Inorganic chemistry Books

Book SynopsisThis revised, new edition retains its class-tested coverage of how metals behave in water while updating and expanding information about metals processing methods. The book further retains its emphasis on predicting and engineering the way metals are extracted from ore sources, separated from unwanted entities, recovered as metals, and purified using water based processing. The transformation of minerals to metals requires hydrometallurgical processing for nearly all of the nonferrous metals we use. This book elucidates the associated fundamentals and processing applications as well as related tools to assess processes and performance. The new edition further includes additional photographs, updated drawings, supplementary data, updated descriptive information, and new detail on rare earth elements processing as well as recycling and byproduct recovery of metals.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Chemical Fundamentals of Hydrometallurgy.- Speciation and Phase Diagrams.- Rate Processes.- Metal Extraction.- Separation of Dissolved Metals.- Metal Recovery Processes.- Metal Utilization.- Environmental Issues.- Process Design Principles.- General Economics for Hydrometallurgical Processes.- General Statistics for Hydrometallurgical Applications.- Appendix A: Atomic Weights.- Appendix B: Miscellaneous Constants.- Appendix C: Conversion Factors.- Appendix D: Free Energy Data.- Appendix E: Laboratory Calculations.- Appendix F: Selected Ionic Species Data.- Appendix G: Standard Half-Cell Potentials.- Appendix H: General Terminology.- Appendix I: Common Sieve Sizes.- Appendix J: Metals and Minerals

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Book SynopsisMolecular Bismuth Compounds Ligand Design and Reactivity.- Nitrogen Based Ligands in the Coordination Sphere of Bismuth.- Geometrically Constrained Bismuth Compounds.- Bismuthinidenes.- Low Valent Molecular Bismuth Compounds Neutral Bi(I) and Bi(II) Species, Molecular Bi Clusters and Radicals.- Cationic Species and Catalysis.- Green Chemistry Using Bismuth Compounds.

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Book SynopsisCatalysis is at the heart of the chemical industry, which uses solid catalysts for the large-scale production of commodity chemicals. Catalysis at surfaces is also the basis for the ongoing transition to a sustainable energy supply, which requires molecules such as hydrogen, ammonia or methanol to store energy in chemical bonds, and environmental protection equally relies on heterogeneous catalysis. Catalysis at surfaces is a truly interdisciplinary field, which requires profound knowledge from chemistry, physics and engineering as provided by this textbook. All essential tools are described ranging from the synthesis and modification of porous solids over bulk- and surface-sensitive characterization techniques to currently applied theoretical methods. A close-up to the important aspects of surface catalysis is provided, which comprises the established knowledge about mechanisms and active sites, promotors and poisons in redox and acid-base catalysis. This advanced textbook is recommended for Master and PhD students, for whom it provides the fundamentals and all relevant aspects of catalyst synthesis, characterization and application in suitable reactors. It is not only thermal catalysis that is covered in depth, but also photo- and electrocatalysis as emerging fields in the Energiewende.

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Book SynopsisThis book is an introductory work on the broad topics included in Materials Science. It encompasses a number of different materials classes and properties with a focus on the structure-property relationships between them. Each class of materials will include and discuss recycling techniques and other green methods of production. Materials Chemistry: For Scientists and Engineers is ideal for all newcomers to the fi eld as well as for those seeking a knowledge of solid state chemistry.

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Book SynopsisThis book invites you on a tour through the most relevant topics of solid-state chemistry. It provides an up-to-date overview about fascinating structures of inorganic matter and new research developments. The reader will also gain crucial insights into many aspects of material science, from ceramics to superconductors. One chapter is specifically dedicated to the most rapidly evolving field of material science: metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The book contains a chapter which is often neglected in others due to its complexity, the intermetallic phases. A concise but very didactic introduction to crystallographic specifications ensures that the reader will gain a deeper understanding of the crystal structures presented in the book. The book places special emphasis on the graphical illustrations which were specifically designed to promote real insights into the structural features. Instead of having to decipher hard to distinguish graphics the reader has an eye-opening experience. A further added value is that many references to the original research publications are given which enables easy follow-up for more detailed study.

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Book Synopsis The book includes several topics as per Universities curriculum of M.Sc. and M.Phil. course work in Chemistry. This covers different Physiological aspects of Bioinorganic Chemistry in terms of 4 Chapters with in-depth and up-to-date coverage. The book symmetrically presents (i) Coordination chemistry of chlorophylls/bacteriochlophylls and its functional aspects in photosynthesis, (ii) Complexes containing nitric oxide: Synthesis, reactivity, structure, bonding, and therapeutic aspects of nitric oxide releasing molecules (NORMS) in human beings and plants, (iv) Complexes containing carbon monoxide: Synthesis, reactivity, structure, bonding, and therapeutic aspects of carbon monoxide releasing molecules (CORMS) in human beings and plants, and (iv) Advantageous role of gaseous signaling molecule, H2S: Hydrogen sulphide and their respective donors, in ophthalmic diseases and physiological implications in plants. At the end, three relevant topics are included as appendices for updating students and faculty members.

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Book SynopsisMany elements and inorganic compounds play an extraordinary role in daily life for numerous applications, e. g., construction materials, inorganic pigments, inorganic coatings, steel, glass, technical gases, energy storage and conversion materials, fertilizers, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, photofunctional materials, semiconductors, superconductors, soft- and hard magnets, technical ceramics, hard materials, or biomedical and bioactive materials. The present book is written by experienced authors who give a comprehensive overview on the many chemical and physico-chemical aspects related to application of inorganic compounds and materials in order to introduce senior undergraduate and postgraduate students (chemists, physicists, materials scientists, engineers) into this broad field. Volume 1 covers construction materials, coatings, metals, intermetallics, technical glasses and technical gases. Vol. 2. From Energy Storage to Photofunctional Materials. Vol. 3. From Magnetic to Bioactive Materials.

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Book SynopsisMany elements and inorganic compounds play an extraordinary role in daily life for numerous applications, e. g., construction materials, inorganic pigments, inorganic coatings, steel, glass, technical gases, energy storage and conversion materials, fertilizers, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, photofunctional materials, semiconductors, superconductors, soft- and hard magnets, technical ceramics, hard materials, or biomedical and bioactive materials. The present book is written by experienced authors who give a comprehensive overview on the many chemical and physico-chemical aspects related to application of inorganic compounds and materials in order to introduce senior undergraduate and postgraduate students (chemists, physicists, materials scientists, engineers) into this broad field. Volume 3 presents electronic, magnetic, biomedical, carbon- and sulfur-based materials and ceramics. Vol. 1. From Construction Materials to Technical Gases. Vol. 2. From Energy Storage to Photofunctional Materials.

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Book SynopsisThe book provides a complete overview on inorganic pigments and their use in coatings, plastics, printing, cosmetic, and construction industries. Each chapter introduces a certain class of pigment in respect of fundamentals, manufacture, properties and toxicology and thus being very valuable for color chemists, materials scientists and specialists for pigment applications. The readers will benefit from a concise and well-structured text, numerous examples and figures, and a variety of questions for self-control.

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Book SynopsisMany elements and inorganic compounds play an extraordinary role in daily life for numerous applications, e. g., construction materials, inorganic pigments, inorganic coatings, steel, glass, technical gases, energy storage and conversion materials, fertilizers, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, photofunctional materials, semiconductors, superconductors, soft- and hard magnets, technical ceramics, hard materials, or biomedical and bioactive materials. The present book is written by experienced authors who give a comprehensive overview on the many chemical and physico-chemical aspects related to application of inorganic compounds and materials in order to introduce senior undergraduate and postgraduate students (chemists, physicists, materials scientists, engineers) into this broad field. Volume 2 discusses energy storage, ionic solids, catalytic materials and photofunctional materials. Vol. 1. From Construction Materials to Technical Gases. Vol. 3. From Magnetic to Bioactive Materials.

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Book Synopsis Organic Reaction Mechanisms shows readers how to interpret the experimental data obtained from an organic reaction, and specifically how an organic reaction mechanism can be considered or rejected based on the analysis of the experimental evidence. Whilst examining a series of selected examples of mechanisms, the text focuses on real cases and discusses them in detail. The examples are arranged to elucidate key aspects of organic reaction mechanisms. The authors employ all the types of information that the authors of the original work considered useful and necessary, including spectroscopic data, kinetic and thermodynamic data, isotopic labelling and organic reactivity. The book makes an excellent primer for advanced undergraduates in chemistry who are preparing for exams and is also useful for graduate students and instructors.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "The authors of this book utilise recently published research work to illustrate and instruct the reader on how to interpret experimental data to account for product stereochemical outcomes and propose reasonable reaction mechanisms. Matching mechanisms to justify experimental results with no or limited supportive experimental evidence is tricky as often more questions are raised than answered, but in the majority of the 40 papers presented, Gallego and Sierra are reasonably convincing with their discussion of plausible mechanisms….. This book is suitable for the hyper-enthusiastic advanced organic chemistry undergraduates who are destined to higher research degree studies and for graduates and professional organic chemists who like linking experimental data to organic structures."Chemistry in Australia, 10/2004, p. 30 "The book makes an excellent primer for advanced undergraduates in chemistry who are preparing for exams and is also useful for graduates students and instructors."Journal: Chimie Nouvelle – Societe Royale de Chimie, Vol. 22, Issue 87, p. 122 "Organic Reaction Mechanisms shows readers how to interpret the experimental data obtained from an organic reaction … . Examining a series of selected examples of mechanisms, Organic Reaction Mechanisms focuses on real cases and discusses them in detail … . The book makes an excellent primer for advanced undergraduates in chemistry who are preparing for exams and is also useful for graduate students and instructors." (Chimie Nouvelle Societe Royale de Chemie, Vol. 22(87), 2004) "Learning by doing is the approach pursued by Gallego and Sierra in their book … . The chemical concepts and reaction types introduced to the reader cover practically all of the addition, substitution, and elimination reactions known in traditional organic chemistry. … Ample space is also given to … . The book is a valuable resource for the preparation of seminars on organic reaction mechanisms, and as such it should be available in a good university library." (Hendrik Zipse, Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 116(37), 2004) "Organic Reaction Mechanisms: 40 Solved Cases presents cases of organic reaction mechanisms using formal representation … . The examples are treated in detail with an introduction, experimental data, discussion, key points and additional references. The approach of the authors is original since they do not approach the reaction … . This volume will be useful to advanced undergraduate students and researchers interested in understanding the mechanism of organic reactions." (John F. Kennedy, Francois Meullenet, Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 57, 2004) "Working with three-dimensional molecules, changes to solvent or catalyst and other such factors may dramatically alter the course of a reaction, and these subtleties are not readily appreciated by most students. … The authors of this book try to redress this deficiency by bringing together a series of organic reactions whose mechanistic details have been probed using a variety of techniques and approaches. … will also offer lecturers a useful set of worked problems with which to illustrate their courses." (Andrew Boa, Times Higher Education Supplement, February, 2005) "Organic Reaction Mechanics shows the readers how to interpret the experimental data obtained from an organic reaction … . This book in which the strategy of synthesis has been discussed will be useful for undergraduates, Ph. D. students and scientists … . Lecturers can find in the text new examples to illustrate topics of advanced chemistry. After reading this book specific interest can be found by a physicist who deals with investigations of chemical or biochemical processes by physical methods." (Yu. Galyametdinov, Applied Magnetic Resonance, Vol. 28 (1-2), 2005) "What resources do you need to teach mechanistic organic chemistry? More often than not, quick access to appropriate, contemporary examples … . For that reason alone I can commend Gomez Gallego and Sierra’s book … . The book is well organized. … The scope of the examples is a real asset. … The references are also valuable. … I can see it becoming a very useful resource for educators at advanced undergraduate and postgraduate level." (Jim Iley, Chemistry World, Vol. 2 (7), 2005) "The mechanism of a chemical reaction can be considered as a hypothetical motion picture of the behavior of the participating atoms. The reliability of the proposed mechanism increases if it leads to quantitative predictions as to how the speed of the reaction is affected by concentrations of reactants, temperature, solvent and the presence of catalysts. The interpretation of the experimental data is a key point in any type of experimentation. The book on Organic Reaction Mechanisms explains the various approaches to interpret the experimental data obtained from an organic reaction and specifically how an organic reaction mechanism can be considered or rejected based on the analysis of experimental evidence. ...All the cases presented in the book have been nicely illustrated that cover all the main topics of organic chemistry and this book is an innovative contribution to the subject. In conclusion, this book can be excellent source of information not only to the students but also to the academicians working in the area of organic chemistry." (John F. Kennedy, Univ. Birmingham; Journal: Carbohydrate Polymers, Issue 65, 2006) Table of ContentsLevel 1.- Case 1. A Surprise in the Synthesis of Guanacastepene A.- Case 2. Sulfenylation of Indole.- Case 3. Substrate Selective Reactions in the Presence of Lewis Acids.- Case 4. Diastereoselective Reductions of ?-Ketoesters.- Case 5. Rearrangements from Tetrahydropyran Derivatives.- Case 6. Stereospecific Substitution Reactions of Epoxy Sulfides.- Case 7. NaBH4 Reduction of ?,?-Unsaturated Chromium Carbene Complexes.- Case 8. Addition of Hydroxylamines to ?,?-Unsaturated Esters.- Case 9. Solvolysis of Electron-Deficient Norbornyl Triflates.- Case 10 Nucleophile Versus Base Catalysis.- Case 11. The Hydrolysis of p-Substituted Styrene Oxides.- Case 12. Elimination Reactions of Benzaldehyde O-Benzoyloximes.- Case 13. Oxygen Versus Sulfur Stabilization of Carbenium Ions.- Case 14. Cyclization of 2,3-Dibenzylidenesuccinates.- Case 15. Oxazoline N-Oxides as Dipoles in [3+2] Cycloadditions.- Case 16. Light-Induced Cycloadditions of N-Phthaloyl ?Amino Acids.- Level 2.- Case 17. Change in Rate-Determining Step in an E1 cB Mechanism: Aminolysis of Sulfamate Esters.- Case 18. Unusual Diels-Alder Reactivity of Acyclic 2-Azadienes.- Case 19. Chelate-Controlled Carbonyl Addition Reactions.- Case 20. Esterification of Carboxylic Acids with Dimethyl Carbonate and DBU.- Case 21. A Hammett Analysis in a Multistep Reaction: Rhodium(II)-Catalyzed Decomposition of ?Diazo Esters.- Case 22. Tandem Cycloadditions with Nitronates.- Case 23. Hydrolysis of 2-Aminobenzoate Esters.- Case 24. Rearrangements of Cyclobutenones.- Case 25. Epoxi Ester-Orthoester Rearrangement.- Case 26. 2-Chloro-1,3,5-triazines as Activating Groups of Carboxylic Acids in the Formation of Peptide Bonds.- Case 27. Acid-Catalyzed Isomerization of Imines.- Case 28. A Dearomatizing Disrotatory Electrocyclic Ring Closure.- Case 29. Stereoselective Debromination of Vicinal Dibromides.- Case 30. Diels-Alder Reactions of N-Acyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazines.- Case 31. Stereoselective Synthesis of 2-Acylaziridines.- Level 2.- Case 32. The Baylis-Hillman Reaction.- Case 33. The Rate-Determining Step in the SNAr Reaction.- Case 34. Helicenophanes and their Racemization.- Case 35. Solvolysis of Vinyl Iodonium Salts.- Case 36. Vicarious Nucleophilic Substitution.- Case 37. Base-promoted HF Elimination from 4-Fluoro-4-(4'-nitrophenyl)butan-2-one.- Case 38. Substitution of ?Halostyrenes Mes.- Case 39. Periodinane-Mediated Cyclization of Anilides.- Case 40. Solvolysis of 8-Deltacyclyl Brosylates.

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Book SynopsisEveryone starting work in this field is faced with the lack of basic books. Here, two renowned researchers introduce the reader to luminescence and its applications, describing the principles of the luminescence processes in a clear way and dealing not only with physics, but also with the chemistry of systems. Particular attention is paid to materials such as lamp phosphors, cathode-ray and X-ray phosphors, scintillators and many other applications.Table of Contents1 A General Introduction to Luminescent Materials.- 2 How Does a Luminescent Material Absorb Its Excitation Energy?.- 2.1 General Considerations.- 2.2 The Influence of the Host Lattice.- 2.3 The Energy Level Diagrams of Individual Ions.- 2.3.1 The Transition Metal Ions (dn).- 2.3.2 The Transition Metal Ions with d0 Configuration.- 2.3.3 The Rare Earth Ions (4fn).- 2.3.4 The Rare Earth Ions (4f-5d and Charge-Transfer Transitions)….- 2.3.5 Ions with s2 Configuration.- 2.3.6 Ions with d10 Configuration.- 2.3.7 Other Charge-Transfer Transitions.- 2.3.8 Color Centers.- 2.4 Host Lattice Absorption.- References.- 3 Radiative Return to the Ground State: Emission.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 General Discussion of Emission from a Luminescent Center.- 3.3 Some Special Classes of Luminescent Centers.- 3.3.1 Exciton Emission from Alkali Halides.- 3.3.2 Rare Earth Ions (Line Emission).- 3.3.3 Rare Earth Ions (Band Emission).- 3.3.4 Transition Metal Ions.- 3.3.5d0 Complex Ions.- 3.3.6d10 Ions.- 3.3.7s2 Ions.- 3.3.8 The U6+ ion.- 3.3.9 Semiconductors.- 3.3.10 Cross-Luminescence.- 3.4 Afterglow.- 3.5 Thermoluminescence.- 3.6. Stimulated emission.- References.- 4 Nonradiative Transitions.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Nonradiative Transitions in an Isolated Luminescent Centre.- 4.2.1 The Weak-Coupling Case.- 4.2.2 The Intermediate- and Strong-Coupling Cases.- 4.3 Efficiency.- 4.4 Maximum Efficiency for High Energy Excitation [13].- 4.5 Photoionization and Electron-Transfer Quenching.- 4.6 Nonradiative Transitions in Semiconductors.- References.- 5 Energy Transfer.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Energy Transfer Between Unlike Luminescent Centers.- 5.3 Energy Transfer Between Identical Luminescent Centers.- 5.3.1 Weak-Coupling Scheme Ions.- 5.3.2 Intermediate-and strong-coupling scheme ions.- 5.4 Energy Transfer in Semiconductors.- References.- 6 Lamp Phosphors.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Luminescent Lighting [1–3].- 6.3 The Preparation of Lamp Phosphors.- 6.4 Photoluminescent Materials.- 6.4.1. Lamp Phosphors for Lighting.- 6.4.2 Phosphors for Other Lamp Applications.- 6.4.3 Phosphors for High-Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamps.- 6.4.4 Phosphors with Two-Photon Emission.- 6.5 Outlook.- References.- 7 Cathode-Ray Phosphors.- 7.1 Cathode-Ray Tubes: Principles and Display.- 7.2 Preparation of Cathode-Ray Phosphors.- 7.3 Cathode-Ray Phosphors.- 7.3.1 Some General Remarks.- 7.3.2 Phosphors for Black-and-White Television.- 7.3.3 Phosphors for Color Television.- 7.3.4 Phosphors for Projection Television.- 7.3.5 Other Cathode-Ray Phosphors.- 7.4 Outlook.- References.- 8 X-Ray Phosphors and Scintillators (Integrating Techniques).- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.1.1 X-Ray Absorption.- 8.1.2 The Conventional Intensifying Screen.- 8.1.3 The Photostimulable Storage Phosphor Screen.- 8.1.4 Computed Tomography.- 8.2 Preparation of X-ray Phosphors.- 8.2.1 Powder Screens.- 8.2.2 Ceramic Plates.- 8.2.3 Single Crystals.- 8.3 Materials.- 8.3.1 X-Ray Phosphors for Conventional Intensifying Screens.- 8.3.2 X-Ray Phosphors for Photostimulable Storage Screens.- 8.3.3 X-Ray Phosphors for Computed Tomography.- 8.4 Outlook.- References.- 9 X-Ray Phosphors and Scintillators (Counting Techniques).- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 The Interaction of Ionizing Radiation with Condensed Matter.- 9.3 Applications of Scintillator Crystals.- 9.4 Material Preparation (Crystal Growth).- 9.5 Scintillator Materials.- 9.5.1 Alkali Halides.- 9.5.2 Tungstates.- 9.5.3 Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO).- 9.5.4 Gd2SiO5: Ce3+ and Lu2SiO5: Ce3+.- 9.5.5 CeF3.- 9.5.6 Other Ce3+ Scintillators and Related Materials.- 9.5.7 BaF2 (Cross Luminescence; Particle Discrimination).- 9.5.8 Other Materials with Cross Luminescence.- 9.6 Outlook.- References.- 10 Other Applications.- 10.1 Upconversion: Processes and Materials.- 10.1.1 Upconversion Processes.- 10.1.2 Upconversion Materials.- 10.2 The Luminescent Ion as a Probe.- 10.3 Luminescence Immuno-Assay.- 10.3.1 Principle.- 10.3.2 Materials.- 10.4 Electroluminescence.- 10.4.1 Introduction.- 10.4.2 Light-Emitting Diodes and Semiconductor Lasers.- 10.4.3 High-Field Electroluminescence.- 10.5 Amplifiers and Lasers with Optical Fibers.- 10.6 Luminescence of Very Small Particles.- References.- Appendix 1. The Luminescence Literature.- Appendix 2. From Wavelength to Wavenumber and Some Other Conversions.- Appendix 3. Luminescence, Fluorescence, Phosphoresence.- Appendix 4. Plotting Emission Spectra.

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Book SynopsisIn this brief, Mary Virginia Orna details the history of color from the chemical point of view. Beginning with the first recorded uses of color and ending in the development of our modern chemical industry, this rich, yet concise exposition shows us how color pervades every aspect of our lives. Our consciousness, our perceptions, our useful appliances and tools, our playthings, our entertainment, our health, and our diagnostic apparatus – all involve color and are based in no small part on chemistry.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“This work, part of the ‘SpringerBriefs’ series, emphasizes color chemistry and its history. … The short book includes chemical structures, reaction schemes, brief biographies of key individuals, and illustrations from the Chemical Heritage Foundation. Of interest to students and teachers of chemistry, as well as those in history, physics, psychology, and art. Summing Up: Recommended. Lower-division undergraduates and above; informed general readers.” (R. E. Buntrock, Choice, Vol. 50 (9), May, 2013)“This new book with such a unique take on the historical development of our understanding of the phenomenon that is color. … It is a delightful combination of historical accounts and anecdotes surrounding the subject of color, while at the same time dealing properly with the science. … I would recommend it as essential reading for anyone with an interest in color. … I have reviewed many books on color over the years … but I can honestly give this one my most enthusiastic recommendation.” (Robert Christie, Bulletin for the History of Chemistry, Vol. 38 (1), 2013)Table of ContentsIntroduction: Colors, Natural and Synthetic, in the Ancient World.- Discovery of the Physics of Color.- The Chemical Causes of Color.- Colorant Usage from Antiquity to the Perkin Era.- Beyond Perkin.- Major Analytical Techniques Based on Color: Volumetric Analysis; Chromatography; Spectroscopy; Color Measurement.- Color on the Biological and Biochemical Front.- Finale: Color in Foods, Photochemistry, Photoluminescence, Pharmaceuticals, Fireworks, Fun and the Future.

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Book SynopsisEntdecken Sie ein Wunder der Natur – altbekannt und doch immer noch voller Rätsel. Wissenschaftler aus den verschiedensten Fachbereichen folgen der Spur des Diamanten, der seit den frühesten Hochkulturen die Menschen fasziniert. Was ist Fakt, was Legende?Table of ContentsEinleitung: Die Bezeichnung des Diamanten in der Antike.- Herkunft und Bedeutung.- Überblick über den griechisch-lateinischen Sprachgerbrauch.- Andere Ableitungen von Adamas.- Platons Adamas im Gold.- Jaspis: die alte Benennung fÜr den Diamanten?.- Der Diamant in der Alten Welt.- Der Diamant in den frÜhen Reichen Kleinasiens und Mesopotamiens.- Der Diamant im Alten Ägypten.- Der Diamant in der Bibel und in der jüdischen Literatur.- Im Alten Testament.- -Überblick.- -Yahalom: Der angebliche Diamant im Pentateuch.- -Herkunft des Wortes Yahalom.- Yahalom in den alten Übersetzungen der Thora.- Anak als Diamant beim Propheten Amos.- Yahalom beim Propheten Ezecbiel.- Edelsteine im Buch Tobit.- Schamir als Diamant.- Zekhukhith=Diamant im Buche Ijob?.- Urim und Thumim als Diamanten?.- Außerbiblische Beschreibungen des Brustschildes.- Der Diamant im Neuen Testament.- Der Diamant im Alten Indien.- Der Diamant im Alten China.- Der Diamant in der klassischen Antike.- Allgemeines.- Der Diamant bei den alten Griechen.- Der Adamas-Diamant bei den Römern.- Die römische Literatur.- Die Adamas-Arten des Plinius und ihre späteren Deutungen.- _Die Art der Alten.- _Die zeitgenössischen Arten.- _Der indische Diamant.- _Der arabische Adamas.- _Die übrigen Arten im Golde.- _Unterart: Cenchros.- _Unterart: Der mazedonische Adamas.- _Zyprischer Adamas und Siderites.- _Der Beiname Anancites.- _Die Insel Basilia.- Der Diamant in der antiken christlichen Literatur.- Die WertschÄtzung des Adamas in der Antike.- Wege des Diamanthandels in der Antike.- Im Alten Indien.- Im Raum der klassischen Antike.- _Auf dem Weg des Alexanderzugs.- _Über Arabien.- Der Diamant im Mittelalter.- (von L. Hödl).- Benennungen des Steins im Mittelalter.- Überblick und der Diamant in den frühen Rezeptbüchern.- Der Diamant in mittelalterlichen Reiseberichten.- Die mittelalterl. Lehrbücher, Enzvklopädien und Steinbücher.- Landessprachliche Mittelalterliche Steinbücher.- Der Diamant Bei Den Arabern.- Die arabische Benennung des Diamanten.- Die arabischen Steinbücher.- Arabische Fundsagen.- Aberglauben und Magisches: Der Diamant in der Medizin und als Gift.- Allgemeines.- Im Alten Indien.- In Der Klassischen Antike.- Im Mittelalter.- Bei den Arabern.- In der Neuzeit.- Falsche, alchemistische und künstliche Diamanten.- Falsche Diamanten und die Echtheitsprüfung.- Alchemistische Diamanten.- Franz Karl Achards „Diamantmacherev“.- Bergmans Edelerde.- Der Legendenkranz um den Diamanten.- Fundort-Legenden.- Im Altertum.- Im Mittelalter und bei den Arabern.- Zu Beginn der Neuzeit.- Die Magnet-Legende.- Herkunft und Verbreitung in der Antike.- Im Mittelalter.- In der Neuzeit.- Das Hammer- und Amboß-Märchen.- In der griechisch-römischen Antike und im Mittelalter.- In anderen Kulturkreisen.- Die Diamant-Gold-Legende.- Die Bleilegende und die Spaltbarkeit des Diamanten.- Die Bocksblut-Legende.- Herkunft und Deutungsversuche.- Ausbreitung in der Antike.- Im Mittelalter.- Bei den Arabern.- Das steinbrechende Blut als Medizin.- Allmähliche Korrektur der Bocksblutlegende.- Die Feuerfestigkeit des Diamanten: das Ende der Legende.- Die Legende und Frühe Andeutungen Ihrer Unrichtigkeit.- Der Angebliche Entdecker Der Brennbarkeit Des Diamanten: Robert Boyle.- Der Weg zur Erkenntnis Des Brennbaren Wesens Der Diamanten.- Die Experimentellen Hilfsmittel, Die Zum Ende der Legende führten: Brenngläser und Brennspiegel.- Diamantverbrennung und die Folgen.- Vorbemerkungen.- Gezielte Versuche zur künstlichen Herstellung von Diamanten aus einer Kohlenstoffschmelze.- Versuche zur Synthese von Diamanten mit Hilfe chemischer Prozesse.- _Entdeckungsgeschichte des Schwefelkohlenstoffs.- Diamanten durch Zersetzung des Schwefelkohlenstoffs.- _Diefrühen Nachrichten.- _Die Gannalscben Diamanten.- _Weitere Versuche mit Schwefelkohlenstoff.- _Die Lionnetschen Diamanten.- Schwefelkohlenstoff unabhängige Diamantsynthesen.- Die Cagnard-Latourschen Diamanten.- _Sous-Diamant.- Despretzsche Diamanten.- Zufällige Diamantsynthese aus Braunkohle.- Diamantsynthese nach Chancourtois.- Mactears Diamanten (Glasgow-Diamanten).- Marsdens Diamanten.- Die Hannayschen Diamanten.- Moissans Diamantsynthesen.- Maumenesche Diamanten aus Carbidrückständen.- Burtons Diamanten.- Diamanten aus Silikatschmelzen: Karabacek-Diamanten.- Die Prandtlschen Diamanten.- Die Kristallform des Diamanten.- In Der Antike.- Im Mittelalter.- Bei Den Arabern.- Zu Beginn der Neuzeit.- Die Spaltbarkeit des Diamanten.- Die Härte des Diamanten.- In der Antike.- Im Mittelalter.- Zu Beginn der Neuzeit.- Die Entstehung des Diamanten.- Die Bearbeitung des Diamanten.- Halbalchemistische Bearbeitung.- Entfernung von Flecken in Diamanten.- Folien und Spiegel für Diamanten.- Das „Färben“ des Diamanten.- Dubletten.- Mechanische Bearbeitung.- _Vorbemerkung.- _Das Schleifen des Diamanten.- _Der indische Ursprung des Diamantschleifens.- _Gravierte Diamanten.- _Der Diamantschliffals europäischeErfindung.- Verwendung des Diamanten.- Der Diamant als Schmuck.- Der Diamant als Werkzeug.- Die Diamantspitze.- _In derAntike.- _Im Mittelalter.- _Bei den Arabern.- _Zu Beginn der Neuzeit.- Der Diamant als Glasschneider.- Diamanten in Pulverform.- _Vorbemerkung.- _In derAntike.- _Im Mittelalter und zu Beginn der Neuzeit.- Das moderne Wissen (von A. Haas).- Die natürliche Entstehung des Diamanten im Erdinnern.- Vorkommen der Diamanten.- Technische Diamantsynthesen.- Anorganischer Diamant (Borazon).- Nachweis Echter Diamanten und Erkennung Von Fälschungen.

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Book SynopsisDer Autor unternimmt mit dem Leser eine Erkundungstour durch die Vergangenheit und Gegenwart der Herstellung und Nutzung von Werkstoffen, und zwar entlang dem Entwicklungsweg einer uralten, jedem vertrauten Kulturtechnik, der Nassrasiertechnik - vom Steinschaber bis zum Hightech-Rasiergerät. Dabei lernt der Leser, wie der Umgang des Menschen mit Werkstoffen vom Handwerk zur Industrie und schließlich zu einer eigenständigen Wissenschaft geworden ist und wie Werkstoffe ganze Epochen geprägt haben. Er begegnet im Laufe dieser Exkursion Forschern und Unternehmern, die diesen Weg in zielstrebiger, oft mühevoller Arbeit erschlossen haben.Im Dialog mit dem Leser wird anhand der beschriebenen Beispiele sehr anschaulich materialwissenschaftliches und werkstofftechnisches Grundwissen vermittelt, das notwendig ist, um zu verstehen, wovon die Eigenschaften von Werkstoffen abhängen, wie man sie prüfen und gezielt beeinflussen kann. Und es wird demonstriert, dass es nicht allein von seinen Eigenschaften abhängt, ob ein neuer Werkstoff in der Industrie angewendet wird, sondern dass dazu bei seiner Entwicklung von vornherein auch andere Kriterien sowie mögliche Risiken zu bedenken sind.Der Autor möchte Abiturienten anregen, Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik zu studieren, obwohl die meisten in der Schule darüber noch nichts gehört haben; er möchte Studieneinsteigern technischer Fachrichtungen helfen, sich auf diesem vielfältigen Gebiet zu orientieren, und er möchte einer breiteren Öffentlichkeit bewusst machen, dass Werkstoffe nicht nur vergangene Epochen geprägt haben, sondern dass „Hightech“, auf die wir heute tagtäglich und überall angewiesen sind, höchstens eine reizvolle Idee wäre, die ohne neue Werkstoffe niemals hätte zünden können.Table of Contents1 Einleitung.- 2 Der weite Weg zur Werkstoffwissenschaft.- 3 Werkstofffachleute - die Hightech-Macher.- 4 Vorstoß der Werkstoffwissenschaft in die Nano-Welt.- 5 Werkstoffwissenschaft - auf's Ganze gesehen

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Book SynopsisMicro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) is already about a billion dollars a year industry and is growing rapidly. So far major emphasis has been placed on the fabrication processes for various devices. There are serious issues related to tribology, mechanics, surfacechemistry and materials science in the operationand manufacturingof many MEMS devices and these issues are preventing an even faster commercialization. Very little is understood about tribology and mechanical properties on micro- to nanoscales of the materials used in the construction of MEMS devices. The MEMS community needs to be exposed to the state-of-the-artoftribology and vice versa. Fundamental understanding of friction/stiction, wear and the role of surface contamination and environmental debris in micro devices is required. There are significantadhesion, friction and wear issues in manufacturing and actual use, facing the MEMS industry. Very little is understood about the tribology of bulk silicon and polysilicon films used in the construction ofthese microdevices. These issues are based on surface phenomenaand cannotbe scaled down linearly and these become increasingly important with the small size of the devices. Continuum theory breaks down in the analyses, e. g. in fluid flow of micro-scale devices. Mechanical properties ofpolysilicon and other films are not well characterized. Roughness optimization can help in tribological improvements. Monolayers of lubricants and other materials need to be developed for ultra-low friction and near zero wear. Hard coatings and ion implantation techniques hold promise.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. MEMS Fabrication Techniques. 2. MEMS Applications and Tribology Issues. 3. State-of-the-Art of Tribology: Macroscale Processes. 4. State-of-the-Art of Tribology: Micro- to Nanoscale Processes. 5. Tribology of MEMS Components and Materials. 6. Mechanical Property Measurements. 7. Modification and Characterization of Surfaces. 8. Breakout Sessions Report. 9. Panel Discussion Report. List of Participants. Subject Index. Editor's Vita.

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