Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies Books

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Overview of Biotherapeutics and Vaccine Industry 2. Industrial Process Design Concepts 3. Single-Use Concepts in Manufacturing 4. Equipment and Automation 5. Facility Design 6. Process Development Routines 7. Production Sources and their Selection 8. Upstream Processing 9. Downstream Processing 1: Recovery Process 10. Downstream Processing 2: Purification Process 11. Downstream Related Methods 12. Analytics 13. Regulatory Aspects 14. Manufacturing Operations 15. Economics

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. Design Teams and Project Management 3. Defining the Medical Problem 4. Defining the Engineering Problem 5. Generating Solution Concepts and Preliminary Designs 6. Selecting a Solution Concept 7. Prototyping 8. Detailed Design 9. Testing for Design Verification and Validation 10. Testing in Living Systems 11. Medical Device Standards and Design Controls 12. Regulatory Requirements 13. Ethics in Medical Device Design 14. Beyond Design: The Engineer's Role in Design Transfer, Commercialization, and Post Market Surveillance 15. Collaborating on Multifunctional Teams to Commercialize Medical Products

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Book SynopsisKnowing how to deal with the regulatory issues, understanding the impacts of cleanliness, and recognizing the affect that poor facility layout will have on GMP spaces are only some of the issues an experienced Project Manager must focus on. Completely revised and updated, Sterile Product Facility Design and Project Management, Second Edition provides comprehensive guidance on how to develop and execute biotech and other sterile drug facilities based on current industry best practices. Each chapter highlights a specific issue centered on managing biotech facilities projects in a GMP environment. The author uses real-world examples of common industry practice to lead you through the idiosyncrasies of a biotech project in an effort to answer some of the more common, and often perplexing, questions that can stand in the way of success. You get a mini seminar on each topic covered.Breaking the project life-cycle into four phases, the text takes you through each phase from thTable of ContentsIntroduction to Facility Project Management Project Formation Defining the Project Team Facility Programming Project Control Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP): Project Impacts Mechanical Systems GMP Compliance in Architectural Design and Construction Commissioning Quality Management to Meet Regulatory Requirements Establishment Licensing Containment Basics Multi-product Facilities for Biologics Contract Formulation and Philosophy Future Trends

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Book SynopsisThe classic industrial engineering resourceâfully updated for the latest advancesBrought fully up to date by expert Bopaya M. Bidanda, this go-to handbook contains exhaustive, application-driven coverage of Industrial Engineering (IE) principles, practices, materials, and systems. Featuring contributions from scores of international professionals in the field, Maynardâs Industrial Engineering Handbook, Sixth Edition provides a holistic view of exactly what an Industrial Engineer in todayâs world needs to succeed. All-new chapters and sections cover logistics, probability and statistics, supply chains, quality, product design, systems engineering, and engineering management.Coverage includes: Productivity Engineering economics Human factors, ergonomics, and safety Compensation management Facility logistics Planning and scheduling Operations research Statistics and probability Supply

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Book SynopsisIncreased demand for and developments in micromanufacturing have created a need for a resource that covers both the science and technology of this rapidly growing area. With contributions from eminent professors and researchers actively engaged in teaching, research, and development, Micromanufacturing Processes details the basic principles, tools, techniques, and latest advances in micromanufacturing processes. It includes coverage of measurement techniques and research trends as well as a large number of cross-references, making it useful to the students and researchers alike.The book outlines the challenges faced not only in micromanufacturing but also in meso- and nanomanufacturing, exploring topics such as micromachining, micro welding, microforming, micromolding, nanofinishing and micro-/nano-metrology. It includes examples that demonstrate the capabilities of fabricating micro- / nano-products and micro- / nano-features on the macro and micro products. Trade Review"Coverage is quite comprehensive … A useful book … comprehensive."—A Y C Nee, National University of Singapore"Coverage is quite comprehensive … A useful book … comprehensive."—A Y C Nee, National University of SingaporeTable of ContentsIntroduction to Manufacturing. Micromachining. Advanced Micromachining. Micro to Nano Finishing. Microforming. Micro-Joining. Microcasting. Miscellaneous.

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Book SynopsisA new edition of this established text has been expanded and updated, treating this important field in a holistic manner. The structure of the previous book has been retained, but enhanced with new text and illustrations, and more numerical problems with a wider scope. Readers will find much on the background to the industry and details of such centrally important operations as refining, heat exchange, cracking, polymerisation and hydrogenation. There is a chapter on offshore matters, which includes some incidents that occurred since the first edition. National and international standards are considered as these relate to such things as site layout. The coverage of the fire and explosion behaviour of hydrocarbons has been extended, in particular in relation to flash points. The topic of leaked gas detection has been introduced, and there is considerable extension of the coverage of static electricity hazards. There is more on liquefied natural gas (LNG), including details of processes for its regasification. Natural gas condensate features, having grown considerably in importance since the first edition.Re-refining of crude oil products that have previously been used as lubricants or as hydraulic fluids has also experienced growth, and this too has its place in the book from the perspective of safety. Tight gas and coal bed methane feature, as does the controversial matter of hydraulic fracture to obtain them. The chemical processing chapter has been extended to include hydrocracking, hydrodesulphurisation and hydrodenitrogenation. The COMAH (Control of Major Accident Hazards) regulations are covered and sign conventions for hazards are explained with illustrations.Trade ReviewReviews of the first edition: 'A particularly useful feature for the practitioner and student is the inclusion within the text of worked examples... ...is particularly useful through its provision of a well grounded numerical approach to many of the detailed problems arising within process safety. ...provides much useful information on operational practice, which is not often found in such texts, as well as a valuable range of supporting case studies. ...should be relevant to both undergraduates and postgraduates, as well as those in industry approaching the subject for the first time'. Energy '...covers virtually all aspects of hydrocarbon safety...' ScienceDirect.com '...it is certainly a very useful and confidence-building text for inexperienced chemical engineers as they find their way in the hydrocarbon and other process industries. ...should form a compulsory part of the graduate process engineer's library and also is of great value to the third and forth year chemical engineering undergraduate student. ...would be a valuable addition to the library and as a paperback should be well within the financial reach of the student and young practising engineer'. Chemistry in Australia '...presents a great deal of information in a compact form. ...the book makes a valuable contribution... ...would certainly recommend it to chemical engineering and fire engineering undergraduates or those professionals that need to develop an understanding hydrocarbon process safety.' Fire Safety Journal '...can be used as a text for an introductory course on process safety. It also contains topics relevant to process hazards in the chemical process industries, and as such, will be useful to engineers working in these industries'. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries '...the book will form a useful source of material for teachers and students tackling safety in this broader area. ...is judged to provide a good introductory text for students... Teachers and students alike will find many of the demonstration numerical problems and solutions particularly helpful to establish ideas and approaches.' Process Safety and Environmental Protection '...is one of the few recent texts of this kind, dealing entirely with hydrocarbons. ...this book could be very useful...to teachers and students of engineering and chemistry...' SSC, Fuel Experimental Station '...safety is a difficult subject to teach as it requires both very quantitative information and more wide ranging information... This book provides us with both. Apart from expounding the calculation methods it introduces subjects such as HAZOP, COMAH and COSSH. One excellent feature is that there are questions of increasing complexity provided in all Chapters with comprehensive solutions at the end of the book. ...this is a useful book from which one can learn. It will be a great aid to instructors and students'. FuelTable of ContentsBackground to the oil and gas industry; Hydrocarbon leakage and dispersion; The combustion behaviour of hydrocarbons; Physical operations on hydrocarbons and associated hazards; Chemical operations on hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivative; Some relevant design principles; Some relevant measurement principles; Offshore oil and gas production; Hazards associated with particular hydrocarbon products; Toxicity hazards; Safe disposal of unwanted hydrocarbon; Means of obtaining hydrocarbons other than from crude oil and related safety issues; Solutions to example; True or false questions; Index

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Book SynopsisThe advent of modern technology and fourth Industrial revolution, particularly the industrial Internet of things, has brought enormous changes to the manufacturing industry. This book is about the growth of smart factory. We live in a smart, connected world. The number of things connected to the Internet currently surpasses the number of people in the world, and we're accelerating to numerous linked gadgets by the end of the decade. For manufacturers, the implications of this emerging "Internet of Things" are huge. Manufacturers must begin to transform existing business processes and fundamentally rethink how they create, operate, and service smart connected products in the era of Industry 4.0. This book is virtually a one volume encyclopedia on industrial Internet of things, the author explain its evolution, M2M data communication, real time business application and business use case as well touch base the technology prerequisite along with high level overview of implementing IIoT to achieve smart manufacturing focus on improving existing processes to increase efficiencies, and concludes with a view on careers in industrial automation.

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Book SynopsisFocuses on basic aspects of nano/microfibers made by electrospinning with details on spinning recipes, characterization techniques and chemistry of the polymers in use. The basic understanding provided in the book, is useful for producing 1D and 3D fibrous structures with specific properties for applications, e.g. textiles, membranes, reinforcements, catalysis, filters or biomedical uses. Students and practitioners will find great value in the step by step instructions how to manufacture nanofibers. - Electrospinning equipment - History of electrospinning and nanofibers -characterization-fundamentals of electrospun fibers - Ready-made recipes for spinning solutions - Conditions for the productions of highly diverse fiber morphologies and arrangements - Chemistry of fiber forming materials

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Book SynopsisMit diesem Arbeitsbuch lernt der Anwender numerische Methoden in Excel-VBA kennen und zur Lösung von Problemen und Aufgabenstellungen aus Chemie und Verfahrenstechnik einzusetzen. Dabei steht die Anwendung auf einfache, grundlegende verfahrenstechnische Berechnungsmethoden im Vordergrund. Nach einer kurzen Einführung in Excel, Makros und die VBA-Programmierung, werden mathematische Methoden behandelt, die zur Berechnung verfahrenstechnischer und chemischer Problemstellungen erforderlich sind. Das Kernstück dieses Bandes ist die Anwendung des Gelernten auf reale Probleme aus dem Laboralltag, z.B. Gasgleichungen, Verbrennungs- und Polymerisationsrechnung.Trade Review"Da es insbesondere für Ingenieure interessanter ist, erst die Praxis und dann die Theorie kennenzulernen, folgt der Band konsequent dieser Linie: Mit den ausführlichen Beispielen in Excel-VBA kann der Leser sofort selbst arbeiten - und erzielt einen optimalen Lerneffekt Dank 'Learning by doing'!" Chemie Ingenieur Technik. CIT-Journal (04/2018) "Dieses Arbeits- und Lehrbuch bietet Chemieingenieuren und Verfahrenstechnikern (?) in Studium und Praxis eine wertvolle Hilfe bei der Berechnung verfahrenstechnischer Probleme." ekz. Bibliotheksservice (26.05.2015)Table of Contents1 Funktionen für Excel und VBA 1 1.1 Erstellen einer VBA Funktion 1 1.2 Makros, aufnehmen und bearbeiten 9 1.3 Einführung in die VBA Programmierung 17 1.3.1 Daten in Tabellen und in VBA verbinden 17 1.4 Eigenes Programm schreiben 34 1.5 Berechnungen in eigener Benutzeroberfläche ausführen 36 1.6 Menüs programmieren 49 1.7 Grafische Darstellungen in 3D 54 1.8 Dreiecksdiagramme 64 1.9 Datenaustausch mit Dateien 74 2 Mathematische Methoden 84 2.1 Funktionen und ihre grafische Darstellung 84 2.2 Berechnen von Reihen 92 2.3 Steigung und Minimum einer Funktion 100 2.4 Nullstellensuche 110 2.5 Lösen von kubischen Gleichungen, die Cardanische Formel 114 2.6 Lösen von Gleichungssystemen, die Gauß-Jordan Methode 128 2.7 Numerische Integration nach Simpson 135 2.8 Numerische Lösung von Differentialgleichungen, die Runge-Kutta-Methode 142 2.9 Partielle Differentialgleichungen 147 2.10 Lineare Regression 155 3 Anwendungen in Chemie und Verfahrenstechnik 165 3.1 Maßeinheiten und deren Umrechnung 165 3.2 Berechnung von Gemischen 173 3.3 Molgewicht eines Moleküls aus der Summenformel 182 3.4 Füllstandsberechnung von Behältern 188 3.5 Reale Gasgleichung nach van der Waals und Soave-Redlich-Kwong 198 3.6 Kompression und Expansion eines Gases 216 3.7 Kompression realer Gase 229 3.8 Die barometrische Höhenformel der Atmosphäre 230 3.9 Molekularpotentiale nach Coulomb 232 3.10 Chemisches Gleichgewicht nach van´t Hoff und Gibbs 253 3.11 Methanisierung-Shift nach van t’Hoff 264 3.12 Reaktion nach Gibbs 287 3.13 Chemische kinetische Reaktion nach Arrhenius 291 3.14 Verbrennungsrechnung 302 3.15 Polymerisation 315 3.16 Elektrochemische Reaktion, Brennstoffzelle 321 3.17 Wärme- und Stoffaustausch, stationär und instationär 330 3.17.1 Wärmeaustausch 330 3.17.2 Stoffaustausch 339 3.18 Dampf-Flüssiggleichgewicht, McCabe-Thiele-Diagramm 346 3.19 Flüssig-Flüssiggleichgewicht 356 3.20 Fest-Flüssiggleichgewicht 373 3.21 Batchdestillation nach Rayleigh und Schlünder 383 3.22 Das Biot-Savart-Gesetz und dessen Anwendung 399 4 Anhang 412 4.1 Auswahlmenü in Excel 412 4.2 Kopieren von Excel Tabellen 414 4.3 Inhaltsverzeichnis 421 4.3.1 Querverweis Literaturverzeichnis 428 4.3.2 Bildunterschriften 430 4.4 Formelnummerierung 433 4.4.1 Stichwortverzeichnis 437 4.5 Tastenkombination 440 5 Literaturverzeichnis 443 Index 446

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Book SynopsisDieses Praktikerbuch ist zum einen eine anwendungsnahe Einführung in die Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und Statistik. Zum anderen erklärt es die statistische Versuchsplanung, die für die Planung und saubere Auswertung von Versuchsreihen von entscheidender Wichtigkeit ist. Herleitungen und Beweise werden dabei ausführlich erläutert, ohne sich in mathematischen Details zu verlieren. In mehr als 160 Beispielen illustriert das Buch die Umsetzung alltagssprachlich formulierter Probleme in wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretische bzw. statistische Modelle - und deren Implementierung in R und SAS.Table of Contents1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Hauptbegriffe 1 1.2 Zielgruppen 2 1.2.1 Einsteiger/innen 2 1.2.2 Physiker/innen 3 1.2.3 SAS-Anwender/innen 4 1.3 Anmerkungen zur Notation 5 1.4 Symbole und Formelzeichen 6 1.5 Gliederung des Buches 11 1.6 Datenmaterial zu diesem Buch 12 2 Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie 13 2.1 Was ist Wahrscheinlichkeit? 13 2.1.1 Ausgangssituation 13 2.1.2 Ermittlung von klassischen Wahrscheinlichkeiten 14 2.1.3 Formale Definition des Begriffs Wahrscheinlichkeit 16 2.2 Wahrscheinlichkeit abstrakt mathematisch 17 2.2.1 Der Wahrscheinlichkeitsraum 17 2.2.2 Bedingte Wahrscheinlichkeit und statistische Unabhängigkeit 18 2.2.3 Zufallsvariablen 20 2.2.4 Die kumulative Verteilungsfunktion 20 2.2.5 Beispiele für kumulative Verteilungen 21 2.2.6 Die Dichtefunktion 23 2.2.7 Multidimensionale Verteilungen 25 2.3 Erwartungswert, Varianz, Korrelation 25 2.3.1 Varianz von Funktionen von Zufallsvariablen 26 2.3.2 Das Gaußsche Fehlerfortpflanzungsgesetz 28 2.4 Charakteristische Funktion und Momente 29 2.4.1 Die charakteristische Funktion einer Verteilung 29 2.4.2 Momente und Kumulanten 29 2.4.3 Kumulanten niedrigster Ordnung 30 2.4.4 Zentrale Momente niedrigster Ordnung 31 2.5 Die Berechnung von Verteilungen mit Hilfe der Deltafunktion 31 2.5.1 Verteilung von Funktionen einer Zufallsvariablen 31 2.5.2 Die Erwartungswerte von Delta- und Thetafunktion 32 2.5.3 Verallgemeinerungen auf mehrere Zufallsvariable 32 2.6 Grenzverteilungen und zentraler Grenzwertsatz 33 2.6.1 Historischer Exkurs zur Gauß-Verteilung 33 2.6.2 Zentraler Grenzwertsatz nach Lindenberg-Lévy 34 2.6.3 Lévy-Verteilungen 35 2.7 Quantile 37 2.8 Ergänzungen 38 2.8.1 Symmetrierelationen 38 2.8.2 Erwartungswerte von quadratischen Formen 38 2.8.3 Kombinatorik 38 3 Verteilungen 39 3.1 Eindimensionale diskrete Verteilungen 39 3.1.1 Hypergeometrische Verteilung 39 3.1.2 Negative hypergeometrische Verteilung 42 3.1.3 Binomialverteilung 43 3.1.4 Poisson-Verteilung 48 3.1.5 Geometrische Verteilung 53 3.1.6 Negative Binomialverteilung 55 3.1.7 Tabellen der eindimensionalen diskreten Verteilungen 55 3.2 Eindimensionale kontinuierliche Verteilungen 58 3.2.1 Gauß-Verteilung 58 3.2.2 Cauchy-Verteilung 63 3.2.3 Chi-Quadrat-Verteilung 65 3.2.4 Nichtzentrale Chi-Quadrat-Verteilung 69 3.2.5 Student-Verteilung 70 3.2.6 Nichtzentrale Student-Verteilung 74 3.2.7 F-Verteilung 75 3.2.8 Nichtzentrale F-Verteilung 77 3.2.9 Exponentialverteilung 77 3.2.10 Weibull-Verteilung 79 3.2.11 Tabellen der eindimensionalen kontinuierlichen Verteilungen 82 3.3 Mehrdimensionale Verteilungen 85 3.3.1 n-dimensionale Gauß-Verteilung 85 3.3.2 Zweidimensionale Gauß-Verteilung 86 4 Mathematische Stichproben, Messreihen 87 4.1 Definition, Mittelwert und Stichprobenvarianz 87 4.1.1 Definition einer eindimensionalen Stichprobe und verteilungsunabhängige Eigenschaften 87 4.1.2 Einschub: Fehlerrechnung im physikalischen Praktikum 90 4.1.3 Verteilung der Stichprobenmomente bei Gauß-Verteilung 92 4.2 Konfidenzintervalle 93 4.2.1 Begriffe 93 4.2.2 Eine Tautologie als Basis 94 4.2.3 Die Tautologie für ˆµ und ˆσ2 96 4.2.4 µ−Konfidenzintervalle bei bekanntem σ 96 4.2.5 Beispiele für µ−Konfidenzintervalle bei bekanntem σ 97 4.2.6 µ−Konfidenzintervall bei unbekanntem σ 97 4.2.7 Beispiele für µ-Konfidenzintervalle bei unbekanntem σ 99 4.2.8 Konfidenzintervall für die Varianz σ2 105 4.2.9 Beispiele für Konfidenzintervalle für die Varianz σ2 107 4.2.10 Prognoseintervalle 109 4.2.11 Beispiele für Prognoseintervalle 109 4.3 Parametertests 110 4.3.1 Begriffe: Nullhypothese, Prüfgröße, p-Wert 110 4.3.2 Der ,,N-Test“ (Test von µ bei bekanntem σ) 112 4.3.3 Beispiele für den N-Test“ 115 4.3.4 Der t-Test (Test von µ bei unbekanntem σ) 119 4.3.5 Beispiele für den t-Test 120 4.3.6 Der t-Verschiebungstest 124 4.3.7 Der doppelte ,,N-Test“ 125 4.3.8 Beispiele für den doppelten ” N-Test“ 126 4.3.9 Der doppelte t-Test 127 4.3.10 Beispiele für den doppelten t-Test 128 4.3.11 Der asymptotische Test bei ungleichen Varianzen 129 4.3.12 Beispiele für den asymptotischen Test 130 4.3.13 Test der Varianz σ 2 131 4.3.14 Beispiele für Test der Varianz 132 4.4 Power-Analyse 133 4.4.1 Begriffe: β-Fehler, Power, Güte, OC 133 4.4.2 Das Forellenbeispiel 134 4.4.3 Illustrationen des ,,Forellenbeispiels“ mit R und SAS 136 4.4.4 Die analytische linksseitige ,,µ-power“-Theorie 138 4.4.5 R-Werkstatt für die allgemeine ,,µ-power“-Theorie 140 4.4.6 Anwendungsbeispiele für die ,,µ-power“-Theorie mit R 140 4.4.7 Die analytische ,,µ-sample-size“-Theorie 143 4.4.8 R-Werkstatt für die ,,µ-sample-size“-Theorie 144 4.4.9 Beispiele für die ,,µ-sample-size“-Theorie mit R 145 5 Regression 149 5.1 Einführung 149 5.1.1 Was ist Regressionsanalyse? 149 5.1.2 Der lineare Regressionsansatz 150 5.1.3 Die Modellgleichung 150 5.1.4 (Ko-)Varianzanalyse und kategoriale Faktoren 150 5.2 Annahmen 151 5.2.1 Die acht Annahmen des klassischen linearen Modells 151 5.3 Modellparameter, Schätzung und Residuen 153 5.3.1 Deterministische Größen im klassischen linearen Modell 153 5.3.2 Zufällige Größen im klassischen linearen Modell 154 5.3.3 Erwartungswert, Kovarianz und geschätzte Kovarianz der zufälligen Größen 155 5.3.4 Ein alternativer Ausdruck für die Varianzen von ˆβ 156 5.3.5 Geometrische Eigenschaften aufgrund des KQ-Prinzips 157 5.3.6 Prognose für eine zukünftige Versuchseinstellung 158 5.4 Quadratsummen und Varianzanalyse 159 5.4.1 Quadratsummen und die ,,ANOVA-Tabelle“ 159 5.4.2 Additive Zerlegung der korrigierten Gesamtstreuuung 160 5.4.3 Berücksichtigung von Mehrfachversuchen 160 5.4.4 Zerlegung der Reststreuung bei Mehrfachversuchen 162 5.4.5 Das Bestimmtheitsmaß 162 5.4.6 Zerlegung der unkorrigierten Gesamtstreuung 163 5.5 Verteilungseigenschaften 163 5.5.1 Verteilung von Linearkombinationen der Stör-Variablen 164 5.5.2 Drei grundlegende Verteilungseigenschaften 164 5.5.3 Verteilung der standardisierten Regressionsparameter 165 5.5.4 Verteilungseigenschaften der LOF-Quadratsummen 165 5.6 Hypothesentests 166 5.6.1 Der Overall-F-Test (Goodness-of-Fit-Test) 166 5.6.2 Der partielle F-Test 166 5.6.3 Der partielle t-Test 167 5.6.4 Der Lack-of-Fit-Test 167 5.6.5 Resumé: Die vier Tests der linearen Regression 168 5.6.6 Output von R und SAS 169 5.6.7 Beispiele für Regression und Hypothesentests 171 5.7 Konfidenzintervalle und Prognoseintervalle 179 5.7.1 Zusammenfassung: Konfidenz- und Prognoseintervalle 179 5.7.2 Beispiele 180 5.8 Spezialfall: Einfache lineare Regression 191 5.8.1 Schwerpunktkoordinaten 191 5.8.2 Deterministische Größen 191 5.8.3 Zufällige Größen 192 5.8.4 Versuchsplanung bei der einfachen linearen Regression 192 5.8.5 Quadratsummen und Bestimmtheitsmaß 193 5.8.6 Konfidenz- und Prognoseintervall 193 5.8.7 Beispiele 193 5.9 Modelldiagnose 195 5.9.1 Analyse der erklärenden Variablen 195 5.9.2 Analyse der Stör-Variablen 200 5.9.3 Einflussanalyse 203 5.9.4 Das Diagnose-Quartett plot(lm(.)) 205 5.9.5 Beispiele zur Modelldiagnose 208 5.9.6 Alternative Modellierungsansätze nach Modelldiagnose 215 5.10 Nichtlineare Regression 220 5.10.1 Schätzverfahren der nichtlinearen Regression 220 5.10.2 R-Beispiele für Nichtlineare Regression 221 6 Varianzanalyse 225 6.1 Einführung 225 6.1.1 Was ist Varianzanalyse? 225 6.1.2 Was ist Kovarianzanalyse? 226 6.1.3 Die Modelle der Varianzanalyse 226 6.1.4 Die hierarchische Fragestellung in der ANOVA und das Problem der mehrfachen Tests 227 6.1.5 Varianzanalyse mit R 228 6.2 Varianzanalyse mit festen Effekten 229 6.2.1 One-way ANOVA (einfaktorielle Varianzanalyse) 229 6.2.2 Two-way ANOVA mit einfacher Besetzung 238 6.2.3 Two-way ANOVA mit mehrfacher Besetzung 242 6.2.4 Three-way und Four-way ANOVA (einfache Besetzung): Lateinische und Griechisch-Lateinische Quadrate 253 6.2.5 Kovarianzanalyse mit festen Effekten (ANCOVA) 257 7 Versuchsplanung 263 7.1 Einführung 263 7.1.1 Einsatzgebiet, Zielsetzung 263 7.1.2 Zwei Grundprinzipien der Versuchsplanung 264 7.1.3 Arten und Zielsetzungen von Versuchsplänen 265 7.1.4 Momentenmatrix und Design-Momente 267 7.2 Vollfaktorielle Pläne 269 7.2.1 Vollfaktorielle Versuchspläne (Definition) 269 7.2.2 Konstruktion faktorieller Pläne mit R 272 7.2.3 Auswertung vollfaktorieller Versuche mit FrF2 274 7.3 Teilfaktorielle Pläne 288 7.3.1 Der Begriff Vermengung (Confounding) 288 7.3.2 Generatoren und Alias-Strukturen 288 7.3.3 Resolution, Aberration und andere Begriffe 290 7.3.4 Konstruktion teilfaktorieller Pläne mit R 293 7.3.5 Anzahl der Versuche versus möglichem Nutzen 300 7.3.6 Screening Fallstudien mit 2k−s −Plänen 301 7.3.7 Aufspaltung vollfaktorieller 2k-Pläne in Blöcke 311 7.4 Qualitätskriterien für Versuchspläne 316 7.4.1 Die Vorhersagevarianz 316 7.4.2 Drehbarkeit, Orthogonalität und Uniformität 323 7.5 Response Surface Methodology (RSM) 325 7.5.1 Einführung 325 7.5.2 Bausteine der RSM, FO und SO Designs 328 7.5.3 Central Composite Designs (CCD) 330 7.5.4 RSM Werkzeuge 332 7.6 Beispiele für RSM-Anwendungen 339 7.6.1 Quadratische Regression mit rsm 339 7.6.2 Umgang mit flachen Extrema und Sattelpunkten 347 7.6.3 Eine Beispiel-Serie für eine sequentielle Optimierung bei drei Einflussgrößen 355 7.7 Optimale Pläne 370 7.7.1 Einleitung 370 7.7.2 Optimalitätskriterien 371 7.7.3 Die Konstruktion optimaler Versuchspläne 373 7.7.4 Verallgemeinerte (approximative) optimale Pläne 379 7.8 Mixturpläne 381 7.8.1 Einleitung 381 A Mathematische Hilfsmittel 385 A.1 Substitutionsregel für Mehrfachintegrale 385 A.2 Integrale 385 A.3 Die Deltafunktion 386 A.4 Matrizen 387 A.4.1 Definitionen und Schreibweisen 387 A.4.2 Orthogonale und orthonormale Matrizen 388 A.4.3 Idempotente Matrizen 388 A.4.4 Mittelwertzentrierung mit idempotenter Matrix C 389 A.4.5 Der Rang einer Matrix 389 A.4.6 Der Nullraum einer n × p Matrix A 390 A.4.7 Die Inverse einer Matrix 390 A.4.8 Die Determinante einer quadratischen Matrix 391 A.4.9 Die Spur einer Matrix 391 A.4.10 Hadamard-Matrizen 392 R Index der 95 R-Beispiele 393 S Index der 61 SAS-Programme 397 Literaturverzeichnis 399 Sachregister 411

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Table of Contents1 Einleitung und Aufgabenstellung.- 2 Maschinengestützte Temperaturkompensation und prozeßnahe Qualitätssicherung.- 3 Analyse der Aufgaben und Anforderungen an die Komponenten prozeßnaher Qualitätsregelkreise zur Kompensation thermisch bedingter Bearbeitungsfehler.- 4 Kompensationsgrundlagen für thermisch bedingte Bearbeitungsfehler.- 5 Integration der Kompensationsmethodik in einen prozeßnahen Qualitätsregelkreis.- 6 Einsatz des prozeßnahen Qualitätsregelkreises.- 7 Zusammenfassung.- Schrifttum.

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Book SynopsisDer Schwerpunkt des ersten Teils dieses dritten Bandes liegt auf der Auslegung mechatronischer Komponenten, insbesondere auf den zur Erzeugung hochdynamischer Antriebsbewegungen verwendeten Vorschubantrieben von Werkzeugmaschinen. Vorgestellt werden Konstruktionshilfen bei der Auswahl und Auslegung wichtiger Maschinenkomponenten, die Regelungstechnik von Vorschubantrieben sowie die zur Positionserfassung benötigten Messsysteme. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt widmet sich Prozess- und Diagnoseeinrichtungen von Fertigungsmaschinen und -anlagen. Der zweite Teil beschreibt Steuerungskonzepte einschließlich ihrer Programmiertechniken für verschiedene Anwendungsbereiche moderner Produktionssysteme. Bestandteil dieser Betrachtungen sind speicherprogrammierbare Steuerungen (SPS), Numerische Steuerungen (NC) und Robotersteuerungen (RC). Im Kontext automatisierter Fertigungssysteme werden darüber hinaus die verschiedenen Ebenen der Automatisierungspyramide und die Bedeutung von Leitsystemen (MES) beschrieben. Abschließend geht der Band auf das Engineering von Maschinen und Anlagen ein. Das Kompendium „Werkzeugmaschinen Fertigungssysteme" wurde vollständig überarbeitet. Die bisher fünfbändige Reihe wird in der neuen 9. Auflage zu drei Bänden mit durchgängigen Farbabbildungen zusammengefasst.Table of ContentsEinleitung.- Vorschubachsen in Werkzeugmaschinen.- Dynamisches Verhalten von Vorschubachsen.- Vorschubantriebe zur Bahnerzeugung.- Auslegung von Vorschubantrieben.- Prozessüberwachung.- Automatisierung von Maschinen und Anlagen.- Mechanische Steuerungen.- Grundlagen der Informationsverarbeitung.- Elektrische Steuerungen.- Numerische Steuerungen.- Führungsgrößenerzeugung und Interpolation.- Robotersteuerungen.- Fertigungsleittechnik.- Engineering.- Index.

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Book SynopsisDas nunmehr in dritter Auflage vorliegende Buch zeigt auf Grundlage des Hannoveraner Trichtermodells auf, welche Stellhebel Unternehmen nutzen können, um die Ziele sicher zu erreichen. Unternehmen mit hoher Termintreue, kurzen Lieferzeiten und niedrigen Beständen wachsen schneller als der Wettbewerb und erzielen höhere Gewinne.Anwender finden einfache und wirksame Verfahren für die Unternehmenspraxis. Studenten erhalten einen umfassenden Überblick über Ziele, Aufgaben und Verfahren der Fertigungssteuerung."Das Buch zeichnet sich durch eine überzeugende Systematik, sorgfältige internationale Recherchen, transparente Darstellung und unmittelbare Anwendbarkeit aus. Ich bin davon überzeugt, dass es zu einem Standardwerk der PPS-Literatur wird."Hans-Peter Wiendahl"Das Fachgebiet der Fertigungssteuerung wird aus wissenschaftlicher und methodischer Sicht sehr überzeugend aufgearbeitet und dargestellt. Sowohl der Wissenschaftler als auch Praktiker werden davon profitieren."Peter NyhuisTable of ContentsEinleitung.- Teil A - Grundlagen der Fertigungssteuerung: Logistische Zielgrößen.- Modellierung der logistischen Zielgrößen.- Aufgaben der Produktionsplanung.- Steuerungsrelevante Fertigungsmerkmale.- Supply Chain Management (SCM).- Teil B - Verfahren der Auftragserzeugung: Grundlagen der Auftragserzeugung.- Bestellbestandsverfahren.- Kanban.- Kapazitätsorientierte Materialbewirtschaftung.- Synchro MRP.- Hybride Kanban-Conwip-Steuerung.- Fortschrittszahlensteuerung.- Basestock.- Production Authorization Cards.- Teil C - Verfahren der Auftragsfreigabe: Grundlagen der Auftragsfreigabe.- Auftragsfreigabe nach Termin.- Constant Work in Process.- Engpass-Steuerung.- Workload Control.- Belastungsorientierte Auftragsfreigabe.- Auftragsfreigabe mit Linearer Programmierung.- Polca-Steuerung.- Dezentrale Bestandsorientierte Fertigungsregelung.- Teil D - Reihenfolgebildung: Reihenfolgebildung.- Teil E - Kapazitätssteuerung: Grundlagen der Kapazitätssteuerung.- Rückstandsregelung.- Weitere Verfahren der Kapazitätssteuerung.- Teil F - Konfiguration der Fertigungssteuerung: Konfiguration der Fertigungssteuerung.- Fertigungssteuerung in der Just-in-Time-Produktion.

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Book SynopsisPolymere in technischen Produkten können unter ganzheitlicher Betrachtung nachhaltig und sicher eingesetzt werden.Für Werkstoffe, Komponenten und Produktsysteme gibt dieses Werk nachhaltige Antworten auf die wichtigen technischen, wirtschaftlichen, ökologischen und sozial relevanten komplexen Fragestellungen. Der Inhalt wurde gegenüber der Vorauflage sorgfältig bearbeitet und erheblich erweitert. Die Gliederung des Werks umfasst auch die Gestaltung von Kunststoffbauteilen, die Oberflächentechnologien für Kunststoffbauteile und die Prüfung von Kunststoffen und Bauteilen. In den Ausführungen gibt es umfangreiche Informationen, Übersichten und Ergänzungen zum Extrudieren, Blasformen, Kalandrieren, Polyurethanschäumen, zur Mikrowellentechnologie, zu additiven Verfahren, über Molded Interconnected Devices, Plasmatechnologie, Trocknungsverfahren, zum Gestalten, Fügen und Verbinden, Berechnungsansätze und Simulation, über Bauteilkosten, sowie Prüfungen an Thermoplasten/Duroplasten/Elastomeren und zur Produktqualifikation. Ausgewählte Technologien werden zusammengefasst dargestellt.Band 2 des dreibändigen Werkes behandelt die Verarbeitung von Polymeren, Oberflächentechnologien sowie die Entwicklung und Gestaltung von Bauteilen.Table of ContentsVerarbeitung von Kunststoffen zu Bauteilen.- Oberflächentechnologien für Kunststoffbauteile.- Gestalten, Design, Fügen, Auslegen, Berechnungsansätze, Simulation, EDV-unterstützte Konstruktion und Kosten von Kunststoffbauteilen.- Anhang.- Sachverzeichnis.

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Table of Contents1. Der konstruktive Entwicklungsprozeß.- 1.1. Stellung der Konstruktion im Reproduktionsprozeß.- 1.2. Ablauf und Methoden des Konstruierens.- 2. Grundlagen der Konstruktionsarbeit.- 2.1. Gestalten von Bauelementen und Baugruppen.- 2.1.1. Gestaltungsgrundsätze und -richtlinien.- 2.1.2. Formelemente.- 2.1.3. Montagegerechtes Gestalten der Bauelemente.- 2.1.4. Vorgehensweise beim Gestalten.- 2.2. Vorzugszahlen und -maße, Normzahlen und -maße.- 2.3. Toleranzen und Passungen.- 2.3.1. Toleranzen.- 2.3.2. Passungen.- 2.3.3. Maß- und Toleranzketten.- 2.3.3.1. Maximum-Minimum-Methode.- 2.3.3.2. Wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretische Methode.- 2.3.4. Toleranz- und passungsgerechtes Gestalten.- 2.4. Werkstoffwahl.- 2.5. Aufgaben und Lösungen zu Abschn. 2.- 3. Statik und Festigkeitslehre.- 3.1. Einführung.- 3.2. Statik.- 3.2.1. Kräfte an starren Körpern.- 3.2.2. Ebenes zentrales Kraftsystem.- 3.2.3. Ebenes allgemeines Kraftsystem.- 3.2.4. Kräftepaar und Moment.- 3.2.5. Gleichgewichtsbedingungen.- 3.2.6. Standsicherheit.- 3.2.7. Bestimmung der Auflagergrößen (Auflagerreaktionen).- 3.2.8. Schnittreaktionen.- 3.3 Festigkeitslehre.- 3.3.1. Grundbegriffe.- 3.3.2. Beanspruchung durch Kräfte.- 3.3.3. Beanspruchung durch Momente.- 3.3.3.1. Beanspruchung auf Biegung.- 3.3.3.2. Beanspruchung auf Torsion (Verdrehung).- 3.3.4. Zusammengesetzte Beanspruchung.- 3.4. Aufgaben und Lösungen zu Abschn. 3.- 4. Mechanische Verbindungselemente und -verfahren.- 4.1. Verbindungen durch stoffliche Veränderungen.- 4.1.1. Schweißverbindungen.- 4.1.1.1. Preßschweißen.- 4.1.1.2. Schmelzschweißen.- 4.1.2. Lötverbindungen.- 4.1.2.1. Lötverfahren.- 4.1.2.2. Berechnung und konstruktive Gestaltung.- 4.1.3. Klebverbindungen.- 4.1.4. Kittverbindungen.- 4.1.5. Einbettverbindungen.- 4.2. Verbindungen durch elastische Verformung.- 4.2.1. Preßverbindungen (Preßverbände).- 4.2.2. Schraubenverbindungen.- 4.2.2.1. Berechnung.- 4.2.2.2. Konstruktive Gestaltung.- 4.2.3. Stift- und Keilverbindungen.- 4.2.4. Feder- und Profilwellenverbindungen.- 4.2.5. Klemmverbindungen.- 4.2.6. Spreizverbindungen.- 4.3. Verbindungen durch plastische Verformung.- 4.3.1. Nietverbindungen.- 4.3.2. Verbindungen durch Bördeln, Sicken, Falzen, Einrollen, Lappen, Schränken und Blechsteppen.- 5. Elektrische Leitungsverbindungen.- 5.1. Funktion und Aufbau.- 5.2. Leitungselemente.- 5.3. Verbindungselemente und -verfahren.- 5.4. Verdrahtungen.- 5.4.1. Klassifikation.- 5.4.2. Kabelverdrahtung.- 5.4.3. Flachverdrahtung.- 5.4.4. Freiverdrahtung.- 5.5. Aufgaben und Lösungen zu den Abschnitten 4. und 5.- 6. Federn.- 6.1. Grundbegriffe, Federkennlinien.- 6.2. Federwerkstoffe.- 6.3. Berechnung der Einzelfeder.- 6.3.1. Grundlagen.- 6.3.2. Biegefedern.- 6.3.3. Torsionsfedern.- 6.4. Federsysteme.- 6.4.1. Reihenschaltung von Federn.- 6.4.2. Parallelschaltung von Federn.- 6.5. Tellerfedern.- 6.6. Gummifedern.- 6.7. Bimetallfedern (Thermobimetalle).- 6.8. Aufgaben und Lösungen zu Abschn. 6.- 7. Achsen und Wellen.- 7.1. Beanspruchungen.- 7.2. Entwurfsberechnung.- 7.2.1. Überschlägliche Bestimmung des Achsendurchmessers.- 7.2.2. Überschlägliche Bestimmung des Wellendurchmessers.- 7.3. Nachrechnung.- 7.3.1. Nachrechnung der vorhandenen Spannungen.- 7.3.2. Nachrechnung der Verformung.- 7.3.3. Schwingungsberechnung.- 7.4. Werkstoffwahl und Gestaltung.- 7.5. Aufgaben und Lösungen zu Abschn. 7.- 8. Lager.- 8.1. Gleitlager.- 8.1.1. Gleitreibung.- 8.1.2. Gleitlagerkonstruktion.- 8.1.2.1. Verschleißlager.- 8.1.2.2. Hydrodynamische Gleitlager.- 8.1.3. Werkstoffwahl.- 8.1.4. Schmierung.- 8.1.5. Sinterlager.- 8.2. Wälzlager.- 8.2.1. Rollreibung.- 8.2.2. Aufbau und Eigenschaften der Wälzlager.- 8.2.3. Ausführungsformen der Wälzlager und ihre Anwendung.- 8.2.4. Miniaturwälzlager.- 8.2.5. Berechnungsgrundlagen.- 8.2.6. Einbau von Wälzlagern.- 8.3. Sonderformen von Lagern in der Gerätetechnik.- 8.3.1. Steinlager.- 8.3.2. Spitzenlager.- 8.3.3. Schneidenlager.- 8.3.4. Stoßsicherungen.- 8.3.5. Federlager.- 9. Geradführungen.- 9.1. Gleitführungen.- 9.2. Wälzführungen.- 9.3. Aufgaben und Lösungen zu den Abschnitten 8. und 9.- 10. Kupplungen.- 10.1. Feste Kupplungen.- 10.2. Ausgleichskupplungen.- 10.3. Schaltkupplungen.- 10.3.1. Schaltbare Kupplungen.- 10.3.2. Selbstschaltende Kupplungen.- 10.4. Aufgaben und Lösungen zu Abschn. 10.- 11. Zahnrad- und Zugmittelgetriebe.- 11.1. Einteilung der Getriebearten.- 11.2. Zahnradgetriebe — Übersicht.- 11.2.1. Einteilung nach der Gestellanordnung der Räder.- 11.2.2. Einteilung nach der Anzahl der Übersetzungsstufen.- 11.2.3. Einteilung nach Lage der Achsen und geometrischer Grundform der Radkörper.- 11.3. Zahnräder.- 11.3.1. Grundgesetze der Verzahnung.- 11.3.2. Bezeichnungen und Bestimmungsgrößen an Zahnrädern.- 11.3.3. Profilformen.- 11.3.4. Stirnräder mit Evolventengeradverzahnung.- 11.3.4.1. Die Evolvente.- 11.3.4.2. Bezugsprofil und Verzahnungsgrößen.- 11.3.4.3. Eingriffsverhältnisse und Profilüberdeckung.- 11.3.4.4. Herstellung der Zahnräder.- 11.3.4.5. Unterschnitt und Grenzzähnezahl.- 11.3.4.6. Profilverschiebung.- 11.3.4.7. Verzahnungstoleranzen, Getriebepassungen.- 11.3.5. Stirnräder mit Evolventenschrägverzahnung.- 11.3.6. Festigkeitsberechnung der Zahnräder.- 11.3.6.1. Zahnkräfte.- 11.3.6.2. Überschlagsrechnung nach Bach.- 11.3.6.3. Tragfähigkeitsberechnung.- 11.3.6.4. Berechnung von Zahnrädern aus Plastwerkstoffen.- 11.3.7. Werkstoffwahl.- 11.3.8. Konstruktive Gestaltung und Schmierung der Zahnräder.- 11.4. Bauformen der Zahnradgetriebe.- 11.4.1. Stirnradgetriebe.- 11.4.2. Kegelradgetriebe.- 11.4.3. Schneckengetriebe.- 11.4.4. Schraubenstirnradgetriebe.- 11.5. Zugmittelgetriebe.- 11.5.1. Zugmittelgetriebe mit Kraftpaarung (Schnur-, Band-, Flachriemen- und Keilriemengetriebe).- 11.5.2. Zugmittelgetriebe mit Formpaarung (Zahnriemen-und Kettengetriebe).- 11.6. Aufgaben und Lösungen zu Abschn. 11.- Literatur.- Anhang: DIN-Normen, Literatur, Toleranzen und Passungen, Werkstoffkenngrößen.- Sachwörterverzeichnis.

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Book SynopsisWhen a new technology makes people ill, how high does the body count have to be before protectives steps are taken?Trade Review“The book is well researched and clearly written, with a passionate concern for the impact of carbon disulphide on workers. . . this book will be very appealing to scholars as well as to general readers interested in the history of the rayon industry, the history of occupational health, or the unbridled use of toxic materials by industry.”—Peter Morris, Ambix"It is a fast paced and shocking tale. . . Rather than chart occupational health through a specific industry Fake Silk focuses on the substance, which permits a much broader and deeper reach into politics, economics, environmentalism and culture both in terms of both historical research and its audience."—Social History of Medicine“Action-packed . . . Reading Fake Silk, I could not help but wonder about the manufacturing process behind my T-shirt or the new dress hanging in my closet. Was someone harmed in the making of the kitchen sponge I just unwrapped?”—Science“Thanks to Paul Blanc’s extensively researched study we learn that. . . As the industry expanded, so did the number of victims suffering from the manufacturing process through exposure to the toxic solvent. They, as workers in the critical step, had suffered hallucinations and muscle and nerve dysfunction, and even died, from the toxic solvent carbon disulphide (disulfide). Their story is told sympathetically in this highly readable volume.” —Anthony S. Travis, Royal Society of Chemistry Historical Group Newsletter“In a time when many occupational physicians in developed countries will not see much classical occupational disease, this book is a timely reminder of the risks resulting from poorly controlled workplace exposures. Read it as a warning to understand the background to what happened in the viscose rayon industry and to quicken consciences for future prevention.”—Ron McCaig, Journal of Occupational Medicine“Interesting and engaging” —Catherine Mills, The Review of English Studies "This book provides a much needed dimension often missing in histories of rayon-producing corporations. . . .many readers will appreciate the assembling of facts concerning carbon disulfide's use."— Mary Schoeser, Textile History"Paul Blanc's book compellingly chronicles the all-too-real dangers behind the production of ‘fake’ silk. A terrifying exposé of what happens when the textile business puts profits before health."—Alison Matthews David, author of Fashion Victims:The Dangers of Dress Past and Present“This is an essential read for all interested in the history of occupational disease and of our increasing knowledge, yet failure to implement, the controls needed to reduce the risk of preventable disease and premature death.”—Sir Anthony Newman Taylor, Imperial College, London“Blanc's meticulous research has yielded a calm and overwhelming indictment of the murderous treatment that rayon workers worldwide have endured at the hands of their corporate masters.”—Eric Frumin, Health and Safety Director, US trade union federation Change to Win“A shocking story. Blanc draws back the curtain on the corporate deceit and neglect connected to products that have come to epitomize modern life.”— Frederick Rowe Davis, author of Banned: A History of Pesticides and the Science of Toxicology“A fascinating investigation into the colorful century-long history of a pernicious industrial hazard. A cautionary must-read for anyone who cares about eco-friendly living and integrity too.”—Don Katz, founder, Audible.com

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Book SynopsisCeramic Membranes for Separation and Reaction is the first single-authored guide to the developing area of ceramic membranes. Serving as a single source of reference for academic and industrial researchers, the book starts by documenting established procedures of ceramic membrane preparation and characterization.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Ceramic Membranes and Membrane Processes. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Membrane Processes. 1.2.1 Gas separation. 1.2.2 Pervaporation. 1.2.3 Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration. 1.2.4 Ultrafiltration and microfiltration. 1.2.5. Dialysis. 1.2.6 Electrodialysis. 1.2.7 Membrane contactor. 1.2.8 Membrane reactors. References. Chapter 2. Preparation of Ceramic Membranes. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Slip casting. 2.3 Tape casting. 2.4 Pressing. 2.5 Extrusion. 2.6 Sol-gel process. 2.7 Dip-coating. 2.8 Chemical vapour deposition (CVD). 2.9 Preparation of hollow fibre ceramic membranes. 2.9.1 Preparation of spinning suspension. 2.9.2 Spinning of ceramic hollow fibre precursors. 2.9.3 Sintering. 2.9.4 Example 1: Preparation of porous Al2O3 hollow fibre membranes. 2.9.5 Example 2: Preparation of TiO2/Al2O3 composite hollow fibre membranes. 2.9.6 Example 3: Preparation of dense perovskite hollow fibre membranes. Appendix 2.1: Surface forces. References. Chapter 3. Characterisation of Ceramic Membranes. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Morphology of membrane surfaces and cross sections. 3.3 Porous ceramic membranes. 3.3.1 Gas adsorption/desorption isotherms. 3.3.2 Permporometry. 3.3.3 Mercury porosimetry. 3.3.4 Thermoporometry. 3.3.5 Liquid displacement techniques. (a) Bubble point method. (b) Liquid displacement method. 3.3.6 Permeation method. (a) Liquid permeation. (b) Gas permeation. 3.3.7 Measurements of solute rejection. 3.4 Dense ceramic membranes. 3.4.1 Leakage test. 3.4.2 Permeation measurements. 3.4.3 XRD. 3.4.4 Mechanical strength. Notation. References. Chapter 4. Transport and Separation of Gases in Porous Ceramic Membranes. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Performance indicators of gas separation membranes. 4.3 Ceramic membranes for gas separation. 4.4 Transport Mechanisms. 4.4.1 Knudsen and slip flow. 4.4.2 Viscous flow. 4.4.3 Surface flow. 4.4.4 Capillary condensation. 4.4.5 Configurational or micropore diffusion. 4.4.6 Simultaneous occurrence of different mechanism. 4.5 Modification of porous ceramic membranes for gas separation. 4.6 Resistance model for gas transport in composite membranes. 4.6.1 Effect of support layers. 4.6.2 Effect of non-zeolitic pores. 4.6.3 Effect of coating. 4.7 System design. 4.7.1 Operating Schemes. (a) Perfect mixing. (b) Cross flow. (c ) Parallel plug flow. 4.7.2 Design equations for membrane processes in gas separation. (a) Perfect mixing. (b) Cross flow. (c) Cocurrent flow. (d) Countercurrent flow. Notation. References. Chapter 5. Ceramic Hollow Fibre Membrane Contactors for Treatment of Gases/Vapours. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 General review. 5.3 Operating modes and mass transfer coefficients. 5.3.1 Nonwetted mode. 5.3.2 Wetted mode. 5.3.3 Mass transfer coefficients determined from experiments. 5.4 Mass transfer in hollow fibre contactors. 5.4.1 Mass transfer in hollow fibre lumen. 5.4.2 Mass transfer across membrane. 5.4.3 Mass transfer in shell side of a contactor. 5.4.4 Nonwetted, wetted, and partially wetted conditions in a hollow fibre contactor. 5.5 Effect of chemical reaction. 5.5.1 Instantaneous reaction. 5.5.2 Fast reaction. 5.6 Design equations. Notation. References. Appendix A. Chapter 6. Mixed Conducting Ceramic Membranes for Oxygen Separation. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Fundamentals of mixed conducting ceramic materials. 6.2.1 Structure of peroviskite-type of materials. 6.2.2 Doping strategies. 6.2.3 Properties of materials. 6.3 Current status in oxygen permeable membranes. 6.3.1 Pervoskite-type oxides. Sr(Co,Fe)O3-d (SCFO). La(Co,Fe)O3-d (LCFO). LaGaO3(LGO). 6.3.2 Non-perovskite-type oxides. 6.3.3 Summary of ceramic oxygen permeable materials. 6.4 Dual phase membranes. 6.5 Oxygen transport. 6.5.1 Transport mechanism. 6.5.2 Transport equations. 6.5.3 Transport analysis. 6.6 Air separation. 6.6.1 Design equations. Cocurrent flow. Countercurrent flow. 6.6.2 Performance analysis. Effect of operating pressures and temperatures. Effect of flow patterns. Effect of feed flow rate. Effect of membrane area. Comparison with experimental data. Production of oxygen using hollow fibre modules. 6.7 Further development-challenges and prospects. Notation. References. Chapter 7. Mixed Conducting Ceramic Membranes for Hydrogen Permeation. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Proton and electron (hole) conducting materials and membranes. 7.2.1 Pervoskite-type oxides. 7.2.2 Non-pervoskite-type oxides. 7.3 Dual phase membranes. 7.4 Proton transport. 7.4.1 Transport mechanism. 7.4.2 Transport equations for mixed proton-hole conducting membranes. 7.4.3 Transport analysis. Effect of membrane thickness. Effect of temperature. Effect of partial pressure of oxygen. Comparison with experimental data. 7.5 Applications of proton conducting ceramic membranes. 7.5.1 Hydrogen production. 7.5.2 Dehydrogenation reactions. Notation. References. Chapter 8. Ceramic Membrane Reactors. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Membranes as product separators. 8.2.1 Microporous membrane reactors. 8.2.2 Dense ceramic membrane reactors. 8.2.2.1 Experimental investigation of a dense ceramic membrane reactor for methane coupling reaction. 8.3 Membranes as a reactant distributor. 8.3.1 Porous membrane reactors. 8.3.1.1 Techniques in modification of membrane pores. 8.3.1.2 Applications of porous ceramic membrane reactors. 8.3.1.3 Analysis of membrane reactors for elimination of DO from water. 8.3.2 Dense ceramic membranes. 8.3.2.1 Configurations of the dense ceramic membrane reactors. 8.3.2.2 Applications of the dense ceramic membrane reactors. 8.3.2.3 Experimental investigation of a dense membrane reactor for oxidative methane coupling (OMC). Notation. References.

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Book SynopsisA pre-startup safety review (PSSR) is the methodical analysis of a facility or operating unit to ensure no hazardous situations occur before operating a facility or plant. This book guides readers to integrate the PSSR throughout the project or turnaround phases of plant operations, with a verification check at the traditional PSSR step.Table of ContentsList of Tables. List of Figures. Items on the CD Accompanying This Book. Acronyms and abbreviations. Glossary. Acknowledgements. Preface. 1. Introduction. 1.1 What are the Benefits of Performing Pre-startup Safety Reviews? 1.2 How PSSR Relates to Other Process Safety Elements. 1.3 An Overview of the Risk-based Approach to PSSR. 1.4 What is the Scope of a PSSR? Process Safety, Environmental, Quality and Personnel Safety Considerations. 1.5 This Guideline’s Audience. 1.6 How to use this Guideline. 1.7 References. 2. What Is a Pre-Startup Safety Review? 2.1 The Basics of Pre-startup Safety Review. 2.1.1 Some Common Steps for Performing PSSR. 2.2 What is a Risk-based Approach to PSSR? 2.3 The Role of Training in Pre-startup Safety Review. 2.3.1 Training Team Leaders and Members. 2.3.2 Training Managers and the Remaining Workforce. 2.4 Scheduling Considerations. 2.4.1 Capital Projects. 2.4.2 Changes to Operating Facilities. 2.4.3 Temporary Changes. 2.4.4 Restarting a Mothballed Process. 2.4.5 Post-turnaround Startup. 2.4.6 Routine Maintenance. 2.4.7 Startup After Emergency Shutdown. 2.5 References. 3. Regulatory Issues. 3.1 An Overview of PSSR Industry Guidelines and Regulations. 3.2 Best Practices for PSSR. 3.3 Environmental Considerations. 3.4 General Safety, Security, and Occupational Health Considerations. 3.5 References. 4. A Risk-Based Approach to Pre-Startup Safety Review. 4.1 Using Risk Analysis Techniques to Select the Level of Detail for a PSSR. 4.1.1 A Case of Complexity Versus Simplicity. 4.1.2 The Term Complexity Includes Novelty. 4.1.3 The Effect of Complexity on PSSR Team Size and Expertise. 4.1.4 The Effect on the Level and Scope of the Review. 4.2 A Decision Guideline for Designing a PSSR. 4.2.1 A Definition of Risk-based PSSR. A Qualitative Approach. 4.2.2 An Example Algorithm. 4.3 Typical Considerations for all Pre-startup Safety Reviews. 4.3.1 Hardware and Software: Equipment, Instrumentation, and Process Control. 4.3.2 Documentation: Process Safety Information, Procedures, and Maintenance Management System Data. 4.3.3 Training: Quality and Verification of Completeness. 4.3.4 Special Items: Specific Safety, Health, and Environmental Issues. 4.4 An Example Risk-based Questionnaire. 4.5 Two Examples of Using a Risk-based Approach to PSSR Design. 4.5.1 A Simple PSSR. 4.5.2 A More Complex PSSR. 4.6 References. 5. The Pre-Startup Safety Review Work Process. 5.1 Defining the PSSR System. 5.1.1 Double Checking Management of Change. 5.1.2 Who Is Responsible for Driving the System? 5.2 PSSR Sub-elements. 5.2.1 Construction and equipment meet the designed specifications. 5.2.2 Safety, operating, maintenance and emergency procedures are in place and adequate. 5.2.3 A PHA has been performed for new facilities. 5.2.4 Training of each employee involved in the process is complete. 5.2.5 General requirements. 5.3 Designing and Implementing an Initial PSSR Program. 5.3.1 Defining a Policy on PSSR. 5.3.2 Defining the PSSR Team. 5.3.3 Designing the Specific PSSR. 5.3.4 Training the Workforce on the PSSR Program. 5.3.5 An Example PSSR Program. 5.4 Preparing to Perform a Pre-statup Safety Review. 5.4.1 Gather the Documentation. 5.4.2 Schedule Meetings as Needed. 5.4.3 Verify the Trigger Event Related Work Is Complete. 5.4.4 Identify and Track the Process Hazard Analysis Action Items. 5.5 Follow Pre-startup Safety Review Action Items. 5.5.1 Which Items Are Critical for Safe Operation? 5.5.2 Consider Past PSSR PSM Compliance Audit Findings. 5.6 Approve the Pre-startup Safety Review Report. 5.6.1 Reference the Documentation: Electronic or Hardcopy. 5.6.2 PSSR Team Approval. 5.6.3 Management Approval. 5.7 References. 6. Methodologies for Compiling and Using A PSSR Checklist. 6.1 Building Your Facility’s Database of Questions. 6.1.1 Beware of Shortcuts. 6.1.2 Considerations for Different Industries. 6.2 Various Approaches: Electronic versus Hardcopy. 6.2.1 Using your Existing Facility Action Item Tracking System. 6.2.2 Basic Electronic PSSR Checklist Tools. 6.2.3 Electronic Change Management Systems with PSSR Tools. 6.3 An Example Electronic Checklist. 6.3.1 Collapse the Checklist for Simple PSSR. 6.3.2 Expand the Checklist for Complex PSSR. 7. Continuous Improvement. 7.1 Diagnosing PSSR System Issues. 7.2 Training and Communication. 7.3 Examine Excesses as well as Deficiencies. 7.4 Why Refine, Improve, Upgrade, or Redesign? 7.4.1 Workforce Reductions. 7.4.2 Company Restructuring. 7.4.3 Acquisitions, Mergers, and Divestiture. 7.4.4 Regulatory Changes. 7.4.5 Changes in Process Risk. 7.5 Upgrading the System. 7.6 Example PSSR Performance and Efficiency Metrics. 7.6.1 PSSR Performance Indicators. 7.6.2 PSSR Efficiency Indicators. 7.7 Audit Frequency. 7.8 Qualification Considerations for PSSR Auditors. 7.9 Sample PSSR Audit Protocols. 7.10 Addressing Audit Results. 7.11 Summary. 7.12 References. Appendix A. PSSR Checklist Examples. Appendix B. Industry References. Appendix C. Regulatory References. Index.

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Book SynopsisOffers technical background and guidance to prepare any workplace for gas-leak catastrophes Determines when monitoring for catastrophic release is appropriate Breaks down gas monitoring equipment options Guides work safety professionals on the placement of monitoring equipment. Offers case studies for concrete analysis. .Table of Contents1. Introduction. 1.1 Purpose. 1.2 Scope. 1.3 Who Will Benefit from this Guideline? 2. Management. 2.1 Management Overview. 2.2 Why Do We Use Gas Detectors? 2.3 What Do We Want to Detect? 2.4 What Actions Do We Expect to Undertake in the Event of a Release? 2.5 How Much Should We Spend on Detection? 3. Determining Where Gas Detection May or May Not be Beneficial. 3.1 Assessing Where Gas Detection may be Beneficial. 3.2 Situations Where Other Technologies May be More Beneficial. 3.3 Situations Where Gas Detection Is Recommended by Consensus. or Mandated By Law. 3.4 Situations Where Toxic Gas Detection May be Beneficial. 3.5 Situations Where Combustible Detection May be Beneficial. 3.6 Example Applications of the Continuous Monitoring System. 3.7 References. 3.8 Glossary. 4. Sensor Technology. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Description of Gases and Vapors. 4.3 Available Sensors and How they Work. 4.4 Factors to Consider when Choosing a Sensor. 4.5 Sensor Performance Variables. 4.6 References. 4.7 Glossary. 5. Approaches to Detector Placement and Configuration. 5.1 General Guidance for Detector Placement and Configuration. 5.2 General Guidance for Toxic Gas Detection. 5.3 General Guidance for Flammable Detection. 5.4 Detector Placement for Source Monitoring. 5.5 Detector Placement for Volumetric Monitoring. 5.6 Detector Placement for Enclosure Monitoring. 5.7 Detector Placement for Path of Travel and Target Receptor Monitoring. 5.8 Detector Placement for Perimeter Monitoring. 5.9 Detector Set Points and Monitoring. 6. Overall System Management - Commissioning, Testing, and Maintenance. 6.1 Summary. 6.2 Training. 6.3 Documentation. 6.4 Maintenance. 6.5 Establish a Good Relationship with the Local Authority-Having Jurisdiction (AHJ. 6.6 Change Management.

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Book SynopsisThe Risk Based Process Safety (RBPS) guideline provides a paradigm shift for industries that manufacture, consume, or handle chemicals focusing on new ways to design, correct, or improve process safety management practices. The book addresses the essential principles that outline safety, giving a broad overview of the subject.Trade Review"…a very comprehensive and thorough discussion of risk based process safety management systems…an invaluable reference source." (Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, January 2008) "This book is a very well-written, detailed analysis of industrial chemical plant safety. Following its guidelines, I am sure, will result in many fewer accidents in the future." (Journal of Hazardous Material, January 15, 2008)Table of ContentsList of Tables xxix List of Figures xxxi Acronyms and Abbreviations xxxiii Glossary xxxvii Acknowledgments xlvii Preface xlix Executive Summary li 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Purpose of These Guidelines 2 1.2 Background 6 1.3 Important Terminology 9 1.4 Management Systems Concepts 10 1.5 Risk Based Process Safety Elements 12 1.6 Relationship Between RBPS Elements and Work Activities 12 1.7 Application of these RBPS Guidelines 14 1.8 Organization of these Guidelines 16 1.9 References 17 2 OVERVIEW OF RISK BASED PROCESS SAFETY 19 2.1 Risk Based Process Safety System Design Strategies 22 2.2 Risk Based Process Safety Design and Improvement Criteria 24 2.3 Using Element Chapters to Design and Improve a Process Safety Management System 32 I COMMIT TO PROCESS SAFETY 37 3 PROCESS SAFETY CULTURE 39 3.1 Element Overview 40 3.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 45 3.3 Possible Work Activities 48 3.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 58 3.5 Element Metrics 62 3.6 Management Review 64 3.7 References 66 4 COMPLIANCE WITH STANDARDS 67 4 1 Element Overview 67 4.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 69 4.3 Possible Work Activities 74 4.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 81 4.5 Element Metrics 83 4.6 Management Review 84 4.7 References 86 5 PROCESS SAFETY COMPETENCY 89 5.1 Element Overview 90 5.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 93 5.3 Possible W ork Activities 100 5.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 111 5.5 Element Metrics 116 5.6 Management Review 119 5.7 References 121 6 WORKFORCE INVOLVEMENT 123 6.1 Element Overview 123 6.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 128 6.3 Possible Work Activities 131 6.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 136 6.5 Element Metrics 140 6.6 Management Review 142 6.7 References 143 7 STAKEHOLDER OUTREACH 145 7.1 Element Overview 146 7.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 148 7.3 Possible Work Activities 152 7.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 159 7.5 Element Metrics 161 7.6 Management Review 164 7.7 References 165 II UNDERSTAND HAZARDS AND RISK 167 8 PROCESS KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT 169 8.1 Element Overview 170 8.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 173 8.3 Possible Work Activities 186 8.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 196 8.5 Element Metrics 201 8.6 Management Review 204 8.7 References 206 9 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ANALYSIS 209 9.1 Element Overview 209 9.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 213 9.3 Possible Work Activities 221 9.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 229 9.5 Element Metrics 237 9.6 Management Review 240 9.7 References 242 III MANAGE RISK 10 OPERATING PROCEDURES 245 10.1 Element Overview 245 10.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 247 10.3 Possible Work Activities 260 10.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 273 10.5 Element Metrics 279 10.6 Management Review 282 10.7 References 283 11 SAFE WORK PRACTICES 285 11.1 Element Overview 285 11.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 288 11.3 Possible Work Activities 298 11.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 307 11.5 Element Metrics 312 11.6 Management Review 314 11.7 References 316 12 ASSET INTEGRITY AND RELIABILITY 317 12.1 Element Overview 318 12.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 320 12.3 Possible Work Activities 335 12.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 352 12.5 Element Metrics 359 12.6 Management Review 361 12.7 References 363 13 CONTRACTOR MANAGEMENT 365 13.1 Element Overview 365 13.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 368 13.3 Possible Work Activities 377 13.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 385 13.5 Element Metrics 390 13.6 Management Review 391 13.7 References 393 14 TRAINING AND PERFORMANCE ASSURANCE 395 14.1 Element Overview 395 14.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 398 14.3 Possible Work Activities 406 14.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 414 14.5 Element Metrics 417 14.6 Management Review 420 14.7 References 421 15 MANAGEMENT OF CHANGE 423 15.1 Element Overview 423 15.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 426 15.3 Possible Work Activities 431 15.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 440 15.5 Element Metrics 445 15.6 Management Review 447 15.7 References 448 16 OPERATIONAL READINESS 449 16.1 Element Overview 449 16.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 452 16.3 Possible Work Activities 456 16.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 462 16.5 Element Metrics 464 16.6 Management Review 465 16.7 References 467 17 CONDUCT OF OPERATIONS 469 17.1 Element Overview 469 17.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 471 17.3 Possible Work Activities 484 17.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 498 17.5 Element Metrics 502 17.6 Management Review 506 17.7.References 508 18 EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT 509 18.1 Element Overview 510 18.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 513 18.3 Possible Work Activities 526 18.4.Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 541 18.5 Element Metrics 543 18.6 Management Review 545 18.7 References 547 IV LEARN FROM EXPERIENCE 549 19 INCIDENT INVESTIGATION 551 19.1 Element Overview 552 19.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 556 19.3Possible Work Activities 563 19.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Efficiency and Effectiveness 575 19.5 Element Metrics 580 19.6 Management Review 582 19.7 References 584 20 MEASUREMENT AND METRICS 585 20.1 Element Overview 585 20.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 588 20.3 Possible Work Activities 590 20.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 594 20.5 Element Metrics 595 20.6 Management Review 597 20.7 References 598 21 AUDITING 599 21.1 Element Overview 599 21.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 602 21.3 Possible Work Activities 615 21.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 622 21.5 Element Metrics 626 21.6 Management Review 628 21.7 References 629 22 MANAGEMENT REVIEW AND CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT 631 22.1 Element Overview 631 22.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 634 22.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 644 22.5 Element Metrics and Indications 646 22.6 Management Review 647 22.7 References 647 23 IMPLEMENTATION 649 23.1 Reasons to Implement a Risk-based Process Safety Management System 650 20.2 First Steps Toward Implementation 651 20.3 Start with RBPS Elements that Provide the Greatest Risk Benefit to Your Facility 653 20.4 Implementation Examples 656 20.5 Other Applications 680 20.6 Conclusions 681 20.7 References 682 24 THE FUTURE 683 Index 689 LIST OF TABLES TABLE S.l. Risk Based Process Safety Elements liv TABLE 1.1. Possible Causes of Process Safety Management Performance Stagnation 2 TABLE 1.2. RBPS Management System Accident Prevention Pillars 3 TABLE 1 3. CCPS Guidelines and Tools for Chemical Process Safety Management 7 TABLE 1.4. North American Industry Process Safety Management Initiatives 7 TABLE 1.5. Partial List of Worldwide Governmental Accident Prevention and Process Safety Management Initiatives 8 TABLE 1.6. Some Factors that Motivated the CCPS RBPS Project 9 TABLE 1.7. Important Issues to Address in a Process Safety Management System 11 TABLE 1.8. Comparison of RBPS Elements to Original CCPS PSM Elements 13 TABLE 1.9. Generic Work Breakdown Structure for the RBPS System 14 TABLE 2.1. Process Safety Accident Prevention Principles and Associated RBPS Elements 24 TABLE 2.2. Examples of How Risk Affects Implementation of RBPS Work Activities 31 TABLE 2 3. Advice on Using these Guidelines to Meet Specific User Needs 33 TABLE 3.1. Culture as a Determinant of Process Risk Control Attitudes and Practices 41 TABLE 4.1. Examples and Sources of Process Safety Related Standards, Codes, Regulations, and Laws 71 TABLE 6.1. UK HSE Workforce Involvement Suggestions 127 TABLE 8.1. Typical Types of Process Knowledge 176 TABLE 9.1. Example Issues that Can Be Addressed at Various Life Cycle Stages 233 TABLE 10.1. Procedure Formats 253 TABLE 11.1. Activities Typically Included in the Scope of the Safe Work Element 290 TABLE 13.1. Safety Program and Performance Information Useful in Evaluating Potential Contractors 372 TABLE 22.1. Example Schedule for Management Reviews 636 TABLE 23.1. RBPS Implementation Options for Upgrading Operating Procedures 659 TABLE 23.2. RBPS Implementation Options for Implementing the Conduct of Operations Element 665 TABLE 23.3. RBPS Implementation Options for Fixing a Deficient MOC System 671 TABLE 23.4. Using RBPS to Develop and Implement a New Process Safety Management System 678 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1. Evolution of Process Safety and Accident/Loss Prevention Strategies 19 FIGURE 9.1. Levels of Hazard Evaluation and Risk Assessment 211 FIGURE 9.2. Typical Qualitative Risk Analysis Documentation Form 213 FIGURE 9.3. Example Risk Matrix 216 FIGURE 14.1. Training System Tasks 399 FIGURE 19.1. Incident Investigation Flowchart 553 FIGURE 19.2. Incident Investigation Levels of Analysis 555 FIGURE 23.1. A Risk-based Approach to Identifying Which RBPS Elements to Implement 655

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Book SynopsisModeling and Simulation of Catalytic Reactors for Petroleum Refining deals with fundamental descriptions of the main conversion processes employed in the petroleum refining industry: catalytic hydrotreating, catalytic reforming, and fluid catalytic cracking.Trade Review"The text can serve as a reference for chemical and process engineers, computational chemists and modelers, catalysis researchers, and professionals in petroleum refining. It can also be used as a textbook either for a full course in reaction engineering or as a supplement in related courses". (Booknews, 1 June 2011Table of ContentsPREFACE. ABOUT THE AUTHOR. 1 Petroleum Refining. 1.1 Properties of Petroleum. 1.2 Assay of Crude Oils. 1.3 Separation Processes. 1.4 Upgrading of Distillates. 1.5 Upgrading of Heavy Feeds. 2 Reactor Modeling in Petroleum Refining Industry. 2.1 Description of Reactors. 2.2 Deviation from an Ideal Flow Pattern. 2.3 Kinetic Modeling Approaches. 2.4 Reactor Modeling. 3. Modeling of Catalytic Hydrotreating. 3.1 The Hydrotreating Process. 3.2 Fundamentals of Hydrotreating. 3.3 Reactor Modeling. 4. Modeling of Catalytic Reforming. 4.1 The Catalytic Reforming Process. 4.2 Fundamentals of Catalytic Reforming. 4.3 Reactor Modeling. 5. Modelling and Simulation of the Fluidised-Bed Catalytic Cracking Converter (Rafael Maya-Yescas). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Reaction Mechanism of Catalytic Cracking. 5.3 Simulation to Estimate Kinetic Parameters. 5.4 Simulation to Find Controlling Reaction Steps During Catalytic Cracking. 5.5 Simulation of Steady Operation of the Riser Reactor. 5.6 Simulation to Scale-Up Kinetic Factors. 5.7 Simulation of the Regenerator Reactor. 5.8 Modelling of the Catalyst Stripper. 5.9 Simulation of the Controlled FCC Unit. 5.10 Technological Improvements and Modifications. 5.11 Conclusions. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisIt is crucial for process safety professionals to be aware of best practices for post merger integration at any level. A compilation of industry best practices from both technical and financial perspectives, this book provides a single reference that addresses acquisitions and merger integration issues related to process safety.Table of ContentsExecutive Summary 1 Why this Guideline? 1 Chapter 1 An Overview of Process Safety 3 Chapter 2 The Merger and Acquisition Process 5 Chapter 3 Screening Potential Candidates 7 Chapter 4 The Due Diligence Phase 9 Chapter 5 Developing the Integration Plan 13 Chapter 6 Implementing the Integration Plan 18 Chapter 7 M&A In The Future 22 The Appendices 24 1 An Overview of Process Safety 27 1.0 Courtney's story – continued 27 1.1 Why this Guideline? 28 1.2 Understanding the basics 31 1.3 Hazard versus Risk - Is there a Difference? 32 1.4 Good Injury Rate Does Not Equal Good Process Safety Performance 34 1.5 Understand the Hazards of Chemicals Handled on Site 36 1.6 Don’t forget about the Dust Explosion Hazard 40 1.7 Unique Considerations at Facilities that Handle HHCS 41 1.8 Resources for Process Safety 43 2 The Merger and Acquisition Process 47 2.0 Courtney’s story – continued 47 2.1 Changing World of Corporate Profiles 48 2.2 Overview of the M&A Process 49 2.3 Scalability (big/small; single site verse multiple site deals) 52 2.4 Key Terms and Concepts 53 2.5 Process Safety in the M&A process 57 2.6 Financial Strategists can have high impact on process safety systems 60 3 Screening Potential Candidates 63 3.0 Courtney’s story – continued 63 3.1 Using Public Domain Information for Screening 64 3.2 Using a Checklist to Identify Potential Process Safety Issues 74 4 The Due Diligence Phase 77 4.0 Courtney’s story – continued 77 4.1 Introduction 78 4.2 The Divestment Due Diligence 81 4.2.1 The Checklist 82 4.2.2 The Internet and Intranet Searches 82 4.2.3 Pre-site Visit Review 83 4.2.4 The Due Diligence Site Visit and Document Review 84 4.2.5 Vendor Due Diligence Report 87 4.2.6 Valuation 89 4.2.7 Data Room 91 4.2.8 Question and Answer Management 94 4.2.9 Reverse Due Diligence 96 4.2.10 Did the Deal Close? 114 4.3 The Acquisition 4.3.1 The Internet Search and Initial Data Gathering 99 4.3.2 Vendor Due Diligence Report 100 4.3.3 Data Room 100 4.3.4 Due Diligence Valuation for Bid 103 4.3.5 Pre-site Review 104 4.3.6 The Site Visit and Document Review 107 4.3.7 Due Diligence Report and Valuation 110 4.4 Did the Deal Close? 5 Developing the Integration Plan 117 5.0 Courtney’s story – continued 117 5.1 Developing the Integration Plan and Process 118 5.1.1 Step 1- Establishing the Boundaries for the Integration Process (i.e. Establishing the Integration Strategy) 120 5.1.2 Step 2 - Establishing the Expectations for the Process Safety Program 124 5.1.3 Step 3 - The Process Safety Integration Team 127 5.1.4 Step 4 - Assessing the Gap between the Current Approach and Expectations 131 5.1.5 Step 5 - Developing the Action Plan 136 6 Implementing the Integration Plan 6.0 Courtney’s story – continued 153 6.1 A Generic Change Model 154 6.2 The Integration Path Forward 160 6.2.1 Step 1 - Get the 'hearts’ of the newly acquired business leads to accept the Vision and Strategy for the integration process 160 6.2.2 Step 2 - Appointing and chartering Integration Implementation Teams 161 6.3 An Alternate Bottom-Up Approach to Integration 175 6.4 Differences Between Facilities, Business Units 178 6.5 Step 3 - Working Through the Implementation Itself 179 7 M&A in the Future 185 7.0 Courtney’s story – continued 185 The Appendices 193 Appendix A – M&A Process Safety Checklist 193 M&A P.S. Checklist – Commercial Evaluation Phase 194 M&A P.S. Checklist – The M&A Team 201 M&A P.S. Checklist – Data Room Information 203 M&A P.S. Checklist – Planning the Site Visits 217 M&A P.S. - Issues to Be Investigated During the Site Visits 219 M&A P.S. Checklist - Process Safety Issues to Be Considered 235 M&A P.S. Checklist - Assessing Major Hazard Risks 241 M&A P.S. Checklist - Process Safety Management & Culture 245 M&A P.S. Checklist - Process Safety Staffing Issues 253 M&A P.S. Checklist - Hazard Identification Issues to Evaluate 255 M&A P.S. Checklist – Management of Change Issues to Investigate 257 M&A P.S. Checklist - Mechanical Integrity Issues to Investigate 261 M&A PS Checklist – Process Safety Issues to Examine 265 M&A PS Checklist - Process Safety Procedures to Examine 267 M&A P.S. Checklist – P.S. Audit Issues to Consider 271 Appendix B – An Exemplar Integration Plan & Budget 273 Guidance for Using the Plan and Budget Spreadsheets 275 An Exemplar Integration Plan 279 Exemplar Integration Budget 301 References 309 Index 313

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Book SynopsisThis book helps advance process safety in a key area of interest. Currently, no literature exists which is solely dedicated to process safety for the bioprocessing industry. There are texts, guidelines, and standards on biosafety at the laboratory level and for industrial hygiene, but no guidelines for large-scale production facilities.Table of ContentsList of Tables xi List of Figures xiii Items on the Web Accompanying This Book xv Acknowledgements xvii Preface xix 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Bioprocess Engineering Information Transfer and Management Practices 3 1.2 The Need for Bioprocess Safety Management Systems 7 1.2.2 Bioprocessing Incidents and Releases 8 1.3 Our Target Audience 14 1.4 How to use this Guideline 15 2 AN OVERVIEW OF THE BIOPROCESSING INDUSTRY 17 2.1 Bioprocessing’s History 17 2.1.1 Bioprocessing’s Historical Advancement 18 2.1.1.1 Microbiological Advancements 18 2.1.1.2 Food Science and Food Process Technology Advancements 19 2.1.1.3 Genetic Advancements 19 2.1.1.4 Future Bioprocessing Developments 20 2.2 Industrial Applications 20 2.2.1 Processes 21 2.2.2 Products 21 2.3 The Bioprocess Lifecycle 22 2.3.1 Discovery 23 2.3.2 Development Phase: Laboratory and Pilot Plant 23 2.3.3 Scale-up Phase 24 2.3.4 Upstream Operations and Downstream Operations 26 2.3.4.1 Inoculation / Seed and Production Biosafety Containment and Production Risk 27 2.3.4.2 Fermentation / Cell Culture 31 2.3.4.3 Scale of Manufacturing 36 2.3.5 General Biosafety Recommendations for Large Scale Work 38 2.3.5.1 Facility Design 39 2.3.5.2 Equipment Design 39 2.3.5.3 Cleaning, Inactivation, and Sterilization 41 2.3.5.4 Maintenance 42 2.3.5.5 Air and Gas Emissions 42 2.3.5.6 Waste Handling 42 2.3.5.7 Accidental Release 43 2.3.6 Product Safety Information 43 2.3.6.1 Product Handling 44 2.3.6.2 Material Disposal 44 2.3.63 Disposable Process Technology 44 2.3.7 Outsourced Manufacturing Concerns 45 3 BIOPROCESSING SAFETY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 47 3.1 Sample Approach 48 3.1.2 Develop and Document a System to Manage Bioprocess Safety Hazards 50 3.1.3 Appoint a Biological Safety Officer 50 3.1.4 Collect Bioprocess Hazard Information 51 3.1.5 Identify Bioprocess Safety Hazards 51 3.1.5.1 Point of Decision 51 3.1.6 Assess Bioprocess Safety Risks and Assign Bioprocess Safety Hazard Level 52 3.1.7 Identify Bioprocess Controls and Risk Management Options 52 3.1.8 Document Bioprocess Safety Hazard Risks and Management Decisions 53 3.1.9 Communicate and Train on Bioprocess Safety Hazards 53 3.1.10 Investigate & Learn from Bioprocess Incidents 53 3.1.11 Review, Audit, Manage Change, and Improve Hazard Management Practices and Program 54 3.2 Existing Management Systems 54 3.2.1 Product Stewardship for Byproducts 61 3.3 Establishing a Bioprocess Safety Management System 62 3.3.1 Select a Management System Model Based Upon Your Needs 63 3.3.2 Identifying the Elements that Apply to Your Operations 64 3.3.3 Establish a Review and Approval Cycle for the Documents 65 3.3.4 Rolling Out the Management System to the Users 66 3.4 Biosafety Training for the Workforce 67 3.5 Investigating Incidents 69 3.5.1 A Generic Procedure for Initial Biohazard Incident Response 71 3.6 Managing Change 75 3.7 Reviewing and Auditing for Continuous Improvement 76 3.8 Applying Behavior-Based Safety to Bioprocesses 76 4.IDENTIFYING BIOPROCESS HAZARDS 79 4.1 Key Considerations for Assessing Risk to Manage Bioprocess Safety 79 4.1.1 Testing for Bioactivity 79 4.1.2 Non-biological Hazards 80 4.2 Bioprocess Risk Assessment 80 4.2.1 Three Types of Assessment 80 4.2.2 Agent Considerations 80 4.2.3 Process Considerations 81 4.2.4 Environmental Considerations 82 4.2.5 Microorganisms 83 4.3 Recombinant Organisms 85 4.4 Cell Culture 86 5 BIOPROCESS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AND UNIT OPERATIONS 89 5.1 Physical Plant Design 89 5.1.1 Architectural Aspects 90 5.1.1.1 Finishes and Materials 90 5.1.1.2 Layout Strategies 91 5.1.1.3 People and Material Flow 94 5.1.1.4 Non-bio logical Hazards 94 5.1.1.5 Seismic and Building Loads 96 5.1.1.6 Hardened Construction 97 5.1.1.7 Equipment Mezzanines and Subfloors 97 5.1.1.8 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Aspects 98 (a) Supply and Exhaust Systems 98 (b) Special Exhaust Stream Mitigation 100 (c) HVAC Issues from a Biosafety Perspective 101 (d) Microenvironments 103 (e) Cascading Pressure Differentials 105 (f) Containment versus Clean Room Environments 107 5.1.1.9 Waste and Waste Treatment 109 5.1.1.10 Process Support Systems: High Purity Water 112 5.1.1.11 Process Support Systems: Hand Washing Sinks and Personnel showers 112 5.1.2 Plant Siting Issues 113 5.1.2.1 Zoning & Permitting 113 5.1.2.2 Regional Environmental Agencies and Environmental Impact Reports 113 5.1.2.3 Building and Site Security 114 5.2 Bioprocess Unit Operations 116 5.2.1 General Equipment Design Considerations 117 5.2.2 Closed-System Design 118 5.2.2.2 Impact on Operations 123 5.2.3 Upstream Equipment and Facility Design 124 5.2.3.1 Additional Upstream Design Considerations 124 5.2.3.2 Equipment and Facility Integration 127 5.2.3.3 Production Segregation and Flows 127 5.2.3.4 Segregation from a Biosafety Perspective 129 5.2.3.5 Cleaning the Equipment 130 5.2.4.1 Harvest and Recovery 134 5.2.4.2 Centrifugation 134 5.2.4.3 Filtration 135 5.2.4.4 Chromatography 137 5.2.5 Facility Support Issues 139 5.2.6 Biosafety for Personnel: SOP, Protocols, and PPE 140 6 THE EFFECTS OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGY ON BIOPROCESSING RISK MANAGEMENT 143 6.1 Researching and Staying Informed 143 6.1.1 Biopharmaceutical 144 6.1 .1 .1 Drug Discovery and Development 144 6.1.1.2 Gene-based Pharmaceuticals 144 6.1.1.3 Drug Delivery Research 146 6.1.2 Renewable-resources 147 6.1.3 Environmental 148 6.1.3.1 Bioprocessing and Waste Management 148 6.2 Communicating the Impacts of New Technology 149 6.2.1 Industry (Communication at Your Site) 150 APPENDIX A - REFERENCES & SELECTED REGULATIONS 153 APPENDIX B - LARGE SCALE BIOSAFETY GUIDELINES 161 APPENDIX C - A GENERIC LABORATORY/LARGE SCALE BIOSAFETY CHECKLIST 177 APPENDIX D - BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT QUESTIONNAIRE & BIOPROCESS SAFETY CHECKLIST 179 APPENDIX E - BIOPROCESS FACILITY AUDIT CHECKLIST 189 APPENDIX F - DIRECTIVE 2000/54/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL 199 APPENDIX G - COMPARISON OF GOOD LARGE SCALE PRACTICE (GLSP) AND BIOSAFETY LEVEL (BL) - LARGE SCALE (LS) PRACTICE 203 GLOSSARY 209 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 217 INDEX 221

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses the fundamental skills, techniques, and tools of auditing, and the characteristics of a good process safety management system. A variety of approaches are given so the reader can select the best methodology for a given audit. This book updates the original CCPS Auditing Guideline project since the implementation of OSHA PSM regulation, and is accompanied by an online download featuring checklists for both the audit program and the audit itself. This package offers a vital resource for process safety and process development personnel, as well as related professionals like insurers.Table of ContentsAcronyms. Glossary. Acknowledgements. Preface. User’s Guide to the Second Edition. Executive Summary. Introduction. Guidance for Chapter 3-24. Process Safety Management Audit Programs. 1.1 Process Safety Management (PSM) Audits and Programs. 1.2 PSM Audit Program Scope. 1.3 PSM Audit Program Guidance. 1. 4 PSM Audit Frequency and Scheduling. 1.5 PSM Audit Staffing. 1.6 Certification of Auditors. 1.7 PSM Audit Criteria and Protocols. 1.8 Audit Reporting. 1.9 Audit Follow-up. 1.10 Quality Assurance. 1.11 Summary. Conducting Process Safety Management Program Audits. 2.1 Audit Planning. 2.2 On-site Audit Activities. 2.3 Gathering, Recording, and Evaluating Audit Data and Information. 2.4 Post-Audit Activities. 2.5 Summary. PSM Applicability. 3.1 Overview. 3.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 3.3 Audit Protocol. Process Safety Culture. 4.1 Overview. 4.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 4.3 Posing Questions to Audit Process Safety Culture. 4.4 Audit Protocol. Compliance with Standards. 5.1 Overview. 5.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 5.3 Audit Protocol. Process Safety Competency. 6.1 Overview. 6.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 6.3 Audit Protocol. Workforce Involvement. 7.1 Overview. 7.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 7.3 Audit Protocol. Stakeholder Outreach. 8.1 Overview. 8.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 8.3 Audit Protocol. Process Knowledge Management. 9.1 Overview. 9.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 9.3 Audit Protocol. Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis. 10.1 Overview. 10.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 103. Audit Protocol. Operating Procedures. 11.1 Overview. 11.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 11.3 Audit Protocol. Safe Work Practices. 12.1 Overview. 12.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 12.3 Audit Protocol. Asset Integrity and Reliability. 13.1 Overview. 13.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 13.3 Audit Protocol. Contractor Management. 14.1 Overview. 14.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 14.3 Audit Protocol. Training and Performance Assurance. 15.1 Overview. 15.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 15.3 Audit Protocol. Management of Change. 16.1 Overview. 16.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 16.3 Audit Protocol. Operational Readiness. 17.1 Overview. 17.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 17.3 Audit Protocol. Conduct of Operations. 18.1 Overview. 18.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 18.3 Audit Protocol. Emergency Management. 19.1 Overview. 19.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 19.3 Audit Protocol. Incident Investigation. 20.1 Overview. 20.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 20.3 Audit Protocol. Measurement and Metrics. 21.1 Overview. 21.2 Related Criteria. 21.3 Voluntary Consensus PSM Programs. 21.4 Audit Protocol. Auditing. 22.1 Overview. 22.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 22.3 Audit Protocol. Management Review and Continuous Improvement. 23.1 Overview. 23.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 23.3 Voluntary Consensus PSM Programs. 23.4 Audit Protocol. Risk Management Programs. 24.1 Overview. 24.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 24.3 Audit Protocol. Appendices. Appendix A: PSM Audit Protocol. Appendix B: PSM Audit Report Templates. Appendix C: Sample PSM Audit Certifications. Appendix D: PSM Audit Plan Templates. Appendix E: Interview Questions for Nonmanagement Personnel. Appendix F: PSM Audit Planning Questionnaire. Appendix G: Integrated Contingency Plan (ICP) Audit Protocol. Appendix H: International PSM Audits. Appendix I: PSM Audit Dilemmas. Appendix J: PSM Audits During Mergers and Acquisitions. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book examines the basic principles for the various approaches used in selecting industrial devices, including: incorporation into commercial measurement devices, suitability within certain process conditions, and advantages/disadvantages relative to competing technologies.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Basic Concepts. 1.1. Continuous vs. Discrete Measurement. 1.2. Continuous vs. Sampled Measurement. 1.3. In-Line, On-Line, and Off-Line. 1.4. Signals and Resolution. 1.5. Zero, Span, and Range. 1.6. Turndown Ratio and Rangeability. 1.7. Accuracy. 1.8. Repeatability. 1.9. Measurement Uncertainty. 1.10. Measurement Decision Risk. 1.11. Calibration. 1.12. Measurement Device Components. 1.13. Current Loop. 1.14. Power Supply and Wiring. 1.15. Serial Communications. 1.16. Smart Transmitters. 1.17. Environmental Issues. 1.18. Explosive Atmospheres. 1.19. Measurement Device Dynamics. 1.20. Filtering and Smoothing. 2. Temperature. 2.1. Heat and Temperature. 2.2. Temperature Scales. 2.3. Thermowells. 2.4. Bimetallic Thermometers. 2.5. Thermocouples. 2.6. Resistance Temperature Detectors. 2.7. Thermistors. 2.8. Temperature Transmitters. 2.9. Pyrometers. 2.10. Others. 3. Pressure. 3.1. Force and Pressure. 3.2. Measures of Pressure. 3.3. Pressure-Sensing Elements. 3.4. Indicators and Switches. 3.5. Pressure Sensor. 3.6. Strain Gauge Pressure Sensors. 3.7. Capacitance Pressure Sensors. 3.8. Resonant Frequency. 3.9. Installation. 3.10. Differential Pressure. 4. Level and Density. 4.1. Level, Volume, and Weight. 4.2. Pressure Transmitter. 4.3. Differential Pressure Transmitter. 4.4. Capacitance and Radio Frequency. 4.5. Ultrasonic. 4.6. Noncontact Radar. 4.7. Guided Wave Radar. 4.8. Nuclear. 4.9. A Few Others. 4.10. Level Switches. 4.11. Interface. 4.12. Density. 5. Flow. 5.1. Mass Flow, Volumetric Flow, and Velocity. 5.2. Static Pressure and Fluid Velocity. 5.3. Flashing and Cavitation. 5.4. Fluid Dynamics. 5.5. Flow Meter Application Data. 5.6. Orifi ce Meter. 5.7. Head Meters. 5.8. Coriolis Meters. 5.9. Magnetic Flow Meter. 5.10. Vortex-Shedding Meter. 5.11. Transit-Time Ultrasonic Flow Meter. 5.12. Doppler Ultrasonic Flow Meter. 5.13. Thermal Flow Meters. 5.14. Turbine Meter. 5.15. Other Flow Meters. 5.16. Flow Switches. Index.

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Book SynopsisLearn to Design the Best Control Configuration for Any Distillation Column Today, distillation is by far the most common separation technique used in the chemical and petroleum industries. All distillation columns need to be carefully controlled in order to meet specified production and quality levels. Distillation Control enables readers to do this by approaching the subject from a process to develop, analyze, and troubleshoot all aspects of column controls. Readers are efficiency and effectiveness and minimizing coats. Distillation Control begins with a chapter dedicated to underlying principles, including separation processes, reflux and boilup ratios, and composition dynamics. Next, the author covers such critical topics as: Composition control Pressure control and condensers Reboilers and feed preheaters Application of feedforward Unit optimization Complex towers As readerTable of ContentsPreface ix 1 Principles 1 1.1. Separation Processes 2 1.2. Total Material Balance 9 1.3. Reflux and Boilup Ratios 13 1.4. Total Material Balance around Condenser 18 1.5. Total Material Balance around Reboiler 21 1.6. Component Material Balances 24 1.7. Energy and the Separation Factor 28 1.8. Multicomponent Distillation 35 1.9. Stage-by-Stage Separation Model 38 1.10. Formulation of the Control Problem 47 1.11. Tower Internals 50 1.12. Flooding 55 1.13. Tray Hydraulics 59 1.14. Inverse Response in Bottoms Level 62 1.15. Composition Dynamics 65 References 69 2 Composition Control 70 2.1. Product Specifications 71 2.2. Columns in Series 75 2.3. Composition Analyzers 78 2.4. Temperature 83 2.5. Distillate Composition Control: Constant Boilup 91 2.6. Distillate Composition Control: Constant Bottoms Flow 96 2.7. Operating Lines 100 2.8. Temperature Profiles 106 2.9. Feed Composition Disturbances 111 2.10. Bottoms Composition Control 116 2.11. Propagation of Variance in Level Control Configurations 122 2.12. Level Control in Direct Material Balance Configurations 126 3 Pressure Control and Condensers 136 3.1. Pressure Control 137 3.2. Once-Through Heat Transfer Processes 142 3.3. Water-Cooled Condensers 147 3.4. Flooded Condensers 151 3.5. Air-Cooled Condensers 159 3.6. Partial Condensers 162 3.7. Atmospheric Towers 167 3.8. Vacuum Towers 169 3.9. Floating Pressure/Pressure Minimization 173 Reference 179 4 Reboilers and Feed Preheaters 180 4.1. Types of Reboilers 181 4.2. Steam-Heated Reboilers 185 4.3. Hot Oil 195 4.4. Fired Heaters 198 4.5. Feed Preheater 200 4.6. Economizer 204 References 208 5 Applying Feedforward 209 5.1. Feed Flow and Composition 210 5.2. Internal Reflux Control 220 5.3. Extreme Feedforward 226 5.4. Feedforward for Bottoms Level 229 5.5. Feedforward for Column Pressure 234 5.6. Product Compositions 238 Reference 242 6 Unit Optimization 243 6.1. Energy and Separation 244 6.2. Optimization of a Column 250 6.3. Constraints in Distillation Columns 255 6.4. Control Configurations for Single Constraint 258 6.5. Control Configurations for Multiple Constraints 266 References 272 7 Double-End Composition Control 273 7.1. Defining the Problem 273 7.2. Options for Composition Control 275 7.3. Relative Gain 283 7.4. Relative Gains from Open Loop Sensitivities 290 7.5. Relative Gains for Other Configurations 294 7.6. Ratios for Manipulated Variables 296 7.7. Effect of Operating Objectives 300 7.8. MPC 303 8 Complex Towers 306 8.1. Heat Integration 307 8.2. Side Heater/Side Cooler 311 8.3. Sidestreams 316 8.4. Withdrawing a Liquid Sidestream 319 8.5. Withdrawing a Vapor Sidestream 322 8.6. Composition Control in Sidestream Towers 324 Index 329

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Book SynopsisThis book provides professionals in the pharmaceutical industries a basic understanding of the key elements of pharmaceutical and biotech manufacturing and design.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 US Regulations for the Pharmaceutical Industries 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The FDA: Formation of a Regulatory Agency 2 1.3 FDA’s Seven Program Centers and Their Responsibility 6 1.3.1 Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research 6 1.3.2 Center for Drug Evaluation and Research 6 1.3.3 Center for Devices and Radiological Health 6 1.3.4 Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition 6 1.3.5 Center for Veterinary Medicine 6 1.3.6 Office of Combinational Products 6 1.3.7 Office of Regulatory Affairs 7 1.4 New Drug Development 7 1.4.1 Discovery 7 1.4.2 Investigational New Drug Application 8 1.4.3 Preclinical Studies (Animal) 9 1.4.4 Clinical Studies 10 1.5 Commercializing the New Drug 16 1.5.1 New Drug Application 17 1.6 Harmonization 23 1.6.1 Common Technical Document 23 1.7 Review Process of US NDA 25 1.8 Current Good Manufacturing Practice in Manufacturing, Processing, Packing, or Holding of Drugs 27 1.8.1 Organization and Personnel 27 1.8.2 Building and Facilities 28 1.8.3 Equipment 28 1.8.4 Control of Components and Drug Product Containers and Closures 29 1.8.5 Production and Process Controls 29 1.8.6 Packaging and Labeling Control 30 1.8.7 Holding and Distribution 31 1.8.8 Laboratory Controls 31 1.8.9 Records and Reports 32 1.8.10 Returned and Salvaged Drug Products 33 1.8.11 Other 33 1.9 Compliance 34 1.9.1 Quality System 35 1.9.2 Facilities and Equipment System 35 1.9.3 Materials System 36 1.9.4 Production System 36 1.9.5 Packaging and Labeling System 36 1.9.6 Laboratory Control System 36 1.10 Electronic Records and Electronic Signatures 37 1.10.1 Electronic Records 37 1.10.2 Electronic Signatures 38 1.11 Employee Safety 38 1.11.1 Process Safety Information 39 1.11.2 Process Hazard Analysis 40 1.11.3 Operating Procedures 41 1.11.4 Training 41 1.11.5 New Facility Startup 41 1.11.6 Mechanical Integrity 42 1.11.7 Hot Work Permit 42 1.11.8 Management of Change 42 1.11.9 Incident Investigation 43 1.11.10 Emergency Planning and Response 43 1.11.11 Compliance Audits 43 1.12 US EPA 43 1.12.1 Clean Air Act 44 1.12.2 Safe Drinking Water Act 45 1.12.3 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 46 1.12.4 Emergency Planning and Community Right‐to‐Know Act 47 1.12.5 Clean Water Act 48 1.13 Process Analytical Technology 49 1.13.1 Process Understanding 49 1.13.2 Principles and Tools 50 1.13.3 Strategy for Implementation 51 1.14 Conclusion 51 References 51 Further Reading 52 2 Pharmaceutical Water Systems 53 2.1 Pharmaceutical Water Systems Basics 53 2.1.1 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics for Pharmaceutical Water Systems 58 2.2 Pharmaceutical Water Equipment 77 2.2.1 Centrifugal Pumps 77 2.2.2 Centrifugal Pump Installation Considerations 81 2.3 Thermodynamics Interlude 82 2.4 Heat Transfer for Pharmaceutical Water Production 90 2.5 Evaporation 109 2.6 Ion Exchange Systems 115 2.7 Reverse Osmosis 116 2.7.1 Principles of Reverse Osmosis 118 2.7.2 Reverse Osmosis Installation and Operational Costs 121 2.7.3 Reverse Osmosis Design Hint 122 2.8 cGMP Design and Facility Maintenance Considerations for Pharmaceutical Water Systems 122 References 128 Further Reading 129 3 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning 131 3.1 Fundamentals of HVAC Electrical Systems 132 3.1.1 Electric Motors 133 3.1.2 Motor Plate and Associated Data 134 3.2 Design Considerations 140 3.2.1 Weather Data 143 3.2.2 Temperature and Humidity 143 3.2.3 Ventilation 147 3.2.4 Air Filtration 149 3.2.5 Internal Loads 150 3.2.6 Air Distribution 150 3.2.7 Room Pressurization 151 3.2.8 Sound and Acoustic Criteria 152 3.2.9 Building Control Systems 158 3.3 Cleanrooms 158 3.3.1 Cleanroom Design Fundamentals 158 3.3.2 Cleanroom Monitoring, Maintenance, and Design Considerations for USP and USP Facilities 169 References 172 Further Reading 172 4 Pressure Vessels, Reactors, and Fermentors 175 4.1 Introduction 175 4.1.1 Pressure Vessels 175 4.1.2 Basics of Pressure Vessel Design and Specifications 178 4.1.3 Pharmaceutical Reactors 188 4.1.4 Kinetics and Reactor Fundamentals 188 4.1.5 Bioreactor Principles 197 4.1.6 Fermentor Principles 209 4.1.7 Heat Transfer Aspects of Fermentors 211 4.1.8 Bioreactor and Fermentor Design, Maintenance, Operating, and cGMP Considerations 214 4.2 Safety Relief Valves and Rupture Discs 219 4.2.1 Safety Relief Devices, Definition of Terms 219 4.2.2 Relief Valve Design and Specifications 223 4.2.3 Requirements and Capacity 223 References 237 Further Reading 238 5 Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability 239 5.1 Introduction to RAM 239 5.2 The Role of Reliability 240 5.3 The Role of Maintainability 247 5.4 The Preventive Maintenance Program 252 5.4.1 System Replacement Considerations 253 5.5 Human Factors 254 5.6 The Role of Availability 259 5.7 Basic Mathematics for Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability 259 5.8 Series and Parallel Configurations 271 5.9 Spares and Replacement Parts 271 References 276 Further Reading 277 6 Parenteral Operations 279 6.1 Introduction 279 6.2 Parenteral Definitions, Regulations, and Guidelines 280 6.2.1 Nomenclature and Definitions 280 6.3 Lyophilization 282 6.3.1 Background 282 6.3.2 Lyophilization Glossary 283 6.3.3 Lyophilizer Design and Operation 284 6.4 Lyophilizer Maintenance Issues 294 6.4.1 Maintenance Systems Analysis 294 References 296 Further Reading 296 7 Tableting Technology 299 7.1 Introduction 299 7.2 The Role of the FDA in the Manufacturing, Processing, Packing, and Holding of Drugs: The Relationship Between Regulations and Pharmaceutical Engineering 300 7.3 Tablet Blending Operations 304 7.3.1 Dry Granulation 305 7.3.2 Wet Granulation 320 7.4 Tableting Operations 322 7.4.1 Tablet Manufacturing 324 7.4.2 Tablet Press Maintenance 329 7.5 Coating 330 7.5.1 Tablet Coating 330 7.5.2 Tablet Coater Maintenance 331 7.6 Capsules 333 7.6.1 Capsule Fundamentals 334 7.6.2 Capsule Materials and Manufacturing 334 References 337 Further Reading 338 8 Corrosion and Passivation in Pharmaceutical Operations 339 8.1 Corrosion 339 8.2 Corrosion and Corrosion Protection in Pharmaceutical Operations 339 8.2.1 Definition of Corrosion 343 8.2.2 Corrosion Fundamentals 343 8.3 General Corrosion Protection in Pharmaceutical Operations 344 8.3.1 Electrochemical Action 344 8.3.2 Environmental Characteristics and Corrosion 349 8.3.3 Properties of Metals that Influence Corrosion 350 8.3.4 Effects of Fabrication and Assembly on Corrosion 350 8.3.5 Protective Films and Corrosion 352 8.3.6 Corrosion Activity in Solutions 352 8.3.7 Types of Corrosion 354 8.4 Corrosion‐ Resistant Metals and Alloys 365 8.4.1 Iron Alloys 366 8.4.2 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys 367 8.5 Passivation and Rouging 368 8.5.1 Passivation 368 8.5.2 Rouging 369 8.6 General Corrosion Protective Measures 370 8.6.1 General Design Considerations for Corrosion Prevention 370 8.7 Pourbaix Diagrams 374 References 377 Further Reading 378 9 Pharmaceutical Materials of Construction 379 9.1 Introduction 379 9.2 Materials Selection and Performance Requirements 379 9.2.1 Introduction of Polymeric Materials for Single Use Systems 380 9.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Stainless Steels and Polymers for cGMP and Non‐cGMP Pharmaceutical Applications 381 9.4 Disposal of Single Use Components 382 9.5 Performance Considerations for Pharmaceutical Materials of Construction 392 9.5.1 Stainless Steels 392 9.5.2 Copper and Copper Alloys 394 9.5.3 Carbon Steels and Alloy Steels 396 9.5.4 Polymeric Materials: Overview 399 9.5.5 Preventing Pharmaceutical Materials Component Materials Failures 402 9.6 Practical Piping Calculations 403 References 408 Further Reading 409 10 Commissioning and Validation 411 10.1 Introduction to Commissioning and Validation 411 10.1.1 Introduction to Construction Specifications 411 10.2 Commissioning 416 10.2.1 Description of Tasks 419 10.2.2 Commissioning Costs 425 10.3 Validation 425 10.4 Process Validation 459 10.5 Electronic Records and Electronic Signatures 484 10.5.1 Application of Risk Assessment Methods to Outsourcing 491 10.5.2 Validation Costs 492 10.6 Comparison Between Commissioning and Validation 493 References 493 Further Reading 493 11 Topics and Concepts Relating to Pharmaceutical Engineering 495 11.1 Preliminary Concepts 495 11.1.1 Basic Statistical Concepts and Computational Techniques 495 11.2 Introduction to Six Sigma 508 11.2.1 Six Sigma Organization and Background 508 11.2.2 DMAIC: The Basic Six Sigma Acronym 514 11.2.3 Define 514 11.2.4 Measure 516 11.2.5 Analyze 519 11.2.6 Improve 520 11.2.7 Control 523 11.2.8 Lean Six Sigma 524 11.3 Process Analytical Technology 530 11.4 Quality by Design 537 References 540 Further Reading 540 Index 543

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThere have been many volumes written that claim to be the most comprehensive compendium or handbook on chemical data. These wieldy volumes are often too big and extraneous to be useful to the practicing engineer.Table of ContentsPreface Author Biographies. List of Tables. 1. Corrosion. 1.1 General Information. 1.2 Types of Corrosion. 1.3 Materials Evaluation and Selection. 1.4 Corrosion Data. 2. Material Properties and Selection. 2.1 General Properties and Selection Criteria. 2.2 Cast Irons. 2.2.1 Gray Cast Iron. 2.2.2 White Cast Iron. 2.2.3 Malleable Cast Iron. 2.2.4 Nodular Cast Iron. 2.2.5 Austenitic Cast Iron. 2.2.6 Abrasion Resistance. 2.2.7 Corrosion Resistance. 2.2.8 Temperature Resistance. 2.2.9 Welding Cast Iron. 2.3 Steels. 2.3.1 Low Carbon Steels (Mild Steel). 2.3.2 Corrosion Resistance. 2.3.3 Heat Resistance. 2.3.4 Low Temperatures. 2.3.5 High-Carbon Steels. 2.3.6 Low-Carbon, Low-Alloy Steels. 2.3.7 Mechanical Properties. 2.3.8 Corrosion Resistance. 2.3.9 Oxidation Resistance and Creep Strength. 2.3.10 Low-Temperature Ductility. 2.3.11 High-Carbon, Low-Alloy Steels. 2.3.12 High-Alloy Steels. 2.3.12.1 Chromium Steels (400 Series), Low-Carbon Ferritic (Type 405). 2.3.12.2 Medium Carbon Martensitic. 2.3.12.3 Medium Carbon Ferrule. 2.3.12.4 Chromium/Nickel Austenitic Steels (300 Series). 2.3.13 Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels. 2.4 Materials Properties Data Tables. 3. Property Tables of Various Liquids, Gases, and Fuels. 3.1 General Properties of Hydrocarbons. 3.1.1 General Information. 3.1.2 Isomers. 3.1.3 Alkenes. 3.1.4 Alkynes. 3.1.5 Straight-Chain Hydrocarbon Nomenclature. 3.1.6 Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 3.1.7 Hydrocarbon Derivatives. 3.1.8 Halogenated Hydrocarbons. 3.1.9 Alcohols. 3.1.10 Ethers. 3.1.11 Ketones. 3.1.12 Aldehydes. 3.1.13 Peroxides. 3.1.14 Esters. 3.1.15 Amines. 3.2 Fuel Properties. 3.2.1 Crude Oil. 3.2.2 Gasoline. 3.2.3 Bioethanol and ETBE. 3.2.4 Diesel Oil, Kerosene, Jet A1, and Biodiesel. 3.2.5 Fuel Oil. 3.2.6 Natural Gas, Biogas, LPG and Methane Hydrates. 3.2.7 Hydrogen. 4. General Guidelines on Fire Protection, Evacuation, First Responder, and Emergency Planning. 4.1 Flammability Properties. 4.1.1.1 General Information. 4.1.1.2 Flammability Designation. 4.1.2 Ignition Temperature. 4.1.3 Flammability Limits. 4.1.4 Vapor Density. 4.1.5 Specific Gravity. 4.1.6 Water Solubility. 4.1.7 Responding to Fires. 4.1.8 Firefighting Agents. 4.1.8.1 Water. 4.1.8.2 Foam. 4.1.8.3 Alcohol-Resistant Foams. 4.1.8.4 High Expansion Foams. 4.1.8.5 Other Extinguishing Agents. 4.1.8.6 Carbon Dioxide. 4.1.9 Electrical Fire Prevention. 4.1.10 Firefighting Guidance. 4.1.10.1 Types. 4.1.10.2 Firefighting Agents and Extinguishers. 4.1.10.3 Vehicles. 4.1.10.4 Firefighting Gear. 4.1.11 Specialized Rescue Procedures. 4.1.12 First Responder to Electrical Fire Incidents. 4.1.13 Evacuation Planning. 4.1.13.1 Designated Roles and Responsibilities. 4.1.13.2 Preparation & Planning for Emergencies. 4.1.14 Evacuation Procedure. 4.1.15 General. 4.1.16 Template for Emergency Evacuation Plan. 5. Chemical Data. 6. Chemical Safety Data. 7. Recommended Safe Levels of Exposure. 8. Fire and Chemical Reactivity Data.

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Book SynopsisThis handbook provides a framework for understanding how to characterize plastic manufacturing processes for use in troubleshooting problems. The 21 chapters are authored by well-known and experienced engineers who have specialized knowledge about the processes covered in this practical guide. From the Preface: In every chapter, the process is described and the most common problems are discussed along with the root causes and potential technical solutions. Numerous case studies are provided that illustrate the troubleshooting process. Mark A. Spalding, The Dow Chemical CompanyTable of ContentsPreface xvii 1. The Economics of Troubleshooting Polymer Processing Systems 1 2. Troubleshooting Philosophy 19 3. Statistical Tools for Trouble Shooting a Process 25 4. Single Screw Extrusion 45 5. Troubleshooting the Co-rotating Fully Intermeshing Twin-screw Compounding System 53 6. Troubleshooting for Injection Molding 65 7. Blown Film 85 8. Cast Film Troubleshooting 109 9. Oriented Films – Trouble Shooting and Characterization 129 10. Troubleshooting the Thermoforming Process 163 11. Proper Equipment Processing for Industrial/Technical Blow Molding 213 12. PET Stretch Blow Molding 13. Blow Molding – Problems and Solutions 275 14. Extrusion Coating Troubleshooting 293 15. Adhesive and Thermal Lamination 309 16. Troubleshooting for Retomolding 323 17. Plastics Calendering 355 18. Compression Molding 375 19. Transfer molding 389 20. Pultrusion Process Troubleshooting 399 21. Troubleshooting Static Problems in Plastics Processes 433 References 470 Recommended reading for further study 471 Index 473

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Book SynopsisThis updated version of one of the most popular and widely used CCPS books provides plant design engineers, facility operators, and safety professionals with key information on selected topics of interest. The book focuses on process safety issues in the design of chemical, petrochemical, and hydrocarbon processing facilities. It discusses how to select designs that can prevent or mitigate the release of flammable or toxic materials, which could lead to a fire, explosion, or environmental damage. Key areas to be enhanced in the new edition include inherently safer design, specifically concepts for design of inherently safer unit operations and Safety Instrumented Systems and Layer of Protection Analysis. This book also provides an extensive bibliography to related publications and topic-specific information, as well as key information on failure modes and potential design solutions.Trade Review“I highly recommend it to process design engineers, project engineers, facility operators, and process safety/loss prevention specialists who will find it very useful." (Process Safety Progress, 1 November 2012) “While detailed engineering designs are outside the scope of the book, the authors provide extensive references to assist designers who wish to go beyond safety philosophy to the specifics of a particular safety system design.” (Chemical Engineering Progress, 1 August 2012)Table of ContentsAcronyms and Abbreviations xv Glossary xxi Acknowledgments xxxiii Foreward xxxv Preface xxxvii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Engineering Design for Process Safety Through the Life Cycle of the Facility 2 1.2 Regulatory Review / Impact on Process Safety 5 1.3 Who Will Benefit From These Guidelines? 7 1.4 Organization of this Book 7 1.5 Other CCPS Resources 9 1.6 References 10 2. Foundational Concepts 13 2.1 Understanding the Hazard 14 2.2 Risk-Based Design 21 2.3 Intentional Unsteady State Condition Evaluation 27 2.4 Unintentional Unsteady State Issues 31 2.5 Non-Linearity of the Design Process 33 2.6 References 36 3. Basic Physical Properties / Thermal Stability Data 39 3.1 Basic Physical Properties 39 3.2 Flammability Data 40 3.3 Reactivity / Thermal Stability Data 47 3.4 References 60 4. Analysis Techniques 63 4.1 Hazard Identification 63 4.2 Hazard Analysis Techniques 94 4.3 Risk Assessment 108 4.4 Reliability / Maintainability Analysis 118 4.5 References 119 5. General Design 123 5.1 Safeguarding Strategies 123 5.2 Inherently Safer Design 128 5.3 Basic Process Control Systems 132 5.4 Instrumented Safety Systems 135 5.5 Process Design / Process Chemistry 135 5.6 Plant Siting and Layout 137 5.7 Materials of Construction 140 5.8 Corrosion 143 5.9 Civil / Structural / Support Design 146 5.10 Thermal Insulation 150 5.11 Human Factors in Design 155 5.12 Site Security Issues 158 5.13 References 161 6. Equipment Design 165 6.1 Vessels 167 6.2 Reactors 183 6.3 Mass Transfer Equipment 194 6.4 Heat Transfer Equipment 204 6.5 Dryers 214 6.6 Fluid Transfer Equipment 223 6.7 Solid-Fluid Separators 236 6.8 Solids Handling and Processing Equipment 244 6.9 Fired Equipment 256 6.10 Piping and Piping Components 266 6.11 Material Handling and Warehousing 291 6.12 Utility Systems 305 7. Protection Layers 315 7.1 Ignition Control 316 7.2 Instrumented Safety Systems 325 7.3 Pressure / Vacuum Relief Systems 332 7.4 Equipment Isolation / Blowdown 340 7.5 Effluent Disposal Systems 342 7.6 Emergency Response Alarm Systems 350 7.7 Fire Protection 357 7.8 Deflagration / Detonation Arresters 363 7.9 Explosion Suppression 366 7.10 Specialty Mitigation Systems 369 7.11 Effluent Handling / Post-Release Mitigation / Waste Treatment Issues 372 7.12 References 374 8. Documentation to Support Process Safety 379 8.1 Process Knowledge Management 379 8.2 Engineering Design Package 384 8.3 Operating / Maintenance Procedures 385 8.4 Asset Integrity / Reliability / Predictive Maintenance Data 389 8.5 References 390

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Book SynopsisForeword by Professor Menachem Elimelech, Yale University, USA This 3-volume thematic work provides critical assessment of the status and advancements in materials and fabrication of membranes, membrane based processes, and applications critical to industrial applications and research from fundamental and practical levels.Table of ContentsForeword Menachem Elimelech Part I. Membrane Separation and Transport Introduction Eric M.V. Hoek, Volodymyr V. Tarabara, and MaryTheresa M. Pendergast Solution-diffusion processes Arne R.D. Verliefde, Paul Van der Meeren, and Bart Van der Bruggen Inorganic Membrane Filtration, Modeling Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Weihong Xing, Weixing Li, Yiqun Fan, Wanqin Jin, and Nanping Xu Mechanistic Modeling of Transport in Nanofiltration Anthony Szymczyk Mass transport in ion-exchange membranes Yoshinobu Tanaka Gas separation membranes Ho Bum Park Gas Transport in Dense Polymeric Membranes, Molecular Dynamics Simulations Sylvie Neyertz Scaling Jack Gilron Pore blocking models Chia-Chi Ho Cake/Biofilm enhanced concentration polarization Jenia Gutman and Moshe Herzberg Fouling in membrane bioreactors Anusha Kola, Yun Ye, and Vicki Chen Part II. Membrane Materials, Characterization, and Module Design Membrane Materials and Module Development, Historical Perspective Jane Kucera Track-etching Pavel Apel Micro-engineered membranes Cees. J.M. van Rijn Mixed-matrix membranes Ryan Adams, J.R. Johnson, Chen Zhang, Ryan Lively, Ying Dai, O. Esekhile, Junqiang Liu, and W.J. Koros Thin Films and Membranes with Hierarchical Porosity Dan Li, Jianfeng Yao, and Huanting Wang Surface modification of membranes Yan Fang, Jian Wu, and Zhi-Kang Xu Ion exchange membranes Yaoming Wang and Tongwen Xu Solvent Resistant Nanofiltration Membranes Katrien Hendrix and Ivo Vankelecom Liquid membranes, supported and emulsion Gloria Villora Inorganic membranes Shaomin Liu, Xiaoyao Tan, and Kang Li Thin inorganic porous hollow fiber membranes Mieke W.J. Luiten-Olieman, Michiel J.T. Raaijmakers, Arian Nijmeijer, and Nieck E. Benes Interfacial polymerization Benjamin J. Feinberg and Eric M.V. Hoek Thin-Film Ceramic Membranes C. Yacou, D. Wang, J. Motuzas, X. Zhang, S. Smart, and J. C Diniz da Costa Sol-gel-derived silica membranes Masakoto Kanezashi Ionic Liquids in Gas Separation Membranes Jason E. Bara Carbon membranes Ahmad Fauzi Ismail Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity Neil B. McKeown and Peter M. Budd Silica Colloidal Nanoporous Membranes Amir Khabibullin and Ilya Zharov Gold Nanotube Membranes Leonora Velleman, Joe G. Shapter, and Dosan Losic Biological and Biomimetic Membranes Manish Kumar, Yue-xiao Shen, and Patrick O. Saboe Stimuli-responsive membranes Kin-Ho Wee and Renbi Bai Constitutional dynameric networks for membranes Mihail Barboiu Photocatalytic ceramic membranes Abolfazl Zakersalehi, Joel Andersen, Hyeok Choi, and Dionysios D. Dionysiou Superhydrophobic Biomimetic Fibrous Membranes Aikifa Raza and Bin Ding Membrane characterization Roy Bernstein, Yair Kaufman, and Viatcheslav Freger Porosity José Ignacio Calvo Díez, Aldo Bottino, Pedro Prádanos, Laura Palacio, and Antonio Hernández Membrane integrity monitoring Vitaly Gitis and Gadi Rothenberg Membrane Characterization by Atomic Force Microscopy Daniel J. Johnson and Nidal Hilal Microanalysis of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes Orlando Coronell, Marc ter Horst, and Carrie Donley Design and Construction of Commercial Spiral Wound Modules Jon E. Johnson Dynamic crossflow filtration Michel Y. Jaffrin Part III. Membrane Processes Microfiltration Shankar Chellam Ultrafiltration James E. Kilduff Nanofiltration Bart Van der Bruggen Diafiltration Zoltan Kovacs and Peter Czermak Hybrid processes combining sorption and membrane filtration Nalan Kabay and Marek Bryjak Reverse osmosis Lianfa Song, Cui Liu, and Shuang Liang Forward Osmosis Jeffrey McCutcheon Pressure-retarded osmosis Amy Childress Electro-Membrane Processes Ajay K. Singh and Vinod K. Shahi Reverse electrodialysis Odne S. Burheim, Jon G. Pharoah, David Vermaas, B. B. Sales, K. Nijmeijer, and H. V. M. Hamelers Membrane electrolysis Pierre Millet Pervaporation Anne Jonquières CO2 capture Xuezhong He, Qiang Yu, May-Britt Hägg Metallic Membranes for High Temperature Hydrogen Separation Yi Hua Ma, Jacopo Catalano, and Federico Guazzone Natural gas purification Haiqing Lin, Lloyd S. White, Kaaeid Lokhandwala, and Richard W. Baker Oxygen-nitrogen separation Dipak Rana and Takeshi Matsuura Membrane contactors Alessandra Criscuoli Catalytic membrane reactors Sahar Soltani, Muhammad Sahimi, and Theodore Tsotsis Membrane Aerated Biofilm Reactors Eoin Syron and Eoin Casey Membrane reactors, Applications Angelo Basile, Simona Liguori, and Adolfo Iulianelli Part IV. Membrane Applications Seawater Desalination - Cost and Technology Trends Nikolay Voutchkov Membrane Bioreactors, Applications to Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Stefan Krause and Christoph Thiemig Membranes for Osmotic Power S.T.V. Sim, Rong Wang, M. Tian, and A.G. Fane Organic Solvent Nanofiltration György Székely, Patrizia Marchetti, Maria F. Jimenez-Solomon, and Andrew G. Livingston Gas separation, Applications A. Brunetti, G. Barbieri, and Enrico Drioli Analytical applications of membranes Merlin L. Bruening Conducting Polymer Membranes Krzysztof Maksymiuk and Agata Michalska Application of membranes in biotechnology Raja Ghosh Applications of supported liquid membranes and emulsion liquid membranes Raffaele Molinari and Pietro Argurio Applications of pertraction in biotechnology D.Cascaval, Anca-Irina Galaction, and D. Boldureanu Polymer Membranes for fuel cells R. Wycisk, J. Ballengee and Peter N. Pintauro Polymeric Membranes for Energy Applications Tai-Shung Chung Food Industry Applications Frank Lipnizki Membrane-based treatment of textile industry wastewaters Ismail Koyuncu Membrane-based techniques for nuclear waste processing Anil Kumar Pabby, J.V. Sonawane, and Ana M. Sastre Membrane-based treatment of pulp and paper industry wastewaters Mari Kallioinen, Mika Mänttäri, and Marianne Nystrom Enantioselective Membranes Masakazu Yoshikawa and Akon Higuchi Membranes for Microfluidic Applications Goran T. Vladisavljeviæ, Isao Kobayashi, and Mitsutoshi Nakajima Part V. Membrane Terminology, Societies, Conferences, and Periodicals Membrane Terminology Michael D. Guiver, Eric M.V. Hoek, Victor Nikonenko, Volodymyr V. Tarabara , and Andrew L. Zydney International Membrane Societies Christopher A. Crock and Pejman Ahmadiannamini Membrane Related Conferences, Seminars, Symposia and Workshops Emily N. Tummons and Miguel Herrera-Robledo Membrane Related Research Periodicals Emily N. Tummons and Miguel Herrera-Robledo

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Book SynopsisOnium ions play a very significant role in chemistry as they are often used as catalysts in reactions. This book covers the different roles of onium ions as catalysts in reactions, as reagents and electrophilic reagents in chemical synthesis, and how they can be prepared.Table of ContentsAzonium Ions. Oxonium Ions. Sulfonium, Selenonium, Telluronium Ions. Phosphonium and Arsonium Ions. Halonium Ions. Carboxonium, Carbosulfonium and Carbazonium Ions. Carbonium Ions. Siliconium Ions. Onium Dications. Index.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive, up-to-date reference to synthetic applications of organosilicon chemistry Organic, organometallic, and polymer chemistry as well as materials science all utilize silicon in various forms, yet there is little cross-fertilization of ideas and applications among the disciplines.Trade Review"...this book provides a good 'state-of-the-art' compilations and evaluation at the turn of the century. This work should be included in any chemistry reference collection." (Choice, Vol. 38, No. 8, April 2001) "This book was a pleasure to read. It is very well written in a relaxed chatty style that conveys the obvious deep interest and delight the author brings to the subject...the book can quite rightly claim to be the 'Eaborn' of the 2000s." (Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 123, No. 5, November 2000) In recent years there have been several books published that describe the various topical uses of silicon in organic synthesis. All of these books have been useful, but they did not present the broader picture of how the chemistry of the element silicon has had a major impact on many technologies. The author refers to some earlier "classical" books on silicon chemistry, particularly Eaborn's text of the 1960s, that set a very high and comprehensive standard by which to be judged. Without a doubt, Michael Brook has met this standard. This book was a pleasure to read. It is very well written in a relaxed and chatty style that conveys the obvious deep interest and delight the author brings to the subject. There are an impressive number of references to substantiate this scholarly text. One minor point that might (subjectively) make the book even better would be to place Chapter 14 (Electronic Effects of Silyl Group) earlier since it so germane to all of the book. The price is high, but not unreasonably so, and the book can quite rightly claim to be the "Eaborn" of the 2000s. (Phillip Magnus, University of Texas at Austin) "...Brook discusses selected topics regarding synthesis he considers of most use to graduate students and practicing chemists." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 24, No. 4, December 2000) "...this is a completely successful book..." (Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 3rd November 2000)Table of ContentsFUNDAMENTALS OF SILICON REACTIVITY: REACTIVE INTERMEDIATES AND REACTION MECHANISMS. Organosilanes: Where to Find Them, What to Call Them, How to Detect Them. Atomic and Molecular Properties of Silicon. Silicon-Based Reactive Intermediates. Extracoordination at Silicon. Reaction Mechanisms for Nucleophilic Substitution at Silicon. THE FORMATION AND CLEAVAGE OF NON-CARBON BONDS TO SILICON: APPLICATIONS IN ORGANIC AND POLYMER CHEMISTRY. Silicon and Transition Metal Chemistry. Hydrosilanes as Reducing Agents. Replacing H with Si: Silicon-Based Reagents. Silicones. Siloxanes Based on T and Q Units. Other Silicon-Containing Polymers. THE FORMATION AND CLEAVAGE OF SILICON-CARBON BONDS: APPLICATIONS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS. Formation of Si-C Bonds: The Synthesis of Functional Organosilanes. Silicon in a Biological Environment. Silicon in the Organic World: Electronic Effects of Silyl Groups. Rearrangements. Cleavage of Si-C Bonds. Indices of Functional Group Transformations. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisContains a balanced discussion of homogeneous catalytic reactions that are used in industry, featuring every documented example employed in a current commercial process, or that have a broad application in the organic synthesis laboratory. Incorporates synthesis with chiral catalysts in chapters on hydrogenation, CO chemistry and olefin oxidation. New additions include Tennessee Eastman''s coal-based acetic anhydride plant and IFP''s Dimersol process for dimerizing propylene as well as major changes in the areas on pharmaceuticals, flavors, fragrances, agricultural and electronic chemicals.Table of ContentsTrends in Homogeneous Catalysis in Industry. Isomerization of Olefins. Reactions of Olefins and Dienes--Hydrogenation and HY Additions. Polymerization and Oligomerization of Olefins and Dienes. Reactions of Carbon Monoxide. Oxidation of Olefins and Dienes. Arene Reactions. Reactions of Acetylenes. Carbene Complexes in Olefin Metathesis and Ring-Forming Reactions. Oxidation of Hydrocarbons by Oxygen. Esterification, Polycondensation, and Related Processes. Homogeneous Catalysis in Halocarbon Chemistry. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe volumes of Organic Reactions are collections of chapters each devoted to a single reaction, or a definite phase of a reaction, of wide applicability. The material is treated from a preparative viewpoint, with emphasis on limitations, interfering influences, effects of structure, and the selection of experimental techniques. Numerous detailed procedures illustrate the significant modifications of each method. Includes tables that contain all possible examples of the reaction under consideration.Table of ContentsThe Pauson-Khand Cycloaddition Reaction for Synthesis ofCyclopentenones (N. Schore). Reduction with Diimide (D. Pasto & R. Taylor). The Pummerer Reaction of Sulfinyl Compounds (O. De Lucchi, etal.). The Catalyzed Nucleophilic Addition of Aldehydes to ElectrophilicDouble Bonds (H. Stetter & H. Kuhlmann). Author Index, Volumes 1-40. Chapters and Topic Index, Volumes 1-40.

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Book SynopsisThe latest volume in this series for organic chemists in industry presents critical discussions of widely used organic reactions or particular phases of a reaction. The material is treated from a preparative viewpoint, with emphasis on limitations, interfering influences, effects of structure and the selection of experimental techniques. Numerous detailed procedures illustrate the significant modifications of each method. Includes tables that contain all possible examples of the reaction under consideration.Table of ContentsDivinylcylopropane--Cycloheptadiene Rearrangement (T. Hudlicky, etal.). Formation of Carbon-Carbon Bonds via Organocopper Reagents (BLipshutz & S. Sengupta). Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThis is a revised and expanded edition of a major reference work offering complete coverage of Russian chemical terms, along with their English translations.Table of ContentsNot Obtainable.

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Book SynopsisA highly practical troubleshooting tool for today's complex processing industry Evolving industrial technology-driven by the need to increase safety while reducing production losses-along with environmental factors and legal concerns has resulted in an increased emphasis on sound troubleshooting techniques and documentation.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 2. Strength of Materials. 2.1 Load Calculations. 2.2 Stress Calculations. 2.2.1 Axial. 2.2.2 Shear. 2.2.3 Bending. 2.2.4 Torsional. 2.2.5 Combined Stresses. 2.2.6 Thermal Stresses. 2.2.7 Transient Temperatures and Stresses. 2.2.8 High Temperature Creep. 2.2.9 Shell Stresses. 2.3 Piping Thermal Forces, Moments, Frequencies. 2.3.1 Piping Failures. 2.4 Allowable and Design Stresses. 2.5 Fatigue Due to Cyclic Loading. 2.6 Elongation and Deflection Calculations. 2.7 Factors of Safety. 2.8 Case History: Agitator Bearing Loading. 2.9 Case History: Shaft Failure. 2.10 Dynamic Loading. 2.10.1 Centrifugal Force. 2.10.2 Inertia's and WR2. 2.10.3 Energy Relationships. 2.11 Case History: Centrifuge Bearing Failures. 2.12 Case History: Bird Impact Force on a Windscreen. 2.13 Case History: Torsional Impact on a Propeller. 2.14 Case History: Start-up Torque on a Motor Coupling. 2.15 Case History: Frictional Clamping Due to Bolting. 2.16 Case History: Failure of a Connecting Rod in a Race Car. 2.17 Bolting. 2.17.1 Holding Capacity. 2.17.2 Limiting Torque. 2.17.3 Bolt Elongation and Relaxation. 2.17.4 Torquing Methods. 2.17.5 Fatigue of Bolts. 2.17.6 Stripping Strength of Threads. 2.17.7 Case History: A Power Head Gasket Leak. 2.18 Ball and Roller Bearing Life Estimates. 2.18.1 Case History: Bearing Life of a Shaft Support. 2.18.2 Coupling Offset and Bearing Life. 2.19 Hydrodynamic Bearings. 2.19.1 Shell and Pad Failures. 2.20 Gears. 2.20.1 Gear Acceptability Calculations. 2.20.2 Case History: Up-Rate Acceptability of a Gear Unit. 2.21 Interference Fits. 2.21.1 Keyless Hydraulically Fitted Hubs. 2.21.2 Case History: Taper Fit Holding Ability. 2.21.3 Case History: The Flying Hydraulically Fitted Hub. 2.22 Strength of Welds. 2.23 Fatigue of Welds. 2.24 Repair of Machinery. 2.24.1 Shafts. 2.24.2 Housing and Cases. 2.24.3 Gearboxes. 2.24.4 Sleeve bearings and Bushing Clearances. 2.24.5 Alignments. 2.24.6 Acceptable Coupling Offset and Angular Misalignment. 2.24.7 Vibration Measurements. 2.25 Interpreting Mechanical Failures. 2.25.1 Failures with Axial, Bending and Torsional Loading. 2.25.2 Gear Teeth Failures. 2.25.3 Spring Failures. 2.25.4 Bolt Failures. 2.25.5 Bearing Failures. 2.25.6 Reading a Bearing. 2.25.7 Large Gearbox Keyway / Shaft Failures. 2.26 Case History: Sizing a Bushing Running Clearance. 2.27 Case History: Galling of a Shaft In A Bushing. 2.28 Case History: Remaining Fatigue Life with Cyclic Stresses. 2.29 A Procedure for Evaluating Gasket Joints. 2.30 Gaskets In High Temperature Service. 2.31 "O" Ring Evaluation. 2.32 Case History: Gasket Won't Pass Hydrotest. 2.33 Case History: Heat Exchanger Leak Due to Temperature. 2.34 Wear of Equipment. 2.35 Case History: Excessive Wear of a Ball Valve. 3. Vibration Analysis. 3.1 Spring /Mass Systems and Resonance. 3.2 Case History: Critical Speed Problem on Steam Turbine. 3.3 Determining Vibration Amplitudes. 3.3.1 Allowable Levels for X or F at Resonance . 3.4 Case History: Vibratory Torque on Gear of a Ship System. 3.5 Torsional Vibration. 3.6 Case History: Torsional Vibration of Motor-Generator-Blower. 3.7 Vibration Diagnosis and Campbell Diagrams. 3.8 Case History: The Effect of a Suddenly Applied Torsional Load. 3.9 Flow Induced Vibrations. 3.10 Case History: Heat Exchanger Tube Vibration. 3.11 Case History: Piping Vibration Failures. 4. Fluid Flow. 4.1 Continuity Equations. 4.2 Bernoulli's Equations. 4.3 Pressure Drop. 4.4 Forces Due to Fluids. 4.5 Case History: A Piping Failure Due to Water Hammer. 4.6 Case History: A Centrifugal Pump System. 4.6.1 System Curves. 4.6.2 Pump Curves. 4.6.3 Net Positive Suction Head NPSH. 4.6.4 Pump Laws. 4.6.5 Series and Parallel Pump Operation. 4.6.6 Blocked In Pump Concern. 4.6.7 Cryogenic Service Concerns. 4.6.8 Pump Control. 4.7 Case History: Wreck of a Centrifugal Pump. 4.8 Case History: Airfoil Aerodynamic Loads. 4.9 Case History: Pressure Loss Through Slots. 4.10 Friction Losses in Piping Systems. 4.11 Case History: Pipe Friction. 5. Heat Transfer. 5.1 Conduction. 5.2 Convection. 5.3 Radiation. 5.4 Heat Sources. 5.5 Case History: Insulation Burn-Out of a Resistor Bank. 5.6 Case History: Embedded Bearing Temperature. 5.7 Types of Heat Exchangers. 5.8 Heat Exchanger Design. 5.9 Case History: Verifying the Size of an Oil Cooler. 5.10 Case History: Temperature Distribution Along a Flare Line. 5.11 Case History: Derivation of a Pipe Temperature Distribution. 6. Compressor Systems and Thermodynamics. 6.1 Ideal Gas Laws. 6.2 Case History: Non - Relieving Explosion Relief Valve. 6.3 The Energy Equation. 6.4 Case History: Air Conditioner Feasibility Study. 6.5 Centrifugal Compressor Operation. 6.6 Compressor Configurations. 6.7 Centrifugal Compressor Head, Flow and Horsepower. 6.8 Compressor Surge. 6.9 Fan Laws. 6.10 Flow - Head Curve Troubleshooting. 6.11 Reciprocating Gas Compressors. 6.12 Component Failures and Prevention. 6.13 Reciprocating Compressor Horsepower Calculations. 6.14 Troubleshooting Reciprocating Compressors Using Gas Calculations. 6.15 Mechanical Seals. 6.16 Flexible Gear, Diaphragm and Disc Pack Couplings. 7. Statistics. 7.1 Average, Range, Variance, Standard Deviation. 7.2 Histograms and Normal Distributions. 7.3 Case History: Power Cylinder Life Comparison. 7.4 Mean Time Between Failures. 7.5 Case History: MTBF for a Gas Engine Compressor. 7.6 Reliability. 7.7 Deterministic and Probabilistic Modeling. 8. Problem Solving and Decision Making. 8.1 The 80-20 Relationship. 8.2 Going Through the Data. 8.3 A Problem Solving Technique. 8.4 Case History: Loss of a Slurry Pump. 8.5 Case History: The Fatigued Motor Shaft. 8.6 Case History: Coupling Failure. 8.7 Case History: Motorcycle Won't Start. 8.8 Case History: Galled Die. 8.9 Seven Causes. 8.10 A Decision Making Technique. 8.11 Case History: Selection of a Barrel Lifter. 9. Materials of Construction. 9.1 Carbon Steel. 9.2 High Strength Low Alloy Steels. 9.3 Martensitic Stainless Steels. 9.4 Austenitic Stainless Steels. 9.5 Monel 400. 9.6 17-4 PH. 9.7 Incoloy 825. 9.8 Inconel 718. 9.9 Structural Steels. 9.10 All Steels Are Not The Same. 9.11 Useful Material Properties. 9.12 Heat Treatments. 9.13 Failure Modes of Shafts, Bolting, Structures and Vessels. 9.14 Fretting Corrosion. 10. Mechanical System Modeling with Case Histories. 10.1 Sizing Up the Problem. 10.2 Case Histories. 10.3 Failures Caused by Excessive Loads:. 10.3.1 Case History: An Agitator Bolt Failure. 10.3.2 Case History: Loosening of Counterweight Bolt. 10.3.3 Case History: Evaluating Internal Thread Strip - Out. 10.3.4 Case History: Analyzing a Spline Failure. 10.3.5 Case History: The Bending of Impeller Blades . 10.3.6 Case History: A Compressor Rod Failure. 10.3.7 Case History: Seal Failure Due to Misalignment of an Agitator Shaft. 10.3.8 Case History: Gear Tooth Pitting Failure. 10.3.9 Case History: Impact Load Effect on a Large Gearbox Bearing. 10.3.10 Case History: A Motor Shaft Failure . 10.3.11 Case History: An In-Flight Aircraft Crankshaft Failure. 10.3.12 Case History: A Pitting Failure Due to a Poorly Distributed Bearing Load. 10.3.13 Case History: Failure of a Pre-loaded Fan Bearings. 10.3.14 Case History: The Separating Loads in an Extruder. 10.3.15 Case History: Containment of an Impeller. 10.4 Failures Caused by Wear:. 10.4.1 Case History: Examining the Wear of Extruder Screws. 10.4.2 Case History: Wear of a Spline Clutch. 10.5 Failures Caused by Thermal Loads:. 10.5.1 Case History: Thermal Distortions Move a 50 Ton Gearbox. 10.5.2 Case History: The Thermally Bowed Shaft. 10.5.3 Case History: A Steam Turbine Diaphragm Failure. 10.5.4 Case History: Screw Compressor Rotor Rub . 10.5.5 Case History: The Hidden Load in a Three Bearing Machine. 10.6 Miscellaneous Failures. 10.6.1 Case History: Crack Growth in a Rotor. 10.6.2 Case History: Structural Failure Due to Misalignment. 10.6.3 Case History: Oil Film Thickness of a Diesel Engine Bearing. 10.6.4 Case History: The Leaking Flange Gasket. 11. Fitness For Service with Case Histories. 11.1 A Little About Corrosion. 11.2 Stress Corrosion Cracking. 11.3 Uniform Corrosion. 11.3.1 Case History: Local Corrosion of a Vessel Wall. 11.4 Pitting Corrosion. 11.4.1 Case History: Pitting Corrosion of a Vessel Wall. 11.5 Brittle Fracture Concerns. 11.5.1 Academic Example: Temperature Effect on a Steel Plate. 11.5.2 Case History: Crack Like Defect in a Vessel Wall. 11.6 Cold Service Evaluations. 11.6.1 Case History: Cold Service Vessel. 11.7 Crack Growth and Fatigue Life. 11.8 Finding Those Cracks. 11.9 Troubleshooting Isn't So Easy. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis CCPS Guideline book outlines current transportation risk analysis software programs and demonstrates several available risk assessment programs for land transport by rail, truck, and pipeline for consequences that may affect the public or the environment. Provides introductory transport risk considerations for process engineers Gives guidance on route selection, equipment factors and materials Describes transportation security risk issues and industry practices to mitigate them Includes loading and unloading checklists for several transport modes Develops specific operating procedures and checklists to reduce human error Discusses considerations for transportation security, including threat and vulnerability assessments and potential countermeasures Summarizes key transportation security regulations, guidelines and industry initiatives. Note: CD-ROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not inTable of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Items on the CD. Glossary. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Key Shareholders in the Supply Chain and Risk Management Process. 1.2 Transportation Risk Management. 1.3 Using These Guidelines. 2. Primary Management Systems. 2.1Regulatory Compliance. 2.2 Essential Components of a Transportation Management System. 2.3 XYZ Chemical Example- Primary Management Systems. 3. Risk Assessment Fundamentals. 3.1 Safety Risk Assessment Concepts. 3.2 Risk Definitions. 3.3 Risk Analysis Protocol. 3.4 Identification and Prioritization Activities. 3.5 XYZ Chemical Example- Identification and Prioritization 4. Qualitative and Semi- Quantitative Risk Analysis. 4.1 Qualitative and Semi- Quantitative Risk Assessments. 4.2 Qualitative Risk Analysis. 4.3 Semi- Quantitative Risk Analysis. 5. Quantitative Risk Analysis. 5.1 Overview. 5.2 QRA Data Sources. 5.3 Presentation of Quantitative Results. 5.4 XYZ Chemical Example- Quantitative Risk Analysis. 6. Transportation Security Considerations. 6.1 Overview of Transportation Security. 6.2 Transportation Security Concepts. 6.3 Security Prioritization Process. 6.4 Transportation Security Vulnerability Assessment. 6.5 Practical Transportation Security Elements. 6.6 XYZ Chemical Example- Security Analysis. 7. Risk Reduction Strategies. 7.1 Risk Reduction Initiatives. 7.2 Factors Influencing Risk Reduction Options. 7.3 Selection of Risk Reduction Options. 7.4 XYZ Chemical Example- Risk Reduction Strategies. 8. Program Sustainability. 8.1 Ongoing Commitment to Risk Management. 8.2 Continuous Improvement. 8.3 Emerging Safety and Security Trends. 8.4 Evolving Transportation Risk Analysis Practices. 8.5 XYZ Chemical Example- Program Sustainability. Index.

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Book SynopsisStudies based on the building block approach technique are used by the author to investigate fundamental questions relevant to the development and commercial production of industrial chemicals.Table of ContentsBACKROUND MATERIAL. Sources, Production Pathways, and Pricing of Industrial OrganicChemicals. ALIPHATIC BUILDING BLOCKS. C1 Building Blocks. C2 Building Blocks. C3 Building Blocks. C4 Building Blocks, Including Isoprene and Cyclopentadiene. C5 and Higher Acyclic Building Blocks. CYCLIC BUILDING BLOCKS. Nonaromatic Carbocyclic Compounds. Aromatic Carbocyclic Compounds. Heterocyclic Building Blocks. Index.

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Book SynopsisSeparation processes are basic to the petroleum, chemical, petrochemical, energy, food products and minerals industries.Table of ContentsGENERAL PRINCIPLES. Phase Equilibria. Mass Transfer Principles. Phase Segregation. General Processing Considerations. INDIVIDUAL SEPARATION PROCESSES. Distillation. Absorption and Stripping. Extraction--Organic Chemicals Processing. Extraction--Metals Processing. Leaching--Metals Applications. Leaching--Organic Materials. Crystallization Operations. Adsorption. Ion Exchange. Large-Scale Chromatography. Separation Processes Based on Reversible ChemicalComplexation. Bubble and Foam Separations--Ore Flotation. Bubble and Foam Separations--Waste Treatment. Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis. Recent Advances in Liquid Membrane Technology. Separation of Gaseous Mixtures Using Polymer Membranes. Membrane Processes--Dialysis and Electrodialysis. Selection of a Separation Process. Index.

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