of Alumina. Dielectric Strength MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF ALUMINA. Magnet Susceptibility. Magnetic Resonance of Alumina. OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINA. Refractive Index of Alumina. Transmission, Emissivity, and Absorption of Alumina. Phosphorescence, Fluorescence, and Thermoluminescence. Optical Spectra of Alumina. Color in Alumina. Chromia-Alumina System, Laser Applications RADIATION AND ALUMINA. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINA. Wet Chemical Reactions of Sintered Alumina. Reaction of the Chemical Elements with Alumina. Slagging Effects. Ash Slags. Slags Containing Sulfates. Steel Furnace Slags. Glass Furnace Reactions. Calcium Aluminate Slags. Aluminum Slag Reactions. Miscellaneous Reactions COLLOIDAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINA. Plasticity. Surface Charge and Zeta Potential of Alumina. Flocculation and Deflocculation Effects. Additives GRINDING CERAMIC ALUMINA. FORMING ALUMINA CERAMICS. Cold Forming of Alumina. Hot-Pressing. Miscellaneous Forming Methods SINTERING. Introduction. Sintering Atmospheres. Sintering Additives ALUMINA IN REFRACTORIES. General. High-Alumina Refractories. Fused Cast Alumina Refractories. Clay-Bonded Alumina Refractories, Mullite Refractories. Spinel, Cordierite, Alumina-Chromite. Refractory Equipment. Refractories for Aluminum and Other Nonferrous Uses. Lightweight Alumina Refractories. Binders for Alumina Refractories ALUMINA AS AN ABRASIVE MATERIAL. Introduction. Loose Grain Abrasive. Grinding Wheels. Ceramic Tools ELECTRICAL APPLICATIONS. Spark Plug Insulators. Electron Tube Elements, High-Frequency Insulation. Alumina Porcelain Insulation. Resistors and Semiconductors CEMENT. Calcium Aluminate Cement. Barium Aluminates ALUMINA IN GLASS. Introduction. Bottle Glass. Devitrified Glasses Containing Alumina. Boron Glasses. Lithium Glasses, Phosphate Glasses. Optical Glasses ALUMINA IN COATINGS. Introduction. Anodic Coatings on Aluminum. Glazes and Enamels. Flame-Sprayed Coatings. Painted, Cast, or Troweled Coatings. Electrolytic Coatings. Evaporated Coatings. Dip Coatings, Cementation Coatings. Coatings on Alumina and Other Ceramic Bases. Alumina Coatings for Electrical Insulation. Alumina Coatings by Sputtering ALUMINA IN CERMETS AND POWDER METALLURGY. Introduction. Chromium-Alumina Cermets. (Iron, Nickel, Cobalt)-Alumina Cermets. Aluminum-Alumina Alloys. Miscellaneous Cermets ALUMINA IN AIRBORNE CERAMICS. Introduction. Gas-Turbine Accessories. Radomes and Rocket Equipment. SEALS, METALLIZING, WELDING. FIBERS, WHISKERS, FILAMENTS. Introduction. Alumina Fibers. Glass Fibers MISCELLANEOUS CERAMIC APPLICATIONS OF ALUMINA. References.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisA modern approach to mathematical modeling, featuring unique applications from the field of mechanics An Introduction to Mathematical Modeling: A Course in Mechanics is designed to survey the mathematical models that form the foundations of modern science and incorporates examples that illustrate how the most successful models arise from basic principles in modern and classical mathematical physics. Written by a world authority on mathematical theory and computational mechanics, the book presents an account of continuum mechanics, electromagnetic field theory, quantum mechanics, and statistical mechanics for readers with varied backgrounds in engineering, computer science, mathematics, and physics. The author streamlines a comprehensive understanding of the topic in three clearly organized sections: Nonlinear Continuum Mechanics introduces kinematics as well as force and stress in deformable bodies; mass and momentum; balance of linear and angular momeTrade Review “The book also serves as a valuable reference for professionals working in the areas of modeling and simulation, physics, and computational engineering.” (Zentralblatt MATH, 2012) Table of ContentsPreface xiii I Nonlinear Continuum Mechanics 1 1 Kinematics of Deformable Bodies 3 1.1 Motion 4 1.2 Strain and Deformation Tensors 7 1.3 Rates of Motion 10 1.4 Rates of Deformation 13 1.5 The Piola Transformation 15 1.6 The Polar Decomposition Theorem 19 1.7 Principal Directions and Invariants of Deformation and Strain 20 1.8 The Reynolds' Transport Theorem 23 2 Mass and Momentum 25 2.1 Local Forms of the Principle of Conservation of Mass 26 2.2 Momentum 28 3 Force and Stress in Deformable Bodies 29 4 The Principles of Balance of Linear and Angular Momentum 35 4.1 Cauchy's Theorem: The Cauchy Stress Tensor 36 4.2 The Equations of Motion (Linear Momentum) 38 4.3 The Equations of Motion Referred to the Reference Configuration: The Piola-Kirchhoff Stress Tensors 40 4.4 Power 42 5 The Principle of Conservation of Energy 45 5.1 Energy and the Conservation of Energy 45 5.2 Local Forms of the Principle of Conservation of Energy 47 6 Thermodynamics of Continua and the Second Law 49 7 Constitutive Equations 53 7.1 Rules and Principles for Constitutive Equations 54 7.2 Principle of Material Frame Indifference 57 7.2.1 Solids 57 7.2.2 Fluids 59 7.3 The Coleman-Noll Method: Consistency with the Second Law of Thermodynamics 60 8 Examples and Applications 63 8.1 The Navier-Stokes Equations for Incompressible Flow 63 8.2 Flow of Gases and Compressible Fluids: The Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations 66 8.3 Heat Conduction 67 8.4 Theory of Elasticity 69 II Electromagnetic Field Theory and Quantum Mechanics 73 9 Electromagnetic Waves 75 9.1 Introduction 75 9.2 Electric Fields 75 9.3 Gauss's Law 79 9.4 Electric Potential Energy 80 9.4.1 Atom Models 80 9.5 Magnetic Fields 81 9.6 Some Properties of Waves 84 9.7 Maxwell's Equations 87 9.8 Electromagnetic Waves 91 10 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics 93 10.1 Introductory Comments 93 10.2 Wave and Particle Mechanics 94 10.3 Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle 97 10.4 Schrödinger's Equation 99 10.4.1 The Case of a Free Particle 99 10.4.2 Superposition in Rn 101 10.4.3 Hamiltonian Form 102 10.4.4 The Case of Potential Energy 102 10.4.5 Relativistic Quantum Mechanics 102 10.4.6 General Formulations of Schrödinger's Equation 103 10.4.7 The Time-Independent Schrödinger Equation 104 10.5 Elementary Properties of the Wave Equation 104 10.5.1 Review 104 10.5.2 Momentum 106 10.5.3 Wave Packets and Fourier Transforms 109 10.6 The Wave-Momentum Duality 110 10.7 Appendix: A Brief Review of Probability Densities 111 11 Dynamical Variables and Observables in Quantum Mechanics: The Mathematical Formalism 115 11.1 Introductory Remarks 115 11.2 The Hilbert Spaces L2(R) (or L2(Rd)) and H1(R) (or H1(Rd)) 116 11.3 Dynamical Variables and Hermitian Operators 118 11.4 Spectral Theory of Hermitian Operators: The Discrete Spectrum 121 11.5 Observables and Statistical Distributions 125 11.6 The Continuous Spectrum 127 11.7 The Generalized Uncertainty Principle for Dynamical Variables 128 11.7.1 Simultaneous Eigenfunctions 130 12 Applications: The Harmonic Oscillator and the Hydrogen Atom 131 12.1 Introductory Remarks 131 12.2 Ground States and Energy Quanta: The Harmonic Oscillator 131 12.3 The Hydrogen Atom 133 12.3.1 Schrödinger Equation in Spherical Coordinates 135 12.3.2 The Radial Equation 136 12.3.3 The Angular Equation 138 12.3.4 The Orbitals of the Hydrogen Atom 140 12.3.5 Spectroscopic States 140 13 Spin and Pauli's Principle 145 13.1 Angular Momentum and Spin 145 13.2 Extrinsic Angular Momentum 147 13.2.1 The Ladder Property: Raising and Lowering States 149 13.3 Spin 151 13.4 Identical Particles and Pauli's Principle 155 13.5 The Helium Atom 158 13.6 Variational Principle 161 14 Atomic and Molecular Structure 165 14.1 Introduction 165 14.2 Electronic Structure of Atomic Elements 165 14.3 The Periodic Table 169 14.4 Atomic Bonds and Molecules 173 14.5 Examples of Molecular Structures 180 15 Ab Initio Methods: Approximate Methods and Density Functional Theory 189 15.1 Introduction 189 15.2 The Born-Oppenheimer Approximation 190 15.3 The Hartree and the Hartree-Fock Methods 194 15.3.1 The Hartree Method 196 15.3.2 The Hartree-Fock Method 196 15.3.3 The Roothaan Equations 199 15.4 Density Functional Theory 200 15.4.1 Electron Density 200 15.4.2 The Hohenberg-Kohn Theorem 205 15.4.3 The Kohn-Sham Theory 208 III Statistical Mechanics 213 16 Basic Concepts: Ensembles, Distribution Functions, and Averages 215 16.1 Introductory Remarks 215 16.2 Hamiltonian Mechanics 216 16.2.1 The Hamiltonian and the Equations of Motion 218 16.3 Phase Functions and Time Averages 219 16.4 Ensembles, Ensemble Averages, and Ergodic Systems 220 16.5 Statistical Mechanics of Isolated Systems 224 16.6 The Microcanonical Ensemble 228 16.6.1 Composite Systems 230 16.7 The Canonical Ensemble 234 16.8 The Grand Canonical Ensemble 239 16.9 Appendix: A Brief Account of Molecular Dynamics 240 16.9.1 Newtonian's Equations of Motion 241 16.9.2 Potential Functions 242 16.9.3 Numerical Solution of the Dynamical System 245 17 Statistical Mechanics Basis of Classical Thermodynamics 249 17.1 Introductory Remarks 249 17.2 Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics 250 17.3 Statistical Mechanics Interpretation of the Rate of Work in Quasi-Static Processes 251 17.4 Statistical Mechanics Interpretation of the First Law of Thermodynamics 254 17.4.1 Statistical Interpretation of Q 256 17.5 Entropy and the Partition Function 257 17.6 Conjugate Hamiltonians 259 17.7 The Gibbs Relations 261 17.8 Monte Carlo and Metropolis Methods 262 17.8.1 The Partition Function for a Canonical Ensemble 263 17.8.2 The Metropolis Method 264 17.9 Kinetic Theory: Boltzmann's Equation of Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics 265 17.9.1 Boltzmann's Equation 265 17.9.2 Collision Invariants 268 17.9.3 The Continuum Mechanics of Compressible Fluids and Gases: The Macroscopic Balance Laws 269 Exercises 273 Bibliography 317 Index 325

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book is a collection of papers from The American Ceramic Society''s 35th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, held in Daytona Beach, Florida, January 23-28, 2011. This issue includes papers presented in the Next Generation Bioceramics and Porous Ceramics Symposia on topics such as Advanced Processing of Bioceramics; In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of Bioceramics; Medical and Dental Applications of Bioceramics; Porous Bioceramics; Structure and Properties of Porous Ceramics; and Processing Methods of Porous Ceramics.Table of ContentsPreface vii Introduction ix BIOCERAMICS Fabrication of Hydroxyapatite-Calcite Nanocomposite 3 E. K. Girija, G. Suresh Kumar, A. Thamizhavel, Y. Yokogawa, and S. Narayana Kalkura Preparation and Protein Adsorption of Silica-Based Composite Particles for Blood Purification Therapy 13 Jie Li, Yuki Shirosaki, Satoshi Hayakawa, and Akiyoshi Osaka Collagen-Templated Sol-Gel Preparation of Ultra-Fine Silica Nanotube Mats and Osteoblastic Cell Proliferation 19 Song Chen, Toshiyuki Ikoma, Jie Li, Hiromi Morita, Akiyoshi Osaka, Masaki Takeguchi, and Nobutaka Hanagata Tissue Ingrowth in Resorbable Porous Tissue Scaffolds 25 Janet Krevolin, James J. Liu, Adam Wallen, Kitu Patel, Rachel Dahl, Hu-Ping Hsu, Cathal Kearney, and Myron Spector Selective Laser Sintered Ca-P/PHBV Nanocomposite Scaffolds with Sustained Release of rhBMP-2 for Bone Tissue Engineering 37 Bin Duan, William W. Lu, and Min Wang Microbeam X-Ray Grain Averaged Residual Stress in Dental Ceramics 49 Hrishikesh A. Bale, Nobumichi Tamura, and Jay c. Hanan Bioactive Glass Scaffolds for the Repair of Load-Bearing Bones 65 M. N. Rahaman, X. Liu, and T. S. Huang Do Cell Culture Solutions Transform Brushite (CaHPO42H2O) to Octacalcium Phosphate (Ca8(HPO4)2(P04)45H2O)? 79 Ibrahim Mert, Selen Mandel, and A. CuneytTas Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering with Controlled Porosity and Mechanical Strength 95 Vincenzo M. Sglavo, Marzio Piccinini, Andrea Madinelli, and Francesco Bucciotti Hollow Hydroxyapatite Microspheres for Controlled Delivery of Proteins 102 H. Fu, M. N. Rahaman, and D. E. Day Expression of Mineralized Tissue-Associated Proteins is Highly Upregulated in MC3T3-E1 Osteoblasts Grown on a Borosilicate Glass Substrate 111 Raina H. Jaina, Jutta Y. Marzilliera, Tia J. Kowala, Shaojie Wangb, Himanshu Jainb, and Matthias M. Falka POROUS CERAMICS High Porosity In Situ Catalyzed Carbon Honeycombs for Mercury Capture in Coal Fired Power Plants 123 Xinyuan Liu, Millicent K. Ruffin, Benedict Y. Johnson, and Millicent 0. Owusu Not All Microcracks are Born Equal: Thermal vs. Mechanical Microcracking in Porous Ceramics 137 Giovanni Bruno, Alexander M. Efremov, Chong An, and Seth Nickerson SiC Foams for High Temperature Applications 153 Alberto Ottona, Sandra Gianella, and Daniele Gaia Porous SiC Ceramic from Wood Charcoal 163 S. Manocha, Hemang Patel, and L. M. Manocha Fabrication of Beta-Cristobalite Porous Material from Diatomite with Some Impurities 177 Osman San, Cem Özgür, and Remzi Gören Microstructural Study of Alumina Porous Ceramic Produced by Reaction Bonding of Aluminium Powder Mixed with Corn Starch 185 Juliana Anggono, Ida A. O. R. S. Shavitri, and Soejono Tjitro Characterization of Ceramic Powders during Compaction using Electrical Measurements 199 Timothy Pruyn and Rosario A. Gerhardt Author Index 21

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book, edited by two of the most respected researchers in plasmonics, gives an overview of the current state in plasmonics and plasmonic-based metamaterials, with an emphasis on active functionalities and an eye to future developments.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Contributors xvii 1 Spaser, Plasmonic Amplification, and Loss Compensation 1 Mark I. Stockman 1.1 Introduction to Spasers and Spasing 1 1.2 Spaser Fundamentals 2 1.2.1 Brief Overview of the Latest Progress in Spasers 5 1.3 Quantum Theory of Spaser 7 1.3.1 Surface Plasmon Eigenmodes and Their Quantization 7 1.3.2 Quantum Density Matrix Equations (Optical Bloch Equations) for Spaser 9 1.3.3 Equations for CW Regime 11 1.3.4 Spaser operation in CW Mode 15 1.3.5 Spaser as Ultrafast Quantum Nanoamplifier 17 1.3.6 Monostable Spaser as a Nanoamplifier in Transient Regime 18 1.4 Compensation of Loss by Gain and Spasing 22 1.4.1 Introduction to Loss Compensation by Gain 22 1.4.2 Permittivity of Nanoplasmonic Metamaterial 22 1.4.3 Plasmonic Eigenmodes and Effective Resonant Permittivity of Metamaterials 24 1.4.4 Conditions of Loss Compensation by Gain and Spasing 25 1.4.5 Discussion of Spasing and Loss Compensation by Gain 27 1.4.6 Discussion of Published Research on Spasing and Loss Compensations 29 2 Nonlinear Effects in Plasmonic Systems 41 Pavel Ginzburg and Meir Orenstein 2.1 Introduction 41 2.2 Metallic Nonlinearities—Basic Effects and Models 43 2.2.1 Local Nonlinearity—Transients by Carrier Heating 43 2.2.2 Plasma Nonlinearity—The Ponderomotive Force 45 2.2.3 Parametric Process in Metals 46 2.2.4 Metal Damage and Ablation 48 2.3 Nonlinear Propagation of Surface Plasmon Polaritons 49 2.3.1 Nonlinear SPP Modes 50 2.3.2 Plasmon Solitons 50 2.3.3 Nonlinear Plasmonic Waveguide Couplers 54 2.4 Localized Surface Plasmon Nonlinearity 55 2.4.1 Cavities and Nonlinear Interactions Enhancement 56 2.4.2 Enhancement of Nonlinear Vacuum Effects 58 2.4.3 High Harmonic Generation 60 2.4.4 Localized Field Enhancement Limitations 60 2.5 Summary 62 3 Plasmonic Nanorod Metamaterials as a Platform for Active Nanophotonics 69 Gregory A. Wurtz, Wayne Dickson, Anatoly V. Zayats, Antony Murphy, and Robert J. Pollard 3.1 Introduction 69 3.2 Nanorod Metamaterial Geometry 71 3.3 Optical Properties 72 3.3.1 Microscopic Description of the Metamaterial Electromagnetic Modes 72 3.3.2 Effective Medium Theory of the Nanorod Metamaterial 76 3.3.3 Epsilon-Near-Zero Metamaterials and Spatial Dispersion Effects 79 3.3.4 Guided Modes in the Anisotropic Metamaterial Slab 82 3.4 Nonlinear Effects in Nanorod Metamaterials 82 3.4.1 Nanorod Metamaterial Hybridized with Nonlinear Dielectric 84 3.4.2 Intrinsic Metal Nonlinearity of Nanorod Metamaterials 85 3.5 Molecular Plasmonics in Metamaterials 89 3.6 Electro-Optical Effects in Plasmonic Nanorod Metamaterial Hybridized with Liquid Crystals 97 3.7 Conclusion 98 4 Transformation Optics for Plasmonics 105 Alexandre Aubry and John B. Pendry 4.1 Introduction 105 4.2 The Conformal Transformation Approach 108 4.2.1 A Set of Canonic Plasmonic Structures 109 4.2.2 Perfect Singular Structures 110 4.2.3 Singular Plasmonic Structures 114 4.2.3.1 Conformal Mapping of Singular Structures 114 4.2.3.2 Conformal Mapping of Blunt-Ended Singular Structures 118 4.2.4 Resonant Plasmonic Structures 119 4.3 Broadband Light Harvesting and Nanofocusing 121 4.3.1 Broadband Light Absorption 121 4.3.2 Balance between Energy Accumulation and Dissipation 123 4.3.3 Extension to 3D 125 4.3.4 Conclusion 126 4.4 Surface Plasmons and Singularities 127 4.4.1 Control of the Bandwidth with the Vertex Angle 127 4.4.2 Effect of the Bluntness 129 4.5 Plasmonic Hybridization Revisited with Transformation Optics 130 4.5.1 A Resonant Behavior 131 4.5.2 Nanofocusing Properties 132 4.6 Beyond the Quasi-Static Approximation 133 4.6.1 Conformal Transformation Picture 134 4.6.2 Radiative Losses 135 4.6.3 Fluorescence Enhancement 137 4.6.3.1 Fluorescence Enhancement in the Near-Field of Nanoantenna 138 4.6.3.2 The CT Approach 139 4.7 Nonlocal effects 142 4.7.1 Conformal Mapping of Nonlocality 142 4.7.2 Toward the Physics of Local Dimers 143 4.8 Summary and Outlook 145 5 Loss Compensation and Amplification of Surface Plasmon Polaritons 153 Pierre Berini 5.1 Introduction 153 5.2 Surface Plasmon Waveguides 154 5.2.1 Unidimensional Structures 154 5.2.2 Bidimensional Structures 156 5.2.3 Confinement-Attenuation Trade-Off 156 5.2.4 Optical Processes Involving SPPs 157 5.3 Single Interface 157 5.3.1 Theoretical 157 5.3.2 Experimental 158 5.4 Symmetric Metal Films 160 5.4.1 Gratings 160 5.4.2 Theoretical 160 5.4.3 Experimental 161 5.5 Metal Clads 163 5.5.1 Theoretical 164 5.5.2 Experimental 164 5.6 Other Structures 164 5.6.1 Dielectric-Loaded SPP Waveguides 164 5.6.2 Hybrid SPP Waveguide 165 5.6.3 Nanostructures 166 5.7 Conclusions 166 6 Controlling Light Propagation with Interfacial Phase Discontinuities 171 Nanfang Yu, Mikhail A. Kats, Patrice Genevet, Francesco Aieta, Romain Blanchard, Guillaume Aoust, Zeno Gaburro, and Federico Capasso 6.1 Phase Response of Optical Antennas 172 6.1.1 Introduction 172 6.1.2 Single Oscillator Model for Linear Optical Antennas 174 6.1.3 Two-Oscillator Model for 2D Structures Supporting Two Orthogonal Plasmonic Modes 176 6.1.4 Analytical Models for V-Shaped Optical Antennas 179 6.1.5 Optical Properties of V-Shaped Antennas: Experiments and Simulations 183 6.2 Applications of Phased Optical Antenna Arrays 186 6.2.1 Generalized Laws of Reflection and Refraction: Meta-Interfaces with Phase Discontinuities 186 6.2.2 Out-of-Plane Reflection and Refraction of Light by Meta-Interfaces 192 6.2.3 Giant and Tuneable Optical Birefringence 197 6.2.4 Vortex Beams Created by Meta-Interfaces 200 7 Integrated Plasmonic Detectors 219 Pieter Neutens and Paul Van Dorpe 7.1 Introduction 219 7.2 Electrical Detection of Surface Plasmons 221 7.2.1 Plasmon Detection with Tunnel Junctions 221 7.2.2 Plasmon-Enhanced Solar Cells 222 7.2.3 Plasmon-Enhanced Photodetectors 225 7.2.4 Waveguide-Integrated Surface Plasmon Polariton Detectors 232 7.3 Outlook 236 8 Terahertz Plasmonic Surfaces for Sensing 243 Stephen M. Hanham and Stefan A. Maier 8.1 The Terahertz Region for Sensing 244 8.2 THz Plasmonics 244 8.3 SPPs on Semiconductor Surfaces 245 8.3.1 Active Control of Semiconductor Plasmonics 247 8.4 SSPP on Structured Metal Surfaces 247 8.5 THz Plasmonic Antennas 249 8.6 Extraordinary Transmission 253 8.7 THz Plasmons on Graphene 255 9 Subwavelength Imaging by Extremely Anisotropic Media 261 Pavel A. Belov 9.1 Introduction to Canalization Regime of Subwavelength Imaging 261 9.2 Wire Medium Lens at the Microwave Frequencies 264 9.3 Magnifying and Demagnifying Lenses with Super-Resolution 269 9.4 Imaging at the Terahertz and Infrared Frequencies 272 9.5 Nanolenses Formed by Nanorod Arrays for the Visible Frequency Range 276 9.6 Superlenses and Hyperlenses Formed by Multilayered Metal–Dielectric Nanostructures 279 10 Active and Tuneable Metallic Nanoslit Lenses 289 Satoshi Ishii, Xingjie Ni, Vladimir P. Drachev, Mark D. Thoreson, Vladimir M. Shalaev, and Alexander V. Kildishev 10.1 Introduction 289 10.2 Polarization-Selective Gold Nanoslit Lenses 290 10.2.1 Design Concept of Gold Nanoslit Lenses 291 10.2.2 Experimental Demonstration of Gold Nanoslit Lenses 292 10.3 Metallic Nanoslit Lenses with Focal-Intensity Tuneability and Focal Length Shifting 295 10.3.1 Liquid Crystal-Controlled Nanoslit Lenses 295 10.3.2 Nonlinear Materials for Controlling Nanoslit Lenses 300 10.4 Lamellar Structures with Hyperbolic Dispersion Enable Subwavelength Focusing with Metallic Nanoslits 301 10.4.1 Active Lamellar Structures with Hyperbolic Dispersion 302 10.4.2 Subwavelength Focusing with Active Lamellar Structures 307 10.4.3 Experimental Demonstration of Subwavelength Diffraction 308 10.5 Summary 313 Acknowledgments 313 References 313

Read more less

Book SynopsisBecause it is critically important to manufacture quality products, a reasonable balance must be drawn between control requirements and parameters for improved processing method with respect to plastics additives.Table of ContentsPreface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Polymer Blends 2 1.2 Polymer Composites 2 1.3 Blends and Composites – Advantages 3 1.4 Summary 4 References 4 2 Polymers 7 2.1 Macromolecules 7 2.2 Types of Polymers 8 2.2.1 Thermoplastic Polymers 9 2.2.2 Thermoset Polymers 10 2.3 Polymerization 10 2.4 Polymerization Techniques 10 2.5 Synthetic Polymers 14 2.5.1 Thermoplastics 15 2.5.2 Polyolefins 16 2.5.3 Polyethylene (PE) 16 2.5.3.1 Physical Properties 17 2.5.3.2 Chemical Properties 18 2.5.3.3 Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) 19 2.5.3.4 Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) 20 2.5.3.5 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) 21 2.5.3.6 Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) 22 2.5.4 Polypropylene (PP) 22 2.5.5 Polyvinylchloride (PVC) 23 2.5.5.1 Rigid PVC 24 2.5.6 Polystyrene (PS) 24 2.5.7 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) 25 2.6 Engineering Polymers 26 2.6.1 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) 27 2.6.2 Polyamide (PA) 28 2.6.3 Polycarbonate (PC) 29 2.6.4 Poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) 30 2.6.5 Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) 32 2.6.6 Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) 33 2.7 Natural Polymers 33 2.7.1 Cellulose 34 2.7.2 Wood 34 2.7.3 Starch 35 2.7.4 Lignin 35 2.7.5 Chitosan 36 2.7.6 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 36 2.7.7 Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) 37 2.8 Biodegradable Polymers 37 2.8.1 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 38 2.8.2 Polycaprolactone (PCL) 39 2.8.3 Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) 39 2.8.4 Thermosets 39 2.8.5 Phenolic Resins 40 2.8.6 Epoxy Resins 41 2.8.7 Polyurethanes 42 2.8.8 Silicone Resins 43 2.8.9 Amino Resins 43 2.8.10 Melamine Resins 43 2.8.11 Unsaturated Polyester Resins 43 2.8.12 Bismaleimide (BMI) 44 2.9 Trends 44 2.10 Summary 45 References 45 3 Polymer Properties 57 3.1 Chemistry 58 3.2 Polymer Properties 58 3.2.1 Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) 60 3.2.2 Crystallinity 61 3.2.3 Tacticity 63 3.2.4 Intermolecular Forces 63 3.2.4.1 Dipole Moment 64 3.2.4.2 Phase Behavior 64 3.3 Surface Properties 65 3.3.1 Viscoelastic Properties 65 3.3.2 Mechanical Properties 67 3.3.3 Tensile Properties 67 3.3.4 Electrical Properties 68 3.3.5 Thermal Properties 68 3.3.6 Magnetic Properties 68 3.3.7 Barrier Properties 69 3.3.8 Rheological Properties 69 3.3.9 Elastic Properties 69 3.3.10 Thermodynamic Properties 70 3.4 Catalysis 70 3.5 Factors Affecting Polymer Properties 71 3.6 Summary 72 References 72 4 Additives 77 4.1 Polymer Additives 77 4.2 Additives Influencing Blends and Composites 78 4.2.1 Antioxidants 78 4.2.2 Light Stabilizers 80 4.2.3 Heat Stabilizers 80 4.2.4 Plasticizers 81 4.2.5 Lubricants 83 4.2.6 Silp Additives 84 4.2.7 Antiblocking Additives 85 4.3 Processing Aids 85 4.3.1 Viscosity Modifiers 86 4.3.2 Accelerators 86 4.3.3 Mold Release Agents 87 4.3.4 Coupling Agents 87 4.3.5 Fillers 88 4.3.6 Flame Retardants 90 4.3.7 Antistatic Agents 91 4.3.8 Colorants 92 4.3.9 Antimicrobial Agents (Biocides) 92 4.3.10 Crosslinking Agents 93 4.3.11 Peroxides 94 4.3.12 Foaming Agents 95 4.3.13 Coupling/Dispersing Agents 96 4.3.14 Comonomers 97 4.3.15 Impact Modifiers 97 4.3.16 Natural Fibers 98 4.3.17 Copolymers as Additives 99 4.3.17.1 Compatibilizers 99 4.3.18 Interfacial Agents 100 4.3.18.1 Block Copolymers 101 4.3.18.2 Random Copolymer 103 4.3.18.3 Graft Polymers 103 4.4 Summary 104 References 104 5 Polymer Blends and Composites 113 5.1 Properties of Polymer Blends 114 5.1.1 Physicochemical Properties 115 5.1.2 Morphological Properties 116 5.1.2.1 Blend Structure 116 5.1.2.2 Phase Morphology 117 5.1.2.3 Crystallization and Morphology 119 5.1.2.4 Molecular Weight 120 5.1.2.5 Particle Size and Particle Size Distribution 121 5.1.3 Surface Properties 121 5.1.3.1 Surface Tension 121 5.1.3.2 Interfacial Modification 122 5.1.4 Rheological Properties 124 5.1.4.1 Copolymerization and Blending 125 5.1.5 Polymer Composite Properties 131 5.1.5.1 Structure 131 5.1.5.2 Crosslinking 133 5.1.5.3 Reinforcement 133 5.1.5.4 Crystalline Behavior 133 5.1.5.5 Mechanical Properties 134 5.1.5.6 Tribological Properties 134 5.1.5.7 Conductive Properties 135 5.2 Summary 135 References 136 6 Properties of Polymer Blends and Composites 145 6.1 Properties of Blends and Composites 146 6.1.1 Mechanical Properties 146 6.1.1.1 Tacticity 146 6.1.1.2 Interfacial Adhesion 147 6.1.1.3 Surface Composition and Concentration 147 6.1.2 Tensile Properties 149 6.1.3 Electrical Properties 149 6.1.4 Thermal Properties 149 6.1.5 Magnetic Properties 150 6.1.6 Viscoelastic Properties 150 6.1.7 Thermodynamic Properties 151 6.1.8 Barrier Properties 151 6.2 Summary 152 References 152 7 Polymer Blends 155 7.2.1 Interaction Parameters 157 7.2.2 Colloidal Properties 158 7.2.3 Morphology 158 7.2.4 Phase Separation 159 7.2.5 Crystallinity 159 7.2.6 Dispersion 160 7.2.7 Physicochemical Properties 160 7.3 Compatibilization 161 7.3.1 Reactive Compatibilizers 161 7.4 Classification 161 7.4.1 Miscible Blends 161 7.4.2 Immiscible Blends 162 7.4.3 Immiscible and Miscible Blends 163 7.4.4 Binary Blends 163 7.4.5 Ternary Blends 164 7.4.6 Homopolymer and Copolymer Blends 166 7.4.7 Thermoset-Thermoplastic Blends 166 7.4.8 Reactive Copolymer Blends 166 7.4.9 Commercial Blends 167 7.4.9.1 Polyolefin Blends 167 7.4.9.2 Polyethylene Blends 169 7.4.9.3 Polypropylene Blends 171 7.4.9.4 Poly(ethylene oxide) Blends 172 7.4.9.5 Polystyrene Blends 172 7.4.9.6 Polyvinylchloride Blends 173 7.4.9.7 Polyesters 175 7.4.9.8 Polyamide Blends 176 7.4.9.9 Acrylics Blends 178 7.4.10 Acrolonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Blends 180 7.4.11 Polycarbonate Blends 181 7.4.12 Chlorinated Polyethylene Blends 182 7.4.13 Biopolymer Blends 183 7.4.13.1 Poly(lactic acid) Blends 183 7.4.14 Poly(ε-caprolactone) Blends 184 7.4.15 Cyclic Polymer Blends 184 7.4.16 Polyethylene Oxide Blends 184 7.4.17 Other Polymer Blends 185 7.5 Advantage of Polymer Blends 186 7.6 Summary 186 References 187 8 Polymer Composites 199 8.1 Polymeric Phase 200 8.2 Reinforcing Phase 200 8.3 Classification 200 8.4 Characteristics 201 8.4.1 Physical Properties 202 8.5 Reinforcing Agents 203 8.5.1 Advantages 203 8.5.2 Shortcomings 203 8.6 Fillers 203 8.6.1 Surface Modification 205 8.6.2 Boron Trinitride 205 8.6.3 Carbon Black 205 8.6.4 Mineral Fillers 206 8.6.4.1 Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) 206 8.6.4.2 Mica 207 8.7 Fibers 207 8.7.1 Fiber Length 208 8.7.2 Synthetic Fibers 208 8.7.2.1 Carbon Fiber 208 8.7.2.2 Fiberglass 209 8.7.2.3 Aromatic Polyamide Fibers 210 8.8 Composites Classification 210 8.8.1 Mechanical Properties 211 8.8.2 Thermoplastic Composites 212 8.8.3 Filler Reinforced Polymeric Composites 212 8.8.4 Conducting Polymer Composites 212 8.8.5 Fiber Reinforced Composites 213 8.8.6 Continuous Fiber Composites 213 8.8.7 Discontinuous Fiber Reinforced Polymers 214 8.8.8 Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites 214 8.9 Thermoset Composites 215 8.9.1 Advantages 216 8.10 Thermoplastic vs Thermoset Composites 216 8.11 Summary 217 References 218 9 Biocomposites 223 9.1 Natural Fillers 223 9.1.1 Wood Flour 224 9.2 Natural Fibers 224 9.2.1 Treatments of Natural Fibers 225 9.2.1.1 Silanes 225 9.2.1.2 Benzoylation and Acrylation 226 9.2.1.3 Coupling Agents 226 9.2.1.4 Dispersing Agents 226 9.2.2 Wood Fibers 226 9.2.3 Cellulosic Fibers 227 9.2.4 Other Natural Fibers 228 9.2.5 Shortcomings 228 9.3 Thermoplastic Materials 228 9.4 Natural Polymer Composites 228 9.5 Wood-Polymer Composites 229 9.5.1 Properties 230 9.5.2 Advantages 230 9.5.3 Disadvantages 231 9.5.4 Applications 231 9.6 Biocomposites 231 9.6.1 Glucose-Based Biocomposites 231 9.6.2 Polylactide Composites 232 9.7 Future Trends 232 9.8 Summary 233 References 233 10 Processing Technology 237 10.1 Processing Technology 237 10.2 Processing Requirements 238 10.3 Processing Polymer Blends 239 10.3.1 Devolatilization 239 10.3.2 Mixing 239 10.4 Selection of Polymers 240 10.4.1 Immiscible Polymer Blends 241 10.5 Machine Selection 241 10.6 Processing Polymer Composites 242 10.6.1 Melt Mixing 242 10.7 Thermoset Polymers 243 10.8 Processing Technology for Polymer Blends and Composites 243 10.8.1 Injection Molding 243 10.8.2 Extrusion Technology 246 10.8.2.1 Single Screw Extrusion 246 10.8.2.2 Twin Screw Extrusion 248 10.8.3 Thermoforming 250 10.8.4 Reactive Blending 252 10.8.4.1 Reaction Extrusion 253 10.8.4.1 Prepolymer 254 10.8.5 Curing 254 10.8.5.1 Autoclave Curing 254 10.8.6 Lay-Up and Spray-Up Techniques 255 10.8.7 Pultrusion 255 10.8.8 Sheet Molding Compound 256 10.8.9 Compression Molding 258 10.8.9.1 Shortcomings 260 10.8.10 Resin Transfer Molding 260 10.9 Wood-Polymer Composites 261 10.9.1 Injection Molding 262 10.9.2 Extrusion 262 10.9.3 Microcellular Foam Process 264 10.10 Recycling 266 10.11 Summary 267 References 268 11 Blends, Composites and the Environment 275 11.1 Recycling of Polymer Wastes 276 11.2 Polymer Blends and Composites Recycling 277 11.2.1 Pyrolysis 277 11.2.2 Energy Conversion 278 11.2.3 Recycling of Polymer Composites 278 11.2.4 Grinding 278 11.2.5 Reinforcing Agent Separation 280 11.3 Shortcomings 280 11.4 Present Needs 281 11.5 Future Commitment 282 References 282 12 Future Trends 285 12.1 Blends and Composites 286 12.2 Blend and Composite Requirements 286 12.3 Future Benefits 287 12.3.1 Automobile Applications 287 12.3.2 Aerospace Applications 287 12.3.3 High Strength Particle 287 12.3.4 Tribological Performance 287 12.4 Greener Processing 288 12.4.1 Use of Recycled Polymer 288 12.4.2 Present Trends 289 12.5 Future Trends 290 12.6 Summary 290 References 291

Read more less

Book SynopsisVIRTUAL EXPERIMENTS in MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS The first book of its kind to explain fundamental concepts in both vibrations and signal processing using MATLAB virtual experiments Students and young engineers with a strong grounding in engineering theory often lack the practical skills and knowledge required to carry out experimental work in the laboratory. Fundamental and time-consuming errors can be avoided with the appropriate training and a solid understanding of basic concepts in vibrations and/or signal processing, which are critical to testing new designs. Virtual Experiments in Mechanical Vibrations: Structural Dynamics and Signal Processing is designed for readers with limited knowledge of vibrations and signal processing. The intention is to help them relate vibration theory to measurements carried out in the laboratory. With a hands-on approach that emphasizes physics rather than mathematics, this practical resource explains fundamental concepts in vibrations and signal processing. It uses the concept of a virtual experiment together with MATLAB to show how the dynamic properties of vibration isolators can be determined, how vibration absorbers can be designed, and how they perform on distributed parameter structures. Readers will find that this text: Allows the concepts of experimental work to be discussed and simulated in the classroom using a physics-based approachPresents computational virtual experiments using MATLAB examples to determine the dynamic behaviour of several common dynamic systemsExplains the rationale of virtual experimentation and describes typical vibration testing setupsIntroduces the signal processing tools needed to determine the frequency response of a system from input and output dataIncludes access to a companion website containing MATLAB code Virtual Experiments in Mechanical Vibrations: Structural Dynamics and Signal Processing is a must-have resource for researchers, mechanical engineers, and advanced undergraduate and graduate students who are new to the subjects of vibrations, signal processing, and vibration testing. It is also an invaluable tool for universities where the possibilities of doing experimental work are limited.Table of ContentsPreface xiii List of Abbreviations xv List of Symbols xvii About the Companion Website xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Typical Laboratory-Based Vibration Tests 3 1.3 Relationship Between the Input and Output for a SISO System 5 1.4 A Virtual Vibration Test 6 1.5 Some Notes on the Book 7 References 7 2 Fundamentals of Vibration 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Basic Concepts – Mass, Stiffness, and Damping 9 2.3 Single Degree-of-Freedom System 11 2.4 Free Vibration 11 2.5 Impulse Response Function (IRF) 13 2.6 Determination of Damping from Free Vibration 17 2.7 Harmonic Excitation 19 2.8 Frequency Response Function (FRF) 22 2.9 Other Features of the Receptance FRF 28 2.10 Determination of Damping from an FRF 29 2.11 Reciprocal FRF 33 2.12 Summary 35 References 37 3 Fourier Analysis 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 The Fourier Transform (FT) 39 3.2.1 Example – SDOF system 44 3.3 The Discrete Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) 45 3.4 The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) 48 3.5 Inverse Fourier Transforms 53 3.6 Summary 57 References 58 4 Numerical Computation of the FRFs and IRFs of an SDOF System 61 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 Effect of Sampling on the FRFs 61 4.2.1 Receptance 62 4.2.2 Mobility 66 4.2.3 Accelerance 71 4.3 Effect of Data Truncation 77 4.4 Effects of Sampling on the IRFs Calculated Using the IDFT 85 4.5 Summary 91 References 92 5 Vibration Excitation 93 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 Vibration Excitation Devices 93 5.2.1 Electrodynamic Shaker 93 5.2.2 Instrumented Impact Hammer 94 5.3 Vibration Excitation Signals 96 5.3.1 Excitation at a Single Frequency 98 5.3.2 Excitation Using a Random Signal 104 5.3.3 Excitation Using a Chirp or Swept Sine 110 5.3.4 Excitation Using a Half-Sine Pulse 113 5.4 Summary 117 References 117 6 Determination of the Vibration Response of a System 119 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Determination of the Vibration Response 119 6.2.1 Convolution in the Time Domain 119 6.2.2 Calculation of the Response via the Frequency Domain 120 6.2.3 Numerical Integration of the Equation of Motion 121 6.3 Calculation of the Vibration Response of an SDOF System 121 6.3.1 Impulsive Force 122 6.3.2 Half-sine Force Impulse 122 6.3.3 Chirp (Swept Sine) Force Input 123 6.3.4 Random Force Input 125 6.4 Summary 129 References 130 7 Frequency Response Function (FRF) Estimation 131 7.1 Introduction 131 7.2 Transient Excitation 131 7.2.1 H1 and H2 Estimators 134 7.2.2 Coherence Function 135 7.2.3 Examples 137 7.3 Random Excitation 144 7.4 Comparison of Excitation Methods and Effects of Shaker–Structure Interaction 151 7.5 Virtual Experiment – Vibration Isolation 157 7.5.1 The Physics of Vibration Isolation 157 7.5.2 Experimental Determination of the Stiffness and Damping of a Vibration Isolator 159 7.5.3 Experiment to Investigate the Trade-off Between Decreasing the Response at the Resonance Frequency and Improving Vibration Isolation 163 7.6 Summary 167 References 168 8 Multi-Degree-of-Freedom (MDOF) Systems: Dynamic Behaviour 169 8.1 Introduction 169 8.2 Lumped Parameter MDOF System 169 8.2.1 Example – 3DOF System 170 8.2.2 Free Vibration 175 8.2.3 Resonance and Anti-resonance Frequencies 177 8.2.4 Modal Decomposition 181 8.2.5 Impulse Response Function (IRF) 188 8.3 Continuous Systems 193 8.3.1 Rod 193 8.3.1.1 Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes 195 8.3.1.2 Impulse Response Function (IRF) 197 8.3.2 Beam 201 8.3.2.1 Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes 202 8.3.2.2 Impulse Response Function (IRF) 203 8.4 Summary 210 References 213 9 Multi-Degree-of-Freedom (MDOF) Systems: Virtual Experiments 215 9.1 Introduction 215 9.2 Two Degree-of-Freedom System: FRF Estimation 215 9.2.1 Determination of a Modal Model 220 9.3 Beam: FRF Estimation 223 9.3.1 Determination of a Modal Model 229 9.4 The Vibration Absorber as a Vibration Control Device 234 9.4.1 Theory 234 9.4.2 Effect of a Vibration Absorber on an SDOF System 235 9.4.3 Vibration Absorber Attached to an SDOF System – Virtual Experiment 237 9.4.4 Vibration Absorber Attached to a Cantilever Beam – Virtual Experiment 251 9.5 Summary 256 References 258 Appendix A Numerical Differentiation and Integration 259 A.1 Differentiation in the Time Domain 259 A.2 Integration in the Time Domain 260 A.3 Differentiation and Integration in the Frequency Domain 262 Reference 262 Appendix B The Hilbert Transform 263 References 265 Appendix C The Decibel: A Brief Description 267 Reference 268 Appendix D Numerical Integration of Equations of Motion 269 D.1 Euler’s Method 269 D.2 The Runge–Kutta Method 271 References 273 Appendix E The Delta Function 275 E.1 Properties of the Delta Function 276 E.2 Fourier Series Representation of a Train of Delta Functions 277 Reference 277 Appendix F Aliasing 279 References 285 Appendix G Convolution 287 G.1 Relationship Between Convolution and Multiplication 291 G.2 Circular Convolution 296 References 299 Appendix H Some Influential Scientists in Topics Related to This Book 301 Index 307

Read more less

Book SynopsisPresenting a clear, neutral analysis of the key plastic-related issues, Environmental Impacts of Plastics focuses on three key areas: plastics industry, post-consumer fate of plastics on land and in the oceans, and toxicity of plastics.Trade Review“Plastics and environmental sustainability is a fine book, packed with informative data and well worth reading . . . Overall, I enjoyed this book a great deal.” (Chemistry in Australia, 1 December 2015)Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xvii List of Plastic Materials xix 1 The Anthropocene 1 1.1 Energy Futures 6 1.1.1 Fossil Fuel Energy 8 1.1.1.1 Oil 8 1.1.1.2 Coal 9 1.1.1.3 Gas 10 1.1.1.4 Nuclear Energy 11 1.1.2 Renewable Energy 12 1.1.2.1 Wind Energy 12 1.1.2.2 Solar Energy 13 1.1.2.3 Solar Biomass Energy 13 1.2 Materials Demand in the Future 14 1.2.1 Materials of Construction 15 1.2.2 Metal Resources 16 1.2.3 Critical Materials 18 1.2.4 Plastic Materials 19 1.3 Environmental Pollution 22 1.3.1 Classifying Pollution Impacts 23 1.3.2 Climate Change and Global Warming 24 References 27 2 A Sustainability Primer 31 2.1 The Precautionary Principle 33 2.1.1 Objectives in Sustainability 35 2.2 Microeconomics of Sustainability: The Business Enterprise 36 2.3 Models on Implementing Sustainability 38 2.4 Life Cycle Analysis 41 2.5 The Emerging Paradigm and the Plastics Industry 44 2.5.1 Examples from Plastics Industry 47 2.5.1.1 Using the Minimum Energy Needed to Manufacture Products 47 2.5.1.2 Using the Energy Mix with a Minimal Environmental Footprint 47 2.5.1.3 Recovering Waste Process Energy for Reuse 48 2.5.1.4 Using Only as Much Material as Is Needed to Ensure Functionality 48 2.5.1.5 Using More of Renewable and Recycled Raw Materials 48 2.5.1.6 Reusing and Recycling Postuse Products 49 2.5.1.7 Minimizing Externalities at Source: Green Chemistry 49 2.5.1.8 Avoiding Toxic Components and Potential Hazards Associated with Products and Processes 50 2.5.1.9 Converting the Pollutants into Resources 50 References 51 3 An Introduction to Plastics 55 3.1 Polymer Molecules 56 3.1.1 Size of Polymer Molecules 57 3.2 Consequences of Long-Chain Molecular Architecture 59 3.2.1 Molecular Weight of Chain Molecules 59 3.2.2 Tacticity 61 3.2.3 Partially Crystalline Plastics 62 3.2.4 Chain Branching and Cross-Linking 63 3.2.5 Glass Transition Temperature 66 3.3 Synthesis of Polymers 67 3.3.1 Addition or Chain Growth Reaction 68 3.3.2 Condensation or Step Growth Reaction 69 3.3.3 Copolymers 72 3.4 Testing of Polymers 72 3.4.1 Tensile Properties 73 3.4.2 Thermal Properties: DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) 74 3.4.3 Thermal Properties: TGA 76 3.5 Common Plastics 76 3.5.1 Polyethylenes 77 3.5.2 Polypropylenes 78 3.5.3 Polystyrene 78 3.5.4 Poly(vinyl chloride) 80 References 81 4 Plastic Products 83 4.1 Plastics: The Miracle Material 84 4.2 Plastic Production, Use, and Disposal 88 4.2.1 From Resin to Products 90 4.2.1.1 Resin Manufacture 90 4.2.1.2 Compounding 90 4.2.1.3 Processing into Product 91 4.3 Processing Methods for Common Thermoplastics 91 4.3.1 Injection Molding 91 4.3.2 Extrusion 95 4.3.3 Blow Molding 95 4.4 The Environmental Footprint of Plastics 97 4.4.1 Energy Considerations in Resin Manufacture 98 4.4.2 Atmospheric Emissions from Plastics Industry 101 4.5 Plastics Additives 103 4.5.1 Fillers for Plastics 106 4.5.2 Plasticizers in PVC 106 4.6 Biopolymer or Bio-Derived Plastics 107 4.6.1 Bio-Based Plastics and Sustainability 109 4.6.2 Emerging Bio-Based Plastics 111 4.6.2.1 Bio-PE 112 4.6.2.2 Bio-PET 112 4.6.2.3 PLA 113 4.6.2.4 Poly(Hydroxyalkanoates) 115 4.6.2.5 Bio-Based Thermosets: PU 116 References 116 5 Societal Benefits of Plastics 121 5.1 Transportation Applications of Plastics 122 5.1.1 Passenger Cars 122 5.1.2 Air and Sea Transport 124 5.2 Benefits from Plastic Packaging 126 5.2.1 Waste Reduction 129 5.2.2 Chemical and Microbial Protection 130 5.3 Plastics in Agriculture 131 5.4 Building Industry Applications 132 5.4.1 Pipes, Conduit, and Cladding 133 5.4.2 Extruded PVC Cladding and Window Frames 134 5.4.3 Foam Insulation 135 5.4.4 Wood–Plastic Composites 137 5.5 Original Equipment Manufacture (OEM) 138 5.6 Using Plastics Sustainably 139 References 140 6 Degradation of Plastics in the Environment 145 6.1 Defining Degradability 146 6.2 Chemistry of Light-Induced Degradation 147 6.2.1 Light-Initiated Photo-Oxidation in PE and PP 150 6.2.2 Embrittlement and Fragmentation 152 6.2.3 Temperature and Humidity Effects on Degradation 154 6.2.4 Wavelength-Dependent Photodamage 155 6.2.5 Testing Plastics for Photodegradability 157 6.3 Enhanced Photodegradable Polyolefins 160 6.3.1 Effects of Photodegradation on Biodegradation 162 6.4 Biodegradation of Polymers 163 6.4.1 Terminology and Definitions 165 6.4.2 Biodegradable Plastics 168 6.4.3 Testing Readily Biodegradable Plastics 170 6.5 Biodegradability of Common Polymers 173 6.5.1 Additives that Enhance Degradation in Common Polymers 175 6.5.2 Degradable Plastics and Sustainable Development 176 References 178 7 Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals 185 7.1 Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals Used in Plastics Industry 187 7.2 BPA {2,2-Bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl)Propane} 187 7.2.1 Exposure to BPA 190 7.2.2 Effects of Exposure to BPA 192 7.2.3 Dose–Response Relationships of BPA 194 7.2.4 Safe Levels of BPA 194 7.2.5 Contrary Viewpoint on BPA 196 7.2.6 Environmental Sustainability and BPA 197 7.3 Phthalate Plasticizers 198 7.3.1 Exposure to Phthalates 201 7.3.2 Toxicity of Phthalates 203 7.3.3 Environmental Sustainability and Phthalates 203 7.4 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) 204 7.4.1 Toxicity of PBDEs 207 7.4.2 Environmental Sustainability and PBDE 208 7.5 Alkylphenols and Their Ethoxylates (APE) 209 7.6 EDCs and PET Bottles 209 References 212 8 Plastics and Health Impacts 227 8.1 Packaging versus the Contents 228 8.1.1 Packaging Milk in HDPE 230 8.1.2 Overpackaging 232 8.2 Package–Food Interactions 233 8.2.1 Oxygen and Water Permeability 234 8.2.2 Additive Migration and Toxicity 236 8.2.3 Residual Monomer in Packaging Resin 240 8.2.4 Scalping of Flavor Components 240 8.3 Styrene and Expanded Polystyrene Food Service Materials 242 8.3.1 Exposure to Styrene from Packaging 244 8.3.2 Leachate from PET Bottles 244 8.4 Ranking Common Plastics 245 8.4.1 PVC 248 References 249 9 Managing Plastic Waste 255 9.1 Recovery of Waste 258 9.1.1 Material Recycling 261 9.1.2 Feedstock Recovery 261 9.1.3 Energy Recovery 261 9.2 Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste for Feedstock Recovery 261 9.2.1 Direct Thermolysis 261 9.2.2 Hydrogenation or hydrocracking 264 9.2.3 Gasification 265 9.2.3.1 Thermal Gasification 265 9.2.3.2 Plasma Arc Gasification 266 9.2.4 Feedstock Recycling 267 9.2.5 Landfilling 271 9.2.6 Plastics Waste Incineration 272 9.2.7 Biological Recovery Technologies 274 9.3 Sustainable Waste Management Choices 275 9.4 Mechanical Recycling of Plastics 278 9.4.1 Recycling: A Sustainable Choice 281 9.5 Recycling Bottles: Beverage Bottles and Jugs 282 9.5.1 Bottle-to-Bottle Recycling 282 9.5.2 Open-Loop Recycling 284 9.5.3 Recycling of HDPE 285 9.6 Designing for Recyclability 285 References 286 10 Plastics in the Oceans 295 10.1 Origins of Plastics in the Ocean 297 10.2 Weathering of Plastics in the Ocean Environment 299 10.2.1 Beach (Supralittoral) Zone 300 10.2.2 Surface Water Zone 301 10.2.3 Deep Water and Sediment Zones 301 10.2.3.1 Comparison of the Weathering Rates in Different Zones 301 10.3 Microplastic Debris 304 10.3.1 Primary and Secondary Microplastics 305 10.3.2 Persistent Organic Pollutant in Microplastics 307 10.3.3 Ingestion of Microplastics by Marine Species 309 10.4 Ocean Litter and Sustainability 310 References 311 Index 319

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe automotive industry faces many challenges, including increased global competition, the need for higher-performance vehicles, a reduction in costs and tighter environmental and safety requirements. The materials used in automotive engineering play key roles in overcoming these issues: ultimately lighter materials mean lighter vehicles and lower emissions. Composites are being used increasingly in the automotive industry due to their strength, quality and light weight. Advanced Composite Materials for Automotive Applications: Structural Integrity and Crashworthiness provides a comprehensive explanation of how advanced composite materials, including FRPs, reinforced thermoplastics, carbon-based composites and many others, are designed, processed and utilized in vehicles. It includes technical explanations of composite materials in vehicle design and analysis and covers all phases of composite design, modelling, testing and failure analysis. It also sheds light on the Table of ContentsAbout the Editor xv List of Contributors xvii Series Preface xxi Preface xxiii Part One FUNDAMENTAL BACKGROUND 1 Overview of Composite Materials and their Automotive Applications 3 Ali Hallal, Ahmed Elmarakbi, Ali Shaito and Hicham El-Hage 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Polymer Composite Materials 5 1.3 Application of Composite Materials in the Automotive Industry 12 1.4 Green Composites for Automotive Applications 17 1.5 Modelling the Mechanical Behaviour of Composite Materials 19 1.6 Discussion 22 1.7 Conclusion 23 References 24 2 High-Volume Thermoplastic Composite Technology for Automotive Structures 29 Neil Reynolds and Arun Balan Ramamohan 2.1 Introduction – Opportunities for Thermoplastic Composites 29 2.2 Recent Developments in Automotive TPCs 31 2.3 Case Study: Rapid Stamp-Formed Thermoplastic Composites 34 2.4 Conclusion 48 Acknowledgements 49 References 49 3 Development of Low-Cost Carbon Fibre for Automotive Applications 51 Alan Wheatley, David Warren, and Sujit Das 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Research Drivers: Energy Efficiency 52 3.3 Lightweight Automotive Materials 53 3.4 Barriers to Carbon Fibre Adoption in the Automotive Industry 55 3.5 Global Production and the Market for Carbon Fibre 58 3.6 Low-Cost Carbon Fibre Programme 60 3.7 International Cooperation 72 Acknowledgements 72 References 72 Part Two IMPACT AND CRASH ANALYSIS 4 Mechanical Properties of Advanced Pore Morphology Foam Composites 77 Matej Vesenjak, Lovre Krstulovi´c-Opara and Zoran Ren 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Cellular Materials 78 4.3 Advanced Pore Morphology Foam 83 4.4 Mechanical Properties of Single APM Foam Elements 84 4.5 Behaviour of Composite APM Foam 89 4.6 Conclusion 96 Acknowledgements 96 References 96 5 Automotive Composite Structures for Crashworthiness 99 Dirk H.-J.A. Lukaszewicz 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Traffic Safety 99 5.3 Alternative Vehicles 101 5.4 Selective Overview of Worldwide Crash Tests 103 5.5 Structural Crash Management 106 5.6 Composite Materials for Crash Applications 110 5.7 Energy Absorption of Composite Profiles 115 5.8 Conclusion 124 Acknowledgements 125 References 125 6 Crashworthiness Analysis of Composite and Thermoplastic Foam Structure for Automotive Bumper Subsystem 129 Ermias Koricho, Giovanni Belingardi, Alem Tekalign, Davide Roncato and Brunetto Martorana 6.1 Introduction 129 6.2 Materials for Automotive Applications 132 6.3 Composite and Thermoplastic Materials 133 6.4 Numerical Modelling of Fiat 500 Frontal Transverse Beam 137 6.5 Standards for Low-Speed Frontal Impact 141 6.6 Bumper Beam Thickness Determination 141 6.7 Results and Discussion 142 6.8 Conclusion 145 References 146 7 Hybrid Structures Consisting of Sheet Metal and Fibre Reinforced Plastics for Structural Automotive Applications 149 Christian Lauter, Thomas Tr¨oster and Corin Reuter 7.1 Introduction and Motivation 149 7.2 Conventional Method for the Development of Composite Structures 150 7.3 Approaches to Automotive Lightweight Construction 151 7.4 Requirements for Automotive Structures 154 7.5 Simulation 158 7.6 Manufacturing 160 7.7 Testing 165 7.8 New Methodology for the Product Engineering of Hybrid Lightweight Structures 170 7.9 Conclusion 172 References 172 8 Nonlinear Strain Rate Dependent Micro-Mechanical Composite Material Model for Crashworthiness Simulation 175 Ala Tabiei 8.1 Introduction 175 8.2 Micro-Mechanical Formulation 175 8.3 Strain Rate Dependent Effects 188 8.4 Numerical Results 197 8.5 Conclusion 203 References 203 9 Design Solutions to Improve CFRP Crash-Box Impact Efficiency for Racing Applications 205 Simonetta Boria 9.1 Introduction 205 9.2 Composite Structures for Crashworthy Applications 207 9.3 Geometrical and Material Characterisation of the Impact Attenuator 214 9.4 Experimental Test 216 9.5 Finite Element Analysis and LS-DYNA 219 9.6 Comparison between Numerical and Experimental Analysis 220 9.7 Investigation of the Optimal Solution 221 9.8 Conclusion 224 References 224 Part Three DAMAGE AND FAILURE 10 Fracture and Failure Mechanisms for Different Loading Modes in Unidirectional Carbon Fibre/Epoxy Composites 229 Victoria Mollon, Jorge Bonhomme, Jaime Vina and Antonio Arguelles 10.1 Introduction 229 10.2 Delamination Failure 230 10.3 Objectives 232 10.4 Experimental Programme 233 10.5 Numerical Simulations 240 10.6 Fractography 244 10.7 Results and Discussion 244 10.8 Conclusion 253 References 253 11 Numerical Simulation of Damages in FRP Laminated Structures under Transverse Quasi-Static or Low-Velocity Impact Loads 257 Ning Hu, Ahmed Elmarakbi, Alamusi, Yaolu Liu, Hisao Fukunaga, Satoshi Atobe and Tomonori Watanabe 11.1 Introduction 257 11.2 Theory 261 11.3 Techniques for Overcoming Numerical Instability in Simulation of Delamination Propagation 267 11.4 Numerical Examples 275 11.5 Conclusion 291 References 291 12 Building Delamination Fracture Envelope under Mode I/Mode II Loading for FRP Composite Materials 293 Othman Al-Khudairi, Homayoun Hadavinia, Eoin Lewis, Barnaby Osborne and Lee S. Bryars 12.1 Introduction 293 12.2 Experimental Studies 294 12.3 Mode I Delamination Testing: Double Cantilever Bending Test Analysis and Results 296 12.4 Mode II Delamination Testing: End Notched Flexure Test Analysis and Results 297 12.5 Mixed Mode I/II Delamination Testing: Mixed-Mode Bending Test Analysis and Results 302 12.6 Fracture Failure Envelope 306 12.7 Conclusion 308 Nomenclature 309 References 309 Part Four CASE STUDIES AND DESIGNS 13 Metal Matrix Composites for Automotive Applications 313 Anthony Macke, Benjamin F. Schultz, Pradeep K. Rohatgi and Nikhil Gupta 13.1 Automotive Technologies 313 13.2 Reinforcements 321 13.3 Automotive Applications 328 13.4 Conclusion 342 Acknowledgements 343 References 343 14 Development of a Composite Wheel with Integrated Hub Motor and Requirements on Safety Components in Composite 345 Nicole Schweizer and Andreas B¨uter 14.1 Introduction 345 14.2 Wheels Made from FRPs 349 14.3 Development of a Composite Wheel with Integrated Electric Motor 358 14.4 Multifunctional Design – Requirements regarding Structural Durability and System Reliability 364 14.5 Conclusion 369 References 370 15 Composite Materials in Automotive Body Panels, Concerning Noise and Vibration 371 Peyman Honarmandi 15.1 Introduction 371 15.2 Composite Materials in Automobile Bodies 371 15.3 Multilayer Composite Materials in Noise and Vibration Treatment 372 15.4 Case Studies 373 15.5 Conclusion 386 References 387 16 Composite Materials for Automotive Braking Systems 389 David C. Barton 16.1 Introduction 389 16.2 Materials Requirements for Brake Rotors 390 16.3 Cast Iron Rotors 392 16.4 Carbon Composite Rotors 393 16.5 Light Alloy Composite Rotors 395 16.6 Evaluation of Composite Disc Materials 395 16.7 Surface Engineering of Light Alloy Brake Discs 398 16.8 Friction Material 400 16.9 Conclusion 402 References 403 17 Low-Cost Carbon Fibre: Applications, Performance and Cost Models 405 Alan Wheatley, David Warren and Sujit Das 17.1 Current and Proposed Carbon Fibre Applications 405 17.2 Carbon Fibre Polymer Composites: Cost Benefits and Obstacles for Automobiles 407 17.3 Performance Modelling 414 17.4 Cost Modelling 427 17.5 Conclusion 433 Acknowledgements 433 References 433 Index 435

Read more less

Book SynopsisPROPERTIES FOR DESIGN OF COMPOSITE STRUCTURES A comprehensive guide to analytical methods and source code to predict the behavior of undamaged and damaged composite materials In Properties for Design of Composite Structures: Theory and Implementation Using Software, distinguished researcher Dr. Neil McCartney delivers a unique and insightful approach to the development of predictive methods for the properties of undamaged and damaged laminated composite materials. The book focuses on presenting compact analytical formulae for several important effective propertiesincluding mechanical, thermal, and electricalthat can be applied to a variety of reinforcement geometries. The author introduces a compact notation that enables an explicit treatment of laminate property determination, including the out-of-plane shear properties required for three-dimensional numerical simulations of structural features using finite and boundary element analyses. There is also Table of ContentsPreface vii About the Companion Website ix 1 Introduction 1 2 Fundamental Relations for Continuum Models 5 3 Maxwell’s Far-field Methodology Applied to the Prediction of Effective Properties of Multiphase Isotropic Particulate Composites 43 4 Maxwell’s Methodology for the Prediction of Effective Properties of Unidirectional Multiphase Fibre-reinforced Composites 65 5 Reinforcement with Ellipsoidal Inclusions 97 6 Properties of an Undamaged Single Lamina 111 7 Effective Thermoelastic Properties of Undamaged Laminates 129 8 Energy Balance Approach to Fracture in Anisotropic Elastic Material 163 9 Ply Crack Formation in Symmetric Cross-ply Laminates 189 10 Theoretical Basis for a Model of Ply Cracking in General Symmetric Laminates 223 11 Ply Cracking in Cross-ply Laminates Subject to Biaxial Bending 249 12 Energy-based Delamination Theory for Biaxial Loading in the Presence of Thermal Stresses 271 13 Energy Methods for Fatigue Damage Modelling of Laminates 297 14 Model of Composite Degradation Due to Environmental Damage 329 15 Maxwell’s Far-field Methodology Predicting Elastic Properties of Multiphase Composites Reinforced with Aligned Transversely Isotropic Spheroids 345 16 Debonding Models and Application to Fibre Fractures and Matrix Cracks 379 17 Interacting Bridged Ply Cracks in a Cross-ply Laminate 425 18 Theoretical Basis for a Model of Ply Cracking in General Symmetric Laminates 447 19 Stress-transfer Mechanics for Biaxial Bending 479 Appendix A: Solution for Shear of Isolated Spherical Particle in an Infinite Matrix 503 Appendix B: Elasticity Analysis of Two Concentric Cylinders 510 Appendix C: Gibbs Energy per Unit Volume for a Cracked Laminate 518 Appendix D: Crack Closure Conditions for Laminates 523 Appendix E: Derivation of the Solution of Nonlinear Equations 531 Appendix F: Analysis for Transversely Isotropic Cylindrical Inclusions 536 Appendix G: Recurrence Relations, Differential Equations and Boundary Conditions 541 Appendix H: Solution of Differential Equations 546 Appendix I: Energy Balance Equation for Delamination Growth 551 Appendix J: Derivation of Energy-based Fracture Criterion for Bridged Cracks 554 Appendix K: Numerical Solution of Integral Equations for Bridged Cracks 560 Index 565

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisCompiling research from the last two decades, Nanomaterials for Environmental Protection provides an interdisciplinary approach to applying nanomaterials to disinfect water, air, and soil while addressing possible environmental risks associated with nanoparticles.Table of ContentsPreface ix LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv Part I Remediation with use of metals, metal oxides, complexes and composites 1 1 Groundwater Water Remediation by Static Diffusion Using Nano-Zero Valent Metals (Fe0, Cu0, Al0), n-FeHn+, n-Fe(OH)x, n-FeOOH, n-Fe-[OxHy](n+/−) 3 David D.J. Antia 2 Nanostructured Metal Oxides for Wastewater Disinfection 27 Erick R. Bandala, Marco Antonio Quiroz Alfaro, Mónica Cerro-López, and Miguel A. Méndez-Rojas 3 Cu2O-Based Nanocomposites for Environmental Protection: Relationship between Structure and Photocatalytic Activity, Application, and Mechanism 41 Liangbin Xiong, Huaqing Yu, Xin Ba, Wenpei Zhang, and Ying Yu 4 Multifunctional Nanocomposites for Environmental Remediation 71 Suying Wei, Jiahua Zhu, Hongbo Gu, Huige Wei, Xingru Yan, Yudong Huang, and Zhanhu Guo 5 Nanomaterials for the Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds from Aqueous Solutions 85 Amro El Badawy and Hafiz H.M. Salih 6 Hybrid Metal Nanoparticle-Containing Polymer Nanofibers for Environmental Applications 95 Yunpeng Huang, Shige Wang, Mingwu Shen, and Xiangyang Shi 7 Nanomaterials on the Basis of Chelating Agents, Metal Complexes, and Organometallics for Environmental Purposes 109 Boris I. Kharisov, Oxana V. Kharissova, and Ubaldo Ortiz Méndez Part II Remediation with use of carbon nanotubes 125 8 Carbon Nanotubes: Next-Generation Nanomaterials for Clean Water Technologies 127 Yit Thai Ong, Kian Fei Yee, Qian Wen Yeang, Sharif Hussein Sharif Zein, and Soon Huat Tan Part III Photo catalytical remediation 143 9 New Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalysis for Treatment of Toxic Metals and Arsenic 145 Marta I. Litter and Natalia Quici 10 Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide for Photocatalytic Water Treatment 169 David G. Rickerby 11 Destruction of Chloroorganic Compounds with Nanophotocatalysts 183Rashid A. Khaydarov, Renat R. Khaydarov, and Olga Gapurova 12 Semiconductor Nanomaterials for Organic Dye Degradation and Hydrogen Production via Photocatalysis 193 Leticia M. Torres-Martínez, Isaías Juárez-Ramírez, and Mayra Z. Figueroa-Torres Part IV Nanoadsorbents and Nanofiltration 205 13 Advanced Oxidation Processes, Nanofiltration, and Application of Bubble Column Reactor 207 Sukanchan Palit 14 Carbon Nanomaterials as Adsorbents for Environmental Analysis 217 Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain 15 Application of Nanoadsorbents in Water Treatment 237 Amit Bhatnagar and Mika Sillanpää 16 Organo-Clay Nanohybrid Adsorbents in the Removal of Toxic Metal Ions 249 Peng Liu Part V Membranes on nanomaterials basis 269 17 Water Remediation Using Nanoparticle and Nanocomposite Membranes 271 Kian Fei Yee, Qian Wen Yeang, Yit Thai Ong, Vel Murugan Vadivelu, and Soon Huat Tan Part VI Green methods in nanomaterials synthesis 293 18 Green Methodologies in the Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 295 Aniruddha B. Patil and Bhalchandra M. Bhanage 19 An Environmentally Friendly and Green Approach for Synthesis and Applications of Silver Nanoparticles 313 Muniyandi Jeyaraj, Muralidharan Murugan, Kevin John Pulikotil Anthony, and Sangiliyandi Gurunathan 20 Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials Using Biological Routes 329 Rajesh Ramanathan, Ravi Shukla, Suresh K. Bhargava, and Vipul Bansal Part VII CO2 adsorption 349 21 Nanomaterials for Carbon Dioxide Adsorption 351 Luis Ángel Garza Rodríguez and Elsa Nadia Aguilera González Part VIII Intelligent nanomaterials 373 22 Development of Intelligent Nanomaterials as a Strategy to Solve Environmental Problems 375 Jose Ruben Morones-Ramírez Part IX Desalination 387 23 Engineered Nanomaterials for Purification and Desalination of Palatable Water 389 Vijay C. Verma, Swechha Anand, Mayank Gangwar, and Santosh K. Singh Part X Nanocatalysis 401 24 Nanocatalytic Wastewater Treatment System for the Removal of Toxic Organic Compounds 403 Sodeh Sadjadi 25 Catalyst Design Based on Nano-Sized Inorganic Core of Enzymes: Design of Environmentally Friendly Catalysts 429 Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour Part XI Nanosensors 443 26 Neutron-Fluence Nanosensors Based on Boron-Containing Materials 445 Levan Chkhartishvili Part XII Nanoreservoirs for hydrogen storage 451 27 Hydrogen Nanoreservoirs made of Boron Nitride 453 Levan Chkhartishvili Part XIII Fuel cells on nanomaterials basis 469 28 Fuel Cells with Nanomaterials for Ecologically Pure Transport 471 Gennady Gerasimov Part XIV Remediation of radionuclides 483 29 Humic Functional Derivatives and Nanocoatings for Remediation of Actinide-Contaminated Environments 485 Irina V. Perminova, Stepan N. Kalmykov, Natalia S. Shcherbina, Sergey A. Ponomarenko, Vladimir A. Kholodov, Alexander P. Novikov, Richard G. Haire, and Kirk Hatfield Part XV Environmental risks and toxicity 503 30 Environmental Risks of Nanotechnology: Evaluating the Ecotoxicity of Nanomaterials 505 Miguel A. Méndez-Rojas, José Luis Sánchez-Salas, Aracely Angulo-Molina, and Teresa de Jesús Palacios-Hernández 31 Environmental Risk, Human Health, and Toxic Effects of Nanoparticles 523 Jamuna Bai A. and Ravishankar Rai V. 32 Implications of the Use of Nanomaterials for Environmental Protection: Challenges in Designing Environmentally Relevant Toxicological Experiments 537 Rute F. Domingos and José P. Pinheiro Concluding Remarks 551 Author Index 555 Subject Index 559

Read more less

Book SynopsisA fully updated, easy-to-read guide on magnetic actuators and sensors The Second Edition of this must-have book for today''s engineers includes the latest updates and advances in the field of magnetic actuators and sensors. Magnetic Actuators and Sensors emphasizes computer-aided design techniquesespecially magnetic finite element analysis; offers many new sections on topics ranging from magnetic separators to spin valve sensors; and features numerous worked calculations, illustrations, and real-life applications. To aid readers in building solid, fundamental, theoretical background and design know-how, the book provides in-depth coverage in four parts: PART I: MAGNETICS Introduction Basic Electromagnetics Reluctance Method Finite-Element Method Magnetic Force Other Magnetic Performance Parameters PART II: ACTUATORS Magnetic Actuators Operated Trade Review“This is a book well-worth acquiring.” (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 1 July 2014) Table of ContentsPREFACE xi PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xiii LIST OF 66 EXAMPLES xv PART I MAGNETICS 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Overview of Magnetic Actuators 3 1.2 Overview of Magnetic Sensors 4 1.3 Actuators and Sensors in Motion Control Systems 5 1.4 Magnetic Actuators and Sensors in Mechatronics 7 References 8 2 Basic Electromagnetics 9 2.1 Vectors 9 2.2 Ampere’s Law 14 2.3 Magnetic Materials 17 2.4 Faraday’s Law 22 2.5 Potentials 25 2.6 Maxwell’s Equations 28 Problems 29 References 31 3 Reluctance Method 33 3.1 Simplifying Ampere’s Law 33 3.2 Applications 37 3.3 Fringing Flux 40 3.4 Complex Reluctance 41 3.5 Limitations 41 Problems 42 References 42 4 Finite-Element Method 43 4.1 Energy Conservation and Functional Minimization 43 4.2 Triangular Elements for Magnetostatics 45 4.3 Matrix Equation 46 4.4 Finite-Element Models 49 Problems 53 References 53 5 Magnetic Force 55 5.1 Magnetic Flux Line Plots 55 5.2 Magnetic Energy 60 5.3 Magnetic Force on Steel 61 5.4 Magnetic Pressure on Steel 65 5.5 Lorentz Force 66 5.6 Permanent Magnets 67 5.7 Magnetic Torque 72 5.8 Magnetic Volume Forces on Permeable Particles 73 Problems 75 References 76 6 Other Magnetic Performance Parameters 79 6.1 Magnetic Flux and Flux Linkage 79 6.2 Inductance 82 6.3 Capacitance 86 6.4 Impedance 88 Problems 91 References 91 PART II ACTUATORS 93 7 Magnetic Actuators Operated by DC 95 7.1 Solenoid Actuators 95 7.2 Voice Coil Actuators 106 7.3 Other Actuators Using Coils and Permanent Magnets 108 7.4 Proportional Actuators 109 7.5 Rotary Actuators 112 7.6 Magnetic Bearings and Couplings 114 7.7 Magnetic Separators 117 Problems 125 References 127 8 Magnetic Actuators Operated by AC 129 8.1 Skin Depth 129 8.2 Power Losses in Steel 130 8.3 Force Pulsations 135 8.4 Cuts in Steel 139 References 145 9 Magnetic Actuator Transient Operation 147 9.1 Basic Timeline 147 9.2 Size, Force, and Acceleration 148 9.3 Linear Magnetic Diffusion Times 150 9.4 Nonlinear Magnetic Infusion Times 156 9.5 Nonlinear Magnetic Effusion Time 164 9.6 Pulse Response of Nonlinear Steel 169 Problems 171 References 174 PART III SENSORS 175 10 Hall Effect and Magnetoresistive Sensors 177 10.1 Simple Hall Voltage Equation 177 10.2 Hall Effect Conductivity Tensor 179 10.3 Finite-Element Computation of Hall Fields 182 10.4 Hall Sensors for Position or Current 190 10.5 Magnetoresistance 193 10.6 Magnetoresistive Heads for Hard Disk Drives 194 10.7 Giant Magnetoresistive Spin Valve Sensors 195 Problems 198 References 198 11 Other Magnetic Sensors 201 11.1 Speed Sensors Based on Faraday’s Law 201 11.2 Inductive Recording Heads 203 11.3 Proximity Sensors Using Impedance 206 11.4 Linear Variable Differential Transformers 210 11.5 Magnetostrictive Sensors 213 11.6 Fluxgate Sensors 215 11.7 Chattock Coil Field and Current Sensor 219 11.8 Squid Magnetometers 222 11.9 Magnetoimpedance and Miniature Sensors 223 11.10 MEMS Sensors 224 Problems 225 References 226 PART IV SYSTEMS 229 12 Coil Design and Temperature Calculations 231 12.1 Wire Size Determination for DC Currents 231 12.2 Coil Time Constant and Impedance 234 12.3 Skin Effects and Proximity Effects for AC Currents 235 12.4 Finite-Element Computation Of Temperatures 239 Problems 246 References 246 13 Electromagnetic Compatibility 249 13.1 Signal-To-Noise Ratio 249 13.2 Shields and Apertures 250 13.3 Test Chambers 255 Problems 260 References 260 14 Electromechanical Finite Elements 263 14.1 Electromagnetic Finite-Element Matrix Equation 263 14.2 0D and 1D Finite Elements for Coupling Electric Circuits 266 14.3 Structural Finite-Element Matrix Equation 272 14.4 Force and Motion Computation by Time Stepping 273 14.5 Typical Electromechanical Applications 275 Problems 286 References 286 15 Electromechanical Analysis Using Systems Models 289 15.1 Electric Circuit Models of Magnetic Devices 289 15.2 VHDL–AMS/Simplorer Models 296 15.3 MATLAB/Simulink Models 301 15.4 Including Eddy Current Diffusion Using a Resistor 307 15.5 Magnetic Actuator Systems for 2D Planar Motion 312 15.6 Optimizing Magnetic Actuator Systems 313 Problems 324 References 325 16 Coupled Electrohydraulic Analysis Using Systems Models 327 16.1 Comparing Hydraulics and Magnetics 327 16.2 Hydraulic Basics and Electrical Analogies 328 16.3 Modeling Hydraulic Circuits in Spice 330 16.4 Electrohydraulic Models in Spice and Simplorer 334 16.5 Hydraulic Valves and Cylinders in Systems Models 341 16.6 Magnetic Diffusion Resistor in Electrohydraulic Models 348 16.7 Optimization of an Electrohydraulic System 352 16.8 Magnetic Actuators for Digital Hydraulics 353 Problems 357 References 357 APPENDIX A: SYMBOLS, DIMENSIONS, AND UNITS 359 APPENDIX B: NONLINEAR B–H CURVES 361 APPENDIX C: FINAL ANSWERS FOR ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS 367 INDEX 371

Read more less

Book SynopsisA must-have for materials engineers, chemists, physicists, and geologists, this is one of the first coffee-table books in the field of glass science. Containing over fifty beautiful micrographs, the book reflects 35 years of original research by a highly regarded authority in the field. It contains 50 slides culled from tens of thousands of images on glass crystal nucleation, growth, and crystallization. The images represent glass crystallization mechanisms, including internal, surface, homogeneous, heterogeneous, and eutectic, crystal nucleation and growth.Table of ContentsForeword vii Introduction: 36 Years of Research and Discoveries about Glass Crystallization xi Glass Myth Shattered (Science Now, May 16, 1998) xix Acknowledgments xxi Letter from S. D. Stookey – The Inventor of Glass-ceramics xxii Crystals in Glass – A Celebration of Science and Art 1 Internal Nucleation in Glasses 7 Surface Nucleation on Glasses 45 Viscous Sintering with Concurrent Crystallization 71 Eutectic Crystallization 79 Cracks and Bubbles in Glass-ceramics 93 Reviews of “Crystals in Glass: A Hidden Beauty” 105 About the Author 109

Read more less

Book SynopsisWritten and peer reviewed by experts from around the globe, Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology provides up-to-date coverage of traditional topics of continuing interest to professionals, researchers, educators, and students, including polymeric materials, polymerization reactions, processing and finishing, properties, and morphology. Also available online, the 15 volumes of the fourth edition include over four hundred new and revised stand-alone articles and are organized alphabetically. Topics covered include new classes of materials such as Self-Healing Polymers, imaging and analytical techniques, new methods of controlled polymer architecture, and important applications.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis volume of Inorganic Syntheses spans the preparations of wide range of important inorganic, organometallic and solid-state compounds. The volume is divided into 6 chapters. The first chapter contains the syntheses of some key early transition metal halide clusters and the very useful mononuclear molybdenum(III) synthon, MoCl3(THF)3. Chapter 2 covers the synthesis of a number of cyclopentadienyl compounds, including a novel route to sodium and potassium cyclopentadienide, MC5H5. Chapter 3 details synthetic procedures for a range of metal-metal bonded compounds, including several with metal-metal multiple bonds. Chapter 4 contains procedures for a range of early and late transition metal compounds, each a useful synthon for further synthetic elaboration. Chapter 5 deals with the synthesis of a number of main group compounds and ligands, while Chapter 6 covers teaching laboratory experiments.Table of ContentsPreface v Dedication vii Notice to Contributors and Checkers xv Toxic Substances and Laboratory Hazards xvii Chapter One TRANSITION METAL HALIDE COMPOUNDS 1 1. Octahedral Hexatantalum Halide Clusters 1 A. Tetradecachlorohexatantalum Octahydrate 3 B. Tetradecabromohexatantalum Octahydrate 4 C. Tetrakis(benzyltributylammonium) Octadecachlorohexatantalate 5 2. Octahedral Hexamolybdenum Halide Clusters 8 A. Tetradecachlorohexamolybdate Hexahydrate (Chloromolybdic Acid) 10 B. Hexamolybdenum Dodecachloride 12 3. Ether Complexes of Molybdenum(III) and Molybdenum(IV) Chlorides 15 A. Tetrachlorobis(diethyl ether)molybdenum(IV) 16 B. Trichlorotris(tetrahydrofuran)molybdenum(III) 17 4. Octahedral Hexatungsten Halide Clusters 19 A. Bis(hydroxonium) Tetradecachlorohexatungstate Heptahydrate (Chlorotungstic Acid) 21 B. Hexatungsten Dodecachloride 22 5. Trinuclear Tungsten Halide Clusters 24 A. Tritungsten Decachloride 26 B. Trisodium Tridecachlorotritungstate 27 C. Tris(benzyltributylammonium) Tridecachlorotritungstate 28 6. Crystalline and Amorphous Forms of Tungsten Tetrachloride 30 A. Crystalline Tungsten Tetrachloride by Solid-State Reduction 32 B. Amorphous Tungsten Tetrachloride by Solution-Phase Reduction 33 Chapter Two CYCLOPENTADIENYL COMPOUNDS 35 7. Sodium and Potassium Cyclopentadienide 35 A. Sodium Cyclopentadienide 36 B. Potassium Cyclopentadienide 37 8. (Pentafluorophenyl)cyclopentadiene and its Sodium Salt 38 A. (Pentafluorophenyl)cyclopentadiene 39 B. Sodium (Pentafluorophenyl)cyclopentadienide 41 9. Bis(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) Complexes of Scandium 42 A. Bis(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)chloroscandium 43 B. Bis(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)methylscandium 44 C. Bis(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)phenylscandium 45 D. Bis(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)(o-tolyl)scandium 46 10. Bis(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) Complexes of Titanium, Zirconium, and Hafnium 47 A. Bis(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)dichlorotitanium(IV) 47 B. Bis(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)dichlorozirconium(IV) 49 C. Bis(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)dichlorohafnium(IV)50 11. Bis(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) Complexes of Niobium and Tantalum 52 A. Bis(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)dichlorotantalum(IV) 53 B. Bis(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)dichloroniobium(IV) 55 12. Bis(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) Complexes of Molybdenum 58 A. Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)dichloromolybdenum(IV) 59 B. Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)dihydridomolybdenum(IV) 61 13. (η5-Cyclopentadienyl)tricarbonylmanganese(I) Complexes 62 A. (η5-Cyclopentadienyl)tricarbonylmanganese(I) 63 B. (η5-Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)tricarbonylmanganese(I) 63 14. 1,10-Diaminoferrocene 65 A. 1,10-Dilithioferrocene N,N,N0,N0-Tetramethylethylenediamine 66 B. 1,10-Dibromoferrocene 67 C. One-Pot Preparation of 1,10-Dibromoferrocene from Ferrocene 68 D. 1,10-Diaminoferrocene 69 E. 1,10-Diaminoferrocenium Hexafluorophosphate 70 F. 1,10-Diaminoferrocenium Triflate 71 15. Mono(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) Complexes of Osmium 72 A. Bromoosmic Acid 74 B. Bis(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)tetrabromodiosmium(III) 75 C. (η5-Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)(1,5-cyclooctadiene)-bromoosmium(II) 76 Chapter Three COMPOUNDS WITH METAL–METAL BONDS 78 16. Tetra(acetato)dimolybdenum(II) 78 17. Supramolecular Arrays Based on Dimolybdenum Building Blocks 81 A. Tetrakis(N,N0-di-p-anisylformamidinato)dimolybdenum(II) 84 B. Tris(N,N0-di-p-anisylformamidinato)di(chloro)-dimolybdenum(II,III) 86 C. cis-Bis(N,N0-di-p-anisylformamidinato)tetrakis(acetonitrile)-dimolybdenum(II) Bis(tetrafluoroborate) 87 D. (μ2-Succinato)bis[tris(N,N0-di-p-anisylformamidinato)-dimolybdenum(II)] 88 E. (μ2-η2,η2-Molybdato)bis[tris(N,N0-di-p-anisylformamidinato)-dimolybdenum(II)] 89 F. (μ2-N,N0-Diphenylterephthaloyldiamidato)bis[tris(N,N0-di-panisylformamidinato) dimolybdenum(II)] 90 G. Molecular Propeller: (μ3-Trimesate)tris[tris(N,N0-di-panisylformamidinato) dimolybdenum(II)] 91 H. Molecular Loop: closo-Bis(μ2-malonato)bis[bis(N,N0-di-panisylformamidinato) dimolybdenum(II)] 92 I. Molecular Triangle: closo-Tris(μ2-eq,eq-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylato) tris[bis(N,N0-di-p-anisylformamidinato)-dimolybdenum(II)]92 J. Molecular Square: closo-Tetrakis(μ2-oxalato)tetrakis[bis(N,N0-di-p-anisylformamidinato)dimolybdenum(II)] 93 K. Molecular Cage: closo-Tetrakis(μ3-trimesate)hexakis[bis(N,N0-di-p-anisylformamidinato)dimolybdenum(II)] 94 18. Dimolybdenum and Ditungsten Hexa(alkoxides) 95 A. Hexa(tert-butoxy)dimolybdenum(III) 96 B. Hexakis(2-trifluoromethyl-2-propoxy)dimolybdenum(III) 97 C. Sodium Heptachloropentakis(tetrahydrofuran)ditungstate(III) 98 D. Hexa(tert-butoxy)ditungsten(III) 99 E. Hexakis(2-trifluoromethyl-2-propoxy)ditungsten(III) 100 19. Linear Trichromium, Tricobalt, Trinickel, and Tricopper Complexes of 2,20-Dipyridylamide 102 A. Dichlorotetrakis(2,20-dipyridylamido)trichromium(II) 103 B. Dichlorotetrakis(2,20-dipyridylamido)tricobalt(II) 104 C. Dichlorotetrakis(2,20-dipyridylamido)trinickel(II) 105 D. Dichlorotetrakis(2,20-dipyridylamido)tricopper(II) 106 E. Bis(acetonitrile)tetrakis(2,20-dipyridylamido)trichromium(II) Bis(hexafluorophosphate) 107 F. Bis(acetonitrile)tetrakis(2,20-dipyridylamido)tricobalt(II) Bis(hexafluorophosphate) 108 G. Bis(acetonitrile)tetrakis(2,20-dipyridylamido)trinickel(II) Bis(hexafluorophosphate) 108 20. Bis(tetrabutylammonium) Octachloroditechnetate(III) 110 A. Tetrabutylammonium Pertechnetate(VII) 111 B. Tetrabutylammonium Oxotetrachlorotechnetate(V) 112 C. Bis(tetrabutylammonium) Octachloroditechnetate(III) 112 21. Diruthenium Formamidinato Complexes 114 A. Chlorotris(acetato)(N,N0-di-2,6-xylylformamidinato)-diruthenium(II,III) 115 B. trans-Chlorobis(acetato)bis(N,N0-di-2,6-xylylformamidinato)-diruthenium(II,III) 117 C. cis-Chlorobis(acetato)bis(N,N0-di-p-anisylformamidinato)-diruthenium(II,III) 118 D. Chloro(acetato)tris(N,N0-di-p-anisylformamidinato)-diruthenium(II,III) 119 E. Chlorotetrakis(N,N0-di-p-anisylformamidinato)-diruthenium(II,III) 120 22. Heptacarbonyl(disulfido)dimanganese(I) 122 23. Di(carbido)tetracosa(carbonyl)decaruthenate(2–) Salts 124 A. Calcium Di(carbido)tetracosa(carbonyl)decaruthenate(2–) 124 B. Bis[bis(triphenylphosphoranylidene)ammonium] Di(carbido)tetracosa(carbonyl)decaruthenate(2–) 125 Chapter Four GENERAL TRANSITION METAL COMPOUNDS 127 24. Bis(1,2-bis(dimethylphosphano)ethane)tricarbonyltitanium(0) and Hexacarbonyltitanate(2–) 127 A. Bis(1,2-bis(dimethylphosphano)ethane)-tricarbonyltitanium(0) 129 B. Bis[18-crown-6)(acetonitrile)potassium] Hexacarbonyltitanate(2–) 131 25. Tungsten Benzylidyne Complexes 134 A. Trichloro(1,2-dimethoxyethane)benzylidynetungsten(VI) 135 B. Chloro Bis[1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane]-benzylidynetungsten(IV) 136 26. Tungsten Oxytetrachloride and (Acetonitrile)tetrachlorotungsten Imido Complexes 138 A. Tungsten Oxytetrachloride 139 B. (Acetonitrile)tetrachloro(phenylimido)tungsten(VI) 140 C. (Acetonitrile)tetrachloro(2-propylimido)tungsten(VI) 141 D. (Acetonitrile)tetrachloro(2-propenylimido)tungsten(VI) 142 27. Tungsten Oxytetrachloride and Several Tungstate Salts 143 A. Tungsten Oxytetrachloride 144 B. Bis(tetrabutylammonium) Hexapolytungstate 145 C. Di(cetylpyridinium) Peroxoditungstate 146 D. Bis(tetrabutylammonium) Phenylphosphonatodiperoxotungstate 147 28. Bromotricarbonyldi(pyridine)manganese(I) 148 29. Bis(tetraethylammonium) fac-Tribromotricarbonylrhenate(I) and -Technetate(I) 149 A. Bis(tetraethylammonium) fac-Tribromotricarbonylrhenate(I) 151 B. Bis(tetraethylammonium) fac-Trichlorotricarbonyltechnetate(I) 152 30. Methyl(oxo)rhenium(V) Complexes with Chelating Ligands 155 A. Methyl(oxo)(1,2-ethanedithiolato)rhenium(V) Dimer 156 B. Methyl(oxo)bis(2-oxyquinoline)rhenium(V) 157 C. Methyl(oxo)(2,20-thiodiacetato)(triphenylphosphine)-rhenium(V) 158 31. Hexahydridoferrate(II) Salts 160 A. Tetrakis[bromobis(tetrahydrofuran)magnesium] Hexahydridoferrate(II) 161 B. Tetrakis[2-methyl-2-propoxomagnesium] Hexahydridoferrate(II) 163 32. Tris(allyl)iridium and -Rhodium 165 A. Allyllithium 166 B. mer-Trichlorotris(tetrahydrothiophene)iridium(III) 166 C. mer-Trichlorotris(tetrahydrothiophene)rhodium(III) 167 D. Tris(allyl)iridium(III) 168 E. Tris(allyl)rhodium(III) 170 33. Trinuclear Palladium(II) Acetate 171 Chapter Five MAIN GROUP COMPOUNDS AND LIGANDS 174 34. Monocarbaborane Anions with 10 or 12 Vertices 174 A. Tetraethylammonium arachno-6-Carba-decaboranate(14) 176 B. Tetraethylammonium closo-2-Carba-decaboranate(10) 177 C. Tetraethylammonium closo-1-Carba-decaboranate(10) 178 D. Tetraethylammonium closo-1-Carba-dodecaboranate(12) 179 E. Tetraethylammonium nido-6-Phenyl-6-carbadecaboranate(12) 180 F. Tetraethylammonium closo-2-Phenyl-2-carbadecaboranate(10) 181 G. Tetraethylammonium closo-1-Phenyl-1-carbadecaboranate(10) 182 H. Tetraethylammonium closo-1-Phenyl-1-carbadodecaboranate(12) 183 35. Tetrakis(5-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethene 186 A. 5,50-Di-tert-butyl-2,20-dimethoxybenzophenone 187 B. Titanium Trichloride 1,2-Dimethoxyethane (1:1.5) 189 C. Tetrakis(5-tert-butyl-2-methoxyphenyl)ethene 189 D. Tetrakis(5-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethene 192 36. Electrochemical Synthesis of Tetraethylammonium Tetrathiooxalate 195 37. Mid-Infrared Emitting Lead Selenide Nanocrystal Quantum Dots 198 A. Lead Selenide NQDs Emitting at 2.5 μm (0.50 eV) 199 B. Lead Selenide NQDs Emitting at 2.8 μm (0.44 eV) 200 C. Lead Selenide NQDs Emitting at 3.3 μm (0.38 eV) 201 D. Lead Selenide NQDs Emitting at 3.5 μm (0.35 eV) 201 Chapter Six TEACHING LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS 203 38. Tetra(acetato)dichromium(II) Dihydrate 203 39. Keggin Structure Polyoxometalates 210 A. Tri(ammonium) 12-Molybdophosphate 211 B. 12-Tungstosilicic Acid 212 C. 12-Tungstophosphoric Acid 214 D. 12-Molybdophosphoric Acid 215 40. Quadruply Metal–Metal Bonded Complexes of Rhenium(III) 217 A. Tetrabutylammonium Perrhenate(VII) 218 B. Bis(tetrabutylammonium) Octachlorodirhenate(III) 219 C. Tetra(acetato)dichlorodirhenium(III) 221 41. Bis[bis(triphenylphosphoranylidene)ammonium] Undecacarbonyltriferrate(2

Read more less

Book SynopsisContains collection of papers from the below symposia held during the 10th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology (PacRim10), June 2-7, 2013, in Coronado, California 2012: Novel, Green, and Strategic Processing and Manufacturing Technologies Polymer Derived Ceramics and Composites Advanced Powder Processing and Manufacturing Technologies Synthesis and Processing of Materials Using Electric Fields/Currents Table of ContentsPreface ix NOVEL, GREEN, AND STRATEGIC PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES Optimized Shaping Process for Transparent Spinel Ceramic 3 Alfred Kaiser, Thomas Hutzler, Andreas Krell, and Robert Kremer Thermal Diffusion Coatings for Wear-Resistant Components for Oil and Gas Industry 13 E. Medvedovski, F.A. Chinski, and J. Stewart POLYMER DERIVED CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES Polymer-Derived Ceramics for Development of Ultra-High Temperature Composites 33 C. J. Leslie, H. J. Kim, H. Chen, K. M. Walker, E. E. Boakye, C. Chen, C. M. Carney, M. K. Cinibulk, and M.-Y. Chen Siliconboronoxycarbide (SIBOC) Foam from Methyl Borosiloxane 47 Sreejith Krishnan, Tobias Fey, and Peter Greil Synthesis of a Porous SiC Material from Poiycarbosilane by Direct Foaming and Radiation Curing 61 Akira Idesaki, Masaki Sugimoto, and Masahito Yoshikawa Fabrication of SiOC/C Coatings on Stainless Steel using Poly(Phenyl Carbosilane) and their Anti-Corrosion Properties 71 Yoon Joo Lee, Jong II Kim, Soo Ryong Kim, Woo Teck Kwon, Dong-Geun Shin, and Yonghee Kim Photo Luminescent Properties of Polymer Derived Ceramics at Near Stoichiometric Si02-xSiC-y(H) Compositions 79 Masaki Narisawa and Akihiro Iwase, Seiji Watase and Kimihiro Matsukawa, and Taketoshi Kawai Synthesis of Hierarchical Porous SiCO Monoliths from Preceramic Polymer Impregnated with Porous Templates 85 Xuehua Yan, Jianmei Pan, Xiaonong Cheng, Chenghua Zhang, and Guifang Xu ADVANCED POWDER PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES Solid Reaction Mechanism of Li2C03 and FePOyC Powder 95 Takashi Hashizume, Atsushi Saiki, and Kiyoshi Terayama Development of New Synthesis Route of Lanthanum Germanate Oxyapatite from Homogeneous Aqueous Solution 103 Shouta Kitajima, Kiyoshi Kobayashi, Toru Higuchi, and Yoshio Sakka Magnetic Orientation of Bismuth Nano-Particles in a Transparent Medium 109 Naoyuki Kitamura, Kohki Takahashi, Iwao Mogi, Satoshi Awaji, and Kazuo Watanabe Control of Dispersion and Agglomeration of CNTS for their Networking—Mechanical and Electrical Properties of CNT/Alumina Composites 117 Mitsuaki Matsuoka, Junichi Tatami, and Toru Wakihara Synthesis and Microstructure Development in Yttria-Magnesia Ceramics for Infrared Transparency 121 J. A. Miller and I. E. Reimanis Fabrication of Flake-Like Boehmite/Ceria or Zinc Oxide Composites for UV Shield Coating 131 Seizo Obata, Susumu Kawai, Michiyuki Yoshida, Osamu Sakurada, and Kenji Kido Thermal Degradation Control Study of Carbon Fiber/Polyamide 6 Composite using Hexagonal Boron Nitride Powder 141 Daisuke Shimamoto, Yusuke Imai, and Yuji Hotta Sol-Gel Auto-Combustion Synthesis of Co-Doped ZnO Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor Nanopowders 149 Chuanbin Wang, Xuan Zhou, Fei Chen, Qiang Shen, and Lianmeng Zhang SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING OF MATERIALS USING ELECTRIC FIELDS/CURRENTS Advanced Usage of SPS Technology for Producing Innovative Materials 159 Foad Naimi, Ludivine Minier, Cedric Morin, Sophie Le Gallet, and Frederic Bernard Fabrication of Transparent MgAI204 Spinel by Optimizing Loading Schedule during Spark-Plasma-Sintering 173 Koji Morita, Byung-Nam Kim, Hidehiro Yoshida, Yoshio Sakka, and Keijiro Hiraga Properties of WCCo/Diamond Composites Produced by PPS Method Intended for Drill Bits for Machining of Building Stones 181 Marcin Rosinski, Joanna Wachowicz, Tomasz Plocinski, Tomasz Truszkowski, and Andrzej Michalski Surface Morphology of YSZ Thin Films Deposited from a Precursor Solution under the Electrical Fields 193 Atsushi Saiki, Kento Hamada, and Takashi Hashizume Author Index 201

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis series provides inorganic chemists and materials scientists with a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations of advances in every area of the discipline. Volume 58 continues to report recent advances with a significant, up-to-date selection of contributions by internationally-recognized researchers.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Tris(dithiolene) Chemistry: A Golden Jubilee 1Stephen Sproules Chapter 2 How to Find an HNO Needle in a (Bio)-Chemical Haystack 145Fabio Doctorovich, Damian E. Bikiel, Juan Pellegrino, Sebastián A. Suárez, and Marcelo A. Martí Chapter 3 Photoactive Metal Nitrosyl and Carbonyl Complexes Derived from Designed Auxiliary Ligands: An Emerging Class of Photochemotherapeutics 185Brandon J. Heilman, Margarita A. Gonzalez, and Pradip K. Mascharak Chapter 4 Metal–Metal Bond-Containing Complexes as Catalysts for C-H Functionalization 225Katherine P. Kornecki, John F. Berry, David C. Powers, and Tobias Ritter Chapter 5 Activation of Small Molecules by Molecular Uranium Complexes 303Henry S. La Pierre and Karsten Meyer Chapter 6 Reactive Transition Metal Nitride Complexes 417Jeremy M. Smith Subject Index 471 Cumulative Index 495

Read more less

Book SynopsisCeramic Engineering and Science Proceedings Volume 34, Issue 10 - Developments in Strategic Materials and Computational Design IV A collection of 25 papers from The American Ceramic Society''s 37th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, held in Daytona Beach, Florida, January 27-February 1, 2013. This issue includes papers presented in the Geopolymers and Chemically Bonded Ceramics (Focused Session 1); Thermal Management Materials andTechnologies (Focused Sessoin 2); and Materials for Extreme Environments: Ultrahigh Temperature Ceramics and Nano-laminated Ternary Carbides and Nitrides (MAX Phases) (Symposium 12).Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xi GEOPOLYMERS AND CHEMICALLY BONDED CERAMICS Importance of Metakaolin Impurities for Geopolymer Based Synthesis 3 A. Autef, E. Joussein, G. Gasgnier, and S. Rossignol Mechanical Strength Development of Geopolymer Binder and the Effect of Quartz Content 13 C. H. Riischer, A. Schulz, M. H. Gougazeh, and A. Ritzmann The Role of Si02 and Al203 on the Properties of Geopolymers with and without Calcium 25 P. De Silva, S. Hanjitsuwan, and P. Chindaprasirt Synthesis of Thermostable Geopolymer-Type Material from Waste Glass 37 Qin Li, Zengqing Sun, Dejing Tao, Hao Cui, and Jianping Zhai The Effect of Curing Conditions on Compression Strength and Porosity of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers 49 Bing Cai, Torbjorn Mellgren, Susanne Bredenberg, and Hakan Engqvist Chemically Bonded Phosphate Ceramics Subject to Temperatures Up to 1000° C 57 H. A. Colorado, C. Hiel, and J. M. Yang Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Composite Reinforced by Organic or Inorganic Additives 67 E. Prud'homme, P. Michaud, S. Rossignol, and E. Joussein Evaluation of Geopolymer Concretes at Elevated Temperature 79 Kunal Kupwade-Patil, Md. Sufian Badar, Milap Dhakal, and Erez N. Allouche Basic Research on Geopolymer Gels for Production of Green Binders and Hydrogen Storage 97 C. H. Ruscher, L. Schomborg, A. Schulz, and J. C. Buhl Mechanical Characteristics of Cotton Fibre Reinforced Geopolymer Composites 115 T. Alomayri and I.M. Low Green Composite: Sodium-Based Geopolymer Reinforced with Chemically Extracted Com Husk Fibers 123 Sean S. Musil, P. F. Keane, and W. M. Kriven Optimization and Characterization of Geopolymer Mortars using Response Surface Methodology 135 Milap Dhakal, Kunal Kupwade-Patil, Erez N. Allouche, Charles Conner, la Baume Johnson, and Kyungmin Ham Evaluation of Graphitic Foam in Thermal Energy Storage Applications 151 Peter G. Stansberry and Edwin Pancost THERMAL MANAGEMENT MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES Q-State Monte Carlo Simulations of Anisotropic Grain Growth in Single Phase Materials 159 J. B. Allen, C. F. Comwell, B. D. Devine, and C. R. Welch VIRTUAL MATERIALS (COMPUTATIONAL) DESIGN AND CERAMIC GENOME Numerical Calculations of Dynamic Behavior of a Rotating Ceramic Composite with a Self-Healing Fluid 173 Louiza Benazzouk, Eric Arquis, Nathalie Bertrand, Cedric Descamps, and Marc Valat Explicit Modeling of Crack Initiation and Propagation in the Microstructure of a Ceramic Material Generated with Voronoi Tessellation 185 S. Falco, N. A. Yahya, R. I. Todd, and N. Petrinic Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation of Cation Diffusion in Low-K Ceramics 197 Brian Good Effective Thermoelastic Properties of C/C Composites Calculated using 3D Unit Cell Presentation of the Microstructure 213 Galyna Stasiuk, Romana Piat, Vinit V. Deshpande, and Puneet Mahajan Inelastic Design of MMCS with Lamellar Microstructure 221 Yuriy Sinchuk and Romana Piat Multi-Scale Modeling of Textile Reinforced Ceramic Composites 233 J. Vorel, S. Urbanova, E. Grippon, I. Jandejsek, M. Marsalkova, M. Sejnoha Numerical Estimation of the Infiltrability of Woven CMC Preforms 247 G. L. Vignoles, W. Ros, and C. Germain Multiscale Extraction of Morphological Features in Woven CMCs 253 C. Chapoullie, C. Germain, J-P. Da Costa, G. L. Vignoles, and M. Cataldi MATERIALS FOR EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS: ULTRAHIGH TEMPERATURE CERAMICS AND NANOLAMINATED TERNARY CARBIDES AND NITRIDES Influence of Precursors Stoichiometry on SHS Synthesis of Ti2AIC Powders 265 L. Chlubny, J. Lis, and M.M. Bucko XRD and TG-DSC Analysis of the Silicon Carbide-Palladium Reaction 273 M. Gentile, P.Xiao, and T. Abram Modelling Damage and Failure in Structural Ceramics at Ultra-High Temperatures 283 M. Pettina, F. Biglari, D. D. Jayaseelan, L. J. Vandeperre, P. Brown, A. Heaton, and K. Nikbin Influence of Precursor Zirconium Carbide Powders on the Properties of the Spark Plasma Sintered Ceramic Composite Materials 297 Nikolai Voltsihhin, Irina Hussainova, Simo-Pekka Hannula, and Mart Viljus SECOND ANNUAL GLOBAL YOUNG INVESTIGATOR FORUM Dielectric and Piezoelectric Properties of Sr and La CO-Doped PZT Ceramics 311 Volkan Kalem and Muharrem Timucin Author Index 321

Read more less

Book SynopsisCeramic Engineering and Science Proceedings Volume 34, Issue 2 - Mechanical Properties and Performance of Engineering Ceramics and Composites VIIIA collection of 21 papers from The American Ceramic Society's 37th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, held in Daytona Beach, Florida, January 27-February 1, 2013. This issue includes papers presented in Symposium 1 -Mechanical Behavior and Performance of Ceramics and Composites.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xi CHARACTERIZATION AND MODELING OF CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES Acoustic Emission and Electrical Resistivity Monitoring of SiC/SiC Composite Cyclic Behavior 3 Christopher R. Baker and Gregory N. Morscher Characterization of SiC/SiCN Ceramic Matrix Composites with Monazite Fiber Coating 11 Enrico Klatt, Klemens Kelm, Martin FrieG, Dietmar Koch, and Heinz Voggenreiter Fiber, Porosity and Weave Effects on Properties of Ceramic Matrix Composites 23 G. Ojard, J. Cuneo, I. Smyth, E. Prevost, Y. Gowayed, U. Santhosh, and A. Calomino Weave and Fiber Volume Effects on Durability of Ceramic Matrix Composites 33 G. Ojard, E. Prevost, U. Santhosh, R. Naik, and D. C. Jarmon Cooling Performance Tests of a CMC Nozzle with Annular Sector Cascade Rig 45 Kozo Nita, Yoji Okita, and Chiyuki Nakamata Study on Strength Prediction Model for Unidirectional Composites 57 Hongjian Zhang, Weidong Wen, Haitao Cui, Hui Yuan, and Jianfeng Xiao PROCESSING AND PROPERTIES OF FIBERS AND CERAMICS The Effect of the Addition of Ceria Stabilized Zirconia on the Creep of Mullite 69 D. Glymond, M. Vick, M.-J. Pan, F. Giuliani, and L. J. Vandeperre Microstructural Evolution of CVD Amorphous B-C Ceramics Heat Treated: Experimental Characterization and Atomistic Simulation 79 Camille Pallier, Georges Chollon, Patrick Weisbecker, Jean-Marc Leyssale, and F. Teyssandier Densification of SiC with AIN-Nd203 Sintering Additives 89 Laner Wu, Yong Jiang, Wenzhou Sun, Yuhong Chen, and Zhenkun Huang Solid-Solution of Nitrogen-Containing Rare Earth Aluminates R2AI03N (R=Nd and Sm) 95 Yong Jiang, Laner Wu, and Zhengkun Huang Microstructure and Properties of Reaction Bonded Metal Modified Ceramics 101 S. M. Salamone, M. K. Aghajanian, S. E. Horner, and J. Q. Zheng Investigation into the Effect of Common Ceramic Core Additives on the Crystallisation and Sintering of Amorphous Silica 111 Ben Taylor, Stewart T. Welch, and Stuart Blackburn Different Fibers Exposed to Temperatures Up to 1000° C 123 Henry A. Colorado, Clem Hiel, and Jenn-Ming Yang Heat Diffusivity Measurements on Ceramic Foams and Fibers with a Laser Spot and an IR Camera 137 G. L. Vignoles, C. Lorrette, G. Bresson, and R. Backov Towards a Multiscale Model of Thermally-Induced Microcracking in Porous Ceramics 145 Ray S. Fertig, III and Seth Nickerson Investigation on Reliability of High Alumina Refractories 155 Wenjie Yuan, Qingyou Zhu, Jun Li, Chengji Deng, and Hongxi Zhu Evaluation of Subcritical Crack Growth in Low Temperature Co-Fired Ceramics 161 Raul Bermejo, Peter Supancic, Clemens Krautgasser, and Robert Danzer Multilayer Ceramic Composite Armor Design and Impact Tests 173 Faruk Elaldi Compression Failure Analysis of Graphite Foam Core Based Sandwich Composite Constructions 179 Hooman Hosseini, Seyyed Reza Ghaffarian, Mohammad Teymouri, and Ali Reza Moeini Tribological Profile of Binderless Niobium Carbide 189 Mathias Woydt and Hardy Mohrbacher Tribological Properties of Alumina/Zirconia Composites with and without h-BN Phases 195 Liang Xue and Gary L. Doll Author Index 207

Read more less

Book SynopsisCeramic Engineering and Science Proceedings Volume 34, Issue 3 - Advanced Ceramic Coatings and Materials for Extreme Environments IIIA collection of 12 papers from The American Ceramic Society's 37th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, held in Daytona Beach, Florida, January 27-February 1, 2013. This issue includes papers presented in the Advanced Ceramic Coatings and Systems and Next Generation Technologies for Innovative Surface Coatingssymposia.Table of ContentsPreface vii Introduction ix Progress in EBC Development for Silicon-Based, Non-Oxide Ceramics 1C.A. Lewinsohn, H. Anderson, J. Johnston, and Dongming Zhu Fabrication of Slurry Based Y-Si-AI-0 Environmental Barrier Coating on the Porous Si3N4 Ceramics 9Yinchao Liu, Chao Wang, Xuefen Lu, Hongjie Wang Creep and Environmental Durability of Environmental Barrier Coatings and Ceramic Matrix Composites under Imposed Thermal Gradient Conditions 19Matthew Appleby, Gregory N. Morscher, and Dongming Zhu Dynamic Oblique Angle Deposition of Nanostructures for Energy Applications 31G.-C. Wang, I. Bhat, and T.-M. Lu Photoinduced Hydrophilicity and Photocatalytic Properties of Nb205 Thin Films 47Raquel Fiz, Linus Appel, and Sanjay Mathur Hard Nanocomposite Coatings: Thermal Stability, Protection of Substrate against Oxidation, Toughness and Resistance to Cracking 55J. Musil Preparation of Epitaxially Grown Cr-Si-N Thin Films by Pulsed Laser Deposition 67T. Endo, K. Suzuki, A. Sato, T. Suzuki, T. Nakayama, H. Suematsu, and K. Niihara Influence of Oxygen Content on the Hardness and Electrical Resistivity of Cr(N,0) Thin Films 77Aoi Sato, Toshiyuki Endo, Kazuma Suzuki, Tsuneo Suzuki, Tadachika Nakayama, Hisayuki Suematsu, and Koichi Niihara Nanocomposite MO-CU-N Coatings Deposited by Reactive Magnetron Sputtering Process with a Single Alloying Target 89Duck Hyeong Jung, Caroline Sunyong Lee, and Kyoung II Moon Customized Coating Systems for Products with Added Value from Development to High Volume Production 97T. Hosenfeldt, Y. Musayev, and Edgar Schulz A Study on the Improvement of the Service Life of Shaft-Bushing Tribo-Systems by Plasma Sulfur Nitrocarburing Process 105Kyoung II Moon, Hyun Jun Park, Hyoung Jun Kim, Jin Uk Kim, and Cheol Wong Byun Microstructural Characterisation of Porous Ti02 Ceramic Coatings Fabricated by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation of Ti 117Po-Jen Chu, Aleksey Yerokhin, Allan Matthews, and Ju-Liang He Author Index 129

Read more less

Book SynopsisCeramic Engineering and Science Proceedings Volume 34, Issue 9 - Ceramic Materials for Energy Applications III A collection of 15 papers from The American Ceramic Society''s 37th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, held in Daytona Beach, Florida, January 27-February 1, 2013. This issue includes papers presented in Symposia 6 - Advanced Materials and Technologies for Rechargeable Energy Storage; Symposium 13 - Advanced Ceramics and Composites for Sustainable Nuclear Energy and Fusion Energy; Focused Session 4 - Advanced Processing for Photonics and Energy; and the Engineering Summit of the Americas session.Table of ContentsPreface vii Introduction ix ENGINEERING SUMMIT OF THE AMERICAS New Materials for Energy and Biomedical Applications 3 Alejandra Hortencia Miranda Gonzalez, Claudio Machado Junior, Bruna Andressa Bregadiolli, Natalia Coelho de Farias, Paulo Henrique Perlatti D'Alpino, and Carlos Frederico de Oliveira Graeff Ceramic Gas-Separation Membranes for Advanced Energy Applications 15 C. A. Lewinsohn, J. Chen, D. M. Taylor, P. A. Armstrong, L.L. Anderson, and M. F. Carolan ADVANCED MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENERGY GENERATION AND RECHARGEABLE ENERGY STORAGE Li-Ion Conducting Solid Electrolytes 27 A. Rost, J. Schilm, M. Kusnezoff, and A. Michaelis Sodium Iron Phosphate Na2FeP207 Glass-Ceramics for Sodium Ion Battery 33 Tsuyoshi Honma, Takuya Togashi, Noriko Ito, and Takayuki Komatsu Heterogeneous Manganese Oxide-Encased Carbon Nanocomposite Fibers for High Performance Pseudocapacitors 41 Qiang Li, Karen Lozano, Yinong Lü, and Yuanbing Mao The Effect of Geometric Factors on Sodium Conduction: A Comparison of Beta- and Beta"-Alumina 57 Emma Kennedy and Dunbar P. Birnie III ADVANCED CERAMIC MATERIALS AND PROCESSING FOR PHOTONICS AND ENERGY Effect of Porosity on the Efficiency of DSSC Produced by using Nano-Size Ti02 Powders 67 N. Bilgin, J. Park, and A. Ozturk Evaluation of Compression Characteristics for Composite- Antenna-Structures 79 Jinyul Kim, Dongseob Kim, Dongsik Shin, Weesang Park, and Woonbong Hwang Design and Fabrication of Smart-Skin Structures with a Spiral 87 Antenna Dongseob Kim, Jinyul Kim, and Woonbong Hwang ADVANCED CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES FOR SUSTAINABLE NUCLEAR ENERGY AND FUSION ENERGY Comparison of Probabilistic Failure Analysis for Hybrid Wound Composite Ceramic Assembly Tested by Various Methods 95 James G. Hemrick and Edgar Lara-Curzio Strength-Formulation Correlations in Magnesium Phosphate Cements for Nuclear Waste Encapsulation 107 W. Montague, M. Hayes, and L. J. Vandeperre Test Methods for Hoop Tensile Strength of Ceramic Composite Tubes for Light Water Nuclear Reactor Applications 119 Michael G. Jenkins and Jonathan A. Salem Test Methods for Flexural Strength of Ceramic Composite Tubes for Small Modular Reactor Applications 131 Michael G. Jenkins and Thomas L. Nguyen Effects of Size and Geometry on the Equibiaxial Flexural Test of Fine Grained Nuclear Graphite 141 Chunghao Shih, Yutai Katoh, and Takagi Takashi High Temperature Steam Corrosion of Cladding for Nuclear Applications: Experimental 149 Kevin M. McHugh, John E. Gamier, Sergey Rashkeev, Michael V. Glazoff, George W. Griffith, and Shannon M. Bragg-Sitton Author Index 161

Read more less

Book SynopsisCeramic Engineering and Science Proceedings Volume 34, Issue 7 - Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology VII A collection of 15 papers from The American Ceramic Society''s 37th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, held in Daytona Beach, Florida, January 27-February 1, 2013. This issue includes papers presented in the 7th International Symposium on Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology (Symposium 7) and Nanomaterials for Sensing Applications symposia (Focused Session 3).Table of ContentsPreface vii Introduction ix NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY Sol-Gel Approach to the Calcium Phosphate Nanocomposites 3Aldona Beganskiene, Zivile Stankeviciute, Milda Malakauskaite, Irma Bogdanoviciene, Valdek Mikli, Kaia Tonsuaadu, and Aivaras Kareiva Reinforcement Mechanisms in Alumina Toughened Zirconia Nanocomposites with Different Stabilizing Agents 15Sergio Rivera, Luis A. Diaz, Adolfo Fernandez, Ramon Torrecillas, and Jose S. Moya Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructured Copper Oxide 23David Dodoo-Arhin, Matteo Leoni, and Paolo Scardi X-Ray Diffraction Study on the In-Situ Crystallization Kinetics in Electrospun PVP/Ti02 Nanofibers 35H. Albetran, A. Alsafwan, H. Haroosh, Y. Dong, and I. M. Low Metal-Catalyzed Growth of ZnO Nanowires 51Werner Mader, Heike Simon, Tobias Krekeler, and Gunnar Schaan Graphene-SnO2 Nanocomposites for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes 67R. Muller and S. Mathur Cobalt-Manganese Spinel Oxides as Visible-Light-Driven Water Oxidation Catalysts 75Hongfei Liu, and Greta R. Patzke Eclipse Transparent Electrode and Applications 87Hulya Demiryont, Kenneth C. Shannon III, and Matthew Bratcher Plasma Enhanced CVD of Transparent and Conductive Tin Oxide Thin Films 99Trilok Singh, Thomas Fischer, Jai Singh, Sanjeev Kumar Gurram, and Sanjay Mathur Chemically Bonded Phosphate Ceramics Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes 107James Wade, Jingjing Liu, and Houzheng Wu Hardness of Alumina/Silicon Carbide Nanocomposites at Various Silicon Carbide Volume Percentages 119James Wade and Houzheng Wu NANOMATERIALS FOR SENSING APPLICATIONS Self-Sustained NO2 GAS Sensor Operating at Room Temperatures Based on Solar Light activated p-NiO/n-Si Diode 133Alaa Eldin Gad and Sanjay Mathur Synthesis, Structural Studies of Some Lanthanide Complexes of the Mesogenic Schiff-Base, N,N"-di-(4'-Octadecyloxybenzoate)Salicylidene-I", 3"-Diamino-2"-Propanol 139Sanyucta Kumari Development of Single-, Few- and Multiple-Nanowire Gas-Sensor Two-Terminal Devices on Ceramic Substrates and Characterization by Impedance Spectroscopy 149Bonex Mwakikunga, Trilok Singh, Irina Giebelhaus, Thomas Fischer, Ashish Lepcha, Alaa Eldin Gad, Guido Faglia, and Sanjay Mathur Synthesis and Dispersion of Silica Nanowires for Biosensing Applications 157Praveen Kumar Sekhar and Kumar Subramaniyam Author Index 165

Read more less

Book SynopsisCeramic Engineering and Science Proceedings Volume 34, Issue 4 - Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells IX A collection of 13 papers from The American Ceramic Society''s 37th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, held in Daytona Beach, Florida, January 27-February 1, 2013. This issue includes papers presented in Symposium 3 - 10th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Materials, Science, and Technology.Table of ContentsPreface vi i Introduction ix Development of a Portable Propane Driven 300 W SOFC-System 1 Andreas Lindermeir, Ralph-Uwe Dietrich, and Christian Szepanski SOFC-System for Highly Efficient Power Generation from Biogas 11 Andreas Lindermeir, Ralph-Uwe Dietrich, and Jana Oelze Development of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack Modules for High Efficiency Power Generation 23 Hossein Ghezel-Ayagh The Development of Plasma Sprayed Metal-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells at Institute of Nuclear Energy Research 31 Chun-Liang Chang, Chang-Sing Hwang, Chun-Huang Tsai, Sheng-Hui Nien, Chin-Ming Chuang, Shih-Wei Cheng, and Szu-Han Wu Development and Application of SOFC-MEA Technology at INER 41 Maw-Chwain Lee, Tai-Nan Lin, and Ruey-yi Lee Aqueous Processing Routes for New SOFC Materials 67 Maarten C Verbraeken, Mark Cassidy, and John T.S. Irvine Modification of Sintering Behavior of Ni Based Anode Material by Doping for Metal Supported-SOFC 77 Pradnyesh Satardekar, Dario Montinaro, and Vincenzo M. Sglavo Nickel Pattern Anodes for Studying SOFC Electrochemistry 89 H. C Patel, V. Venkataraman, and P. V. Aravind Assessment of Ba-^COo.9-yFeyNbo.103.5 for High Temperature Electrochemical Devices 95 Zhibin Yang, Tenglong Zhu, Shidong Song, Minfang Han, and Fanglin Chen Ionic Conductivity in Mullite and Mullite Type Compounds 103 C. H. Rüscher and F. Kiesel Protective Oxide Coatings for the High Temperature Protection of Metallic SOFC Components 115 Neil J. Kidner, Sergio Ibanez, Kellie Chenault, Kari Smith, and Matthew M. Seabaugh Viscous Sealing Glass Development for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 123 Cheol Woon Kim, Jen Hsien Hsu, Casey Townsend, Joe Szabo, Ray Crouch, Rob Baird, and Richard K. Brow Propane Driven Hot Gas Ejector for Anode Off Gas Recycling in a SOFC-System 133 Andreas Lindermeir, Ralph-Uwe Dietrich, and Christoph Immisch Author Index 143

Read more less

Book SynopsisCeramic Engineering and Science Proceedings Volume 34, Issue 6 - Advances in Bioceramics and Porous Ceramics VI A collection of 13 papers from The American Ceramic Society''s 37th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, held in Daytona Beach, Florida, January 27-February 1, 2013. This issue includes papers presented in Symposium 5 - Next Generation Bioceramics and Biocomposites and Symposium 9 - Porous Ceramics: Novel Developments and Applications.Table of ContentsPreface vii Introduction ix BIOCERAMICS Ceramics for Human Health Challenges 3Larry L. Hench and Mike Fenn Apatite Coatings: Ion Substitution and Biological Properties 27Wei Xia, Carl Lindahl, Anders Palmquist, and Hakan Engqvist Production of Potassium Titanate Whisker Reinforced Dental Composites 35Derya Kapusuz, Jongee Park, and Abdullah Ozturk Tribological Behavior of Friction Couple: Metal/Ceramic (Used for Head of Total Hip Replacement) 45M. Fellah, M. Labaiz, 0. Assala, and A. lost Hydrothermal Conversion of Calcite Foam to Carbonate Apatite 59N. X. T. Tram, M. Maruta, K. Tsuru, S. Matsuya, and K. Ishikawa Bioactive Ceramic Implants Composed of Hollow Hydroxyapatite Micro-Spheres for Bone Regeneration 67M. N. Rahaman, H. Fu, W. Xiao, and Y. Liu Maturation of Brushite (CaHP04-2H20) and In Situ Crystallization of Brushite Micro-Granules 77Matthew A. Miller, Matthew R. Kendall, Manoj K. Jain, Preston R. Larson, Andrew S. Madden, and A. Cuneyt Tas Biomimetic Calcium Phosphate Synthesis by using Calcium Metal 93A. Cuneyt Tas Surface Modification of Sol-Gel-Derived 45S5 BioglassR for Incorporation in Polylactic Acid (PLA) 107Ehsan Rezabeigi, Paula M. Wood-Adams, and Robin A. L. Drew POROUS CERAMICS Dead-End Silicon Carbide Micro-Filters for Liquid Filtration 115Ronald Neufert, Malte Moeller, and Abhaya K. Bakshi Effects of Fe203 on Properties of Novel Heat Insulation Materials Synthesized by Molten Salt Method 127Chengji Deng, Jun Ding, Wenjie Yuan, Jun Li, and Hongxi Zhu Development of Alkali-Resistant Porous Glass Based on (69-x)Si02-25B203-6Na20-xZrSi04 System 133M. Hasanuzzaman and A. G. Olabi Use of Cellular Ceramic-Supported SrO as a Catalyst for the Synthesis of Biodiesel 145F. B. Bassetti, A. A. Morandim, and F. S. Ortega Author Index 157

Read more less

Book SynopsisCeramic Engineering and Science Proceedings Volume 34, Issue 8 - Advanced Processing and Manufacturing Technologies for Structural and Multifunctional Materials VII A collection of 20 papers from The American Ceramic Society''s 37th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, held in Daytona Beach, Florida, January 27-February 1, 2013. This issue includes papers presented in the 7th International Symposium on Advanced Processing and Manufacturing Technologies for Structural and Multifunctional Materials and Systems (Symposium 8).Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xi Creation of Surface Geometric Structures by Thermal Micro-Lines Patterning Techniques 1Soshu Kirihara, Satoko Tasaki, and Yusuke Itakura Magnetoelectric Properties of La-Modified BiFe03 Thin Films on Strontium Ruthenate (SrRu03) Buffered Layer 9Regina C. Deus, Cesar R. Foschini, Jose A. Varela, Elson Longo, and Alexandre Z. Simoes Properties of Pb(Zr,Ti)03/CoFe204/Pb(Zr,Ti)03 Layered Thin Films Prepared Via Chemical Solution Deposition 23Yoshikatsu Kawabata, Makoto Moriya, Wataru Sakamoto, and Toshinobu Yogo Intelligent Processes Enable New Products in the Field of Non-Oxide Ceramics 31Jens Eichler Fabricating Successful Ceramic Components using Development Carrier Systems 37Tom Standring, Bhupa Prajapati, Alex Cendrowicz, Paul Wilson, and Stuart Blackburn Optimized Shaping Process for Transparent Spinel Ceramic 49Alfred Kaiser, Thomas Hutzler, Andreas Krell, and Robert Kremer Combustion Synthesis (SHS) of Complex Ceramic Materials 57Jerzy Lis Wear and Reactivity Studies of Melt Infiltrated Ceramic Matrix Composite 69D. C. Jarmon and G. C. Ojard Fabrication and Properties of High Thermal Conductivity Silicon Nitride 79You Zhou, Hideki Hyuga, Tatsuki Ohji, and Kiyoshi Hirao Porous Silicon Carbide Derived from Polymer Blend 89Ken'ichiro Kita and Naoki Kondo Processing and Properties of Zirconia Toughened WC-Based Cermets 97I. Hussainova, N. Voltsihhin, M. E. Cura, and S-P. Hannula Mechanism of the Carbothermal Synthesis of MgAI204-SiC Refractory Composite Powders by Forsterite, Alumina and Carbon Black 105Hongxi Zhu, Hongjuan Duan, Wenjie Yuan, and Chengji Deng Joining of Alumina by Polycarbosilane and Siloxane Including Phenyl Groups 111Ken'ichiro Kita and Naoki Kondo Microwave Joining of Alumina using a Liquid Phase Sintered Alumina Insert* 123Naoki Kondo, Mikinori Hotta, Hideki Hyuga, Kiyoshi Hirao, and Hideki Kita Joining of Silicon Nitride Long Pipes without Insert Material by Local Heating Technique 129Mikinori Hotta, Naoki Kondo, Hideki Kita, and Tatsuki Ohji Interfacial Characterization of Diffusion-Bonded Monolithic and Fiber-Bonded Silicon Carbide Ceramics 133H. Tsuda, S. Mori, M. C. Halbig, and M. Singh Round Robin on Indentation Fracture Resistance of Silicon Carbide for Small Ceramic Products 143Hiroyuki Miyazaki, Yu-ichi Yoshizawa, and Kouichi Yasuda Numerical Analysis of Microstructural Fracture Behavior in Nano Composites under HVEM 151Hisashi Serizawa, Tamaki Shibayama, and Hidekazu Murakawa

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis series provides inorganic chemists and materials scientists with a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations of advances in every area of the discipline. Volume 59 continues to report recent advances with a significant, up-to-date selection of contributions by internationally-recognized researchers. The chapters of this volume are devoted to the following topics: Iron Catalysis in Synthetic Chemistry A New Paradigm for Photodynamic Therapy Drug Design: Multifunctional, Supramolecular DNA Photomodification Agents Featuring Ru(II)/Os(II) Light Absorbers Coupled to Pt(II) or Rh(III) Bioactive Sites Selective Binding of Zn2+ Complexes to Non-Canonical Thymine or Uracil in DNA or RNA. Progress Toward the Electrocatalytic Production of Liquid Fuels from Carbon Dioxide Monomeric Dinitrosyl Iron Complexes: Synthesis and Reactivity Interactions of Nitrosoalkanes/arenes, Nitrosamines, Nitrosothiols, and Alkyl Nitrites with Metals AminoTable of ContentsChapter 1 Iron Catalysis in Synthetic Chemistry 1 SUJOY RANA, ATANU MODAK, SOHAM MAITY, TUHIN PATRA, AND DEBABRATA MAITI Chapter 2 A New Paradigm for Photodynamic Therapy Drug Design: Multifunctional, Supramolecular DNA Photomodification Agents Featuring Ru(II)/Os(II) Light Absorbers Coupled to Pt(II) or Rh(III) Bioactive Sites 189 JESSICA D. KNOLL AND KAREN J. BREWER Chapter 3 Selective Binding of Zn2‡ Complexes to Non-Canonical Thymine or Uracil in DNA or RNA 245 KEVIN E. SITERS, STEPHANIE A. SANDER, AND JANET R. MORROW Chapter 4 Progress Toward the Electrocatalytic Production of Liquid Fuels from Carbon Dioxide 299 JOEL ROSENTHAL Chapter 5 Monomeric Dinitrosyl Iron Complexes: Synthesis and Reactivity 339 CAMLY T. TRAN, KELSEY M. SKODJE, AND EUNSUK KIM Chapter 6 Interactions of Nitrosoalkanes/arenes, Nitrosamines, Nitrosothiols, and Alkyl Nitrites with Metals 381 NAN XU AND GEORGE B. RICHTER-ADDO Chapter 7 Aminopyridine Iron and Manganese Complexes as Molecular Catalysts for Challenging Oxidative Transformations 447 ZOEL CODOLA, JULIO LLORET-FILLOL, AND MIQUEL COSTAS Subject Index 533 Cumulative Index 561

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book describes techniques of synthesis and self-assembly of macromolecules for developing new materials and improving functionality of existing ones. Because self-assembly emulates how nature creates complex systems, they likely have the best chance at succeeding in real-world biomedical applications. Employs synthetic chemistry, physical chemistry, and materials science principles and techniques Emphasizes self-assembly in solutions (particularly, aqueous solutions) and at solid-liquid interfaces Describes polymer assembly driven by multitude interactions, including solvophobic, electrostatic, and obligatory co-assembly Illustrates assembly of bio-hybrid macromolecules and applications in biomedical engineeringTable of ContentsList of Contributors ix Preface xiii 1 A Supramolecular Approach to Macromolecular Self-Assembly: Cyclodextrin Host/Guest Complexes 1Bernhard V. K. J. Schmidt and Christopher Barner-Kowollik 1.1 Introduction, 1 1.2 Synthetic Approaches to Host/Guest Functionalized Building Blocks, 3 1.2.1 CD Functionalization, 3 1.2.2 Suitable Guest Groups, 5 1.3 Supramolecular CD Self-Assemblies, 7 1.3.1 Linear Polymers, 7 1.3.2 Branched Polymers, 12 1.3.3 Cyclic Polymer Architectures, 17 1.4 Higher Order Assemblies of CD-Based Polymer Architectures Toward Nanostructures, 17 1.4.1 Micelles/Core-Shell Particles, 17 1.4.2 Vesicles, 19 1.4.3 Nanotubes and Fibers, 20 1.4.4 Nanoparticles and Hybrid Materials, 21 1.4.5 Planar Surface Modification, 22 1.5 Applications, 23 1.6 Conclusion and Outlook, 26 References, 26 2 Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly: The Contribution of Controlled Radical Polymerization to The Formation of Self-Stabilized Polymer Particles of Various Morphologies 33Muriel Lansalot, Jutta Rieger, and Franck D’Agosto 2.1 Introduction, 33 2.2 Preliminary Comments Underlying Controlled Radical Polymerization, 36 2.2.1 Introduction, 36 2.2.2 Major Methods Based on a Reversible Termination Mechanism, 37 2.2.3 Major Methods Based on a Reversible Transfer Mechanism, 39 2.3 Pisa Via CRP Based on Reversible Termination, 40 2.3.1 PISA Using NMP, 40 2.3.2 Using ATRP, 46 2.4 Pisa Via CRP Based on Reversible Transfer, 48 2.4.1 Using RAFT in Emulsion Polymerization, 48 2.4.2 Using RAFT in Dispersion Polymerization, 61 2.4.3 Using TERP, 70 2.5 Concluding Remarks, 71 Acknowledgments, 73 Abbreviations, 73 References, 75 3 Amphiphilic Gradient Copolymers: Synthesis and Self-Assembly in Aqueous Solution 83Elise Deniau-Lejeune, Olga Borisova, Petr Št¡epánek, Laurent Billon, and Oleg Borisov 3.1 Introduction, 83 3.2 Synthetic Strategies for The Preparation of Gradient Copolymers, 86 3.2.1 Preparation of Gradient Copolymers by Controlled Radical Copolymerization, 87 3.2.2 Preparation of Block-Gradient Copolymers Using Controlled Radical Polymerization, 106 3.3 Self-Assembly, 110 3.3.1 Gradient Copolymers, 110 3.3.2 Diblock-Gradient Copolymers, 111 3.3.3 Triblock-Gradient Copolymers, 113 3.4 Conclusion and Outlook, 114 Abbreviations, 115 References, 117 4 Electrostatically Assembled Complex Macromolecular Architectures Based on Star-Like Polyionic Species 125Dmitry V. Pergushov and Felix A. Plamper 4.1 Introduction, 125 4.2 Core-Corona Co-Assemblies of Homopolyelectrolyte Stars Complexed with Linear Polyions, 127 4.3 Core-Shell-Corona Co-Assemblies of Star-Like Micelles of Ionic Amphiphilic Diblock Copolymers Complexed with Linear Polyions, 130 4.4 Vesicular Co-Assemblies of Bis-Hydrophilic Miktoarm Stars Complexed with Linear Polyions, 133 4.5 Conclusions, 137 Acknowledgment, 137 References, 137 5 Solution Properties of Associating Polymers 141Olga Philippova 5.1 Introduction, 141 5.2 Structures of Associating Polyelectrolytes, 142 5.3 Associating Polyelectrolytes in Dilute Solutions, 142 5.3.1 Intramolecular Association, 145 5.3.2 Intermolecular Association, 147 5.4 Associating Polyelectrolytes in Semidilute Solutions, 151 5.5 Conclusions, 155 References, 155 6 Macromolecular Decoration of Nanoparticles for Guiding Self-Assembly in 2D and 3D 159Christian Kuttner, Munish Chanana, Matthias Karg, and Andreas Fery 6.1 Introduction, 159 6.2 Guiding Assembly by Decoration with Artificial Macromolecules, 160 6.2.1 Decoration of Nanoparticles, 161 6.2.2 Distance Control in 2D and 3D, 166 6.2.3 Breaking the Symmetry, 171 6.3 Guiding Assembly by Decoration with Biomacromolecules, 173 6.3.1 DNA-Assisted Assembly, 173 6.3.2 Protein-Assisted Assembly, 177 6.4 Application of Assemblies, 181 6.5 Conclusions and Outlook, 183 References, 184 7 Self-Assembly of Biohybrid Polymers 193Dawid Kedracki, Jancy Nixon Abraham, Enora Prado, and Corinne Nardin 7.1 Introduction, 193 7.1.1 Amphiphiles, 194 7.1.2 Packing Parameter and Interfacial Tension, 195 7.1.3 Interaction Forces in Self-Assembly, 196 7.2 Self-Assembly of Biohybrid Polymers, 198 7.2.1 Polymer-DNA Hybrids, 198 7.2.2 Polypeptide Block Copolymers, 204 7.2.3 Block Copolypeptides, 205 7.3 Self-Assembly Driven Nucleation Polymerization, 207 7.3.1 Polymer-DNA Hybrids, 209 7.3.2 Polymer-Peptide Hybrids, 209 7.3.3 DNA-Peptide Hybrids, 212 7.4 Self-Assembly Driven by Electrostatic Interactions, 213 7.4.1 DNA/Polymer Bio-IPECs, 216 7.4.2 DNA/Copolymer Bio-IPECs, 216 7.5 Conclusion, 218 References, 219 8 Biomedical Application of Block Copolymers 231Martin Hrubý, Sergey K. Filippov, and Petr Št¡epánek 8.1 Introduction, 231 8.2 Diblock and Triblock Copolymers, 234 8.3 Graft and Statistical Copolymers, 240 8.4 Concluding Remarks, 245 Acknowledgment, 245 References, 245 Index 251

Read more less

Book SynopsisAdvanced, recent developments in biochips and medical imaging Biochips and Medical Imaging is designed as a professional resource, covering recent biochip and medical imaging developments. Within the text, the authors encourage uniting aspects of engineering, biology, and medicine to facilitate advancements in the field of molecular diagnostics and imaging. Biochips are microchips for efficiently screening biological analytes. This book aims at presenting information on the state-of-the-art and emerging biosensors, biochips, and imaging devices of the body's systems, including the endocrine, circulatory, and immune systems. Medical diagnostics includes biochips (in-vitro diagnostics) and medical and molecular imaging (in-vivo imaging). Biochips and Medical Imaging explores the role of in-vitro and in-vivo diagnostics. It enables an instructor to share in-depth examples of the use of biochips in diagnosing cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Provides real-life knowledge on biochipTable of ContentsForeword xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi 1 Cell Biology 1 1.1 Cell Biology Introduction 1 1.2 Cell Structure 1 1.3 Cell Membrane 2 1.4 Proteins 2 1.5 Cytoplasm and Organelles 3 1.6 Nucleus 6 1.7 Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) 8 1.8 Central Dogma and Recent Revisions 10 1.9 Mutations 14 1.10 Cell Cycle 14 1.11 Additional Information 17 2 Biological Lab Techniques 27 2.1 Overview 27 2.2 Beer Lambert's Law 27 2.3 DNA Lab Techniques 28 2.4 Additional Information 38 3 Human Physiology 47 3.1 Overview 47 3.2 Nervous System 47 3.3 Circulatory System 68 3.4 Endocrine System 74 3.5 Lymphatic System 83 3.6 Immune System 85 4 Cancer 103 4.1 Epidemiology (Statistics) 103 4.2 What Causes Cancer 104 4.3 Oncogenesis (Cancer Development) 106 4.4 The Six Hallmarks of Cancer 109 4.5 Conclusion 118 5 Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) 123 5.1 Epidemiology and Introduction 123 5.2 Types of CVD 125 5.3 Diagnosis of CVDs 130 5.4 Treatment of CVDs 135 5.5 Conclusion 138 6 DNA Chips and Sequencing 143 6.1 Introduction to DNA Chips and PCR 143 6.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 143 6.3 DNA and RNA Chip Technology 147 6.4 DNA Sequencing 155 6.5 Conclusion 156 6.6 Additional Information 156 7 Next-Generation Sequencing and FET-Based Biochips 161 7.1 Introduction to Next-Generation Sequencing 161 7.2 Optical-Based Methods 162 7.3 Electronic-Based Methods 165 7.4 Conclusion 172 8 Protein Assays and Chips 179 8.1 Introduction 179 8.2 ELISA 179 8.3 Protein Arrays 183 8.4 Conclusion 190 8.5 Additional Information 190 9 Label-Free Affinity-Based Biosensors 197 9.1 Introduction 197 9.2 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Sensor 197 9.3 Nanowire Field-Effect (FET) Sensors 203 9.4 Cantilever Sensors 204 9.5 Electrochemical Sensors 205 9.6 Multiplex Detection of Polymicrobial UTI (Urinary Tract Infection) 207 9.7 Conclusion 211 10 Magneto-Nanosensor Biochips 215 10.1 Magnetism Overview 215 10.2 GMR Magneto-Nanosensor Biochips 216 10.3 Point-of-Care Testing 223 10.4 Non-GMR Magnetic Nanobiosensors 228 10.5 Conclusion 231 11 Microfluidic Chips for Capturing Circulating Tumor Cells 235 11.1 Circulating Tumor Cells 235 11.2 Identifying CTC and WBC by 3-Color Staining 235 11.3 Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) 236 11.4 Magnetically Activated Cell Sorting (MACS) 237 11.5 Magnetic Separation Devices 238 11.6 CTC Enrichment By Size Filtering 243 11.7 CTC-CHIP (HARVARD UNIVERSITY) 243 11.8 Clinical Utility From CTCs 245 11.9 Conclusion 247 12 Molecular Diagnostics 251 12.1 Molecular Diagnostics (Dx) 251 12.2 Molecular Diagnostics for Cancer 251 12.3 Important Concepts in Diagnostics 254 12.4 Conclusion 261 12.5 Additional Information 261 13 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 271 13.1 Medical Imaging -- Categorization 271 13.2 Overview For Imaging Section 271 13.3 MRI: Past, Present, and Future 273 13.4 Physics of MRI Overview 274 13.5 Physics of MRI 274 13.6 Image Acquisition in MRI 279 13.7 MRI Contrast Agents 282 13.8 Conclusion 287 14 Radionuclide Imaging 295 14.1 Radioactivity 295 14.2 Basics of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 299 14.3 Single-Photon Emission Computer Tomography (SPECT) 303 14.4 Contrast and Imaging Agents 306 14.5 Conclusion 312 15 Fluorescence and Raman Imaging 317 15.1 Introduction to Optical Imaging 317 15.2 Photon/Tissue Interaction 317 15.3 Fluorescence Imaging 320 15.4 Raman Imaging 328 15.5 Fluorescence Imaging vs. Raman Imaging 331 15.6 Conclusion 332 16 Optical Coherence Tomography 337 16.1 Introduction 337 16.2 Applications of OCT 346 16.3 Contrast Enhancement 351 16.4 Conclusion 359 17 Photoacoustic Imaging 363 17.1 Photoacoustic Effect 363 17.2 The Thermal and Stress Confinements 364 17.3 Photoacoustic Imaging 365 17.4 Contrast Agents 367 17.5 Conclusion 373 18 Imaging Controls and Concepts 377 18.1 Controls 377 18.2 Imaging Concepts 382 18.3 Clinical Translation 386 18.4 Conclusion 390 Problems 390 References 394 Further Reading 394 Index 395

Read more less

Book SynopsisHighlighting dynamic developments in polymer synthesis, this book focuses on the chemical techniques to synthesize and characterize biomedically relevant polymers and macromolecules. Aids researchers developing polymers and materials for biomedical applications Describes biopolymers from a synthetic perspective, which other similar books do not do Covers areas that include: cationically-charged macromolecules, pseudo-peptides, polydrugs and prodrugs, controlled radical polymerization, self-assembly, polycondensates, and polymers for surface modificationTable of ContentsList of Contributors ix Part I. Pseudo-Peptides, Polyamino acids and Polyoxazolines 1 Chapter 1 - Characterization of Polypeptides and Polypeptoides­ –Methods and Challenges 3David Huesmann and Matthias Barz Chapter 2- Poly(2-Oxazoline): The structurally Diverse Biocompatibilizing Polymer 31Rodolphe Obeid Chapter 3- Poly(2-oxazoline) Polymers – synthesis, characterization and Applications in Development of Therapeutics 51Randall W. Moreadith and Tacey X. Viegas Chapter 4- Polypeptoid Polymers: Synthesis, Characterization and Properties 77Brandon A. Chan, Sunting Xuan, Ang Li, Jessica M. Simpson and Donghui Zhang Part II - Advanced Polycondensates 121 Chapter 5 - Polyanhydrides: Synthesis and Characterization 123Rohan Ghadi, Eameema Muntimadugu Wahid Khan and Abraham J. Domb Chapter 6 - New Routes to Tailor-Made Polyesters 149Kazuki Fukushima and Tomoko Fujiwara Chapter 7 - Polyphosphoesters: An old biopolymer in a new light 191Kristin N. Bauer, Hisaschi T.C. Tee, Evandro M. Alexandrino and Frederik R. Wurm Part III. Cationically Charged Macromolecules 243 Chapter 8 - Design and Synthesis of Amphiphilic Vinyl Copolymers with Antimicrobial Activity 245Leanna L. Foster, Masato Mizutani, Yukari Oda, Edmund F. Palermo and Kenichi Kuroda Chapter 9 - Enhanced Polyethylenimine-Based Delivery of Nucleic Acids 273Jeff Sparks, Tooba Anwer and Khursheed Anwer Chapter 10 - Cationic graft copolymers for DNA engineering 297Atsushi Maruyama and Naohiko Shimada Part IV. Biorelated polymers by Controlled Radical Polymerization 313 Chapter 11 - Synthesis of (Bio)degradable Polymers by Controlled/“Living” Radical Polymerization 315Shannon R. Woodruff and Nicolay V. Tsarevsky Part V. Polydrugs and Polyprodrugs 355 Chapter 12 - Polymerized drugs – a novel approach to controlled release systems 357B. Demirdirek, J. J. Faig, R. Guliyev and K.E.Uhrich Chapter 13 - Structural design and synthesis of polymer prodrugs 391Petr Chytil, Libor Kostka and Tomáš Etrych Part VI. Biocompatibilization of Surfaces 421 Chapter 14 - Polymeric ultrathin films for surface modifications 423Henning Menzel Chapter 15 - Surface Functionalization of Biomaterials by Poly(2-oxazoline)s 457Giulia Morgese and Edmondo M. Benetti Chapter 16 - Biorelated polymer brushes by surface initiated reversible deactivation radical polymerization 487Rueben Pfukwa, Lebohang Hlalele and Bert Klumperman Part VII. Self-assembled Structures and Formulations 525 Chapter 17 - Synthesis of amphiphilic invertible polymers for biomedical applications 527A.M. Kohut, I.O. Hevus, S.A. Voronov and A.S. Voronov Chapter 18 - Bioadhesive Polymers for Drug Delivery 559Eenko Larrañeta and Ryan F. Donnelly INDEX

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe subject of advanced materials in catalysisbrings together recent advancements in materials synthesis and technologies to the design of novel and smart catalysts used in the field of catalysis.Table of ContentsPreface xvPart I: Nanocatalysts - Architecture and Design 11 Environmental Applications of Multifunctional Nanocomposite Catalytic Materials: Issues with Catalyst Combinations 3James A. Sullivan, Orla Keane, Petrica Dulgheru and Niamh O’Callaghan 1.1 Introduction 31.2 Proposed Solutions to the Lean-Burn NOx emission Problems 91.3 Multifunctional Materials to Combine NH3-SCR and NSR Cycles 171.4 Particulate Matter, Formation, Composition and Dangers 191.5 Use of Multifunctional Materials to Combust C(s) and Trap NOx 221.6 Multifunctional Materials in Selective Catalytic Oxidation 231.7 Proposed Tandem Catalysts for “Green” Selective Epoxidation 281.8 Conclusions 29Acknowledgements 30References 302 Chemical Transformation of Molecular Precursor into Well-Defined Nanostructural Functional Framework via Soft Chemical Approach 37Taimur Athar2.1 Introduction 382.2 The Chemistry of Metal Alkoxides 412.3 The Chemistry of Nanomaterials 472.4 Preparation of Monometallic Alkoxides and Its Conversion into Corresponding Metal Oxides 522.5 Techniques used to Characterization of Precursor and Inorganic Material 542.6 Conclusion 60Acknowledgement 60References 613 Graphenes in Heterogeneous Catalysis 69Josep Albero and Hermenegildo Garcia 3.1 Introduction 693.2 Carbocatalysis 893.3 G Materials as Carbocatalysts 923.4 G as Support of Metal NPs 1043.5 Summary and Future Prospects 115References 1164 Gold Nanoparticles-Graphene Composites Material: Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Application 121Najrul Hussain, Gitashree Darabdhara and Manash R. Das 4.1 Introduction 1224.2 Synthesis of Au NPs-rGO Composites and Its Characterization 1244.3 Catalytic Application of Au NPs-rGO Composites 1364.4 Future Prospects 138Acknowledgements 138References 139Part II: Organic and Inorganic Catalytic Transformations 1435 Hydrogen Generation from Chemical Hydrides 145Mehmet Sankir, Levent Semiz, Ramis B. Serin, Nurdan D. Sankir and Derek Baker 5.1 Introduction: Overview of Hydrogen 1465.2 Hydrogen Generation 1485.3 Type of Catalysts and Catalyst Morphologies 1595.4 Kinetics and Models 1775.5 Hydrogen Generation for PEMFCs 1835.6 Conclusions 186Acknowledgements 187References 1876 Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactide 193Alekha Kumar Sutar, Tungabidya Maharana, Anita Routaray and Nibedita Nath 6.1 Introduction 1946.2 Aluminum Metal 1956.3 Importance of Polylactic Acid 1966.4 Ring-Opening Polymerization (ROP) 1976.5 Application of Different Catalytic System in ROP of Lactide 1976.6 Concluding Remarks 220Acknowledgments 221References 2217 Catalytic Performance of Metal Alkoxides 225Mahdi Mirzaee, Mahmood Norouzi, Adonis Amoli and Azam Ashrafian 7.1 Introduction 2257.2 Metal Alkoxides 2267.3 Polymerization Reactions Catalyzed by Metal Alkoxides 2277.4 Reduction Reactions Catalyzed by Metal Alkoxides 2507.5 Oxidation Reactions Catalyzed by Metal Alkoxides 2567.6 Other Miscellaneous Metal Alkoxide Catalysis Reactions 2597.7 Conclusion 266Acknowledgment 267References 2678 Cycloaddition of CO2 and Epoxides over Reusable Solid Catalysts 271Luis F. Bobadilla, Sergio Lima and Atsushi Urakawa8.1 Introduction: CO2 as Raw Material 2718.2 Properties and Applications of Cyclic Carbonates 2738.3 Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates from the Cycloaddition Reaction of CO2 with Epoxides 2758.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 306References 307Part III: Functional Catalysis: Fundamentals and Applications 3139 Catalytic Metal-/Bio-composites for Fine Chemicals Derived from Biomass Production 315Madalina Tudorache, Simona M. Coman and Vasile I. Parvulescu8.1 Introduction 3168.2 Metal Composites with Catalytic Activity in Biomass Conversion 3178.3 Catalytic Biocomposites with Heterogeneous Design 3288.4 Conclusions 345References 34510 Homoleptic Metal Carbonyls in Organic Transformation 353Badri Nath Jha, Abhinav Raghuvanshi and Pradeep Mathur10.1 Introduction 35310.2 Cycloaddition 35410.3 Carbonylation 35810.4 Silylation 36310.5 Amidation of Adamantane and Diamantane 36610.6 Reduction of N,N-Dimethylthioformamide 36710.7 Reductive N-Alkylation of Primary Amides with Carbonyl Compounds 36810.8 Synthesis of N-Fused Tricyclic Indoles 36910.9 Cyclopropanation of Alkenes 369Conclusion 378References 37811 Zeolites: Smart Materials for Novel, Efficient, and Versatile Catalysis 385Mayank Pratap Singh, Garima Singh Baghel, Salam J. J. Titinchi and Hanna S. Abbo11.1 Introduction 38511.2 Structures and Properties 38811.3 Synthesis of Zeolites 39311.4 Application of Zeolites in Catalysis 39511.5 Medical Applications of Zeolites 40411.6 Conclusions 406References 40612 Optimizing Zeolitic Catalysis for Environmental Remediation 41112.1 Introduction 41312.2 Structure of Zeolites 41712.3 Categorization and Characterization of Zeolites 41912.4 Properties of Zeolites and Their Effects 42112.5 Effects of Chemical Modification 43412.6 Summary 436References 436

Read more less

Book SynopsisSmart materials are used to develop more cost-effective and high-performance water treatment systems as well as instant and continuous ways to monitor water quality. Smart materials in water research have been extensively utilized for the treatment, remediation, and pollution prevention. Smart materials can maintain the long term water quality, availability and viability of water resource. Thus, water via smart materials can be reused, recycled, desalinized and also it can detect the biological and chemical contamination whether the source is from municipal, industrial or man-made waste. The 15 state-of-the-art review chapters contained in this book cover the recent advancements in the area of waste water, as well as the prospects about the future research and development of smart materials for the waste water applications in the municipal, industrial and manmade waste areas. Treatment techniques (nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, adsorption and nano-reactive membranTable of ContentsPreface xv Part 1 Carbon Nanomaterials 1 1 Easy and Large-Scale Synthesis of Carbon Nanotube-Based Adsorbents for the Removal of Arsenic and Organic Pollutants from Aqueous Solutions 3 Fei Yu and Jie Ma 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Removal of Arsenic from Aqueous Solution 5 1.3 Removal of Organic Pollutants from Aqueous Solution 22 1.4 Summary and Outlook 39 Acknowledgment 40 References 40 2 Potentialities of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment 47 Ana L. Cukierman, Emiliano Platero, María E. Fernandez, and Pablo R. Bonelli 2.1 Introduction 48 2.2 Graphene Synthesis Routes 49 2.3 Adsorption of Water Pollutants onto Graphene-Based Materials 52 2.4 Comparison of the Adsorption Performance of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials 72 2.5 Regeneration and Reutilization of the Graphene-Based Adsorbents 73 2.6 Conclusion 77 Acknowledgements 78 Nomenclature 78 References 79 3 Photocatalytic Activity of Nanocarbon-TiO2 Composites with Gold Nanoparticles for the Degradation of Water Pollutants 87 L.M. Pastrana-Martínez, S.A.C. Carabineiro, J.L. Figueiredo, J.L. Faria, A.M.T. Silva, and J.G. Buijnsters 3.1 Introduction 88 3.2 Experimental 90 3.3 Results and Discussion 93 3.4 Conclusions 101 Acknowledgements 102 References 102 4 Carbon Nanomaterials for Chromium (VI) Removal from Aqueous Solution 109 Pavel Kopel, Vedran Milosavljevic, Dorota Wawrzak, Amitava Moulick, Marketa Vaculovicova, Rene Kizek, and Vojtech Adam 4.1 Introduction 110 4.2 Carbon Nanomaterials for Heavy Metal Removal 111 4.3 Latest Progress in Nanocarbon Materials for Cr(VI) Treatment 113 4.4 Summary 121 Acknowledgement 121 References 121 5 Nano-Carbons from Pollutant Soot: A Cleaner Approach toward Clean Environment 127 Kumud Malika Tripathi, Nidhi Rani Gupta, and Sumit Kumar Sonkar 5.1 Introduction 127 5.2 Separation of Nano-carbon from Pollutant BC 131 5.3 Functionalization of Nano-Carbons Isolated from Pollutant BC 135 5.4 Nano-Carbons from Pollutant Soot for Wastewater Treatment 141 5.5 Conclusion 145 Acknowledgments 146 References 146 6 First-Principles Computational Design of Graphene for Gas Detection 155 Yoshitaka Fujimoto 6.1 Introduction 155 6.2 Computational Methodology 157 6.3 Nitrogen Doping and Nitrogen Vacancy Complexes in Graphene 158 6.4 Molecular Gas Adsorptions 166 6.5 Summary 174 Acknowledgments 174 References 175 Part 2 Synthetic Nanomaterials 179 7 Advanced Material for Pharmaceutical Removal from Wastewater 181 Parisa Amouzgar, May Yuan Wong, Bahman Amini Horri, and Babak Salamatinia 7.1 Introduction 182 7.2 Advanced Materials in the Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Wastewater 185 7.3 Activated Carbon (AC) 185 7.4 Modified Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 186 7.5 Modified Polysaccharide Matrices 188 7.6 Metal Organic Framework (MOF) 190 7.7 Reactive Composites 191 7.8 TiO2-Coated Adsorbents 192 7.9 Adsorption by Zeolite and Polymer Composites 192 7.10 Adsorption by Clay 193 7.11 Conventional Technologies for the Removal of PPCPs in WWTP 200 7.12 Membrane Filtration 201 7.13 Ozonation and Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) 201 7.14 Electro-oxidation 202 7.15 Adsorption by Coagulation and Sedimentation 202 7.16 Conclusion 203 References 203 8 Flocculation Performances of Polymers and Nanomaterials for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters 213 E. Fosso-Kankeu, F. Waanders, A.F. Mulaba-Bafubiandi, and A.K. Mishra 8.1 General Introduction 214 8.2 Conventional Treatment of Water with Inorganic Coagulants 214 8.3 Development of Polymer-Based Coagulants and Mechanisms of Turbidity Removal 219 8.4 Synthesis of Nanomaterials-Based Flocculants and Utilisation in the Removal of Pollutants 223 8.5 Conclusion 227 References 228 9 Polymeric Nanospheres for Organic Waste Removal 237 Ambika and Pradeep Pratap Singh 9.1 Introduction 237 9.2 Method of Preparation of Nanospheres 239 9.3 Applications of Different Type of Nanospheres in Water Purification 241 9.4 Future Aspects 248 9.5 Conclusions 248 Acknowledgment 249 References 249 10 A Perspective of the Application of Magnetic Nanocomposites and Nanogels as Heavy Metal Sorbents for Water Purification 257 Hilda Elizabeth Reynel-Avila, Didilia Ileana Mendoza-Castillo, and Adrián Bonilla-Petriciolet 10.1 Introduction 258 10.2 Description of Magnetic Nanoparticles and Nanogels 259 10.3 Routes for the Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles and Nanogels 260 10.4 Heavy Metal Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using Magnetic Nanomaterials and Nanogels 266 10.5 Desorption, Regeneration, and Final Disposal 278 10.6 Conclusions and Future Perspective 279 Acknowledgments 280 References 280 11 Role of Core–Shell Nanocomposites in Heavy Metal Removal 289 Sheenam Thatai, Parul Khurana, and Dinesh Kumar 11.1 Introduction 289 11.1.1 Types of Materials 291 11.2 Core and Shell Material: Synthesis and Properties 292 11.3 Nanocomposites Material: Synthesis and Properties 295 11.4 Nanocomposite Materials for Water Decontamination Application 297 11.5 Stability of Metal Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites Material 299 Acknowledgements 302 References 303 Part 3 Biopolymeric Nanomaterials 311 12 Adsorption of Metallic Ions Cd2+, Pb2+, and Cr3+ from Water Samples Using Brazil Nut Shell as a Low-Cost Biosorbent 313 Juliana Casarin, Aff onso Celso Gonçalves Jr, Gustavo Ferreira Coelho, Marcela Zanetti Corazza, Fernanda Midori de Oliveira, César Ricardo Teixeira Tarley, Adilson Pinheiro, Matheus Meier, and Douglas Cardoso Dragunski 12.1 Introduction 314 12.2 Materials and Methods 314 12.3 Results and Discussion 318 12.4 Conclusion 330 Acknowledgments 330 References 331 13 Cellulose: A Smart Material for Water Purification 335 Bharti Arora, Eun Ha Choi, Masaharu Shiratani, and Pankaj Attri 13.1 Introduction 336 13.2 Cellulose: Smart Material for Water Treatment 337 13.3 Conclusion 343 References 343 14 Treatment of Reactive Dyes from Water and Wastewater through Chitosan and its Derivatives 347 Mohammadtaghi Vakili, Mohd Rafatullah, Zahra Gholami and Hossein Farraji 14.1 Introduction 348 14.2 Dyes 349 14.3 Reactive Dyes 350 14.4 Dye Treatment Methods 351 14.5 Adsorption 352 14.6 Adsorbents for Dye Removal 352 14.7 Chitosan 354 14.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 368 Acknowledgement 369 References 369 15 Natural Algal-Based Processes as Smart Approach for Wastewater Treatment 379 D. Annie Jasmine, K.B. Malarmathi, S.C.G. Kiruba Daniel, and S. Malathi 15.1 Introduction 380 15.2 Algal Species Used in Wastewater Treatment 382 15.3 Factors Affecting the Growth of Algae 385 15.4 Microalgae and Wastewater Treatment 388 15.5 Case Study of Algal Approach in the Treatment of Municipal Wastewater 390 15.6 Biofuel from Algae Treated Wastewater 391 15.7 Conclusions 394 Acknowledgment 395 References 395 Index 399

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe first textbook to provide in-depth treatment of electroceramics with emphasis on applications in microelectronics, magneto-electronics, spintronics, energy storage and harvesting, sensors and detectors, magnetics, and in electro-optics and acousto-optics Electroceramics is a class of ceramic materials used primarily for their electrical properties. This book covers the important topics relevant to this growing field and places great emphasis on devices and applications. It provides sufficient background in theory and mathematics so that readers can gain insight into phenomena that are unique to electroceramics. Each chapter has its own brief introduction with an explanation of how the said content impacts technology. Multiple examples are provided to reinforce the content as well as numerous end-of-chapter problems for students to solve and learn. The book also includes suggestions for advanced study and key words relevant to each chapter. Fundamentals ofTable of ContentsPreface xiii About the CompanionWebsite xvii 1 Nature and Types of Solid Materials 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Defining Properties of Solids 1 1.2.1 Electrical Conductance (G) 1 1.2.2 Bandgap, Eg 2 1.2.3 Permeability, 𝜀 3 1.3 Fundamental Nature of Electrical Conductivity 4 1.4 Temperature Dependence of Electrical Conductivity 4 1.4.1 Case of Metals 5 1.4.2 Case of Semiconductors 5 1.4.3 Frequency Spectrum of Permittivity (or Dielectric Constant) 6 1.5 Essential Elements of Quantum Mechanics 7 1.5.1 Planck’ Radiation Law 7 1.5.2 Photoelectric Effect 8 1.5.3 Bohr’sTheory of Hydrogen Atom 10 1.5.4 Matter–Wave Duality: de Broglie Hypothesis 11 1.5.5 Schrödinger’sWave Equation 12 1.5.6 Heisneberg’s Uncertainty Principle 13 1.6 Quantum Numbers 13 1.7 Pauli Exclusion Principle 14 1.8 Periodic Table of Elements 15 1.9 Some Important Concepts of Solid-State Physics 18 1.9.1 Ceramic Superconductivity 18 1.9.2 Superconductivity and Technology 19 1.10 Signature Properties of Superconductors 19 1.10.1 Thermal Behavior of Resistivity of a Superconductor 20 1.10.2 Magnetic Nature of Superconductivity: Meissner–Ochsenfeld Effect 20 1.10.3 Josephson Effect 22 1.11 Fermi–Dirac Distribution Function 24 1.12 Band Structure of Solids 27 Glossary 29 Problems 30 References 31 Further Reading 31 2 Processing of Electroceramics 33 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Basic Concepts of Equilibrium Phase Diagram 33 2.2.1 Gibbs’ Phase Rule 34 2.2.2 Triple Point and Interfaces 34 2.2.3 Binary Phase Diagrams 35 2.2.3.1 Totally Miscible Systems 35 2.2.3.2 Systems with Limited Solubility in Solid Phase 37 2.3 Methods of Ceramic Processing 38 2.3.1 Room Temperature Uniaxial Pressing (RTUP) 38 2.3.2 Other Methods for Powder Compaction and Densification 41 2.3.2.1 Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) 41 2.3.2.2 Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) 41 2.3.2.3 Low Temperature Sintering (LTP) 42 2.3.3 Nanoceramics 42 2.3.4 Thin Film Ceramics 42 2.3.5 Methods for Film Growth 43 2.3.5.1 Solgel Method 43 2.3.5.2 Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) Method 44 2.3.5.3 Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) Method 46 2.3.5.4 RF Magnetron Sputtering Method 47 2.3.5.5 Liquid Phase Epitaxy (LPE) Method 49 2.3.6 Single Crystal Growth Methods for Ceramics 49 2.3.6.1 High Temperature Solution Growth (HTSG) Method or Flux Growth Method 50 2.3.6.2 Czochralski Growth Method 51 2.3.6.3 Top Seeded Solution Growth (TSSG) Method 52 2.3.6.4 Hydrothermal Growth 53 2.3.6.5 Some Other Methods of Crystal Growth 53 Glossary 54 Problems 55 References 55 3 Methods for Materials Characterization 57 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Methods for Surface and Structural Characterization 57 3.2.1 Optical Microscopes 58 3.2.2 X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD) 60 3.2.2.1 XRD Diffractometer: Intensity vs. 2𝜃 Plot 60 3.2.2.2 Laue X-ray Diffraction Method 61 3.2.3 Electron Microscopes 63 3.2.3.1 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) 64 3.2.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 65 3.2.3.3 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) 65 3.2.3.4 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 66 3.2.4 Force Microscopy 68 3.2.4.1 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) 68 3.2.4.2 Magnetic Force Microscope (MFM) 69 3.2.4.3 Piezoelectric Force Microscope (PFM) 69 Glossary 70 Problems 71 References 71 4 Binding Forces in Solids and Essential Elements of Crystallography 73 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 Binding Forces in Solids 73 4.2.1 Ionic Bonding 74 4.2.2 Covalent Bonding 74 4.2.3 Metallic Bonding 74 4.2.4 Van der Waals Bonding 75 4.2.5 Polar-molecule-induced Dipole Bonds 75 4.2.6 Permanent Dipole Bonding 75 4.3 Structure–Property Relationship 75 4.4 Basic Crystal Structures 77 4.4.1 Bravais Lattice 78 4.4.2 Miller Indices for Planes and Directions 79 4.4.2.1 Rule for Indexing a Crystal Direction 80 4.5 Reciprocal Lattice 81 4.6 Relationship between d* and Miller Indices for Selected Crystal Systems 81 4.7 Typical Examples of Crystal Structures 82 4.7.1 Sodium Chloride, NaCl 82 4.7.2 Perovskite Calcium Titanate 82 4.7.3 Diamond Structure 83 4.7.4 Zinc Blende (Also Wurtzite) 84 4.8 Origin of Voids and Atomic Packing Factor (apf) 84 4.8.1 apf for a Primitive Cubic Structure (P) 85 4.9 Hexagonal and Cubic Close-packed Structures 85 4.10 Predictive Nature of Crystal Structure 86 4.11 Hypothetical Models of Centrosymmetric and Noncentrosymmetric Crystals 87 4.12 Symmetry Elements 88 4.13 Classification of Dielectric Materials: Polar and Nonpolar Groups 89 4.14 Space Groups 90 Glossary 91 Problems 92 References 93 Further Reading 93 5 Dominant Forces and Effects in Electroceramics 95 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 Agent–Property Relationship 95 5.3 Electric Field (E), Mechanical Stress (X), and Temperature (T) Diagram: Heckmann Diagram 96 5.3.1 Piezoelectric Zone 97 5.3.2 Pyroelectric Zone 97 5.3.3 Thermoelastic Zone 98 5.4 Electric Field, Mechanical Stress, and Magnetic Field Diagram 99 5.5 Multiferroics Phenomena and Materials 101 5.6 Magnetoelectric (ME) Effect and Associated Issues 103 5.6.1 Basic Formulations Governing the ME Effect 103 5.6.2 Composite ME Materials 104 5.6.3 ME Integrated Structures 104 5.6.4 Experimental Determination 104 5.7 Applications of Multiferroics 105 5.7.1 Ferroelectric and Ferromagnetic Coupled Memory 105 5.7.2 Multiferroic Tunnel Junctions (MTJ) 106 5.8 Magnetostriction and Electrostriction 106 5.8.1 Magnetostriction 106 5.8.2 Electrostriction 107 5.9 Piezoelectricity 108 5.9.1 Crystallographic Considerations for Piezoelectricity 108 5.9.2 Mathematical Representation of Piezoelectric Effects 109 5.9.3 Constitutive Equations for Piezoelectricity 110 5.10 Experimental Determination of Piezoelectric Coefficients 111 5.10.1 Charge Coefficient, d 111 5.10.2 Stress Coefficient, e 112 5.10.3 Piezoelectric Devices and Applications 113 5.10.3.1 Piezoelectric Transducers 114 5.10.3.2 Generation of Sound and an AC Signal 114 5.10.3.3 Surface AcousticWave (SAW) Device 115 5.10.3.4 Piezoelectric Acoustic Amplifier 116 5.10.3.5 Piezoelectric Frequency Oscillator 116 5.10.4 MEMS Actuator 116 Glossary 118 Problems 119 References 120 6 Coupled Nonlinear Effects in Electroceramics 121 6.1 Introduction 121 6.2 Historical Perspective 123 6.3 Signature Properties of Ferroelectric Materials 123 6.3.1 Hysteresis Loop: Its Nature and Technical Importance 124 6.3.2 Temperature Dependence of Ferroelectric Parameters 125 6.3.3 Temperature Dependence of Dielectric Constant 125 6.3.4 Ferroelectric Domains 126 6.3.5 Electrets 126 6.3.6 Relaxor Ferroelectrics 126 6.4 Perovskite and Tungsten Bronze Structures 127 6.4.1 Perovskite Structure 127 6.4.2 Tungsten Bronze Structure 130 6.5 Landau–Ginsberg–Devonshire Mean Field Theory of Ferroelectricity 130 6.6 Experimental Determination of Ferroelectric Parameters 134 6.6.1 Poling of Samples for Experiments 134 6.6.2 Polarization vs. Electric Field 135 6.6.3 CapacitanceMeasurement and C–V Plot 136 6.6.4 Ferroelectric Domains (Experimental Determination) 137 6.7 Recent Applications of Ferroelectric Materials 138 6.8 Antiferroelectricity 139 6.9 Pyroelectricity 143 6.9.1 Historical Perspective 143 6.9.2 Pyroelectric Effect 143 6.9.3 Experimental Determination of Pyroelectric Coefficient 145 6.9.4 Applications of Pyroelectricity 146 6.10 Pyro-optic Effect 147 Glossary 148 Problems 150 References 150 Further Reading 151 7 Elements of a Semiconductor 153 7.1 Introduction 153 7.2 Nature of Electrical Conduction in Semiconductors 153 7.3 Energy Bands in Semiconductors 155 7.4 Origin of Holes and n- and p-Type Conduction 156 7.5 Important Concepts of Semiconductor Materials 158 7.5.1 Mobility, 𝜇 158 7.5.2 Direct and Indirect Bandgap, Eg 159 7.5.3 Effective Mass, m* 160 7.5.4 Density of States and Fermi Energy 161 7.6 Experimental Determination of Semiconductor Properties 162 7.6.1 Determination of Resistivity, 𝜌 162 7.6.2 Four-Point Probe (van der Pauw) Method 163 7.6.3 Two-Point Probe Method 163 7.6.4 Determination of Bandgap, Eg 164 7.6.5 Determination of N- and P-Type Nature: Seebeck Effect 164 7.6.6 Determination of Direct and Indirect Bandgap, Eg 166 7.6.7 Determination of Mobility, 𝜇 166 7.6.7.1 Haynes–Shockley Method 167 7.6.7.2 Hall Effect 168 Glossary 170 Problems 170 References 171 Further Reading 171 8 Electroceramic Semiconductor Devices 173 8.1 Introduction 173 8.2 Metal–Semiconductor Contacts and the Schottky Diode 174 8.2.1 Metal–Metal Contact 174 8.2.2 Metal Semiconductor Contact 175 8.2.3 Schottky Diode 176 8.2.4 Determination of Contact Potential and DepletionWidth 178 8.2.5 Oxide Semiconductor Materials andTheir Properties 179 8.2.6 In Search of UV-blue LED 181 8.2.7 Determination of I–V Characteristics of a LED 182 8.2.8 Thin-film Transistor (TFT) 183 8.3 Varistor Diodes 184 8.3.1 Metal Oxide Varistors 185 8.4 Theoretical Considerations for Varistors 186 8.4.1 Equivalent Circuit of a Varistor 186 8.4.2 Idealized Model of Varistor Microstructure 186 8.4.3 Energy Band Diagram: Grain–Grain Boundary–Grain (G–GB–G) Structure 188 8.5 Varistor-Embedded Devices 190 8.5.1 Voltage Biased Varistor and Embedded Voltage Biased Transistor (VBT) 190 8.5.1.1 Frequency Dependence of IHC 45 VBT Device 194 8.5.1.2 Comparison between a VBT, BJT, and Schottky Transistor 195 8.5.2 Electric Field Tuned Varistor and Its Embedded Electric Field Effect Transistor (E-FET) 196 8.5.2.1 Frequency Dependence of IHC 45 E-FET Device 198 8.5.3 Magnetically Tuned Varistor and Embedded Magnetic Field Effect Transistor (H-FET) 198 8.6 Magnetic Field Sensor 202 8.7 Thermistors 206 8.7.1 Heating Effects in Thermistors 207 Glossary 210 Problems 212 References 213 Further Reading 214 9 Electroceramics and Green Energy 215 9.1 Introduction 215 9.2 What is Green Energy? 215 9.3 Energy Storage and Its Defining Parameters 217 9.3.1 Capacitor as an Energy Storage Device 218 9.3.2 Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid (BSH) Devices 220 9.3.3 Piezoelectric Energy Harvester 220 9.3.4 MEMS Power Generator 222 9.3.5 Ferroelectric Photovoltaic Devices 222 9.3.6 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) 224 9.3.7 Antiferroelectric Energy Storage 225 Glossary 227 Problems 227 References 228 10 Electroceramic Magnetics 229 10.1 Introduction 229 10.2 Magnetic Parameters 229 10.3 Relationship between Magnetic Flux, Susceptibility, and Permeability 230 10.4 Signature Properties of Ferrites 231 10.4.1 Temperature Dependence of Magnetic Parameters 234 10.5 Typical Structures Associated with Ferrites 234 10.6 Essential Theoretical Concepts 235 10.7 Magnetic Nature of Electron 235 10.7.1 Molecular FieldTheory 236 10.7.2 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism 237 10.7.3 Quantum Mechanics and Magnetism 238 10.8 Classical Applications of Ferrites 239 10.9 Novel Magnetic Technologies 239 10.9.1 GMR Effect 240 10.9.2 CMR Effect 241 10.9.3 Spintronics 241 Glossary 242 Problems 243 References 245 Further Reading 245 11 Electro-optics and Acousto-optics 247 11.1 Introduction 247 11.2 Nature of Light 247 11.2.1 Fundamental Optical Properties of a Crystal 248 11.2.2 Electro-optic Effects 249 11.2.3 Selected Electro-optic Applications 251 11.2.3.1 OpticalWaveguides 251 11.2.3.2 Phase Shifters 252 11.2.3.3 Electro-optic Modulators 252 11.2.3.4 Night Vision Devices (NVD) 252 11.2.4 Acousto-optic Effect and Applications 253 Glossary 254 Problems 255 References 255 Further Reading 255 AppendixA Periodic Table of the Elements 257 AppendixB Fundamental Physical Constants and Frequently Used Symbols and Units (Rounded to Three Decimal Points) 259 AppendixC List of Prefixes Commonly Used 261 AppendixD Frequently Used Symbols and Units 263 Index 265

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe Reviews in Computational Chemistry series brings together leading authorities in the field to teach the newcomer and update the expert on topics centered on molecular modeling, such as computer-assisted molecular design (CAMD), quantum chemistry, molecular mechanics and dynamics, and quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). This volume, like those prior to it, features chapters by experts in various fields of computational chemistry. Topics in Volume 29 include: Noncovalent Interactions in Density-Functional TheoryLong-Range Inter-Particle Interactions: Insights from Molecular Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) TheoryEfficient Transition-State Modeling using Molecular Mechanics Force Fields for the Everyday ChemistMachine Learning in Materials Science: Recent Progress and Emerging ApplicationsDiscovering New Materials via a priori Crystal Structure PredictionIntroduction to Maximally Localized Wannier FunctionsMethods for a Rapid and Automated Description of Proteins: ProteTable of ContentsContributors x Preface xii Contributors to Previous Volumes xv 1 Noncovalent Interactions in Density Functional Theory 1Gino A. DiLabio and Alberto Otero-de-la-Roza Introduction 1 Overview of Noncovalent Interactions 3 Theory Background 9 Density-Functional Theory 9 Failure of Conventional DFT for Noncovalent Interactions 17 Noncovalent Interactions in DFT 20 Pairwise Dispersion Corrections 20 Potential-Based Methods 42 Minnesota Functionals 47 Nonlocal Functionals 54 Performance of Density Functionals for Noncovalent Interactions 59 Description of Noncovalent Interactions Benchmarks 59 Performance of Dispersion-Corrected Methods 66 Noncovalent Interactions in Perspective 74 Acknowledgments 78 References 79 2 Long-Range Interparticle Interactions: Insights from Molecular Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) Theory 98Akbar Salam Introduction 98 The Interaction Energy at Long Range 101 Molecular QED Theory 104 Electrostatic Interaction in Multipolar QED 112 Energy Transfer 114 Mediation of RET by a Third Body 119 Dispersion Potential between a Pair of Atoms or Molecules 123 Triple–Dipole Dispersion Potential 128 Dispersion Force Induced by External Radiation 132 Macroscopic QED 136 Summary 141 References 143 3 Efficient Transition State Modeling Using Molecular Mechanics Force Fields for the Everyday Chemist 152Joshua Pottel and Nicolas Moitessier Introduction 152 Molecular Mechanics and Transition State Basics 154 Molecular Mechanics 154 Transition States 157 Ground State Force Field Techniques 158 Introduction 158 ReaxFF 159 Reaction Force Field 161 Seam 163 Empirical Valence Bond/Multiconfiguration Molecular Dynamics 166 Asymmetric Catalyst Evaluation 169 TSFF Techniques 173 Introduction 173 Q2MM 175 Conclusion and Prospects 178 References 178 4 Machine Learning in Materials Science: Recent Progress and Emerging Applications 186Tim Mueller, Aaron Gilad Kusne, and Rampi Ramprasad Introduction 186 Supervised Learning 188 A Formal Probabilistic Basis for Supervised Learning 189 Supervised Learning Algorithms 199 Unsupervised Learning 213 Cluster Analysis 215 Dimensionality Reduction 226 Selected Materials Science Applications 237 Phase Diagram Determination 237 Materials Property Predictions Based on Data from Quantum Mechanical Computations 240 Development of Interatomic Potentials 245 Crystal Structure Predictions (CSPs) 249 Developing and Discovering Density Functionals 250 Lattice Models 251 Materials Processing and Complex Materials Behavior 256 Automated Micrograph Analysis 257 Structure–Property Relationships in Amorphous Materials 260 Additional Resources 263 Summary 263 Acknowledgments 264 References 264 5 Discovering New Materials via A Priori Crystal Structure Prediction 274Eva Zurek Introduction and Scope 274 Crystal Lattices and Potential Energy Surfaces 276 Calculating Energies and Optimizing Geometries 281 Methods to Predict Crystal Structures 282 Following Soft Vibrational Modes 283 Random (Sensible) Structure Searches 284 Simulated Annealing 285 Basin Hopping and Minima Hopping 287 Metadynamics 288 Particle Swarm Optimization 289 Genetic Algorithms and Evolutionary Algorithms 291 Hybrid Methods 292 The Nitty-Gritty Aspects of Evolutionary Algorithms 294 Workflow 294 Selection for Procreation 295 Evolutionary Operators 297 Maintaining Diversity 299 The XtalOpt Evolutionary Algorithm 300 Practical Aspects of Carrying out an Evolutionary Structure Search 303 Crystal Structure Prediction at Extreme Pressures 312 Note in Proof 315 Conclusions 316 Acknowledgments 317 References 317 6 Introduction to Maximally Localized Wannier Functions 327Alberto Ambrosetti and Pier Luigi Silvestrelli Introduction 327 Theory 329 Bloch States 329 Wannier Functions 331 Maximally Localized Wannier Functions: Γ-Point Formulation 333 Extension to Brillouin-Zone k]Point Sampling 336 Degree of WF Localization 337 Entangled Bands and Subspace Selection 338 Applications 340 Charge Visualization 340 Charge Polarization 344 Bonding Analysis 348 Amorphous Phases and Defects 351 Electron Transport 354 Efficient Basis Sets 356 Hints About MLWFs Numerical Computation 361 Brief Review of the Presently Available Computational Tools 361 MLWF Generation 362 References 363 7 Methods for a Rapid and Automated Description of Proteins: Protein Structure, Protein Similarity, and Protein Folding 369Zhanyong Guo and Dieter Cremer Introduction 369 Protein Structure Description Methods Based on Frenet Coordinates and/or Coarse Graining 373 The Automated Protein Structure Analysis (APSA) 375 The Curvature–Torsion Description for Idealized Secondary Structures 378 Identification of Helices, Strands, and Coils 384 Difference between Geometry-Based and H]Bond-Based Methods 385 Combination of Geometry-Based and H-Bond]Based Methods 388 Chirality of SSUs 388 What is a Regular SSU? 389 A Closer Look at Helices: Distinction between α- and 310-Helices 391 Typical Helix Distortions 395 Level 2 of Coarse Graining: The Curved Vector Presentation of Helices 398 Identification of Kinked Helices 402 Analysis of Turns 406 Introduction of a Structural Alphabet 409 Derivation of a Protein Structure Code 411 Description of Protein Similarity 416 Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Protein Similarity 417 The Secondary Code and Its Application in Connection with Protein Similarity 423 Description of Protein Folding 423 Concluding Remarks 426 Acknowledgments 428 References 428 Index 439

Read more less

Book SynopsisMechanical Wave Vibrations An elegant and accessible exploration of the fundamentals of the analysis and control of vibration in structures from a wave standpoint In Mechanical Wave Vibrations: Analysis and Control, Professor Chunhui Mei delivers an expert discussion of the wave analysis approach (as opposed to the modal-based approach) to mechanical vibrations in structures. The book begins with deriving the equations of motion using the Newtonian approach based on various sign conventions before comprehensively covering the wave vibration analysis approach. It concludes by exploring passive and active feedback control of mechanical vibration waves in structures. The author discusses vibration analysis and control strategies from a wave standpoint and examines the applications of the presented wave vibration techniques to structures of various complexity. Readers will find in the book: A thorough introduction to mechanical wave vibration analysis,Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgement xiii About the Companion Website xv 1 Sign Conventions and Equations of Motion Derivations 1 1.1 Derivation of the Bending Equations of Motion by Various Sign Conventions 1 1.1.1 According to Euler–Bernoulli Bending Vibration Theory 2 1.1.2 According to Timoshenko Bending Vibration Theory 7 1.2 Derivation of the Elementary Longitudinal Equation of Motion by Various Sign Conventions 10 1.3 Derivation of the Elementary Torsional Equation of Motion by Various Sign Conventions 12 2 Longitudinal Waves in Beams 15 2.1 The Governing Equation and the Propagation Relationships 15 2.2 Wave Reflection at Classical and Non-Classical Boundaries 16 2.3 Free Vibration Analysis in Finite Beams – Natural Frequencies and Modeshapes 20 2.4 Force Generated Waves and Forced Vibration Analysis of Finite Beams 24 2.5 Numerical Examples and Experimental Studies 27 2.6 MATLAB Scripts 32 3 Bending Waves in Beams 39 3.1 The Governing Equation and the Propagation Relationships 39 3.2 Wave Reflection at Classical and Non-Classical Boundaries 40 3.3 Free Vibration Analysis in Finite Beams – Natural Frequencies and Modeshapes 46 3.4 Force Generated Waves and Forced Vibration Analysis of Finite Beams 50 3.5 Numerical Examples and Experimental Studies 55 3.6 MATLAB Scripts 59 4 Waves in Beams on a Winkler Elastic Foundation 69 4.1 Longitudinal Waves in Beams 69 4.1.1 The Governing Equation and the Propagation Relationships 69 4.1.2 Wave Reflection at Boundaries 70 4.1.3 Free Wave Vibration Analysis 71 4.1.4 Force Generated Waves and Forced Vibration Analysis of Finite Beams 72 4.1.5 Numerical Examples 76 4.2 Bending Waves in Beams 79 4.2.1 The Governing Equation and the Propagation Relationships 79 4.2.2 Wave Reflection at Classical Boundaries 82 4.2.3 Free Wave Vibration Analysis 84 4.2.4 Force Generated Waves and Forced Wave Vibration Analysis 84 4.2.5 Numerical Examples 89 ftoc.indd 7 29-06-2023 20:15:06 5 Coupled Waves in Composite Beams 97 5.1 The Governing Equations and the Propagation Relationships 97 5.2 Wave Reflection at Classical and Non-Classical Boundaries 100 5.3 Wave Reflection and Transmission at a Point Attachment 102 5.4 Free Vibration Analysis in Finite Beams – Natural Frequencies and Modeshapes 104 5.5 Force Generated Waves and Forced Vibration Analysis of Finite Beams 105 5.6 Numerical Examples 108 5.7 MATLAB Script 114 6 Coupled Waves in Curved Beams 119 6.1 The Governing Equations and the Propagation Relationships 119 6.2 Wave Reflection at Classical and Non-Classical Boundaries 121 6.3 Free Vibration Analysis in a Finite Curved Beam – Natural Frequencies and Modeshapes 127 6.4 Force Generated Waves and Forced Vibration Analysis of Finite Curved Beams 128 6.5 Numerical Examples 134 6.6 MATLAB Scripts 143 7 Flexural/Bending Vibration of Rectangular Isotropic Thin Plates with Two Opposite Edges Simply-supported 151 7.1 The Governing Equations of Motion 151 7.2 Closed-form Solutions 152 7.3 Wave Reflection, Propagation, and Wave Vibration Analysis Along the Simply-supported X Direction 154 7.4 Wave Reflection, Propagation, and Wave Vibration Analysis Along the y Direction 156 7.4.1 Wave Reflection at a Classical Boundary along the y Direction 157 7.4.2 Wave Propagation and Wave Vibration Analysis along the y Direction 159 7.5 Numerical Examples 159 8 In-Plane Vibration of Rectangular Isotropic Thin Plates with Two Opposite Edges Simply-supported 189 8.1 The Governing Equations of Motion 189 8.2 Closed-form Solutions 190 8.3 Wave Reflection, Propagation, and Wave Vibration Analysis along the Simply-supported X Direction 192 8.3.1 Wave Reflection at a Simply-supported Boundary Along the X Direction 192 8.3.2 Wave Propagation and Wave Vibration Analysis Along the X Direction 195 8.4 Wave Reflection, Propagation, and Wave Vibration Analysis along the y Direction 197 8.4.1 Wave Reflection at a Classical Boundary along the y Direction 198 8.4.2 Wave Propagation and Wave Vibration Analysis along the y Direction 201 8.5 Special Situation of k 0 = 0: Wave Reflection, Propagation, and Wave Vibration Analysis along the y Direction 201 8.5.1 Wave Reflection at a Classical Boundary along the y Direction Corresponding to a Pair of Type I Simple Supports Along the X Direction When K 0 = 0 202 8.5.2 Wave Reflection at a Classical Boundary along the y Direction Corresponding to a Pair of Type II Simple Supports Along the X Direction When K 0 = 0 203 8.5.3 Wave Propagation and Wave Vibration Analysis along the y Direction When k 0 = 0 205 8.6 Wave Reflection, Propagation, and Wave Vibration Analysis with a Pair of Simply-supported Boundaries along the y Direction When k 0 ≠ 0 207 8.6.1 Wave Reflection, Propagation, and Wave Vibration Analysis with a Pair of Simply-supported Boundaries along the y Direction When k 0 ≠ 0, k 1 ≠ 0, and k 2 ≠ 0 207 8.6.2 Wave Reflection, Propagation, and Wave Vibration Analysis with a Pair of Simply-supported Boundaries along the y Direction When k 0 = 0, and either k 1 = 0 or k 2 = 0 209 8.7 Numerical Examples 212 8.7.1 Example 1: Two Pairs of the Same Type of Simple Supports Along the X and Y Directions 212 8.7.2 Example 2: One Pair of the Same Type Simple Supports Along the X Direction, Various Combinations of Classical Boundaries on Opposite Edges along the y Direction 217 8.7.3 Example 3: One Pair of Mixed Type Simple Supports Along the X Direction, Various Combinations of Classical Boundaries on Opposite Edges along the y Direction 223 9 Bending Waves in Beams Based on Advanced Vibration Theories 227 9.1 The Governing Equations and the Propagation Relationships 227 9.1.1 Rayleigh Bending Vibration Theory 227 9.1.2 Shear Bending Vibration Theory 228 9.1.3 Timoshenko Bending Vibration Theory 230 9.2 Wave Reflection at Classical and Non-Classical Boundaries 232 9.2.1 Rayleigh Bending Vibration Theory 232 9.2.2 Shear and Timoshenko Bending Vibration Theories 238 9.3 Waves Generated by Externally Applied Point Force and Moment on the Span 244 9.3.1 Rayleigh Bending Vibration Theory 245 9.3.2 Shear and Timoshenko Bending Vibration Theories 246 9.4 Waves Generated by Externally Applied Point Force and Moment at a Free End 247 9.4.1 Rayleigh Bending Vibration Theory 248 9.4.2 Shear and Timoshenko Bending Vibration Theories 249 9.5 Free and Forced Vibration Analysis 250 9.5.1 Free Vibration Analysis 250 9.5.2 Forced Vibration Analysis 250 9.6 Numerical Examples and Experimental Studies 252 9.7 MATLAB Scripts 257 10 Longitudinal Waves in Beams Based on Various Vibration Theories 263 10.1 The Governing Equations and the Propagation Relationships 263 10.1.1 Love Longitudinal Vibration Theory 263 10.1.2 Mindlin–Herrmann Longitudinal Vibration Theory 264 10.1.3 Three-mode Longitudinal Vibration Theory 265 10.2 Wave Reflection at Classical Boundaries 267 10.2.1 Love Longitudinal Vibration Theory 267 10.2.2 Mindlin–Herrmann Longitudinal Vibration Theory 268 10.2.3 Three-mode Longitudinal Vibration Theory 269 10.3 Waves Generated by External Excitations on the Span 271 10.3.1 Love Longitudinal Vibration Theory 271 10.3.2 Mindlin–Herrmann Longitudinal Vibration Theory 272 10.3.3 Three-mode Longitudinal Vibration Theory 273 10.4 Waves Generated by External Excitations at a Free End 275 10.4.1 Love Longitudinal Vibration Theory 275 10.4.2 Mindlin–Herrmann Longitudinal Vibration Theory 276 10.4.3 Three-mode Longitudinal Vibration Theory 276 10.5 Free and Forced Vibration Analysis 277 10.5.1 Free Vibration Analysis 278 10.5.2 Forced Vibration Analysis 278 10.6 Numerical Examples and Experimental Studies 281 11 Bending and Longitudinal Waves in Built-up Planar Frames 287 11.1 The Governing Equations and the Propagation Relationships 287 11.2 Wave Reflection at Classical Boundaries 289 11.3 Force Generated Waves 291 11.4 Free and Forced Vibration Analysis of a Multi-story Multi-bay Planar Frame 292 11.5 Reflection and Transmission of Waves in a Multi-story Multi-bay Planar Frame 304 11.5.1 Wave Reflection and Transmission at an L-shaped Joint 304 11.5.2 Wave Reflection and Transmission at a T-shaped Joint 308 11.5.3 Wave Reflection and Transmission at a Cross Joint 315 12 Bending, Longitudinal, and Torsional Waves in Built-up Space Frames 329 12.1 The Governing Equations and the Propagation Relationships 329 12.2 Wave Reflection at Classical Boundaries 333 12.3 Force Generated Waves 336 12.4 Free and Forced Vibration Analysis of a Multi-story Space Frame 338 12.5 Reflection and Transmission of Waves in a Multi-story Space Frame 341 12.5.1 Wave Reflection and Transmission at a Y-shaped Spatial Joint 343 12.5.2 Wave Reflection and Transmission at a K-shaped Spatial Joint 353 13 Passive Wave Vibration Control 369 13.1 Change in Cross Section or Material 369 13.1.1 Wave Reflection and Transmission at a Step Change by Euler–Bernoulli Bending Vibration Theory 371 13.1.2 Wave Reflection and Transmission at a Step Change by Timoshenko Bending Vibration Theory 372 13.2 Point Attachment 373 13.2.1 Wave Reflection and Transmission at a Point Attachment by Euler–Bernoulli Bending Vibration Theory 374 13.2.2 Wave Reflection and Transmission at a Point Attachment by Timoshenko Bending Vibration Theory 375 13.3 Beam with a Single Degree of Freedom Attachment 376 13.4 Beam with a Two Degrees of Freedom Attachment 378 13.5 Vibration Analysis of a Beam with Intermediate Discontinuities 380 13.6 Numerical Examples 381 13.7 MATLAB Scripts 390 14 Active Wave Vibration Control 401 14.1 Wave Control of Longitudinal Vibrations 401 14.1.1 Feedback Longitudinal Wave Control on the Span 401 14.1.2 Feedback Longitudinal Wave Control at a Free Boundary 405 14.2 Wave Control of Bending Vibrations 407 14.2.1 Feedback Bending Wave Control on the Span 407 14.2.2 Feedback Bending Wave Control at a Free Boundary 410 14.3 Numerical Examples 413 14.4 MATLAB Scripts 416 Index 421

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book emphasizes the use of four complex plane formalisms (impedance, admittance, complex capacitance, and modulus) in a simultaneous fashion. The purpose of employing these complex planes for handling semicircular relaxation using a single set of measured impedance data (ac small-signal electrical data) is highly underscored. The current literature demonstrates the importance of template version of impedance plot whereas this book reflects the advantage of using concurrent four complex plane plots for the same data. This approach allows extraction of a meaningful equivalent circuit model attributing to possible interpretations via potential polarizations and operative mechanisms for the investigated material system. Thus, this book supersedes the limitations of the impedance plot, and intends to serve a broader community of scientific and technical professionals better for their solid and liquid systems. This book addresses the following highlighted contents for tTable of ContentsBackground of this Book xiii Acknowledgments xxiii 1 Introduction to Immittance Spectroscopy 1 1.1 Basic Definition and Background 1 1.2 Scope and Limitation 5 1.3 Applications of the Immittance Studies to Various Material Systems 6 1.4 Concept of the Linear Circuit Elements: Resistance, Capacitance, and Inductance 9 1.5 Concept of Impedance, Admittance, Complex Capacitance, and Modulus 13 1.6 Immittance Functions 21 1.7 Series Resonant Circuit 22 1.8 Parallel Resonant Circuit 23 1.9 Capacitance and Inductance in Alternating Current 24 Problems 24 References 25 2 Basics of Solid State Devices and Materials 27 2.1 Overview of the Fundamentals of Physical Electronics 27 2.2 Basics of Semiconductors 33 2.3 Single-Crystal and Polycrystal Materials 35 2.4 SCSJ and MPCHPH Systems 37 2.5 Representation of the Competing Phenomena 42 2.6 Effect of Normalization of the Electrical Parameters 43 Problems 46 References 47 3 Dielectric Representation and Operative Mechanisms 49 3.1 Dielectric Constant of Materials: Single Crystals and Polycrystals 49 3.2 Dielectric Behavior of Materials: Single Crystals and Polycrystals 53 3.3 Origin of Frequency Dependence 58 3.4 Effect of Polarization 60 3.5 Equivalent Circuit Representation of the Mechanisms and Processes 67 3.6 Defects and Traps 69 3.7 Point Defects and Stoichiometric Defects 77 3.8 Leaky Systems 78 Problems 79 References 80 4 Ideal Equivalent Circuits and Models 85 4.1 Concept of Equivalent Circuit 85 4.2 Simple and Basic Circuits in Complex Planes: R, C, R-C Series, and R-C Parallel 86 4.3 Debye Circuits: Single Relaxation 89 4.4 Duality of the Equivalent Circuits: Multiple Circuits for a Single Plane 97 4.5 Duality of Equivalent Circuits between Z*- and M*-Planes for Relaxations without Intercept 98 4.6 Duality of Equivalent Circuits between Y*- and C*-Planes for Relaxations without Intercept 100 4.7 Duality of Equivalent Circuits for Simultaneous Z*-, Y*-, C*-, and M*-Planes’ Relaxations 102 4.8 Proposition of Equivalent Circuit: Polycrystalline Grains and Grain Boundaries 103 Problems 105 References 106 5 Debye and Non-Debye Relaxations 109 5.1 Ideal Systems 109 5.2 Non-Ideal Systems 116 5.3 Non-Ideal Systems Implying Distributed Time Constants 122 5.4 D-C Representation, Depression Parameter, and Equivalent Circuit: Conventional Domain 128 5.5 Depression Parameter Based on ωτpeak = 1: Complex Domain 134 5.6 Optimization of ZHF: Complex Domain 137 5.7 Depression Parameter β Based on ωτpeak = 1 139 5.8 Feature of the Depression Parameter β Based on ωτ π 1 145 5.9 Analysis of the Havriliak-Negami Representation 146 5.10 Geometrical Interpretation of H-N Relaxation at the Limiting Case 151 5.11 Extraction of the Relaxation Time τ and the H-N Depression Parameters α and β 154 5.12 Checking Generalized Depression Parameter β when α is Real 159 5.13 Checking Generalized Depression Parameter α when β is Real 160 5.14 Effect of α and β on the H-N Distribution Function 162 5.15 Meaning of the Depression Parameters α and β 166 5.16 Relaxation function with Respect to the Depression Parameters α and β 168 Problems 170 References 170 6 Modeling and Interpretation of the Data 175 6.1 Equivalent Circuit Model for the Single Complex Plane (SCP) Representation 175 6.2 Models and Circuits 177 6.3 Nonconventional Circuits 184 6.4 Multiple Equivalent Circuits for Multiple Relaxations in a Single Complex Plane 186 6.5 Single Equivalent Circuit for Multiple Complex Planes 187 6.6 Equivalent Circuit for Resonance 189 6.7 Single Equivalent Circuit from Z*- and M*-Planes 189 6.8 Temperature and Bias Dependence of the Equivalent Circuit Modeling 190 6.9 Equivalent Circuit: Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Based Varistors 191 6.10 Equivalent Circuit: Lithium Niobate LiNbO3 Single Crystal 196 6.11 Equivalent Circuit: Polycrystalline Yttria (Y2O3) 200 6.12 Equivalent Circuit: Polycrystalline Calcium Zirconate (CaZrO3) 201 6.13 Equivalent Circuit: Polycrystalline Calcium Stannate (CaSnO3) 202 6.14 Equivalent Circuit: Polycrystalline Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) 203 6.15 Equivalent Circuit: Multi-Layered Thermoelectric Device (Alternate SiO2/SiO2+Ge Thin-Film) 204 6.16 Equivalent Circuit: Polycrystalline Tungsten Oxide (WO3) 206 6.17 Equivalent Circuit: Biological Material – E. Coli Bacteria 207 Problems 208 References 209 7 Data-Handling and Analyzing Criteria 213 7.1 Acquisition of the Immittance Data 213 7.2 Lumped Parameter/Complex Plane Analysis (LP/CPA) 214 7.3 Spectroscopic Analysis (SA) 222 7.4 Bode Plane Analysis (BPA) 225 7.5 Misrepresentation of the Measured Data 227 7.6 Misinterpretation of the Bode Plot: Equivalent Circuit 230 Problems 232 References 233 8 Liquid Systems 241 8.1 Non-Crystalline Systems: Liquids 241 8.2 Warburg and Faradaic Impedances 245 8.3 Constant Phase Element (CPE) 249 8.4 Biological Liquid: E. Coli Bacteria 251 Problems 255 References 256 9 Case Study 259 9.1 Analysis of the Measured Data: Aspects of Data-Handling/Analyzing Criteria 259 9.2 Case 1: Proper Physical Geometrical Factors 260 9.3 Case 2: Improper Normalization 262 9.4 Case 3: Effect of Electrode and Lead Wire 264 9.5 Case 4: Identification of Contributions to the Terminal Immittance 265 9.6 Case 5: Use of Proper Unit 267 9.7 Case 6: Demonstration of the Invalid Plot 270 9.8 Case 7: Obscuring Frequency Dependence 271 9.9 Case 8: Misnomer Nomenclature for the Complex Plane Plot 273 9.10 Case 9: Extraction of Equivalent Circuit from the Straight Line or the Non-Relaxation Curve 274 Problems 277 References 278 10 Analysis of the Complicated Mott-Schottky Behavior 283 10.1 Capacitance – Voltage (C-V) Measurement 283 10.2 The Mott-Schottky Plot 287 10.3 Arbitrary Measurement Frequency and Construction of the Deceiving Mott-Schottky Plot 296 10.4 Frequency-Independent Representation 297 10.5 Extraction of the Device-Related Parameters 299 Problems 302 References 303 11 Analysis of the Measured Data 307 11.1 Introduction and Background of the Immittance Data Analysis 307 11.2 Measurement of the Immittance Data and Complex Plane Analysis 312 11.3 Nonlinear Least Squares Estimation 314 11.3.1 Gauss-Newton Method (Algorithm) of Least Squares Estimation 317 11.3.2 Levenberg-Marquardt Method (Algorithm) of Least Squares Estimation 320 11.3.3 Numerical Procedure to Calculate Jacobian Matrix 321 11.3.4 Error Analysis: Analysis of Errors in Regression 321 11.3.5 Selection of the Weights 322 11.4 Complex Nonlinear Least Squares (CNLS) Fitting of the Data 323 11.4.1 Procedure 1: Geometrical Fitting in the Complex Plane 323 11.4.2 Procedure 2: Simultaneous Fitting of Real and Imaginary Parts 328 11.5 Graphical User Interface Implementation of the Nonlinear Least Square Procedures: Implementation of CNLS using MATLAB 330 11.5.1 Input Data Generation 330 11.5.2 Input Data Processing 331 11.5.2.1 Visualization of the Measured (Raw) Data 332 11.5.2.2 Selection of Data Points for Fitting 333 11.5.2.3 Fitting of the Semicircle: Geometric Fitting 334 11.5.2.4 Calculation of the Parameters from the Semicircle Fitting 335 11.5.2.5 Calculation of the Parameters from the Simultaneous Fitting of Real and Imaginary Parts 336 11.5.3 Output Generation: Output File 337 11.5.3.1 Parameters from the Semicircle Fitting 337 11.5.3.2 Nonlinear Regression: Semicircle Fitting Output 337 11.5.3.3 Linear Regression: Line Fitting Output 338 11.5.3.4 Parameters from Simultaneous Fitting of Real and Imaginary Data 338 11.5.3.5 Nonlinear Regression: Simultaneous Fitting of Real and Imaginary Data Output 338 11.5.3.6 Measured Data used in Analysis 339 11.6 Effect of Fitting Procedure, Measurement Noise, and Solution Algorithm on the Estimated Parameters 340 11.7 Case Studies: CNLS Fitting of the Measured Data in the Complex Planes 342 11.7.1 M*-Plane Fitting: R-C Parallel Circuit 343 11.7.2 C*- and M*-Plane Representations of the Lithium Niobate (LN) Crystal 344 11.7.3 Z*- and Y*-Plane Representations of Multi-Layered Junction Device 349 11.7.4 Y*-plane Representation of the E. Coli Bacteria in Brain Heart Infusion Medium 351 11.8 Summary 353 Problems 355 References 357 12 Items for Appendix 363 12.1 Appendix – A: Sample Input Data for the R-C Parallel Circuit 363 12.2 Appendix – B: R-C Parallel Circuit Data Analysis Output in Z*-Plane 364 12.3 Appendix – C: R-C Parallel Circuit Data Analysis Output in M*-Plane 368 12.4 Appendix – D: Lithium Niobate Crystal Data Analysis Output in C*-Plane 370 12.5 Appendix – E: Multilayer Junction Thermoelectric Device Data Analysis Output in Y*-Plane 372 Index

Read more less