Materials science Books

Book SynopsisValuable information on corrosion fundamentals and applications of aluminum and magnesium Aluminum and magnesium alloys are receiving increased attention due to their light weight, abundance, and resistance to corrosion. In particular, when used in automobile manufacturing, these alloys promise reduced car weights, lower fuel consumption, and resulting environmental benefits. Meeting the need for a single source on this subject, Corrosion Resistance of Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys gives scientists, engineers, and students a one-stop reference for understanding both the corrosion fundamentals and applications relevant to these important light metals. Written by a world leader in the field, the text considers corrosion phenomena for the two metals in a systematic and parallel fashion. The coverage includes: The essentials of corrosion for aqueous, high temperature corrosion, and active-passive behavior of aluminum and magnesium alloys Trade Review"This book can be recommended as a textbook for students major in corrosion or professors preparing their lectures . . . the book will be definitely interesting for corrosion scientists and engineers due to useful practical hints and can be recommended as a reference book for professionals using aluminium, magnesium, and their alloys". (Materials and Corrosion, 2011) "Meeting the need for a single source on this subject, this book gives a one-stop reference for understanding both the corrosion fundaments and applications relevant to these important light metals." (Metall, September 2010) Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. PART I: ELECTROCHEMICAL FUNDAMENTALS AND ACTIVE-PASSIVE CORROSION BEHAVIORS. Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Electrochemical Corrosion. A. Thermodynamic Considerations of Corrosion. 1. Electrolytic Conductance. 1.1. Faraday Laws. 2. Tendency to Corrosion. 3. The Electrochemical Interface. 3.1. Electric Double Layer. 3.2. Equivalent Circuit of the Electric Double Layer. 4. Nernst Equation. 5. Standard Potentials of Electrodes. 5.1. Standard States in Solution. 5.2. Hydrogen Electrode. 5.3. Positive and Negative Signs of Potentials. 5.4. Graphical Presentation. B. Activity and Conductance of the Electrolyte. 1. Activity of the Electrolyte. 1.1. Constant and Degree of Dissociation. 1.2. Activity and Concentration. 1.3. Theory of More Concentrated Solutions. 1.4. Electrolytic Conduction. 2. Mobility of Ions. 2.1. Law of Additivity of Kohlrausch. 2.2. Number of Ion Transport Number or Index. 3. Conductance. 4. Potential of Decomposition. C. The Different Types of Electrodes. 1. Gas Electrodes. 2. Metal - Metal Ion Electrodes. 2.1. Alloyed Electrodes. 3. Metal-Insoluble Salt or Oxide Electrodes. 3.1. Metal-Insoluble Salt Electrodes. 3.2. Metal-Insoluble - Oxide Electrodes. 4. Electrodes of Oxidation - Reduction. 5. Selective Ion Electrodes. 5.1. Glass Electrode. 5.2. Copper Ion-Selective Electrodes. D. Electrochemical and Corrosion Cells. 1. Chemical Cells. 1.1. Chemical Cell with Transport. 1.2. Chemical Cell without Transport. 1.2.1. The Weston Standard Cell. 2. Concentration Cells. 2.1. Concentration Cell with Difference of Activity at the Electrode. 3. Solvent Corrosion Cells. 3.1. Cathodic Oxydo-Reduction Reaction. 3.2. Displacement Cell. 3.3. Complexing Agent Cells. 3.4. Stray Current Corrosion Cell. 4. Temperature Differential Cells. 5. Overlapping of Different Corrosion Cells. E. Chemical and Electrochemical Corrosion. 1. Definition and Description of Corrosion. 2. Electrochemical and Chemical Reactions. 2.1. Electrochemical Corrosion. 2.2. The Film-Free Chemical Interaction. References. Chapter 2: Aqueous and High temperature Corrosion. Overview. 1. Atmospheric Media. 1.1. Description. 1.2. Types of Corrosion. 1.3. Atmospheric Contaminants. 1.4. Corrosion Prevention and Protection. 2. Aqueous environments. 3. Organic Solvent Properties. 4. Underground Media. 5. Water Media Properties. 5.1. Water Composition. 5.2. The Oxidizing Power of Solution. 5.3. Scale Formation and Water Indices. 6. Corrosion at high temperatures. 6.1. Description. 6.2. The Pilling Bedworth relationship "PBR". 6.3. Kinetics of Formation. 6.4. Corrosion behaviors of some alloys at elevated temperatures. References. Chapter 3: Active and Passive Behaviors of Al and Mg and their alloys. 1. Potential -pH Diagrams of Al and Mg. 2. Active Behavior and Overpotentials. 2.1. Active Behavior and Polarisation. 2.2. Overpotentials. 3. The Passive Behavior. 3.1. The Phenomenon of Passivation. 3.2. The Passive Layers and their formation. 3.3. Breakdown of Passivity. 3.4. Electrochemical and Physical Techniques for passive film studies. 4. Active and passive Behaviors of Aluminum and its Alloys. 4.1. The E-pH diagram of Aluminum. 4.2. Active and Passive behaviors. 4.3. Pitting Corrosion of AA 5086 Aluminum Alloy. 5. Active and passive Behaviors of Magnesium and its Alloys. 5.1. E-pH Diagram of Mg. 5.2. The Passive Mg Layers (Films). 5.3. Passive properties and stability. 5.4. Temperature Influence in Aqueous Media. 5.5. Atmospheric and High Temperature oxidation. References. PART II: PERFORMANCE AND CORROSION FORMS OF ALUMINUM AND ITS ALLOYS. Chapter 4: Properties, Use and Performance of Aluminum and Alloys. A. Properties of Aluminum. 1. Physical and General Properties of Aluminum. 2. Cast Aluminum Alloys. 2.1. Designation of Aluminum Cast Alloys and Ingots. 2.2. Alloying elements. 2.3. Cast Alloys Series. 3. Aluminum Wrought alloys. 3.1. Designation of aluminum wrought alloys. 3.2. Alloying elements. 3.3. Aluminum Wrought Alloys Series. 3.4. Description of the Wrought Alloys Series. 4. Aluminum Powders and Aluminum Matrix Composites (AMCs). 4.1. Aluminum Powders. 4.2. Rapid Solidification Process "RSP". 4.3. Aluminum Matrix Composites (AMC) and PM- MMCs. 4.4. Al MMCs Particles and Formation. B. Use of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys. 1. Use of Aluminum Cast Alloys. 1.1. Standard General Purpose Aluminum alloys. 1.2. Some Specific Uses. 2. Use of Aluminum Wrought Alloys. 2.1. Aerospatial applications. 2.2. Automotive sheet and structural alloys. 2.3. Shipping. 2.4. Building and Construction. 2.5. Packaging. 2.6. Electrical conductor alloys. C. Aluminum Performance. 1. Resistance of Al Alloys to Atmospheric corrosion. 2. Factors affecting atmospheric corrosion of Al alloys. 3. Waters Corrosion. 4. Seawater. 5. Soil Corrosion. 6. Some aggressive Media. 6.1. Acid and Alkaline Solutions. 7. Dry and Aqueous Organic Compounds. 8. Gases. 9. Mercury. 10. Corrosion Performance of Alloys. 10.1. Performance of the Cast Series. 10.2. Performance of the wrought series. 11. Aluminum High Temperature Corrosion. References. Chapter 5: General, Galvanic and Localized Corrosion of Aluminum and alloys. A. General Corrosion. 1. General considerations. 2. Description. 3. Mechanisms. 4. Prevention. 4.1. Design considerations. 4.2 Surface Pretreatment. 4.3 Corrosion control. 4.4. Al Alloys and Resistance to General corrosion. B. Galvanic Corrosion. 1. General considerations. 2. Galvanic Series of Al Alloys. 3. Mechanisms. 3.1. Cu-Al galvanic Cell. 3.2. Mg-Al Galvanic Cell. 3.3. Galvanic Effect of a coating. 4. Deposition corrosion. 5. Stray Current Corrosion. 6. Prevention. 7. Basic Study of Al-Cu Galvanic Corrosion Cell. C. Localized Corrosion. 1. Pitting Corrosion. 1.1. Occurrence and Morphology. 1.2. Kinetics. 1.3. The Pitting Potential. 1.4. Mechanisms. 1.5. Possible Stages of Pitting. 1.6. Prevention of Pitting Corrosion. 1.7. Corrosion Resistance of Aluminum Cathodes. 2. Crevice Corrosion. 2.1. General Considerations and Description. 2.2. Poultice corrosion. 2.3. Mechanisms. 2.4. Water Stains of AA 3xxx. 3. Filiform Corrosion. 3.1. General Considerations. 3.2. Aluminum Alloys and Filiform Corrosion. 3.3. Kinetics, Mechanism and Prevention. 3.4. Filiform Occurrence. References. Chapter 6: Metallurgically and Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of Aluminum and Alloys. A. Metallurgically Influenced Corrosion "METIC". 1. Fundamentals of "METIC". 2. Types of Metallurgically Influenced Corrosion. 2.1. Dealloying (Dealuminification). 2.2. Intergranular corrosion. 2.3. Exfoliation. 3. Joining and Welding. 3.1. Corrosion Resistance of Brazed, Soldered and Bonded Joints. 3.2. Welding Fundamentals. 3.3. Welding Influence on Behavior of Aluminum Alloys. 3.4. Frequent Corrosion Types of Welded Aluminum alloys. 3.5. Corrosion Resistance of Wrought and cast Al Alloys. 4. Metal Matrix Composites for nuclear dry waste storage "Al-MMC/B4C". B. Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion, the basics. 1. The Microorganisms. 1.1. Bacteria (Prokaryotes). 1.2. Fungi and Yeast (Eucaryotes). 1.3. Algae (Eukaryotes). 1.4. Lichens. 2. Natural and Artificial Media. 2.1. Air Media. 2.2. Aqueous Media. 2.3. Soils. 3. Anaerobic and Aerobic Bacteria in Action. 3.1. Anaerobic Bacteria. 3.2. Aerobic bacteria. 3.3. Co-action of Anaerobic and Aerobic Bacteria. 4. MIC of Aluminum and Aluminum alloys. 4.1. Fungi and bacteria (Space). 4.2. Geotrichum (Tropical Atmosphere). 4.3. Cyanobacteria and Algae (Polluted Freshwater). 4.4. Rod-Shaped Bacteria and Algae (Polluted seawater). 4.5. SRB (Industrial and sea waters). 4.6. Hormoconis resinae (Kerosene). 5. Mechanisms of MIC and Inhibition. 5.1. Corrosion Mechanisms. 5.2. Influence of Biofilms on Passive Behavior of Aluminum. 5.3. Corrosion Inhibition by Microorganisms. 6. MIC Prevention and control. References. Chapter 7: Mechanically Assisted Corrosion of Aluminum and Alloys. A. Corrosion - Erosion. 1. Impingement with Liquid containing solid particles. 2. Corrosion by cavitation. 3. Water drop impingement Corrosion. 4. Fretting Corrosion. 5. Fretting Fatigue Corrosion. 6. Prevention of Erosion Corrosion. B. Corrosion fatigue. 1. General Considerations and Morphology. 2. Parameters. 2.1. Environmental Considerations. 2.2. Cyclic Stresses. 2.3. Material Factors. 3. Mechanisms of Corrosion Fatigue. 4. CF of Al Alloys. 4.1. Corrosion Fatigue of the Alloy AA-7017-T651. 4.2. CF of AA 7075 Alloy-T6. 4.3. Corrosion Fatigue of Al-Mg-Si as compared to Al-Mg alloys. 4.4. Modeling of the propagation of fatigue cracks in aluminum alloys. 5. Prevention of Corrosion Fatigue. References. Chapter 8: Environmentally Induced Cracking of Aluminum and Alloys. 1. Introduction and Definition of SCC. 2. Key Parametres. 2.1. The stress. 2.2. The environment. 3. Parameters of SCC of Aluminum Alloys. 3.1. Influence of the Stress. 3.2. Role of the environment. 4. SCC Mechanisms. 4.1. Overlapping of Cracking Phenomena. 4.2. Signification of the Magnitude of Strain Rates. 4.3. Cracking Initiation and Propagation. 5. SCC of aluminum Alloys. 5.1. SCC resistance of aluminum alloys. 5.2. Influence of Heat Treatments on Corrosion forms. 6. SCC of Welded Aluminum Alloys. 6.1. Galvanic Corrosion and SCC of Welded Assemblies. 6.2. SCC "Knife-Line Attack". 6.3. Localized Corrosion and SCC of LBW AA6013. 6.4. Mechanically Influenced Corrosion and SCC of Welds. 6.5. Corrosion Fatigue of FSW White Zone. 6.6. SCC of Friction stir welded 7075 and 6056 Alloys. 6.7. SCC of FSW of 7075-T651 and 7050-T451 Alloys. 7. Prevention of SCC. 7.1. Design and Stresses. 7.2. Environmental Considerations. 7.3. Metallurgical considerations. 7.4. Surface Modification. 7.5. Prevention of Hydrogen Damage. References. PART III: PERFORMANCE AND CORROSION FORMS OF MAGNESIUM AND ITS ALLOYS. Chapter 9: Properties, Use and Performance of Magnesium and Alloys. A. Properties of Magnesium alloys. 1. Physical and General Properties of Magnesium. 2. Properties of Cast Magnesium Alloys. 2.1. Designation of Magnesium Cast Alloys. 2.2. Alloying elements. 2.3. Magnesium Cast Alloys Series. 3. Properties of Wrought Magnesium Alloys. 4. Magnesium Powder. 5. Magnesium Composites. 6. Particles reinforcing magnesium alloy matrix. B. Use of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys. 1. Applications of Magnesium Cast Alloys. 1.1. Automotive and Aerospace Applications. 1.2. Application as refractory material. 1.3. Other Uses. 2. Applications of Magnesium Wrought Alloys. C. Magnesium Performance. 1. Resistance of Mg alloys to atmospheric corrosion. 2. Factors affecting atmospheric corrosion of Mg alloys. 3. Waters Corrosion. 4. Salt Solutions. 5. Acid and Alkaline Solutions. 6. Aqueous Organic Compounds. 7. Dry Organic Compounds. 8. Gases at ambient temperature up to ÷100oC. 9. Magnesium High Temperature Corrosion. References. Chapter 10: General, Galvanic and Localized Corrosion of Magnesium and Alloys. A. General Corrosion. 1. Corrosion Resistance of Passive Magnesium. 1.1. Ecorr and Corrosion Rates in Natural and Aqueous Media. 1.2. Corrosion Rate Methods of Mg-Al Alloys. 1.3. Critical Evaluation of the Passive Properties of Magnesium Alloys. 2. The Negative Difference Effect "NDE". 3. Kinetic studies of General and Pitting Corrosion of Mg alloys. 3.1. Electrochemical noise Studies. 4. Corrosion Prevention. B. Galvanic Corrosion. C. Localized Corrosion. 1. Pitting Corrosion. 1.1. The Pitting Potential Determination. 1.2. Polarization Curves and Pitting Potential of AXJ Alloy. 2. Crevice Corrosion. 3. Filiform Corrosion. 3.1. Initiation and Kinetics Parametres. 3.2. Mechanism of Propagation. References. Chapter 11: Metallurgically and Microbiologically influenced Corrosion of Magnesium and Alloys. A. Metallurgically Influenced Corrosion of Mg Alloys. 1. Casting Alloys and Alloying Elements. 1.1. Casting Alloys. 1.2. Magnesium-Rare Earth, Thorium and Silver Alloys. 1.3. Alloying Elements and Tolerance Limit. 2. Corrosion influenced by metallurgical properties. 2.1. Galvanic Corrosion and Secondary Phases. 2.2. Intergranular Corrosion "IGC". 2.3. Exfoliation Corrosion. 2.4. High temperature Corrosion and Creep Deformation. 2.5. Microstructure and Corrosion Creep of Magnesium Die-cast alloys. 2.6. The OCP, icorr and Corrosion Creep (Schneider et al. 2007)36. 2.7. Corrosion Creep and Aging. 2.8 Corrosion Creep of High Strength AE42 and MEZ. 3. Influence of the Microstructure, Different Phases and Welding. 3.1. Influence of Heat Treatments. 3.2. Effect of Rapid Solidification. 3.3. Influence of the Microstructure of Some Mg Alloys. 3.4. Influence of Joining and Welding. 3.5. Cold-Chamber Processes. 3.6. Hot-Chamber Processes and Corrosion Resistance of Thin Plates. B. MIC of Magnesium and Magnesium alloys. 1. Rational Degradation. 1.1. Behavior of Sacrficial Magnesium. 1.2. Rational Biocorrosion of Mg and its alloys in Human Body. 2. Stress Corrosion Cracking and Implants. 3. Approaches to Control Biodegradation. 3.1. Alloying. 3.2. Surface treatment (Anodizing). 3.3. Magnesium Implants and Bone Surgery. References. Chapter 12: Mechanically Assisted Corrosion of Magnesium and Alloys. 1. Erosion-Corrosion and Fretting Fatigue Corrosion. 1.1. Erosion - Corrosion. 1.2. Fretting Fatigue Corrosion. 2. Corrosion Fatigue of Magnesium Alloys. 2.1. Corrosion fatigue of Cast Magnesium Alloys. 2.2. Corrosion fatigue of High-strength Mg Alloys. 2.3. Crack Propagation of Wrought Extruded Alloys. 2.4. Welding and Corrosion fatigue of AZ31. 2.5. Mechanisms of Corrosion Fatigue (initiation and Propagation). 2.6. Prevention of Corrosion Fatigue. References. Chapter 13: Environmentally Induced Corrosion of Magnesium and Alloys. 1. Use of Mg Alloys and Stress Corrosion Cracking "SCC" Failures. 2. Key Parameters. 2.1. Alloy Composition and Magnesium impurities. 2.2. Microstructure and Crack Morphology. 2.3. Effect of Stress. 2.4. Effect of the Environment. 3. Influence of Other Forms or Types of Corrosion on SCC. 3.1. Effect of General Corrosion. 3.2. Bimetallic or Galvanic Corrosion. 3.3. Pitting and Localized Corrosion. 3.4. Welded Material and SCC. 3.5. Environment Enhanced Creep and SCC of Mg Alloys. 4. Propagation Mechanisms of Corrosion. 4.1. The electrochemical dissolution models. 4.2. Hydrogen Embrittlement "HE". 5. SCC-HE of Some Magnesium Alloys. 6. SCC Prevention. References. PART IV: COATING AND TESTING. Chapter 14: Aluminum Coatings "Description and Testing". 1. Inhibitors. 2. Metallic coatings. 2.1. Conventional Plating and Electroless of Aluminum. 2.2. Surface Preparation for Thermal Spraying. 2.3. Sacrificial Protection by Al Alloys. 2.4. Aluminum Powder as a Coating. 2.5. Cathodic Protection of Al Alloys. 3. Conversion coating. 3.1. Phosphates and/or Chromates. 3.2. The Chromate-Phosphate Treatments. 3.3. Chromate Alternatives. 4. Anodization. 5. Organic finishing. 5.1. Coatings containing Metals more active than Al. 5.2. Electrodeposited coatings. 6. Corrosion Testing of Coated Metal. 6.1. Electrochemical Testing of Coatings. 6.2. Conventional Testing. 6.3. Corrosion Fatigue of Thermal Spraying of Al as a Coating. 6.4. Environmentally Assisted Cracking of Metallic Sprayed Coatings. References. Chapter 15: Magnesium Coatings "Description and Testing". 1. General Approach and Surface Preparation. 2. Metallic and Conversion Coatings. 2.1. Metallic Coatings. 2.2. Chemical Conversion surface treatments as chromating, phosphating etc. 3. Anodic Treatments. 3.1. Anodizing Description and Approaches. 3.2. Formation of anodized Coatings. 3.3. Properties and Chemical Composition. 3.4. Some Industrial and developing Anodizing Processes. 3.5. Forms of Corrosion of Surfaces (anodized or with conversion treatments. 4. Surface Modification. 4.1. Chemical and Physical Vapour Deposition (CVD/PVD). 4.2. The "H-Coat" and Magnesium Hydrides. 5. Electrochemical Characterisation of the Interface Metal/Film. 5.1. OCP and Polarization Studies of the Metal/Oxide Interface. 5.2. Impedance Measurements. 6. Organic Finishing and Corrosion Testing of Coated Material. 6.1. Organic coatings. 6.2. Conventional Corrosion Testing of Coated Metal. References. PART V: EVALUATION AND TESTING. Chapter 16: Conventional and Electrochemical Methods of Investigation. 1. Corrosion Testing Approaches and Methods of Investigations. 1.1. Testing Approach. 1.2. Categories of Corrosion Testing. 1.3. Testing Duration. 1.4. Testing Modes. 1.5. Removal of corrosion products. 2. Physical and Mechanical Testing of Corroded Materials. 2.1. Visual and Microscopic Techniques of Testing. 2.2. Non destructive Evaluation Techniques. 2.3. Mechanical testing. 2.4. Chemical Analysis. 2.5. Surface Chemical Analysis. 2.6. Published Data of Performance and Corrosion Resistance. 3. Electrochemical Polarization Studies. 3.1. Measurements of the Corrosion Potential. 3.2. Potentiodynamic Methods. 3.3. Cyclovoltammetry Techniques and Pitting. 3.4. Potentiostatic, Galvanostatic and Galvanodynamic Methods. 4. The "AC" electrochemical impedance spectroscopy ?EIS? technique. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. EIS terms and Equivalent Circuits. 4.3. Impedance Plots. 5. Electrochemical Noise Measurements "ENM". 5.1. Historical and EN Definition. 5.2. EN generation and Data Acquisition Systems "DAS". 5.3. Analysis of ENM Data. 5.4. Potentiodynamic, Potentiostatic and Galvanostatic EN Studies. 6. The Scanning Reference Electrode Technique (SRET). 7. Microsystems and Wire Beam Electrode. 7.1. Microsystems and "AFM". 7.2. Wire Beam Electrode "WBE". References. Chapter 17: Evaluation of Corrosion Forms of Aluminum and its Alloys. 1. General Corrosion of Aluminum and Its alloys. 2. Galvanic Corrosion. 2.1. General Considerations. 2.2. Influence of the composition and Microstructure. 2.3. Electrochemical Testing. 3. Localized Corrosion of Al and Alloys. 3.1. Pitting Corrosion. 3.2. Crevice Corrosion. 3.3. Filiform Corrosion Testing of Al Alloys. 4. Metallurgically Influenced Corrosion (METIC). 4.1. Intergranular Corrosion Testing. 4.2. Exfoliation Testing. 4.3. Joining and Testing. 5. MIC and Biodegradation Evaluation. 6. Mechanically Influenced Corrosion (MECIC) of Aluminum and Alloys. 6.1. Erosion-Corrosion Testing. 6.2. Corrosion Fatigue Testing. 7. Environmentally Influenced Corrosion (EIC). 7.1. SCC Testing Procedures of Aluminum Alloys. 7.2. Test Specimens. 7.3. Stressors. 7.4. Fracture Morphology and SCC of Aluminum Alloys. References. Chapter 18: Evaluation of Corrosion Forms of Magnesium and its alloys. 1. Testing Solutions. 1.1. Hydroxide Solutions. 1.2. Chloride, Sulfate and Hydroxide Solutions. 1.3. ASTM D1384-87 corrosive water. 1.4. Buffered solutions. 2. General Corrosion Form. 2.1. Immersion Testing and Corrosion Rate. 2.2. The Salt Spray Corrosion Test. 2.3. Some Electrochemical Methods of Investigation. 3. Galvanic or Bimetallic Corrosion of Mg and alloys. 4. Localized Corrosion of Mg and its alloys. 4.1. Open Circuit Potential and Pitting Corrosion Studies. 4.2. Noise Electrochemistry Measurements. 4.3. Magnesium SRET Studies. 5. Metallurgically Influenced Corrosion of Mg and Alloys. 6. MIC and Biodegradation of Mg and Alloys. 7. Corrosion Fatigue. 8. SCC Testing and Evaluation of Magnesium Alloys. 8.1. Static Loading of Smooth Specimens and general considerations. 8.2. Stresses. 8.3. Solutions and Operational Conditions. 8.4. Constant Extension Rate and Linearly Increasing Stress Tests. 8.5. SCC CERT Vs LIST Techniques. References. Chapter 19: Annexes. Annexes Biography, International Units and abbreviations. Annex 1: Corrosion and Prevention Books, Data and ASTM Standards. A. Some Recommended Books in Corrosion. B. Bibliography of Corrosion Data for Performance of Materials. C. ASTM Standards. Annex 2: Annex of some international units, equations etc. The Periodic Table (Wieser 2006). Annex 3 abbreviations and Symbols.

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Book SynopsisChemical approaches to synthesis play a significant role in the development and design of inorganic materials. This text provides an up-to-date treatment of the topic, covering the most important methods in solid-state synthesis, related physical properties, as well as recent advances in the field (i.e. , computational tools, etc.).Trade Review"This work would be useful as the resource for a course that introduces material science to upper-level undergraduate science students or as a reference for those working in the area…recommended." (CHOICE, September 2008)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Crystallographic and Microstructural Considerations. 2. Chemical Energetics and Atomistics of Reactions and Transformations in Solids. 3. Solid - Vapor Reactions. 4. Solid - Liquid Reactions. 5. Solid - Solid Reactions. 6. Nanomaterials Synthesis. 7. Materials Fabrication. Appendix A1: General Mechanical Engineering Terms. Appendix A2: Green Materials Synthesis and Processing. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis two-volume work is detailed enough to serve as a text and comprehensive enough to stand as a reference. Volume 1, Fluid Mechanics, summarizes the key experiments that show how polymeric fluids differ from structurally simple fluids, then presents, in rough historical order, various methods for solving polymer fluid dynamics problems. Volume 2, Kinetic Theory, uses molecular models and the methods of statistical mechanics to obtain relations between bulk flow behavior and polymer structure. Includes end-of-chapter problems and extensive appendixes.Table of ContentsNewtonian vs Non-Newtonian Behavior. Elementary Constitutive Equations and Their Use in Solving FluidDynamics Problems. Nonlinear Viscoelastic Constitutive Equations and Their Use inSolving Fluid Dynamics Problems. Continuum Mechanics and Its Use in Solving Fluid DynamicsProblems. Polymer Models and Equilibrium Properties. Elementary Approach to Kinetic Theory. A General Phase-Space Kinetic Theory. Elementary Kinetic Theory for Networks Models.

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Book SynopsisThis second edition of a unique text/reference identifies the appearance attributes of objects and the methods available for measuring them, bringing together much material not previously organized for ready reference.Table of ContentsAPPEARANCE ATTRIBUTES AND THEIR BASES IN PHYSICS, PSYCHOLOGY, ANDPHYSIOLOGY. Attributes of the Appearance of Objects. Light Sources and Illumination. Interaction of Objects with Light. The Human Observer and Visual Evaluation of ObjectAppearance. Psychophysical Scales for Appearance Measurement. THE DEVELOPMENT OF NUMERICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR APPEARANCEATTRIBUTES. Scales for Gloss and Other Geometric Attributes. The CIE Standard Observers. Uniform Color Scales. Scales for the Measurement of Color Difference. Special Scales for White Colors. Other Scales for Color Identification. INSTRUMENTS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF APPEARANCE. Instrument Classification and Components. Instrument for the Geometric Attributes of Object Appearance. Instruments for the Chromatic Attributes of ObjectAppearance. Standards, Standardization and Measurement Techniques. Specimen Selection, Preparation, and Presentation. Applications of Appearance Measurements. Appendix. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe performance of high-speed semiconductor devicesthe genius driving digital computers, advanced electronic systems for digital signal processing, telecommunication systems, and optoelectronicsis inextricably linked to the unique physical and electrical properties of gallium arsenide. Once viewed as a novel alternative to silicon, gallium arsenide has swiftly moved into the forefront of the leading high-tech industries as an irreplaceable material in component fabrication. GaAs High-Speed Devices provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-science look at the phenomenally expansive range of engineering devices gallium arsenide has made possibleas well as the fabrication methods, operating principles, device models, novel device designs, and the material properties and physics of GaAs that are so keenly integral to their success. In a clear five-part format, the book systematically examines each of these aspects of GaAs device technology, forming the first authoritative study to consideTable of ContentsThe Development of Gallium Arsenide Devices and IntegratedCircuits. Gallium Arsenide Crystal Structure and Growth. Epitaxial Growth Processes. Process Techniques. Lithography. Device-Related Physics and Principles. Metal-to-GaAs Contacts. GaAs Metal-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor. High Electron-Mobility Transistor (HEMT). Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors. Resonant-Tunneling Transistors. Hot-Electron Transistors and Novel Devices. GaAs FET Amplifiers and Monolithic Microwave IntegratedCircuits. GaAs Digital Integrated Circuits. High-Speed Photonic Devices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe Finite Element Method in the Static and Dynamic Deformation and Consolidation of Porous Media Second Edition Roland W. Lewis, University of Wales Swansea, UK Bernard A.Table of ContentsMechanics of Saturated and Partially Saturated Porous Media. Numerical Solution for Isothermal Consolidation. Solid-Phase Constitutive Relationships, Variable Permeabilities and Solution Procedures. Verification of Elastic and Elastoplastic Consolidation Programs. Modelling Subsidence: Numerical Aspects and Problems of Regional Scale. Modelling Subsidence: Case Studies. Modelling Three-Phase Flow in Deforming Saturated Oil Reservoirs. Fractured Reservoir Simulation. Heat and Fluid Flow in Deforming Porous Media. Secondary Consolidation Creep in Solids. Soil-Structure Interaction. Back Analysis in Consolidation. Large-Strain Quasi-Static and Dynamic Soil Behaviour. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book is the first comprehensive treatise of one of the key physical processes occurring in various materials at elevated temperatures. The book provides essential background information for materials scientists, metallurgists, solid state physicists and semiconductor technologists carrying out research or development in this and related areas. The first and second editions of the book were published by the University of Stuttgart in 1988 and 1989. In the present third edition the book has been updated and essentially enlarged to cover all recent developments in the area of grain and interphase boundary diffusion. The reader will find more than 100 new text pages, 60 new figures and 100 new references. This unique book is strongly recommended as a textbook for students as well as a reference book for physicists, chemists, metallurgists and engineers.Table of ContentsAnalytical Models of Grain Boundary Diffusion. Diffusion Along Dislocations and Small-Angle GrainBoundaries. Grain Boundary Diffusion in Thin Films. Diffusion Along Migrating Grain Boundaries. Structural Effects on and Mechanisms of Grain BoundaryDiffusion. Experimental Methods for Determination of Grain Boundary DiffusionData. Index.

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Book SynopsisFoundations and Industrial Applications of Microwaves and Radio Frequency Fields Physical and Chemical Processes G. Roussy Universite de Nancy 1, France J. A. Pearce University of Texas at Austin, USA This book presents microwave and radio frequency techniques from the point of view of industrial applications, with special attention to electromagnetic energy and material interaction at the microscopic level. Starting with a review of the complete set of macroscopic governing equations--including conduction processes--it then addresses microscopic interaction effects, describing many results from spectroscopic studies. Finally, industrial applications, including the emerging new field of microwave catalysis, are addressed. The technology presented is applied in the mineral, textile, paper, ceramic, chemical and last, but not least, the food industry.Table of ContentsELECTRICAL ASPECTS. Governing Electromagnetic and Thermal Field Relations. Radio Frequency and Microwave Transmission. Microwave and Radio Frequency Circuit Design. High Power Applicators and Loads. Instrumentation and Measurement Methods. MATERIAL ASPECTS. Introduction to the Macroscopic Theory of Dielectrics. Dynamic Aspects. Generalization of Dielectric Relaxation in Real Materials. PROCESSING ASPECTS. Theoretical Models and Experimental Methods in High Power DensityElectromagnetic Fields. Electromagnetic Processing of Homogeneous Materials at High PowerDensity. Electromagnetic Processing of Heterogeneous Materials at High PowerDensity. Microwave-Enhanced Catalysis. Index.

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Book SynopsisThermodynamics of irreversible Processes provides a thoroughtreatment of the basic axioms of irreversible systems and dealswith specific applications to diffusion of liquids and matter inflow. This volume will prove to be invaluable reading for anyoneworking in the field of irreversible phenomena. Thermodynamics ofIrreversible Processes, presents :- * A lucid review of classical thermodynamics * Rigorous derivations of the fundamental principles ofirreversible thermodynamics * In-depth studies of multicomponent diffusion, with applicationsto non-ideal systems * Thorough treatments of relaxation phenomena and linearviscoelasticity * An essential text for anyone working with irreversiblethermodynamics, rheology and multi-component mixtures Thermodynamics of irreversible Processes is the first advanced textdealing with the applications of irreversible thermodynamics tomulticomponent diffusion and viscoelasticity. Gerard Kuiken haswritten a book which will appeal toTable of ContentsThe Continuum View of Matter. Classical Thermodynamics. Basic Axioms of the TIP. Multicomponent Simple Fluids. Statistical Foundation of the Onsager Casimir Reciprocal Relationsfor Homogeneous Systems. Multicomponent Diffusion. Rheology. Appendices. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook presents the fundamentals of continuum mechanics as they apply to the analysis of plastic flow in metal forming. The basic theory behind flow mechanics is explained in detail before it is applied in a variety of machine-tool design situations.Table of ContentsMetal-forming Operations. Kinematics of Deformable Bodies--The Velocity Field. Further Kinematics of Deformable Bodies--The Strain-rateField. Kinetics of Deformable Bodies--Stokes' Principle of PowerExpended. Plastic Flow of Mises Materials. Accounting for Work-hardening. Index.

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Book SynopsisGiven the recent expansion in materials chemistry, this book addresses several of the vigorous areas of research in this field, where inorganic materials are central to the research. Each chapter provides an introduction to the subject under discussion and then develops the field to provide a sensible overview, with certain topics being expanded. Written by an international group of researchers the nine chapters cover such important areas as inorganic superconductors, magnetic materials, biogenic inorganic materials, polymeric co-ordination compounds, liquid crystals and precursors for electronic materials.Table of ContentsMolecular Inorganic Superconductors. Molecular Inorganic Magnetic Materials. Metal-Containing Materials for Nonlinear Optics. Inorganic Intercalation Compounds. Biogenic Inorganic Materials. Clay Chemistry. Polymeric Coordination Complexes. Metal-Containing Liquid Crystals. Precursors for Electronic Materials. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisWritten by an exceptionally experienced author in the area of medical equipment product design, this text presents a comprehensive overview of such sound principles and state-of-the-art techniques covering a whole host of material types, biocompatability, the design process and future trends within this exciting field.Trade Review"This is a handbook of commercially available materials which are commonly used for medical devices" (Aslib Book Guide, Vol. 64, No. 1, January 1999)Table of ContentsMATERIALS. Material Available. Material Selection Processes. Ferrous Metals. Non-Ferrous Metals. Polymers. Poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC). Other Materials. Adhesives. Corrosion and Degradation. Biocompatability. Filters and Membranes. Fibre Optics. Battery Selection. DESIGN. Training and Education for Design. Design Process and Factors. Microengineering. Prototyping. Sterilisation. Standards. Specifications. Packaging. Communication in Design. Product Liability. Patents and Registration. Quality Assurance. Manufacturing Methods. FUTURE TRENDS. Future Trends. Environmental Issues. INFORMATION. Sourcing. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisWith the development of sophisticated program packages, advanced computational electronic-structure theory has become a practical tool for nonspecialists at universities and in industry. This book provides a technical account of the subject.Trade Review"...the most complete and satisfying presentation of the actual armament involved in the computational approach to electronic structure that I have seen, and should be available to all students and researchers who wish to understand the basis of...molecular electronic structure methods." (Physics Today, December 2001)Table of ContentsSecond Quantization. Spin in Second Quantization. Orbital Rotations. Exact and Approximate Wave Functions. The Standard Models. Atomic Basis Functions. Short-Range Interactions and Orbital Expansions. Gaussian Basis Sets. Molecular Integral Evaluation. Hartree-Fock Theory. Configuration-Interaction Theory. Multiconfigurational Self-Consistent Field Theory. Coupled-Cluster Theory. Perturbation Theory. Calibration of the Electronic-Structure Models. List of Acronyms. Index.

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Book SynopsisAs the use and applications of polymers increase, so does the interactions of polymer surfaces with other materials. This updated paperback edition of this well-received, popular book presents a comprehensive approach to all aspects of polymer surfaces, from fundamental theory through applications, making it essential reading for everyone studying or working with polymers. From the Reviews of the Cloth Edition: ...both informative and a pleasure to read...the favorable reaction derives from the volume''s organization and presentation of its material to ensure maximum utility.Polymer News Divided into four comprehensive sections: physical principles of polymer surfaces, characterization, modifications of properties, and applications. Includes the most recent patent information.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTORY REMARKS. The Origin of Surface Properties. Dynamics of Polymer Surfaces. CHARACTERIZATION METHODS. Spectroscopic Methods. Surface Energetics and Contact Angle. New and Emerging Methods. MODIFICATION TECHNIQUES. Physical Modifications. Chemical Modifications. Bulk Modifications. APPLICATIONS. Wettability. Adhesion. Barrier Properties. Biomedical Materials. Friction and Wear. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis text shows how stochastic geometry can be applied to real structural problems in materials science and technology. It pays particular attention to describing spatial sizes and shapes of grains and particles, developments in stochastic geometry, and relevant computer simulation techniques.Trade Review"...provides many examples...comprehensive discussions...an introduction to the analysis of two-dimensional and three-dimensional microscopic images...references are comprehensive..." (Short Book Reviews, Vol. 21, No. 2, August 2001) "There is no book I know in our own field that deals with the subject in anything like the depth and breadth as this one does." (European Journal of Soil Science, No. 52 2001) "It can be expected that this unusually careful work will soon be acknowledged as an authoritative treatment, and certainly it will remain a major reference of applied stereology in the next two decades at least. Scientific and technical libraries should have multiple copies available." (Ceramics, Vol.45 No.3, 2001) "...an ideal textbook for a one-semester course...also an excellent reference book..." (Technometrics, February 2002)Table of ContentsDedication to Günter Bach. Preface. Series Preface. Acknowledgements. List of Notation. List of Source Codes. Introduction. Methodological Tools. Statistical Estimation of Basic Characteristics. Basic Characteristics and Digitalization. Covariance and Spectral Density. Size Distribution of Spherical Particles. Nonspherical Particles of Constant Shape. Size-Shape Distribution of Particles. Arrangement of Objects. Single-Phase Polyhedral Microstructures. Appendix A: Characteristics of Geometric Objects. Appendix B: Software Utilities. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisSintering is one of the most important industrial techniques for optimizing the capabilities of different materials and this book deals exclusively with the state-of-the-art on the processing of sintered materials, both metallic and ceramic.Table of ContentsSintered Low-alloy Ferrous Materials. Sintered High-alloy Ferrous Materials. Sintered Copper Alloys. Sintered Aluminium Alloys. Sintered Nickel Alloys. Sintered Titanium and Zirconium Alloys. Sintered Silver and Lead Alloys. Sintered Molybdenum and Tungsten Alloys. Sintered Rare Earth Intermetallics. Sintered Oxide Ceramics. Sintered Non-oxide Ceramics. Sintered Cermets. Applications. Index.

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Book SynopsisTaking an original, imaginative approach to the subject, Stephen Elliott's book is one of the first to bridge the gap between solid state physics and chemistry.Trade Review"it [the book] would be a useful reference source for solid state chemists." (Angenanote Chemie, Vol. 38, No. 4, 1999)Table of ContentsSynthesis and Preparation of Materials. Atomic Structure and Bonding. Defects. Atomic Dynamics. Electrons in Solids. Electron Dynamics. Dielectric and Magnetic Properties. Reduced Dimensionality. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThis book is the first to comprehensively explore elasticity imaging and examines recent, important developments in asymptotic imaging, modeling, and analysis of deterministic and stochastic elastic wave propagation phenomena. It derives the best possible functional images for small inclusions and cracks within the context of stability and resolutiTrade Review"This timely book that is devoted to a topic of paramount importance is very well written and it contains useful and interesting material. I strongly believe that it will be a valuable resource for researchers in elasticity imaging and related areas of nondestructive testing and inverse problems."--Akhtar A. Khan, MathSciNetTable of ContentsIntroduction 1 1 Layer Potential Techniques 4 1.1 Sobolev Spaces 4 1.2 Elasticity Equations 6 1.3 Radiation Condition 10 1.4 Integral Representation of Solutions to the Lame System 11 1.5 Helmholtz-Kirchhoff Identities 21 1.6 Eigenvalue Characterizations and Neumann and Dirichlet Functions 27 1.7 A Regularity Result 32 2 Elasticity Equations with High Contrast Parameters 33 2.1 Problem Setting 34 2.2 Incompressible Limit 34 2.3 Limiting Cases of Holes and Hard Inclusions 36 2.4 Energy Estimates 38 2.5 Convergence of Potentials and Solutions 42 2.6 Boundary Value Problems 45 3 Small-Volume Expansions of the Displacement Fields 48 3.1 Elastic Moment Tensor 48 3.2 Small-Volume Expansions 55 4 Boundary Perturbations due to the Presence of Small Cracks 66 4.1 A Representation Formula 66 4.2 Derivation of an Explicit Integral Equation 69 4.3 Asymptotic Expansion 71 4.4 Topological Derivative of the Potential Energy 75 4.5 Derivation of the Representation Formula 76 4.6 Time-Harmonic Regime 79 5 Backpropagation and Multiple Signal Classification Imaging of Small Inclusions 80 5.1 A Newton-Type Search Method 80 5.2 A MUSIC-Type Method in the Static Regime 82 5.3 A MUSIC-Type Method in the Time-Harmonic Regime 82 5.4 Reverse-TimeMigration and Kirchhoff Imaging in the Time-Harmonic Regime 84 5.5 Numerical Illustrations 86 6 Topological Derivative Based Imaging of Small Inclusions in the Time-Harmonic Regime 91 6.1 Topological Derivative Based Imaging 91 6.2 Modified Imaging Framework 102 7 Stability of Topological Derivative Based Imaging Functionals 112 7.1 Statistical Stability with Measurement Noise 112 7.2 Statistical Stability with Medium Noise 118 8 Time-Reversal Imaging of Extended Source Terms 125 8.1 Analysis of the Time-Reversal Imaging Functionals 127 8.2 Time-Reversal Algorithm for Viscoelastic Media 129 8.3 Numerical Illustrations 137 9 Optimal Control Imaging of Extended Inclusions 148 9.1 Imaging of Shape Perturbations 149 9.2 Imaging of an Extended Inclusion 152 10 Imaging from Internal Data 160 10.1 Inclusion Model Problem 160 10.2 Binary Level Set Algorithm 162 10.3 Imaging Shear Modulus Distributions 164 10.4 Numerical Illustrations 165 11 Vibration Testing 168 11.1 Small-Volume Expansions of the Perturbations in the Eigenvalues 169 11.2 Eigenvalue Perturbations due to Shape Deformations 181 11.3 Splitting of Multiple Eigenvalues 192 11.4 Reconstruction of Inclusions 193 11.5 Numerical Illustrations 195 A Introduction to Random Processes 201 A.1 Random Variables 201 A.2 Random Vectors 202 A.3 Gaussian Random Vectors 203 A.4 Conditioning 204 A.5 Random Processes 205 A.6 Gaussian Processes 206 A.7 Stationary Gaussian Random Processes 208 A.8 Multi-valued Gaussian Processes 208 B Asymptotics of the Attenuation Operator 210 B.1 Stationary Phase Theorem 210 B.2 Derivation of the Asymptotics 211 C The Generalized Argument Principle and Rouche's Theorem 213 C.1 Notation and Definitions 213 C.2 Generalized Argument Principle 214 C.3 Generalization of Rouche's Theorem 214 References 217 Index 229

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Book SynopsisThis work brings together the experience of specialists in the behaviour of concrete and metal structures, both above and below the ground, to actions of blast, penetration and high speed collisions. From the second international conference, 'Structures under shock and impact', this volume aims to help stimulate future research analysis.Table of ContentsMissile impact and penetration Collision mechanics Blast analysis and modelling for concrete structures and earth materials Dynamic response, residual life and damage assessment Impact loading on reinforced concrete structures Impact loading on metal, glass and composite structural elements Blast loading of surface structures Blast loading of underground structures and soils

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Book SynopsisMicromechanics is a rich, diverse field that draws on many different disciplines and has potential applications in medicine, electronic interfaces to physical phenomena, military, industrial controls, consumer products, airplanes, microsatellites, and much more. Until now, papers written during the earlier stages of this field have been difficult to retrieve. The papers included in this volume have been thoughtfully arranged by topic, and are accompanied by section introductions written by renowned expert William Trimmer.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments and Dedication. Introduction. Comments on Writing an Article. EARLY PAPERS IN MICROMECHANICS. There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom (R. Feynman). Infinitesimal Machinery (R. Feynman). The Resonant Gate Transistor (H. Nathanson, et al.). Silicon Micromechanical Devices (J. Angell, et al.). Anisotropic Etching of Silicon (K. Bean). Silicon as a Mechanical Materials (K. Petersen). Microrobots and Micromechanical Systems (W. Trimmer). Small Machines, Large Opportunities (K. Gabriel, et al.). SIDE DRIVE ACTUATORS. IC-Processed Electrostatic Micro-Motors (L.-S. Fan, et al.). IC-Processed Micro-Motors: Design, Technology, and Testing (Y.-C. Tai, et al.). Surface-Micromachining Processes for Electrostatic Microactuator Fabrication (T. Lober and R. Howe). A Study of Three Microfabricated Variable-Capacitance Motors (M. Mehregany, et al.). Friction and Wear in Microfabricated Harmonic Side-Drive Motors (M. Mehregany, et al.). Measurements of Electric Micromotor Dynamics (S. Bart, et al.). COMB DRIVE ACTUATORS. Laterally Driven Polysilicon Resonant Microstructures (W. Tang, et al.). Electrostatic-Comb Drive of Lateral Polysilicon Resonators (W. Tang, et al.). Electrostatically Balanced Comb Drive for Controlled Levitation (W. Tang, et al.). Polysilicon Microgripper (C.-J. Kim, et al.). ELECTROSTATIC ACTUATORS. The Principle of an Electrostatic Linear Actuator Manufactured by Silicon Micromachining (H. Fujita and A. Omodaka). Design Considerations for a Practical Electrostatic Micro-Motor (W. Trimmer and K. Gabriel). SCOFSS: A Small Cantilevered Optical Fiber Servo System (J. Wood, et al.). Microactuators for Aligning Optical Fibers (R. Jebens, et al.). Large Displacement Linear Actuator (R. Brennen, et al.). Multi-Layered Electrostatic Film Actuator (S. Egawa and T. Higuchi). Movable Micromachined Silicon Plates With Integrated Position Sensing (M. Allen, et al.). Micro Electro Static Actuator With Three Degrees of Freedom (T. Fukuda and T. Tanaka). The Modelling of Electrostatic Forces in Small Electrostatic Actuators (R. Price. et al.). Silicon Electrostatic Motors (W. Trimmer, et al.). Electrostatic Actuators for Micromechatronics (H. Fujita and A. Omodaka). Electric Micromotors: Electromechanical Characteristics (J. Lang, et al.). Electroquasistatic Induction Micromotors (S. Bart and J. Lang) A Perturbation Method for Calculating the Capacitance of Electrostatic Motors (S. Kumar and D. Cho) MAGNETIC ACTUATORS. Magnetically Levitated Micro-Machines (R. Pelrine and I. Busch-Vishniac). Fabrication and Testing of a Micro Superconducting Actuator Using the Meissner Effect (Y.-K. Kim, et al.). Room Temperature, Open-Loop Levitation of Microdevices Using Diamagnetic Materials (R. Pelrine). HARMONIC MOTORS. An Operational Harmonic Electrostatic Motor (W. Trimmer and R. Jebens). The Wobble Motor: An Electrostatic Planetary-Armature, Microactuator (S. Jacobsen, et al.). An Electrostatic Top Motor and Its Characteristics (M. Sakata, et al.). Operation of Microfabricated Harmonic and Ordinary Side-Drive Motors (M. Mehregany, et al.). OTHER ACTUATORS. Thermal. Micromechanical Silicon Actuators Based on Thermal Expansion Effects (W. Riethmüller, et al.). CMOS Electrothermal Microactuators (M. Parameswaran, et al.). Electrically-Activated, Micromachined Diaphragm Valves (H. Jerman). Study on Micro Engines—Miniaturizing Stirling Engines for Actuators and Heatpumps (N. Nakajima, et al.). Shape Memory Alloy. A Micro Rotary Actuator Using Shape Memory Alloys (K. Gabriel, et al.). Millimeter Size Joint Actuator Using Shape Memory Alloy (K. Kuribayashi). Reversible SMA Actuator for Micron Sized Robot (K. Kuribayashi & M. Yoshitake). Characteristics of Thin-Wire Shape Memory Actuators (P. Neukomm, et al.). Shape Memory Alloy Microactuators (M. Bergamasco, et al.). Impact, Micro Actuators Using Recoil of an Ejected Mass (T. Higuchi, et al.). Precise Positioning Mechanism Utilizing Rapid Deformations of Piezoelectric Elements (T. Higuchi, et al.). Tiny Silent Linear Cybernetic Actuator Driven by Piezoelectric Device With Electromagnetic Clamp (K. Ikuta, et al.). Experimental Model and IC-Process Design of a Nanometer Linear Piezoelectric Stepper Motor (J. Judy, et al.). Piezoelectric. Zinc-Oxide Thin Films for Integrated-Sensor Applications (D. Polla & R. Muller). A Micromachined Manipulator for Submicron Positioning of Optical Fibers (A. Feury, et al.). Ultrasonic Micromotors: Physics and Applications (R. Moroney, et al.). VALVES AND PUMPS. A Microminiature Electric-to-Fluidic Valve (M. Zdeblick & J. Angell). The Fabrication of Integrated Mass Flow Controllers (M. Esashi, et al.). Normally Close Microvalve and Micropump Fabricated on a Silicon Wafer (M. Esashi, et al.). A Thermopneumatic Micropump Based on Micro-Engineering Techniques (F. Van de Pol, et al.). Variable-Flow Micro-Valve Structure Fabricated with Silicon Fusion Bonding (F. Pourahmadi, et al.). A Pressure-Balanced Electrostatically-Actuated Microvalve (M. Huff, et al.). Micromachined Silicon Microvalve (T. Ohnstein, et al.). FLUIDICS. Microminiature Fluidic Amplifier (M. Zdeblick, et al.). A Planar Air Levitated Electrostatic Actuator System (K. Pister, et al.). Liquid and Gas Transport in Small Channels (J. Pfahler, et al.). Squeeze-Film Damping in Solid-State Accelerometers (J. Starr). A Micromachined Floating-Element Shear Sensor (M. Schmidt, et al.). A Multi-Element Monolithic Mass Flowmeter with On-Chip CMOS Readout Electronics (E. Yoon & K. Wise). Environmentally Rugged, Wide Dynamic Range Microstructure Airflow Sensor (T. Ohnstein, et al.). SURFACE MICROMACHINING. Polycrystalline Silicon Micromechanical Beams (R. Howe & R. Muller). Integrate Fabrication of Polysilicon Mechanisms (M. Mehregany, et al.). Integrated Movable MicroMechanical Structures for Sensors and Actuators (L.-S. Fan, et al.). Polysilicon Microbridge Fabrication Using Standard CMOS Technology (M. Parameswaran, et al.). Process Integration for Active Polysilicon Resonant Microstructures (M. Putty, et al.). Fabrication of Micromechanical Devices From Polysilicon Films With Smooth Surfaces (H. Guckel, et al.). Selective Chemical Vapor Deposition of Tungsten for Microelectromechanical Structures (N. MacDonald, et al.). BULK MICROMACHINING. Fabrication of Hemispherical Structures Using Semiconductor Technology for Use in Thermonuclear Fusion Research (K. Wise, et al.). Micromachining of Silicon Mechanical Structures (G. Kaminsky). Strings, Loops, and Pyramids—Building Blocks for Microstructrures (H. Busta, et al.). Corner Compensation Structures for (110) Oriented Silicon (D. Ciarlo). A Study on Compensating Corner Undercutting in Anisotropic Etching of (100) Silicon (X.-P. Wu & W. Ko). A New Silicon-on-Glass Process for Integrated Sensors (L. Spangler and K. Wise). Mechanisms of Anodic Bonding of Silicon to Pyrex® Glass (K. Albaugh, et al.). Silicon Fusion Bonding for Pressure Sensors (K. Petersen, et al.). Low-Temperature Silicon-to-silicon Anodic Bonding With Intermediate Low Melting Point Glass (M. Esashi, et al.). Fusing Silicon Wafers With Low Melting Temperature Glass (L. Field & R. Muller). Silicon Fusion Bonding for Fabrication of Sensors, Actuators and Microstructures (P. Barth). Scaling and Dielectric Stress Compensation of Ultrasensitive Boron-Doped Silicon Microstructures (S. Cho, et al.). Field Oxide Microbridges, Cantilever Beams, Coils and Suspended Membranes in SACMOS Technology (D. Moser, et al.). Micromachining of Quartz and its Application to an Acceleration Sensor (J. Daniel, et al.). LIGA. Fabrication of Microstructures using the LIGA Process (W. Ehrfeld, et al.). Deep X-Ray and UV Lithographies for Micromechanics (H. Guckel, et al.). COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN. OYSTER, a 3D Structural Simulator for Micro Electromechanical Design (G. Koppelman). A CAD Architecture for Microelectromechanical Systems (F. Maseeh, et al.). CAEMEMS: An Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering Workbench for Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (S. Crary and Y. Zhang). CAD for Silicon Anistropic Etching (R. Buser and N. de Rooij). METROLOGY. Can We Design Microbotic Devices Without Knowing the Mechanical Properties of Materials? (S. Senturia). The Use of Micromachined Structure for the Measurement of Mechanical Properties and Adhesion of Thin Films (M. Mehregany, et al.). Mechanical Property Measurement of Thin Films Using Load-Deflection of Composite Rectangular Membrane (O. Tabata, et al.). Fracture Toughness Characterization of Brittle Thin Films (L. Fan, et al.). Spiral Microstructures for the Measurement of Average Strain Gradients in Thin Films (L.-S. Fan, et al.). Polysilicon Microstructures to Characterize Static Friction (M. Lim, et al.). Study of the Dynamic Force/Acceleration Measurement (A. Umeda and K. Ueda). Anomalous Emissivity from Periodic Micro Machined Silicon Surfaces (P. Hesketh, et al.). Author Index. Subject Index. About the Author. Editor's Notes on the Second Printing.

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Book SynopsisFrequently using a tabular format, this report compares how the three codes treat symbols, design principles, material principles, resistance limited by yield or rupture, buckling, and connections. This book provides a basis for the preparation of a common document by signaling the areas of agreement, and the areas of disagreement.

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Book SynopsisThe design of hydraulic machinery in general and of centrifugal pumps in particular has been essentially empirical. This text attempts to establish a rational step-by-step design procedure including the geometrical aspects of the design, to assist the designer in making appropriate design choices.Table of ContentsForeward. Nomencalture. Chapter 1. Classification of centrifugal pumps. Chapter 2. Pump losses. Chapter 3. Theoretical deviation of pump geometry associated with the maximum attainable efficiency at the design point. Chapter 4. Efficiency penalities due to departures from the optimum configuration. Chapter 5. Pump performance at off-design conditions. Chapter 6. Performance adjustments by modifications and rework of the pump on test. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis titanium data package provides information on applications, physical properties, corrosion, mechanical properties (including design allowances where available), fatigue, fracture properties, and elevated temperature properties.

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Book SynopsisIf you are involved with machining or metalworking or you specify materials for industrial components, this book is an absolute must. It gives you detailed and comprehensive information about the selection, processing, and properties of materials for machining and metalworking applications.

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Book SynopsisProvides a comprehensive, practical, and reliable source of technical knowledge, engineering data and supporting information for composite materials. This handbook is intended to be a resource volume for non-specialists who are interested in gaining a practical working knowledge of the capabilities and applications of composite materials.Table of ContentsSection 1: Introduction to Composites: Introduction to Composites. Section 2: Constituent Materials: Introduction to Constituent Materials; Introduction to Reinforcing Fibers; Glass Fibers; Carbon Fibers; Aramid Fibers; Other Organic Continuous Fibers; Ceramic Fibers; Discontinuous Reinforcements for Metal-Matrix Composites; Continuous Fiber Reinforcements for Metal-Matrix Composites; Fabrics and Preforms; Braiding; Epoxy Resins; Polyester Resins; Bismaleimide Resins; Polyimide Resins; Phenolic Resins; Cyanate Ester Resins; Thermoplastic Resins; Glass Mat Thermoplastics; Molding Compounds; Metallic Matrices; Ceramic Matrices; Carbon Matrices; Interfaces; Lightweight Structural Cores. Section 3: Engineering Mechanics, Analysis, and Design: Introduction to Engineering Mechanics, Analysis, and Design; Micromechanics; Macromechanics Analysis of Laminate Properties; Strength; Fracture Mechanics; Hydrothermal Behavior; Fatigue and Life Prediction; Damping Properties; Bolted and Bonded Joints; Instability Considerations; Damage Tolerance; Out-of-Plane Analysis; Analysis of Sandwich Structures; Finite Element Analysis; Computer Programs; Testing and Analysis Correlation; Design Criteria; Design Allowables; Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing; Design, Tooling, and Manufacturing Interaction; Cost Analysis; Rapid Prototyping; Design Guidelines; Engineering Mechanics, Analysis, and Design of Metal-Matrix Composites; Engineering Mechanics, Analysis, and Design of Ceramic-Matrix Composites. Section 4: Manufacturing Processes: Introduction to Manufacturing of Polymer-Matrix Composites; Process Modeling; Composite Tooling; Electroformed Nickel Tooling; Elastomeric Tooling; Open Molding: Hand Lay-Up and Spray-Up; Yacht Manufacture; Prepreg and Ply Cutting; Manual Prepreg Lay-Up; Fiber Placement; Automated Tape Laying; Curing; Resin Transfer Molding and Structural Reaction Injection Molding; Vacuum Infusion; Compression Molding; Filament Winding; Pultrusion; Tube Rolling; Thermoplastic Composites Manufacturing; Processing of Metal-Matrix Composites; Processing of Ceramic-Matrix Composites; Processing of Carbon-Carbon Composites. Section 5: Post-Processing and Assembly: Introduction to Post Processing and Assembly of Composites; Machining, Trimming, and Routing of Polymer-Matrix Composites; Secondary Adhesive Bonding of Polymer-Matrix Composites; Processing and Joining of Thermoplastic Composites; Hole Drilling in Polymer-Matrix Composites; Mechanical Fastener Selection; Environmental Protection and Sealing; Post-Processing of Metal-Matrix Composites; Post-Processing and Assembly of Ceramic-Matrix Composites. Section 6: Quality Assurance: Introduction to Quality Assurance; Resin Properties Analysis; Tooling and Assembly Quality Control; Reinforcing Material Lay-Up Quality Control; Closed-Loop and Cure Quality Control; Nondestructive Testing; Quality Assurance of Metal-Matrix Composites. Section 7: Testing and Certification: Introduction to Testing and Certification; Overview of Testing and Certification; Test Program Planning; Prepreg and Constituent Testing; Lamina and Laminate Nonmechanical Testing; Lamina and Laminate Mechanical Testing; Element and Subcomponent Testing; Full-Scale Structural Testing. Section 8: Properties and Performance: Introduction to Properties and Performance of Composites; Properties and Performance of Polymer-Matrix Composites; Properties of Metal-Matrix Composites; Properties and Performance of Ceramic-Matrix and Carbon-Carbon Composites. Section 9: Product Reliability, Maintainability, and Repair: Introduction to Product Reliability, Maintainability, and Repair; Designing for Repairability; Repair Engineering and Design Considerations; Repair Applications, Quality Control, and Inspection; Ship Structure Repairs; Rehabilitation of Reinforced Concrete Structures Using Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites; Maintainability Issues; Bonded Repair of Metal Structures Using Composites; Worldwide Repair Standardization; Product Reliability, In-Service Experience, and Lessons Learned. Section 10: Failure Analysis: Introduction to Failure Analysis; Failure Causes; Failure Analysis Procedures; Visual Analysis, Nondestructive Testing, and Destructive Testing; Microscopy; Thermal Analysis; Fractography; Case Histories; Fatigue Properties and Quantitative Fractography of Metal-Matrix Composites; Failure Analysis of Ceramic-Matrix Composites. Section 11: Recycling and Disposal: Introduction to Recycling and Disposal of Composites; Recycling and Disposal of Polymer-Matrix Composites; Recycling and Disposal of Metal-Matrix Composites. Section 12: Applications and Experience: Introduction to Composites Applications; Automotive Ground Transportation Applications; Automotive Applications of Metal-Matrix Composites; Space Applications; Aeronautical Applications of Metal-Matrix Composites; Engine Applications; Aircraft Applications; Applications of Carbon-Carbon Composites; Sports and Recreation Applications; Thermal Management and Electronic Packaging Applications; Marine Applications; Civil Infrastructure Applications; Applications of Ceramic-Matrix Composites. Glossary of Terms.

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Book SynopsisThe purpose of this volume is to help engineers and designers understand corrosion so that they can solve existing corrosion problems and prevent future ones. It should be the first book you select when researching a corrosion problem. The coverage of the volume has been completely revised to ensure that it is the most comprehensive, practical, and up-to-date resource available.

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Book SynopsisMaterial developments and advances in the study of corrosion since the landmark Metals Handbook, Volume 13, Corrosion (1987) have driven the development of a volume devoted to the corrosion performance of materials and the selection and application of materials for corrosion resistance. The result: a brand-new 700-page ASM Handbook, comprised of 48 peer-reviewed articles on how metals and nonmetals are effected by various elements.

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Book SynopsisAddresses how corrosion impacts specific segments of the world economy - by environment and by industrial sector. This Volume provides you with answers to corrosion problems affecting your industry, and provides ways to address corrosion issues in the environments that your equipment experiences.

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Book SynopsisProvides state-of-the-art reference information for product and production engineers. Coverage addresses all methods of sheet metal fabrication technologies, selection of equipment and die materials, specification of forming practices for specific alloys, and new techniques for process design and control.

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Book SynopsisIntroduces mathematical models for describing microstructural phenomena. The teaching method of the book is enhanced with solved problems. Each chapter has exercises complemented with notes, hints, and answers, and references important literature.

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Book SynopsisPrinciples of Brazing is a valuable resource for those working with the brazing process or designing component joints. This book will help solve practical engineering challenges, by building on fundamental metallurgy.

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Book SynopsisThis volume covers standard designations from worldwide standards for cast irons and steels, wrought carbon and alloy steels, stainless steels, high strength steels, and tool steels. Entries are provided for more than 30,000 alloy designations.

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Book SynopsisFriction stir welding is a relatively new joining process developed initially for aluminum alloys. It is a solid-state joining technique that is energy efficient, environment friendly, and versatile. This book covers the rapidly growing area of friction stir welding. It also addresses the use of the technology for other types of materials processing.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition . vPreface to the First Edition. vii1 The Where, What, and How. 1The Structure of Planet Earth. 1Definitions. 3Concentrations of Metals. 13Ore-Forming Processes. 15Mine Exploration. 262 Mining Methods. 37Surface Mining. 37Underground Mining. 43Mining Operations and Equipment. 53Some Big Ideas. 653 Mineral Processing and Metal Refining. 67Comminution. 67Smelting and Refining. 84Hydrometallurgy . 89Physical Separation Methods. 1064 Nonmetallic Minerals. 113Coal. 113Diamonds . 119Aggregates . 1235 Mine Waste Management. 129Tailings. 130Waste Rock . 139Wastewater . 141Acid Rock Drainage. 141Mine Waste Treatment and Disposal Methods. 144 6 Mining, Society, and the Environment . 151Human Resources . 151Safety. 153Health . 156Mining and Society . 158Mining and the Environment. 164Mining and Sustainability. 167Summary. 1727 Mining and Money. 179The Metal Supply System . 180Metal Prices. 184Resources and Reserves . 190Reporting of Resources and Reserves. 196Economic Analysis. 1988 A Future of Mining. 203Drivers of Innovation in Mining. 203Paths for Innovation. 207Biotechnology to the Rescue?. 210Advanced Machines and Systems. 215In Extremis: A Virtual Metal Supply Company. 218Appendix A: All the Chemistry You Need to Know . 223Appendix B: Grade Distributions and Grade–Tonnage Curves . 229Index. 233

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Book SynopsisA challenge for professionals involved in the cultural heritage sites in tropical environments, is the biodeterioration of stone. This volume discusses the types and causes of stone biodeterioration in hot and humid climates, and preventive and remedial treatments.Table of ContentsPart 1 General aspects of biodegeneration in tropical regions: characteristics of tropical regions; ecological aspects of biodeterioration; identification of biodeteriogens and their activity; phenomenology of biological alterations. Part 2 Biodeteriogens - characteristics and biodeterioration mechanisms: bacteria and bacterial biodeterioration; fungi and fungal biodeterioration; algae and algal biodeterioration; lichens and lichenic biodeterioration; biodeterioration by mosses and liverworts; biodeterioration by higher plants. Part 3 Preventive and remedial methods: preventive methods; remedial methods. Part 4 Selection of chemical treatments: some considerations in biocide selection; biocide application - procedures and precautions; chemical treatments used to control biodeteriogens. Part 5 Current research status and areas for further investigation: current research status; areas for further investigation.

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Book SynopsisThis classic review of alumina, covering every aspect of the material from mineral structure and composition to inherent properties, offers a myriad of applications. This book is a timeless reference for anyone involved in the research, application, or sale of this versatile ceramic material. .Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION. NOMENCLATURE. PREPARATION OF ALUMINA PHASES. Bauxite. Preparation of Bayer Alumina. Wet Alkaline Processes. Wet Acid Processes. Furnace Processes. Carbothermic Processes. Electrolytic Processes. Amorphous and Gel Aluminas. Preparation of the Alumina Trihydroxides. Gibbsite. Bayerite. Nordstrandite, Bayerite II, Randomite. Preparation of the Alumina Monohydroxides. Boehmite. Disapore. Transition Aluminas. Dehydration Mechanism. Sequence of Transition. Phases Formed on Aluminum. Rehydration. Alpha Alumina. Preparation. Factors Affecting Alumina Transitions. Special Ceramic Aluminas. Beta and Zeta Aluminas. Suboxides and Gaseous Phases. STRUCTURE AND MINERALOGICAL PROPERTIES. Structure of the Alumina Phases. Pseudomorphosis. Surface Area of Alumina. Porosity. Sorptive Capacity. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINA. General Considerations. Bending, Compressive, Tensile, and Torsional Strength. Impact Strength. Moduli of Elasticity (E), and Rigidity (G). Poisson's Ration (ì). Creep Characteristics. Thermal Shock. Internal Friction. Fatigue. Hardness and Abrasiveness of Alumina THERMAL PROPERTIES. Thermophysical and Thermochemical Constants. Specific Heat. Thermal Expansion. Thermal Conductivity. Thermal Diffusivity SONIC EFFECTS IN ALUMINA. Velocity of Sound in Alumina. Ultrasonic Absorption. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINA. Introduction. Electrical Conductivity of Alumina. Dielectric Constant and Loss Factor of Alumina. Dielectric Strength MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF ALUMINA. Magnet Susceptibility. Magnetic Resonance of Alumina. OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINA. Refractive Index of Alumina. Transmission, Emissivity, and Absorption of Alumina. Phosphorescence, Fluorescence, and Thermoluminescence. Optical Spectra of Alumina. Color in Alumina. Chromia-Alumina System, Laser Applications RADIATION AND ALUMINA. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINA. Wet Chemical Reactions of Sintered Alumina. Reaction of the Chemical Elements with Alumina. Slagging Effects. Ash Slags. Slags Containing Sulfates. Steel Furnace Slags. Glass Furnace Reactions. Calcium Aluminate Slags. Aluminum Slag Reactions. Miscellaneous Reactions COLLOIDAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINA. Plasticity. Surface Charge and Zeta Potential of Alumina. Flocculation and Deflocculation Effects. Additives GRINDING CERAMIC ALUMINA. FORMING ALUMINA CERAMICS. Cold Forming of Alumina. Hot-Pressing. Miscellaneous Forming Methods SINTERING. Introduction. Sintering Atmospheres. Sintering Additives ALUMINA IN REFRACTORIES. General. High-Alumina Refractories. Fused Cast Alumina Refractories. Clay-Bonded Alumina Refractories, Mullite Refractories. Spinel, Cordierite, Alumina-Chromite. Refractory Equipment. Refractories for Aluminum and Other Nonferrous Uses. Lightweight Alumina Refractories. Binders for Alumina Refractories ALUMINA AS AN ABRASIVE MATERIAL. Introduction. Loose Grain Abrasive. Grinding Wheels. Ceramic Tools ELECTRICAL APPLICATIONS. Spark Plug Insulators. Electron Tube Elements, High-Frequency Insulation. Alumina Porcelain Insulation. Resistors and Semiconductors CEMENT. Calcium Aluminate Cement. Barium Aluminates ALUMINA IN GLASS. Introduction. Bottle Glass. Devitrified Glasses Containing Alumina. Boron Glasses. Lithium Glasses, Phosphate Glasses. Optical Glasses ALUMINA IN COATINGS. Introduction. Anodic Coatings on Aluminum. Glazes and Enamels. Flame-Sprayed Coatings. Painted, Cast, or Troweled Coatings. Electrolytic Coatings. Evaporated Coatings. Dip Coatings, Cementation Coatings. Coatings on Alumina and Other Ceramic Bases. Alumina Coatings for Electrical Insulation. Alumina Coatings by Sputtering ALUMINA IN CERMETS AND POWDER METALLURGY. Introduction. Chromium-Alumina Cermets. (Iron, Nickel, Cobalt)-Alumina Cermets. Aluminum-Alumina Alloys. Miscellaneous Cermets ALUMINA IN AIRBORNE CERAMICS. Introduction. Gas-Turbine Accessories. Radomes and Rocket Equipment. SEALS, METALLIZING, WELDING. FIBERS, WHISKERS, FILAMENTS. Introduction. Alumina Fibers. Glass Fibers MISCELLANEOUS CERAMIC APPLICATIONS OF ALUMINA. References.

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisA modern approach to mathematical modeling, featuring unique applications from the field of mechanics An Introduction to Mathematical Modeling: A Course in Mechanics is designed to survey the mathematical models that form the foundations of modern science and incorporates examples that illustrate how the most successful models arise from basic principles in modern and classical mathematical physics. Written by a world authority on mathematical theory and computational mechanics, the book presents an account of continuum mechanics, electromagnetic field theory, quantum mechanics, and statistical mechanics for readers with varied backgrounds in engineering, computer science, mathematics, and physics. The author streamlines a comprehensive understanding of the topic in three clearly organized sections: Nonlinear Continuum Mechanics introduces kinematics as well as force and stress in deformable bodies; mass and momentum; balance of linear and angular momeTrade Review “The book also serves as a valuable reference for professionals working in the areas of modeling and simulation, physics, and computational engineering.” (Zentralblatt MATH, 2012) Table of ContentsPreface xiii I Nonlinear Continuum Mechanics 1 1 Kinematics of Deformable Bodies 3 1.1 Motion 4 1.2 Strain and Deformation Tensors 7 1.3 Rates of Motion 10 1.4 Rates of Deformation 13 1.5 The Piola Transformation 15 1.6 The Polar Decomposition Theorem 19 1.7 Principal Directions and Invariants of Deformation and Strain 20 1.8 The Reynolds' Transport Theorem 23 2 Mass and Momentum 25 2.1 Local Forms of the Principle of Conservation of Mass 26 2.2 Momentum 28 3 Force and Stress in Deformable Bodies 29 4 The Principles of Balance of Linear and Angular Momentum 35 4.1 Cauchy's Theorem: The Cauchy Stress Tensor 36 4.2 The Equations of Motion (Linear Momentum) 38 4.3 The Equations of Motion Referred to the Reference Configuration: The Piola-Kirchhoff Stress Tensors 40 4.4 Power 42 5 The Principle of Conservation of Energy 45 5.1 Energy and the Conservation of Energy 45 5.2 Local Forms of the Principle of Conservation of Energy 47 6 Thermodynamics of Continua and the Second Law 49 7 Constitutive Equations 53 7.1 Rules and Principles for Constitutive Equations 54 7.2 Principle of Material Frame Indifference 57 7.2.1 Solids 57 7.2.2 Fluids 59 7.3 The Coleman-Noll Method: Consistency with the Second Law of Thermodynamics 60 8 Examples and Applications 63 8.1 The Navier-Stokes Equations for Incompressible Flow 63 8.2 Flow of Gases and Compressible Fluids: The Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations 66 8.3 Heat Conduction 67 8.4 Theory of Elasticity 69 II Electromagnetic Field Theory and Quantum Mechanics 73 9 Electromagnetic Waves 75 9.1 Introduction 75 9.2 Electric Fields 75 9.3 Gauss's Law 79 9.4 Electric Potential Energy 80 9.4.1 Atom Models 80 9.5 Magnetic Fields 81 9.6 Some Properties of Waves 84 9.7 Maxwell's Equations 87 9.8 Electromagnetic Waves 91 10 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics 93 10.1 Introductory Comments 93 10.2 Wave and Particle Mechanics 94 10.3 Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle 97 10.4 Schrödinger's Equation 99 10.4.1 The Case of a Free Particle 99 10.4.2 Superposition in Rn 101 10.4.3 Hamiltonian Form 102 10.4.4 The Case of Potential Energy 102 10.4.5 Relativistic Quantum Mechanics 102 10.4.6 General Formulations of Schrödinger's Equation 103 10.4.7 The Time-Independent Schrödinger Equation 104 10.5 Elementary Properties of the Wave Equation 104 10.5.1 Review 104 10.5.2 Momentum 106 10.5.3 Wave Packets and Fourier Transforms 109 10.6 The Wave-Momentum Duality 110 10.7 Appendix: A Brief Review of Probability Densities 111 11 Dynamical Variables and Observables in Quantum Mechanics: The Mathematical Formalism 115 11.1 Introductory Remarks 115 11.2 The Hilbert Spaces L2(R) (or L2(Rd)) and H1(R) (or H1(Rd)) 116 11.3 Dynamical Variables and Hermitian Operators 118 11.4 Spectral Theory of Hermitian Operators: The Discrete Spectrum 121 11.5 Observables and Statistical Distributions 125 11.6 The Continuous Spectrum 127 11.7 The Generalized Uncertainty Principle for Dynamical Variables 128 11.7.1 Simultaneous Eigenfunctions 130 12 Applications: The Harmonic Oscillator and the Hydrogen Atom 131 12.1 Introductory Remarks 131 12.2 Ground States and Energy Quanta: The Harmonic Oscillator 131 12.3 The Hydrogen Atom 133 12.3.1 Schrödinger Equation in Spherical Coordinates 135 12.3.2 The Radial Equation 136 12.3.3 The Angular Equation 138 12.3.4 The Orbitals of the Hydrogen Atom 140 12.3.5 Spectroscopic States 140 13 Spin and Pauli's Principle 145 13.1 Angular Momentum and Spin 145 13.2 Extrinsic Angular Momentum 147 13.2.1 The Ladder Property: Raising and Lowering States 149 13.3 Spin 151 13.4 Identical Particles and Pauli's Principle 155 13.5 The Helium Atom 158 13.6 Variational Principle 161 14 Atomic and Molecular Structure 165 14.1 Introduction 165 14.2 Electronic Structure of Atomic Elements 165 14.3 The Periodic Table 169 14.4 Atomic Bonds and Molecules 173 14.5 Examples of Molecular Structures 180 15 Ab Initio Methods: Approximate Methods and Density Functional Theory 189 15.1 Introduction 189 15.2 The Born-Oppenheimer Approximation 190 15.3 The Hartree and the Hartree-Fock Methods 194 15.3.1 The Hartree Method 196 15.3.2 The Hartree-Fock Method 196 15.3.3 The Roothaan Equations 199 15.4 Density Functional Theory 200 15.4.1 Electron Density 200 15.4.2 The Hohenberg-Kohn Theorem 205 15.4.3 The Kohn-Sham Theory 208 III Statistical Mechanics 213 16 Basic Concepts: Ensembles, Distribution Functions, and Averages 215 16.1 Introductory Remarks 215 16.2 Hamiltonian Mechanics 216 16.2.1 The Hamiltonian and the Equations of Motion 218 16.3 Phase Functions and Time Averages 219 16.4 Ensembles, Ensemble Averages, and Ergodic Systems 220 16.5 Statistical Mechanics of Isolated Systems 224 16.6 The Microcanonical Ensemble 228 16.6.1 Composite Systems 230 16.7 The Canonical Ensemble 234 16.8 The Grand Canonical Ensemble 239 16.9 Appendix: A Brief Account of Molecular Dynamics 240 16.9.1 Newtonian's Equations of Motion 241 16.9.2 Potential Functions 242 16.9.3 Numerical Solution of the Dynamical System 245 17 Statistical Mechanics Basis of Classical Thermodynamics 249 17.1 Introductory Remarks 249 17.2 Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics 250 17.3 Statistical Mechanics Interpretation of the Rate of Work in Quasi-Static Processes 251 17.4 Statistical Mechanics Interpretation of the First Law of Thermodynamics 254 17.4.1 Statistical Interpretation of Q 256 17.5 Entropy and the Partition Function 257 17.6 Conjugate Hamiltonians 259 17.7 The Gibbs Relations 261 17.8 Monte Carlo and Metropolis Methods 262 17.8.1 The Partition Function for a Canonical Ensemble 263 17.8.2 The Metropolis Method 264 17.9 Kinetic Theory: Boltzmann's Equation of Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics 265 17.9.1 Boltzmann's Equation 265 17.9.2 Collision Invariants 268 17.9.3 The Continuum Mechanics of Compressible Fluids and Gases: The Macroscopic Balance Laws 269 Exercises 273 Bibliography 317 Index 325

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Book SynopsisThis book is a collection of papers from The American Ceramic Society''s 35th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, held in Daytona Beach, Florida, January 23-28, 2011. This issue includes papers presented in the Next Generation Bioceramics and Porous Ceramics Symposia on topics such as Advanced Processing of Bioceramics; In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of Bioceramics; Medical and Dental Applications of Bioceramics; Porous Bioceramics; Structure and Properties of Porous Ceramics; and Processing Methods of Porous Ceramics.Table of ContentsPreface vii Introduction ix BIOCERAMICS Fabrication of Hydroxyapatite-Calcite Nanocomposite 3 E. K. Girija, G. Suresh Kumar, A. Thamizhavel, Y. Yokogawa, and S. Narayana Kalkura Preparation and Protein Adsorption of Silica-Based Composite Particles for Blood Purification Therapy 13 Jie Li, Yuki Shirosaki, Satoshi Hayakawa, and Akiyoshi Osaka Collagen-Templated Sol-Gel Preparation of Ultra-Fine Silica Nanotube Mats and Osteoblastic Cell Proliferation 19 Song Chen, Toshiyuki Ikoma, Jie Li, Hiromi Morita, Akiyoshi Osaka, Masaki Takeguchi, and Nobutaka Hanagata Tissue Ingrowth in Resorbable Porous Tissue Scaffolds 25 Janet Krevolin, James J. Liu, Adam Wallen, Kitu Patel, Rachel Dahl, Hu-Ping Hsu, Cathal Kearney, and Myron Spector Selective Laser Sintered Ca-P/PHBV Nanocomposite Scaffolds with Sustained Release of rhBMP-2 for Bone Tissue Engineering 37 Bin Duan, William W. Lu, and Min Wang Microbeam X-Ray Grain Averaged Residual Stress in Dental Ceramics 49 Hrishikesh A. Bale, Nobumichi Tamura, and Jay c. Hanan Bioactive Glass Scaffolds for the Repair of Load-Bearing Bones 65 M. N. Rahaman, X. Liu, and T. S. Huang Do Cell Culture Solutions Transform Brushite (CaHPO42H2O) to Octacalcium Phosphate (Ca8(HPO4)2(P04)45H2O)? 79 Ibrahim Mert, Selen Mandel, and A. CuneytTas Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering with Controlled Porosity and Mechanical Strength 95 Vincenzo M. Sglavo, Marzio Piccinini, Andrea Madinelli, and Francesco Bucciotti Hollow Hydroxyapatite Microspheres for Controlled Delivery of Proteins 102 H. Fu, M. N. Rahaman, and D. E. Day Expression of Mineralized Tissue-Associated Proteins is Highly Upregulated in MC3T3-E1 Osteoblasts Grown on a Borosilicate Glass Substrate 111 Raina H. Jaina, Jutta Y. Marzilliera, Tia J. Kowala, Shaojie Wangb, Himanshu Jainb, and Matthias M. Falka POROUS CERAMICS High Porosity In Situ Catalyzed Carbon Honeycombs for Mercury Capture in Coal Fired Power Plants 123 Xinyuan Liu, Millicent K. Ruffin, Benedict Y. Johnson, and Millicent 0. Owusu Not All Microcracks are Born Equal: Thermal vs. Mechanical Microcracking in Porous Ceramics 137 Giovanni Bruno, Alexander M. Efremov, Chong An, and Seth Nickerson SiC Foams for High Temperature Applications 153 Alberto Ottona, Sandra Gianella, and Daniele Gaia Porous SiC Ceramic from Wood Charcoal 163 S. Manocha, Hemang Patel, and L. M. Manocha Fabrication of Beta-Cristobalite Porous Material from Diatomite with Some Impurities 177 Osman San, Cem Özgür, and Remzi Gören Microstructural Study of Alumina Porous Ceramic Produced by Reaction Bonding of Aluminium Powder Mixed with Corn Starch 185 Juliana Anggono, Ida A. O. R. S. Shavitri, and Soejono Tjitro Characterization of Ceramic Powders during Compaction using Electrical Measurements 199 Timothy Pruyn and Rosario A. Gerhardt Author Index 21

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Book SynopsisThis book, edited by two of the most respected researchers in plasmonics, gives an overview of the current state in plasmonics and plasmonic-based metamaterials, with an emphasis on active functionalities and an eye to future developments.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Contributors xvii 1 Spaser, Plasmonic Amplification, and Loss Compensation 1 Mark I. Stockman 1.1 Introduction to Spasers and Spasing 1 1.2 Spaser Fundamentals 2 1.2.1 Brief Overview of the Latest Progress in Spasers 5 1.3 Quantum Theory of Spaser 7 1.3.1 Surface Plasmon Eigenmodes and Their Quantization 7 1.3.2 Quantum Density Matrix Equations (Optical Bloch Equations) for Spaser 9 1.3.3 Equations for CW Regime 11 1.3.4 Spaser operation in CW Mode 15 1.3.5 Spaser as Ultrafast Quantum Nanoamplifier 17 1.3.6 Monostable Spaser as a Nanoamplifier in Transient Regime 18 1.4 Compensation of Loss by Gain and Spasing 22 1.4.1 Introduction to Loss Compensation by Gain 22 1.4.2 Permittivity of Nanoplasmonic Metamaterial 22 1.4.3 Plasmonic Eigenmodes and Effective Resonant Permittivity of Metamaterials 24 1.4.4 Conditions of Loss Compensation by Gain and Spasing 25 1.4.5 Discussion of Spasing and Loss Compensation by Gain 27 1.4.6 Discussion of Published Research on Spasing and Loss Compensations 29 2 Nonlinear Effects in Plasmonic Systems 41 Pavel Ginzburg and Meir Orenstein 2.1 Introduction 41 2.2 Metallic Nonlinearities—Basic Effects and Models 43 2.2.1 Local Nonlinearity—Transients by Carrier Heating 43 2.2.2 Plasma Nonlinearity—The Ponderomotive Force 45 2.2.3 Parametric Process in Metals 46 2.2.4 Metal Damage and Ablation 48 2.3 Nonlinear Propagation of Surface Plasmon Polaritons 49 2.3.1 Nonlinear SPP Modes 50 2.3.2 Plasmon Solitons 50 2.3.3 Nonlinear Plasmonic Waveguide Couplers 54 2.4 Localized Surface Plasmon Nonlinearity 55 2.4.1 Cavities and Nonlinear Interactions Enhancement 56 2.4.2 Enhancement of Nonlinear Vacuum Effects 58 2.4.3 High Harmonic Generation 60 2.4.4 Localized Field Enhancement Limitations 60 2.5 Summary 62 3 Plasmonic Nanorod Metamaterials as a Platform for Active Nanophotonics 69 Gregory A. Wurtz, Wayne Dickson, Anatoly V. Zayats, Antony Murphy, and Robert J. Pollard 3.1 Introduction 69 3.2 Nanorod Metamaterial Geometry 71 3.3 Optical Properties 72 3.3.1 Microscopic Description of the Metamaterial Electromagnetic Modes 72 3.3.2 Effective Medium Theory of the Nanorod Metamaterial 76 3.3.3 Epsilon-Near-Zero Metamaterials and Spatial Dispersion Effects 79 3.3.4 Guided Modes in the Anisotropic Metamaterial Slab 82 3.4 Nonlinear Effects in Nanorod Metamaterials 82 3.4.1 Nanorod Metamaterial Hybridized with Nonlinear Dielectric 84 3.4.2 Intrinsic Metal Nonlinearity of Nanorod Metamaterials 85 3.5 Molecular Plasmonics in Metamaterials 89 3.6 Electro-Optical Effects in Plasmonic Nanorod Metamaterial Hybridized with Liquid Crystals 97 3.7 Conclusion 98 4 Transformation Optics for Plasmonics 105 Alexandre Aubry and John B. Pendry 4.1 Introduction 105 4.2 The Conformal Transformation Approach 108 4.2.1 A Set of Canonic Plasmonic Structures 109 4.2.2 Perfect Singular Structures 110 4.2.3 Singular Plasmonic Structures 114 4.2.3.1 Conformal Mapping of Singular Structures 114 4.2.3.2 Conformal Mapping of Blunt-Ended Singular Structures 118 4.2.4 Resonant Plasmonic Structures 119 4.3 Broadband Light Harvesting and Nanofocusing 121 4.3.1 Broadband Light Absorption 121 4.3.2 Balance between Energy Accumulation and Dissipation 123 4.3.3 Extension to 3D 125 4.3.4 Conclusion 126 4.4 Surface Plasmons and Singularities 127 4.4.1 Control of the Bandwidth with the Vertex Angle 127 4.4.2 Effect of the Bluntness 129 4.5 Plasmonic Hybridization Revisited with Transformation Optics 130 4.5.1 A Resonant Behavior 131 4.5.2 Nanofocusing Properties 132 4.6 Beyond the Quasi-Static Approximation 133 4.6.1 Conformal Transformation Picture 134 4.6.2 Radiative Losses 135 4.6.3 Fluorescence Enhancement 137 4.6.3.1 Fluorescence Enhancement in the Near-Field of Nanoantenna 138 4.6.3.2 The CT Approach 139 4.7 Nonlocal effects 142 4.7.1 Conformal Mapping of Nonlocality 142 4.7.2 Toward the Physics of Local Dimers 143 4.8 Summary and Outlook 145 5 Loss Compensation and Amplification of Surface Plasmon Polaritons 153 Pierre Berini 5.1 Introduction 153 5.2 Surface Plasmon Waveguides 154 5.2.1 Unidimensional Structures 154 5.2.2 Bidimensional Structures 156 5.2.3 Confinement-Attenuation Trade-Off 156 5.2.4 Optical Processes Involving SPPs 157 5.3 Single Interface 157 5.3.1 Theoretical 157 5.3.2 Experimental 158 5.4 Symmetric Metal Films 160 5.4.1 Gratings 160 5.4.2 Theoretical 160 5.4.3 Experimental 161 5.5 Metal Clads 163 5.5.1 Theoretical 164 5.5.2 Experimental 164 5.6 Other Structures 164 5.6.1 Dielectric-Loaded SPP Waveguides 164 5.6.2 Hybrid SPP Waveguide 165 5.6.3 Nanostructures 166 5.7 Conclusions 166 6 Controlling Light Propagation with Interfacial Phase Discontinuities 171 Nanfang Yu, Mikhail A. Kats, Patrice Genevet, Francesco Aieta, Romain Blanchard, Guillaume Aoust, Zeno Gaburro, and Federico Capasso 6.1 Phase Response of Optical Antennas 172 6.1.1 Introduction 172 6.1.2 Single Oscillator Model for Linear Optical Antennas 174 6.1.3 Two-Oscillator Model for 2D Structures Supporting Two Orthogonal Plasmonic Modes 176 6.1.4 Analytical Models for V-Shaped Optical Antennas 179 6.1.5 Optical Properties of V-Shaped Antennas: Experiments and Simulations 183 6.2 Applications of Phased Optical Antenna Arrays 186 6.2.1 Generalized Laws of Reflection and Refraction: Meta-Interfaces with Phase Discontinuities 186 6.2.2 Out-of-Plane Reflection and Refraction of Light by Meta-Interfaces 192 6.2.3 Giant and Tuneable Optical Birefringence 197 6.2.4 Vortex Beams Created by Meta-Interfaces 200 7 Integrated Plasmonic Detectors 219 Pieter Neutens and Paul Van Dorpe 7.1 Introduction 219 7.2 Electrical Detection of Surface Plasmons 221 7.2.1 Plasmon Detection with Tunnel Junctions 221 7.2.2 Plasmon-Enhanced Solar Cells 222 7.2.3 Plasmon-Enhanced Photodetectors 225 7.2.4 Waveguide-Integrated Surface Plasmon Polariton Detectors 232 7.3 Outlook 236 8 Terahertz Plasmonic Surfaces for Sensing 243 Stephen M. Hanham and Stefan A. Maier 8.1 The Terahertz Region for Sensing 244 8.2 THz Plasmonics 244 8.3 SPPs on Semiconductor Surfaces 245 8.3.1 Active Control of Semiconductor Plasmonics 247 8.4 SSPP on Structured Metal Surfaces 247 8.5 THz Plasmonic Antennas 249 8.6 Extraordinary Transmission 253 8.7 THz Plasmons on Graphene 255 9 Subwavelength Imaging by Extremely Anisotropic Media 261 Pavel A. Belov 9.1 Introduction to Canalization Regime of Subwavelength Imaging 261 9.2 Wire Medium Lens at the Microwave Frequencies 264 9.3 Magnifying and Demagnifying Lenses with Super-Resolution 269 9.4 Imaging at the Terahertz and Infrared Frequencies 272 9.5 Nanolenses Formed by Nanorod Arrays for the Visible Frequency Range 276 9.6 Superlenses and Hyperlenses Formed by Multilayered Metal–Dielectric Nanostructures 279 10 Active and Tuneable Metallic Nanoslit Lenses 289 Satoshi Ishii, Xingjie Ni, Vladimir P. Drachev, Mark D. Thoreson, Vladimir M. Shalaev, and Alexander V. Kildishev 10.1 Introduction 289 10.2 Polarization-Selective Gold Nanoslit Lenses 290 10.2.1 Design Concept of Gold Nanoslit Lenses 291 10.2.2 Experimental Demonstration of Gold Nanoslit Lenses 292 10.3 Metallic Nanoslit Lenses with Focal-Intensity Tuneability and Focal Length Shifting 295 10.3.1 Liquid Crystal-Controlled Nanoslit Lenses 295 10.3.2 Nonlinear Materials for Controlling Nanoslit Lenses 300 10.4 Lamellar Structures with Hyperbolic Dispersion Enable Subwavelength Focusing with Metallic Nanoslits 301 10.4.1 Active Lamellar Structures with Hyperbolic Dispersion 302 10.4.2 Subwavelength Focusing with Active Lamellar Structures 307 10.4.3 Experimental Demonstration of Subwavelength Diffraction 308 10.5 Summary 313 Acknowledgments 313 References 313

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Book SynopsisBecause it is critically important to manufacture quality products, a reasonable balance must be drawn between control requirements and parameters for improved processing method with respect to plastics additives.Table of ContentsPreface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Polymer Blends 2 1.2 Polymer Composites 2 1.3 Blends and Composites – Advantages 3 1.4 Summary 4 References 4 2 Polymers 7 2.1 Macromolecules 7 2.2 Types of Polymers 8 2.2.1 Thermoplastic Polymers 9 2.2.2 Thermoset Polymers 10 2.3 Polymerization 10 2.4 Polymerization Techniques 10 2.5 Synthetic Polymers 14 2.5.1 Thermoplastics 15 2.5.2 Polyolefins 16 2.5.3 Polyethylene (PE) 16 2.5.3.1 Physical Properties 17 2.5.3.2 Chemical Properties 18 2.5.3.3 Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) 19 2.5.3.4 Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) 20 2.5.3.5 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) 21 2.5.3.6 Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) 22 2.5.4 Polypropylene (PP) 22 2.5.5 Polyvinylchloride (PVC) 23 2.5.5.1 Rigid PVC 24 2.5.6 Polystyrene (PS) 24 2.5.7 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) 25 2.6 Engineering Polymers 26 2.6.1 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) 27 2.6.2 Polyamide (PA) 28 2.6.3 Polycarbonate (PC) 29 2.6.4 Poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) 30 2.6.5 Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) 32 2.6.6 Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) 33 2.7 Natural Polymers 33 2.7.1 Cellulose 34 2.7.2 Wood 34 2.7.3 Starch 35 2.7.4 Lignin 35 2.7.5 Chitosan 36 2.7.6 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 36 2.7.7 Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) 37 2.8 Biodegradable Polymers 37 2.8.1 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 38 2.8.2 Polycaprolactone (PCL) 39 2.8.3 Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) 39 2.8.4 Thermosets 39 2.8.5 Phenolic Resins 40 2.8.6 Epoxy Resins 41 2.8.7 Polyurethanes 42 2.8.8 Silicone Resins 43 2.8.9 Amino Resins 43 2.8.10 Melamine Resins 43 2.8.11 Unsaturated Polyester Resins 43 2.8.12 Bismaleimide (BMI) 44 2.9 Trends 44 2.10 Summary 45 References 45 3 Polymer Properties 57 3.1 Chemistry 58 3.2 Polymer Properties 58 3.2.1 Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) 60 3.2.2 Crystallinity 61 3.2.3 Tacticity 63 3.2.4 Intermolecular Forces 63 3.2.4.1 Dipole Moment 64 3.2.4.2 Phase Behavior 64 3.3 Surface Properties 65 3.3.1 Viscoelastic Properties 65 3.3.2 Mechanical Properties 67 3.3.3 Tensile Properties 67 3.3.4 Electrical Properties 68 3.3.5 Thermal Properties 68 3.3.6 Magnetic Properties 68 3.3.7 Barrier Properties 69 3.3.8 Rheological Properties 69 3.3.9 Elastic Properties 69 3.3.10 Thermodynamic Properties 70 3.4 Catalysis 70 3.5 Factors Affecting Polymer Properties 71 3.6 Summary 72 References 72 4 Additives 77 4.1 Polymer Additives 77 4.2 Additives Influencing Blends and Composites 78 4.2.1 Antioxidants 78 4.2.2 Light Stabilizers 80 4.2.3 Heat Stabilizers 80 4.2.4 Plasticizers 81 4.2.5 Lubricants 83 4.2.6 Silp Additives 84 4.2.7 Antiblocking Additives 85 4.3 Processing Aids 85 4.3.1 Viscosity Modifiers 86 4.3.2 Accelerators 86 4.3.3 Mold Release Agents 87 4.3.4 Coupling Agents 87 4.3.5 Fillers 88 4.3.6 Flame Retardants 90 4.3.7 Antistatic Agents 91 4.3.8 Colorants 92 4.3.9 Antimicrobial Agents (Biocides) 92 4.3.10 Crosslinking Agents 93 4.3.11 Peroxides 94 4.3.12 Foaming Agents 95 4.3.13 Coupling/Dispersing Agents 96 4.3.14 Comonomers 97 4.3.15 Impact Modifiers 97 4.3.16 Natural Fibers 98 4.3.17 Copolymers as Additives 99 4.3.17.1 Compatibilizers 99 4.3.18 Interfacial Agents 100 4.3.18.1 Block Copolymers 101 4.3.18.2 Random Copolymer 103 4.3.18.3 Graft Polymers 103 4.4 Summary 104 References 104 5 Polymer Blends and Composites 113 5.1 Properties of Polymer Blends 114 5.1.1 Physicochemical Properties 115 5.1.2 Morphological Properties 116 5.1.2.1 Blend Structure 116 5.1.2.2 Phase Morphology 117 5.1.2.3 Crystallization and Morphology 119 5.1.2.4 Molecular Weight 120 5.1.2.5 Particle Size and Particle Size Distribution 121 5.1.3 Surface Properties 121 5.1.3.1 Surface Tension 121 5.1.3.2 Interfacial Modification 122 5.1.4 Rheological Properties 124 5.1.4.1 Copolymerization and Blending 125 5.1.5 Polymer Composite Properties 131 5.1.5.1 Structure 131 5.1.5.2 Crosslinking 133 5.1.5.3 Reinforcement 133 5.1.5.4 Crystalline Behavior 133 5.1.5.5 Mechanical Properties 134 5.1.5.6 Tribological Properties 134 5.1.5.7 Conductive Properties 135 5.2 Summary 135 References 136 6 Properties of Polymer Blends and Composites 145 6.1 Properties of Blends and Composites 146 6.1.1 Mechanical Properties 146 6.1.1.1 Tacticity 146 6.1.1.2 Interfacial Adhesion 147 6.1.1.3 Surface Composition and Concentration 147 6.1.2 Tensile Properties 149 6.1.3 Electrical Properties 149 6.1.4 Thermal Properties 149 6.1.5 Magnetic Properties 150 6.1.6 Viscoelastic Properties 150 6.1.7 Thermodynamic Properties 151 6.1.8 Barrier Properties 151 6.2 Summary 152 References 152 7 Polymer Blends 155 7.2.1 Interaction Parameters 157 7.2.2 Colloidal Properties 158 7.2.3 Morphology 158 7.2.4 Phase Separation 159 7.2.5 Crystallinity 159 7.2.6 Dispersion 160 7.2.7 Physicochemical Properties 160 7.3 Compatibilization 161 7.3.1 Reactive Compatibilizers 161 7.4 Classification 161 7.4.1 Miscible Blends 161 7.4.2 Immiscible Blends 162 7.4.3 Immiscible and Miscible Blends 163 7.4.4 Binary Blends 163 7.4.5 Ternary Blends 164 7.4.6 Homopolymer and Copolymer Blends 166 7.4.7 Thermoset-Thermoplastic Blends 166 7.4.8 Reactive Copolymer Blends 166 7.4.9 Commercial Blends 167 7.4.9.1 Polyolefin Blends 167 7.4.9.2 Polyethylene Blends 169 7.4.9.3 Polypropylene Blends 171 7.4.9.4 Poly(ethylene oxide) Blends 172 7.4.9.5 Polystyrene Blends 172 7.4.9.6 Polyvinylchloride Blends 173 7.4.9.7 Polyesters 175 7.4.9.8 Polyamide Blends 176 7.4.9.9 Acrylics Blends 178 7.4.10 Acrolonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Blends 180 7.4.11 Polycarbonate Blends 181 7.4.12 Chlorinated Polyethylene Blends 182 7.4.13 Biopolymer Blends 183 7.4.13.1 Poly(lactic acid) Blends 183 7.4.14 Poly(ε-caprolactone) Blends 184 7.4.15 Cyclic Polymer Blends 184 7.4.16 Polyethylene Oxide Blends 184 7.4.17 Other Polymer Blends 185 7.5 Advantage of Polymer Blends 186 7.6 Summary 186 References 187 8 Polymer Composites 199 8.1 Polymeric Phase 200 8.2 Reinforcing Phase 200 8.3 Classification 200 8.4 Characteristics 201 8.4.1 Physical Properties 202 8.5 Reinforcing Agents 203 8.5.1 Advantages 203 8.5.2 Shortcomings 203 8.6 Fillers 203 8.6.1 Surface Modification 205 8.6.2 Boron Trinitride 205 8.6.3 Carbon Black 205 8.6.4 Mineral Fillers 206 8.6.4.1 Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) 206 8.6.4.2 Mica 207 8.7 Fibers 207 8.7.1 Fiber Length 208 8.7.2 Synthetic Fibers 208 8.7.2.1 Carbon Fiber 208 8.7.2.2 Fiberglass 209 8.7.2.3 Aromatic Polyamide Fibers 210 8.8 Composites Classification 210 8.8.1 Mechanical Properties 211 8.8.2 Thermoplastic Composites 212 8.8.3 Filler Reinforced Polymeric Composites 212 8.8.4 Conducting Polymer Composites 212 8.8.5 Fiber Reinforced Composites 213 8.8.6 Continuous Fiber Composites 213 8.8.7 Discontinuous Fiber Reinforced Polymers 214 8.8.8 Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites 214 8.9 Thermoset Composites 215 8.9.1 Advantages 216 8.10 Thermoplastic vs Thermoset Composites 216 8.11 Summary 217 References 218 9 Biocomposites 223 9.1 Natural Fillers 223 9.1.1 Wood Flour 224 9.2 Natural Fibers 224 9.2.1 Treatments of Natural Fibers 225 9.2.1.1 Silanes 225 9.2.1.2 Benzoylation and Acrylation 226 9.2.1.3 Coupling Agents 226 9.2.1.4 Dispersing Agents 226 9.2.2 Wood Fibers 226 9.2.3 Cellulosic Fibers 227 9.2.4 Other Natural Fibers 228 9.2.5 Shortcomings 228 9.3 Thermoplastic Materials 228 9.4 Natural Polymer Composites 228 9.5 Wood-Polymer Composites 229 9.5.1 Properties 230 9.5.2 Advantages 230 9.5.3 Disadvantages 231 9.5.4 Applications 231 9.6 Biocomposites 231 9.6.1 Glucose-Based Biocomposites 231 9.6.2 Polylactide Composites 232 9.7 Future Trends 232 9.8 Summary 233 References 233 10 Processing Technology 237 10.1 Processing Technology 237 10.2 Processing Requirements 238 10.3 Processing Polymer Blends 239 10.3.1 Devolatilization 239 10.3.2 Mixing 239 10.4 Selection of Polymers 240 10.4.1 Immiscible Polymer Blends 241 10.5 Machine Selection 241 10.6 Processing Polymer Composites 242 10.6.1 Melt Mixing 242 10.7 Thermoset Polymers 243 10.8 Processing Technology for Polymer Blends and Composites 243 10.8.1 Injection Molding 243 10.8.2 Extrusion Technology 246 10.8.2.1 Single Screw Extrusion 246 10.8.2.2 Twin Screw Extrusion 248 10.8.3 Thermoforming 250 10.8.4 Reactive Blending 252 10.8.4.1 Reaction Extrusion 253 10.8.4.1 Prepolymer 254 10.8.5 Curing 254 10.8.5.1 Autoclave Curing 254 10.8.6 Lay-Up and Spray-Up Techniques 255 10.8.7 Pultrusion 255 10.8.8 Sheet Molding Compound 256 10.8.9 Compression Molding 258 10.8.9.1 Shortcomings 260 10.8.10 Resin Transfer Molding 260 10.9 Wood-Polymer Composites 261 10.9.1 Injection Molding 262 10.9.2 Extrusion 262 10.9.3 Microcellular Foam Process 264 10.10 Recycling 266 10.11 Summary 267 References 268 11 Blends, Composites and the Environment 275 11.1 Recycling of Polymer Wastes 276 11.2 Polymer Blends and Composites Recycling 277 11.2.1 Pyrolysis 277 11.2.2 Energy Conversion 278 11.2.3 Recycling of Polymer Composites 278 11.2.4 Grinding 278 11.2.5 Reinforcing Agent Separation 280 11.3 Shortcomings 280 11.4 Present Needs 281 11.5 Future Commitment 282 References 282 12 Future Trends 285 12.1 Blends and Composites 286 12.2 Blend and Composite Requirements 286 12.3 Future Benefits 287 12.3.1 Automobile Applications 287 12.3.2 Aerospace Applications 287 12.3.3 High Strength Particle 287 12.3.4 Tribological Performance 287 12.4 Greener Processing 288 12.4.1 Use of Recycled Polymer 288 12.4.2 Present Trends 289 12.5 Future Trends 290 12.6 Summary 290 References 291

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Book SynopsisVIRTUAL EXPERIMENTS in MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS The first book of its kind to explain fundamental concepts in both vibrations and signal processing using MATLAB virtual experiments Students and young engineers with a strong grounding in engineering theory often lack the practical skills and knowledge required to carry out experimental work in the laboratory. Fundamental and time-consuming errors can be avoided with the appropriate training and a solid understanding of basic concepts in vibrations and/or signal processing, which are critical to testing new designs. Virtual Experiments in Mechanical Vibrations: Structural Dynamics and Signal Processing is designed for readers with limited knowledge of vibrations and signal processing. The intention is to help them relate vibration theory to measurements carried out in the laboratory. With a hands-on approach that emphasizes physics rather than mathematics, this practical resource explains fundamental concepts in vibrations and signal processing. It uses the concept of a virtual experiment together with MATLAB to show how the dynamic properties of vibration isolators can be determined, how vibration absorbers can be designed, and how they perform on distributed parameter structures. Readers will find that this text: Allows the concepts of experimental work to be discussed and simulated in the classroom using a physics-based approachPresents computational virtual experiments using MATLAB examples to determine the dynamic behaviour of several common dynamic systemsExplains the rationale of virtual experimentation and describes typical vibration testing setupsIntroduces the signal processing tools needed to determine the frequency response of a system from input and output dataIncludes access to a companion website containing MATLAB code Virtual Experiments in Mechanical Vibrations: Structural Dynamics and Signal Processing is a must-have resource for researchers, mechanical engineers, and advanced undergraduate and graduate students who are new to the subjects of vibrations, signal processing, and vibration testing. It is also an invaluable tool for universities where the possibilities of doing experimental work are limited.Table of ContentsPreface xiii List of Abbreviations xv List of Symbols xvii About the Companion Website xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Typical Laboratory-Based Vibration Tests 3 1.3 Relationship Between the Input and Output for a SISO System 5 1.4 A Virtual Vibration Test 6 1.5 Some Notes on the Book 7 References 7 2 Fundamentals of Vibration 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Basic Concepts – Mass, Stiffness, and Damping 9 2.3 Single Degree-of-Freedom System 11 2.4 Free Vibration 11 2.5 Impulse Response Function (IRF) 13 2.6 Determination of Damping from Free Vibration 17 2.7 Harmonic Excitation 19 2.8 Frequency Response Function (FRF) 22 2.9 Other Features of the Receptance FRF 28 2.10 Determination of Damping from an FRF 29 2.11 Reciprocal FRF 33 2.12 Summary 35 References 37 3 Fourier Analysis 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 The Fourier Transform (FT) 39 3.2.1 Example – SDOF system 44 3.3 The Discrete Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) 45 3.4 The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) 48 3.5 Inverse Fourier Transforms 53 3.6 Summary 57 References 58 4 Numerical Computation of the FRFs and IRFs of an SDOF System 61 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 Effect of Sampling on the FRFs 61 4.2.1 Receptance 62 4.2.2 Mobility 66 4.2.3 Accelerance 71 4.3 Effect of Data Truncation 77 4.4 Effects of Sampling on the IRFs Calculated Using the IDFT 85 4.5 Summary 91 References 92 5 Vibration Excitation 93 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 Vibration Excitation Devices 93 5.2.1 Electrodynamic Shaker 93 5.2.2 Instrumented Impact Hammer 94 5.3 Vibration Excitation Signals 96 5.3.1 Excitation at a Single Frequency 98 5.3.2 Excitation Using a Random Signal 104 5.3.3 Excitation Using a Chirp or Swept Sine 110 5.3.4 Excitation Using a Half-Sine Pulse 113 5.4 Summary 117 References 117 6 Determination of the Vibration Response of a System 119 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Determination of the Vibration Response 119 6.2.1 Convolution in the Time Domain 119 6.2.2 Calculation of the Response via the Frequency Domain 120 6.2.3 Numerical Integration of the Equation of Motion 121 6.3 Calculation of the Vibration Response of an SDOF System 121 6.3.1 Impulsive Force 122 6.3.2 Half-sine Force Impulse 122 6.3.3 Chirp (Swept Sine) Force Input 123 6.3.4 Random Force Input 125 6.4 Summary 129 References 130 7 Frequency Response Function (FRF) Estimation 131 7.1 Introduction 131 7.2 Transient Excitation 131 7.2.1 H1 and H2 Estimators 134 7.2.2 Coherence Function 135 7.2.3 Examples 137 7.3 Random Excitation 144 7.4 Comparison of Excitation Methods and Effects of Shaker–Structure Interaction 151 7.5 Virtual Experiment – Vibration Isolation 157 7.5.1 The Physics of Vibration Isolation 157 7.5.2 Experimental Determination of the Stiffness and Damping of a Vibration Isolator 159 7.5.3 Experiment to Investigate the Trade-off Between Decreasing the Response at the Resonance Frequency and Improving Vibration Isolation 163 7.6 Summary 167 References 168 8 Multi-Degree-of-Freedom (MDOF) Systems: Dynamic Behaviour 169 8.1 Introduction 169 8.2 Lumped Parameter MDOF System 169 8.2.1 Example – 3DOF System 170 8.2.2 Free Vibration 175 8.2.3 Resonance and Anti-resonance Frequencies 177 8.2.4 Modal Decomposition 181 8.2.5 Impulse Response Function (IRF) 188 8.3 Continuous Systems 193 8.3.1 Rod 193 8.3.1.1 Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes 195 8.3.1.2 Impulse Response Function (IRF) 197 8.3.2 Beam 201 8.3.2.1 Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes 202 8.3.2.2 Impulse Response Function (IRF) 203 8.4 Summary 210 References 213 9 Multi-Degree-of-Freedom (MDOF) Systems: Virtual Experiments 215 9.1 Introduction 215 9.2 Two Degree-of-Freedom System: FRF Estimation 215 9.2.1 Determination of a Modal Model 220 9.3 Beam: FRF Estimation 223 9.3.1 Determination of a Modal Model 229 9.4 The Vibration Absorber as a Vibration Control Device 234 9.4.1 Theory 234 9.4.2 Effect of a Vibration Absorber on an SDOF System 235 9.4.3 Vibration Absorber Attached to an SDOF System – Virtual Experiment 237 9.4.4 Vibration Absorber Attached to a Cantilever Beam – Virtual Experiment 251 9.5 Summary 256 References 258 Appendix A Numerical Differentiation and Integration 259 A.1 Differentiation in the Time Domain 259 A.2 Integration in the Time Domain 260 A.3 Differentiation and Integration in the Frequency Domain 262 Reference 262 Appendix B The Hilbert Transform 263 References 265 Appendix C The Decibel: A Brief Description 267 Reference 268 Appendix D Numerical Integration of Equations of Motion 269 D.1 Euler’s Method 269 D.2 The Runge–Kutta Method 271 References 273 Appendix E The Delta Function 275 E.1 Properties of the Delta Function 276 E.2 Fourier Series Representation of a Train of Delta Functions 277 Reference 277 Appendix F Aliasing 279 References 285 Appendix G Convolution 287 G.1 Relationship Between Convolution and Multiplication 291 G.2 Circular Convolution 296 References 299 Appendix H Some Influential Scientists in Topics Related to This Book 301 Index 307

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Book SynopsisPresenting a clear, neutral analysis of the key plastic-related issues, Environmental Impacts of Plastics focuses on three key areas: plastics industry, post-consumer fate of plastics on land and in the oceans, and toxicity of plastics.Trade Review“Plastics and environmental sustainability is a fine book, packed with informative data and well worth reading . . . Overall, I enjoyed this book a great deal.” (Chemistry in Australia, 1 December 2015)Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xvii List of Plastic Materials xix 1 The Anthropocene 1 1.1 Energy Futures 6 1.1.1 Fossil Fuel Energy 8 1.1.1.1 Oil 8 1.1.1.2 Coal 9 1.1.1.3 Gas 10 1.1.1.4 Nuclear Energy 11 1.1.2 Renewable Energy 12 1.1.2.1 Wind Energy 12 1.1.2.2 Solar Energy 13 1.1.2.3 Solar Biomass Energy 13 1.2 Materials Demand in the Future 14 1.2.1 Materials of Construction 15 1.2.2 Metal Resources 16 1.2.3 Critical Materials 18 1.2.4 Plastic Materials 19 1.3 Environmental Pollution 22 1.3.1 Classifying Pollution Impacts 23 1.3.2 Climate Change and Global Warming 24 References 27 2 A Sustainability Primer 31 2.1 The Precautionary Principle 33 2.1.1 Objectives in Sustainability 35 2.2 Microeconomics of Sustainability: The Business Enterprise 36 2.3 Models on Implementing Sustainability 38 2.4 Life Cycle Analysis 41 2.5 The Emerging Paradigm and the Plastics Industry 44 2.5.1 Examples from Plastics Industry 47 2.5.1.1 Using the Minimum Energy Needed to Manufacture Products 47 2.5.1.2 Using the Energy Mix with a Minimal Environmental Footprint 47 2.5.1.3 Recovering Waste Process Energy for Reuse 48 2.5.1.4 Using Only as Much Material as Is Needed to Ensure Functionality 48 2.5.1.5 Using More of Renewable and Recycled Raw Materials 48 2.5.1.6 Reusing and Recycling Postuse Products 49 2.5.1.7 Minimizing Externalities at Source: Green Chemistry 49 2.5.1.8 Avoiding Toxic Components and Potential Hazards Associated with Products and Processes 50 2.5.1.9 Converting the Pollutants into Resources 50 References 51 3 An Introduction to Plastics 55 3.1 Polymer Molecules 56 3.1.1 Size of Polymer Molecules 57 3.2 Consequences of Long-Chain Molecular Architecture 59 3.2.1 Molecular Weight of Chain Molecules 59 3.2.2 Tacticity 61 3.2.3 Partially Crystalline Plastics 62 3.2.4 Chain Branching and Cross-Linking 63 3.2.5 Glass Transition Temperature 66 3.3 Synthesis of Polymers 67 3.3.1 Addition or Chain Growth Reaction 68 3.3.2 Condensation or Step Growth Reaction 69 3.3.3 Copolymers 72 3.4 Testing of Polymers 72 3.4.1 Tensile Properties 73 3.4.2 Thermal Properties: DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) 74 3.4.3 Thermal Properties: TGA 76 3.5 Common Plastics 76 3.5.1 Polyethylenes 77 3.5.2 Polypropylenes 78 3.5.3 Polystyrene 78 3.5.4 Poly(vinyl chloride) 80 References 81 4 Plastic Products 83 4.1 Plastics: The Miracle Material 84 4.2 Plastic Production, Use, and Disposal 88 4.2.1 From Resin to Products 90 4.2.1.1 Resin Manufacture 90 4.2.1.2 Compounding 90 4.2.1.3 Processing into Product 91 4.3 Processing Methods for Common Thermoplastics 91 4.3.1 Injection Molding 91 4.3.2 Extrusion 95 4.3.3 Blow Molding 95 4.4 The Environmental Footprint of Plastics 97 4.4.1 Energy Considerations in Resin Manufacture 98 4.4.2 Atmospheric Emissions from Plastics Industry 101 4.5 Plastics Additives 103 4.5.1 Fillers for Plastics 106 4.5.2 Plasticizers in PVC 106 4.6 Biopolymer or Bio-Derived Plastics 107 4.6.1 Bio-Based Plastics and Sustainability 109 4.6.2 Emerging Bio-Based Plastics 111 4.6.2.1 Bio-PE 112 4.6.2.2 Bio-PET 112 4.6.2.3 PLA 113 4.6.2.4 Poly(Hydroxyalkanoates) 115 4.6.2.5 Bio-Based Thermosets: PU 116 References 116 5 Societal Benefits of Plastics 121 5.1 Transportation Applications of Plastics 122 5.1.1 Passenger Cars 122 5.1.2 Air and Sea Transport 124 5.2 Benefits from Plastic Packaging 126 5.2.1 Waste Reduction 129 5.2.2 Chemical and Microbial Protection 130 5.3 Plastics in Agriculture 131 5.4 Building Industry Applications 132 5.4.1 Pipes, Conduit, and Cladding 133 5.4.2 Extruded PVC Cladding and Window Frames 134 5.4.3 Foam Insulation 135 5.4.4 Wood–Plastic Composites 137 5.5 Original Equipment Manufacture (OEM) 138 5.6 Using Plastics Sustainably 139 References 140 6 Degradation of Plastics in the Environment 145 6.1 Defining Degradability 146 6.2 Chemistry of Light-Induced Degradation 147 6.2.1 Light-Initiated Photo-Oxidation in PE and PP 150 6.2.2 Embrittlement and Fragmentation 152 6.2.3 Temperature and Humidity Effects on Degradation 154 6.2.4 Wavelength-Dependent Photodamage 155 6.2.5 Testing Plastics for Photodegradability 157 6.3 Enhanced Photodegradable Polyolefins 160 6.3.1 Effects of Photodegradation on Biodegradation 162 6.4 Biodegradation of Polymers 163 6.4.1 Terminology and Definitions 165 6.4.2 Biodegradable Plastics 168 6.4.3 Testing Readily Biodegradable Plastics 170 6.5 Biodegradability of Common Polymers 173 6.5.1 Additives that Enhance Degradation in Common Polymers 175 6.5.2 Degradable Plastics and Sustainable Development 176 References 178 7 Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals 185 7.1 Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals Used in Plastics Industry 187 7.2 BPA {2,2-Bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl)Propane} 187 7.2.1 Exposure to BPA 190 7.2.2 Effects of Exposure to BPA 192 7.2.3 Dose–Response Relationships of BPA 194 7.2.4 Safe Levels of BPA 194 7.2.5 Contrary Viewpoint on BPA 196 7.2.6 Environmental Sustainability and BPA 197 7.3 Phthalate Plasticizers 198 7.3.1 Exposure to Phthalates 201 7.3.2 Toxicity of Phthalates 203 7.3.3 Environmental Sustainability and Phthalates 203 7.4 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) 204 7.4.1 Toxicity of PBDEs 207 7.4.2 Environmental Sustainability and PBDE 208 7.5 Alkylphenols and Their Ethoxylates (APE) 209 7.6 EDCs and PET Bottles 209 References 212 8 Plastics and Health Impacts 227 8.1 Packaging versus the Contents 228 8.1.1 Packaging Milk in HDPE 230 8.1.2 Overpackaging 232 8.2 Package–Food Interactions 233 8.2.1 Oxygen and Water Permeability 234 8.2.2 Additive Migration and Toxicity 236 8.2.3 Residual Monomer in Packaging Resin 240 8.2.4 Scalping of Flavor Components 240 8.3 Styrene and Expanded Polystyrene Food Service Materials 242 8.3.1 Exposure to Styrene from Packaging 244 8.3.2 Leachate from PET Bottles 244 8.4 Ranking Common Plastics 245 8.4.1 PVC 248 References 249 9 Managing Plastic Waste 255 9.1 Recovery of Waste 258 9.1.1 Material Recycling 261 9.1.2 Feedstock Recovery 261 9.1.3 Energy Recovery 261 9.2 Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste for Feedstock Recovery 261 9.2.1 Direct Thermolysis 261 9.2.2 Hydrogenation or hydrocracking 264 9.2.3 Gasification 265 9.2.3.1 Thermal Gasification 265 9.2.3.2 Plasma Arc Gasification 266 9.2.4 Feedstock Recycling 267 9.2.5 Landfilling 271 9.2.6 Plastics Waste Incineration 272 9.2.7 Biological Recovery Technologies 274 9.3 Sustainable Waste Management Choices 275 9.4 Mechanical Recycling of Plastics 278 9.4.1 Recycling: A Sustainable Choice 281 9.5 Recycling Bottles: Beverage Bottles and Jugs 282 9.5.1 Bottle-to-Bottle Recycling 282 9.5.2 Open-Loop Recycling 284 9.5.3 Recycling of HDPE 285 9.6 Designing for Recyclability 285 References 286 10 Plastics in the Oceans 295 10.1 Origins of Plastics in the Ocean 297 10.2 Weathering of Plastics in the Ocean Environment 299 10.2.1 Beach (Supralittoral) Zone 300 10.2.2 Surface Water Zone 301 10.2.3 Deep Water and Sediment Zones 301 10.2.3.1 Comparison of the Weathering Rates in Different Zones 301 10.3 Microplastic Debris 304 10.3.1 Primary and Secondary Microplastics 305 10.3.2 Persistent Organic Pollutant in Microplastics 307 10.3.3 Ingestion of Microplastics by Marine Species 309 10.4 Ocean Litter and Sustainability 310 References 311 Index 319

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Book SynopsisThe automotive industry faces many challenges, including increased global competition, the need for higher-performance vehicles, a reduction in costs and tighter environmental and safety requirements. The materials used in automotive engineering play key roles in overcoming these issues: ultimately lighter materials mean lighter vehicles and lower emissions. Composites are being used increasingly in the automotive industry due to their strength, quality and light weight. Advanced Composite Materials for Automotive Applications: Structural Integrity and Crashworthiness provides a comprehensive explanation of how advanced composite materials, including FRPs, reinforced thermoplastics, carbon-based composites and many others, are designed, processed and utilized in vehicles. It includes technical explanations of composite materials in vehicle design and analysis and covers all phases of composite design, modelling, testing and failure analysis. It also sheds light on the Table of ContentsAbout the Editor xv List of Contributors xvii Series Preface xxi Preface xxiii Part One FUNDAMENTAL BACKGROUND 1 Overview of Composite Materials and their Automotive Applications 3 Ali Hallal, Ahmed Elmarakbi, Ali Shaito and Hicham El-Hage 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Polymer Composite Materials 5 1.3 Application of Composite Materials in the Automotive Industry 12 1.4 Green Composites for Automotive Applications 17 1.5 Modelling the Mechanical Behaviour of Composite Materials 19 1.6 Discussion 22 1.7 Conclusion 23 References 24 2 High-Volume Thermoplastic Composite Technology for Automotive Structures 29 Neil Reynolds and Arun Balan Ramamohan 2.1 Introduction – Opportunities for Thermoplastic Composites 29 2.2 Recent Developments in Automotive TPCs 31 2.3 Case Study: Rapid Stamp-Formed Thermoplastic Composites 34 2.4 Conclusion 48 Acknowledgements 49 References 49 3 Development of Low-Cost Carbon Fibre for Automotive Applications 51 Alan Wheatley, David Warren, and Sujit Das 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Research Drivers: Energy Efficiency 52 3.3 Lightweight Automotive Materials 53 3.4 Barriers to Carbon Fibre Adoption in the Automotive Industry 55 3.5 Global Production and the Market for Carbon Fibre 58 3.6 Low-Cost Carbon Fibre Programme 60 3.7 International Cooperation 72 Acknowledgements 72 References 72 Part Two IMPACT AND CRASH ANALYSIS 4 Mechanical Properties of Advanced Pore Morphology Foam Composites 77 Matej Vesenjak, Lovre Krstulovi´c-Opara and Zoran Ren 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Cellular Materials 78 4.3 Advanced Pore Morphology Foam 83 4.4 Mechanical Properties of Single APM Foam Elements 84 4.5 Behaviour of Composite APM Foam 89 4.6 Conclusion 96 Acknowledgements 96 References 96 5 Automotive Composite Structures for Crashworthiness 99 Dirk H.-J.A. Lukaszewicz 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Traffic Safety 99 5.3 Alternative Vehicles 101 5.4 Selective Overview of Worldwide Crash Tests 103 5.5 Structural Crash Management 106 5.6 Composite Materials for Crash Applications 110 5.7 Energy Absorption of Composite Profiles 115 5.8 Conclusion 124 Acknowledgements 125 References 125 6 Crashworthiness Analysis of Composite and Thermoplastic Foam Structure for Automotive Bumper Subsystem 129 Ermias Koricho, Giovanni Belingardi, Alem Tekalign, Davide Roncato and Brunetto Martorana 6.1 Introduction 129 6.2 Materials for Automotive Applications 132 6.3 Composite and Thermoplastic Materials 133 6.4 Numerical Modelling of Fiat 500 Frontal Transverse Beam 137 6.5 Standards for Low-Speed Frontal Impact 141 6.6 Bumper Beam Thickness Determination 141 6.7 Results and Discussion 142 6.8 Conclusion 145 References 146 7 Hybrid Structures Consisting of Sheet Metal and Fibre Reinforced Plastics for Structural Automotive Applications 149 Christian Lauter, Thomas Tr¨oster and Corin Reuter 7.1 Introduction and Motivation 149 7.2 Conventional Method for the Development of Composite Structures 150 7.3 Approaches to Automotive Lightweight Construction 151 7.4 Requirements for Automotive Structures 154 7.5 Simulation 158 7.6 Manufacturing 160 7.7 Testing 165 7.8 New Methodology for the Product Engineering of Hybrid Lightweight Structures 170 7.9 Conclusion 172 References 172 8 Nonlinear Strain Rate Dependent Micro-Mechanical Composite Material Model for Crashworthiness Simulation 175 Ala Tabiei 8.1 Introduction 175 8.2 Micro-Mechanical Formulation 175 8.3 Strain Rate Dependent Effects 188 8.4 Numerical Results 197 8.5 Conclusion 203 References 203 9 Design Solutions to Improve CFRP Crash-Box Impact Efficiency for Racing Applications 205 Simonetta Boria 9.1 Introduction 205 9.2 Composite Structures for Crashworthy Applications 207 9.3 Geometrical and Material Characterisation of the Impact Attenuator 214 9.4 Experimental Test 216 9.5 Finite Element Analysis and LS-DYNA 219 9.6 Comparison between Numerical and Experimental Analysis 220 9.7 Investigation of the Optimal Solution 221 9.8 Conclusion 224 References 224 Part Three DAMAGE AND FAILURE 10 Fracture and Failure Mechanisms for Different Loading Modes in Unidirectional Carbon Fibre/Epoxy Composites 229 Victoria Mollon, Jorge Bonhomme, Jaime Vina and Antonio Arguelles 10.1 Introduction 229 10.2 Delamination Failure 230 10.3 Objectives 232 10.4 Experimental Programme 233 10.5 Numerical Simulations 240 10.6 Fractography 244 10.7 Results and Discussion 244 10.8 Conclusion 253 References 253 11 Numerical Simulation of Damages in FRP Laminated Structures under Transverse Quasi-Static or Low-Velocity Impact Loads 257 Ning Hu, Ahmed Elmarakbi, Alamusi, Yaolu Liu, Hisao Fukunaga, Satoshi Atobe and Tomonori Watanabe 11.1 Introduction 257 11.2 Theory 261 11.3 Techniques for Overcoming Numerical Instability in Simulation of Delamination Propagation 267 11.4 Numerical Examples 275 11.5 Conclusion 291 References 291 12 Building Delamination Fracture Envelope under Mode I/Mode II Loading for FRP Composite Materials 293 Othman Al-Khudairi, Homayoun Hadavinia, Eoin Lewis, Barnaby Osborne and Lee S. Bryars 12.1 Introduction 293 12.2 Experimental Studies 294 12.3 Mode I Delamination Testing: Double Cantilever Bending Test Analysis and Results 296 12.4 Mode II Delamination Testing: End Notched Flexure Test Analysis and Results 297 12.5 Mixed Mode I/II Delamination Testing: Mixed-Mode Bending Test Analysis and Results 302 12.6 Fracture Failure Envelope 306 12.7 Conclusion 308 Nomenclature 309 References 309 Part Four CASE STUDIES AND DESIGNS 13 Metal Matrix Composites for Automotive Applications 313 Anthony Macke, Benjamin F. Schultz, Pradeep K. Rohatgi and Nikhil Gupta 13.1 Automotive Technologies 313 13.2 Reinforcements 321 13.3 Automotive Applications 328 13.4 Conclusion 342 Acknowledgements 343 References 343 14 Development of a Composite Wheel with Integrated Hub Motor and Requirements on Safety Components in Composite 345 Nicole Schweizer and Andreas B¨uter 14.1 Introduction 345 14.2 Wheels Made from FRPs 349 14.3 Development of a Composite Wheel with Integrated Electric Motor 358 14.4 Multifunctional Design – Requirements regarding Structural Durability and System Reliability 364 14.5 Conclusion 369 References 370 15 Composite Materials in Automotive Body Panels, Concerning Noise and Vibration 371 Peyman Honarmandi 15.1 Introduction 371 15.2 Composite Materials in Automobile Bodies 371 15.3 Multilayer Composite Materials in Noise and Vibration Treatment 372 15.4 Case Studies 373 15.5 Conclusion 386 References 387 16 Composite Materials for Automotive Braking Systems 389 David C. Barton 16.1 Introduction 389 16.2 Materials Requirements for Brake Rotors 390 16.3 Cast Iron Rotors 392 16.4 Carbon Composite Rotors 393 16.5 Light Alloy Composite Rotors 395 16.6 Evaluation of Composite Disc Materials 395 16.7 Surface Engineering of Light Alloy Brake Discs 398 16.8 Friction Material 400 16.9 Conclusion 402 References 403 17 Low-Cost Carbon Fibre: Applications, Performance and Cost Models 405 Alan Wheatley, David Warren and Sujit Das 17.1 Current and Proposed Carbon Fibre Applications 405 17.2 Carbon Fibre Polymer Composites: Cost Benefits and Obstacles for Automobiles 407 17.3 Performance Modelling 414 17.4 Cost Modelling 427 17.5 Conclusion 433 Acknowledgements 433 References 433 Index 435

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Book SynopsisPROPERTIES FOR DESIGN OF COMPOSITE STRUCTURES A comprehensive guide to analytical methods and source code to predict the behavior of undamaged and damaged composite materials In Properties for Design of Composite Structures: Theory and Implementation Using Software, distinguished researcher Dr. Neil McCartney delivers a unique and insightful approach to the development of predictive methods for the properties of undamaged and damaged laminated composite materials. The book focuses on presenting compact analytical formulae for several important effective propertiesincluding mechanical, thermal, and electricalthat can be applied to a variety of reinforcement geometries. The author introduces a compact notation that enables an explicit treatment of laminate property determination, including the out-of-plane shear properties required for three-dimensional numerical simulations of structural features using finite and boundary element analyses. There is also Table of ContentsPreface vii About the Companion Website ix 1 Introduction 1 2 Fundamental Relations for Continuum Models 5 3 Maxwell’s Far-field Methodology Applied to the Prediction of Effective Properties of Multiphase Isotropic Particulate Composites 43 4 Maxwell’s Methodology for the Prediction of Effective Properties of Unidirectional Multiphase Fibre-reinforced Composites 65 5 Reinforcement with Ellipsoidal Inclusions 97 6 Properties of an Undamaged Single Lamina 111 7 Effective Thermoelastic Properties of Undamaged Laminates 129 8 Energy Balance Approach to Fracture in Anisotropic Elastic Material 163 9 Ply Crack Formation in Symmetric Cross-ply Laminates 189 10 Theoretical Basis for a Model of Ply Cracking in General Symmetric Laminates 223 11 Ply Cracking in Cross-ply Laminates Subject to Biaxial Bending 249 12 Energy-based Delamination Theory for Biaxial Loading in the Presence of Thermal Stresses 271 13 Energy Methods for Fatigue Damage Modelling of Laminates 297 14 Model of Composite Degradation Due to Environmental Damage 329 15 Maxwell’s Far-field Methodology Predicting Elastic Properties of Multiphase Composites Reinforced with Aligned Transversely Isotropic Spheroids 345 16 Debonding Models and Application to Fibre Fractures and Matrix Cracks 379 17 Interacting Bridged Ply Cracks in a Cross-ply Laminate 425 18 Theoretical Basis for a Model of Ply Cracking in General Symmetric Laminates 447 19 Stress-transfer Mechanics for Biaxial Bending 479 Appendix A: Solution for Shear of Isolated Spherical Particle in an Infinite Matrix 503 Appendix B: Elasticity Analysis of Two Concentric Cylinders 510 Appendix C: Gibbs Energy per Unit Volume for a Cracked Laminate 518 Appendix D: Crack Closure Conditions for Laminates 523 Appendix E: Derivation of the Solution of Nonlinear Equations 531 Appendix F: Analysis for Transversely Isotropic Cylindrical Inclusions 536 Appendix G: Recurrence Relations, Differential Equations and Boundary Conditions 541 Appendix H: Solution of Differential Equations 546 Appendix I: Energy Balance Equation for Delamination Growth 551 Appendix J: Derivation of Energy-based Fracture Criterion for Bridged Cracks 554 Appendix K: Numerical Solution of Integral Equations for Bridged Cracks 560 Index 565

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisCompiling research from the last two decades, Nanomaterials for Environmental Protection provides an interdisciplinary approach to applying nanomaterials to disinfect water, air, and soil while addressing possible environmental risks associated with nanoparticles.Table of ContentsPreface ix LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv Part I Remediation with use of metals, metal oxides, complexes and composites 1 1 Groundwater Water Remediation by Static Diffusion Using Nano-Zero Valent Metals (Fe0, Cu0, Al0), n-FeHn+, n-Fe(OH)x, n-FeOOH, n-Fe-[OxHy](n+/−) 3 David D.J. Antia 2 Nanostructured Metal Oxides for Wastewater Disinfection 27 Erick R. Bandala, Marco Antonio Quiroz Alfaro, Mónica Cerro-López, and Miguel A. Méndez-Rojas 3 Cu2O-Based Nanocomposites for Environmental Protection: Relationship between Structure and Photocatalytic Activity, Application, and Mechanism 41 Liangbin Xiong, Huaqing Yu, Xin Ba, Wenpei Zhang, and Ying Yu 4 Multifunctional Nanocomposites for Environmental Remediation 71 Suying Wei, Jiahua Zhu, Hongbo Gu, Huige Wei, Xingru Yan, Yudong Huang, and Zhanhu Guo 5 Nanomaterials for the Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds from Aqueous Solutions 85 Amro El Badawy and Hafiz H.M. Salih 6 Hybrid Metal Nanoparticle-Containing Polymer Nanofibers for Environmental Applications 95 Yunpeng Huang, Shige Wang, Mingwu Shen, and Xiangyang Shi 7 Nanomaterials on the Basis of Chelating Agents, Metal Complexes, and Organometallics for Environmental Purposes 109 Boris I. Kharisov, Oxana V. Kharissova, and Ubaldo Ortiz Méndez Part II Remediation with use of carbon nanotubes 125 8 Carbon Nanotubes: Next-Generation Nanomaterials for Clean Water Technologies 127 Yit Thai Ong, Kian Fei Yee, Qian Wen Yeang, Sharif Hussein Sharif Zein, and Soon Huat Tan Part III Photo catalytical remediation 143 9 New Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalysis for Treatment of Toxic Metals and Arsenic 145 Marta I. Litter and Natalia Quici 10 Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide for Photocatalytic Water Treatment 169 David G. Rickerby 11 Destruction of Chloroorganic Compounds with Nanophotocatalysts 183Rashid A. Khaydarov, Renat R. Khaydarov, and Olga Gapurova 12 Semiconductor Nanomaterials for Organic Dye Degradation and Hydrogen Production via Photocatalysis 193 Leticia M. Torres-Martínez, Isaías Juárez-Ramírez, and Mayra Z. Figueroa-Torres Part IV Nanoadsorbents and Nanofiltration 205 13 Advanced Oxidation Processes, Nanofiltration, and Application of Bubble Column Reactor 207 Sukanchan Palit 14 Carbon Nanomaterials as Adsorbents for Environmental Analysis 217 Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain 15 Application of Nanoadsorbents in Water Treatment 237 Amit Bhatnagar and Mika Sillanpää 16 Organo-Clay Nanohybrid Adsorbents in the Removal of Toxic Metal Ions 249 Peng Liu Part V Membranes on nanomaterials basis 269 17 Water Remediation Using Nanoparticle and Nanocomposite Membranes 271 Kian Fei Yee, Qian Wen Yeang, Yit Thai Ong, Vel Murugan Vadivelu, and Soon Huat Tan Part VI Green methods in nanomaterials synthesis 293 18 Green Methodologies in the Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 295 Aniruddha B. Patil and Bhalchandra M. Bhanage 19 An Environmentally Friendly and Green Approach for Synthesis and Applications of Silver Nanoparticles 313 Muniyandi Jeyaraj, Muralidharan Murugan, Kevin John Pulikotil Anthony, and Sangiliyandi Gurunathan 20 Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials Using Biological Routes 329 Rajesh Ramanathan, Ravi Shukla, Suresh K. Bhargava, and Vipul Bansal Part VII CO2 adsorption 349 21 Nanomaterials for Carbon Dioxide Adsorption 351 Luis Ángel Garza Rodríguez and Elsa Nadia Aguilera González Part VIII Intelligent nanomaterials 373 22 Development of Intelligent Nanomaterials as a Strategy to Solve Environmental Problems 375 Jose Ruben Morones-Ramírez Part IX Desalination 387 23 Engineered Nanomaterials for Purification and Desalination of Palatable Water 389 Vijay C. Verma, Swechha Anand, Mayank Gangwar, and Santosh K. Singh Part X Nanocatalysis 401 24 Nanocatalytic Wastewater Treatment System for the Removal of Toxic Organic Compounds 403 Sodeh Sadjadi 25 Catalyst Design Based on Nano-Sized Inorganic Core of Enzymes: Design of Environmentally Friendly Catalysts 429 Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour Part XI Nanosensors 443 26 Neutron-Fluence Nanosensors Based on Boron-Containing Materials 445 Levan Chkhartishvili Part XII Nanoreservoirs for hydrogen storage 451 27 Hydrogen Nanoreservoirs made of Boron Nitride 453 Levan Chkhartishvili Part XIII Fuel cells on nanomaterials basis 469 28 Fuel Cells with Nanomaterials for Ecologically Pure Transport 471 Gennady Gerasimov Part XIV Remediation of radionuclides 483 29 Humic Functional Derivatives and Nanocoatings for Remediation of Actinide-Contaminated Environments 485 Irina V. Perminova, Stepan N. Kalmykov, Natalia S. Shcherbina, Sergey A. Ponomarenko, Vladimir A. Kholodov, Alexander P. Novikov, Richard G. Haire, and Kirk Hatfield Part XV Environmental risks and toxicity 503 30 Environmental Risks of Nanotechnology: Evaluating the Ecotoxicity of Nanomaterials 505 Miguel A. Méndez-Rojas, José Luis Sánchez-Salas, Aracely Angulo-Molina, and Teresa de Jesús Palacios-Hernández 31 Environmental Risk, Human Health, and Toxic Effects of Nanoparticles 523 Jamuna Bai A. and Ravishankar Rai V. 32 Implications of the Use of Nanomaterials for Environmental Protection: Challenges in Designing Environmentally Relevant Toxicological Experiments 537 Rute F. Domingos and José P. Pinheiro Concluding Remarks 551 Author Index 555 Subject Index 559

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Book SynopsisA fully updated, easy-to-read guide on magnetic actuators and sensors The Second Edition of this must-have book for today''s engineers includes the latest updates and advances in the field of magnetic actuators and sensors. Magnetic Actuators and Sensors emphasizes computer-aided design techniquesespecially magnetic finite element analysis; offers many new sections on topics ranging from magnetic separators to spin valve sensors; and features numerous worked calculations, illustrations, and real-life applications. To aid readers in building solid, fundamental, theoretical background and design know-how, the book provides in-depth coverage in four parts: PART I: MAGNETICS Introduction Basic Electromagnetics Reluctance Method Finite-Element Method Magnetic Force Other Magnetic Performance Parameters PART II: ACTUATORS Magnetic Actuators Operated Trade Review“This is a book well-worth acquiring.” (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 1 July 2014) Table of ContentsPREFACE xi PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xiii LIST OF 66 EXAMPLES xv PART I MAGNETICS 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Overview of Magnetic Actuators 3 1.2 Overview of Magnetic Sensors 4 1.3 Actuators and Sensors in Motion Control Systems 5 1.4 Magnetic Actuators and Sensors in Mechatronics 7 References 8 2 Basic Electromagnetics 9 2.1 Vectors 9 2.2 Ampere’s Law 14 2.3 Magnetic Materials 17 2.4 Faraday’s Law 22 2.5 Potentials 25 2.6 Maxwell’s Equations 28 Problems 29 References 31 3 Reluctance Method 33 3.1 Simplifying Ampere’s Law 33 3.2 Applications 37 3.3 Fringing Flux 40 3.4 Complex Reluctance 41 3.5 Limitations 41 Problems 42 References 42 4 Finite-Element Method 43 4.1 Energy Conservation and Functional Minimization 43 4.2 Triangular Elements for Magnetostatics 45 4.3 Matrix Equation 46 4.4 Finite-Element Models 49 Problems 53 References 53 5 Magnetic Force 55 5.1 Magnetic Flux Line Plots 55 5.2 Magnetic Energy 60 5.3 Magnetic Force on Steel 61 5.4 Magnetic Pressure on Steel 65 5.5 Lorentz Force 66 5.6 Permanent Magnets 67 5.7 Magnetic Torque 72 5.8 Magnetic Volume Forces on Permeable Particles 73 Problems 75 References 76 6 Other Magnetic Performance Parameters 79 6.1 Magnetic Flux and Flux Linkage 79 6.2 Inductance 82 6.3 Capacitance 86 6.4 Impedance 88 Problems 91 References 91 PART II ACTUATORS 93 7 Magnetic Actuators Operated by DC 95 7.1 Solenoid Actuators 95 7.2 Voice Coil Actuators 106 7.3 Other Actuators Using Coils and Permanent Magnets 108 7.4 Proportional Actuators 109 7.5 Rotary Actuators 112 7.6 Magnetic Bearings and Couplings 114 7.7 Magnetic Separators 117 Problems 125 References 127 8 Magnetic Actuators Operated by AC 129 8.1 Skin Depth 129 8.2 Power Losses in Steel 130 8.3 Force Pulsations 135 8.4 Cuts in Steel 139 References 145 9 Magnetic Actuator Transient Operation 147 9.1 Basic Timeline 147 9.2 Size, Force, and Acceleration 148 9.3 Linear Magnetic Diffusion Times 150 9.4 Nonlinear Magnetic Infusion Times 156 9.5 Nonlinear Magnetic Effusion Time 164 9.6 Pulse Response of Nonlinear Steel 169 Problems 171 References 174 PART III SENSORS 175 10 Hall Effect and Magnetoresistive Sensors 177 10.1 Simple Hall Voltage Equation 177 10.2 Hall Effect Conductivity Tensor 179 10.3 Finite-Element Computation of Hall Fields 182 10.4 Hall Sensors for Position or Current 190 10.5 Magnetoresistance 193 10.6 Magnetoresistive Heads for Hard Disk Drives 194 10.7 Giant Magnetoresistive Spin Valve Sensors 195 Problems 198 References 198 11 Other Magnetic Sensors 201 11.1 Speed Sensors Based on Faraday’s Law 201 11.2 Inductive Recording Heads 203 11.3 Proximity Sensors Using Impedance 206 11.4 Linear Variable Differential Transformers 210 11.5 Magnetostrictive Sensors 213 11.6 Fluxgate Sensors 215 11.7 Chattock Coil Field and Current Sensor 219 11.8 Squid Magnetometers 222 11.9 Magnetoimpedance and Miniature Sensors 223 11.10 MEMS Sensors 224 Problems 225 References 226 PART IV SYSTEMS 229 12 Coil Design and Temperature Calculations 231 12.1 Wire Size Determination for DC Currents 231 12.2 Coil Time Constant and Impedance 234 12.3 Skin Effects and Proximity Effects for AC Currents 235 12.4 Finite-Element Computation Of Temperatures 239 Problems 246 References 246 13 Electromagnetic Compatibility 249 13.1 Signal-To-Noise Ratio 249 13.2 Shields and Apertures 250 13.3 Test Chambers 255 Problems 260 References 260 14 Electromechanical Finite Elements 263 14.1 Electromagnetic Finite-Element Matrix Equation 263 14.2 0D and 1D Finite Elements for Coupling Electric Circuits 266 14.3 Structural Finite-Element Matrix Equation 272 14.4 Force and Motion Computation by Time Stepping 273 14.5 Typical Electromechanical Applications 275 Problems 286 References 286 15 Electromechanical Analysis Using Systems Models 289 15.1 Electric Circuit Models of Magnetic Devices 289 15.2 VHDL–AMS/Simplorer Models 296 15.3 MATLAB/Simulink Models 301 15.4 Including Eddy Current Diffusion Using a Resistor 307 15.5 Magnetic Actuator Systems for 2D Planar Motion 312 15.6 Optimizing Magnetic Actuator Systems 313 Problems 324 References 325 16 Coupled Electrohydraulic Analysis Using Systems Models 327 16.1 Comparing Hydraulics and Magnetics 327 16.2 Hydraulic Basics and Electrical Analogies 328 16.3 Modeling Hydraulic Circuits in Spice 330 16.4 Electrohydraulic Models in Spice and Simplorer 334 16.5 Hydraulic Valves and Cylinders in Systems Models 341 16.6 Magnetic Diffusion Resistor in Electrohydraulic Models 348 16.7 Optimization of an Electrohydraulic System 352 16.8 Magnetic Actuators for Digital Hydraulics 353 Problems 357 References 357 APPENDIX A: SYMBOLS, DIMENSIONS, AND UNITS 359 APPENDIX B: NONLINEAR B–H CURVES 361 APPENDIX C: FINAL ANSWERS FOR ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS 367 INDEX 371

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