Linguistics Books

Book SynopsisMixed methods research (MMR), where quantitative and qualitative methods are combined in the collecting and analysing of research data, is gaining increasing prominence and utility across a range of academic disciplines including applied linguistics and language teaching and learning.This volume is the first to examine MMR in language teaching and learning and how such a methodology works in practice. The book brings together all the main topics related to MMR in one place and attempts to elaborate on and discuss them in plain language to help researchers better understand and use the methodology. In addition to detailed discussion of the theoretical (for example, the worldviews underlying MMR) and practical (purposes, designs, data collection and analysis), the book presents a framework for analyzing MMR (FRAMMR) studies. In the third section of the book where FRAMMR is presented, eight published MMR articles addressing different topics in language teaching and learning are analysed and eight more are suggested to be analysed by the readers using FRAMMR. Another salient feature of the book is Chapter 7 in which writing MMR proposals is discussed. The chapter should be of particular interest to postgraduate and doctoral students as well as early career researchers who will be preparing thesis and/or research proposals. Given the scarcity of resources on MMR in applied linguistics in general, and language teaching and learning in particular, the current volume can fill this gap to a great extent. Attempt has been made to present a coherent and transparent discussion of sometimes confusing MMR issues and topics. As a newly developed research methodology, MMR poses its own challenges to researchers. These challenges are also discussed in different chapters of the book so that researchers can consider them when planning for and implementing MMR projects.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis introductory textbook provides readers with a foundation in methods for analyzing and understanding language from various theoretical perspectives within linguistics and language studies.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe second edition of this popular textbook provides readers with a foundation in methods for analysing and understanding language from various theoretical perspectives within linguistics and language studies. Its novel approach introduces systemic functional linguistics, text and discourse analysis, and formal approaches to linguistics. It demonstrates applications of these approaches to reveal how we use language in society, how our brains process language, and how we learn language.The main language focused on is English, while other languages are also drawn on to illustrate the principles, models and theories. Learning outcomes, exercises (with answer key), ideas for project work, and questions for reflection are provided throughout. A final chapter gathers explanations of various fields of practice within linguistics, written by linguists from around the world.The second edition includes added explanations, examples and exercises, updated references and web links and an expanded number of entries in the glossary. It also provides a new configuration of the material related to syntax and lexico-grammar, giving readers the opportunity to see more clearly the contrasts between formal and functional analyses and to understand the differences in these views of language, leading to a stronger grasp of how language ‘works’ within the brain and within society. It includes new material on analysing texts for interpersonal and evaluative meanings, and on analysing multimodal texts for meaning provided from combinations of verbal language and visual modes, providing an increased range of text and discourse analytical tools.

Read more less

Book SynopsisSometimes people motivate you, sometimes they challenge you, sometimes they inspire you, and sometimes they do all three at once. Ruqaiya Hasan falls into the last category. It is impossible to capture the huge impact that her work has had and will continue to have on a wide range of people and areas of research. In this volume, we attempt to show just a small snapshot of her impact on the study of verbal art. On Verbal Art reflects on and celebrates the contribution that Professor Ruqaiya Hasan made to research on linguistic approaches to verbal art and includes contributions by scholars from around the world. The volume gathers together researchers with different perspectives, different views and different approaches to verbal art and aims to provide an inspiration to others to continue the work that Hasan began. One of the lasting insights emerging from Hasan's work on verbal art is the extent to which it informs analysis and theory. This volume brings together chapters that offer a detailed account of Hasan's contribution to the study of verbal art, chapters that pay tribute to Hasan by adopting some of her central notions such as foregrounding, symbolic articulation, theme and secondary semiosis to inform their analyses, chapters that take Hasan's thinking as a starting point to explore new methodological approaches for the investigation of verbal art, and finally chapters by scholars who are new to Hasanian thinking and afford fresh perspectives that build bridges to related approaches. It is also hoped that this volume will encourage new research and promote the reading or re-reading of Hasan's tremendous work in this area. We look forward to new challenges, arguments, extensions and applications.Table of ContentsIntroduction: Ripples in a Timeless World Rebekah Wegener, Stella Neumann and Antje Oesterle 1. Language, Linguistics and Verbal Art: The Contribution of Ruqaiya Hasan to the Study of Literature Annabelle Lukin, Macquarie University 2. On Being a Literature Teacher: A Language Based Perspective David Butt, Macquarie University 3. Software-assisted Systemic Socio-semantic Stylistics: Appraising tru* in J.M. Coetzee's Foe Donna R. Miller and Antonella Luporini, both at the University of Bologna 4. The Analysis of a Sonnet Kathryn Tuckwell, Macquarie University 5. Foregrounding and Symbolic Articulation in Peter Carey's Conversations with Unicorns Martin Tilney, Macquarie University 6. Simone de Beauvoir's Construal of Language and Literature in Memoires d'une Jeune Fille Rangee (1958): A Hasanian Perspective Alice Caffarel-Cayron, University of Sydney 7. Jane Austen's Shapley Sentence and the Differentiation of Dialogue from Narrative: Towards a Clause Complex of Her Own Fang Li, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul 8. Appraisal and Master Identities in Contemporary Spanish Crime fiction: The Case of Los Mares del Sur and its Translations into English and German Anna Espunya, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 9. Striking a Chord on the Reader: On Metaphor as a Constituent of the Grammar of Verbal Art Timo Lothmann, RWTH Aachen University 10. Openings in Fiction: An Approach to Verbal Art Based on Hallidayian, Cognitive and Hasanian Principles Peter Wenzel, RWTH Aachen University 11. `That's Not Normal Rabbit Behaviour': On the Track of the Grammar of Fictional Worlds Rebekah Wegener and Timo Lothmann 12. Future Directions in the Study of Verbal Art Wendy L. Bowcher, Sun Yat-sen University, China

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides an overview of the dialectic of theory and practice through which SFL positions itself as an appliable linguistics with reference to the theory of Verbal Art. A concise history of the linguistic study of literature tout court is sketched, as well as the roots of specifically SFL approaches to it. A detailed theoretical description is given of the emergence of systemic functional stylistics and, in particular, of the overall architecture of Systemic Socio-Semantic Stylistics (SSS), the central descriptive-analytical model created by Ruqaiya Hasan. Subsequently, the correspondences between Hasan's framework and what Jakobson theorized as the empirical linguistic evidence of his 'poetic function', grammatical parallelism and with what he calls 'pervasive parallelism', are delineated and illustrated via the analysis of one poem by D.H. Lawrence, 'Bei Hennef' (1913). Further, the teaching of the language in literature with the tools of SFL/SSS is addressed, and a case study of the experience of guiding students towards this 'special' register awareness in an undergraduate EFL curriculum in Bologna, Italy is offered. Aiming to provide as wide-ranging a view of systemic functional stylistics studies as possible, the volume also presents a synopsis of stylistics research wedded to multimodal/multisemiotic, corpus and translation approaches, broaching certain of the many theoretical issues intrinsically entailed. With special attention to Hasan's stylistic legacy, in closing the author speaks to the future directions systemic functional stylistic studies might take.Table of Contents1. This Discipline Called Stylistics 2. Halliday and Hasan: The Development of their Language in Literature Theories and Practices 3. The Case for Slotting Jakobson into SSS 4. Educational Stylistics: SFL/SSS+ and Guiding to Language-in-Literature Literacy 5. Systemic Functional Stylistics and… Afterwords

Read more less

Book SynopsisLinguistics is a subject which came to the fore only in the 1960s. It is founded on a fallacy. Linguistics claims to be 'the scientific study of language', but language behaviour is too open-ended and creative to be treated by the methods of science. In consequence, linguistic theories systematically distort the nature of language, and present a misleading picture of our human nature. Geoffrey Sampson shows how various traditions of linguistics, and their accounts of different aspects of language, are all infected by the delusion of scientism. And he offers positive examples of how language can be studied insightfully, once the scientistic delusion is given up.Table of Contents1. Introduction2. Theoretical Preliminaries3. The Earliest Writing4. A Syllabic System: Linear B5. Consonantal Writing6. European Alphabetic Writing7. Influences on Graph-shape Evolution8. A Featural System: Korean Hangul9. A Logographic System: Chinese Writing10. Pros and Cons of Logography11. A Mixed System: Japanese Writing12. Writing Systems and Information Technology13. English Spelling14. Conclusion

Read more less

Book SynopsisLinguistics is a subject which came to the fore only in the 1960s. It is founded on a fallacy. Linguistics claims to be 'the scientific study of language', but language behaviour is too open-ended and creative to be treated by the methods of science. In consequence, linguistic theories systematically distort the nature of language, and present a misleading picture of our human nature. Geoffrey Sampson shows how various traditions of linguistics, and their accounts of different aspects of language, are all infected by the delusion of scientism. And he offers positive examples of how language can be studied insightfully, once the scientistic delusion is given up.Table of Contents1. Introduction2. Theoretical Preliminaries3. The Earliest Writing4. A Syllabic System: Linear B5. Consonantal Writing6. European Alphabetic Writing7. Influences on Graph-shape Evolution8. A Featural System: Korean Hangul9. A Logographic System: Chinese Writing10. Pros and Cons of Logography11. A Mixed System: Japanese Writing12. Writing Systems and Information Technology13. English Spelling14. Conclusion

Read more less

Book SynopsisAnalyzing the Media provides twelve original studies from established scholars in the field of SFL and/or multimodality as well as from young scholars who have already delivered remarkable contributions to the discipline. The volume starts with an introduction to media studies from an SFL perspective. The first part of the volume then explores different functional approaches to analyzing journalistic genres (e.g., reports, editorials, letters to the editor, popular science features) with a clear emphasis on the examination of linguistic/semiotic textures, which are studied in terms of a range of aspects such as generic structure, culture, cognition or language contrast. The second half of the volume looks at processes of convergence and change within the medial landscape, e.g., at the transfer of a genre from one medium to another and at the concomitant linguistic/semiotic changes. It explores how long-established media genres, such as advertising and branding, have changed over the years and adapted to shifting media logics, how the new social media have led to new emerging linguistic practices as in internet forums, how generic conventions and linguistic styles are adopted and imported in related or neighbouring genres and media such as comic, TV-series and film, how specific multimodal textures, such as smell, can be co-deployed with other meaning making resources (verbal, visual, spatial) to create specific effects for particular situations, e.g., in open-house viewing events, and how Cultural Historical Activity Theory, an action oriented theory that does not integrate a model of social semiosis, can be fruitfully combined with SFL theory to explore hitherto unbeaten paths in human-computer interaction.

Read more less

Book SynopsisAnalyzing the Media provides twelve original studies from established scholars in the field of SFL and/or multimodality as well as from young scholars who have already delivered remarkable contributions to the discipline. The volume starts with an introduction to media studies from an SFL perspective. The first part of the volume then explores different functional approaches to analyzing journalistic genres (e.g., reports, editorials, letters to the editor, popular science features) with a clear emphasis on the examination of linguistic/semiotic textures, which are studied in terms of a range of aspects such as generic structure, culture, cognition or language contrast. The second half of the volume looks at processes of convergence and change within the medial landscape, e.g., at the transfer of a genre from one medium to another and at the concomitant linguistic/semiotic changes. It explores how long-established media genres, such as advertising and branding, have changed over the years and adapted to shifting media logics, how the new social media have led to new emerging linguistic practices as in internet forums, how generic conventions and linguistic styles are adopted and imported in related or neighbouring genres and media such as comic, TV-series and film, how specific multimodal textures, such as smell, can be co-deployed with other meaning making resources (verbal, visual, spatial) to create specific effects for particular situations, e.g., in open-house viewing events, and how Cultural Historical Activity Theory, an action oriented theory that does not integrate a model of social semiosis, can be fruitfully combined with SFL theory to explore hitherto unbeaten paths in human-computer interaction.

Read more less

Book SynopsisNeo-Firthian theories — which include Systemic Functional Linguistics and its congeners — have, unlike other functionally oriented theories, engaged minimally with linguistic typology and have made little impact on the wider discipline. This book offers a programmatic and Neo-Firthian informed typological investigation that points to potential mutual enrichments of linguistic typology and Neo-Firthian theories. On the one hand, this book identifies the inadequacies of the dominant ‘atheoretical’ approaches to linguistic typology, and shows how these can be circumvented through a firm foundation in a Neo-Firthian theoretical framework. On the other hand, it contends that Neo-Firthian approaches must take typology seriously as a criterion of theoretical adequacy, and be able to account for the full range of grammatical phenomena and their variation across languages, as well as those features that are universal. Case studies illustrate this argument through a selection of grammatical phenomena — in particular, grammatical relations, the noun phrase, complex sentence constructions, optional case marking and grammatical classification. This book will be of interest to typologists, and well as to linguistics working within Systemic Functional Linguistics and other functional theories.Table of ContentsPreface 1 Introduction 2 Grammatical Relations and Transitivity 3 The Noun Phrase 4 Complex Sentence Constructions 5 Optional Case Marking 6 Verb Classification 7 Conclusions

Read more less

Book SynopsisNeo-Firthian theories — which include Systemic Functional Linguistics and its congeners — have, unlike other functionally oriented theories, engaged minimally with linguistic typology and have made little impact on the wider discipline. This book offers a programmatic and Neo-Firthian informed typological investigation that points to potential mutual enrichments of linguistic typology and Neo-Firthian theories. On the one hand, this book identifies the inadequacies of the dominant ‘atheoretical’ approaches to linguistic typology, and shows how these can be circumvented through a firm foundation in a Neo-Firthian theoretical framework. On the other hand, it contends that Neo-Firthian approaches must take typology seriously as a criterion of theoretical adequacy, and be able to account for the full range of grammatical phenomena and their variation across languages, as well as those features that are universal. Case studies illustrate this argument through a selection of grammatical phenomena — in particular, grammatical relations, the noun phrase, complex sentence constructions, optional case marking and grammatical classification. This book will be of interest to typologists, and well as to linguistics working within Systemic Functional Linguistics and other functional theories.Table of ContentsPreface 1 Introduction 2 Grammatical Relations and Transitivity 3 The Noun Phrase 4 Complex Sentence Constructions 5 Optional Case Marking 6 Verb Classification 7 Conclusions

Read more less

Book SynopsisRethinking the Second Language Listening Test argues that the key to more valid testing of second language listening lies in a better understanding of the nature of the skill and of the signal that listeners have to decode. Using this information as a point of departure, it takes a critical look at many of the myths and conventions behind listening tests and provides practical suggestions as to the ways in which they might be rethought. The book begins with an account of the various processes that contribute to listening in order to raise awareness of the difficulties faced by second language learners. The information feeds in to a new set of descriptors of listening behaviour across proficiency levels and informs much of the discussion in later chapters. The main body of the book critically examines the various components of a listening test, challenging some of the false assumptions behind them and proposing practical alternatives. The discussion covers: the recording-as-text, the recording-as-speech, conventions of test delivery, standard task formats and item design. Major themes are the critical role played by the recorded material and the degree to which tests impose demands that go beyond those of real-world listening. The following section focuses on two types of listener with different needs from the general candidate: those aiming to demonstrate academic or professional proficiency in English and young language learners, where level of cognitive development is an issue for test design. There is a brief reflection on the extent to which integrated listening tests reflect the reality of listening events. The book concludes with a report of a study into how feasible it is to identify the information load of a listening text, a factor potentially contributing to difficulty.Table of ContentsIntroduction A Cognitive Model for Testing Listening 1. What does expert listening consist of? 2. The second language listener 3. Cognitive profiling at different proficiency levels Recorded Content 4. Recording as text 5. Recording as speech Task Characteristics 6. Listening test conventions 7. Task formats 8. Items Listener Roles 9. Special cases 10. Listening plus other skills Postscript 11. Information load: an investigative study 12. Review and conclusions Appendices A. Sample processes B. Sample scripts and tasks

Read more less

Book SynopsisRethinking the Second Language Listening Test argues that the key to more valid testing of second language listening lies in a better understanding of the nature of the skill and of the signal that listeners have to decode. Using this information as a point of departure, it takes a critical look at many of the myths and conventions behind listening tests and provides practical suggestions as to the ways in which they might be rethought. The book begins with an account of the various processes that contribute to listening in order to raise awareness of the difficulties faced by second language learners. The information feeds in to a new set of descriptors of listening behaviour across proficiency levels and informs much of the discussion in later chapters. The main body of the book critically examines the various components of a listening test, challenging some of the false assumptions behind them and proposing practical alternatives. The discussion covers: the recording-as-text, the recording-as-speech, conventions of test delivery, standard task formats and item design. Major themes are the critical role played by the recorded material and the degree to which tests impose demands that go beyond those of real-world listening. The following section focuses on two types of listener with different needs from the general candidate: those aiming to demonstrate academic or professional proficiency in English and young language learners, where level of cognitive development is an issue for test design. There is a brief reflection on the extent to which integrated listening tests reflect the reality of listening events. The book concludes with a report of a study into how feasible it is to identify the information load of a listening text, a factor potentially contributing to difficulty.Table of ContentsIntroduction A Cognitive Model for Testing Listening 1. What does expert listening consist of? 2. The second language listener 3. Cognitive profiling at different proficiency levels Recorded Content 4. Recording as text 5. Recording as speech Task Characteristics 6. Listening test conventions 7. Task formats 8. Items Listener Roles 9. Special cases 10. Listening plus other skills Postscript 11. Information load: an investigative study 12. Review and conclusions Appendices A. Sample processes B. Sample scripts and tasks

Read more less

Book SynopsisA Short Introduction to the Study of Language provides an accessible and up-to-date invitation to key concepts of modern language study. Readers gain awareness of the scientific approach to language through examination of varied topics of current research interest. The book explores the following issues: How are young children, who have limited general cognitive capability, able to automatically pick up and use any language that is in their environment, quickly, easily and without effort? Do other animals have language - what about the complex communication systems of apes, bees and cephalods? What happens when an individual is raised in an environment in which they are not exposed to language? Are some languages simpler than others - do some languages lack grammar? Is English getting worse over time, and is there one "correct" way to speak English? This book introduces readers to work that linguists are engaged in today which explores these questions, and sheds light on a number of widespread myths and misconceptions about language.Table of Contents1. What is Language? 2. Language and Other Animal Communication Systems 3. Teaching Human Language to Apes 4. Language Learning 5. Experiments in Language Acquisition 6. Abnormal Language 7. Bilingualism 8. Are there Primitive Languages? 9. Non-Standard Dialects

Read more less

Book SynopsisEngaging Language Learners through CALL provides an updated overview of the field of computer-assisted language learning beginning with one chapter on the intersection of second language acquisition (SLA) research and CALL and another on online and hybrid language courses. The next eight chapters focus on the use of CALL for specific language skills or other learning goals and the volume concludes with a discussion of ways to evaluate courseware and apps. Each chapter contains preview questions, an overview of the most relevant and recent research, implications for teaching, assessment options, questions for reflection, case studies, and ideas for action research. While the fundamental lens for this volume is informed practice based on key theories and research, there are several themes that run throughout the chapters, including how technology creates unique learning opportunities and its ability to overcome constraints of time, space, and interlocutors, how CALL can facilitate the integration of applications originally developed for other purposes, and the high level of autonomous and student-centered activities that CALL provides. As these themes demonstrate, CALL provides an array of affordances and sometimes, challenges. It is our hope that this volume will continue to support readers in implementing a research-based CALL pedagogy and updating their practices as technology and research findings develop.Table of ContentsIntroduction Nike Arnold and Lara Ducate 1. The Theories and Practices of SLA in CALL Bonnie Youngs, Carnegie Mellon University 2. Normalizing Online Learning: Adapting to a Changing World of Language Teaching Senta Goertler, Michigan State University 3. Culture and CALL Sarah Guth and Francesca Helm, both at University of Padova 4. Technology-enhanced Listening: How does it Look and what can we Expect? Maribel Montero Perez, KU Leuven 5. CALL and L2 Reaching: Current Research and Application Alan Taylor, Brigham Young University, Idaho 6. Digital Literacies as Emergent Multifarious Repertoires Jonathan Reinhardt, University of Arizona, and Steven Thorne, Portland State University and the University of Groningen 7. Writing between the Lines: Acquiring Writing Skills and Digital Literacies through Social Tools Ana Oskoz, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, and Idoia Elola, Texas Tech University 8. Interpersonal Communication in Intracultural CMC Zsuzsana Abrams, University of California, Santa Cruz 9. Targeting Pronunciation (and Perception) with Technology Mary Grantham O'Brien, University of Calgary 10. Communities: Exploring Digital Games and Social Networking Julie Sykes, University of Oregon, Christopher L. Holden, University of New Mexico, and Stephanie W.P. Knight, University of Oregon 11. Evaluation of Courseware/Tutorial Apps and Online Resource Websites Philip Hubbard, Stanford University Language Center

Read more less

Book SynopsisSystemic Functional Linguistics is unique among linguistic theories in treating the concept of system as the central organising principle of language (and also of other semiotic systems, including context), most theories being focussed on syntagmatic structure. This book introduces the notion of system as the foundation of the systemic functional architecture of language, relating the general notion of system in systems thinking (holistic approaches) to the principle that language is organised as a system of systems (the polysystemic principle) and, by another step, to the technical sense of system in SFL as the basic category of paradigmatic patterning – i.e. the organisation of language as a resource for making meaning. The concept of system is then used to explore the emergence of complexity in language (within different semogenetic timeframes), to show how it is manifested in the organisation of all subsystems of language (the fractal principle), to illustrate the system at work in the development of language descriptions and in the process of text analysis, to reveal the power of the system in different areas of application, e.g. in computational modelling, in educational analysis and curriculum development, in multilingual and multimodal studies. Finally, challenges are identified e.g. in the relationship between the paradigmatic axis and the syntagmatic one, in the representation of logical iteration and interpersonal continua; and current and new opportunities are suggested.Table of Contents1. Introduction: Conceptualizing Language Systemically 2. The System in Semogenesis: Emergence of Complexity 3.The System as a Fractal Principle – the System in Relation to Other Dimension of Organization 4. The System as a Navigational Tool in Language Description and Text Analysis 5. The System in Different Domains of Application 6. The System: Challenges and Possibilities 7. Conclusion Appendix: Systemic Conventions

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe ability to speak and write effectively is widely recognized as an important skill in many contexts and for many purposes, both personal, educational and professional. Because these skills are considered important in second and foreign language learning contexts, they are often included in performance assessments. The scoring of such performances is, however, a complex undertaking and has attracted much attention, both in first and second language learning contexts. The increasing use of automated scoring systems has added to this complexity in recent years. It is therefore all the more surprising that there is no book available that provides an overview of this topic area – the scoring of second language performances. This monograph fills this gap, by drawing together the latest literature in the area. It focusses on issues relating to both rater-mediated assessments and sets out consideration in relation to automated scoring systems (and other technology) which are increasingly used in our field. This monograph provides a useful introduction to graduate students, researchers, test developers, other practitioners and teachers to this topic which has in many ways dominated the field of language assessment over many decades.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1. Understanding Raters and Ratings 2. Measuring Rating Quality 3. Rater Cognition 4. Approaches to Enhancing Rating and Score Quality 5. Rater-mediated Judgment with or without Rating Scales 6. Technology in Scoring 7. Validating Scoring Processes Conclusions

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe ability to speak and write effectively is widely recognized as an important skill in many contexts and for many purposes, both personal, educational and professional. Because these skills are considered important in second and foreign language learning contexts, they are often included in performance assessments. The scoring of such performances is, however, a complex undertaking and has attracted much attention, both in first and second language learning contexts. The increasing use of automated scoring systems has added to this complexity in recent years. It is therefore all the more surprising that there is no book available that provides an overview of this topic area – the scoring of second language performances. This monograph fills this gap, by drawing together the latest literature in the area. It focusses on issues relating to both rater-mediated assessments and sets out consideration in relation to automated scoring systems (and other technology) which are increasingly used in our field. This monograph provides a useful introduction to graduate students, researchers, test developers, other practitioners and teachers to this topic which has in many ways dominated the field of language assessment over many decades.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1. Understanding Raters and Ratings 2. Measuring Rating Quality 3. Rater Cognition 4. Approaches to Enhancing Rating and Score Quality 5. Rater-mediated Judgment with or without Rating Scales 6. Technology in Scoring 7. Validating Scoring Processes Conclusions

Read more less

Book SynopsisValidity: Theoretical Development and Integrated Arguments provides a historical overview of validity, targeting developments in both the UK and the US. It explores theoretical notions of validity as well as pragmatic validation practices and expands the arguments that need to be attended to document quality. The authors examine the need to consider, in addition to the psychometric evidence, which has continued to prevail especially in the US, other critical sources of quality evidence. They call attention to principled design and the evidence accumulated from various departments/groups involved in test design and development. They also promote the concept of impact by design, which places consequences at the top of the evidence chain to guide all testing efforts and quality documentation. They envision validity scholarship to attend to consequences at the individual, aggregate/group, and larger educational/organisational/societal levels. Concomitant with this attention to consequences are considerations of stakeholders and the tailoring of communication to engage intended groups. Such an approach yields a more convincing validity argument. The monograph ends by calling on professionals in the field to publish case studies which showcase localised validity arguments in practice. Local case studies represent critical endeavours to illustrate how evidence and arguments are pulled together to support the quality of a testing programme and all that it entails.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF VALIDITY CHAPTER 3 PRINCIPLED DESIGN, TEST DEVELOPMENT, AND VALIDATION CHAPTER 4 VALIDITY AND CONSEQUENCES CHAPTER 5 INTRODUCING AN INTEGRATED ARGUMENT-BASED APPROACH TO VALIDATION CHAPTER 6 CONCULSION: VALIDATION, LOCALISATION, AND CASE STUDIES

Read more less

Book SynopsisValidity: Theoretical Development and Integrated Arguments provides a historical overview of validity, targeting developments in both the UK and the US. It explores theoretical notions of validity as well as pragmatic validation practices and expands the arguments that need to be attended to document quality. The authors examine the need to consider, in addition to the psychometric evidence, which has continued to prevail especially in the US, other critical sources of quality evidence. They call attention to principled design and the evidence accumulated from various departments/groups involved in test design and development. They also promote the concept of impact by design, which places consequences at the top of the evidence chain to guide all testing efforts and quality documentation. They envision validity scholarship to attend to consequences at the individual, aggregate/group, and larger educational/organisational/societal levels. Concomitant with this attention to consequences are considerations of stakeholders and the tailoring of communication to engage intended groups. Such an approach yields a more convincing validity argument. The monograph ends by calling on professionals in the field to publish case studies which showcase localised validity arguments in practice. Local case studies represent critical endeavours to illustrate how evidence and arguments are pulled together to support the quality of a testing programme and all that it entails.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF VALIDITY CHAPTER 3 PRINCIPLED DESIGN, TEST DEVELOPMENT, AND VALIDATION CHAPTER 4 VALIDITY AND CONSEQUENCES CHAPTER 5 INTRODUCING AN INTEGRATED ARGUMENT-BASED APPROACH TO VALIDATION CHAPTER 6 CONCULSION: VALIDATION, LOCALISATION, AND CASE STUDIES

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe paradigm of Graph Rewriting is used very little in the field of Natural Language Processing. But graphs are a natural way of representing the deep syntax and the semantics of natural languages. Deep syntax is an abstraction of syntactic dependencies towards semantics in the form of graphs and there is a compact way of representing the semantics in an underspecified logical framework also with graphs. Then, Graph Rewriting reconciles efficiency with linguistic readability for producing representations at some linguistic level by transformation of a neighbor level: from raw text to surface syntax, from surface syntax to deep syntax, from deep syntax to underspecified logical semantics and conversely.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1. Programming with Graphs 1 1.1. Creating a graph 2 1.2. Feature structures 5 1.3. Information searches 6 1.3.1. Access to nodes 7 1.3.2. Extracting edges 7 1.4. Recreating an order 9 1.5. Using patterns with the GREW library 11 1.5.1. Pattern syntax 13 1.5.2. Common pitfalls 16 1.6. Graph rewriting 20 1.6.1. Commands 22 1.6.2. From rules to strategies 24 1.6.3. Using lexicons 29 1.6.4. Packages 31 1.6.5. Common pitfalls 32 Chapter 2. Dependency Syntax: Surface Structure and Deep Structure 35 2.1. Dependencies versus constituents 36 2.2. Surface syntax: different types of syntactic dependency 42 2.2.1. Lexical word arguments 44 2.2.2. Modifiers 49 2.2.3. Multiword expressions 51 2.2.4. Coordination 53 2.2.5. Direction of dependencies between functional and lexical words 55 2.3. Deep syntax 58 2.3.1. Example 59 2.3.2. Subjects of infinitives, participles, coordinated verbs and adjectives 61 2.3.3. Neutralization of diatheses 61 2.3.4. Abstraction of focus and topicalization procedures 64 2.3.5. Deletion of functional words 66 2.3.6. Coordination in deep syntax 68 Chapter 3. Graph Rewriting and Transformation of Syntactic Annotations in a Corpus 71 3.1. Pattern matching in syntactically annotated corpora 72 3.1.1. Corpus correction 72 3.1.2. Searching for linguistic examples in a corpus 77 3.2. From surface syntax to deep syntax 79 3.2.1. Main steps in the SSQ_to_DSQ transformation 80 3.2.2. Lessons in good practice 83 3.2.3. The UD_to_AUD transformation system 90 3.2.4. Evaluation of the SSQ_to_DSQ and UD_to_AUD systems 91 3.3. Conversion between surface syntax formats 92 3.3.1. Differences between the SSQ and UD annotation schemes 92 3.3.2. The SSQ to UD format conversion system 98 3.3.3. The UD to SSQ format conversion system 100 Chapter 4. From Logic to Graphs for Semantic Representation 103 4.1. First order logic 104 4.1.1. Propositional logic 104 4.1.2. Formula syntax in FOL 106 4.1.3. Formula semantics in FOL 107 4.2. Abstract meaning representation (AMR) 108 4.2.1. General overview of AMR 109 4.2.2. Examples of phenomena modeled using AMR 113 4.3. Minimal recursion semantics, MRS 118 4.3.1. Relations between quantifier scopes 118 4.3.2. Why use an underspecified semantic representation? 120 4.3.3. The RMRS formalism 122 4.3.4. Examples of phenomenon modeling in MRS 133 4.3.5. From RMRS to DMRS 137 Chapter 5. Application of Graph Rewriting to Semantic Annotation in a Corpus 143 5.1. Main stages in the transformation process 144 5.1.1. Uniformization of deep syntax 144 5.1.2. Determination of nodes in the semantic graph 145 5.1.3. Central arguments of predicates 147 5.1.4. Non-core arguments of predicates 147 5.1.5. Final cleaning 148 5.2. Limitations of the current system 149 5.3. Lessons in good practice 150 5.3.1. Decomposing packages 150 5.3.2. Ordering packages 151 5.4. The DSQ_to_DMRS conversion system 154 5.4.1. Modifiers 154 5.4.2. Determiners 156 Chapter 6. Parsing Using Graph Rewriting 159 6.1. The Cocke–Kasami–Younger parsing strategy 160 6.1.1. Introductory example 160 6.1.2. The parsing algorithm 163 6.1.3. Start with non-ambiguous compositions 164 6.1.4. Revising provisional choices once all information is available 165 6.2. Reducing syntactic ambiguity 169 6.2.1. Determining the subject of a verb 170 6.2.2. Attaching complements found on the right of their governors 172 6.2.3. Attaching other complements 176 6.2.4. Realizing interrogatives and conjunctive and relative subordinates 179 6.3. Description of the POS_to_SSQ rule system 180 6.4. Evaluation of the parser 185 Chapter 7. Graphs, Patterns and Rewriting 187 7.1. Graphs 189 7.2. Graph morphism 192 7.3. Patterns 195 7.3.1. Pattern decomposition in a graph 198 7.4. Graph transformations 198 7.4.1. Operations on graphs 199 7.4.2. Command language 200 7.5. Graph rewriting system 202 7.5.1. Semantics of rewriting 205 7.5.2. Rule uniformity 206 7.6. Strategies 206 Chapter 8. Analysis of Graph Rewriting 209 8.1. Variations in rewriting 212 8.1.1. Label changes 213 8.1.2. Addition and deletion of edges 214 8.1.3. Node deletion 215 8.1.4. Global edge shifts 215 8.2. What can and cannot be computed 217 8.3. The problem of termination 220 8.3.1. Node and edge weights 221 8.3.2. Proof of the termination theorem 224 8.4. Confluence and verification of confluence 229 Appendix 237 Bibliography 241 Index 247

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe 'law-language-law' theme is deeply engraved in Occidental culture, more so than contemporary studies on the subject currently illustrate. This insightful book creates awareness of these cultural roots and shows how language and themes in law can be richer than studying a simple mutuality of motives. Focusing on the multilevel phenomenon of 'speech', Jan M. Broekman explores the history of this theme, from the West-European Middle Ages, through to today s globalization. Existing philosophical concepts are studied for their views on 'alter', other and otherness in speech, alongside scientific approaches including 'semiotics', 'structuralism' and, in particular, 'legal consciousness'. This state-of-the-art book unveils today s problems with the two faces of language: the analog and the digital, on the basis of which our smart phones and Artificial Intelligence create modern life. Innovative and explorative, Rethinking Law and Language will be of value to law scholars, social scientists and psychologists alike. The investigation of professional language and the impact of digital communication on social relations will also appeal to judges and other officials as well as politiciansTrade Review'Ties between law and language have always been of interest in socially problematic situations as well as in legal and speech events in everyday life. Rethinking them brings us to Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan and later developments in Central European jurisprudence, to Marxian considerations, structuralism and sign theories. Unique in this book is the author's focus on problems with the two faces of language: the analog and the digital, on the basis of which our smart phones and Artificial Intelligence create modern life. How does law answer that challenge and is developing cyberlaw enough? Such questions remain unanswered as long as we do not focus on our personal responsibility for the event we call ''speech'' - the name of the flagship language - no matter whether we speak, Tweet or write on Facebook.' --Frank Fleerackers, KU Leuven, Belgium'A central thesis of this book is its recognition of the double definition of the term ''word'', which has also been neglected in studies of law and language relations. A ''word'' exists in analog and digital types of language, whereas conversions among those types seem to catastrophically diminish the appreciation and effects of a renewed appeal to personal responsibility inherent to speech. Any philosophy of the language-law relationship, the book suggests, should establish ''digit studies'': a branch that studies the digital media structures and its effects on languages around the globe.' --Anne Wagner, Lille University, France'I am struck by the way in which the book very convincingly weaves the idea of ''legal consciousness'' into the larger framework of legal semiotics, making the former inescapably an essential element of the latter. By all rights: that should serve as the headwater of a broad flow of discourse on the nature of law and language. Let's hope that this endeavour finds a good number of intelligent readers who are moved to respond.' --Philip T. Grier, Dickinson College, USTable of ContentsContents: 1. Rethinking Speech 2. Hobbes’ Frontispiece 3. Von Savigny’s ‘People’ 4. Signs Signify 5. Structuralism And Law 6. Alter’s Presence 7. What Language, What Law? 8. Word, Seme, Digit 9. The Flagship’s Wreckage References Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisCrossroads! Intersections physical and/or metaphorical demand processes of consideration, determination, decision and commitment. Stasis is no longer an option where convergence is poised before the unknown. Where categories such as gender, culture, ethnicity, socio-economic status, philosophy and religion clash, the multivariate process can reach such complexity that literary, sociological and psychological tools can have differing interpretations. Real-life intersections range from the mundane (choosing among food items on a menu according to taste preferences) to survival-determinants (evaluating the efficacy of various medical procedures). But such intersections are at the two ends of a very long continuum that takes in issues of form/function, and traditional vs.modern. For example, Home may be defined both as a physical place and/or a mental construct. In more esoteric contexts, artists chiefly known for visual production, representing their ideas with color and form, not infrequently cross media to paint with words. Philosophy, religion, art and literature cross paths via symbols and other visual and linguistic constructs. Writers deal with how and where their own or their characters multiple identities intersect. The Hispanic world is an extraordinarily vivid place to explore these crossroads. This collection of essays addresses a multitude of crossroads in numerous Hispanic contexts across the intersections of time & space/tradition & modernity. The contexts are wide-ranging; e.g., the visual, architectural: how Spains age-old oenological tradition meets modern technology, how the vestiges of long-term dictatorship lurk in the spaces of Spains democracy; and how space/architecture, and art/poetry cross in Latin America. Painters Pablo Picasso and Frida Kahlos productions cross the visual to the written; and magical realism products of the twentieth century Latin American artistic movement defy nature, science, time and space.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe ancient Israelite authors of the Hebrew Bible were not philosophers, so what they could not say about God in logical terms, they expressed through metaphor and imagery. To present God in His most impenetrable otherness, the image they chose was the desert. The desert was Ancient Israels southern frontier, an unknown region that was always elsewhere: from that elsewhere, God has come -- God came from the South (Hab 3:3); God, when you marched from the desert (Ps 68:8); from his southland mountain slopes (Deut 33:2). Robert Miller explores this imagery, shedding light on what the biblical authors meant by associating God with deserts to the south of Israel and Judah. Biblical authors knew of its climate, flora, and fauna, and understood this magnificent desert landscape as a fascinating place of literary paradox. This divine desert was far from lifeless, its plants and animals were tenacious, bizarre, fierce, even supernatural. The spiritual importance of the desert in a biblical context begins with the physical elements whose impact cognitive science can elucidate. Travellers and naturalists of the past two millennia have experienced this and other wildernesses, and their testimonies provide a window into Israel's experience of the desert. A prime focus is the existential experience encountered. Confronting the desert's enigmatic wildness, its melding of the known and unknown, leads naturally to spiritual experience. The books panoramic view of biblical spirituality of the desert is illustrated by the ways spiritual writers -- from Biblical Times to the Desert Fathers to German Mysticism -- have employed the images therefrom. Revelation and renewal are just two of many themes. Folklore of the Ancient Near East, and indeed elsewhere, that deals with the desert / wilderness archetype has been explored via Jungian psychology, Goethean Science, enunciative linguistics, and Hebrew philology. These philosophies contribute to this exploration of the Hebrew Bible's desert metaphor for God.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis timely and engaging book examines the rise of populism across the globe. Combining insights from linguistics, argumentation theory, rhetoric, legal theory and political theory it offers a fully integrated characterization of the form and content of populist discourse. Throughout the book, eminent scholars address questions central to the topic, such as: how does populism manifest itself rhetorically; how does it relate to liberal democracy; and how can the populist challenge be confronted? Carefully selected case studies are used to examine how populist behaviour deviates from that which we would expect to be the norm in a liberal democracy, for example through the use of obnoxious language and refusal to substantiate vulgar claims. The book also provides key insights into more fundamental issues, such as the opposition between the 'real' people versus the elite and the longing for a 'Heimat'. Offering an in-depth analysis and evaluation at the intersection of language, law and politics, Vox Populi will be of great benefit to students and scholars from a range of disciplines.Table of ContentsContents: PART I: CONCEPTUAL ISSUES 1. Introduction: The Study of Populism Henrike Jansen, Bart van Klink and Ingeborg van der Geest 2. The Rhetorical Stance of Populism David Zarefsky and Dima Mohammed 3. On Populism as a ‘Spectre’, and Unmanageable Concept Massimo La Torre PART II: CONSTRUCTION OF THE PEOPLE 4. Identifying Populism in Political Discourse: A Two-Step Corpus Analysis Henk Pander Maat 5. The Populist Construction of ‘One Nation’ in Politics: The Case of Turkey Yeliz Demir 6. The Different Faces of Populism: Discursive Shifts under Obama and Trump Carina van de Wetering PART III: POPULISM AS A STYLE 7. Suggesting Outsider Status by Behaving Improperly: The Linguistic Realisation of a Populist Rhetorical Strategy in Dutch Parliament Ton van Haaften and Maarten van Leeuwen 8. Populism and Parliamentary Argumentation Games Bertjan Wolthuis 9. Low Style the High Way: Rhetorical Mainstreaming of Populism Lisa Storm Villadsen PART IV: DEMOCRACY AND REPRESENTATION 10. The Immediacy of Populism and the Unrest of Democracy: A Phenomenological Inquiry into the Public Sphere Luigi Corrias 11. The Promise and Peril of Designing: A Radical Democratic Populism Laura M. Henderson 12. The Policy Dimension of Populism: A Comparative Approach of Party System Analysis Oliver W. Lembcke PART V: RESPONSES TO POPULISM 13. Values in Populism and Argumentative Counter-Strategies: The Case of Viktor Orbán Marija Sniečkutė 14. From Fact-Checking to Rhetoric-Checking: Extending Methods for Evaluating Populist Discourse H. José Plug and Jean H. M. Wagemans 15. How to Confront the Populist Challenge? Bart van Klink and Ingeborg van der Geest Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book offers a comprehensive account of Systemic Functional Translation Studies (SFTS) - a research area that applies Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) to study translation, and to relate researches by scholars in the community of both SFL and translation studies. The important trends as well as contributions in SFTS will be summarised. Various topics in SFTS will be covered in the six chapters of this book, including the basic issues and concepts in SFTS; the relationship between SFTS, the cognate functional approaches, translation studies and translation practice; SFTS and different modes of meaning; registerial variation and SFTS; technologies and SFTS as well as a future outlook on SFTS. The objectives of this book include to provide a comprehensive introduction to SFTS; to relate SFTS to translation studies; to summarise the important contributions and limitations of SFTS; and to offer directions for future researches in SFTS, reflecting on what is currently missing from the SFL theory.Table of ContentsAbbreviations and Symbols Abbreviations for Interlinear Glossing Acknowledgements Foreword by Erich Steiner, Saarland University Introduction Chapter 1 What is Systemic Functional Translation Studies? Chapter 2 The Environments of Translation Chapter 3 Systemic Functional Translation Studies and Metafunctional Modes of Meaning Chapter 4 Register and Systemic Functional Translation Studies Chapter 5 Technology-based Approaches in Systemic Functional Translation Studies Chapter 6 Current Situation and Future Direction of Systemic Functional Translation Studies

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis volume investigates the nature of language, culture, knowledge, and context, and their interrelationships. Each of these is defined - in terms of their relationship to language in particular, and to identify their respective properties. What exactly is meant by the term knowledge and what are the different kinds of knowledge? How might this be shared in a dialogue between two interlocutors, within a shared common ground, in the realisation of successful speech acts? Cultural and other knowledge is also found within the linguistic landscape and the artefacts within our environment. The book explores the ways that language is central to expressions of knowledge and culture. The purpose of the book is therefore to draw a comprehensive and representative picture of the dimensions of meaning, emerging from the interrelationship between these domains of language, culture, knowledge, and context.Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. Language and Culture 3. The Nature of Worldview 4. The Linguistic Landscape 5. The Nature of Cultural Artefacts 6. Cultural Models and Way of Life 7. Knowledge and its Representation 8. Context, Situation and Common Ground 9. Salience, Context and Common Ground 10. Culture and Language in Interaction 11. Some Final Comments

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis volume presents a thorough analysis of newspaper language from a regional and functional perspective. Based on a collection of 4,000 newspaper articles from five English-speaking regions and five different news domains, it discusses the benefit of register analysis in a systemic functional framework to comparing varieties and determining their developmental status. For this purpose, it starts with revisiting the states of the art in the fields of media studies, text analysis and variational studies, and then combines the three strands to result in an operationalization of register parameters and thus the basis for the analysis. The results are presented for each parameter as well as in terms of correlations, and are visualized frequently. After a discussion of the findings, the work considers their implications for the theory and method as well as the author's ideas for enhancements and future research.Table of ContentsPart I: Theory 1. Regional and Functional Variation 2. Varieties of English – Concepts and Previous Work 3. The Role of News and its Language 4. A Functional Approach to Variation in English Part II: Methodology 5. Defining Register for a Quantitative Analysis 6. Corpus Design Part III: Results and What to Learn from Them 7. Field of Discourse 8. Tenor of Discourse 9. Mode of Discourse 10. Regional and Functional Variation – What do we Learn? 11. Concluding Remarks Appendix 1: Top 10 Keywords Appendix 2: Top 20 Place References per Variety Appendix 3: Ranges and Deviations

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis volume presents a thorough analysis of newspaper language from a regional and functional perspective. Based on a collection of 4,000 newspaper articles from five English-speaking regions and five different news domains, it discusses the benefit of register analysis in a systemic functional framework to comparing varieties and determining their developmental status. For this purpose, it starts with revisiting the states of the art in the fields of media studies, text analysis and variational studies, and then combines the three strands to result in an operationalization of register parameters and thus the basis for the analysis. The results are presented for each parameter as well as in terms of correlations, and are visualized frequently. After a discussion of the findings, the work considers their implications for the theory and method as well as the author's ideas for enhancements and future research.Table of ContentsPart I: Theory 1. Regional and Functional Variation 2. Varieties of English – Concepts and Previous Work 3. The Role of News and its Language 4. A Functional Approach to Variation in English Part II: Methodology 5. Defining Register for a Quantitative Analysis 6. Corpus Design Part III: Results and What to Learn from Them 7. Field of Discourse 8. Tenor of Discourse 9. Mode of Discourse 10. Regional and Functional Variation – What do we Learn? 11. Concluding Remarks Appendix 1: Top 10 Keywords Appendix 2: Top 20 Place References per Variety Appendix 3: Ranges and Deviations

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe book is targeted at professional scholars as well as language students who plan their own research in the fuzzy field of applied linguistics, while working on their degree papers, or doing an any academic work related to language study. The uniqueness of the volume consists in its methodological character which is made operational and thus the book may function as a methodological manual. The academically fashionable and catchy word 'interdisciplinarity' is frequently made void in the research perspective. Comprehended as a mark of academic liberalism, standing for anything goes, it is questioned by orthodox minds adhering to the compartmentalization of scientific disciplines. This volume tries to bridge the gap in at least three ways. It offers theoretical justification for crossing disciplinary borders in methodological terms, presents an application of adopted methods or techniques from a different discipline and finally considers research benefits resulting from such an approach. These three elements, around which each chapter is organized, account for the integrationist aspect of interdisciplinarity. The volume includes seven chapters dedicated to a selected methodology incorporating an empirical avenue coming from outside of the linguistic domain, yet it is applied to linguistic issues which are interdisciplinary in their character. They either occupy a contested space between disciplines, or need an interdisciplinary insight, which ultimately imparts a more comprehensive understanding.Table of ContentsPreface Hadrian Aleksander Lankiewicz 1.Building Translation Sub-Competences of Foreign Language Students in Tellecollaboration Małgorzata Godlewska, University of Gdańsk 2. How Does Language Become a Skill? Analysing Languaging in a Problem Solving Activity Using a Multimodal Methodological Framework Grzegorz Grzegorczyk, University of Gdańsk 3. Integrating Duoethnography with Ethnolinguistics in an Endeavour to Reconstruct the Profiles of Education in the Discourse of Third Year Students of Applied Linguistics: A Case Study Magdalena Grabowska, University of Gdańsk 4. The Four Perspectives Model for Psychological/Psychiatric Case Formulations in Analysing the Discourse of Clinical-Diagnostic Case Reporting Magdalena Zabielska, Adam Mickiewicz University inPoznań 5. The Application of Projective Techniques to Render Linguistic Repertoires of Plurilingual Language Learners at the Tertiary Level Emilia Wąsikiewicz-Firlej, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań 6. Deconstructing Ethnic Insults by Means of Dual Character Concepts: Finding Evidence of Newly Emerging Contemptuous Meanings with Recourse to Philosophical Concepts and Corpus Linguistics Anna Szczepaniak-Kozak, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań 7. Focus Group Interview on the Ecological Perspective in Language Study: An Insight into Critical Language Awareness of L2 Users with Regard to Translingual Practices of Plurilinguals Hadrian Aleksander Lankiewicz

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe economics of language remains neglected territory. Language makes information operational. As a social technology, it is a resource of the symbolic species - some argue it defines the human species. Language affects ability to find employment; cultural identity, effective communication in business, international trade, and tourism; negotiations and settlement procedures; political activity; and conflict within and between nations.Donald Lamberton, a leading scholar in the field, has selected key papers which address issues such as why some languages survive and others do not, the importance of language to the operation of a world-wide business, the problem of the language divide in economic development and the future of new language technologies such as telephone interpreting services, the internet and talking machines.This authoritative collection of papers contributes, in the words of Jacob Marschak, to 'the essential stuff of economics, in particular the economics of uncertainty that characterizes problems of human information, communication and organization'.Trade Review'This book opens up many linguistic aspects of economics and shows in numerous ways how current research in this discipline is intimately related to that of communication.' -- Emile McAnany, Communication Research Trends'This reviewer found reading this anthology interesting and profitable.' -- L. Zgusta, American Reference Books Annual 2003'Don Lamberton has been a pioneer in several previously underdeveloped fields of economics - the economics of information, innovation and telecommunications - and his energy and enthusiasm has been instrumental in getting economists to give these the attention they deserve. In this edited book he has turned his attention to the economics of language. Economists have much to learn about the evolution of language and its role in economic development. In particular, a proper understanding of the economics of language is probably essential if the globalization project is to deliver benefits to all rather than just to some. This pioneering collection edited by Don Lamberton will help put us on the right track.' -- G.M. Peter Swann, University of Manchester, UKTable of ContentsContents: Acknowledgements Preface Introduction Language: A Social Technology? Donald M. Lamberton PART I THEORETICAL APPROACHES 1. Jacob Marschak (1965), ‘Economics of Language’ 2. François Vaillancourt (1983), ‘The Economics of Language and Language Planning’ 3. Reinhard Selten and Jonathan Pool (1991), ‘The Distribution of Foreign Language Skills as a Game Equilibrium’ 4. François Grin (1992), ‘Towards a Threshold Theory of Minority Language Survival’ 5. Jeffrey Church and Ian King (1993), ‘Bilingualism and Network Externalities’ 6. Marcellus S. Snow (1998), ‘Economic, Statistical, and Linguistic Factors Affecting Success on the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)’ 7. Edward P. Lazear (1999), ‘Culture and Language’ PART II PROFITS AND WAGES 8. Pavel Pelikán (1969), ‘Language as a Limiting Factor for Centralization’ 9. Nigel B.R. Reeves (1990), ‘The Foreign Language Needs of U.K.-Based Corporations’ 10. Carol S. Fixman (1990), ‘The Foreign Language Needs of U.S.-Based Corporations’ 11. Rebecca Marschan-Piekkari, Denice Welch and Lawrence Welch (1999), ‘In the Shadow: The Impact of Language on Structure, Power and Communication in the Multinational’ 12. Barry R. Chiswick and Paul W. Miller (1995), ‘The Endogeneity between Language and Earnings: International Analyses’ PART III POLICY 13. Joseph Lo Bianco (1997), ‘English and Pluralistic Policies: The Case of Australia’ 14. Mariel Tisdell (1998), ‘Socio-economic Aspects of Language Policies: An Australian Perspective’ PART IV TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS 15. Gordon B. Thompson (1977), ‘The World Turned Upside Down: Information Technology and the Linguistic Constraint’ 16. Uldis Ozolins, Tom Pointon and Chris Doucouliagos (1999), ‘The Market for Telephone Interpreting Services in Australia’ 17. (1998), ‘Word Perfected: Can Machines Talk? From Next Month They Will’ 18. Joann P. Ryan (1992), ‘Machine Translation: Matching Reality to Expectations’ 19. Geoffrey Nunberg (2000), ‘Will the Internet Always Speak English?’ PART V APPENDIX 20. Roger Backhouse, Tony Dudley-Evans and Willie Henderson (1993), ‘Exploring the Language and Rhetoric of Economics’ Name Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisOffers a full introduction to and survey of runes and runology: their history, how they were used, and their interpretation. Runes, often considered magical symbols of mystery and power, are in fact an alphabetic form of writing. Derived from one or more Mediterranean prototypes, they were used by Germanic peoples to write different kinds of Germanic language, principally Anglo-Saxon and the various Scandinavian idioms, and were carved into stone, wood, bone, metal, and other hard surfaces; types of inscription range from memorials to the dead, through Christian prayers and everyday messages to crude graffiti. First reliably attested in the second century AD, runes were in due course supplanted by the roman alphabet, though in Anglo-Saxon England they continued in use until the early eleventh century, inScandinavia until the fifteenth (and later still in one or two outlying areas). This book provides an accessible, general account of runes and runic writing from their inception to their final demise. It also covers modern uses of runes, and deals with such topics as encoded texts, rune names, how runic inscriptions were made, runological method, and the history of runic research. A final chapter explains where those keen to see runic inscriptions can most easily find them. Professor MICHAEL P, BARNES is Emeritus Professor of Scandinavian Studies, University College London.Trade ReviewA clear and authoritative textbook as well as an attractive, amply illustrated, and well-made artifact. It is written in an accessible style that nevertheless does not oversimplify. Michael Barnes has set a new standard, providing us with a clear and dedicated textbook for teaching the study of runes. * STUDIES IN MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE TEACHING *Barnes has succeeded in systematizing for students an elusive body of knowledge, and models...a careful, logical approach. * MEDIEVAL REVIEW *Extremely welcome [and] likely to attract an international readership. The book covers essential aspects of runology and it provides us with a succinct research overview. * NOWELE *An accessible and useful introduction to the topic. * YEARS WORK IN ENGLISH STUDIES *Provides students with an introduction to the topic which is both accessible and erudite. It brings the reader up to date on current issues in the discipline and demonstrates the concern with methodological rigour for which its author is well known. * HISTORY *Not only a handbook but a textbook for the study of runes. * CHOICE *A prudently structured, lucidly written, and judiciously reasoned overview of a subject that has engendered much divisiveness among experts. [...] A first-rate contribution. * ANGLIA *[An] immaculately produced book. [...] This book is both a pioneering textbook of runic studies and a reference resource on runes, thus serving the needs of students of language studies, medieval history and cultural matters, and the just plain curious. * REFERENCE REVIEWS *Overall, the book is abundant in interesting material, well-written, and.is a rare reliable source on this often overdramatized aspect of our field. * COMITATUS *An immaculately scholarly and notably rational introduction to runology. [It] tells the reader everything he or she needs to know about runes and how to study them. It will be invaluable to students. * TIMES LITERARY SUPPLEMENT *Table of ContentsIntroduction The origin of the runes The older futhark Inscriptions in the older futhark The development of runes in Anglo-Saxon England and Frisia The English and Frisian inscriptions The development of runes in Scandinavia Scandinavian inscriptions of the Viking Age The late Viking-Age and medieval runes Scandinavian inscriptions of the Middle Ages Runic writing in the post-Reformation era Cryptic inscriptions and cryptic runes Runica manuscripta and rune names The making of runic inscriptions The reading and interpretation of runic inscriptions Runes and the imagination: literature and politics A brief history of runology Where to find runic inscriptions Glossary Phonetic and phonemic symbols The articulation of speech sounds Transliteration conventions The spelling of edited texts Index of inscriptions

Read more less

Book SynopsisEssays on the writing and textual culture of Europe in the middle ages. Medieval Europe was characterized by a sophisticated market for the production, exchange and sale of written texts. This volume brings together papers on a range of topics, centred on manuscript studies and textual criticism, which explore these issues from a pan-European perspective. They examine the prolonged and varied processes through which Europe's different parts entered into modern reading, writing and communicative practices, drawing on a range ofapproaches and perspectives; they consider material culture, multilingualism in texts and books, book history, readers, audience and scribes across the Middle Ages. Dr Aidan Conti teaches in the Department of Linguistic, Literary and Aesthetic Studies, University of Bergen; Dr Orietta Da Rold teaches in the Faculty of English, University of Cambridge; Dr Philip Shaw teaches at the School of English, University of Leicester. Contributors: Rolf H. Bremmer Jr, Stewart Brookes, Aidan Conti, Orietta Da Rold, Helen Fulton, Marilena Maniaci, Debora Matos, Annina Seiler, Peter A. Stokes, Nadia Togni, Svetlana Tsonkova, Matilda Watson, George Younge.Trade Review[T]he essays provide a broad collection of works that convincingly argue for the interconnectedness of European manuscripts, language, writing, and the like. * H-NET *Table of ContentsPreface - Orietta Da Rold and Aidan Conti and Philip A. Shaw Medieval Manuscript Studies: A European Perspective - Orietta Da Rold and Marilena Maniaci The Digipal Project for European Scripts and Decorations - Stewart Brookes and Peter A. Stokes and Matilda Watson and Debora Matos Italian Giant Bibles: The Circulation and Use of the Book at the Time of the Ecclesiastical Reform in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries - Nadia Togni Isolation or Network: Arengas and Colophon Verse in Frisian Manuscripts around 1300 - Rolf H. Bremmer Writing the Germanic Languages: The Early History of the Digraphs th, ch and uu - Annina Seiler The New Heathens: Anti-Jewish Hostility in Early English Literature - George Younge Latin Composition in Medieval Norway - Aidan Conti Translating Europe in Medieval Wales - Helen Fulton Charms among the Chants: Verbal Magic in Medieval Bulgarian Manuscripts - Svetlana Tsonkova

Read more less

Book SynopsisA new examination of the little-studied phenomena of Direct Speech in Old English poetry. Some of the most celebrated passages of Old English poetry are speeches: Beowulf and Unferth's verbal contest, Hrothgar's words of advice, Satan's laments, Juliana's words of defiance, etc. Yet Direct Speech, as a stylistic device, has remained largely under-examined and under-theorized in studies of the corpus. As a consequence, many analyses are unduly influenced by anachronistic conceptions of Direct Speech, leading to problematic interpretations, not least concerning irony and implicit characterisation. This book uses linguistic theories to reassess the role of Direct Speech in Old English narrative poetry. Beowulf is given a great deal of attention, because it is amajor poem and because it is the focus of much of the existing scholarship on this subject, but it is examined in a broader poetic context: the poem belongs to a wider tradition and thus needs to be understood in that context. The texts examined include several major Old English narrative poems, in particular the two Genesis, Christ and Satan, Andreas, Elene, Juliana and Guthlac A. Elise Louviot is a Lecturer at the University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne (France) and a specialist of Old English poetry. Her research interests include orality, tradition, formulas and the linguistic expression of subjectivity.Trade ReviewA handsome and useful volume. This is a book that.scholars of Old English narrative will find it necessary to work with. * MEDIUM AEVUM *[T]horoughly convincing and well argued. * JOURNAL OF ENGLISH AND GERMANIC PHILOLOGY *Table of ContentsIntroduction The Form of Direct Speech The Content and Context of Direct Speech A Lack of Subjectivity? Archetypal Subjectivity A Problem with Voices A Problem with Point of View Impossible Irony Conclusion Works Cited

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the rhetoric used by members of the political elite and the news media in Japan as the core of political dynamics in this country. Based on the notion that political society is formed by language, and that in a broad sense the essence of politics is talk, this book examines the multifarious aspects of political discourse in Japan. The author investigates how political rhetoric varies according to the circumstances and intended visibility of events; the structure and focus of political news; the language and methods of information sources to disseminate information; and the tone of language used by Diet members and officials to shape the country's political culture.Trade Review"Feldman remains a top-notch analyst ...Talking Politics in Japan Today is a useful book for those who are already very familiar with Japanese media and politics, and provides lots of interesting historical data and a few original observations... it will be of great interest to those seeking to further understand how, if not why, Japanese press and politicians speak at, rather than to, the public." -- Eric Johnston, The Japan Times."This book is essential reading for all students of Japanese and comparative politics, mass media and politics, non-verbal communication, and persuasive communication." -- Takashi Inoguchi, Ph.D. Professor of Political Science, University of Tokyo Executive Editor, Japanese Journal of Political Science (CUP)."Feldman's astute analysis of the link between Japanese politics and political discourse reflects Japan's current transitional climate under Junichiro Koizumi. This has affected not only the structure and function of political institutions but also the way Japanese politicians and government officials communicate about political matters - Feldman contends that political communicators significantly affect public attitudes and that their words are powerful tools for rousing citizens' emotions. Interestingly, coalition politics, introduced to Japan in 1993 with the fall of the LDP, have brought a greater pluralism of views on policy issues and the national political agenda. This change has reduced the authority of a few elite leaders and folded more political groups and individuals into the political process, redirecting reporters' attention to new, more diverse sources. The weakening of the LDP factions through political reform also has affected Japan's political journalism, as has the January 2001 reorganization of the central government's ministries and agencies. Even the prime minister himself has had a hand in changing the information flow in Japan by encouraging more public dialogue, giving daily press briefings, and being generally more accessible than any of his predecessors. Recommended." - Choice.Table of ContentsIntroduction: Discourse and the Conventional Wisdom of Japanese Politics; The Nagatacho Beat: Writing with Wolves; Beat Reporting and the Search for Information; Two Sides of the Political Coin: Facade and Substance in Public Talk; "Yes, But . . . Well . . . Maybe . . . They Say So . . .": Analysis of Replies during Televised Political Interviews; Metaphorically Speaking I: Political Processes on the Front and Back of the Stage; Metaphorically Speaking II: Political Roles on the Front and Back of the Stage; Lampooned Prime Ministers: The Implicit Meaning of Editorial Cartoons in Japanese Dailies; Continuing the Conversation: Slogans, Names, and Moods; Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisTrue translation is transparent: it does not obscure the original, does not stand in its light, but rather allows pure language, as if strengthened by its own medium, to shine even more fully on the original. This is made possible primarily by conveying the syntax word-for-word; and this demonstrates that the word, not the sentence, is translations original element. For the sentence is the wall in front of the language of the original, and word-for-word rendering the arcade. (Walter Benjamin, The Translators Task) The book centers on Walter Benjamins revolutionary essay The Translators Task (1923) which subverts some widespread assumptions concerning translation: that it serves for communication, that it transfers meaning, that it must not distort the translators own language, and that it is inferior to the original. Benjamin overturns these assumptions by replacing the concept of translation as a merely linguistic operation with a metaphysical or theological concept of the same, derived from Jewish Kabbala and French Symbolisme. In The Translators Task, as well as his earlier essay On Language as such and the Language of Man, he delineates a cosmic linguistic cycle of descent from, and ascent back to, God. The translators task is to promote this ascent by deconstructing his own language in order to advance it towards a final Pure Language. Following an analysis of Benjamins approach, some of its affiliates are discussed in texts by Franz Rosenzweig, Paul Celan (as explicated by Peter Szondi) and Jacques Derrida. Rosenzweig, a translator like Benjamin, is shown to be concerned with more concrete aspects of translation, whereas Derridas autobiographical Monolingualism of the Other, though not focussing on translation, is shown to be an innovative contribution to the metaphysics of translation. Finally, an attempt is made to deal with the question of whether and how this abstract approach can be of help for the concrete practice of Poetry translation. The great poet Hoelderlins German translations of Sophocles testify to the clear, though elusive, practical contribution of this approach and to the importance of Benjamins legacy.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book shares the recent debates by systemic functional linguistics and other linguistic forums. Its principal focus is on how we use language to make meaning of the world, on how the systems and structures of the ideational function of language represent the realisation of our experiences of the world around us. The volume captures the endeavours of scholars working in different contexts, disciplines and languages around the world. Their contributions explore what underlies experiential and logical meaning-making through specific analyses of recently-created, contextually diverse, single texts or collections of texts, from mono- to multimodal texts. The issues addressed are: layers of meaning through the transitivity system; agency and subjectivity; what kinds of participants and circumstances are associated with various processes and how these vary across languages; new ways of researching and capturing the interaction of the experiential function with the other functions of language - interpersonal, textual and logical - in communicative contexts; and, how multimodality and new ways of modelling experience semiotically influence the work of linguists, linguistic description and application. The book displays the dynamic dialogue on theoretical and applied interests of scholars interested in functional linguistics and working in a wide range of academic contexts. At post-graduate level advanced students will benefit from new perspectives, the innovative thinking and research accounts that make up the collection. The papers highlight the flexibility of systemic functional linguistic approach and exemplify how it can offer deeper and further insights into potential ways of exploring meaning-making by drawing on recent seminal developments in ideation.Table of ContentsIntroduction Part I: Theoretical developments in representation: Experiential issues 1. From process to pattern: methodological considerations in analysing transitivity in text Geoff Thompson, University of Liverpool 2. Using corpus data to have a closer look at the experiential function Lynne Flowerdew, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 3. A survey of process type classification over difficult cases Mick O'Donnell, Michele Zappavigna-Lee and Casey Whitelaw, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid Part II: Interactions among Ideational, Interpersonal and Textual meanings 4. The grammar of emotion in English and Spanish: a systemic-functional approach Julia Lavid, Universidad Computense de Madrid 5. Construing experience and attitude in discourse: exploring the interaction of the TRANSITIVITY and APPRAISAL systems Claire Scott, Macquarie University 6. Bridging the meta-functions: Tracking participants through taxonomies Nick Moore, Etilasat University College, United Arab Emirates 7. Tactic augmentation and circumstantial augmentation in the creation of field meanings Sridevi Sriniwass, University of Malaya Part III: Applications of the theory to academic contexts 8. Instantial and conventional representations in scientific knowledge construction Ann Montemayor-Borsinger, Instituto Balseiro/Universidad Nacional de Cuyo 9. Mapping Ideational meaning in a corpus of student writing Sheena Gardner, Warwick University 10. The role of the Nominal group in undergraduate academic writing Anne McCabe, Saint Louis University in Madrid, and Christopher Gallagher, International Christian University, Tokyo 11. The expression of Experiential meaning in EFL students' texts: an analysis of secondary school recounts Ana Martin, et al., Universidad Autonoma de Madrid Part IV: Exploring the Ideational function in multi-semiotic representation 12. Inter-Semiotic expansion of Experiential meaning: hierarchical scales and metaphor in mathematics discourse Kay O'Halloran, National University of Singapore 13. Representations of individual and mass: modelling experience through multiple modes in digital art Birgit Huemer, University of Vienna 14. Movies 'reloaded' into commercial reality: representational structures in The MatrixA" trilogy promotional posters Arianna Maoirani, University of Bologna 15. Representing experience: the co-articulation of verbiage and image in multimodal text Dai Fei Yang, University of Western Sydney 16. Decoding meaning in political cartoons Maria Pinar Sanz, University of Castilla-La Mancha

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis volume strengthens the case for analysing discourse from the point of view of discourse participants' accountability and responsibility. It adds an important and largely neglected strand to research in discourse studies and pragmatics by analysing the expression and attribution of responsibility, particularly in professional discourse. Debates on social and professional responsibility have proliferated in recent years both in the public sphere (e.g. in connection with corporate responsibility reports) and in more local practices (e.g. as manifested in the publication of in-house codes of conduct). However, there is little academic research on professional discourse which systematically addresses the ways in which responsibility relations are construed in language use. This volume contains a number of case studies focusing on different professional settings: media, health care and social work. The types of data examined range from globally available mass-consumed discourse (such as news agency dispatches) to local and essentially private face-to-face encounters (such as counselling sessions).The studies examine different linguistic features (such as reported speech in written texts and backchannelling in spoken encounters) and different types of meanings (such as agency and causality). The studies draw on different methodological approaches (mainly pragmatics, conversation analysis and (critical) discourse analysis). A common thread running through the contributions is that responsibility is not a stable quality of people or institutions, but a dynamic and variable resource that language users negotiate in interaction.Table of ContentsI Discourse and responsibility 1. The Notion of Responsibility in Discourse StudiesAnna Solin & Jan-Ola Ostman 2. Taking 'Responsibility': From Word to DiscourseRobin Tolmach Lakoff, University of California, Berkeley 3. Owning Responsible Actions/selves: Role-relational Trajectories in Counselling for Childhood Genetic TestingSrikant Sarangi, Aalborg UniversityII Constructing responsibility in health care and social work 4. Negotiating Parental/familial Responsibility in Genetic CounsellingGoril Thomassen, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Srikant Sarangi & John-Arne Skolbekken, Norwegian University of Science and Technology5. Whose Business is it Anyway? Distributing Responsibilities between Family Members and Formal CarersOuti Jolanki, University of Jyvaskyla6. "Getting Placed" in Time: Responsibility Talk in Caseworker-Client InteractionMaureen T. Matarese, Borough of Manhattan Community College, City University of New York 7. Reflexivity in the Institution, and how it Entangles with ResearchChris Bulcaen, Ghent UniversityIII Responsibility relations in the media8. Political Interviews and Responsibility: A Case Study of its Interactional OrganizationAnita Fetzer, University of Augsburg9. Roles, Dramaturgy and Responsibility in Swedish TV-DebatesChristian Svensson Limsjo, Linkoping University10. Responsibility and the Conventions of Attribution in News Agency DiscourseMaija Stenvall, University of Helsinki 11. Who has the Power to Act in the World? Social Actors, Agency and Voice in a Catholic NewspaperKarin Tusting, Lancaster University12. Construing Professional Norms in Journalism: Responsibility and Risk ReportingAnna Solin

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis volume strengthens the case for analysing discourse from the point of view of discourse participants' accountability and responsibility. It adds an important and largely neglected strand to research in discourse studies and pragmatics by analysing the expression and attribution of responsibility, particularly in professional discourse. Debates on social and professional responsibility have proliferated in recent years both in the public sphere (e.g. in connection with corporate responsibility reports) and in more local practices (e.g. as manifested in the publication of in-house codes of conduct). However, there is little academic research on professional discourse which systematically addresses the ways in which responsibility relations are construed in language use. This volume contains a number of case studies focusing on different professional settings: media, health care and social work. The types of data examined range from globally available mass-consumed discourse (such as news agency dispatches) to local and essentially private face-to-face encounters (such as counselling sessions).The studies examine different linguistic features (such as reported speech in written texts and backchannelling in spoken encounters) and different types of meanings (such as agency and causality). The studies draw on different methodological approaches (mainly pragmatics, conversation analysis and (critical) discourse analysis). A common thread running through the contributions is that responsibility is not a stable quality of people or institutions, but a dynamic and variable resource that language users negotiate in interaction.Table of ContentsI Discourse and responsibility 1. The Notion of Responsibility in Discourse StudiesAnna Solin & Jan-Ola Ostman 2. Taking 'Responsibility': From Word to DiscourseRobin Tolmach Lakoff, University of California, Berkeley 3. Owning Responsible Actions/selves: Role-relational Trajectories in Counselling for Childhood Genetic TestingSrikant Sarangi, Aalborg UniversityII Constructing responsibility in health care and social work 4. Negotiating Parental/familial Responsibility in Genetic CounsellingGoril Thomassen, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Srikant Sarangi & John-Arne Skolbekken, Norwegian University of Science and Technology5. Whose Business is it Anyway? Distributing Responsibilities between Family Members and Formal CarersOuti Jolanki, University of Jyvaskyla6. "Getting Placed" in Time: Responsibility Talk in Caseworker-Client InteractionMaureen T. Matarese, Borough of Manhattan Community College, City University of New York 7. Reflexivity in the Institution, and how it Entangles with ResearchChris Bulcaen, Ghent UniversityIII Responsibility relations in the media8. Political Interviews and Responsibility: A Case Study of its Interactional OrganizationAnita Fetzer, University of Augsburg9. Roles, Dramaturgy and Responsibility in Swedish TV-DebatesChristian Svensson Limsjo, Linkoping University10. Responsibility and the Conventions of Attribution in News Agency DiscourseMaija Stenvall, University of Helsinki 11. Who has the Power to Act in the World? Social Actors, Agency and Voice in a Catholic NewspaperKarin Tusting, Lancaster University12. Construing Professional Norms in Journalism: Responsibility and Risk ReportingAnna Solin

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis volume focuses on the role of the postulated derivational and filtering devices in current linguistic theory and aims to promote the exchange of ideas between the proponents of MP and OT in order to evaluate the role of these devices in the two frameworks. It sheds more light on the tenability of the often proclaimed opinion that MP and OT are incompatible frameworks given that the explanatory power of the former mainly resides on the generative device whereas the explanatory power of the latter mainly resides in the filtering device. Papers from various perspectives discuss and compare the two devices in the two frameworks. The volume thus collects a large number of the arguments in favour of more a strictly derivational approach, a more strictly filtering approach, or a more hybrid approach. The book will be of interest to any researcher or advanced student in Linguistic Theory. It is more specifically directed to syntacticians working within the current frameworks that have developed from Chomsky's minimalist program (MP) and Prince and Smolensky's Optimality Theory (OT).Table of ContentsHans Broekhuis & Ralf Vogel: Introduction: Derivations and Filtering in the Minimalist Program and Optimality Theory Part 1: Combining MP with an OT-Evaluation 1. Hans Broekhuis: Derivations and Evaluations 2. Gema Chocano (Universidad Autonoma de Madrid) & Mike Putnam: Filing in the Gaps: PF-Optimalization in Parasitic Gap Constructions in Dutch and German 3. Martin Salzmann (Universitat Zurich): On Three Types of Variation in Resumption - Evidence in Favour of Violable and Ranked Constraints Part 2: Local and Global Optimization 4. John McCarthy & Kathryn Pruitt (both at University of Massachusetts): Sources of Phonological Structure 5. Fabian Heck & Gereon Muller (both at Universitat Leipzig): Extremely Local Optimization 6. Ellen Woolford (University of Massachusetts): Aspect Splits and Parasitic Marking 7. Eva Engels & Sten Vikner (both at University of Aarhus): Derivation of Scandinavian Object Shift and Remnant VP-Topicalisation Part 3: Optimal Design, Economy and Last Resort in OT 8. Vieri Samek-Lodovici (University College London): Optimality Theory and the Minimalist Program 9. Ralf Vogel: The Trivial Generator 10. Jane Grimshaw (Rutgers University): Last Resorts: A Typology of Do-Support Part 4: The Role of the Interpretive Components 11. Hedde Zeijlstra (University of Amsterdam): Hard and Soft Conditions on the Faculty of Language: Constituting Parametric Variation 12. Kleanthes Grohmann (University of Cyprus): Spell-Out Rules: Ranked Competition of Copy Modification

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book is intended both as a comprehensive review and discussion of the major studies of language development and functioning in mentally retarded (MR) persons over the last fifty years, and as an exploration of a number of important issues in this field. *The use of the term 'mental retardation' is in line with the recommendations of the American Association on Mental Retardation and other relevant organisations.Table of ContentsOutline and Rationale. Historical Sketch. Early Speech Studies. Early language Studies. More Theoretically Oriented Studies. Lenneberg's Studies. Psycholinguistically Oriented Work. Intervention Studies. IQ. Sex Social Class. Syndrome Considerations, and The Specificity Question. Iq, Levels of Mental retardation, and Language. Sex Differences. Social Class Differences. Syndrome considerations. The Specificity Question. Exceptionality and Language modularity. Exceptional Language Development in Mental Retardation. Dissociative Tendencies in Typical Mentally Retarded Subjects. The delay-difference Question. The Cognition-language Question. Language modularity. Language Development and Functioning. The Critical Period Question. Prelinguistic Development. Speech. Lexical Development. Thematic Semantics and morphosyntactic Regulations. Adult-child Interaction and The Development of language in The Mentally Retarded. Language in Mentally Retarded Adults. Ageing and Language in Mental Retardation. Language Remediation. Dimensions and contents. The Efficiency Issue. Alternative and Augmentative Systems of communication. Literary Training. Memory and Language. Computer-enhanced language Intervention. Perspectives.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThree questions provide the structure of the book: What are the specific learning characteristics of children with language difficulties? What are the critical points where such characteristics lead to difficulties in the mathematical syllabus? What can be done about them?The book is in two parts. Part One raises the problems, looks at research and suggests methods. Part Two picks up some of the methods and describes them in detail for the practitioner wanting to try them.Table of ContentsPart One: Features of Children with Language Difficulties: Consequences for Learning and Teaching Elementrary Mathematics. Chapter 1 Weakness in Symbolic Understanding. Introducing the feature. Critical points in the elementary mathematical syllabus. Summary Chapter 2 Weakness in Organizational Skills. Introducing the feature. Critical points in the elemtary mathematical syllabus. Summary. Chapter 3 Memory Weakness. Introducing the feature. Critical points in the elemtary mathematical syllabus. Summary. Chapter 4 Additional Weaknesses. Summary Chapter 5 A Social Dimension. Part Two: Practical Work: Additional Suggestions. Unit 1 Non-Count Work. Unit 2 Early Number Work. Unit 3 Understanding Sums and Symbols. Unit 4 Understanding the Decimal System. Unit 5 Money and Time. Unit 6 Improving Spatial Ability. Unit 7 Miscellaneous Exercises. References. Appendix (materials).

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book has been written by practicing clinicians and researchers who are closely involved with individuals who have disorders of communication. The first section provides an overview of basic issues and terminology in clinical linguistics; the second section discusses the purpose and value of assessing specific aspects of an individual' s linguistic ability and evaluates mainstream linguistic assessment procedures. The third sectionreviews the impact that modern linguistics is having on clinical intervention. For this 2nd edition, the book has been updated to take into account recent research developments and there is a new chapter on the assessment of speech perception.Table of ContentsPreface to First Edition. Preface to Second Edition. Acknowledgements to Second Edition. Contributors. Section 1. Fundamentals of linguistics for clinicians. Chapter 1. Introduction - Kim Grundy Chapter 2. Terminology - Kim Grundy Section II. Linguistics and assessment of speech and language impairment. Chapter 3. Assessment of Speech Production - Susanna Evershed Martin and Allen Hirson. Chapter 4. Assessment of Speech Perception - Kevin Baker and Kim Grundy. Chapter 5. Assessment of Phonology - Pamela Grunwell Chapter 6. Syntactic Assessment of Expressive Language - Michael Garman and Susan Edwards. Chapter 7. Investigating Comprehension of Syntax - M. Hazel Dewart. Chapter 8. Assessment of Semantics - Jenny Landells. Chapter 9. Assessment of Pragmatics - Gina Conti-Ramsden and Michael F. McTear. Chapter 10. Linguistic Assessment of Prosody - Bill Wells, Sue Peppe and Maggie Vance. Section III. The role of linguistics in the management of clients with speech and language impairments. Chapter 11. Applying Linguistics to Acquired Aphasia - Alison Ross. Chapter 12. Dysfluency and Child Language - Florence L. Myers. Chapter 13. Developmental Language Disorders - Catherine Adams and Gina Conti-Ramsden. Chapter 14. Developmental Speech Disorders - Kim Grundy and Anne Harding. Chapter 15. Acquired Neurogenic Speech Disorders: Applying Linguistics to Treatment - Niklas Miller and Gerry Docherty. Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisHow does one's grammar depend on one's conception of language? In systemic functional linguistics, language is viewed as a meaning potential, thus embracing the view, now supported by contemporary theories of the evolution of human consciousness, that language has evolved in the living of life in society. Using the theoretical framework of systemic functional linguistics, the chapters of this book explore the nature of language, the relations of meaning and society, of form and meaning, and of grammar and lexis. Halliday has referred to the level of lexicogrammar as the powerhouse of language: this is where the resource for creating linguistic meaning resides. But language as resource cannot be adequately described as a set of syntagmatic structures; instead, the primary focus must be on the paradigmatic axis, which after all furnishes the principle for the actualisation of syntagms. Accordingly, aspects of Urdu and English semantics, grammar and lexis are presented here in terms of systemic options, realised as structures.Table of ContentsEditor's Preface by Jonathan J. Webster Foreword by Carmel Cloran I: ON LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS 1 What kind of resource is language? [1984] 2 Directions from structuralism [1987] 3 Linguistic sign and the science of linguistics [2014] 4 A view of pragmatics in a social semiotic perspective [2012] 5 Choice, system and realization: describing language as meaning potential [2013] II: LEXICOGRAMMATICAL DESCRIPTIONS 6 The grammarian's dream: lexis as most delicate grammar [1987] 7 Lending and borrowing: from grammar to lexis [1985] III: ON THE RELATIONS OF FORM AND MEANING 8 Syntax and semantics [1971] 9 The meaning of `not' is not in `not' [2011] IV: BRIEF EXCURSIONS INTO URDU GRAMMAR 10 Some clause types in Urdu 11 The verb `Be' in Urdu [1970]

Read more less