Infectious and contagious diseases Books

Book SynopsisA timely and urgent investigation from John Vidal, Environment Editor of the Guardian for nearly thirty years, into how the destruction of nature is releasing disease into our societies 'Urgent, fascinating and essential' GEORGE MONBIOT 'A searing, vital work' BETTANY HUGHES Covid-19, mpox, bird flu, SARS, HIV, AIDS, Ebola; we are living in the Age of Pandemics – one that we have created. As the climate crisis reaches a fever pitch and ecological destruction continues unabated, we are just beginning to reckon with the effects of environmental collapse on our global health. Fevered Planet exposes how the way we farm, what we eat, the places we travel to and the scientific experiments we conduct create the perfect conditions for deadly new diseases to emerge and spread faster and further than ever. Drawing on the latest scientific research and decades of reporting from more than 100 countries, former Guardian environment editor John Vidal takes us into deep, disappearing forests in Gabon and the Congo, valleys scorched by wildfire near Lake Tahoe and our densest, polluted cities to show how closely human, animal and plant diseases are now intertwined with planetary destruction. He calls for an urgent transformation in our relationship with the natural world, and expertly outlines how to make that change possible.Trade ReviewJohn Vidal has travelled far and wide, and we would be wise to take seriously the reports he sends back; human lives, particularly of the rich, are not just altering the plane tin devastatingly predictable ways, they are setting us up for some nasty surprises -- Bill McKibbenA searing, vital work. Plagues and epidemics determine human history - now it is time to learn that how we live today is driving disease on a planetary level -- Bettany HughesDrawing on a lifetime’s experience as a frontline journalist, John Vidal compellingly joins the dots between accelerating climate change, population growth, dangerously disrupted ecosystems, our obsession with economic growth – and the inevitability of future pandemics. Fevered Planet is the most illuminating and disturbing book I’ve read in years -- Jonathon PorrittVital, urgent, and forensic – John Vidal’s unflinching examination of pandemic risk should be a wake-up call in capitals throughout the world. Unless we change course, Covid could be just the tip of an iceberg of even more deadly and disruptive diseases to come. Transforming our relationship with the natural world is essential for both human and planetary health – Fevered Planet expertly shows us how -- Caroline Lucas MPJohn Vidal has written a compelling analysis of the links between our planet and environment and our health. I found it hard to put down, and it brilliantly mixes his personal experience covering environmental issues for the Guardian with novel insights into how we can and should be doing better. A must-read for all those interested in pandemics, the environment and the animal-human nexus -- Devi SridharThis beautifully researched book, including Vidal’s own travels around the world, takes us through the rising number of pandemics, up to Covid-19 and beyond, to a disturbing account of our political inability to grasp what is happening and manage a safe future for our civilisation . . . Global, national and local policy makers should all read and absorb this very important contribution to the current state of the world. We must learn to understand that we are a part of Nature, not apart from Nature -- Professor Sir David King, Former Chief Scientific Adviser to the UK Government and Founder of the Climate Crisis Advisory Group and Centre for Climate Repair at CambridgeUrgent, fascinating and essential, Fevered Planet tells a crucial story that most of us have missed -- George MonbiotIn his impressive yet scary book Fevered Planet: How Diseases Emerge When We Harm Nature (Bloomsbury), environmental journalist John Vidal makes a compelling case for humanity to transform its relationship with the natural world * Independent *A combination of forensic detail and human testimony drawn from the author’s long career as an environmental journalist . . . Makes the plausible and compelling case that we are now “approaching a storm of spiralling disease risk” . . . Fevered Planet exhorts us to tackle the threat, and seize the opportunity, before it is too late * TLS *Vidal shows the systemic failures that lie behind today’s “age of pandemics” … By minimising our disturbance of the natural world, Vidal contends, we will reduce the chance of unpleasant pathogens crossing our path * Literary Review *John Vidal’s credentials are impeccable – a former long-term environment editor at the Guardian and a pioneering, determined documenter of our rapacious exploitation of the planet * Geographical *

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Book SynopsisThis book represents current findings on the impact of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diseases and underlying mechanisms of antioxidants influencing health and disease processes. The book is divided into seven sections that describe how antioxidants defend oxidative stress-mediated diseases as well as recent developments, future opportunities, and challenges. Sections 1 analyses the role of oxidative stress in aging and associated diseases as well as the use of antioxidants in health maintenance, preventing and repairing injuries caused by oxidative stress. Section 2 represents the status of various antioxidants in cigarette smoking and antioxidant defense against exercise-induced oxidative stress. Section 3 focuses on the effect of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration and the existing status of antioxidant therapy. Section 4 covers the impact of oxidative stress at different levels of chronic degenerative diseases, as well as treatment with antioxidants to revert and diminish the cellular injury. Section 5 offers the importance of antioxidants in abating the pathological processes involved in hypertension and stroke. Section 6 presents the complexity associated with oxidative stress and metabolic disorders as well as the potential of antioxidants used in amelioration of related pathologies. Section 7 discusses the antioxidant defense against oxidative stress-mediated erectile dysfunctions and the significance of antioxidants in pregnancy. The book represents the copious set of specific research updates and diaphanous understanding of oxidative stress-mediated cellular damages and role of antioxidants in disease processes from experienced and eminent academicians, researchers, and scientists from throughout the world. Suitable for professionals, academicians, students, researchers, scientists and industrialists around the world in the biomedical, health, and life science fields.Table of ContentsFor more information, please visit our website at:https://novapublishers.com/shop/oxidativestressandantioxidantdefensebiomedicalvalueinhealthanddiseases/

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Book SynopsisThe opening chapter of Advances in Health and Disease. Volume 12 suggests that antiviral treatments and drug resistance requires further research. Likewise, there is a necessity for research based on clinical trials in both human and animal models, aimed at introducing new drugs with proven efficacy that are devoid of side effects for the treatment of influenza in the pediatric population. Following this, the authors demonstrate that foreign body aspiration should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of pediatric hemoptysis. After a brief description of the complex relationship between circulating ovarian hormones and the estrogens biosynthesis that occurs in normal breast adipose tissue, the authors discuss the impact of abnormal weight gain on the risk of breast cancer. The present study aims to address how sildenafil treats multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer''s, diabetic encephalopathy and Parkinson''s, thus clarifying its mechanism of action. The updated knowledge on the possible benefits of sildenafil and its homologues in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension and other common diseases is also reviewed. One section explores its author''s experience contracting measles to elucidate the importance of continual research into treating this virus. Next, the authors determine that vasopressin plays an important role in the development of schizophrenia-like symptoms, however, its possible pathogenic or therapeutic role during the course of the disease should be analyzed in more focused experiments. The diagnosis of dysentery in massive flood areas is discussed, particularly focusing on endoscopy, ultrasound scan, microscopic stool examinations and other advanced diagnostic tests. In closing, the authors review the current knowledge on the utility of tyrosine kinases for the molecular classification of bladder cancer and discuss different therapeutic approaches.

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Book SynopsisTo mitigate the spread of the rare and deadly disease Ebola, Ebola Virus Disease (EVD): Outbreaks, Control and Prevention Strategies begins with the proposition of a mathematical model with vital dynamics and two preventive measures: quarantine and isolation. Humanitarian issues in Ebola prevention and control are explored, as well as the cultural practices and social norms during outbreaks. Additionally, some innovative approaches in the humanitarian response to prevention and control are discussed. The authors expose the dilemma Ebola poses to within the healthcare system, where healthcare providers are caught between the over-arching quest for self-preservation from a highly virulent disease and the professional demand of prioritising the interests of the patients over self. In conclusion, the authors describe successfully developed drug candidates from their laboratory for the treatment Ebola using EBOV protein structure, such as VP24, VP35, VP40, nucleoprotein, and glycoprotein.

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Book SynopsisAdvances in Health and Disease. Volume 14 opens with a chapter on Zika Virus, a ribonucleic acid virus of the Flaviviridae family, genus Flavivirus, Spondweni group, Zika species, isolated for the first time in 1947 from a primate in the Zika Forest in Uganda, a natural reserve near Entebbe. Next, the authors discuss multiple myeloma, which is characterized by the expansion of monoclonal plasma cells in the bone marrow. In about 95% of cases, the aberrant plasma cells produce a monoclonal immunoglobulin called monoclonal component that can be considered a marker of the disease. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is explored in the context of sudden sensorineural hearing loss, where it has been used as a treatment since 1979. This exposes a patient to 100% oxygen at a pressure level higher than 1 atmosphere absolute in a specially designed sealed chamber. This facilitates a delivery of increased partial pressure of oxygen to the tissues. The authors discuss off-label uses of ruxolitinib, particularly in the treatment of myelofibrosis and polycythemia vera, as drugs can sometimes have uses beyond the official approved indication. Following this, summaries of the current scientific knowledge and understanding of the clinical findings and health consequences of benzene exposure among children are presented. Children at various developmental stages have unique physical risk factors when exposed to toxic chemicals such as benzene due to their levels of mobility, oxygen consumption, hormonal production, and overall growth. Lastly, a hybrid quantitative structure-activity relationship model was developed for the prediction of aqueous toxicity. The data concerning 92 substituted benzenes was separated into two disjoined subsets, respectively 74 elements for calculating and testing of the model, and 18 elements for its external validation.Table of ContentsPrefaceZika Virus Infection: A New Thread for PregnancyMultiple Myeloma: Biological Characteristics, Clinical Aspects and Therapeutic ApproachesHyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing LossSecondary, Off-Label Uses of RuxolitinibAdverse Health Effects of Benzene Exposure in Children: Current Understandings and PerspectivesPrediction of Aquatic Toxicity in Pimephales Promelas of Substituted Benzenes in Silico Methodologies.

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Book SynopsisAn infectious disease threat is unique because of the transmissibility of diseases and the mobility of human populations. Infectious disease threats in recent years - such as Zika and Ebola outbreaks - have heightened the United States'' attention to future potential threats, and raised questions about the nation''s preparedness and response capabilities. Chapter 1 describes funding HHS has made available to awardees through its key preparedness and capacity-building programs-ELC, HPP, and PHEP; and these programs'' performance measurement data on the awardees'' infectious disease preparedness capacity. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the Zika virus a public health emergency of international concern in February 2016. Zika virus disease can cause adverse pregnancy and neurological outcomes. Chapter 2 examines information on what is known and not known about the epidemiology of the Zika virus, and any challenges with conducting surveillance and epidemiological studies, characteristics of different diagnostic tests authorized during the outbreak, challenges test manufacturers and users faced, and the extent to which FDA and CDC followed their own communication guidance, and the strengths and limitations of available mosquito control methods, and challenges federal agencies face supporting these efforts. Chapter 3 describes the status of funds obligated and disbursed from the Zika supplemental funding appropriated to HHS and its agencies; and how selected awardees used their Zika supplemental funding, and their experiences with applying for and managing the funding. Chapter 4 examines the status of USAID and State funding for U.S. Zika response overseas, activities supported by these funds, and implementation challenges, if any, and responses to any challenges. The 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa caused long-term second-order impacts, including disruptions to health systems, job loss, and food insecurity. As of September 30, 2017, of the $1.6 billion that the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) had obligated for the Ebola outbreak. Chapter 5 examines obligations for USAID''s Ebola recovery projects, the status of USAID''s implementation of these projects, and USAID''s evaluation of Ebola recovery efforts. On August 1, 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported a new Ebola outbreak in eastern DRC, about a week after declaring that a separate outbreak had ended in western DRC as reported in chapter 6. Between September 2018 and May 2019, the number of African swine fever (ASF) outbreaks has rapidly increased, most notably in China, triggering economic losses in affected pork-producing countries as discussed in chapter 7. As reported in chapter 9, Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major, and evolving, health challenge in many parts of the world and a priority for the U.S. Congress and international community. Congress has long taken an interest in infectious disease prevention and control. According to chapter 10, the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine is 97% effective in preventing infection and related deaths, and routine MMR vaccination is recommended for all children.

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Book SynopsisThe opening study included in West Nile Virus: Outbreaks, Control and Prevention Strategies aims to design and implement an efficient data-driven agent-based model of West Nile virus spread, considering highly-mobile humans with a high level of heterogeneous properties. The authors propose a cellular difference equation model for adoption in West Nile virus-agent-based models. Following this, the authors summarize the envelope domain III protein, its production using various host systems, and applications in the development of West Nile virus vaccines and diagnostics. Lastly, this collection reviews the impacts of West Nile virus on several bird species, and discusses the implications for the long-term survival the Yellow-billed Magpie.Table of ContentsPrefaceMulti-Species, Climate-Driven and Landscape-Based Cellular Difference Equation Model for West Nile Virus: Toward an Agent-Based Model of West Nile Virus SpreadRecombinant Envelope Domain III Protein of West Nile Virus: Recent Developments and ApplicationsImpacts of West Nile Virus on the Yellow-Billed Magpie and Other Birds in Californias Central ValleyIndex.

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses the current public health challenges in leprosy control face, exploring opportunities that may potentially accelerate progress towards the elimination of leprosy. Leprosy is the least contagious of infectious diseases; it is caused by M. leprae and M. lepromatosis and mainly affects the skin and peripheral nerves. In addition to existing interest due to the variation in the clinical characteristics of the disease between people, the immune response in this pathology will also differ. In the course of the disease, leprosy patients can experience episodes of acute inflammatory reactions known as leprosy reactions. Leprosy reactions are complications that may occur before, during, or after treatment, and cause further neurological damages that can cause chronic disabilities. As such, the authors discuss the role of immune response in leprosy pathogenesis and leprosy reactions. The treatment of leprosy is always based on the final clinical and laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis. The diagnosed patient must be treated for 6 months in case of paucibacillary and 12 months in case of multibacillary. Further, precaution should be always taken to treat a confirmed disease, as many diseases mimic leprosy. In closing, the authors highlight the current evidence about the association of vitamin D and VDR to leprosy disease progression. This knowledge will help in developing new strategies for the treatment and clinical management of leprosy patients.Table of ContentsPrefacePublic Health Challenges and Opportunities in Leprosy Control: from Theory to ImplementationLeprosy ImmunologyImmunological Aspect of LeprosyTreatment of Leprosy: Current Practice and Updated WHO GuidelinesAssociation of Vitamin D and the Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) in Leprosy Disease Progression: Implication of New Strategies for Treatment and Clinical ManagementIndex.

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Book SynopsisObesity worldwide represents a public health problem, compromising life expectancy in children and adolescents, and has been associated with mortality and a higher risk of developing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Advances in Health and Disease. Volume 17 investigates the association of adiponectin concentration with metabolic and inflammatory profiles of adolescents with obesity and diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is considered the hepatic manifestation of obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus, where the main toxic mediators in this condition are free fatty acids, triglycerides and cholesterol accumulation. In the context of liver transplantation, recipient hemodynamic stability is necessary for its reliable measurement. As such, the authors discuss how the plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green has shown usefulness in different pathologies. The authors go on to discuss spondylosis, a defect in the pars interarticularis of the neural arch, which is a common cause of back pain. The management principles of symptomatic spondylolisthesis have remained consistent over the decades; however, there is a constant evolution in the understanding of the biomechanics of spondylolisthesis, reduction techniques, and fusion modalities. The symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of degenerative spondylolisthesis and isthmic spondylolisthesis in the lumbar spine are discussed. Following this, the authors review the current understanding of delirium pathophysiology, examining the current evidence-based guidelines regarding the screening, prevention and treatment of delirium as relevant to the bedside clinician. This compilation also explores awake craniotomy, a neurosurgical approach performed with the patient awake during the procedure. This approach is increasingly widespread for the surgical treatment of supratentorial cortical lesions and, in particular, for the excision of lesions near or within the motor or language areas. The penultimate chapter examines age-related macular degeneration, the leading cause of irreversible visual function decrease among elderly individuals in developed countries. Most of the patients are affected by the atrophic, non-exudative form that is characterized by the occurrence of progressive atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors. The final study focuses on Clostridium difï¬cile infections associated with high incidence, mortality, and healthcare costs. C. difï¬cile infections are mainly linked to the use of wide-spectrum antibiotics that disrupt the intestinal microbiota equilibrium.Table of ContentsPrefaceNon-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Adolescents with Obesity: The Role of AdiponectinNon-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Physiopathology, Diagnostic Approach and Management StrategyProperties and Application of Indocyanine Green in Liver TransplantationSpondylolisthesis: Symptoms and DiagnosisLumbar Spondylolisthesis: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Conservative TreatmentDelirium in the Surgical PatientConduct of Anesthesia in Awake Craniotomy for Excision of Lesions Located within or near Eloquent Language AreasMeasuring Visual Function by Reading Speed and Low Luminance Visual Acuity in the Era of Age-Related Macular DegenerationClostridium Difficile InfectionIndex.

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Book SynopsisThoracic lymphadenopathy consists of mediastinal and/or hilar lymphadenopathy. Thoracic lymph nodes are anatomically one of the most complex groups of the lymphatic network in the body and describing them could be nerve wracking if there is no proper understanding of the locations, its systemic divisions and its significance in diseased states. Thoracic lymphadenopathy is one of the most common radiological findings seen on the CT scan of thorax. The incidence of these findings have particularly increased in the era of lung cancer screening with low dose CT scan of the chest. The differential diagnosis for mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy is broad and spans from being reactive to benign disease to lung cancer or metastatic cancer. In this book, we have tried to simplify the lymph node stations based on the latest IASLC guidelines, done a very comprehensive review about mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy in different disease states and provided the pathway to diagnosis. This book also gives a detailed account of noninvasive testing including CT chest and PET CTs. This book also discusses in detail the advanced endoscopic and non-endoscopic procedures like EBUS-TBNA, EUS and Mediastinoscopy that we have at our disposal for the diagnosis of thoracic lymphadenopathy. The indications, contraindications, sensitivity and specificity of each procedure is discussed in detail.Table of ContentsDedicationPrefaceAnatomy of Mediastinal and Hilar Lymph NodesLung CancerMetastatic CancersLymphomaInfectious DiseasesSarcoidosisInterstitial and Occupational Lung DiseasesMiscellaneous Disorders Affecting Thoracic Lymph NodesRole of EBUS/EUS in the Diagnosis of Mediastinal and Hilar LymphadenopathyMediastinoscopy for the Diagnosis of Mediastinal and Hilar LymphadenopathyAbout the EditorIndex.

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Book SynopsisCenturies ago, predicting was an enterprise entrusted to magic and fortune tellers, while today it is the domain of knowledge to which researchers and scientists contribute daily, analyzing and interpreting pathologies, trying to decode the complexity of life, represented by unresolved problems. Regenerating damaged organs and tissues, an act that was also once called magic, is now entrusted to the same scientists and translational surgeons who, through the entrance of the laboratory in the operating room, have allowed us to move from replacement surgery (hair transplant) to regenerative surgery (hair re-growth) with cell therapies and tissue engineering. The passion for Regenerative Plastic Surgery and for the treatment of some pathologies addressed by it, such as Alopecia, has led, over the years, the author and publisher Prof. Pietro Gentile to better investigate, through rigorous scientific studies, the possible new autologous therapies in the treatment of alopecia. This book represents all the latest knowledge in the treatment and prevention of Alopecia, transmitted by all the experts who have decided to contribute to the realization of this work. The visionary idea of this text is therefore to provide the state of the art at the end of the year 2019 in the field of Alopecia.Table of ContentsPreface; Psychological Impact of Alopecia; Androgenetic Alopecia: Diagnosis, Clinical Assessment and Traditional Treatment; Alopecia Areata: Risk Factors, Treatment and Impact on Quality of Life; A Unique Cocktail of Regenerative Trichology Powered with Right Nutrition-A Novel Approach to Address Hair Disorders; Growth Factor Rich Therapies for the Treatment of Hair Loss; Autologous Micro-Grafts Containing Human Hair Follicle Mesenchymal Stem Cells (HF-MSCs) from Scalp Tissue: Clinical Use in Androgenetic Alopecia; Platelet Rich Plasma: Clinical Use in Androgenetic Alopecia and Biomolecular Pathway Analysis; Three- Co-Fat; FDA and European Rules Regarding Use of Adipose Derived-Stromal Vascular Cells (AD-SVFs) and Human Follicle Mesenchymal Stem Cells (HF-MSCs) in Hair Re-Growth; Index.

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Book SynopsisVirtually all cervical cancer cases are caused by human papilloma viruses (HPV), mainly HPV-16 and HPV-18. Furthermore, HPVs may cause other types of cancer, such as squamous anal cancers and vulvar cancer. In men, HPVs are associated with genital lesions, anal cancer, penile cancer, and head and neck cancers. As such, this compilation focuses on recent findings in HPV epidemiology, prevention, and updates regarding prophylatic HPV vaccines. Bioinformatics tool are important in the analysis of molecular and biological data, which could provide novel insights on the development of treatment and prevention methods for disease control. Through bioinformatics, it is possible to analyze and simulate HPV molecular data through the use of universal databases and analysis tools, in order to better understand the virus genetics and infection cycle. In conclusion, Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs): Detection, Infection and Protection appraises HPV vaccines for the prophylaxis of HPV infection in healthy individuals. Vaccines used for earlier varieties are Gardasil (Merck, Kenilworth, NJ, U.S.A.) and Cervarix (GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, U.K.).Table of ContentsPreface; An Update in the Detection, Prevention, and Transformation Potential of Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs); Bioinformatics as an Auxiliary Tool for the Treatment and Prevention of Human Papillomavirus Infection; Prophylaxis of Cancers from Human Papilloma Viruses (HPVs); Bibliography; Related Nova Publications; Index.

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Book SynopsisCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory illness that can spread from person to person. The virus that causes COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus that was first identified during an investigation into an outbreak in Wuhan, China. Chapters 1-16 contain information about the science behind the virus, economic implications, global response and public safety. Chapters 17 and 18 access the readiness of the United States Public Health System in response to emerging infectious diseases, pandemics and biological attacks.Table of ContentsFor more information, please visit our website at:https://novapublishers.com/shop/coronavirus-and-u-s-public-health-preparedness/food

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Book SynopsisThis compilation provides a compact overview of the feasibility and clinical impact of novel therapies for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), with a focus on monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, bacteriophages, liposomes and nanotechnology, photodynamic therapy, homeopathy and botanical medicine. The authors also explore new therapeutic approaches that demonstrate efficacy in scientific research and generate interest in the medical area. Treating nosocomial MRSA infections is challenging due to inadequacies in current therapeutic options and underlying comorbidities in the patients. As such, an overview of the signs, symptoms and treatment options for clinically significant MRSA infections is presented. In closing, the authors examine the occurrence of MRSA in healthcare settings, as well as community-based infections.

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Book SynopsisThe coronaviruses are ssRNA viruses that infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species; they are important causes of respiratory and enteric disease, encephalomyelitis, hepatitis, serositis and vasculitis domestic animals. In humans coronaviruses are one of several groups of viruses that cause the common cold. The genus Coronavirus together with the genus Torovirus from the family Coronaviridae; members of these two genera are similar morphologically. The Coronaviridae, Arteriviridae, and Roniviridae are within the order Nidovirales. Seven coronaviruses are known to infect humans, three of them are serious, namely, SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome, China, 2002), MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome, Saudi Arabia, 2012), and SARS-CoV-2 (2019-2020). SARS is caused by a coronavirus (SARS-CoV) which exists in bats and palm civets in Southern China. Its family is Coronaviridae, and its genus is Coronavirus. The most important groups who are at risk are family members in close contact with cases, health-care workers in close contact with cases, elderly and immune compromised individuals appear at increased risk. MERS-CoV is a zoonotic virus which can lead to secondary human infections. It is the sixth coronavirus that influences human. MERS-CoV is most likely derived from an ancestral reservoir bats. MERS outbreak was found in the Republic of Korea since 2015. Coronavirus entry is initiated by the binding of the spike protein (S) to cell receptors, specifically, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DDP4) and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, respectively. The genome sequence analysis has shown that SARS-CoV-2 belongs to betacoronavirus genus, which includes Bat SARS-like coronavirus, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. On the basis of nucleic acid sequence similarity, the newly identified 2019-nCoV is a betacoronavirus. The RBD portion of the SARS-CoV-2 pike proteins has evolved to effectively target a molecular feature on the outside of human cells called ACE2, a receptor involved in regulating blood pressure. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was found so effective at binding the human cells. In SARS-CoV-2, M protein is responsible for the transmembrane transport of nutrient, the bud release and the formation of envelope, S protein, attaching to hose receptor ACE2, including two subunits S1 and S2. These diseases can be considered important models for emerging infectious diseases as it emerged from natural animal reservoirs. Early recognition, prompt isolation and appropriate supportive therapy are the main parameters in combating with these deadly infections.Table of ContentsPreface; Coronaviruses; Human Coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43); Human Coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1); Human Coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E); Human Coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) (New Haven Coronavirus); From SARS to COVID-19 (SARS, MERS and SARS-CoV-2); Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS); The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV); COVID-19 Coronavirus; References.

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Book SynopsisThe United States is reporting some of the highest number of cases and deaths from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic globally, and the disease is affecting communities nationwide. In response, federal, state, and local governments have undertaken containment and mitigation efforts to "flatten the curve" --that is, to slow widespread transmission that could overwhelm the nation''s health care system and to reduce spread of the disease while treatments and vaccines are being developed that will lessen the health impact of the virus. This book provides answers to numerous questions related to COVID-19 testing, including types of testing available and their reliability. It also discusses basic principles of contact tracing to stop COVID-19 transmission.

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Book SynopsisSimilarly to the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11 of 2001, a foundational event that marked the turn of the century, the recent virus outbreak in Wuhan, China resonates heavily in the social imaginary of West. Both events have differences and of course commonalities. 9/11 epitomizes the struggle of Western civilization against an invisible enemy, terrorism, while now the target is a virus. Both emulate the doctrine of living with the enemy inside. Another commonality rests on the fact the same transport means that facilitate the state of emergency are paradoxically and at the same time mainly victims. Based on the invitation of well-renowned experts coming from four continents, the present book discusses critically the effects of COVID-19 as well as the global pandemic in society. To some extent, experts and colleagues of all pundits energetically emphasize the economic crisis of COVID-19 overlooking the durable effects in the societal background. This book intends to fill the gap giving a fresh insight which explains the role of social distancing and the lockdown in a new emerging society. Although chapters can be read separately, they are finely grounded into a common argumentation, as the pandemic affirms not only the geopolitical tensions of what Scambler dubbed as a fractured society but also starts a feudalization process where the Spectacle of Death prevails.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the most recent research developments regarding COVID-19. The book includes a wide range of interdisciplinary submissions that address the latest findings regarding a wide variety of psychological, social, managerial, and technological issues for fighting COVID-19. Chapter One discusses how machine learning applies to prediction, forecasting, screening, contact tracing, treatment, medication and the drug or vaccine invention process in connection with COVID-19. Chapter Two deals with immunomodulatory therapy for clinical management of COVID-19 patients. Chapter Three describes the importance of social distancing and the development of a tool to detect social distancing. Chapter Four discusses the impact of COVID-19 on the education sector, and Chapter Five focuses on the impacts of COVID-19 on employment, e-commerce, and e-pharmacies. Chapter Six gives an insight into the policies regarding COVID-19 in India, and Chapter Seven compares vaccine candidates based on their status in trial phases, route of administration, dosage, efficacy, and safety. Chapter Eight explores how the pandemic has impacted human communication and relationships, as people have been forced to interact in the digital space rather than the physical one. Chapter Nine describes the urgent need to devise sustainable and effective strategies to mitigate the problems relating to shortages of labor and equipment in the agricultural sector due to the pandemic. Finally, Chapter Ten describes the role of physical therapy in the recovery of COVID-19 patients.Table of ContentsPreface; Machine Learning and AI Application of COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak; COVID-19: Clinical Management with Immunomodulator Therapy; Development of Social Distancing Detection Tool for COVID-19; Impact and Challenges for the Indian Education System due to the COVID-19 Pandemic; Impact of COVID-19 on Lifestyle and Education; Policies for COVID-19 in India: From One Day Janata Curfew to Vaccination Drive; Comparative Analysis of COVID-19 Vaccine Candidates; Implications of COVID-19 in India: A Journey from Physical to Digital; Potential Natural Resources for Agriculture Research in India During COVID-19 Pandemic; COVID-19 Onset: Concussion on Society, Global Environment, and Impediment; Index.

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Book SynopsisTrends in Diphtheria Research

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Book SynopsisTuberculosis, the disease that the World Health Organization has recently declared a global emergency, was supposedly defeated by antibiotics half a century ago. It has returned in a highly contagious and fatal new form that cannot be treated with conventional drugs. Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), could cause some 10 million deaths over the next decade and is thriving in the overcrowded prisons of the former Soviet Union. The virtual collapse of the world''s borders means that refugees, tourists, immigrants, business travellers, and others can spread the TB bacillus very efficiently. London, for example, has experienced a 100% increase in reported cases in the past 10 years. This book covers all aspects of the disease: epidemiology, microbiology, diagnosis, treatment, control and prevention. Leading research is presented from centres around the world.

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Book SynopsisThe proposed book focuses on ''blood infections'', a common group of haematology and infectious disorders in aspects relating to the tropical medicine. The book covers specifically the clinical aspects, scientific laboratory aspects, public health aspects, as well as the social sciences relating to these important diseases. The common blood infections, including other disorders, which relate to blood disorders are summarised, presented, and discussed. The book presents summative data from the molecular to the population scales, as well as additional metanalysis for important topics.

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on "malaria", specifically covering the overview of malarial research in Southeast Asia, the area with a high prevalence of this disease. Clinical aspects, scientific laboratory aspects, public health aspects, as well as the social sciences relating to this important tropical disease observed and studied in Southeast Asia, are the focus of this important and timely book. In addition, the diagnostic guideline and clinical practice guidelines of the above-mentioned conditions are presented.

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the "Bird Flu: the new emerging infectious disease", a new health problem, and the aspects relating to the use of tropical medicine. It specifically covers the clinical aspects, scientific laboratory, public health, as well as the social sciences relating to this new important infectious disease. Mainly, the book presents summative data from the molecular to the population scales, as well as additional metanalysis for important topics. In addition, the diagnostic guideline and clinical practice guidelines of the mentioned conditions are detailed. There is still limited knowledge on this topic while the wider distribution of the disorder due to the globalisation can be expected.

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Book SynopsisThis book compiles biographical sketches of top professionals in the field of infections, as well as research summaries from a number of different focuses in this important field.

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Book SynopsisThe current resurgence of tuberculosis (TB) is being sustained and fuelled by the increasing incidence of resistance of M tuberculosis strains to the most-effective (first-line) anti-TB drugs and association of active TB disease with concomitant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or other underlying immunosuppressive conditions such as diabetes. In this book, the authors study the risk factors, drug resistance data and treatment methods for tuberculosis. Topics discussed include the global burden of TB and its public health crisis; new medicines to treat TB; rapid microcalorimetric detection of TB; meta-analysis and risk factors for tuberculosis susceptibility; Type 2 diabetes as a risk factor for TB; and elucidating the action mode of the bi-substrate InhA inhibitors as anti-tuberculosis agents through molecular dynamics simulations.

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Book SynopsisMalaria remains one of the most overwhelming communicable diseases threatening the human race, disproportionately affecting populations of tropical and subtropical regions in the world. It is caused by five different species of Plasmodium parasite transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito. In this book, the authors present topical research in the aetiology, pathogenesis and treatments of malaria. Some of the topics discussed include progress with RTS,S; global malaria eradication; malaria in the archaic Greek world; the role of human matrix metalloproteinases in malaria pathogenesis; artemisinin combination therapy for the treatment of childhood malaria; climate variations and malaria in China and natural acquired anti-plasmodium falciparum IgG antibody responses.

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Book SynopsisMalaria is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases worldwide. Severe malaria leads to the death of close to two million individuals every year. Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of the most severe form of malaria is becoming increasingly resistant to current drugs, including artemisinin. This book presents current advances and comprehensive material in the biology of the parasite responsible for the most enduring and devastating disease of mankind. This book addresses P. falciparum infection and severe malaria, the role of heat shock proteins in the development and pathogenicity of the parasite, the biosynthesis of isoprenoid, specifically the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway in the erythrocytic stages of the parasite is described.

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Book SynopsisThe United States is the world''s leading import market for live animals. From 2005 through 2008 over 1 billion live animals were legally imported into the United States for agriculture, clinical research, education and exhibition, the aquarium and pet industries, and other uses. These imports have the potential to transmit zoonotic diseases; which are infectious diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans and can cause a substantial number of deaths. The spread of zoonotic diseases, as well as other diseases affecting only animals, can take a major economic toll on many industries. This book examines potential gaps in the statutory and regulatory framework governing live animal imports, that may allow the introduction and spread of zoonotic and animal diseases, the extent to which the various government oversight agencies collaborate to meet their responsibilities on this issue, and performance information that the responsible agencies have reported on live animal imports.

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Book SynopsisHuman Papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI). It affects genital and oral mucosa and is associated with cellular lesions which can progress to cervical cancer and some head and neck cancers respectively. In this handbook, the authors present current research on the prevalence, detection and management of HPV. Topics include HPV in adolescents; clinical utility of HPV testing in cervical cancer screening; HPV epidemiology in females and risk for cervical cancer; HPV infection in pregnant women; immunogenicity of HPV vaccination; HPV in systemic rheumatic disorders; prevalence and distribution of HPV 16, 18 and 58 in Southeast Mexico; the triad of HPV-oral sex-and oral cancer; HPV related malignancies of the reproductive tract; in silico characterisation of major capsid protein L1 of HPV type 16 by molecular dynamics and determination of linear B-cell consensus epitopes; the role of HPV in non-small cell lung cancer; and the statistical aspects of HPV modelling in a quantitative manner.

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Book SynopsisInfections due to the Candida species are the most common among fungal infections. Candida albicans is a yeast normally found as part of the skin microbiota, mouth, intestinal tract and vagina. Certain illnesses, stress, or medications can cause the out of control growth of Candida, producing infections that range from superficial to the systemic level, and potentially life-threatening diseases. In this book, the authors discuss the symptoms, causes and treatment options of Candida albincans including the role of Candida albicans biofilms in human disease; new developments in the pathogenesis of Candida albicans; a drug delivery approach for the treatment of Candida albicans; proteins and peptides as potential antifungals for treating Candida albicans infections; antifungal therapy of candidiasis with Amphotericin B; Candida albicans infection in the lower respiratory tract among HIV/AIDs patients in Nigeria; risk factors for vaginal candidiasis; symptomatology and therapy in candidiasis; microbial inactivation of the pathogen Candida albican in marine ecosystems; and polyenes, azoles, and echinocandins for treating infections caused by Candida albicans and other Candida species.

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Book SynopsisOur understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of the malaria parasite has accumulated over the years with the advent of genomic knowledge playing a crucial role. Although great strides have been made in the field of malaria research, malaria still remains one of the most important public health issues in the world. Years ago, malaria was eradicated in some countries but global warming is playing a part in the spectacular re-emergence of malaria in some of these countries. There is still no effective vaccine, although some research has provided interesting data and anti-malaria drug resistance is the time bomb that has the potential of detonating the field of malaria research. Funder fatigue is now derailing the progress made over the years, which makes the field of malaria research look a bit gloomy. This book reviews the most important findings associated with malaria research over the couple of years with a timely overview. The topics covered include historical perspectives of the field of Malariology, life cycle of the parasite, recent advances in the epidemiology of malaria, pathogenesis with sub topics such as the parasite and immune system, virulence factors and clinical manifestations analysed in detail. The updated anti-malarial drug treatment, development and resistance are also discussed in detail. Finally, the social and economic burdens of malaria are looked at and various potential control strategies are put forward. This book will be essential to everyone interested in infectious diseases.

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Book SynopsisViral infection is a disease caused by micro-organisms, which invade a living cell and use its mechanisms to reproduce. Viruses need to colonise a host organism in order to fulfil its vital functions because it lacks the biochemical organisations that replication requires. This book discusses several topics that include viral infections in obstetrics and gynaecology; the management of HIV infection by Chinese medicine; antiviral activity of lactoferrin; and antiviral effects of phytochemicals of the Mediterranean medicinal plants.

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Book SynopsisThe book discusses multiple aspects of sepsis syndrome seen in all age groups of patients and by all specialties in medicine. The syndrome is the aftermath of the dissemination of an infectious process into and through the blood stream. This allows the bacteria, bacterial products and cytokines to reach multiple organs, resulting in their dysfunction. In spite of the advances in supportive care and antibiotic therapy, the outcome of sepsis has not changed significantly. The inadequacies in the current diagnostic modalities and conflicting inconclusive results of investigations on novel treatments have contributed significantly to the lack of progress in the management of sepsis. Antibiotic overuse in and outside the intensive care unit driven by the lack of microbiological data and definitive diagnosis lends to the creation and transmission of antibiotic resistant bacteria, which has added to the challenges and poor outcomes of sepsis syndrome. The nine chapters in this book are authored by experts in various aspects of sepsis from North America, South America, Europe and Asia. State of the art information is provided in the areas of pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis and management of sepsis. Each chapter has a contribution on the role of various evidence-based preventive strategies to reduce the incidence and subsequent poor outcomes of sepsis syndrome.

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Book SynopsisExpert Committees have developed antimicrobial protocols for the prevention of potential complications derived from bacteremia of oral origin, such as infective endocarditis. These preventive protocols have subsequently been revised and modified based on the extensive research that has been performed in this field, including studies on the efficacy of antimicrobial prophylaxis in the prevention of bacteremia of oral origin. This book provides insight on the potential implications of bacteremia of oral origin, and prevention of these potential implications with antibiotics and antiseptics. The book also discusses a rare cause of bateremia known as Lactobacillemia.

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Book SynopsisThe Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), also known as Human Herpes Virus 4, has been identified and described as the etiological agent of infectious mononucleosis. It is the first human virus found to be implicated in oncogenesis. EBV is associated with a number of biologically diverse cancers, mainly lymphoproliferations of B-cell origin. With the development of basic research and clinical medicine, new ideas related to the pathogenesis and clinical aspects of EBV-associated diseases have arisen recently. A significant progress in the number of hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplantations performed world-wide, involving high-risk patients, has contributed to an increase in the development of EBV-associated malignant post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. In the stem cell transplant setting, a post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder has in most cases the nature of a secondary cancer. Apart from post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders, other types of lymphoproliferative disorders are recognised and presented in this book.

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Book SynopsisRotavirus infection is a common cause of acute gastroenteritis in children, which can cause severe dehydration and even death. There are many publications on extra-intestinal manifestations that have been associated with rotavirus infection. It has been associated with neurological manifestations as afebrile seizures, convulsive status, cerebellitis, encephalitis or encephalopathy, digestive manifestations as pancreatitis and even increased risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus. There are also publications relating to cardiopulmonary manifestations with Rotavirus as myocarditis and pneumonitis and even sudden death. It has also been associated with vasculitis such as Kawasaki disease and others. This book discusses the clinical manifestations of the rotavirus infection. It examines the epidemiology, the clinical characteristics, and treatment options available for the infection.

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Book SynopsisDespite advances in medical care, improvement of anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory therapy and worldwide immunisation programs, bacterial meningitis is still responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries. A worldwide reported mortality rate from bacterial meningitis continue to be high, ranging between 2% to 30%. Twenty percent of survivors develop neurological sequelae. During the last decades, the disease epidemiology has changed dramatically in the countries that implemented the conjugate vaccines against the most common meningeal pathogens. Also in developing countries, gradual changes have been observed in the epidemiology of bacterial meningitis that are unrelated to the introduction of new vaccines, but are partly due to the improvement of living conditions. This book examines the modes of transmission of bacterial meningitis, as well as the clinical characteristics, and treatment options.

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Book SynopsisThe way mediastinal infections are developed is still a therapeutic challenge for physicians and surgeons around the globe. The purpose of this book is to clarify infection origins and pathways of spread to the mediastinum, and how the septic process perpetuates under different circumstances with up to date evidence based on diagnostic criteria and management protocols. A substantial thorough review of the different types of mediastinal infections are discussed, such as descending necrotizing, ascending necrotising, post-operative, and chronic fibrosing mediastinitis, all demonstrated by diagnostic imaging and illustrations that describe surgical techniques in a step by step approach. It is intended for cardiac and thoracic surgeons, pneumologists, radiologists, infectologists and intensive care physicians as a guide based on the most recent literature, serves as a revised compendium for this rare type of infectious entity. The initial chapters elaborate in a descriptive and illustrative way the mediastinal anatomy and its pathways for dissemination from the cervical, sub-diaphragmatic and trans-sternal origins, to understand how the original infection worked its way into the spaces. This is followed by a directed review on the ensuing septic process and their management in the different mentioned clinical scenarios, each followed by a systematic approach on management, surgical and alternative treatments when applicable, to clarify the concepts explained in the various types of mediastinal infections.

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Book SynopsisCampylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial enteritis in the world and this zoonotic disease is principally transmitted by food and water. Campylobacter infections are characterised by several symptoms such as watery/bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, headache, nausea and vomiting which may persist for few days. Medical treatment may be conventional, often symptomatic, sometimes associated with the use of antibiotics in some severe cases. This book discusses the epidemiology, clinical management and prevention of Campylobacter infections.

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Book SynopsisPeriodontal diseases are chronic infectious diseases characterised by a destructive inflammatory process affecting the supporting tissues of the tooth. Numerous bacterial species have been isolated from subgingival plaque, which are closely associated with disease onset and progression. At the same time, there is strong evidence that destructive processes occurring as part of the host inflammatory response are responsible for the majority of the hard- and soft-tissue breakdown leading to the clinical signs of periodontitis. The characteristic clinical signs of chronic periodontitis occur mainly as a result of activation of host-derived immune and inflammatory defense mechanism. IL-1 and TNF induce expression of other mediators that amplify the inflammatory response, such as prostaglandins, and lead to production of lytic enzymes and stimulate the production of chemokines. Depending on its function, the cytokines have been classified into those which initiate and maintain inflammatory process, labelled as pro-inflammatory cytokines and those which exert an inhibitory effect on the immunologic response. These negative regulators, categorized as antiinflammatory cytokines, include IL -4 and IL -10, inhibitors such as IL -1 receptor, antagonist soluble IL -1 and TNF receptors that act as competitive blockers under pathologic conditions such as those that occur in periodontal disease. Noteworthy is the fact that cytokines which play an important role in inflammatory responses are also prominent regulators of normal tissue homeostasis. In fact, mRNA expression of cytokines that have been associated with periodontitis was constitutively detected, to some extent, in clinically healthy gingival tissues. The complex interaction of the cytokines at the molecular level is yet to be fully mapped. Additionally, further research pertaining to the other accessory arms of the cytokine network, such as the tissue metalloproteinases, the components involved in the acute phase of immunity as well as wound healing will augment the future of treating human periodontal disease via immunotherapy by modulating/ controlling the key pro-inflammatory cytokines.

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Book SynopsisFood allergy is an inappropriate immune response to certain food components. Although its increasing prevalence over the past two decades and potentially fatal consequences have made food allergy a formidable public health issue, there has been no effective therapy to treat food allergy, and patients are compelled to resort to the strict avoidance of allergenic foods and must have rapid access to emergency care in the event of accidental exposure. Chapter One of this book examines food allergy and vaccinations. Chapter Two describes an effective and safe oral immunotherapy using IFN-y for food allergies with advanced concepts in comparison to the current worldwide approach to oral immunotherapy. Chapter Three evaluates the epidemiological studies in tropical regions done on food allergies and compares them with studies done in the United States and Europe. Chapter Four examines the contribution psychology has made to our understanding of how people live with food allergies, examines the evidence for psychological therapies that may help improve patients'' and parents'' lives and highlights avenues for future research.

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