Labour / income economics Books

Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the changing gender patterns of work in a global retail environment associated with the rise of contemporary retail and global sourcing. This has affected the working lives of hundreds of millions of workers in high-, middle- and low-income countries. The growth of contemporary retail has been driven by the commercialised production of many goods previously produced unpaid by women within the home. Sourcing is now largely undertaken through global value chains in low- or middle-income economies, using a 'cheap' feminised labour force to produce low-price goods. As women have been drawn into the labour force, households are increasingly dependent on the purchase of food and consumer goods, blurring the boundaries between paid and unpaid work. This book examines how gendered patterns of work have changed and explores the extent to which global retail opens up new channels to leverage more gender-equitable gains in sourcing countries.Trade Review'We live in a world of global value chains, which link thousands of firms, large and small, across multiple cultural and political boundaries. Global value chains have changed how consumers interact with global corporations and their suppliers, and impacted the working conditions of millions of people employed in farms, factories and retail stores across the world. Building on years of detailed empirical research across different industries and in several countries, Barrientos shows how global values chains are also reshaping the gender profile of work across several middle- and low-income countries. Gendered patterns of work in these global value chains can both relegate women workers to poorly paid and unrecognized labor or lead to economic empowerment and enhanced worker rights. The conditions and mechanisms that lead to these alternative outcomes are beautifully detailed in this cutting edge piece of research. Gender and Work in Global Value Chains is a tour de force that will fundamentally change the way we think of the world of work and the gendered dynamics shaping the global economy.' Richard M. Locke, Brown University, Rhode Island'Based on over ten years of research across the globe and case studies from Africa, Asia and Latin America, Gender and Work in Global Value Chains provides an illuminating study of contemporary working relations and gender discrimination. Exploitation and low and uncertain wages are rife but not all is gloom and doom. Some women producers and progressive firms (as a consequence of the research) have recognised that women's 'socialised skills' increase product quality and speed of delivery. While the firms capture most of the gains, by organising, some women have improved their working conditions and secured support for domestic work and care.' Diane Perrons, London School of Economics and Political Science'Based on her excellent work on Capturing the Gains research programme, this book introduces global chains in a balanced, sophisticated and highly intelligent way. Barrientos is passionate about using GVCs to improve conditions of work of those who labour along these chains through advocating a stronger regulation of capital. She argues that this can be done only through a 'constant process of engagement, bargaining and contestation'. This book will be an excellent contribution to the debates on GVCs and their importance in understanding production, exploitation, and the campaigns to improve the way we consume. Shirin Rai, University of Warwick'This empirically rich, multi-layered and insightful book breaks down the barriers around global value chain analysis to demonstrate how these chains have been shaped by and are reshaping gender relations across the wage production and social reproduction divide. Importantly, it allows for women's agency and for gender relations to open to change by exploring not only the very considerable evidence of exploitation and undervaluation of women's work but also evidence of the contestation of these conditions and associated gendered norms.' Jill Rubery, University of ManchesterTable of ContentsList of tables; List of figures; List of abbreviations; Preface; 1. Introduction; 2. Retail shift and global sourcing; 3. Gender patterns of work in global retail value chains; 4. Global (re)production network analysis; 5. Smallholder (dis)articulations: the cocoa–chocolate value chain; 6. Mixed outcomes: downgrading and upgrading in African horticulture; 7. Contested terrain: the limits of social compliance in Asian apparel; 8. Upgrading strategies: innovation, skills and rights; 9. Governance challenges: promoting gender-equitable value chains; 10. Concluding reflections: future of work; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisUrbanisation in the literature of development economics is expected to bring in a spectrum of social and economic transformations. With this framework in mind, this book focuses on various aspects of urbanisation in India and its impact on socio-economic variables. The study has been conducted at various levels of disaggregation such as state, district and city and the data is sourced from population census, NSSO's surveys on employment-unemployment schemes and results and consumption expenditure, and primary surveys on slum households conducted by the author. Urbanisation is studied as a process particular to developing countries, contextualising it within the study of India. While this brings about gradual changes contributing to overall growth, the pace is remarkably slow. It brings to the forefront the resilience of the social system that can be mitigated through significant interventions into some of the economic variables. Various policy implications of the evidence based researcTrade Review'This volume is unique in terms of its interdisciplinary focus and empirical rigor on well-being across space starting from macro and meso - to micro level … this book stands out as a unique exercise in unraveling the structure of urban morphology and its associated characteristics and must be read by students, teachers, and scholars of social sciences and humanities.' Naresh Kumar, Eurasian Geography and EconomicsTable of ContentsList of tables; Preface; 1. Introduction; 2. Assessing the quality of cities and towns; 3. New patterns and new strategies in Indian urbanization; 4. Growth, informal sector employment and poverty; 5. Upward mobility of the disadvantaged sections; 6. Erosion of the caste factor?; 7. Changes in a cultural variable; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book highlights accounts of women workers to capture the domains of gendered mobility, which challenges the exalted status conferred on women in the Kerala model of development. It contests and deconstructs the development discourse which considers women''s work mobility as an indicator of autonomy and agency using Capability Approach. The concept of ''transformational mobility'' and its measurement introduced in the book advances the understanding of mobility, autonomy and agency and the intersectionality in the context of gender and work. Through an in-depth exploration of lived experiences of informal women workers the author illustrates how patriarchal structures are shaped and reinforced by work places, markets and the state. The central question is - can we steer development policies to facilitate collective capabilities for women where informal work arrangements are becoming the norm?Trade Review'Menon questions prevailing assumptions that women's mobility, their freedom and ability to move beyond their households into paid work, necessarily enhances their autonomy and empowerment. She draws on Sen's capability approach to theorize her innovative concept of 'transformational mobility' to assess whether women's work mobility is empowering. Her inter-disciplinary analysis is applied to a fascinating comparison of informal women working in seafood processing versus self-employed fish vendors in Kerala, India. Her findings demonstrate that paid work outside the household is not sufficient to enhance women's agency and autonomy. Transformational mobility is more likely under circumstances where women have greater collective agency and ability to bargain over their working conditions. Menon's book is essential reading for all researchers, practitioners and policy makers focusing on women's work in domestic and global production. It advances an insightful analysis of transformational mobility applicable to assessing a range of occupations. It provides a challenging contribution to current thinking on constraints and potential for women's social and economic empowerment.' Stephanie Barrientos, University of Manchester'Menon's book shatters the myths regarding the exalted status of women in Kerala by drawing attention to the deprivation, segregation in low skilled work, gender gaps in wages and poor working conditions suffered by women engaged in informal work in fisheries. Drawing attention to the constraints imposed on women by patriarchal social structures in Kerala, she questions the prevailing arguments that translate mobility into autonomy and agency. She compares this constrained state with what she calls 'Transformational mobility' or freedom in the real sense, a state of non-domination. The pathways to autonomy of women are fraught with several challenges which can be addressed with better understanding of the underlying gender norms, which this book attempts to unravel. The book is a must-read for anyone working in the field of development and gender.' Aasha Kapur Mehta, Institute for Human Development, New Delhi'The work on Mobility as Capability reflects on a wide range of issues, enhancing our understanding of mobility, autonomy, and agency, and the intersectionality in the context of gender and work. Situating informal work by women in some of the dynamic activities in Kerala the volume envisages women's work mobility as an indicator of autonomy and agency in terms of capability approach. The work displays commendable originality and innovative thinking, which will stir our reasoning and encourage future research in this direction to help policy initiatives happen in an effective manner.' Arup Mitra, Institute of Economic Growth, New DelhiTable of ContentsList of Tables; List of Figures; 1. Transformational Mobility as Capability; 2. Reflections on Transformational Mobility, Autonomy and Women's Work; 3. Women in 'Kerala Model': Myths and Realities; 4. Situating Informal Work by Women in Fisheries in Kerala; 5. 'Measuring Mobility' of Women: Unravelling the 'Explicit' and the 'Implicit'; 6. Pathways to Transformational Mobility of Women Workers: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis; 7. 'Subordinating Self': 'Maneuvering Patriarchy' among Women Workers; 8. Self Categorisation, Group Identity and Agency among Women Fish Vendors; 9. Transformational Mobility: From Individual to Collective Agency of Informal Women Workers; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisInpatriates have become an important means of knowledge transfer within multinational companies. As such, the authors of Expatriates: Perspectives and Challenges of the 21st Century attempt to extract information regarding the knowledge transfer processes and inpatriates'' behavioral patterns. To provide a rich understanding of these processes from the inpatriates'' perspective, critical incidents reported by 22 inpatriates are content-analyzed. The expansion of expatriates has been associated with multinational corporations'' offshore production strategies. As livable built environments can attract and retain these expatriate workers in the host city, this compilation investigates how foreign direct investment flows are associated with human capital flows in a case study of Koreans in Suzhou, China. The concluding chapter discusses how, despite corporate globalization and the evolution of technology over the last 2 decades, we have observed a continuous increase in the number of employees deployed on international assignment. In fact, according to Finaccord, expatriate growth has been at a compound annual rate of 5.8% since 2013 and by 2021 the number forecast is 87.5 million. Since scholastic study abroad programs are now included in the curriculum of most post-secondary schools it is no surprise that 8.5% of expatriates are in this sector.

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Book SynopsisThis work covers all major areas which have had a destructive impact against America''s business/manufacturing job market. Strategy and techniques are clearly described, indentified and detailed for rebuilding America''s full time permanent job market.

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Book SynopsisAs the members of the "baby boom" generation -- people born between 1946 and 1964 -- approach retirement, the demographic profile of the U.S. workforce will undergo a substantial shift: a large number of older workers will be joined by relatively few new entrants to the labour force. According to the Census Bureau, while the number of people between the ages of 55 and 64 will grow by about 11 million between 2005 and 2025, the number of people who are 25 to 54 years old will grow by only 5 million. This trend could affect economic growth because labour force participation begins to fall after age 55. In 2007, 91% of men and 75% of women aged 25 to 54 participated in the labour force. In contrast, just 70% of men and 58% of women aged 55 to 64 were either working or looking for work in 2007. The rate of employment among persons age 55 and older is influenced by general economic conditions, eligibility for Social Security benefits, the availability of health insurance, and the prevalence and design of employer-sponsored pensions. Labour force participation among people 55 and older may, for example, be affected both by the trend away from defined-benefit pension plans that offer a monthly annuity for life to defined contribution plans that typically pay a lump-sum benefit. The declining percentage of employers that offer retiree health insurance also may result in more people continuing to work until they are eligible for Medicare at 65.

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Book SynopsisThe economy is recovering from the recession, but employers are still having difficulty filling certain jobs. The Department of Labor''s (DOL) Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Adult and Dislocated Worker programs are designed to help jobseekers find employment and to help employers find the skilled workers they need. This book addresses how local workforce areas have identified occupations that are in demand and how they have guided participants toward training for them; and what challenges local workforce areas have faced in helping employers fill certain jobs.

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Book SynopsisWorkers'' compensation insurance covers nearly all workers in the U.S. and provides those who are injured or become ill as a result of work with medical treatment, a portion of lost wages, and a lump sum for some permanent impairments. Nonetheless, there are limitations to conducting studies that rely on workers'' compensation records since not all injuries and illnesses result in claims being filed. Furthermore, the data that are collected are not readily combined if obtained from multiple sources since requirements vary substantially among the states. This book was written to help describe elements of the workers'' compensation insurance programs in the U.S. and the potential to utilise the records for public health purposes. This book also focuses on several key policy issues facing the program, including the disproportionate share of claims and program costs attributed to postal workers, the payment of FECA benefits after retirement age, the overall level of FECA disability benefits as compared with those offered by the states, and the administration of the FECA program.

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Book SynopsisHow can federal programs support low-income and low-skilled individuals find and keep employment? Searching for a job is a universal experience for nearly all Americans, but for some low-income and low-skilled individuals, job search may be especially difficult. To support these individuals as they look for employment, many federal programs offer short-term and relatively low-intensity services, known as job search assistance. This book describes an overarching framework for thinking about job search assistance programs, including an overview of service delivery methods, key program components, and the steps that make up the job search process. This book also reviews research related to the relative effectiveness of various job search methods and the components of job search assistance (JSA) programs, including federally-funded programs. The book provides an overview of current JSA programs and the existing literature related to JSA, with a focus on low-income and disadvantaged workers and heads of households.

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Book SynopsisJob satisfaction is a central concept in work and organizational psychology as it is associated with important individual as well as organizational outcomes. Work is the number one activity that occupies most of adults'' waking time. Being satisfied with one''s job, which is defined as a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one''s job or job experience, is related to important work-related and health-related outcomes (e.g., higher job performance, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, life satisfaction, lower absenteeism and lower counterproductive work behavior). This book discusses determinants of job satisfaction as well as workplace implications and the impact job satisfaction has on the psychological well-being of individuals.

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Book SynopsisLabour market differences among the race and ethnicity groups are associated with many factors, not all of which are measurable. These factors include variations across the groups in educational attainment; the occupations and industries in which the groups work; the geographic areas of the country in which the groups are concentrated, including whether they tend to reside in urban or rural settings; and the degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace. This book describes the labor force characteristics and earnings patterns among the largest race and ethnicity groups living in the United States -- Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics -- and provides detailed data through a set of supporting tables. The book also includes a limited amount of data for American Indians and Alaska Natives and for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, people who are of Two or More Races, detailed Hispanic ethnicity and, for the first time, detailed Asian groups. This book also discusses minimum wage worker characteristics from 2013.

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Book SynopsisWomen''s participation in labor force activities has greatly expanded since the end of World War II. Immediately following the war, less than one-third of women were in the labour force. However, women soon began to participate in greater numbers, and their labor force participation rose rapidly from the 1960s through the 1980s before slowing in the 1990s. By 1999, women reached the peak of their labor force participation, 60 percent. Since then, however, labor force participation among women has declined. Nonetheless, women''s labor force participation remains relatively high by historical standards, particularly among women with children, and a large share of women work full time and year round. This book presents historical and recent labor force and earnings data for women and men from the Current Population Survey (CPS). It examines statistical data and a view of female self-employment of working women in the United States.

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Book SynopsisRecent incidents, including the collapse of a factory building in Bangladesh, have highlighted poor working conditions overseas. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), millions of children worldwide are engaged in labour that hinders their development. The Bureau of International Labor Affairs (ILAB) provides technical assistance mainly through international and nongovernmental organisations to improve working conditions by supporting worker rights and combating child labour. This book examines how ILAB develops its technical assistance projects; how ILAB selects recipients of its funding; and how the Department of Labor manages its grant award documentation.

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Book SynopsisThis book analyses the regulations and outcomes of labor markets. Chapter One studies the minimum wage effects on selectivity and job specialisation by using a matching model in which agents are horizontally differentiated and where the nature of jobs is endogenous. It discusses the interactions between public policies and a firms'' technological choice. Chapter Two answers the question of whether labor market models should be unrealistic and false, or realistic and true. The third chapter focuses on occupational welfare in Denmark.

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Book SynopsisWomen make up almost half of the nation''s workforce, yet research shows that they continue to hold a lower percentage of corporate board seats compared to men. Research highlights advantages to gender diverse boards, and some countries have taken steps to increase board gender diversity. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires companies to disclose certain information on board diversity. This book examines the representation of women on boards of U.S. publicly-traded companies and factors that may affect it; and selected stakeholders views on strategies for increasing representation of women on corporate boards. Furthermore, this book discusses women in combat, and includes a discussion of the impact of women in Congress as well as historical information.

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Book Synopsis"The poems in Millrat are full of blessed and flawed humanity, based on author Michael Casey’s experience working in a textile mill in Lowell, Massachusetts, in the 1960s. This is a 25th anniversary edition of the book, with additional poems plus commentary by early reviewers and contemporary writers. The book gained national attention when first released in 1996. Poet Michael Casey writes, “My writing about the mills stemmed from the jobs during summers from college, undergrad school at the Lowell Technological Institute (LTI, now University of Massachusetts, Lowell) and then later when on leave from the State University of New York in Buffalo. A friend told me not to give the phony impression that the jobs there were at that time my career. Mention that here in compliance. I did not always work at a textile mill but for a book’s setting in Lowell, the textile mill was appropriate. Lowell was where the other American revolution began. History. The Industrial Revolution. For any writer at any time you are apt to write about what you are doing. I have to say think of Robert Frost and apple picking or Fred Voss at the airplane factory and writing about factory work is not restricted to men. I can recommend here the wonderful books by Inez Holden. Author Jeanne Schinto wrote in The Nation magazine: “In 1972, when Michael Casey was twenty-four, he won the Yale Younger Poets award with a book called Obscenities. Stanley Kunitz called it “the first significant book of poems written by an American to spring from the war in Vietnam.” . . . “Casey didn’t see action in Vietnam; he was in the military police, assigned to the highway patrol and gate-guard duty. So it’s no wonder that very little of Obscenities is about combat; instead, many of the poems illuminate the Army’s pecking order and its hyper-logical nonsense. In Millrat, Casey explores the mill hierarchy, at times even more complex than the military’s, since the rules there are less rigid and the consequences of disobeying them less certain. You may not lose your job, but you may lose face, which is often more valued. . . .” Poet Helena Minton says, “Michael Casey’s Millrat, first published twenty-five years ago by Adastra Press in western Massachusetts, is a novel distilled, spoken in a series of distinctly American voices. These laconic, but visceral poems, with their blunt language, immerse us in the world of a textile mill, featuring characters whose mishaps, trials and escapades sometimes land them “on the outside lookin in.” “In deceptively simple, yet startlingly original lines, Casey uses true sleight-of-hand. The job at the mill involves heavy machinery, dangerous chemicals and working with others who can’t be counted on for much of anything. Even moments of downtime—at the coffee truck, a softball game, a picnic, or signing up for the company betting pool, with its byzantine rules—are fraught with complications. On first reading, we might be tempted look at the world of the millrat as absurd, but it is all too real, and we laugh at our own peril. Thanks to Loom Press, Millrat will remain in print. It already has the feel of a classic, and should be widely read and re-read."

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Book SynopsisAs the world emerges from the COVID-19 pandemic, this book explores current migration and integration challenges. Against the background of long-term migration trends, it asks whether the pandemic has changed the patterns observed, transformed the circumstances international migrants face at destination or whether the opportunities and challenges for integration have been altered. Twenty-four researchers have contributed to this volume with research attention on how COVID-19 has affected transnationalism and identity, labour market employment, and impacted the discrimination of migrants in a variety of ways. Loyalties and tensions created by the need to include also hesitant migrant groups in vaccination programmes are explored. The role of cosmopolitanism and welfare chauvinism in narratives on inward migrations flows, the stance of trade unions on migration, the complexities of implementing return policies, and the challenges faced by unaccompanied refugee youth from Afghanistan are also discussed.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Migration and Integration in a Post-pandemic World.The Shape of Things to Come: International Migration in the 21st X Century.New Perspectives on Migrant Transnationalism in the Pandemic Era.Cosmopolitanism and Welfare Chauvinism in Sweden.Binds and Bridges to Protection in Crisis: The Case of Unaccompanied Refugee Youth from Afghanistan in Sweden.The Tricky Thing of Implementing Migration Policies: Insights from Return Policies in Sweden.Migration, Trade Unions and the Re-making of Social Inclusion: The Case of Territorial Union Engagement in France, Italy and Spain.Swedish Trade Unions and Migration: Challenges and Responses.Unemployed Marginalised Immigrant Women: Work Integrating Social Enterprises as a Possible Solution.Skill Requirements and Employment of Immigrants in Swedish Hospitality.Ethnic Discrimination During the Covid-19 Pandemic.Model Minority and Honorary White? Structural and Individual Accounts on Being Asian in Sweden.Loyalty and Integration among Young Adults with Minority Backgrounds in Norway.Immigrant Integration and Vaccine Hesitancy among Somali Immigrants in Stockholm.Conclusion to Migration and Integration in a Post-pandemic World.

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Book SynopsisThis book takes a close look at the interrelated phenomena of international business migrants and rural migrant workers in Shanghai. Through separate case studies it observes them in parallel and sheds light on the spatial implications of both groups' migrant status. The authors' uncovering of harsh and inadequate living and working conditions affecting rural migrant workers in the construction industry in Shanghai leads to the development of a concept of "Fair Building", a socially-conscious architecture that calls for accountability in ensuring that stakeholders involved in the construction process contribute to a sustainable urbanization.

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Book SynopsisChildren are the future of society, but many are forced into labor instead of education. Child labor is linked to underdevelopment and persists due to income inequality. This issue must be addressed by society and leaders to protect the innocence and potential of all children.

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Book SynopsisThis paper contributes to a small but growing literature that studies the effects emigration has on the labour markets of the sending countries, focussing on Poland for the period 1998-2007. We develop a simple model that guides our empirical specification, and provides a clear interpretation for our estimates. The data we use is unique, in that it contains information about household members who are currently living abroad, allowing us to develop region specific emigration rates, and to estimate the effect emigration has on wages, using within-region variation. We also provide IV estimates, using information on labour market shocks in the largest destination countries as instruments. Our results show that emigration from Poland was largest for workers with intermediate skill levels, and that it is wages for this skill group that increased most. We also show that emigration led to a slight overall increase in wages. Workers at the low end of the skill distribution did not gain, but may have experienced slight wage decreases.

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Book SynopsisThis paper contributes to a small but growing literature that studies the effects emigration has on the labour markets of the sending countries, focusing on Poland for the period 1998-2007. The data used is unique, in that it contains information about household members who are currently living abroad, allowing the researchers to develop region specific emigration rates, and to estimate the effect emigration has on wages, using within-region variation.

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Book SynopsisUsing survey information about characteristics of personal contacts linked with administrative register information on employment status one year later, the author shows that unemployment survey respondents with many employed acquaintances have a higher job finding rate. Settlement in a socially deprived neighbourhood may, therefore, hamper individual labour market outcomes because of lack of employed contacts. The author investigates this hypothesis by exploiting a unique natural experiment that occurred between 1986 and 1998 when refugee immigrants to Denmark were assigned to municipalities quasi-randomly, which successfully addresses the methodological problem of endogenous neighbourhood selection. Taking account of location sorting, living in a socially deprived neighbourhood does not affect labour market outcomes of refugee men. Furthermore, their labor market outcomes are not affected by the overall employment rate of men living in the neighbourhood, but positively affected by the employment rate of non-Western immigrant men and co-national men living in the neighbourhood. This is strong evidence that immigrants find jobs in part through their employed immigrant and co-ethnic contacts in the neighbourhood of residence and that a high quality of contacts increases the individual''s employment chances and annual earnings.

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Book SynopsisThis paper investigates the effect of intensified ALMPs, by increasing the threat of program participation, on post-unemployment wages. For this purpose, it exploits a social experiment conducted in two Danish counties, where approximately 5,000 unemployed people were randomly selected to receive either a standard treatment or an intensified treatment. It uses a Heckman selection model and finds that an intensified threat of program participation increases the probability of finding a job in the short run, but decreases wages in the same period.

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Book SynopsisIn this note a short introduction to the project Employment Effects of Entrepreneurs is presented. First, we describe the purpose of the project; second, we present the background; third, we briefly describe the three papers that constitute the output of the project, and fourth, we discuss two important qualifications for the understanding of the contributions and results established in the project.

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Book SynopsisWe extend earlier analyses of the job creation of start-ups vs. established firms by taking into consideration the educational content of the jobs created and destroyed. We define education-specific measures of job creation and job destruction at the firm level, and we use these to construct a measure of surplus job creation defined as jobs created on top of any simultaneous destruction of similar jobs in incumbent firms in the same region and industry. Using Danish employer-employee data from 2002-7, which identify the start-ups and which cover almost the entire private sector, these measures allow us to provide a more nuanced assessment of the role of entrepreneurial firms in the job-creation process than previous studies. Our findings show that while start-ups are responsible for the entire overall net job creation, incumbents account for more than a third of net job creation within high-skilled jobs. Moreover, start-ups only create around half of the surplus jobs, and even less of the high-skilled surplus jobs. Finally, our approach allows us to characterize and identify differences across industries, educational groups and regions.

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