Infectious and contagious diseases Books
Taylor & Francis Ltd Multicultural Perspectives in Customer Behaviour Key Issues in Marketing Management
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£128.25
Taylor & Francis Contagion Routledge Studies in the Social History of Medicine
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£51.29
Taylor & Francis Ltd Here and Now The Politics of Social Space in DH Lawrence and Virginia Woolf Literary Criticism and Cultural Theory
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£41.59
Taylor & Francis Organizing Aids
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£109.25
Taylor & Francis Ltd Histopathologic Diagnosis of Invasive Mycoses
Book SynopsisWritten by one of the very few pathologists who has real expertise in this field, this book is a comprehensive key for the identification of fungal infections in tissues. With updated terminology and presentation, all invasive mycoses-types are covered, detailing their epidemiology, pathology, histomorphology of fungal elements, and differential diagnoses. Each of the separate fungal groups has a good combination of text and high-quality illustrations which is a critical feature for clinicians to state the mycopathological diagnoses.Key Features:1. Elaborates on the histological observations of both the pathological reaction and the histomorphology of fungal elements, guiding the reader in the right direction for obtaining a diagnosis of the infection.2. Includes key observations that can be a game-changer for infectious diseases specialists and histopathologists studying the combination of fungal morphology and host response.3. Follows a logical layout, structureTrade ReviewWith his 1st edition of Histopathologic Diagnosis of Invasive Mycoses, Henrik Elvang Jensen introduced what has the potential to become a standard reading for early-career as well as experienced pathologists. Colleagues from other specialties will benefit from this reading, as this book not only succeeds in educating on how to diagnose fungal diseases based on histopathological findings but also in providing a comprehensive overview on the diversity of fungal diseases in patients with a wide range of underlying diseases. Henrik Elvang Jensen has taken on a challenging task to provide experienced and inexperienced clinicians with a comprehensive but concise handbook about histopathological diagnosis in mycology. Timely diagnosis of fungal infection, assessment of invasiveness and the identification of the causative pathogen are key for tailored therapeutic decision making that will save lives. Histopathology is an essential part in diagnostics, usually the first stop on the road to a confirmed diagnosis.With the growing number of patients at risk for fungal infections and the expanding spectrum of causative fungal pathogens, it becomes more and more pressing to train pathologists adequately to be aware of a possible fungal infection and how to differentiate fungal infections from other more commonly suspected findings, especially in patients with co morbidities. A vital task, considering the high mortality rates in respective patients. Due to the general low incidence of most fungal diseases, gaining hands-on experience in identifying and morphological differentiating fungal diseases is rather difficult for pathologists and requires years-long training.This book guides the reader through the ever-growing armamentarium of fungal infections, each chapter devoted to one fungal disease and its histopathological features. As diverse as the patient populations at risk for fungal infections and the causative fungal pathogens are, as diverse are the clinical and consequently morphological manifestations these infections come in. Jensen allows the reader to look over his shoulder while he lays out the disease-specific changes in cell and tissue morphology and architecture, fungus by fungus, disease by disease. In high-resolution images he presents and explains characteristic histopathological findings in tissue sections dyed with one or more stains, moving his microscope from superficial to invasive infections, from the most common infections including aspergillosis, candidosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis to the less common and rare infections, from omnipresent to endemic infections.Jensen’s many years of experience in pathology and his passion for mycology allows him to provide the reader with this structured overview that will help generations of pathologists to further improve their skills in spotting the often-overlooked fungal bodies and interpret the composition of cells in this context in any tissue, in any patient. A must-have for every microbiologist, pathologist and infectious diseases physician.Danila Seidel PhD and Oliver A. Cornely MDECMM Diamond Excellence Center, Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne and CECAD Cluster of Excellence, Translational Research Infectious Diseases, University of Cologne, GermanyTable of ContentsPreface. About the author. Introduction. Histopathological classification of invasive mycoses. Histopathological staining of invasive fungi. Pathomorphological identification of invasive fungi. Identification of invasive fungi using in situ techniques. Glossary of medical mycology. Aspergillosis. Fusariosis. Scedosporiosis and lomentosporiosis. Mucormycosis. Entomophthoromycosis. Pythiosis. Hyalohyphomycosis, minor. Phaeohyphomycosis. Chromoblastomycosis. Mycetomas. Candidosis. Trichosporonosis. Cryptococcosis. Blastomycosis. Histoplasmosis capsulati. Histoplasmosis duboisii. Paracoccidioidomycosis. Sporotrichosis. Talaromycosis. Pneumocystosis. Lacaziosis. Coccidioidomycosis. Adiaspiromycosis. Rhinosporidiosis. Rare mycoses. Algoses. Index.
£71.24
Taylor & Francis Ltd Histopathologic Diagnosis of Invasive Mycoses
Book SynopsisWritten by one of the very few pathologists who has real expertise in this field, this book is a comprehensive key for the identification of fungal infections in tissues. With updated terminology and presentation, all invasive mycoses-types are covered, detailing their epidemiology, pathology, histomorphology of fungal elements, and differential diagnoses. Each of the separate fungal groups has a good combination of text and high-quality illustrations which is a critical feature for clinicians to state the mycopathological diagnoses.Key Features:1. Elaborates on the histological observations of both the pathological reaction and the histomorphology of fungal elements, guiding the reader in the right direction for obtaining a diagnosis of the infection.2. Includes key observations that can be a game-changer for infectious diseases specialists and histopathologists studying the combination of fungal morphology and host response.3. Follows a logical layout, structureTrade ReviewWith his 1st edition of Histopathologic Diagnosis of Invasive Mycoses, Henrik Elvang Jensen introduced what has the potential to become a standard reading for early-career as well as experienced pathologists. Colleagues from other specialties will benefit from this reading, as this book not only succeeds in educating on how to diagnose fungal diseases based on histopathological findings but also in providing a comprehensive overview on the diversity of fungal diseases in patients with a wide range of underlying diseases. Henrik Elvang Jensen has taken on a challenging task to provide experienced and inexperienced clinicians with a comprehensive but concise handbook about histopathological diagnosis in mycology. Timely diagnosis of fungal infection, assessment of invasiveness and the identification of the causative pathogen are key for tailored therapeutic decision making that will save lives. Histopathology is an essential part in diagnostics, usually the first stop on the road to a confirmed diagnosis.With the growing number of patients at risk for fungal infections and the expanding spectrum of causative fungal pathogens, it becomes more and more pressing to train pathologists adequately to be aware of a possible fungal infection and how to differentiate fungal infections from other more commonly suspected findings, especially in patients with co morbidities. A vital task, considering the high mortality rates in respective patients. Due to the general low incidence of most fungal diseases, gaining hands-on experience in identifying and morphological differentiating fungal diseases is rather difficult for pathologists and requires years-long training.This book guides the reader through the ever-growing armamentarium of fungal infections, each chapter devoted to one fungal disease and its histopathological features. As diverse as the patient populations at risk for fungal infections and the causative fungal pathogens are, as diverse are the clinical and consequently morphological manifestations these infections come in. Jensen allows the reader to look over his shoulder while he lays out the disease-specific changes in cell and tissue morphology and architecture, fungus by fungus, disease by disease. In high-resolution images he presents and explains characteristic histopathological findings in tissue sections dyed with one or more stains, moving his microscope from superficial to invasive infections, from the most common infections including aspergillosis, candidosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis to the less common and rare infections, from omnipresent to endemic infections.Jensen’s many years of experience in pathology and his passion for mycology allows him to provide the reader with this structured overview that will help generations of pathologists to further improve their skills in spotting the often-overlooked fungal bodies and interpret the composition of cells in this context in any tissue, in any patient. A must-have for every microbiologist, pathologist and infectious diseases physician.Danila Seidel PhD and Oliver A. Cornely MDECMM Diamond Excellence Center, Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne and CECAD Cluster of Excellence, Translational Research Infectious Diseases, University of Cologne, GermanyTable of ContentsPreface. About the author. Introduction. Histopathological classification of invasive mycoses. Histopathological staining of invasive fungi. Pathomorphological identification of invasive fungi. Identification of invasive fungi using in situ techniques. Glossary of medical mycology. Aspergillosis. Fusariosis. Scedosporiosis and lomentosporiosis. Mucormycosis. Entomophthoromycosis. Pythiosis. Hyalohyphomycosis, minor. Phaeohyphomycosis. Chromoblastomycosis. Mycetomas. Candidosis. Trichosporonosis. Cryptococcosis. Blastomycosis. Histoplasmosis capsulati. Histoplasmosis duboisii. Paracoccidioidomycosis. Sporotrichosis. Talaromycosis. Pneumocystosis. Lacaziosis. Coccidioidomycosis. Adiaspiromycosis. Rhinosporidiosis. Rare mycoses. Algoses. Index.
£180.50
Taylor & Francis Ltd Conspiracy Theories in the Time of Covid19
Book SynopsisConspiracy Theories in the Time of Covid-19 provides a wide-ranging analysis of the emergence and development of conspiracy theories during the Covid-19 pandemic, with a focus on the US and the UK.The book combines digital methods analysis of large datasets assembled from social media with politically and culturally contextualised close readings informed by cultural studies. In contrast to other studies which often have an alarmist take on the infodemic, it places Covid-19 conspiracy theories in a longer historical perspective. It also argues against the tendency to view conspiracy theories as merely evidence of a fringe or pathological way of thinking. Instead, the starting assumption is that conspiracy theories, including Covid-19 conspiracy theories, often reflect genuine and legitimate concerns, even if their factual claims are wide of the mark. The authors examine the nature and origins of the conspiracy theories that have emerged; the identity and rationale of Trade Review"In this timely book, Birchall and Knight provide a much needed and nuanced account of Covid conspiracy theories. Combining both distant and close reading, they show what is new and what isn’t, and make a compelling argument that these conspiracy theories are often rooted in legitimate concerns and social anxieties."Michael Butter, Professor of American Studies, University of Tübingen, Germany"This essential and timely book by two leading scholars simultaneously provides a wonderful synthesis of scholarship on conspiracy theory and an insightful and informed account of the theories surrounding Covid. It’s a necessary corrective to simplistic assumptions about popular belief and disbelief and will remain relevant for decades."Mark Fenster, University of Florida, USA"A careful, nuanced overview of the way conspiracy theories help make—and unmake—the world we share, and how Covid-19 conspiracy theories have seamlessly become part of broader, much older narratives about power and control, freedom and paranoia."Anna Merlan, Author of Republic of Lies: American Conspiracy Theorists and Their Surprising Rise to PowerTable of ContentsIntroduction: Pandemic, Plandemic, Infodemic 1. Deep Background: The Contexts of Conspiracy Theory 2. Infodemic: Metaphor, Measurement and Moral Panic 3. A Year of Covid-19 Conspiracy Theories: Part 1 4. A Year of Covid-19 Conspiracy Theories: Part 2 5. Coalitions of Distrust: Features of Coronavirus Conspiracy Theories 6. Conspiracy Entrepreneurs and Marketplace Bots 7. Infrastructural Design and Disinfo Capitalism Conclusion: Confronting Conspiracism
£25.99
Taylor & Francis Ltd Clinical Melioidosis
Book SynopsisMelioidosis is an endemic tropical disease and is fast becoming an emerging global concern. Its clinical mimicry with several other common diseases has made its diagnosis and treatment difficult. This book identifies a gap in the literature and represents the management and diagnosis of this fatal but curable disease. It provides detailed coverage of its history, epidemiology, the latency of the agent, pathogenesis, manifestations, clinical clues for detection, microbiological diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and environmental aspects. This book is for clinicians, infectious disease specialists, microbiologists, and public health professionals in countries where melioidosis is endemic.Key Features: Provides practical guidance on clinical diagnosis, management, and prevention of melioidosis. Features high-quality radiological and clinical photographs for clinicians and professionals. Explores the latest techniques and advancements in laboratory diagnosis.Table of Contents1. Melioidosis in Global Perspective and Challenges for Surveillance2. Epidemiology of Melioidosis3. History of Melioidosis4. Pathogenesis and Virulence of Melioidosis5. Laboratory Diagnosis of Melioidosis6. Melioidosis: Pulmonary and other Systemic Manifestations7. Radiological Imaging in Melioidosis8. Diagnostic Interventional Procedures in Melioidosis9. Drug Management of Melioidosis10. Management of Melioidosis: A surgeon’s perspective11. Neuro-Melioidosis12. Gastrointestinal Melioidosis13. Septicaemic Melioidosis14. Cutaneous Melioidosis15. Cardiac Melioidosis16. Melioidosis of bone and joint17. Prevention of Melioidosis
£110.00
Taylor & Francis A Sociological Perspective on Blood Plasma
Book SynopsisShim and Baek examine the evolving existential meanings of gift-making by interviewing donors of convalescent blood plasma during the Covid-19 pandemic.The book reveals what plasma donation means for their efforts to reassemble their lives from being liminal moments to livable experiences, through interviews with convalescent donors in South Korea. It shows it is the very multiplex meanings of plasma donations that enabled people to effectively maneuver through the challenging liminality in life during COVID-19, by expanding the existing literature of gifts and donation that highlights the rich, complex meanings of the body parts donated. It presents a vivid dialogue between liminality and gift-making from varied narratives.A vital read for scholars, students of sociology, anthropology, and public health and those interested in how subjects reconstitute their agency amid uncertainty inside and outside the pandemic, so that we appreciate the voices of donors and learn f
£49.99
Cambridge University Press Toxoplasmosis
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£73.14
Cambridge University Press Adaptive Dynamics Infect Diseases In Pursuit of Virulence Management 2 Cambridge Studies in Adaptive Dynamics Series Number 2
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£53.43
Cambridge University Press History Bubonic Plague Br
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£42.67
Cambridge University Press Cancer of the Esophagus
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£37.04
Cambridge University Press Bacterial Adhesion to Host Tissues
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£37.99
Cambridge University Press Isolation Hospitals
Isolation Hospitals by H. Franklin Parsons | 9780521175975
£29.44
Cambridge University Press Dormancy and LowGrowth States in Microbial Disease 3 Advances in Molecular and Cellular Microbiology Series Number 3
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£40.84
Cambridge University Press Toxoplasmosis
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£127.80
Cambridge University Press Models for Infectious Human Diseases Their Structure and Relation to Data 6 Publications of the Newton Institute Series Number 6
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£166.25
Cambridge University Press Western Diseases An Evolutionary Perspective 54 Cambridge Studies in Biological and Evolutionary Anthropology Series Number 54
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£45.59
Cambridge University Press Humanitys Burden A Global History of Malaria Studies in Environment and History
Humanitys Burden A Global History of Malaria | BookCurl
£23.99
Cambridge University Press Parasites and Infectious Disease
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£48.44
Cambridge University Press Infectious Diseases Diagnosis Current Status and Future Trends 117 Parasitology Series Number 117
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£42.74
Cambridge University Press Bacterial Disease Mechanisms An Introduction to Cellular Microbiology
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£68.39
Cambridge University Press Dormancy and Low Growth States in Microbial Disease 3 Advances in Molecular and Cellular Microbiology Series Number 3
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£99.75
Cambridge University Press Microbial Inhabitants of Humans
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£128.25
Cambridge University Press Western Diseases An Evolutionary Perspective 54 Cambridge Studies in Biological and Evolutionary Anthropology Series Number 54
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£111.15
Cambridge University Press Humanitys Burden
Humanitys Burden by Jr
£41.80
Cambridge University Press Dendritic Cell Interactions with Bacteria 14 Advances in Molecular and Cellular Microbiology Series Number 14
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£92.15
Cambridge University Press Parasites and Infectious Disease Discovery by Serendipity and Otherwise
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£99.75
Cambridge University Press Cranial and Spinal Tuberculosis Infections including Acute Presentations
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£17.00
Cambridge University Press Uncertainty and Emotion in the 1900 Sydney Plague
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£47.49
Cambridge University Press Learning from COVID19 for ClimateReady Urban
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£17.00
HarperCollins Publishers Inc Quinine
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£17.09
HarperCollins Publishers Inc Aging Backwards Updated and Revised Edition
Book SynopsisPBS fitness personality on Classical Stretch and creator of the fitness phenomenon Essentrics, Miranda Esmonde-White offers an eye-opening guide to anti-aging that provides essential tools to help anyone turn back the clock and look and feel younger no matter what age.Trade Review"Public TV stations and their viewers have responded enthusiastically to Miranda's workouts for more than a decade; and from a personal standpoint I have experienced and enjoyed the anti-aging benefits of her program, too!" -- Chris Funkhouser, VP, American Public Television "I started doing Miranda's workouts ten years ago, and now I recommend them to ALL of my patients, even for those with joint problems. It is safe, easy, convenient, and complete ... the total package!" -- Dr. Beth Barnett, Certified Chiropractic Sports Physician "Miranda Esmonde-White shows readers how we age at a cellular level, and what we can do to slow down and reverse this process. Her pioneering exercise program can help anyone, at any level, maintain a youthful body as we inevitably enter into later stages of life." -- Claudio Cuello, MD, Professor and Former Chair of Pharmacology, McGill University
£999.99
HarperCollins Publishers Inc Bald Is Better with Earrings
Book SynopsisThe breast cancer guide every woman needs for herself, her best friend, and her sister—a warm, practical, relatable handbook, that dispels the terror, taking you step-by-step through the process, from diagnosis to post-treatment.When Andrea Hutton was diagnosed with breast cancer, she wanted to know everything.Trade Review"Breast cancer survivor Hutton offers a wealth of insider knowledge on exactly what to expect,...[and] while there is no universal cancer experience, Hutton covers the most likely scenarios in detailed fashion with grace, empathy, and humor." -- Publishers Weekly "This book could be a lifesaver." -- Library Journal "Straightforward, often humorous, no-nonsense, step-by-step, tip-filled text. No single guide can be all inclusive...but Hutton's "Top Tips" will help many." -- Booklist "Bald Is Better With Earrings is exactly what its subtitle promises. In a chatty, girlfriend kind of way, Hutton unflinchingly describes [her journey]. Building on that experience, she offers advice to other patients." -- Washington Post
£15.90
The University of Chicago Press Viral Economies
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£999.99
Elsevier - Health Sciences Division Neonatology Questions and Controversies
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsSECTION 1 Infectious Disease 1 Management of the AsymptomaticNewborn at Risk for Sepsis 2 Empiric Therapy for Neonatal Sepsis 3 When and How to Treat NeonatalCMV Infection 4 Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infection 5 Antibiotic Stewardship 6 Neonatal Fungal Infections 7 When to Perform Lumbar Puncture in Infants at Risk for Meningitis in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit 8 Perinatal and Neonatal Considerations in COVID-19 9 Congenital Syphilis 10 Gonococcal Eye Prophylaxis-Are Mandates Still Justified? 11 Organ Dysfunction in Sepsis and Necrotizing Enterocolitis SECTION 2 Pharmacology 12 Antibiotic Considerations for Necrotizing Enterocolitis 13 Antiseizure Medications and Treatments in Neonates 14 Neuroprotective Therapies in Newborns 15 Pharmacological Therapy of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome 16 Vasodilator Drugs for Pulmonary Hypertension in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia 17 Drug-Associated Acute Kidney Injury in Neonates SECTION 3 Immunology 18 Recent Advances and Controversies in Inborn Errors of Immunity Presenting in the Newborn Period 19 Clinical and Molecular Markers to Assist Decision-Making in Neonatal Sepsis Index
£65.69
Random House USA Inc The Demon in the Freezer
Book Synopsis
£9.49
Random House USA Inc When Germs Travel Six Major Epidemics That Have
Book SynopsisThe struggle against deadly microbes is endless. Diseases that have plagued human beings since ancient times still exist, new maladies make their way into the headlines, we are faced with vaccine shortages, and the threat of germ warfare has reemerged as a worldwide threat. In this riveting account, medical historian Howard Markel takes an eye-opening look at the fragility of the American public health system. He tells the distinctive stories of six epidemics–tuberculosis, bubonic plague, trachoma, typhus, cholera, and AIDS–to show how our chief defense against diseases from outside the United States has been to attempt to deny entry to carriers. He explains why this approach never worked, and makes clear that it is useless in today’s world of bustling international travel and porous borders. Illuminating our foolhardy attempts at isolation and showing that globalization renders us all potential inhabitants of the so-called Hot Zone, Markel m
£13.29
WW Norton & Co The Helpers
Book SynopsisA deeply moving narrative of the coronavirus pandemic, told through portraits of eight individuals who worked tirelessly to help others.Trade Review"Kathy Gilsinan’s optimistic The Helpers describes the remarkable awakening that coalesced around the COVID-19 pandemic. Gilsinan does not shy away from the very real grief, but her powerful storytelling brings to light the grit, urgency, and inspiration of ordinary Americans in extraordinary times. A necessary dose of hope!" -- Danielle Ofri, MD, PhD, clinical professor of medicine at NYU School of Medicine, Editor-in-Chief of Bellevue Literary Review, and author of When We Do Harm"Brilliantly conceived, carefully reported, grippingly and vividly written, The Helpers is a story of the pandemic that will last." -- James Fallows, coauthor of Our Towns: A 100,000-Mile Journey into the Heart of America"Poignant stories from the darkest days of the pandemic.... Compassionate throughout, [Gilsinan] effectively conveys the struggles, fears, and sacrifices that each of these individuals faced. She also exposes many of the fatal flaws in the American medical system. A comforting, much-needed reminder that we are still all in this together." -- Kirkus Reviews"Inspiring.... Intimate and engaging, this is a worthy tribute to those who stepped forward in a time of tremendous need." -- Publishers Weekly
£17.09
The Perseus Books Group One Renegade Cell How Cancer Begins Science
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£13.73
Random House USA Inc Plague Year
Book SynopsisFrom the Pulitzer Prize–winning author of The Looming Tower, and the pandemic novel The End of October: an unprecedented, momentous account of Covid-19—its origins, its wide-ranging repercussions, and the ongoing global fight to contain it A book of panoramic breadth ... managing to surprise us about even those episodes we … thought we knew well … [With] lively exchanges about spike proteins and nonpharmaceutical interventions and disease waves, Wright’s storytelling dexterity makes all this come alive.” —The New York Times Book ReviewFrom the fateful first moments of the outbreak in China to the storming of the U.S. Capitol to the extraordinary vaccine rollout, Lawrence Wright’s The Plague Year tells the story of Covid-19 in authoritative, galvanizing detail and with the full drama of events on both a global and intimate scale, illuminating the medical, economic, politica
£14.25
Random House USA Inc How to Prevent the Next Pandemic
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£15.30
Johns Hopkins University Press TwentyFirst Century Plague The Story of SARS
Book SynopsisFrom his seat, 14E, he infected 21 other passengers and crew members.Trade ReviewTwenty-First Century Plague describes many of the people, events, political settings, and other contributing factors in a fascinating view of the story behind the story of the outbreak. Science 2005 Abraham gives us an excellent and dispassionate account of the cultural and political background to the cover-up and the unfortunate consequences. Nature 2005 The book is richly filled with facts, and they are conveyed in a captivating manner. It is as impressive as the film Outbreak. New England Journal of Medicine 2005 Abraham offers insights into the 'dos and don'ts' of managing a public health crisis and provides key learning points. JAMA 2005 A ringside account of the world's recent encounter with the emerging infectious disease SARS. Engagingly written by an accomplished journalist. American Scientist 2005 The rush to contain and unmask the agent responsible... had more plot twists than anything Robert Ludlum ever wrote. The Lancet 2005 The book provides an important summary of many aspects of the global experience with a new disease and discusses important lessons learned from the SARS response. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2006 In this detailed report by Abraham, the inability of health care systems to cope with such newly emergent infections is clear. Choice 2005 A beautifully written book. Medical History 2007 Timely and well-presented. -- Debra Rose Wilson and William A. Wilson Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 2010Table of ContentsAcknowledgementsChapter 1. IntroductionChapter 2. ChinaChapter 3. Hong KongChapter 4. A Global EmergencyChapter 5. The Virus HuntChapter 6. ConclusionAppendix 1Appendix 2NotesIndex
£25.54
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Viral Infections and Global Change
Book SynopsisA timely exploration of the impact of global change on the emergence, reemergence, and control of vector-borne and zoonotic viral infections From massively destructive superstorms to rapidly rising sea levels, the world media is abuzz with talk of the threats to civilization posed by global warming.Trade Review“I learnt so much from the book and enjoyed reading it. It is definitely a welcome and timely addition to the biomedical literature.” (Microbiology Today, 1 August 2014) “The healthcare professionals and scientists best equipped to prevent an actual viral apocalypse will have Viral Infections and Global Change at hand, rather than a machete. Or maybe both.” (Clinical Infectious Diseases, 25 April 2014) Table of ContentsForeword xxi Preface xxiii Contributors xxv About the Editor xxix Part I General aspects 1 1 Climate Change And Vector-Borne Viral Diseases 3 Ying Zhang, Alana Hansen, and Peng Bi 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Epidemiology of VVD 4 1.3 Association between climatic variables and emerging VVD 6 1.4 Invasion of nonzoonotic vvd to humans 14 1.5 Implications and recommendations for prevention and control 14 References 16 2 Impact Of Climate Change On Vector-Borne Arboviral Episystems 21 Walter J. Tabachnick and Jonathan F. Day 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 The complex factors influencing mosquito-borne arbovirus episystems 24 2.3 West Nile virus 25 2.4 Dengue in Florida 28 2.5 Bluetongue 29 2.6 Conclusions 31 Acknowledgement 32 References 32 3 Influence Of Climate Change On Mosquito Development And Blood-Feeding Patterns 35 William E. Walton and William K. Reisen 3.1 Introduction 36 3.2 Mosquito development 37 3.3 Blood-feeding patterns 46 References 52 4 Environmental Perturbations That Influence Arboviral Host Range: Insights Into Emergence Mechanisms 57 Aaron C. Brault and William K. Reisen 4.1 Introduction 57 4.2 The changing environment 59 4.3 Deforestation and the epizootic emergence of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus 62 4.4 Rice, mosquitoes, pigs, and japanese encephalitis virus 63 4.5 Culex pipiens complex, house sparrows, urbanization, and west Nile virus 66 4.6 Urbanization, global trade, and the reemergence of chikungunya virus 70 4.7 Conclusions 71 References 71 5 The Socio-Ecology Of Viral Zoonotic Transfer 77 Jonathan D. Mayer and Sarah Paige 5.1 Introduction 78 5.2 Historical perspective 78 5.3 Human–animal interface 79 5.4 Surveillance 79 5.5 Deforestation and fragmentation 80 5.6 Urbanization 81 5.7 Examples 82 5.8 Conclusion 84 References 84 6 Human Behavior And The Epidemiology Of Viral Zoonoses 87 Satesh Bidaisee, Cheryl Cox Macpherson, and Calum N.L. Macpherson 6.1 Introduction 88 6.2 Societal changes and the epidemiology of viral zoonoses 89 6.3 Viral zoonoses and human societal values 92 6.4 Human behavior and the epidemiology of vector-borne viral zoonoses 93 6.5 Human behavior and the epidemiology of respiratory viral zoonoses 96 6.6 Human behavior and the epidemiology of waterborne viral zoonoses 98 6.7 Human behavior and the epidemiology of wildlife-associated viral zoonoses 101 6.8 The role of human behavior in the control of viral zoonoses 103 References 104 7 Global Trave l, Trade, And The Spread Of Viral Infections 111 Brian D. Gushulak and Douglas W. MacPherson 7.1 Introduction 112 7.2 Basic principles 113 7.3 An overview of population mobility 113 7.4 The dynamics of modern population mobility 114 7.5 Human population mobility and the spread of viruses 115 7.6 The biological aspects of population mobility and the spread of viruses 117 7.7 The demographic aspects of population mobility and the spread of viruses 119 7.8 Potential impact of climate change 126 7.9 Conclusion 127 References 128 8 Effects Of Land-Use Changes And Agricultural Practices On The Emergence And Reemergence Of Human Viral Diseases 133 Kimberly Fornace, Marco Liverani, Jonathan Rushton, and Richard Coker 8.1 Introduction 134 8.2 Ecological and environmental changes 136 8.3 Agricultural change 139 8.4 Demographic changes 141 8.5 Land use, disease emergence, and multifactorial causation 143 8.6 Conclusion 145 References 145 9 Animal Migration And Risk Of Spread Of Viral Infections 151 Diann J. Prosser, Jessica Nagel, and John Y. Takekawa 9.1 Introduction 152 9.2 Does animal migration increase risk of viral spread? 152 9.3 Examples of migratory animals and spread of viral disease 157 9.4 Climate change effects on animal migration and viral zoonoses 166 9.5 Shifts in timing of migration and range extents 166 9.6 Combined effects of climate change, disease, and migration 167 9.7 Conclusions and future directions 169 Acknowledgements 170 References 170 10 Illegal Animal And (Bush) Meat Trade Associated Risk Of Spread Of Viral Infections 179 Christopher Kilonzo, Thomas J. Stopka, and Bruno Chomel 10.1 Introduction 180 10.2 Search strategy and selection criteria 180 10.3 The bushmeat trade 181 10.4 Bushmeat hunting and emerging infectious diseases 181 10.5 Risk factors and modes of transmission 183 10.6 Conservation and wildlife sustainability 184 10.7 Case study: The role of the bushmeat trade in the evolution of Hiv 185 10.8 Illegal trade of domestic animals and exotic pets 186 10.9 Discussion and future directions 187 10.10 Prevention and control: From supply and demand to health education techniques 187 10.11 New technologies 188 10.12 Collaboration: Multidisciplinary advances and next steps 189 10.13 Conclusion 190 Conflicts of interest 190 References 190 11 Biological Significance Of Bats As A Natural Reservoir Of Emerging Viruses 195 Angela M. Bosco-Lauth and Richard A. Bowen 11.1 Introduction 195 11.2 Bats as exemplars of biodiversity 196 11.3 Bats are reservoir hosts for zoonotic and emerging pathogens 197 11.4 Contact rate as a driver for emergence of bat-associated zoonoses 203 11.5 Potential impact of climate change on viruses transmitted by bats 205 11.6 Conclusions 206 References 206 12 Role And Strategies Of Surveillance Networks In Handling Emerging And Reemerging Viral Infections 213 Carlos Castillo-Salgado 12.1 Introduction 214 12.2 Global trend of viral infectious agents and diseases 214 12.3 Recognized importance of public health surveillance 215 12.4 Definition and scope of public health surveillance 216 12.5 Key functions and uses of disease surveillance 217 12.6 New expansion of surveillance by the ihr-2005 218 12.7 Emergence of new global surveillance networks 218 12.8 Global influenza surveillance and who’s pandemic influenza preparedness framework 219 12.9 Early warning surveillance systems 220 12.10 Innovative approaches for surveillance 222 12.11 Electronic and web-based information platforms for information reporting, sharing, and dissemination 222 12.12 Real-time and near real-time information 223 12.13 New updated statistical methods for tracking viral and infectious disease outbreaks 223 12.14 Using proxy and compiled web-based information from different sources 225 12.15 Incorporation of public–private partnerships in surveillance activities 226 12.16 Use of volunteer sentinel physicians 226 12.17 Improving guidelines and protocols for viral surveillance 226 12.18 Incorporating health situation rooms or strategic command centers for monitoring, analysis, and response in surveillance efforts 227 12.19 Challenges of viral and public health surveillance 228 References 229 13 Predictive Modeling Of Emerging Infections 233 Anna L. Buczak, Steven M. Babin, Brian H. Feighner, Phillip T. Koshute, and Sheri H. Lewis 13.1 Introduction 233 13.2 Types of models 234 13.3 Remote sensing and its use in disease outbreak prediction 235 13.4 Approaches to modeling and their evaluation 241 13.5 Examples of prediction models 244 13.6 Conclusion 250 References 250 14 Developments And Challenges In Diagnostic Virology 255 Luisa Barzon, Laura Squarzon, Monia Pacenti, and Giorgio Palù 14.1 Introduction 256 14.2 Preparedness 258 14.3 Challenges in diagnosis of emerging viral infections 259 14.4 Approaches to the diagnosis of emerging viral infections 260 14.5 Conclusions 267 Acknowledgement 268 References 268 15 Advances In Detecting And Responding To Threats From Bioterrorism And Emerging Viral Infections 275 Stephen A. Morse and Angela Weber 15.1 Introduction 276 15.2 Emerging, reemerging, and intentionally emerging diseases 276 15.3 Bioterrorism 278 15.4 Viruses as bioweapons 279 15.5 Impact of biotechnology 282 15.6 Deterrence, recognition, and response 284 15.7 Public health surveillance 288 15.8 Conclusion 291 References 291 16 Molecular And Evolutionary Mechanisms Of Viral Emergence 297 Juan Carlos Saiz, Francisco Sobrino, Noemí Sevilla, Verónica Martín, Celia Perales, and Esteban Domingo 16.1 Introduction: Biosphere and virosphere diversities 298 16.2 Virus variation as a factor in viral emergence: a role of complexity 299 16.3 High error rates originate quasispecies swarms 300 16.4 Evolutionary mechanisms that may participate in viral disease emergence 302 16.5 Ample genetic and host range variations of fmdv: a human epidemic to be? 304 16.6 The arbovirus host alternations: high exposure to environmental modifications 307 16.7 Arenaviruses: As an emerging threat 313 16.8 Conclusion 315 Acknowledgement 316 References 316 17 Drivers Of Emergence And Sources Of Future Emerging And Reemerging Viral Infections 327 Leslie A. Reperant and Albert D.M.E. Osterhaus 17.1 Introduction 328 17.2 Prehistoric and historic unfolding of the drivers of disease emergence 329 17.3 Proximal drivers of disease emergence and sources of future emerging and reemerging viral infections 334 17.4 Further insights from the theory of island biogeography 338 References 339 18 Spillover Transmission And Emergence Of Viral Outbreaks In Humans 343 Sunit K. Singh 18.1 Introduction 343 18.2 Major anthropogenic factors responsible for spillover 344 18.3 Major viral factors playing a role in spillover 347 18.4 Intermediate hosts and species barriers in viral transmission 349 18.5 Conclusion 349 References 349 Part II Specific Infections 353 19 New, Emerging, And Reemerging Respiratory Viruses 355 Fleur M. Moesker, Pieter L.A. Fraaij, and Albert D.M.E. Osterhaus 19.1 Introduction 356 19.2 Influenza viruses 359 19.3 Human metapneumovirus 362 19.4 Human coronaviruses: SARS and non-SARS 363 19.5 Human bocavirus 366 19.6 KI and WU polyomaviruses 367 19.7 Nipah and hendra viruses 368 19.8 Conclusion 369 19.9 List of abbreviations 369 References 370 20 Emergence Of Zoonotic Orthopox Virus Infections 377 Tomoki Yoshikawa, Masayuki Saijo, and Shigeru Morikawa 20.1 Smallpox, a representative orthopoxvirus infection: The eradicated non-zoonotic orthopoxvirus 377 20.2 Zoonotic Orthopoxviruses 379 Acknowledgement 387 References 387 21 Biological Aspects Of The Interspecies Transmission Of Selected Coronavi ruses 393 Anastasia N. Vlasova and Linda J. Saif 21.1 Introduction 393 21.2 Coronavirus classification and pathogenesis 397 21.3 Natural reservoirs and emergence of new coronaviruses 399 21.4 Alpha-, beta- and gamma coronaviruses: cross-species transmission 404 21.5 Anthropogenic factors and climate influence on coronavirus diversity and outbreaks 407 21.6 Conclusion 410 References 410 22 Impac t Of Environmental And Social Factors On Ross River Virus Outbreaks 419 Craig R. Williams and David O. Harley 22.1 Introduction 420 22.2 History of mosquito-borne epidemic polyarthritis outbreaks in australia and the pacific 420 22.3 RRV transmission cycles have a variety of ecologies 421 22.4 Typical environmental determinants of RRV activity 422 22.5 Social determinants of RRV disease activity 423 22.6 A Conceptual framework for understanding the influence of environmental and social factors on RRV disease activity 423 22.7 Climate Change and RRV 427 22.8 Conclusion 427 Acknowledgement 428 References 428 23 Infection Patterns And Emergence Of O’nyong-Nyong Virus 433 Ann M. Powers 23.1 Introduction 433 23.2 History of outbreaks 434 23.3 Clinical manifestations 435 23.4 Epidemiology 435 23.5 Factors affecting emergence 437 23.6 Conclusion 440 References 441 24 Zoonotic Hepa titis E: Animal Reservoirs, Emerging Risks, And Impact Of Climate Change 445 Nicole Pavio and Jérôme Bouquet 24.1 Introduction 446 24.2 HEV biology and classification 446 24.3 Pathogenesis in humans 449 24.4 Animal Reservoirs 451 24.5 Zoonotic and Interspecies Transmission of HEV and HEV-like viruses 454 24.6 HEV in the environment 456 24.7 Climate change and impact on HEV exposure 457 24.8 Prevention 458 24.9 Conclusion 458 Acknowledgement 459 References 459 25 Impact Of Climate Change On Outbreaks Of Arenaviral Infections 467 James Christopher Clegg 25.1 Introduction 467 25.2 Natural history of arenaviruses 468 25.3 Predicted climate changes 470 25.4 Arenaviral diseases and climate change 471 References 473 26 Emerging And Reemerging Human Bunyavirus Infections And Climate Change 477 Laura J. Sutherland, Assaf Anyamba, and A. Desiree LaBeaud 26.1 Introduction 478 26.2 Bunyaviridae family 478 26.3 Climate Change and Bunyaviridae: Climatic influences on transmission cycles and subsequent risk for transmission of bunyaviruses 482 26.4 Disease spread due to growing geographic distribution of competent vectors 485 26.5 using climate as a means for outbreak prediction 486 26.6 Future problems 489 References 489 27 Emerging Trend Of Astroviruses, Enteric Adenoviruses, And Rotavi ruses In Human Viral Gastroenteritis 495 Daniel Cowley, Celeste Donato, and Carl D. Kirkwood 27.1 Introduction 496 27.2 Emerging trends in rotaviruses 497 27.3 Emerging trends in enteric adenoviruses 501 27.4 Emerging trends in astroviruses 504 28 Emerging Human Norovirus Infections 517 Melissa K. Jones, Shu Zhu, and Stephanie M. Karst 28.1 Introduction 517 28.2 Norovirus epidemiology 518 28.3 Features of norovirus outbreaks 519 28.4 Clinical features of norovirus infection 521 28.5 Host Susceptibility 522 28.6 Effect of increased size of immunocompromised population 522 28.7 Effect of globalization of the food market on norovirus spread 523 28.8 Effect of climate change 525 References 525 29 Emergence Of Novel Viruses (Toscana, Usutu) In Population And Climate Change 535 Mari Paz Sánchez-Seco Fariñas and Ana Vazquez 29.1 Introduction 536 29.2 TOSV 536 29.3 USUV 542 29.4 Conclusions 550 30 Borna Disease Virus And The Search For Human Infection 557 Kathryn M. Carbone and Juan Carlos de la Torre 30.1 Introduction 558 30.2 Long-standing controversy around bdv as a human pathogen 559 30.3 A negative is impossible to prove, but do we have enough evidence to stop looking? 560 30.4 Recent improvements in testing for evidence of bdv in human samples 562 30.4.1 Serology 562 30.4.2 Nucleic acid tests 563 30.5 The possibilities for clinical expression of human bdv infection are myriad and almost impossible to predict 563 30.6 Epidemiology: the “new” frontier of human bdv studies? 565 30.7 Where do we go from here? 566 Acknowledgement 568 References 568 31 Tick-Transmitted Viruses And Climate Change 573 Agustín Estrada-Peña, Zdenek Hubálek, and Ivo Rudolf 31.1 Introduction 574 31.2 Ticks in nature 575 31.3 Family Flaviviridae 576 31.4 Family Bunyaviridae 583 31.5 Family Reoviridae 590 31.5.1 Colorado tick fever virus 590 31.5.2 Kemerovo virus 590 31.5.3 Tribeè virus 591 31.6 Family Orthomyxoviridae 591 31.6.1 Thogoto virus 591 31.6.2 Dhori virus 592 31.7 Other tick-transmitted viruses 592 31.8 Conclusions 592 Acknowledgements 594 References 594 32 The Tick–Virus Interface 603 Kristin L. McNally and Marshall E. Bloom 32.1 Introduction 604 32.2 Viruses within the tick vector 605 32.3 Saliva-assisted transmission 609 32.4 Summary and future directions 611 Acknowledgements 612 References 612 Index 617
£132.00
John Wiley & Sons Inc Delivery Systems for Tuberculosis Prevention and
Book SynopsisProvides a review of novel pharmaceutical approaches for Tuberculosis drugs Presents a novel perspective on tuberculosis prevention and treatment Considers the nature of disease, immunological responses, vaccine and drug delivery, disposition and response Multidisciplinary appeal, with contributions from microbiology, immunology, molecular biology, pharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics, chemical and mechanical engineering Table of ContentsList of Contributors xvi Foreword xviii Series Preface xxi Preface xxiii 1 Introduction: A Guide to Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis Based on Principles of Dosage Form Design and Delivery 1A.J. Hickey 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Dosage Form Classification 3 1.3 Controlled and Targeted Delivery 5 1.4 Physiological and Disease Considerations 6 1.5 Therapeutic Considerations 7 1.6 Conclusion 8 References 8 Section 1 Pathogen and Host 11 2 Host Pathogen Biology for Airborne Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Cellular and Molecular Events in the Lung 13Eusondia Arnett, Nitya Krishnan, Brian D. Robertson and Larry S. Schlesinger 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Lung 14 2.3 General Aspects of Mucus and Surfactant 17 2.4 General M. tuberculosis 18 2.5 M. tuberculosis Interaction with the Lung Macrophage 19 2.6 M. tuberculosis Interaction with other Respiratory Immune Cells 23 2.7 TB Granuloma 29 2.8 Conclusion 30 References 30 3 Animal Models of Tuberculosis 48David N. McMurray 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 What is an Animal Model of TB? 49 3.3 How are Animal Models of TB Used? 50 3.4 TB Animal Models Currently Used for TB Drug and Vaccine Evaluation 51 3.5 Summary 58 References 59 Section 2 Immunological Intervention 67 4 Vaccine Preparation: Past, Present, and Future 69Dominique N. Price, Nitesh K. Kunda, Amber A. McBride and Pavan Muttil 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Early Efforts in TB Vaccine Development 71 4.3 Current BCG Vaccine Formulation 73 4.4 Novel TB Vaccination Strategies 76 4.5 Future Perspective 84 4.6 Conclusions 85 References 85 5 TB Vaccine Assessment 91Andre G. Loxton, Mary K. Hondalus and Samantha L. Sampson 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 Preclinical Vaccine Assessment 92 5.3 Clinical Assessment of Vaccines 97 5.4 Laboratory Immunological Analysis and Assessment of Vaccine Trials 102 5.5 How well do the Available Preclinical Models Predict Vaccine Success in Humans? 103 References 105 Section 3 Drug Treatment 111 6 Testing Inhaled Drug Therapies for Treating Tuberculosis 113Ellen F. Young, Anthony J. Hickey and Miriam Braunstein 6.1 Introduction 113 6.2 The Need for New Drug Treatments for Tuberculosis 114 6.3 Inhaled Drug Therapy for Tuberculosis 114 6.4 Published Studies of Inhalation Therapy for TB 115 6.5 The Guinea Pig Model for Testing Inhaled Therapies for TB 116 6.6 Guinea Pig Study Design 117 6.7 Purchase and Grouping Animals 118 6.8 Infecting Guinea Pigs with Virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis 118 6.9 Dosing Groups of Guinea Pigs with TB Drugs 119 6.10 Collecting Data 121 6.11 Aerosol Dosing Chambers and Practice 122 6.12 Nebulizer Aerosol Delivery Systems for Liquids 123 6.13 Dry-Powder Aerosol Delivery Systems for Solids 125 6.14 Summary 127 Acknowledgements 127 References 127 7 Preclinical Pharmacokinetics of Antitubercular Drugs 131Mariam Ibrahim and Lucila Garcia-Contreras 7.1 Introduction 131 7.2 Factors Influencing the Pharmacokinetic Behavior of Drugs 132 7.3 Pulmonary Delivery of Anti-TB Drugs 138 7.4 Pharmacokinetic Study Design 140 7.5 Implications of PK Parameters on Efficacy 144 7.6 Case Studies (Drugs Administered by Conventional and Pulmonary Routes) 146 References 152 8 Drug Particle Manufacture – Supercritical Fluid, High-Pressure Homogenization 156Kimiko Makino and Hiroshi Terada 8.1 Introduction 156 8.2 Preparation of Nano- and Micro-particles 157 References 159 9 Spray Drying Strategies to Stop Tuberculosis 161Jennifer Wong, Maurizio Ricci and Hak-Kim Chan 9.1 Introduction 161 9.2 Overview of Spray Drying 162 9.3 Advances in Spray Drying Technology 174 9.4 Anti-Tuberculosis Therapeutics Produced by Spray Drying 179 9.5 Conclusion 187 9.6 Acknowledgements 187 References 187 10 Formulation Strategies for Antitubercular Drugs by Inhalation 197Francesca Buttini and Gaia Colombo 10.1 Introduction 197 10.2 Lung Delivery of TB Drugs 198 10.3 Powders for Inhalation and Liquids for Nebulization 200 10.4 Antibacterial Powders for Inhalation: Manufacturing of Respirable Microparticles 202 10.5 Antibacterial Powders for Inhalation: Devices and Delivery Strategies 208 10.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 211 References 211 11 Inhaled Drug Combinations 213Sanketkumar Pandya, Anuradha Gupta, Rajeev Ranjan, Madhur Sachan, Atul Kumar Agrawal and Amit Misra 11.1 Introduction 213 11.2 Standard Combinations in Oral and Parenteral Regimens 214 11.3 The Rationale for Inhaled Therapies of TB 216 11.4 Combinations of Anti-TB Drugs with Other Agents 222 11.5 Formulation of Inhaled Drug Combinations 224 11.6 Conclusions 230 References 230 12 Ion Pairing for Controlling Drug Delivery 239Stefano Giovagnoli, Aurélie Schoubben and Carlo Rossi 12.1 Introduction 239 12.2 Ion Pairing Definitions and Concepts 240 12.3 Ion Pairs, Complexes and Drug Delivery 245 12.4 Remarks 252 References 254 13 Understanding the Respiratory Delivery of High Dose Anti-Tubercular Drugs 258Shyamal C. Das and Peter J. Stewart 13.1 Introduction 258 13.2 Tuberculosis 259 13.3 Drugs Used to Treat Tuberculosis, Doses, Challenges and Requirements for Therapy in Lungs 260 13.4 Approaches for Respiratory Delivery of Drugs 262 13.5 Current DPI Formulations and Their Mechanisms of Aerosolization 262 13.6 DPI Formulations for Tuberculosis and Requirements 264 13.7 Issues to Consider in Respiratory Delivery of Powders for Tuberculosis 264 13.8 Relationship between De-agglomeration and Tensile Strength 266 13.9 Strategies to Improve De-agglomeration 268 13.10 DPI Formulations having High Aerosolization 269 13.11 Devices for High Dose Delivery 270 13.12 Future Considerations 271 References 272 Section 4 Alternative Approaches 275 14 Respirable Bacteriophage Aerosols for the Prevention and Treatment of Tuberculosis 277Graham F. Hatfull and Reinhard Vehring 14.1 Introduction 277 14.2 Treatment or Prevention of Tuberculosis Using Phage-based Agents 282 14.3 Selection of Mycobacteriophages 284 14.4 Respiratory Drug Delivery of Phages 285 14.5 Summary and Outlook 288 Acknowledgements 288 References 288 15 RNA Nanoparticles as Potential Vaccines 293Robert DeLong 15.1 Introduction 293 15.2 Nanoparticles 293 15.3 RNA Nanoparticle Vaccines 294 15.4 Progression of Nanomedicines into the Clinic 295 15.5 The Stability Problem 295 15.6 The Delivery Problem 298 15.7 RNA as Targeting Agent or Adjuvant? 298 15.8 Challenges for RNA Nanoparticle Vaccine Characterization 300 15.9 On the Horizon 301 References 301 16 Local Pulmonary Host-Directed Therapies for Tuberculosis via Aerosol Delivery 307Mercedes Gonzalez-Juarrero 16.1 Introduction 307 16.2 Lung Immunity to Pulmonary M. tuberculosis Infection 309 16.3 Host-Directed Therapies 313 16.4 Limitations of Preclinical Studies to Develop Inhalational Host-Directed Therapies for Tuberculosis 317 16.5 Preclinical Testing of Inhaled Small Interference RNA as Host-Directed Therapies for Tuberculosis 318 Acknowledgements 319 References 319 Section 5 Future Opportunities 325 17 Treatments for Mycobacterial Persistence and Biofilm Growth 327David L. Hava and Jean C. Sung 17.1 Introduction 327 17.2 Mycobacterial Persistence and Drug Tolerance 328 17.3 Mycobacterial Multicellular Growth 329 17.4 Mycobacterial Lipids Involved in Biofilm Formation 330 17.5 Therapies to Treat Mycobacterial Biofilms and Persistence 332 17.6 Conclusion 339 References 339 18 Directed Intervention and Immunomodulation against Pulmonary Tuberculosis 346Dominique N. Price and Pavan Muttil 18.1 Introduction 346 18.2 TB Immunology 347 18.3 Animal Models of Immunotherapies and Vaccines for TB 351 18.4 The Current TB Vaccine – Bacille Calmette Guérin 353 18.5 Other Vaccines Platforms 357 18.6 Pulmonary Immunization 361 18.7 Immunotherapeutic Agents against TB 364 18.8 Conclusion 367 References 367 Section 6 Clinical Perspective 379 19 Clinical and Public Health Perspectives 381Ruvandhi R. Nathavitharana and Edward A. Nardell 19.1 Introduction 381 19.2 Background 382 19.3 Clinical Considerations 382 19.4 Public Health Considerations 385 19.5 Inhaled Drugs and Other Alternative Delivery Systems 387 19.6 Clinical Trials of Inhaled Injectable Drugs 388 19.7 Other Novel Delivery Strategies 393 19.8 Pediatric Delivery Systems 393 19.9 Conclusion 394 References 394 20 Concluding Remarks: Prospects and Challenges for Advancing New Drug and Vaccine Delivery Systems into Clinical Application 400P. Bernard Fourie and Richard Hafner 20.1 Introduction 400 20.2 Progress in the Formulation and Manufacturing of Drugs and Vaccines for Tuberculosis 401 20.3 Considerations in the Development of TB Drug and Vaccine Delivery Options 404 20.4 Concluding Remarks 410 References 411 Index 415
£124.40
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Moonlighting Proteins
Book SynopsisMoonlighting Proteins: Novel Virulence Factors in Bacterial Infections is a complete examination of the ways in which proteins with more than one unique biological action are able to serve as virulence factors in different bacteria. The book explores the pathogenicity of bacterial moonlighting proteins, demonstrating the plasticity of protein evolution as it relates to protein function and to bacterial communication. Highlighting the latest discoveries in the field, it details the approximately 70 known bacterial proteins with a moonlighting function related to a virulence phenomenon. Chapters describe the ways in which each moonlighting protein can function as such for a variety of bacterial pathogens and how individual bacteria can use more than one moonlighting protein as a virulence factor. The cutting-edge research contained here offers important insights into many topics, from bacterial colonization, virulence, and antibiotic resistance, to protein structure and Table of ContentsList of Contributors xv Preface xix About the Editor xxiii Part I Overview of Protein Moonlighting 1 1 What is Protein Moonlighting and Why is it Important? 3 Constance J. Jeffery 1.1 What is Protein Moonlighting? 3 1.2 Why is Moonlighting Important? 5 1.2.1 Many More Proteins Might Moonlight 5 1.2.2 Protein Structure/Evolution 5 1.2.3 Roles in Health and Disease 8 1.2.3.1 Humans 8 1.2.3.2 Bacteria 10 1.3 Current questions 11 1.3.1 How Many More Proteins Moonlight? 11 1.3.2 How Can We Identify Additional Proteins That Moonlight and all the Moonlighting Functions of Proteins? 11 1.3.3 In Developing Novel Therapeutics, How Can We Target the Appropriate Function of a Moonlighting Protein and Not Affect Other Functions of the Protein? 12 1.3.4 How do Moonlighting Proteins get Targeted to More Than One Location in the Cell? 12 1.3.5 What Changes in Expression Patterns Have Occurred to Enable the Protein to be Available in a New Time and Place to Perform a New Function? 12 1.4 Conclusions 13 References 13 2 Exploring Structure–Function Relationships in Moonlighting Proteins 21 Sayoni Das, Ishita Khan, Daisuke Kihara, and Christine Orengo 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Multiple Facets of Protein Function 22 2.3 The Protein Structure–Function Paradigm 23 2.4 Computational Approaches for Identifying Moonlighting Proteins 25 2.5 Classification of Moonlighting Proteins 26 2.5.1 Proteins with Distinct Sites for Different Functions in the Same Domain 27 2.5.1.1 α‐Enolase, Streptococcus pneumonia 27 2.5.1.2 Albaflavenone monooxygenase, Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) 29 2.5.1.3 MAPK1/ERK2, Homo sapiens 30 2.5.2 Proteins with Distinct Sites for Different Functions in More Than One Domain 30 2.5.2.1 Malate synthase, Mycobacterium tuberculosis 31 2.5.2.2 BirA, Escherichia coli 31 2.5.2.3 MRDI, Homo sapiens 33 2.5.3 Proteins Using the Same Residues for Different Functions 33 2.5.3.1 GAPDH E. coli 33 2.5.3.2 Leukotriene A4 hydrolase, Homo sapiens 33 2.5.4 Proteins Using Different Residues in the Same/Overlapping Site for Different Functions 34 2.5.4.1 Phosphoglucose isomerase, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Mus musculus, Homo sapiens 34 2.5.4.2 Aldolase, Plasmodium falciparum 36 2.5.5 Proteins with Different Structural Conformations for Different Functions 36 2.5.5.1 RfaH, E. coli 36 2.6 Conclusions 37 References 39 Part II Proteins Moonlighting in Prokarya 45 3 Overview of Protein Moonlighting in Bacterial Virulence 47 Brian Henderson 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 The Meaning of Bacterial Virulence and Virulence Factors 47 3.3 Affinity as a Measure of the Biological Importance of Proteins 49 3.4 Moonlighting Bacterial Virulence Proteins 50 3.4.1 Bacterial Proteins Moonlighting as Adhesins 52 3.4.2 Bacterial Moonlighting Proteins That Act as Invasins 59 3.4.3 Bacterial Moonlighting Proteins Involved in Nutrient Acquisition 59 3.4.4 Bacterial Moonlighting Proteins Functioning as Evasins 60 3.4.5 Bacterial Moonlighting Proteins with Toxin‐like Actions 63 3.5 Bacterial Moonlighting Proteins Conclusively Shown to be Virulence Factors 64 3.6 Eukaryotic Moonlighting Proteins That Aid in Bacterial Virulence 66 3.7 Conclusions 67 References 68 4 Moonlighting Proteins as Cross‐Reactive Auto‐Antigens 81 Willem van Eden 4.1 Autoimmunity and Conservation 81 4.2 Immunogenicity of Conserved Proteins 82 4.3 HSP Co‐induction, Food, Microbiota, and T-cell Regulation 84 4.3.1 HSP as Targets for T‐Cell Regulation 85 4.4 The Contribution of Moonlighting Virulence Factors to Immunological Tolerance 87 References 88 Part III Proteins Moonlighting in Bacterial Virulence 93 Part 3.1 Chaperonins: A Family of Proteins with Widespread Virulence Properties 95 5 Chaperonin 60 Paralogs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Tubercle Formation 97 Brian Henderson 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2 Tuberculosis and the Tuberculoid Granuloma 97 5.3 Mycobacterial Factors Responsible for Granuloma Formation 98 5.4 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Chaperonin 60 Proteins, Macrophage Function, and Granuloma Formation 100 5.4.1 Mycobacterium tuberculosis has Two Chaperonin 60 Proteins 100 5.4.2 Moonlighting Actions of Mycobacterial Chaperonin 60 Proteins 101 5.4.3 Actions of Mycobacterial Chaperonin 60 Proteins Compatible with the Pathology of Tuberculosis 102 5.4.4 Identification of the Myeloid‐Cell‐Activating Site in M. tuberculosis Chaperonin 60.1 105 5.5 Conclusions 106 References 106 6 Legionella pneumophila Chaperonin 60, an Extra‐ and Intra‐Cellular Moonlighting Virulence‐Related Factor 111 Karla N. Valenzuela‐Valderas, Angela L. Riveroll, Peter Robertson, Lois E. Murray, and Rafael A. Garduno 6.1 Background 111 6.2 HtpB is an Essential Chaperonin with Protein‐folding Activity 112 6.3 Experimental Approaches to Elucidate the Functional Mechanisms of HtpB 112 6.3.1 The Intracellular Signaling Mechanism of HtpB in Yeast 113 6.3.2 Yeast Two‐Hybrid Screens 118 6.4 Secretion Mechanisms Potentially Responsible for Transporting HtpB to Extracytoplasmic Locations 120 6.4.1 Ability of GroEL and HtpB to Associate with Membranes 121 6.4.2 Ongoing Mechanistic Investigations on Chaperonins Secretion 122 6.5 Identifying Functionally Important Amino Acid Positions in HtpB 124 6.5.1 Site‐Directed Mutagenesis 125 6.6 Functional Evolution of HtpB 126 6.7 Concluding Remarks 127 References 129 Part 3.2 Peptidylprolyl Isomerases, Bacterial Virulence, and Targets for Therapy 135 7 An Overview of Peptidylprolyl Isomerases (PPIs) in Bacterial Virulence 137 Brian Henderson 7.1 Introduction 137 7.2 Proline and PPIs 137 7.3 Host PPIs and Responses to Bacteria and Bacterial Toxins 138 7.4 Bacterial PPIs as Virulence Factors 138 7.4.1 Proposed Mechanism of Virulence of Legionella pneumophila Mip 140 7.5 Other Bacterial PPIs Involved in Virulence 140 7.6 Conclusions 142 References 142 Part 3.3 Glyceraldehyde 3‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH): A Multifunctional Virulence Factor 147 8 GAPDH: A Multifunctional Moonlighting Protein in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes 149 Michael A. Sirover 8.1 Introduction 149 8.2 GAPDH Membrane Function and Bacterial Virulence 150 8.2.1 Bacterial GAPDH Virulence 151 8.2.2 GAPDH and Iron Metabolism in Bacterial Virulence 153 8.3 Role of Nitric Oxide in GAPDH Bacterial Virulence 153 8.3.1 Nitric Oxide in Bacterial Virulence: Evasion of the Immune Response 154 8.3.2 Formation of GAPDHcys‐NO by Bacterial NO Synthases 155 8.3.3 GAPDHcys‐NO in Bacterial Virulence: Induction of Macrophage Apoptosis 155 8.3.4 GAPDHcys‐NO in Bacterial Virulence: Inhibition of Macrophage iNOS Activity 156 8.3.5 GAPDHcys‐NO in Bacterial Virulence: Transnitrosylation to Acceptor Proteins 157 8.4 GAPDH Control of Gene Expression and Bacterial Virulence 158 8.4.1 Bacterial GAPDH Virulence 159 8.5 Discussion 160 Acknowledgements 162 References 162 9 Streptococcus pyogenes GAPDH: A Cell‐Surface Major Virulence Determinant 169 Vijay Pancholi 9.1 Introduction and Early Discovery 169 9.2 GAS GAPDH: A Major Surface Protein with Multiple Binding Activities 170 9.3 AutoADP‐Ribosylation of SDH and Other Post‐Translational Modifications 172 9.4 Implications of the Binding of SDH to Mammalian Proteins for Cell Signaling and Virulence Mechanisms 173 9.5 Surface Export of SDH/GAPDH: A Cause or Effect? 178 9.6 SDH: The GAS Virulence Factor‐Regulating Virulence Factor 180 9.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 183 References 183 10 Group B Streptococcus GAPDH and Immune Evasion 195 Paula Ferreira and Patrick Trieu‐Cuot 10.1 The Bacterium GBS 195 10.2 Neonates are More Susceptible to GBS Infection than Adults 195 10.3 IL‐10 Production Facilitates Bacterial Infection 196 10.4 GBS Glyceraldehyde‐3‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase Induces IL‐10 Production 197 10.5 Summary 199 References 200 11 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cell‐Surface GAPDH Functions as a Transferrin Receptor 205 Vishant M. Boradia, Manoj Raje, and Chaaya Iyengar Raje 11.1 Introduction 205 11.2 Iron Acquisition by Bacteria 206 11.2.1 Heme Uptake 206 11.2.2 Siderophore‐Mediated Uptake 207 11.2.3 Transferrin Iron Acquisition 207 11.3 Iron Acquisition by Intracellular Pathogens 207 11.4 Iron Acquisition by M. tb 208 11.4.1 Heme Uptake 208 11.4.2 Siderophore‐Mediated Iron Acquisition 209 11.4.3 Transferrin‐Mediated Iron Acquisition 209 11.5 Glyceraldehyde‐3‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) 210 11.6 Macrophage GAPDH and Iron Uptake 210 11.6.1 Regulation 210 11.6.2 Mechanism of Iron Uptake and Efflux 211 11.6.3 Role of Post‐Translational Modifications 211 11.7 Mycobacterial GAPDH and Iron Uptake 212 11.7.1 Regulation 212 11.7.2 Mechanism of Iron Uptake 215 11.7.3 Uptake by Intraphagosomal M. tb 216 11.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 216 Acknowledgements 218 References 219 12 GAPDH and Probiotic Organisms 225 Hideki Kinoshita 12.1 Introduction 225 12.2 Probiotics and Safety 225 12.3 Potential Risk of Probiotics 227 12.4 Plasminogen Binding and Enhancement of its Activation 228 12.5 GAPDH as an Adhesin 229 12.6 Binding Regions 232 12.7 Mechanisms of Secretion and Surface Localization 234 12.8 Other Functions 235 12.9 Conclusion 236 References 237 Part 3.4 Cell‐Surface Enolase: A Complex Virulence Factor 245 13 Impact of Streptococcal Enolase in Virulence 247 Marcus Fulde and Simone Bergmann 13.1 Introduction 247 13.2 General Characteristics 248 13.3 Expression and Surface Exposition of Enolase 249 13.4 Streptococcal Enolase as Adhesion Cofactor 252 13.4.1 Enolase as Plasminogen‐Binding Protein 252 13.4.1.1 Plasminogen‐Binding Sites of Streptococcal Enolases 253 13.4.2 Role of Enolase in Plasminogen‐Mediated Bacterial‐Host Cell Adhesion and Internalization 254 13.4.3 Enolase as Plasminogen‐Binding Protein in Non‐Pathogenic Bacteria 255 13.5 Enolase as Pro‐Fibrinolytic Cofactor 256 13.5.1 Degradation of Fibrin Thrombi and Components of the Extracellular Matrix 257 13.6 Streptococcal Enolase as Cariogenic Factor in Dental Disease 258 13.7 Conclusion 258 Acknowledgement 259 References 259 14 Streptococcal Enolase and Immune Evasion 269 Masaya Yamaguchi and Shigetada Kawabata 14.1 Introduction 269 14.2 Localization and Crystal Structure 271 14.3 Multiple Binding Activities of α‐Enolase 273 14.4 Involvement of α‐Enolase in Gene Expression Regulation 276 14.5 Role of Anti‐α‐Enolase Antibodies in Host Immunity 277 14.6 α‐Enolase as Potential Therapeutic Target 279 14.7 Questions Concerning α‐Enolase 281 References 281 15 Borrelia burgdorferi Enolase and Plasminogen Binding 291 Catherine A. Brissette 15.1 Introduction to Lyme Disease 291 15.2 Life Cycle 292 15.3 Borrelia Virulence Factors 292 15.4 Plasminogen Binding by Bacteria 293 15.5 B. burgdorferi and Plasminogen Binding 294 15.6 Enolase 295 15.7 B. burgdorferi Enolase and Plasminogen Binding 297 15.8 Concluding Thoughts 301 Acknowledgements 301 References 301 Part 3.5 Other Glycolytic Enzymes Acting as Virulence Factors 309 16 Triosephosphate Isomerase from Staphylococcus aureus and Plasminogen Receptors on Microbial Pathogens 311 Reiko Ikeda and Tomoe Ichikawa 16.1 Introduction 311 16.2 Identification of Triosephosphate Isomerase on S. aureus as a Molecule that Binds to the Pathogenic Yeast C. neoformans 312 16.2.1 Co‐Cultivation of S. aureus and C. neoformans 312 16.2.2 Identification of Adhesins on S. aureus and C. neoformans 312 16.2.3 Mechanisms of C. neoformans Cell Death 313 16.3 Binding of Triosephosphate Isomerase with Human Plasminogen 314 16.4 Plasminogen‐Binding Proteins on Trichosporon asahii 314 16.5 Plasminogen Receptors on C. neoformans 316 16.6 Conclusions 316 References 317 17 Moonlighting Functions of Bacterial Fructose 1,6‐Bisphosphate Aldolases 321 Neil J. Oldfield, Fariza Shams, Karl G. Wooldridge, and David P.J. Turner 17.1 Introduction 321 17.2 Fructose 1,6‐bisphosphate Aldolase in Metabolism 321 17.3 Surface Localization of Streptococcal Fructose 1,6‐bisphosphate Aldolases 322 17.4 Pneumococcal FBA Adhesin Binds Flamingo Cadherin Receptor 323 17.5 FBA is Required for Optimal Meningococcal Adhesion to Human Cells 324 17.6 Mycobacterium tuberculosis FBA Binds Human Plasminogen 325 17.7 Other Examples of FBAs with Possible Roles in Pathogenesis 326 17.8 Conclusions 327 References 327 Part 3.6 Other Metabolic Enzymes Functioning in Bacterial Virulence 333 18 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Subunit B and Plasminogen Binding in Mycoplasma 335 Anne Gründel, Kathleen Friedrich, Melanie Pfeiffer, Enno Jacobs, and Roger Dumke 18.1 Introduction 335 18.2 Binding of Human Plasminogen to M. pneumoniae 337 18.3 Localization of PDHB on the Surface of M. pneumoniae Cells 340 18.4 Conclusions 343 References 344 Part 3.7 Miscellaneous Bacterial Moonlighting Virulence Proteins 349 19 Unexpected Interactions of Leptospiral Ef‐Tu and Enolase 351 Natália Salazar and Angela Barbosa 19.1 Leptospira –Host Interactions 351 19.2 Leptospira Ef‐Tu 352 19.3 Leptospira Enolase 353 19.4 Conclusions 354 References 354 20 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigen 85 Family Proteins: Mycolyl Transferases and Matrix‐Binding Adhesins 357 Christopher P. Ptak, Chih‐Jung Kuo, and Yung‐Fu Chang 20.1 Introduction 357 20.2 Identification of Antigen 85 358 20.3 Antigen 85 Family Proteins: Mycolyl Transferases 359 20.3.1 Role of the Mycomembrane 359 20.3.2 Ag85 Family of Homologous Proteins 359 20.3.3 Inhibition and Knockouts of Ag85 360 20.4 Antigen 85 Family Proteins: Matrix‐Binding Adhesins 361 20.4.1 Abundance and Location 361 20.4.2 Ag85 a Fibronectin‐Binding Adhesin 362 20.4.3 Ag85 an Elastin‐Binding Adhesin 363 20.4.4 Implication in Disease 364 20.5 Conclusion 365 Acknowledgement 365 References 365 Part 3.8 Bacterial Moonlighting Proteins that Function as Cytokine Binders/Receptors 371 21 Miscellaneous IL‐1β‐Binding Proteins of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans 373 Riikka Ihalin 21.1 Introduction 373 21.2 A. actinomycetemcomitans Biofilms Sequester IL‐1β 374 21.3 A. actinomycetemcomitans Cells Take in IL‐1β 375 21.3.1 Novel Outer Membrane Lipoprotein of A. actinomycetemcomitans Binds IL‐1β 375 21.3.2 IL‐1β Localizes to the Cytosolic Face of the Inner Membrane and in the Nucleoids of A. actinomycetemcomitans 377 21.3.3 Inner Membrane Protein ATP Synthase Subunit β Binds IL‐1β 377 21.3.4 DNA‐Binding Histone‐Like Protein HU Interacts with IL‐1β 378 21.4 The Potential Effects of IL‐1β on A. actinomycetemcomitans 379 21.4.1 Biofilm Amount Increases and Metabolic Activity Decreases 379 21.4.2 Potential Changes in Gene Expression 380 21.5 Conclusions 381 References 382 Part 3.9 Moonlighting Outside of the Box 387 22 Bacteriophage Moonlighting Proteins in the Control of Bacterial Pathogenicity 389 Janine Z. Bowring, Alberto Marina, José R. Penadés, and Nuria Quiles‐Puchalt 22.1 Introduction 389 22.2 Bacteriophage T4 I‐TevI Homing Endonuclease Functions as a Transcriptional Autorepressor 391 22.3 Capsid Psu Protein of Bacteriophage P4 Functions as a Rho Transcription Antiterminator 394 22.4 Bacteriophage Lytic Enzymes Moonlight as Structural Proteins 398 22.5 Moonlighting Bacteriophage Proteins De‐Repressing Phage‐Inducible Chromosomal Islands 398 22.6 dUTPase, a Metabolic Enzyme with a Moonlighting Signalling Role 401 22.7 Escherichia coli Thioredoxin Protein Moonlights with T7 DNA Polymerase for Enhanced T7 DNA Replication 404 22.8 Discussion 404 References 406 23 Viral Entry Glycoproteins and Viral Immune Evasion 413 Jonathan D. Cook and Jeffrey E. Lee 23.1 Introduction 413 23.2 Enveloped Viral Entry 414 23.3 Moonlighting Activities of Viral Entry Glycoproteins 415 23.3.1 Viral Entry Glycoproteins Moonlighting as Evasins 416 23.3.2 Evading the Complement System 417 23.3.3 Evading Antibody Surveillance 419 23.3.3.1 The Viral Glycan Shield 419 23.3.3.2 Shed Viral Glycoproteins: An Antibody Decoy 421 23.3.3.3 Antigenic Variations in Viral Glycoproteins 421 23.3.3.4 Shed Viral Glycoproteins and Immune Signal Modulation 423 23.3.4 Evading Host Restriction Factors 423 23.3.5 Modulation of Other Immune Pathways 424 23.4 Viral Entry Proteins Moonlighting as Saboteurs of Cellular Pathways 427 23.4.1 Sabotaging Signal Transduction Cascades 427 23.4.2 Host Surface Protein Sabotage 428 23.5 Conclusions 429 References 429 Index 439
£139.60
St. Martin's Press The Vaccine
Book SynopsisWinners of the Paul Ehrlich PrizeThe dramatic story of the married scientists who founded BioNTech and developed the first vaccine against COVID-19.Nobody thought it was possible. In mid-January 2020, Ugur Sahin told Özlem Türeci, his wife and decades-long research partner, that a vaccine against what would soon be known as COVID-19 could be developed and safely injected into the arms of millions before the end of the year. His confidence was built upon almost thirty years of research. While working to revolutionize the way that cancerous tumors are treated, the couple had explored a volatile and overlooked molecule called messenger RNA; they believed it could be harnessed to redirect the immune system''s forces against any number of diseases. As the founders of BioNTech, they faced widespread skepticism from the scientific community at first; but by the time Sars-Cov-2 was discovered in Wuhan, China, BioNTech was prepared to deploy cutting edge technol
£999.99
