Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies Books
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Polymer Engineering 2: Verarbeitung, Oberflächentechnologie, Gestaltung
Book SynopsisPolymere in technischen Produkten können unter ganzheitlicher Betrachtung nachhaltig und sicher eingesetzt werden.Für Werkstoffe, Komponenten und Produktsysteme gibt dieses Werk nachhaltige Antworten auf die wichtigen technischen, wirtschaftlichen, ökologischen und sozial relevanten komplexen Fragestellungen. Der Inhalt wurde gegenüber der Vorauflage sorgfältig bearbeitet und erheblich erweitert. Die Gliederung des Werks umfasst auch die Gestaltung von Kunststoffbauteilen, die Oberflächentechnologien für Kunststoffbauteile und die Prüfung von Kunststoffen und Bauteilen. In den Ausführungen gibt es umfangreiche Informationen, Übersichten und Ergänzungen zum Extrudieren, Blasformen, Kalandrieren, Polyurethanschäumen, zur Mikrowellentechnologie, zu additiven Verfahren, über Molded Interconnected Devices, Plasmatechnologie, Trocknungsverfahren, zum Gestalten, Fügen und Verbinden, Berechnungsansätze und Simulation, über Bauteilkosten, sowie Prüfungen an Thermoplasten/Duroplasten/Elastomeren und zur Produktqualifikation. Ausgewählte Technologien werden zusammengefasst dargestellt.Band 2 des dreibändigen Werkes behandelt die Verarbeitung von Polymeren, Oberflächentechnologien sowie die Entwicklung und Gestaltung von Bauteilen.Table of ContentsVerarbeitung von Kunststoffen zu Bauteilen.- Oberflächentechnologien für Kunststoffbauteile.- Gestalten, Design, Fügen, Auslegen, Berechnungsansätze, Simulation, EDV-unterstützte Konstruktion und Kosten von Kunststoffbauteilen.- Anhang.- Sachverzeichnis.
£104.49
Springer Verlag GmbH Grundlagen der Konstruktion: Für Feinwerk- und Elektrotechniker
Table of Contents1. Der konstruktive Entwicklungsprozeß.- 1.1. Stellung der Konstruktion im Reproduktionsprozeß.- 1.2. Ablauf und Methoden des Konstruierens.- 2. Grundlagen der Konstruktionsarbeit.- 2.1. Gestalten von Bauelementen und Baugruppen.- 2.1.1. Gestaltungsgrundsätze und -richtlinien.- 2.1.2. Formelemente.- 2.1.3. Montagegerechtes Gestalten der Bauelemente.- 2.1.4. Vorgehensweise beim Gestalten.- 2.2. Vorzugszahlen und -maße, Normzahlen und -maße.- 2.3. Toleranzen und Passungen.- 2.3.1. Toleranzen.- 2.3.2. Passungen.- 2.3.3. Maß- und Toleranzketten.- 2.3.3.1. Maximum-Minimum-Methode.- 2.3.3.2. Wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretische Methode.- 2.3.4. Toleranz- und passungsgerechtes Gestalten.- 2.4. Werkstoffwahl.- 2.5. Aufgaben und Lösungen zu Abschn. 2.- 3. Statik und Festigkeitslehre.- 3.1. Einführung.- 3.2. Statik.- 3.2.1. Kräfte an starren Körpern.- 3.2.2. Ebenes zentrales Kraftsystem.- 3.2.3. Ebenes allgemeines Kraftsystem.- 3.2.4. Kräftepaar und Moment.- 3.2.5. Gleichgewichtsbedingungen.- 3.2.6. Standsicherheit.- 3.2.7. Bestimmung der Auflagergrößen (Auflagerreaktionen).- 3.2.8. Schnittreaktionen.- 3.3 Festigkeitslehre.- 3.3.1. Grundbegriffe.- 3.3.2. Beanspruchung durch Kräfte.- 3.3.3. Beanspruchung durch Momente.- 3.3.3.1. Beanspruchung auf Biegung.- 3.3.3.2. Beanspruchung auf Torsion (Verdrehung).- 3.3.4. Zusammengesetzte Beanspruchung.- 3.4. Aufgaben und Lösungen zu Abschn. 3.- 4. Mechanische Verbindungselemente und -verfahren.- 4.1. Verbindungen durch stoffliche Veränderungen.- 4.1.1. Schweißverbindungen.- 4.1.1.1. Preßschweißen.- 4.1.1.2. Schmelzschweißen.- 4.1.2. Lötverbindungen.- 4.1.2.1. Lötverfahren.- 4.1.2.2. Berechnung und konstruktive Gestaltung.- 4.1.3. Klebverbindungen.- 4.1.4. Kittverbindungen.- 4.1.5. Einbettverbindungen.- 4.2. Verbindungen durch elastische Verformung.- 4.2.1. Preßverbindungen (Preßverbände).- 4.2.2. Schraubenverbindungen.- 4.2.2.1. Berechnung.- 4.2.2.2. Konstruktive Gestaltung.- 4.2.3. Stift- und Keilverbindungen.- 4.2.4. Feder- und Profilwellenverbindungen.- 4.2.5. Klemmverbindungen.- 4.2.6. Spreizverbindungen.- 4.3. Verbindungen durch plastische Verformung.- 4.3.1. Nietverbindungen.- 4.3.2. Verbindungen durch Bördeln, Sicken, Falzen, Einrollen, Lappen, Schränken und Blechsteppen.- 5. Elektrische Leitungsverbindungen.- 5.1. Funktion und Aufbau.- 5.2. Leitungselemente.- 5.3. Verbindungselemente und -verfahren.- 5.4. Verdrahtungen.- 5.4.1. Klassifikation.- 5.4.2. Kabelverdrahtung.- 5.4.3. Flachverdrahtung.- 5.4.4. Freiverdrahtung.- 5.5. Aufgaben und Lösungen zu den Abschnitten 4. und 5.- 6. Federn.- 6.1. Grundbegriffe, Federkennlinien.- 6.2. Federwerkstoffe.- 6.3. Berechnung der Einzelfeder.- 6.3.1. Grundlagen.- 6.3.2. Biegefedern.- 6.3.3. Torsionsfedern.- 6.4. Federsysteme.- 6.4.1. Reihenschaltung von Federn.- 6.4.2. Parallelschaltung von Federn.- 6.5. Tellerfedern.- 6.6. Gummifedern.- 6.7. Bimetallfedern (Thermobimetalle).- 6.8. Aufgaben und Lösungen zu Abschn. 6.- 7. Achsen und Wellen.- 7.1. Beanspruchungen.- 7.2. Entwurfsberechnung.- 7.2.1. Überschlägliche Bestimmung des Achsendurchmessers.- 7.2.2. Überschlägliche Bestimmung des Wellendurchmessers.- 7.3. Nachrechnung.- 7.3.1. Nachrechnung der vorhandenen Spannungen.- 7.3.2. Nachrechnung der Verformung.- 7.3.3. Schwingungsberechnung.- 7.4. Werkstoffwahl und Gestaltung.- 7.5. Aufgaben und Lösungen zu Abschn. 7.- 8. Lager.- 8.1. Gleitlager.- 8.1.1. Gleitreibung.- 8.1.2. Gleitlagerkonstruktion.- 8.1.2.1. Verschleißlager.- 8.1.2.2. Hydrodynamische Gleitlager.- 8.1.3. Werkstoffwahl.- 8.1.4. Schmierung.- 8.1.5. Sinterlager.- 8.2. Wälzlager.- 8.2.1. Rollreibung.- 8.2.2. Aufbau und Eigenschaften der Wälzlager.- 8.2.3. Ausführungsformen der Wälzlager und ihre Anwendung.- 8.2.4. Miniaturwälzlager.- 8.2.5. Berechnungsgrundlagen.- 8.2.6. Einbau von Wälzlagern.- 8.3. Sonderformen von Lagern in der Gerätetechnik.- 8.3.1. Steinlager.- 8.3.2. Spitzenlager.- 8.3.3. Schneidenlager.- 8.3.4. Stoßsicherungen.- 8.3.5. Federlager.- 9. Geradführungen.- 9.1. Gleitführungen.- 9.2. Wälzführungen.- 9.3. Aufgaben und Lösungen zu den Abschnitten 8. und 9.- 10. Kupplungen.- 10.1. Feste Kupplungen.- 10.2. Ausgleichskupplungen.- 10.3. Schaltkupplungen.- 10.3.1. Schaltbare Kupplungen.- 10.3.2. Selbstschaltende Kupplungen.- 10.4. Aufgaben und Lösungen zu Abschn. 10.- 11. Zahnrad- und Zugmittelgetriebe.- 11.1. Einteilung der Getriebearten.- 11.2. Zahnradgetriebe — Übersicht.- 11.2.1. Einteilung nach der Gestellanordnung der Räder.- 11.2.2. Einteilung nach der Anzahl der Übersetzungsstufen.- 11.2.3. Einteilung nach Lage der Achsen und geometrischer Grundform der Radkörper.- 11.3. Zahnräder.- 11.3.1. Grundgesetze der Verzahnung.- 11.3.2. Bezeichnungen und Bestimmungsgrößen an Zahnrädern.- 11.3.3. Profilformen.- 11.3.4. Stirnräder mit Evolventengeradverzahnung.- 11.3.4.1. Die Evolvente.- 11.3.4.2. Bezugsprofil und Verzahnungsgrößen.- 11.3.4.3. Eingriffsverhältnisse und Profilüberdeckung.- 11.3.4.4. Herstellung der Zahnräder.- 11.3.4.5. Unterschnitt und Grenzzähnezahl.- 11.3.4.6. Profilverschiebung.- 11.3.4.7. Verzahnungstoleranzen, Getriebepassungen.- 11.3.5. Stirnräder mit Evolventenschrägverzahnung.- 11.3.6. Festigkeitsberechnung der Zahnräder.- 11.3.6.1. Zahnkräfte.- 11.3.6.2. Überschlagsrechnung nach Bach.- 11.3.6.3. Tragfähigkeitsberechnung.- 11.3.6.4. Berechnung von Zahnrädern aus Plastwerkstoffen.- 11.3.7. Werkstoffwahl.- 11.3.8. Konstruktive Gestaltung und Schmierung der Zahnräder.- 11.4. Bauformen der Zahnradgetriebe.- 11.4.1. Stirnradgetriebe.- 11.4.2. Kegelradgetriebe.- 11.4.3. Schneckengetriebe.- 11.4.4. Schraubenstirnradgetriebe.- 11.5. Zugmittelgetriebe.- 11.5.1. Zugmittelgetriebe mit Kraftpaarung (Schnur-, Band-, Flachriemen- und Keilriemengetriebe).- 11.5.2. Zugmittelgetriebe mit Formpaarung (Zahnriemen-und Kettengetriebe).- 11.6. Aufgaben und Lösungen zu Abschn. 11.- Literatur.- Anhang: DIN-Normen, Literatur, Toleranzen und Passungen, Werkstoffkenngrößen.- Sachwörterverzeichnis.
£61.74
Yale University Press Fake Silk
Book SynopsisWhen a new technology makes people ill, how high does the body count have to be before protectives steps are taken?Trade Review“The book is well researched and clearly written, with a passionate concern for the impact of carbon disulphide on workers. . . this book will be very appealing to scholars as well as to general readers interested in the history of the rayon industry, the history of occupational health, or the unbridled use of toxic materials by industry.”—Peter Morris, Ambix"It is a fast paced and shocking tale. . . Rather than chart occupational health through a specific industry Fake Silk focuses on the substance, which permits a much broader and deeper reach into politics, economics, environmentalism and culture both in terms of both historical research and its audience."—Social History of Medicine“Action-packed . . . Reading Fake Silk, I could not help but wonder about the manufacturing process behind my T-shirt or the new dress hanging in my closet. Was someone harmed in the making of the kitchen sponge I just unwrapped?”—Science“Thanks to Paul Blanc’s extensively researched study we learn that. . . As the industry expanded, so did the number of victims suffering from the manufacturing process through exposure to the toxic solvent. They, as workers in the critical step, had suffered hallucinations and muscle and nerve dysfunction, and even died, from the toxic solvent carbon disulphide (disulfide). Their story is told sympathetically in this highly readable volume.” —Anthony S. Travis, Royal Society of Chemistry Historical Group Newsletter“In a time when many occupational physicians in developed countries will not see much classical occupational disease, this book is a timely reminder of the risks resulting from poorly controlled workplace exposures. Read it as a warning to understand the background to what happened in the viscose rayon industry and to quicken consciences for future prevention.”—Ron McCaig, Journal of Occupational Medicine“Interesting and engaging” —Catherine Mills, The Review of English Studies "This book provides a much needed dimension often missing in histories of rayon-producing corporations. . . .many readers will appreciate the assembling of facts concerning carbon disulfide's use."— Mary Schoeser, Textile History"Paul Blanc's book compellingly chronicles the all-too-real dangers behind the production of ‘fake’ silk. A terrifying exposé of what happens when the textile business puts profits before health."—Alison Matthews David, author of Fashion Victims:The Dangers of Dress Past and Present“This is an essential read for all interested in the history of occupational disease and of our increasing knowledge, yet failure to implement, the controls needed to reduce the risk of preventable disease and premature death.”—Sir Anthony Newman Taylor, Imperial College, London“Blanc's meticulous research has yielded a calm and overwhelming indictment of the murderous treatment that rayon workers worldwide have endured at the hands of their corporate masters.”—Eric Frumin, Health and Safety Director, US trade union federation Change to Win“A shocking story. Blanc draws back the curtain on the corporate deceit and neglect connected to products that have come to epitomize modern life.”— Frederick Rowe Davis, author of Banned: A History of Pesticides and the Science of Toxicology“A fascinating investigation into the colorful century-long history of a pernicious industrial hazard. A cautionary must-read for anyone who cares about eco-friendly living and integrity too.”—Don Katz, founder, Audible.com
£28.50
John Wiley & Sons Inc Ceramic Membranes for Separation and Reaction
Book SynopsisCeramic Membranes for Separation and Reaction is the first single-authored guide to the developing area of ceramic membranes. Serving as a single source of reference for academic and industrial researchers, the book starts by documenting established procedures of ceramic membrane preparation and characterization.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Ceramic Membranes and Membrane Processes. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Membrane Processes. 1.2.1 Gas separation. 1.2.2 Pervaporation. 1.2.3 Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration. 1.2.4 Ultrafiltration and microfiltration. 1.2.5. Dialysis. 1.2.6 Electrodialysis. 1.2.7 Membrane contactor. 1.2.8 Membrane reactors. References. Chapter 2. Preparation of Ceramic Membranes. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Slip casting. 2.3 Tape casting. 2.4 Pressing. 2.5 Extrusion. 2.6 Sol-gel process. 2.7 Dip-coating. 2.8 Chemical vapour deposition (CVD). 2.9 Preparation of hollow fibre ceramic membranes. 2.9.1 Preparation of spinning suspension. 2.9.2 Spinning of ceramic hollow fibre precursors. 2.9.3 Sintering. 2.9.4 Example 1: Preparation of porous Al2O3 hollow fibre membranes. 2.9.5 Example 2: Preparation of TiO2/Al2O3 composite hollow fibre membranes. 2.9.6 Example 3: Preparation of dense perovskite hollow fibre membranes. Appendix 2.1: Surface forces. References. Chapter 3. Characterisation of Ceramic Membranes. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Morphology of membrane surfaces and cross sections. 3.3 Porous ceramic membranes. 3.3.1 Gas adsorption/desorption isotherms. 3.3.2 Permporometry. 3.3.3 Mercury porosimetry. 3.3.4 Thermoporometry. 3.3.5 Liquid displacement techniques. (a) Bubble point method. (b) Liquid displacement method. 3.3.6 Permeation method. (a) Liquid permeation. (b) Gas permeation. 3.3.7 Measurements of solute rejection. 3.4 Dense ceramic membranes. 3.4.1 Leakage test. 3.4.2 Permeation measurements. 3.4.3 XRD. 3.4.4 Mechanical strength. Notation. References. Chapter 4. Transport and Separation of Gases in Porous Ceramic Membranes. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Performance indicators of gas separation membranes. 4.3 Ceramic membranes for gas separation. 4.4 Transport Mechanisms. 4.4.1 Knudsen and slip flow. 4.4.2 Viscous flow. 4.4.3 Surface flow. 4.4.4 Capillary condensation. 4.4.5 Configurational or micropore diffusion. 4.4.6 Simultaneous occurrence of different mechanism. 4.5 Modification of porous ceramic membranes for gas separation. 4.6 Resistance model for gas transport in composite membranes. 4.6.1 Effect of support layers. 4.6.2 Effect of non-zeolitic pores. 4.6.3 Effect of coating. 4.7 System design. 4.7.1 Operating Schemes. (a) Perfect mixing. (b) Cross flow. (c ) Parallel plug flow. 4.7.2 Design equations for membrane processes in gas separation. (a) Perfect mixing. (b) Cross flow. (c) Cocurrent flow. (d) Countercurrent flow. Notation. References. Chapter 5. Ceramic Hollow Fibre Membrane Contactors for Treatment of Gases/Vapours. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 General review. 5.3 Operating modes and mass transfer coefficients. 5.3.1 Nonwetted mode. 5.3.2 Wetted mode. 5.3.3 Mass transfer coefficients determined from experiments. 5.4 Mass transfer in hollow fibre contactors. 5.4.1 Mass transfer in hollow fibre lumen. 5.4.2 Mass transfer across membrane. 5.4.3 Mass transfer in shell side of a contactor. 5.4.4 Nonwetted, wetted, and partially wetted conditions in a hollow fibre contactor. 5.5 Effect of chemical reaction. 5.5.1 Instantaneous reaction. 5.5.2 Fast reaction. 5.6 Design equations. Notation. References. Appendix A. Chapter 6. Mixed Conducting Ceramic Membranes for Oxygen Separation. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Fundamentals of mixed conducting ceramic materials. 6.2.1 Structure of peroviskite-type of materials. 6.2.2 Doping strategies. 6.2.3 Properties of materials. 6.3 Current status in oxygen permeable membranes. 6.3.1 Pervoskite-type oxides. Sr(Co,Fe)O3-d (SCFO). La(Co,Fe)O3-d (LCFO). LaGaO3(LGO). 6.3.2 Non-perovskite-type oxides. 6.3.3 Summary of ceramic oxygen permeable materials. 6.4 Dual phase membranes. 6.5 Oxygen transport. 6.5.1 Transport mechanism. 6.5.2 Transport equations. 6.5.3 Transport analysis. 6.6 Air separation. 6.6.1 Design equations. Cocurrent flow. Countercurrent flow. 6.6.2 Performance analysis. Effect of operating pressures and temperatures. Effect of flow patterns. Effect of feed flow rate. Effect of membrane area. Comparison with experimental data. Production of oxygen using hollow fibre modules. 6.7 Further development-challenges and prospects. Notation. References. Chapter 7. Mixed Conducting Ceramic Membranes for Hydrogen Permeation. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Proton and electron (hole) conducting materials and membranes. 7.2.1 Pervoskite-type oxides. 7.2.2 Non-pervoskite-type oxides. 7.3 Dual phase membranes. 7.4 Proton transport. 7.4.1 Transport mechanism. 7.4.2 Transport equations for mixed proton-hole conducting membranes. 7.4.3 Transport analysis. Effect of membrane thickness. Effect of temperature. Effect of partial pressure of oxygen. Comparison with experimental data. 7.5 Applications of proton conducting ceramic membranes. 7.5.1 Hydrogen production. 7.5.2 Dehydrogenation reactions. Notation. References. Chapter 8. Ceramic Membrane Reactors. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Membranes as product separators. 8.2.1 Microporous membrane reactors. 8.2.2 Dense ceramic membrane reactors. 8.2.2.1 Experimental investigation of a dense ceramic membrane reactor for methane coupling reaction. 8.3 Membranes as a reactant distributor. 8.3.1 Porous membrane reactors. 8.3.1.1 Techniques in modification of membrane pores. 8.3.1.2 Applications of porous ceramic membrane reactors. 8.3.1.3 Analysis of membrane reactors for elimination of DO from water. 8.3.2 Dense ceramic membranes. 8.3.2.1 Configurations of the dense ceramic membrane reactors. 8.3.2.2 Applications of the dense ceramic membrane reactors. 8.3.2.3 Experimental investigation of a dense membrane reactor for oxidative methane coupling (OMC). Notation. References.
£146.66
John Wiley & Sons Inc Guidelines for Performing Effective PreStartup
Book SynopsisA pre-startup safety review (PSSR) is the methodical analysis of a facility or operating unit to ensure no hazardous situations occur before operating a facility or plant. This book guides readers to integrate the PSSR throughout the project or turnaround phases of plant operations, with a verification check at the traditional PSSR step.Table of ContentsList of Tables. List of Figures. Items on the CD Accompanying This Book. Acronyms and abbreviations. Glossary. Acknowledgements. Preface. 1. Introduction. 1.1 What are the Benefits of Performing Pre-startup Safety Reviews? 1.2 How PSSR Relates to Other Process Safety Elements. 1.3 An Overview of the Risk-based Approach to PSSR. 1.4 What is the Scope of a PSSR? Process Safety, Environmental, Quality and Personnel Safety Considerations. 1.5 This Guideline’s Audience. 1.6 How to use this Guideline. 1.7 References. 2. What Is a Pre-Startup Safety Review? 2.1 The Basics of Pre-startup Safety Review. 2.1.1 Some Common Steps for Performing PSSR. 2.2 What is a Risk-based Approach to PSSR? 2.3 The Role of Training in Pre-startup Safety Review. 2.3.1 Training Team Leaders and Members. 2.3.2 Training Managers and the Remaining Workforce. 2.4 Scheduling Considerations. 2.4.1 Capital Projects. 2.4.2 Changes to Operating Facilities. 2.4.3 Temporary Changes. 2.4.4 Restarting a Mothballed Process. 2.4.5 Post-turnaround Startup. 2.4.6 Routine Maintenance. 2.4.7 Startup After Emergency Shutdown. 2.5 References. 3. Regulatory Issues. 3.1 An Overview of PSSR Industry Guidelines and Regulations. 3.2 Best Practices for PSSR. 3.3 Environmental Considerations. 3.4 General Safety, Security, and Occupational Health Considerations. 3.5 References. 4. A Risk-Based Approach to Pre-Startup Safety Review. 4.1 Using Risk Analysis Techniques to Select the Level of Detail for a PSSR. 4.1.1 A Case of Complexity Versus Simplicity. 4.1.2 The Term Complexity Includes Novelty. 4.1.3 The Effect of Complexity on PSSR Team Size and Expertise. 4.1.4 The Effect on the Level and Scope of the Review. 4.2 A Decision Guideline for Designing a PSSR. 4.2.1 A Definition of Risk-based PSSR. A Qualitative Approach. 4.2.2 An Example Algorithm. 4.3 Typical Considerations for all Pre-startup Safety Reviews. 4.3.1 Hardware and Software: Equipment, Instrumentation, and Process Control. 4.3.2 Documentation: Process Safety Information, Procedures, and Maintenance Management System Data. 4.3.3 Training: Quality and Verification of Completeness. 4.3.4 Special Items: Specific Safety, Health, and Environmental Issues. 4.4 An Example Risk-based Questionnaire. 4.5 Two Examples of Using a Risk-based Approach to PSSR Design. 4.5.1 A Simple PSSR. 4.5.2 A More Complex PSSR. 4.6 References. 5. The Pre-Startup Safety Review Work Process. 5.1 Defining the PSSR System. 5.1.1 Double Checking Management of Change. 5.1.2 Who Is Responsible for Driving the System? 5.2 PSSR Sub-elements. 5.2.1 Construction and equipment meet the designed specifications. 5.2.2 Safety, operating, maintenance and emergency procedures are in place and adequate. 5.2.3 A PHA has been performed for new facilities. 5.2.4 Training of each employee involved in the process is complete. 5.2.5 General requirements. 5.3 Designing and Implementing an Initial PSSR Program. 5.3.1 Defining a Policy on PSSR. 5.3.2 Defining the PSSR Team. 5.3.3 Designing the Specific PSSR. 5.3.4 Training the Workforce on the PSSR Program. 5.3.5 An Example PSSR Program. 5.4 Preparing to Perform a Pre-statup Safety Review. 5.4.1 Gather the Documentation. 5.4.2 Schedule Meetings as Needed. 5.4.3 Verify the Trigger Event Related Work Is Complete. 5.4.4 Identify and Track the Process Hazard Analysis Action Items. 5.5 Follow Pre-startup Safety Review Action Items. 5.5.1 Which Items Are Critical for Safe Operation? 5.5.2 Consider Past PSSR PSM Compliance Audit Findings. 5.6 Approve the Pre-startup Safety Review Report. 5.6.1 Reference the Documentation: Electronic or Hardcopy. 5.6.2 PSSR Team Approval. 5.6.3 Management Approval. 5.7 References. 6. Methodologies for Compiling and Using A PSSR Checklist. 6.1 Building Your Facility’s Database of Questions. 6.1.1 Beware of Shortcuts. 6.1.2 Considerations for Different Industries. 6.2 Various Approaches: Electronic versus Hardcopy. 6.2.1 Using your Existing Facility Action Item Tracking System. 6.2.2 Basic Electronic PSSR Checklist Tools. 6.2.3 Electronic Change Management Systems with PSSR Tools. 6.3 An Example Electronic Checklist. 6.3.1 Collapse the Checklist for Simple PSSR. 6.3.2 Expand the Checklist for Complex PSSR. 7. Continuous Improvement. 7.1 Diagnosing PSSR System Issues. 7.2 Training and Communication. 7.3 Examine Excesses as well as Deficiencies. 7.4 Why Refine, Improve, Upgrade, or Redesign? 7.4.1 Workforce Reductions. 7.4.2 Company Restructuring. 7.4.3 Acquisitions, Mergers, and Divestiture. 7.4.4 Regulatory Changes. 7.4.5 Changes in Process Risk. 7.5 Upgrading the System. 7.6 Example PSSR Performance and Efficiency Metrics. 7.6.1 PSSR Performance Indicators. 7.6.2 PSSR Efficiency Indicators. 7.7 Audit Frequency. 7.8 Qualification Considerations for PSSR Auditors. 7.9 Sample PSSR Audit Protocols. 7.10 Addressing Audit Results. 7.11 Summary. 7.12 References. Appendix A. PSSR Checklist Examples. Appendix B. Industry References. Appendix C. Regulatory References. Index.
£125.96
John Wiley & Sons Inc Continuous Monitoring for Hazardous Material
Book SynopsisOffers technical background and guidance to prepare any workplace for gas-leak catastrophes Determines when monitoring for catastrophic release is appropriate Breaks down gas monitoring equipment options Guides work safety professionals on the placement of monitoring equipment. Offers case studies for concrete analysis. .Table of Contents1. Introduction. 1.1 Purpose. 1.2 Scope. 1.3 Who Will Benefit from this Guideline? 2. Management. 2.1 Management Overview. 2.2 Why Do We Use Gas Detectors? 2.3 What Do We Want to Detect? 2.4 What Actions Do We Expect to Undertake in the Event of a Release? 2.5 How Much Should We Spend on Detection? 3. Determining Where Gas Detection May or May Not be Beneficial. 3.1 Assessing Where Gas Detection may be Beneficial. 3.2 Situations Where Other Technologies May be More Beneficial. 3.3 Situations Where Gas Detection Is Recommended by Consensus. or Mandated By Law. 3.4 Situations Where Toxic Gas Detection May be Beneficial. 3.5 Situations Where Combustible Detection May be Beneficial. 3.6 Example Applications of the Continuous Monitoring System. 3.7 References. 3.8 Glossary. 4. Sensor Technology. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Description of Gases and Vapors. 4.3 Available Sensors and How they Work. 4.4 Factors to Consider when Choosing a Sensor. 4.5 Sensor Performance Variables. 4.6 References. 4.7 Glossary. 5. Approaches to Detector Placement and Configuration. 5.1 General Guidance for Detector Placement and Configuration. 5.2 General Guidance for Toxic Gas Detection. 5.3 General Guidance for Flammable Detection. 5.4 Detector Placement for Source Monitoring. 5.5 Detector Placement for Volumetric Monitoring. 5.6 Detector Placement for Enclosure Monitoring. 5.7 Detector Placement for Path of Travel and Target Receptor Monitoring. 5.8 Detector Placement for Perimeter Monitoring. 5.9 Detector Set Points and Monitoring. 6. Overall System Management - Commissioning, Testing, and Maintenance. 6.1 Summary. 6.2 Training. 6.3 Documentation. 6.4 Maintenance. 6.5 Establish a Good Relationship with the Local Authority-Having Jurisdiction (AHJ. 6.6 Change Management.
£75.56
John Wiley & Sons Inc Guidelines for Risk Based Process Safety
Book SynopsisThe Risk Based Process Safety (RBPS) guideline provides a paradigm shift for industries that manufacture, consume, or handle chemicals focusing on new ways to design, correct, or improve process safety management practices. The book addresses the essential principles that outline safety, giving a broad overview of the subject.Trade Review"…a very comprehensive and thorough discussion of risk based process safety management systems…an invaluable reference source." (Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, January 2008) "This book is a very well-written, detailed analysis of industrial chemical plant safety. Following its guidelines, I am sure, will result in many fewer accidents in the future." (Journal of Hazardous Material, January 15, 2008)Table of ContentsList of Tables xxix List of Figures xxxi Acronyms and Abbreviations xxxiii Glossary xxxvii Acknowledgments xlvii Preface xlix Executive Summary li 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Purpose of These Guidelines 2 1.2 Background 6 1.3 Important Terminology 9 1.4 Management Systems Concepts 10 1.5 Risk Based Process Safety Elements 12 1.6 Relationship Between RBPS Elements and Work Activities 12 1.7 Application of these RBPS Guidelines 14 1.8 Organization of these Guidelines 16 1.9 References 17 2 OVERVIEW OF RISK BASED PROCESS SAFETY 19 2.1 Risk Based Process Safety System Design Strategies 22 2.2 Risk Based Process Safety Design and Improvement Criteria 24 2.3 Using Element Chapters to Design and Improve a Process Safety Management System 32 I COMMIT TO PROCESS SAFETY 37 3 PROCESS SAFETY CULTURE 39 3.1 Element Overview 40 3.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 45 3.3 Possible Work Activities 48 3.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 58 3.5 Element Metrics 62 3.6 Management Review 64 3.7 References 66 4 COMPLIANCE WITH STANDARDS 67 4 1 Element Overview 67 4.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 69 4.3 Possible Work Activities 74 4.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 81 4.5 Element Metrics 83 4.6 Management Review 84 4.7 References 86 5 PROCESS SAFETY COMPETENCY 89 5.1 Element Overview 90 5.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 93 5.3 Possible W ork Activities 100 5.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 111 5.5 Element Metrics 116 5.6 Management Review 119 5.7 References 121 6 WORKFORCE INVOLVEMENT 123 6.1 Element Overview 123 6.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 128 6.3 Possible Work Activities 131 6.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 136 6.5 Element Metrics 140 6.6 Management Review 142 6.7 References 143 7 STAKEHOLDER OUTREACH 145 7.1 Element Overview 146 7.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 148 7.3 Possible Work Activities 152 7.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 159 7.5 Element Metrics 161 7.6 Management Review 164 7.7 References 165 II UNDERSTAND HAZARDS AND RISK 167 8 PROCESS KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT 169 8.1 Element Overview 170 8.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 173 8.3 Possible Work Activities 186 8.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 196 8.5 Element Metrics 201 8.6 Management Review 204 8.7 References 206 9 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ANALYSIS 209 9.1 Element Overview 209 9.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 213 9.3 Possible Work Activities 221 9.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 229 9.5 Element Metrics 237 9.6 Management Review 240 9.7 References 242 III MANAGE RISK 10 OPERATING PROCEDURES 245 10.1 Element Overview 245 10.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 247 10.3 Possible Work Activities 260 10.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 273 10.5 Element Metrics 279 10.6 Management Review 282 10.7 References 283 11 SAFE WORK PRACTICES 285 11.1 Element Overview 285 11.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 288 11.3 Possible Work Activities 298 11.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 307 11.5 Element Metrics 312 11.6 Management Review 314 11.7 References 316 12 ASSET INTEGRITY AND RELIABILITY 317 12.1 Element Overview 318 12.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 320 12.3 Possible Work Activities 335 12.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 352 12.5 Element Metrics 359 12.6 Management Review 361 12.7 References 363 13 CONTRACTOR MANAGEMENT 365 13.1 Element Overview 365 13.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 368 13.3 Possible Work Activities 377 13.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 385 13.5 Element Metrics 390 13.6 Management Review 391 13.7 References 393 14 TRAINING AND PERFORMANCE ASSURANCE 395 14.1 Element Overview 395 14.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 398 14.3 Possible Work Activities 406 14.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 414 14.5 Element Metrics 417 14.6 Management Review 420 14.7 References 421 15 MANAGEMENT OF CHANGE 423 15.1 Element Overview 423 15.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 426 15.3 Possible Work Activities 431 15.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 440 15.5 Element Metrics 445 15.6 Management Review 447 15.7 References 448 16 OPERATIONAL READINESS 449 16.1 Element Overview 449 16.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 452 16.3 Possible Work Activities 456 16.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 462 16.5 Element Metrics 464 16.6 Management Review 465 16.7 References 467 17 CONDUCT OF OPERATIONS 469 17.1 Element Overview 469 17.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 471 17.3 Possible Work Activities 484 17.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 498 17.5 Element Metrics 502 17.6 Management Review 506 17.7.References 508 18 EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT 509 18.1 Element Overview 510 18.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 513 18.3 Possible Work Activities 526 18.4.Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 541 18.5 Element Metrics 543 18.6 Management Review 545 18.7 References 547 IV LEARN FROM EXPERIENCE 549 19 INCIDENT INVESTIGATION 551 19.1 Element Overview 552 19.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 556 19.3Possible Work Activities 563 19.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Efficiency and Effectiveness 575 19.5 Element Metrics 580 19.6 Management Review 582 19.7 References 584 20 MEASUREMENT AND METRICS 585 20.1 Element Overview 585 20.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 588 20.3 Possible Work Activities 590 20.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 594 20.5 Element Metrics 595 20.6 Management Review 597 20.7 References 598 21 AUDITING 599 21.1 Element Overview 599 21.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 602 21.3 Possible Work Activities 615 21.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 622 21.5 Element Metrics 626 21.6 Management Review 628 21.7 References 629 22 MANAGEMENT REVIEW AND CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT 631 22.1 Element Overview 631 22.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 634 22.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 644 22.5 Element Metrics and Indications 646 22.6 Management Review 647 22.7 References 647 23 IMPLEMENTATION 649 23.1 Reasons to Implement a Risk-based Process Safety Management System 650 20.2 First Steps Toward Implementation 651 20.3 Start with RBPS Elements that Provide the Greatest Risk Benefit to Your Facility 653 20.4 Implementation Examples 656 20.5 Other Applications 680 20.6 Conclusions 681 20.7 References 682 24 THE FUTURE 683 Index 689 LIST OF TABLES TABLE S.l. Risk Based Process Safety Elements liv TABLE 1.1. Possible Causes of Process Safety Management Performance Stagnation 2 TABLE 1.2. RBPS Management System Accident Prevention Pillars 3 TABLE 1 3. CCPS Guidelines and Tools for Chemical Process Safety Management 7 TABLE 1.4. North American Industry Process Safety Management Initiatives 7 TABLE 1.5. Partial List of Worldwide Governmental Accident Prevention and Process Safety Management Initiatives 8 TABLE 1.6. Some Factors that Motivated the CCPS RBPS Project 9 TABLE 1.7. Important Issues to Address in a Process Safety Management System 11 TABLE 1.8. Comparison of RBPS Elements to Original CCPS PSM Elements 13 TABLE 1.9. Generic Work Breakdown Structure for the RBPS System 14 TABLE 2.1. Process Safety Accident Prevention Principles and Associated RBPS Elements 24 TABLE 2.2. Examples of How Risk Affects Implementation of RBPS Work Activities 31 TABLE 2 3. Advice on Using these Guidelines to Meet Specific User Needs 33 TABLE 3.1. Culture as a Determinant of Process Risk Control Attitudes and Practices 41 TABLE 4.1. Examples and Sources of Process Safety Related Standards, Codes, Regulations, and Laws 71 TABLE 6.1. UK HSE Workforce Involvement Suggestions 127 TABLE 8.1. Typical Types of Process Knowledge 176 TABLE 9.1. Example Issues that Can Be Addressed at Various Life Cycle Stages 233 TABLE 10.1. Procedure Formats 253 TABLE 11.1. Activities Typically Included in the Scope of the Safe Work Element 290 TABLE 13.1. Safety Program and Performance Information Useful in Evaluating Potential Contractors 372 TABLE 22.1. Example Schedule for Management Reviews 636 TABLE 23.1. RBPS Implementation Options for Upgrading Operating Procedures 659 TABLE 23.2. RBPS Implementation Options for Implementing the Conduct of Operations Element 665 TABLE 23.3. RBPS Implementation Options for Fixing a Deficient MOC System 671 TABLE 23.4. Using RBPS to Develop and Implement a New Process Safety Management System 678 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1. Evolution of Process Safety and Accident/Loss Prevention Strategies 19 FIGURE 9.1. Levels of Hazard Evaluation and Risk Assessment 211 FIGURE 9.2. Typical Qualitative Risk Analysis Documentation Form 213 FIGURE 9.3. Example Risk Matrix 216 FIGURE 14.1. Training System Tasks 399 FIGURE 19.1. Incident Investigation Flowchart 553 FIGURE 19.2. Incident Investigation Levels of Analysis 555 FIGURE 23.1. A Risk-based Approach to Identifying Which RBPS Elements to Implement 655
£151.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Modeling and Simulation of Catalytic Reactors for
Book SynopsisModeling and Simulation of Catalytic Reactors for Petroleum Refining deals with fundamental descriptions of the main conversion processes employed in the petroleum refining industry: catalytic hydrotreating, catalytic reforming, and fluid catalytic cracking.Trade Review"The text can serve as a reference for chemical and process engineers, computational chemists and modelers, catalysis researchers, and professionals in petroleum refining. It can also be used as a textbook either for a full course in reaction engineering or as a supplement in related courses". (Booknews, 1 June 2011Table of ContentsPREFACE. ABOUT THE AUTHOR. 1 Petroleum Refining. 1.1 Properties of Petroleum. 1.2 Assay of Crude Oils. 1.3 Separation Processes. 1.4 Upgrading of Distillates. 1.5 Upgrading of Heavy Feeds. 2 Reactor Modeling in Petroleum Refining Industry. 2.1 Description of Reactors. 2.2 Deviation from an Ideal Flow Pattern. 2.3 Kinetic Modeling Approaches. 2.4 Reactor Modeling. 3. Modeling of Catalytic Hydrotreating. 3.1 The Hydrotreating Process. 3.2 Fundamentals of Hydrotreating. 3.3 Reactor Modeling. 4. Modeling of Catalytic Reforming. 4.1 The Catalytic Reforming Process. 4.2 Fundamentals of Catalytic Reforming. 4.3 Reactor Modeling. 5. Modelling and Simulation of the Fluidised-Bed Catalytic Cracking Converter (Rafael Maya-Yescas). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Reaction Mechanism of Catalytic Cracking. 5.3 Simulation to Estimate Kinetic Parameters. 5.4 Simulation to Find Controlling Reaction Steps During Catalytic Cracking. 5.5 Simulation of Steady Operation of the Riser Reactor. 5.6 Simulation to Scale-Up Kinetic Factors. 5.7 Simulation of the Regenerator Reactor. 5.8 Modelling of the Catalyst Stripper. 5.9 Simulation of the Controlled FCC Unit. 5.10 Technological Improvements and Modifications. 5.11 Conclusions. INDEX.
£114.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc Guidelines for Process Safety Acquisition
Book SynopsisIt is crucial for process safety professionals to be aware of best practices for post merger integration at any level. A compilation of industry best practices from both technical and financial perspectives, this book provides a single reference that addresses acquisitions and merger integration issues related to process safety.Table of ContentsExecutive Summary 1 Why this Guideline? 1 Chapter 1 An Overview of Process Safety 3 Chapter 2 The Merger and Acquisition Process 5 Chapter 3 Screening Potential Candidates 7 Chapter 4 The Due Diligence Phase 9 Chapter 5 Developing the Integration Plan 13 Chapter 6 Implementing the Integration Plan 18 Chapter 7 M&A In The Future 22 The Appendices 24 1 An Overview of Process Safety 27 1.0 Courtney's story – continued 27 1.1 Why this Guideline? 28 1.2 Understanding the basics 31 1.3 Hazard versus Risk - Is there a Difference? 32 1.4 Good Injury Rate Does Not Equal Good Process Safety Performance 34 1.5 Understand the Hazards of Chemicals Handled on Site 36 1.6 Don’t forget about the Dust Explosion Hazard 40 1.7 Unique Considerations at Facilities that Handle HHCS 41 1.8 Resources for Process Safety 43 2 The Merger and Acquisition Process 47 2.0 Courtney’s story – continued 47 2.1 Changing World of Corporate Profiles 48 2.2 Overview of the M&A Process 49 2.3 Scalability (big/small; single site verse multiple site deals) 52 2.4 Key Terms and Concepts 53 2.5 Process Safety in the M&A process 57 2.6 Financial Strategists can have high impact on process safety systems 60 3 Screening Potential Candidates 63 3.0 Courtney’s story – continued 63 3.1 Using Public Domain Information for Screening 64 3.2 Using a Checklist to Identify Potential Process Safety Issues 74 4 The Due Diligence Phase 77 4.0 Courtney’s story – continued 77 4.1 Introduction 78 4.2 The Divestment Due Diligence 81 4.2.1 The Checklist 82 4.2.2 The Internet and Intranet Searches 82 4.2.3 Pre-site Visit Review 83 4.2.4 The Due Diligence Site Visit and Document Review 84 4.2.5 Vendor Due Diligence Report 87 4.2.6 Valuation 89 4.2.7 Data Room 91 4.2.8 Question and Answer Management 94 4.2.9 Reverse Due Diligence 96 4.2.10 Did the Deal Close? 114 4.3 The Acquisition 4.3.1 The Internet Search and Initial Data Gathering 99 4.3.2 Vendor Due Diligence Report 100 4.3.3 Data Room 100 4.3.4 Due Diligence Valuation for Bid 103 4.3.5 Pre-site Review 104 4.3.6 The Site Visit and Document Review 107 4.3.7 Due Diligence Report and Valuation 110 4.4 Did the Deal Close? 5 Developing the Integration Plan 117 5.0 Courtney’s story – continued 117 5.1 Developing the Integration Plan and Process 118 5.1.1 Step 1- Establishing the Boundaries for the Integration Process (i.e. Establishing the Integration Strategy) 120 5.1.2 Step 2 - Establishing the Expectations for the Process Safety Program 124 5.1.3 Step 3 - The Process Safety Integration Team 127 5.1.4 Step 4 - Assessing the Gap between the Current Approach and Expectations 131 5.1.5 Step 5 - Developing the Action Plan 136 6 Implementing the Integration Plan 6.0 Courtney’s story – continued 153 6.1 A Generic Change Model 154 6.2 The Integration Path Forward 160 6.2.1 Step 1 - Get the 'hearts’ of the newly acquired business leads to accept the Vision and Strategy for the integration process 160 6.2.2 Step 2 - Appointing and chartering Integration Implementation Teams 161 6.3 An Alternate Bottom-Up Approach to Integration 175 6.4 Differences Between Facilities, Business Units 178 6.5 Step 3 - Working Through the Implementation Itself 179 7 M&A in the Future 185 7.0 Courtney’s story – continued 185 The Appendices 193 Appendix A – M&A Process Safety Checklist 193 M&A P.S. Checklist – Commercial Evaluation Phase 194 M&A P.S. Checklist – The M&A Team 201 M&A P.S. Checklist – Data Room Information 203 M&A P.S. Checklist – Planning the Site Visits 217 M&A P.S. - Issues to Be Investigated During the Site Visits 219 M&A P.S. Checklist - Process Safety Issues to Be Considered 235 M&A P.S. Checklist - Assessing Major Hazard Risks 241 M&A P.S. Checklist - Process Safety Management & Culture 245 M&A P.S. Checklist - Process Safety Staffing Issues 253 M&A P.S. Checklist - Hazard Identification Issues to Evaluate 255 M&A P.S. Checklist – Management of Change Issues to Investigate 257 M&A P.S. Checklist - Mechanical Integrity Issues to Investigate 261 M&A PS Checklist – Process Safety Issues to Examine 265 M&A PS Checklist - Process Safety Procedures to Examine 267 M&A P.S. Checklist – P.S. Audit Issues to Consider 271 Appendix B – An Exemplar Integration Plan & Budget 273 Guidance for Using the Plan and Budget Spreadsheets 275 An Exemplar Integration Plan 279 Exemplar Integration Budget 301 References 309 Index 313
£95.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Guidelines for Process Safety in Bioprocess
Book SynopsisThis book helps advance process safety in a key area of interest. Currently, no literature exists which is solely dedicated to process safety for the bioprocessing industry. There are texts, guidelines, and standards on biosafety at the laboratory level and for industrial hygiene, but no guidelines for large-scale production facilities.Table of ContentsList of Tables xi List of Figures xiii Items on the Web Accompanying This Book xv Acknowledgements xvii Preface xix 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Bioprocess Engineering Information Transfer and Management Practices 3 1.2 The Need for Bioprocess Safety Management Systems 7 1.2.2 Bioprocessing Incidents and Releases 8 1.3 Our Target Audience 14 1.4 How to use this Guideline 15 2 AN OVERVIEW OF THE BIOPROCESSING INDUSTRY 17 2.1 Bioprocessing’s History 17 2.1.1 Bioprocessing’s Historical Advancement 18 2.1.1.1 Microbiological Advancements 18 2.1.1.2 Food Science and Food Process Technology Advancements 19 2.1.1.3 Genetic Advancements 19 2.1.1.4 Future Bioprocessing Developments 20 2.2 Industrial Applications 20 2.2.1 Processes 21 2.2.2 Products 21 2.3 The Bioprocess Lifecycle 22 2.3.1 Discovery 23 2.3.2 Development Phase: Laboratory and Pilot Plant 23 2.3.3 Scale-up Phase 24 2.3.4 Upstream Operations and Downstream Operations 26 2.3.4.1 Inoculation / Seed and Production Biosafety Containment and Production Risk 27 2.3.4.2 Fermentation / Cell Culture 31 2.3.4.3 Scale of Manufacturing 36 2.3.5 General Biosafety Recommendations for Large Scale Work 38 2.3.5.1 Facility Design 39 2.3.5.2 Equipment Design 39 2.3.5.3 Cleaning, Inactivation, and Sterilization 41 2.3.5.4 Maintenance 42 2.3.5.5 Air and Gas Emissions 42 2.3.5.6 Waste Handling 42 2.3.5.7 Accidental Release 43 2.3.6 Product Safety Information 43 2.3.6.1 Product Handling 44 2.3.6.2 Material Disposal 44 2.3.63 Disposable Process Technology 44 2.3.7 Outsourced Manufacturing Concerns 45 3 BIOPROCESSING SAFETY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 47 3.1 Sample Approach 48 3.1.2 Develop and Document a System to Manage Bioprocess Safety Hazards 50 3.1.3 Appoint a Biological Safety Officer 50 3.1.4 Collect Bioprocess Hazard Information 51 3.1.5 Identify Bioprocess Safety Hazards 51 3.1.5.1 Point of Decision 51 3.1.6 Assess Bioprocess Safety Risks and Assign Bioprocess Safety Hazard Level 52 3.1.7 Identify Bioprocess Controls and Risk Management Options 52 3.1.8 Document Bioprocess Safety Hazard Risks and Management Decisions 53 3.1.9 Communicate and Train on Bioprocess Safety Hazards 53 3.1.10 Investigate & Learn from Bioprocess Incidents 53 3.1.11 Review, Audit, Manage Change, and Improve Hazard Management Practices and Program 54 3.2 Existing Management Systems 54 3.2.1 Product Stewardship for Byproducts 61 3.3 Establishing a Bioprocess Safety Management System 62 3.3.1 Select a Management System Model Based Upon Your Needs 63 3.3.2 Identifying the Elements that Apply to Your Operations 64 3.3.3 Establish a Review and Approval Cycle for the Documents 65 3.3.4 Rolling Out the Management System to the Users 66 3.4 Biosafety Training for the Workforce 67 3.5 Investigating Incidents 69 3.5.1 A Generic Procedure for Initial Biohazard Incident Response 71 3.6 Managing Change 75 3.7 Reviewing and Auditing for Continuous Improvement 76 3.8 Applying Behavior-Based Safety to Bioprocesses 76 4.IDENTIFYING BIOPROCESS HAZARDS 79 4.1 Key Considerations for Assessing Risk to Manage Bioprocess Safety 79 4.1.1 Testing for Bioactivity 79 4.1.2 Non-biological Hazards 80 4.2 Bioprocess Risk Assessment 80 4.2.1 Three Types of Assessment 80 4.2.2 Agent Considerations 80 4.2.3 Process Considerations 81 4.2.4 Environmental Considerations 82 4.2.5 Microorganisms 83 4.3 Recombinant Organisms 85 4.4 Cell Culture 86 5 BIOPROCESS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AND UNIT OPERATIONS 89 5.1 Physical Plant Design 89 5.1.1 Architectural Aspects 90 5.1.1.1 Finishes and Materials 90 5.1.1.2 Layout Strategies 91 5.1.1.3 People and Material Flow 94 5.1.1.4 Non-bio logical Hazards 94 5.1.1.5 Seismic and Building Loads 96 5.1.1.6 Hardened Construction 97 5.1.1.7 Equipment Mezzanines and Subfloors 97 5.1.1.8 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Aspects 98 (a) Supply and Exhaust Systems 98 (b) Special Exhaust Stream Mitigation 100 (c) HVAC Issues from a Biosafety Perspective 101 (d) Microenvironments 103 (e) Cascading Pressure Differentials 105 (f) Containment versus Clean Room Environments 107 5.1.1.9 Waste and Waste Treatment 109 5.1.1.10 Process Support Systems: High Purity Water 112 5.1.1.11 Process Support Systems: Hand Washing Sinks and Personnel showers 112 5.1.2 Plant Siting Issues 113 5.1.2.1 Zoning & Permitting 113 5.1.2.2 Regional Environmental Agencies and Environmental Impact Reports 113 5.1.2.3 Building and Site Security 114 5.2 Bioprocess Unit Operations 116 5.2.1 General Equipment Design Considerations 117 5.2.2 Closed-System Design 118 5.2.2.2 Impact on Operations 123 5.2.3 Upstream Equipment and Facility Design 124 5.2.3.1 Additional Upstream Design Considerations 124 5.2.3.2 Equipment and Facility Integration 127 5.2.3.3 Production Segregation and Flows 127 5.2.3.4 Segregation from a Biosafety Perspective 129 5.2.3.5 Cleaning the Equipment 130 5.2.4.1 Harvest and Recovery 134 5.2.4.2 Centrifugation 134 5.2.4.3 Filtration 135 5.2.4.4 Chromatography 137 5.2.5 Facility Support Issues 139 5.2.6 Biosafety for Personnel: SOP, Protocols, and PPE 140 6 THE EFFECTS OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGY ON BIOPROCESSING RISK MANAGEMENT 143 6.1 Researching and Staying Informed 143 6.1.1 Biopharmaceutical 144 6.1 .1 .1 Drug Discovery and Development 144 6.1.1.2 Gene-based Pharmaceuticals 144 6.1.1.3 Drug Delivery Research 146 6.1.2 Renewable-resources 147 6.1.3 Environmental 148 6.1.3.1 Bioprocessing and Waste Management 148 6.2 Communicating the Impacts of New Technology 149 6.2.1 Industry (Communication at Your Site) 150 APPENDIX A - REFERENCES & SELECTED REGULATIONS 153 APPENDIX B - LARGE SCALE BIOSAFETY GUIDELINES 161 APPENDIX C - A GENERIC LABORATORY/LARGE SCALE BIOSAFETY CHECKLIST 177 APPENDIX D - BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT QUESTIONNAIRE & BIOPROCESS SAFETY CHECKLIST 179 APPENDIX E - BIOPROCESS FACILITY AUDIT CHECKLIST 189 APPENDIX F - DIRECTIVE 2000/54/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL 199 APPENDIX G - COMPARISON OF GOOD LARGE SCALE PRACTICE (GLSP) AND BIOSAFETY LEVEL (BL) - LARGE SCALE (LS) PRACTICE 203 GLOSSARY 209 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 217 INDEX 221
£93.56
John Wiley & Sons Inc Guidelines for Auditing Process Safety Management
Book SynopsisThis book discusses the fundamental skills, techniques, and tools of auditing, and the characteristics of a good process safety management system. A variety of approaches are given so the reader can select the best methodology for a given audit. This book updates the original CCPS Auditing Guideline project since the implementation of OSHA PSM regulation, and is accompanied by an online download featuring checklists for both the audit program and the audit itself. This package offers a vital resource for process safety and process development personnel, as well as related professionals like insurers.Table of ContentsAcronyms. Glossary. Acknowledgements. Preface. User’s Guide to the Second Edition. Executive Summary. Introduction. Guidance for Chapter 3-24. Process Safety Management Audit Programs. 1.1 Process Safety Management (PSM) Audits and Programs. 1.2 PSM Audit Program Scope. 1.3 PSM Audit Program Guidance. 1. 4 PSM Audit Frequency and Scheduling. 1.5 PSM Audit Staffing. 1.6 Certification of Auditors. 1.7 PSM Audit Criteria and Protocols. 1.8 Audit Reporting. 1.9 Audit Follow-up. 1.10 Quality Assurance. 1.11 Summary. Conducting Process Safety Management Program Audits. 2.1 Audit Planning. 2.2 On-site Audit Activities. 2.3 Gathering, Recording, and Evaluating Audit Data and Information. 2.4 Post-Audit Activities. 2.5 Summary. PSM Applicability. 3.1 Overview. 3.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 3.3 Audit Protocol. Process Safety Culture. 4.1 Overview. 4.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 4.3 Posing Questions to Audit Process Safety Culture. 4.4 Audit Protocol. Compliance with Standards. 5.1 Overview. 5.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 5.3 Audit Protocol. Process Safety Competency. 6.1 Overview. 6.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 6.3 Audit Protocol. Workforce Involvement. 7.1 Overview. 7.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 7.3 Audit Protocol. Stakeholder Outreach. 8.1 Overview. 8.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 8.3 Audit Protocol. Process Knowledge Management. 9.1 Overview. 9.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 9.3 Audit Protocol. Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis. 10.1 Overview. 10.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 103. Audit Protocol. Operating Procedures. 11.1 Overview. 11.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 11.3 Audit Protocol. Safe Work Practices. 12.1 Overview. 12.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 12.3 Audit Protocol. Asset Integrity and Reliability. 13.1 Overview. 13.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 13.3 Audit Protocol. Contractor Management. 14.1 Overview. 14.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 14.3 Audit Protocol. Training and Performance Assurance. 15.1 Overview. 15.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 15.3 Audit Protocol. Management of Change. 16.1 Overview. 16.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 16.3 Audit Protocol. Operational Readiness. 17.1 Overview. 17.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 17.3 Audit Protocol. Conduct of Operations. 18.1 Overview. 18.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 18.3 Audit Protocol. Emergency Management. 19.1 Overview. 19.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 19.3 Audit Protocol. Incident Investigation. 20.1 Overview. 20.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 20.3 Audit Protocol. Measurement and Metrics. 21.1 Overview. 21.2 Related Criteria. 21.3 Voluntary Consensus PSM Programs. 21.4 Audit Protocol. Auditing. 22.1 Overview. 22.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 22.3 Audit Protocol. Management Review and Continuous Improvement. 23.1 Overview. 23.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 23.3 Voluntary Consensus PSM Programs. 23.4 Audit Protocol. Risk Management Programs. 24.1 Overview. 24.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 24.3 Audit Protocol. Appendices. Appendix A: PSM Audit Protocol. Appendix B: PSM Audit Report Templates. Appendix C: Sample PSM Audit Certifications. Appendix D: PSM Audit Plan Templates. Appendix E: Interview Questions for Nonmanagement Personnel. Appendix F: PSM Audit Planning Questionnaire. Appendix G: Integrated Contingency Plan (ICP) Audit Protocol. Appendix H: International PSM Audits. Appendix I: PSM Audit Dilemmas. Appendix J: PSM Audits During Mergers and Acquisitions. Index.
£138.56
John Wiley & Sons Inc Basic Process Measurements
Book SynopsisThis book examines the basic principles for the various approaches used in selecting industrial devices, including: incorporation into commercial measurement devices, suitability within certain process conditions, and advantages/disadvantages relative to competing technologies.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Basic Concepts. 1.1. Continuous vs. Discrete Measurement. 1.2. Continuous vs. Sampled Measurement. 1.3. In-Line, On-Line, and Off-Line. 1.4. Signals and Resolution. 1.5. Zero, Span, and Range. 1.6. Turndown Ratio and Rangeability. 1.7. Accuracy. 1.8. Repeatability. 1.9. Measurement Uncertainty. 1.10. Measurement Decision Risk. 1.11. Calibration. 1.12. Measurement Device Components. 1.13. Current Loop. 1.14. Power Supply and Wiring. 1.15. Serial Communications. 1.16. Smart Transmitters. 1.17. Environmental Issues. 1.18. Explosive Atmospheres. 1.19. Measurement Device Dynamics. 1.20. Filtering and Smoothing. 2. Temperature. 2.1. Heat and Temperature. 2.2. Temperature Scales. 2.3. Thermowells. 2.4. Bimetallic Thermometers. 2.5. Thermocouples. 2.6. Resistance Temperature Detectors. 2.7. Thermistors. 2.8. Temperature Transmitters. 2.9. Pyrometers. 2.10. Others. 3. Pressure. 3.1. Force and Pressure. 3.2. Measures of Pressure. 3.3. Pressure-Sensing Elements. 3.4. Indicators and Switches. 3.5. Pressure Sensor. 3.6. Strain Gauge Pressure Sensors. 3.7. Capacitance Pressure Sensors. 3.8. Resonant Frequency. 3.9. Installation. 3.10. Differential Pressure. 4. Level and Density. 4.1. Level, Volume, and Weight. 4.2. Pressure Transmitter. 4.3. Differential Pressure Transmitter. 4.4. Capacitance and Radio Frequency. 4.5. Ultrasonic. 4.6. Noncontact Radar. 4.7. Guided Wave Radar. 4.8. Nuclear. 4.9. A Few Others. 4.10. Level Switches. 4.11. Interface. 4.12. Density. 5. Flow. 5.1. Mass Flow, Volumetric Flow, and Velocity. 5.2. Static Pressure and Fluid Velocity. 5.3. Flashing and Cavitation. 5.4. Fluid Dynamics. 5.5. Flow Meter Application Data. 5.6. Orifi ce Meter. 5.7. Head Meters. 5.8. Coriolis Meters. 5.9. Magnetic Flow Meter. 5.10. Vortex-Shedding Meter. 5.11. Transit-Time Ultrasonic Flow Meter. 5.12. Doppler Ultrasonic Flow Meter. 5.13. Thermal Flow Meters. 5.14. Turbine Meter. 5.15. Other Flow Meters. 5.16. Flow Switches. Index.
£90.86
Wiley Distillation Control
Book SynopsisLearn to Design the Best Control Configuration for Any Distillation Column Today, distillation is by far the most common separation technique used in the chemical and petroleum industries. All distillation columns need to be carefully controlled in order to meet specified production and quality levels. Distillation Control enables readers to do this by approaching the subject from a process to develop, analyze, and troubleshoot all aspects of column controls. Readers are efficiency and effectiveness and minimizing coats. Distillation Control begins with a chapter dedicated to underlying principles, including separation processes, reflux and boilup ratios, and composition dynamics. Next, the author covers such critical topics as: Composition control Pressure control and condensers Reboilers and feed preheaters Application of feedforward Unit optimization Complex towers As readerTable of ContentsPreface ix 1 Principles 1 1.1. Separation Processes 2 1.2. Total Material Balance 9 1.3. Reflux and Boilup Ratios 13 1.4. Total Material Balance around Condenser 18 1.5. Total Material Balance around Reboiler 21 1.6. Component Material Balances 24 1.7. Energy and the Separation Factor 28 1.8. Multicomponent Distillation 35 1.9. Stage-by-Stage Separation Model 38 1.10. Formulation of the Control Problem 47 1.11. Tower Internals 50 1.12. Flooding 55 1.13. Tray Hydraulics 59 1.14. Inverse Response in Bottoms Level 62 1.15. Composition Dynamics 65 References 69 2 Composition Control 70 2.1. Product Specifications 71 2.2. Columns in Series 75 2.3. Composition Analyzers 78 2.4. Temperature 83 2.5. Distillate Composition Control: Constant Boilup 91 2.6. Distillate Composition Control: Constant Bottoms Flow 96 2.7. Operating Lines 100 2.8. Temperature Profiles 106 2.9. Feed Composition Disturbances 111 2.10. Bottoms Composition Control 116 2.11. Propagation of Variance in Level Control Configurations 122 2.12. Level Control in Direct Material Balance Configurations 126 3 Pressure Control and Condensers 136 3.1. Pressure Control 137 3.2. Once-Through Heat Transfer Processes 142 3.3. Water-Cooled Condensers 147 3.4. Flooded Condensers 151 3.5. Air-Cooled Condensers 159 3.6. Partial Condensers 162 3.7. Atmospheric Towers 167 3.8. Vacuum Towers 169 3.9. Floating Pressure/Pressure Minimization 173 Reference 179 4 Reboilers and Feed Preheaters 180 4.1. Types of Reboilers 181 4.2. Steam-Heated Reboilers 185 4.3. Hot Oil 195 4.4. Fired Heaters 198 4.5. Feed Preheater 200 4.6. Economizer 204 References 208 5 Applying Feedforward 209 5.1. Feed Flow and Composition 210 5.2. Internal Reflux Control 220 5.3. Extreme Feedforward 226 5.4. Feedforward for Bottoms Level 229 5.5. Feedforward for Column Pressure 234 5.6. Product Compositions 238 Reference 242 6 Unit Optimization 243 6.1. Energy and Separation 244 6.2. Optimization of a Column 250 6.3. Constraints in Distillation Columns 255 6.4. Control Configurations for Single Constraint 258 6.5. Control Configurations for Multiple Constraints 266 References 272 7 Double-End Composition Control 273 7.1. Defining the Problem 273 7.2. Options for Composition Control 275 7.3. Relative Gain 283 7.4. Relative Gains from Open Loop Sensitivities 290 7.5. Relative Gains for Other Configurations 294 7.6. Ratios for Manipulated Variables 296 7.7. Effect of Operating Objectives 300 7.8. MPC 303 8 Complex Towers 306 8.1. Heat Integration 307 8.2. Side Heater/Side Cooler 311 8.3. Sidestreams 316 8.4. Withdrawing a Liquid Sidestream 319 8.5. Withdrawing a Vapor Sidestream 322 8.6. Composition Control in Sidestream Towers 324 Index 329
£77.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Practical Pharmaceutical Engineering
Book SynopsisThis book provides professionals in the pharmaceutical industries a basic understanding of the key elements of pharmaceutical and biotech manufacturing and design.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 US Regulations for the Pharmaceutical Industries 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The FDA: Formation of a Regulatory Agency 2 1.3 FDA’s Seven Program Centers and Their Responsibility 6 1.3.1 Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research 6 1.3.2 Center for Drug Evaluation and Research 6 1.3.3 Center for Devices and Radiological Health 6 1.3.4 Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition 6 1.3.5 Center for Veterinary Medicine 6 1.3.6 Office of Combinational Products 6 1.3.7 Office of Regulatory Affairs 7 1.4 New Drug Development 7 1.4.1 Discovery 7 1.4.2 Investigational New Drug Application 8 1.4.3 Preclinical Studies (Animal) 9 1.4.4 Clinical Studies 10 1.5 Commercializing the New Drug 16 1.5.1 New Drug Application 17 1.6 Harmonization 23 1.6.1 Common Technical Document 23 1.7 Review Process of US NDA 25 1.8 Current Good Manufacturing Practice in Manufacturing, Processing, Packing, or Holding of Drugs 27 1.8.1 Organization and Personnel 27 1.8.2 Building and Facilities 28 1.8.3 Equipment 28 1.8.4 Control of Components and Drug Product Containers and Closures 29 1.8.5 Production and Process Controls 29 1.8.6 Packaging and Labeling Control 30 1.8.7 Holding and Distribution 31 1.8.8 Laboratory Controls 31 1.8.9 Records and Reports 32 1.8.10 Returned and Salvaged Drug Products 33 1.8.11 Other 33 1.9 Compliance 34 1.9.1 Quality System 35 1.9.2 Facilities and Equipment System 35 1.9.3 Materials System 36 1.9.4 Production System 36 1.9.5 Packaging and Labeling System 36 1.9.6 Laboratory Control System 36 1.10 Electronic Records and Electronic Signatures 37 1.10.1 Electronic Records 37 1.10.2 Electronic Signatures 38 1.11 Employee Safety 38 1.11.1 Process Safety Information 39 1.11.2 Process Hazard Analysis 40 1.11.3 Operating Procedures 41 1.11.4 Training 41 1.11.5 New Facility Startup 41 1.11.6 Mechanical Integrity 42 1.11.7 Hot Work Permit 42 1.11.8 Management of Change 42 1.11.9 Incident Investigation 43 1.11.10 Emergency Planning and Response 43 1.11.11 Compliance Audits 43 1.12 US EPA 43 1.12.1 Clean Air Act 44 1.12.2 Safe Drinking Water Act 45 1.12.3 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 46 1.12.4 Emergency Planning and Community Right‐to‐Know Act 47 1.12.5 Clean Water Act 48 1.13 Process Analytical Technology 49 1.13.1 Process Understanding 49 1.13.2 Principles and Tools 50 1.13.3 Strategy for Implementation 51 1.14 Conclusion 51 References 51 Further Reading 52 2 Pharmaceutical Water Systems 53 2.1 Pharmaceutical Water Systems Basics 53 2.1.1 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics for Pharmaceutical Water Systems 58 2.2 Pharmaceutical Water Equipment 77 2.2.1 Centrifugal Pumps 77 2.2.2 Centrifugal Pump Installation Considerations 81 2.3 Thermodynamics Interlude 82 2.4 Heat Transfer for Pharmaceutical Water Production 90 2.5 Evaporation 109 2.6 Ion Exchange Systems 115 2.7 Reverse Osmosis 116 2.7.1 Principles of Reverse Osmosis 118 2.7.2 Reverse Osmosis Installation and Operational Costs 121 2.7.3 Reverse Osmosis Design Hint 122 2.8 cGMP Design and Facility Maintenance Considerations for Pharmaceutical Water Systems 122 References 128 Further Reading 129 3 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning 131 3.1 Fundamentals of HVAC Electrical Systems 132 3.1.1 Electric Motors 133 3.1.2 Motor Plate and Associated Data 134 3.2 Design Considerations 140 3.2.1 Weather Data 143 3.2.2 Temperature and Humidity 143 3.2.3 Ventilation 147 3.2.4 Air Filtration 149 3.2.5 Internal Loads 150 3.2.6 Air Distribution 150 3.2.7 Room Pressurization 151 3.2.8 Sound and Acoustic Criteria 152 3.2.9 Building Control Systems 158 3.3 Cleanrooms 158 3.3.1 Cleanroom Design Fundamentals 158 3.3.2 Cleanroom Monitoring, Maintenance, and Design Considerations for USP and USP Facilities 169 References 172 Further Reading 172 4 Pressure Vessels, Reactors, and Fermentors 175 4.1 Introduction 175 4.1.1 Pressure Vessels 175 4.1.2 Basics of Pressure Vessel Design and Specifications 178 4.1.3 Pharmaceutical Reactors 188 4.1.4 Kinetics and Reactor Fundamentals 188 4.1.5 Bioreactor Principles 197 4.1.6 Fermentor Principles 209 4.1.7 Heat Transfer Aspects of Fermentors 211 4.1.8 Bioreactor and Fermentor Design, Maintenance, Operating, and cGMP Considerations 214 4.2 Safety Relief Valves and Rupture Discs 219 4.2.1 Safety Relief Devices, Definition of Terms 219 4.2.2 Relief Valve Design and Specifications 223 4.2.3 Requirements and Capacity 223 References 237 Further Reading 238 5 Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability 239 5.1 Introduction to RAM 239 5.2 The Role of Reliability 240 5.3 The Role of Maintainability 247 5.4 The Preventive Maintenance Program 252 5.4.1 System Replacement Considerations 253 5.5 Human Factors 254 5.6 The Role of Availability 259 5.7 Basic Mathematics for Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability 259 5.8 Series and Parallel Configurations 271 5.9 Spares and Replacement Parts 271 References 276 Further Reading 277 6 Parenteral Operations 279 6.1 Introduction 279 6.2 Parenteral Definitions, Regulations, and Guidelines 280 6.2.1 Nomenclature and Definitions 280 6.3 Lyophilization 282 6.3.1 Background 282 6.3.2 Lyophilization Glossary 283 6.3.3 Lyophilizer Design and Operation 284 6.4 Lyophilizer Maintenance Issues 294 6.4.1 Maintenance Systems Analysis 294 References 296 Further Reading 296 7 Tableting Technology 299 7.1 Introduction 299 7.2 The Role of the FDA in the Manufacturing, Processing, Packing, and Holding of Drugs: The Relationship Between Regulations and Pharmaceutical Engineering 300 7.3 Tablet Blending Operations 304 7.3.1 Dry Granulation 305 7.3.2 Wet Granulation 320 7.4 Tableting Operations 322 7.4.1 Tablet Manufacturing 324 7.4.2 Tablet Press Maintenance 329 7.5 Coating 330 7.5.1 Tablet Coating 330 7.5.2 Tablet Coater Maintenance 331 7.6 Capsules 333 7.6.1 Capsule Fundamentals 334 7.6.2 Capsule Materials and Manufacturing 334 References 337 Further Reading 338 8 Corrosion and Passivation in Pharmaceutical Operations 339 8.1 Corrosion 339 8.2 Corrosion and Corrosion Protection in Pharmaceutical Operations 339 8.2.1 Definition of Corrosion 343 8.2.2 Corrosion Fundamentals 343 8.3 General Corrosion Protection in Pharmaceutical Operations 344 8.3.1 Electrochemical Action 344 8.3.2 Environmental Characteristics and Corrosion 349 8.3.3 Properties of Metals that Influence Corrosion 350 8.3.4 Effects of Fabrication and Assembly on Corrosion 350 8.3.5 Protective Films and Corrosion 352 8.3.6 Corrosion Activity in Solutions 352 8.3.7 Types of Corrosion 354 8.4 Corrosion‐ Resistant Metals and Alloys 365 8.4.1 Iron Alloys 366 8.4.2 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys 367 8.5 Passivation and Rouging 368 8.5.1 Passivation 368 8.5.2 Rouging 369 8.6 General Corrosion Protective Measures 370 8.6.1 General Design Considerations for Corrosion Prevention 370 8.7 Pourbaix Diagrams 374 References 377 Further Reading 378 9 Pharmaceutical Materials of Construction 379 9.1 Introduction 379 9.2 Materials Selection and Performance Requirements 379 9.2.1 Introduction of Polymeric Materials for Single Use Systems 380 9.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Stainless Steels and Polymers for cGMP and Non‐cGMP Pharmaceutical Applications 381 9.4 Disposal of Single Use Components 382 9.5 Performance Considerations for Pharmaceutical Materials of Construction 392 9.5.1 Stainless Steels 392 9.5.2 Copper and Copper Alloys 394 9.5.3 Carbon Steels and Alloy Steels 396 9.5.4 Polymeric Materials: Overview 399 9.5.5 Preventing Pharmaceutical Materials Component Materials Failures 402 9.6 Practical Piping Calculations 403 References 408 Further Reading 409 10 Commissioning and Validation 411 10.1 Introduction to Commissioning and Validation 411 10.1.1 Introduction to Construction Specifications 411 10.2 Commissioning 416 10.2.1 Description of Tasks 419 10.2.2 Commissioning Costs 425 10.3 Validation 425 10.4 Process Validation 459 10.5 Electronic Records and Electronic Signatures 484 10.5.1 Application of Risk Assessment Methods to Outsourcing 491 10.5.2 Validation Costs 492 10.6 Comparison Between Commissioning and Validation 493 References 493 Further Reading 493 11 Topics and Concepts Relating to Pharmaceutical Engineering 495 11.1 Preliminary Concepts 495 11.1.1 Basic Statistical Concepts and Computational Techniques 495 11.2 Introduction to Six Sigma 508 11.2.1 Six Sigma Organization and Background 508 11.2.2 DMAIC: The Basic Six Sigma Acronym 514 11.2.3 Define 514 11.2.4 Measure 516 11.2.5 Analyze 519 11.2.6 Improve 520 11.2.7 Control 523 11.2.8 Lean Six Sigma 524 11.3 Process Analytical Technology 530 11.4 Quality by Design 537 References 540 Further Reading 540 Index 543
£102.56
John Wiley & Sons Inc Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference
Book Synopsis
£339.30
John Wiley & Sons Inc A Guide to Safe Material and Chemical Handling
Book SynopsisThere have been many volumes written that claim to be the most comprehensive compendium or handbook on chemical data. These wieldy volumes are often too big and extraneous to be useful to the practicing engineer.Table of ContentsPreface Author Biographies. List of Tables. 1. Corrosion. 1.1 General Information. 1.2 Types of Corrosion. 1.3 Materials Evaluation and Selection. 1.4 Corrosion Data. 2. Material Properties and Selection. 2.1 General Properties and Selection Criteria. 2.2 Cast Irons. 2.2.1 Gray Cast Iron. 2.2.2 White Cast Iron. 2.2.3 Malleable Cast Iron. 2.2.4 Nodular Cast Iron. 2.2.5 Austenitic Cast Iron. 2.2.6 Abrasion Resistance. 2.2.7 Corrosion Resistance. 2.2.8 Temperature Resistance. 2.2.9 Welding Cast Iron. 2.3 Steels. 2.3.1 Low Carbon Steels (Mild Steel). 2.3.2 Corrosion Resistance. 2.3.3 Heat Resistance. 2.3.4 Low Temperatures. 2.3.5 High-Carbon Steels. 2.3.6 Low-Carbon, Low-Alloy Steels. 2.3.7 Mechanical Properties. 2.3.8 Corrosion Resistance. 2.3.9 Oxidation Resistance and Creep Strength. 2.3.10 Low-Temperature Ductility. 2.3.11 High-Carbon, Low-Alloy Steels. 2.3.12 High-Alloy Steels. 2.3.12.1 Chromium Steels (400 Series), Low-Carbon Ferritic (Type 405). 2.3.12.2 Medium Carbon Martensitic. 2.3.12.3 Medium Carbon Ferrule. 2.3.12.4 Chromium/Nickel Austenitic Steels (300 Series). 2.3.13 Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels. 2.4 Materials Properties Data Tables. 3. Property Tables of Various Liquids, Gases, and Fuels. 3.1 General Properties of Hydrocarbons. 3.1.1 General Information. 3.1.2 Isomers. 3.1.3 Alkenes. 3.1.4 Alkynes. 3.1.5 Straight-Chain Hydrocarbon Nomenclature. 3.1.6 Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 3.1.7 Hydrocarbon Derivatives. 3.1.8 Halogenated Hydrocarbons. 3.1.9 Alcohols. 3.1.10 Ethers. 3.1.11 Ketones. 3.1.12 Aldehydes. 3.1.13 Peroxides. 3.1.14 Esters. 3.1.15 Amines. 3.2 Fuel Properties. 3.2.1 Crude Oil. 3.2.2 Gasoline. 3.2.3 Bioethanol and ETBE. 3.2.4 Diesel Oil, Kerosene, Jet A1, and Biodiesel. 3.2.5 Fuel Oil. 3.2.6 Natural Gas, Biogas, LPG and Methane Hydrates. 3.2.7 Hydrogen. 4. General Guidelines on Fire Protection, Evacuation, First Responder, and Emergency Planning. 4.1 Flammability Properties. 4.1.1.1 General Information. 4.1.1.2 Flammability Designation. 4.1.2 Ignition Temperature. 4.1.3 Flammability Limits. 4.1.4 Vapor Density. 4.1.5 Specific Gravity. 4.1.6 Water Solubility. 4.1.7 Responding to Fires. 4.1.8 Firefighting Agents. 4.1.8.1 Water. 4.1.8.2 Foam. 4.1.8.3 Alcohol-Resistant Foams. 4.1.8.4 High Expansion Foams. 4.1.8.5 Other Extinguishing Agents. 4.1.8.6 Carbon Dioxide. 4.1.9 Electrical Fire Prevention. 4.1.10 Firefighting Guidance. 4.1.10.1 Types. 4.1.10.2 Firefighting Agents and Extinguishers. 4.1.10.3 Vehicles. 4.1.10.4 Firefighting Gear. 4.1.11 Specialized Rescue Procedures. 4.1.12 First Responder to Electrical Fire Incidents. 4.1.13 Evacuation Planning. 4.1.13.1 Designated Roles and Responsibilities. 4.1.13.2 Preparation & Planning for Emergencies. 4.1.14 Evacuation Procedure. 4.1.15 General. 4.1.16 Template for Emergency Evacuation Plan. 5. Chemical Data. 6. Chemical Safety Data. 7. Recommended Safe Levels of Exposure. 8. Fire and Chemical Reactivity Data.
£174.56
John Wiley & Sons Inc Handbook of Troubleshooting Plastics Processes
Book SynopsisThis handbook provides a framework for understanding how to characterize plastic manufacturing processes for use in troubleshooting problems. The 21 chapters are authored by well-known and experienced engineers who have specialized knowledge about the processes covered in this practical guide. From the Preface: In every chapter, the process is described and the most common problems are discussed along with the root causes and potential technical solutions. Numerous case studies are provided that illustrate the troubleshooting process. Mark A. Spalding, The Dow Chemical CompanyTable of ContentsPreface xvii 1. The Economics of Troubleshooting Polymer Processing Systems 1 2. Troubleshooting Philosophy 19 3. Statistical Tools for Trouble Shooting a Process 25 4. Single Screw Extrusion 45 5. Troubleshooting the Co-rotating Fully Intermeshing Twin-screw Compounding System 53 6. Troubleshooting for Injection Molding 65 7. Blown Film 85 8. Cast Film Troubleshooting 109 9. Oriented Films – Trouble Shooting and Characterization 129 10. Troubleshooting the Thermoforming Process 163 11. Proper Equipment Processing for Industrial/Technical Blow Molding 213 12. PET Stretch Blow Molding 13. Blow Molding – Problems and Solutions 275 14. Extrusion Coating Troubleshooting 293 15. Adhesive and Thermal Lamination 309 16. Troubleshooting for Retomolding 323 17. Plastics Calendering 355 18. Compression Molding 375 19. Transfer molding 389 20. Pultrusion Process Troubleshooting 399 21. Troubleshooting Static Problems in Plastics Processes 433 References 470 Recommended reading for further study 471 Index 473
£207.86
John Wiley & Sons Inc Guidelines for Engineering Design for Process
Book SynopsisThis updated version of one of the most popular and widely used CCPS books provides plant design engineers, facility operators, and safety professionals with key information on selected topics of interest. The book focuses on process safety issues in the design of chemical, petrochemical, and hydrocarbon processing facilities. It discusses how to select designs that can prevent or mitigate the release of flammable or toxic materials, which could lead to a fire, explosion, or environmental damage. Key areas to be enhanced in the new edition include inherently safer design, specifically concepts for design of inherently safer unit operations and Safety Instrumented Systems and Layer of Protection Analysis. This book also provides an extensive bibliography to related publications and topic-specific information, as well as key information on failure modes and potential design solutions.Trade Review“I highly recommend it to process design engineers, project engineers, facility operators, and process safety/loss prevention specialists who will find it very useful." (Process Safety Progress, 1 November 2012) “While detailed engineering designs are outside the scope of the book, the authors provide extensive references to assist designers who wish to go beyond safety philosophy to the specifics of a particular safety system design.” (Chemical Engineering Progress, 1 August 2012)Table of ContentsAcronyms and Abbreviations xv Glossary xxi Acknowledgments xxxiii Foreward xxxv Preface xxxvii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Engineering Design for Process Safety Through the Life Cycle of the Facility 2 1.2 Regulatory Review / Impact on Process Safety 5 1.3 Who Will Benefit From These Guidelines? 7 1.4 Organization of this Book 7 1.5 Other CCPS Resources 9 1.6 References 10 2. Foundational Concepts 13 2.1 Understanding the Hazard 14 2.2 Risk-Based Design 21 2.3 Intentional Unsteady State Condition Evaluation 27 2.4 Unintentional Unsteady State Issues 31 2.5 Non-Linearity of the Design Process 33 2.6 References 36 3. Basic Physical Properties / Thermal Stability Data 39 3.1 Basic Physical Properties 39 3.2 Flammability Data 40 3.3 Reactivity / Thermal Stability Data 47 3.4 References 60 4. Analysis Techniques 63 4.1 Hazard Identification 63 4.2 Hazard Analysis Techniques 94 4.3 Risk Assessment 108 4.4 Reliability / Maintainability Analysis 118 4.5 References 119 5. General Design 123 5.1 Safeguarding Strategies 123 5.2 Inherently Safer Design 128 5.3 Basic Process Control Systems 132 5.4 Instrumented Safety Systems 135 5.5 Process Design / Process Chemistry 135 5.6 Plant Siting and Layout 137 5.7 Materials of Construction 140 5.8 Corrosion 143 5.9 Civil / Structural / Support Design 146 5.10 Thermal Insulation 150 5.11 Human Factors in Design 155 5.12 Site Security Issues 158 5.13 References 161 6. Equipment Design 165 6.1 Vessels 167 6.2 Reactors 183 6.3 Mass Transfer Equipment 194 6.4 Heat Transfer Equipment 204 6.5 Dryers 214 6.6 Fluid Transfer Equipment 223 6.7 Solid-Fluid Separators 236 6.8 Solids Handling and Processing Equipment 244 6.9 Fired Equipment 256 6.10 Piping and Piping Components 266 6.11 Material Handling and Warehousing 291 6.12 Utility Systems 305 7. Protection Layers 315 7.1 Ignition Control 316 7.2 Instrumented Safety Systems 325 7.3 Pressure / Vacuum Relief Systems 332 7.4 Equipment Isolation / Blowdown 340 7.5 Effluent Disposal Systems 342 7.6 Emergency Response Alarm Systems 350 7.7 Fire Protection 357 7.8 Deflagration / Detonation Arresters 363 7.9 Explosion Suppression 366 7.10 Specialty Mitigation Systems 369 7.11 Effluent Handling / Post-Release Mitigation / Waste Treatment Issues 372 7.12 References 374 8. Documentation to Support Process Safety 379 8.1 Process Knowledge Management 379 8.2 Engineering Design Package 384 8.3 Operating / Maintenance Procedures 385 8.4 Asset Integrity / Reliability / Predictive Maintenance Data 389 8.5 References 390
£106.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Encyclopedia of Membrane Science and Technology 3
Book SynopsisForeword by Professor Menachem Elimelech, Yale University, USA This 3-volume thematic work provides critical assessment of the status and advancements in materials and fabrication of membranes, membrane based processes, and applications critical to industrial applications and research from fundamental and practical levels.Table of ContentsForeword Menachem Elimelech Part I. Membrane Separation and Transport Introduction Eric M.V. Hoek, Volodymyr V. Tarabara, and MaryTheresa M. Pendergast Solution-diffusion processes Arne R.D. Verliefde, Paul Van der Meeren, and Bart Van der Bruggen Inorganic Membrane Filtration, Modeling Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Weihong Xing, Weixing Li, Yiqun Fan, Wanqin Jin, and Nanping Xu Mechanistic Modeling of Transport in Nanofiltration Anthony Szymczyk Mass transport in ion-exchange membranes Yoshinobu Tanaka Gas separation membranes Ho Bum Park Gas Transport in Dense Polymeric Membranes, Molecular Dynamics Simulations Sylvie Neyertz Scaling Jack Gilron Pore blocking models Chia-Chi Ho Cake/Biofilm enhanced concentration polarization Jenia Gutman and Moshe Herzberg Fouling in membrane bioreactors Anusha Kola, Yun Ye, and Vicki Chen Part II. Membrane Materials, Characterization, and Module Design Membrane Materials and Module Development, Historical Perspective Jane Kucera Track-etching Pavel Apel Micro-engineered membranes Cees. J.M. van Rijn Mixed-matrix membranes Ryan Adams, J.R. Johnson, Chen Zhang, Ryan Lively, Ying Dai, O. Esekhile, Junqiang Liu, and W.J. Koros Thin Films and Membranes with Hierarchical Porosity Dan Li, Jianfeng Yao, and Huanting Wang Surface modification of membranes Yan Fang, Jian Wu, and Zhi-Kang Xu Ion exchange membranes Yaoming Wang and Tongwen Xu Solvent Resistant Nanofiltration Membranes Katrien Hendrix and Ivo Vankelecom Liquid membranes, supported and emulsion Gloria Villora Inorganic membranes Shaomin Liu, Xiaoyao Tan, and Kang Li Thin inorganic porous hollow fiber membranes Mieke W.J. Luiten-Olieman, Michiel J.T. Raaijmakers, Arian Nijmeijer, and Nieck E. Benes Interfacial polymerization Benjamin J. Feinberg and Eric M.V. Hoek Thin-Film Ceramic Membranes C. Yacou, D. Wang, J. Motuzas, X. Zhang, S. Smart, and J. C Diniz da Costa Sol-gel-derived silica membranes Masakoto Kanezashi Ionic Liquids in Gas Separation Membranes Jason E. Bara Carbon membranes Ahmad Fauzi Ismail Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity Neil B. McKeown and Peter M. Budd Silica Colloidal Nanoporous Membranes Amir Khabibullin and Ilya Zharov Gold Nanotube Membranes Leonora Velleman, Joe G. Shapter, and Dosan Losic Biological and Biomimetic Membranes Manish Kumar, Yue-xiao Shen, and Patrick O. Saboe Stimuli-responsive membranes Kin-Ho Wee and Renbi Bai Constitutional dynameric networks for membranes Mihail Barboiu Photocatalytic ceramic membranes Abolfazl Zakersalehi, Joel Andersen, Hyeok Choi, and Dionysios D. Dionysiou Superhydrophobic Biomimetic Fibrous Membranes Aikifa Raza and Bin Ding Membrane characterization Roy Bernstein, Yair Kaufman, and Viatcheslav Freger Porosity José Ignacio Calvo Díez, Aldo Bottino, Pedro Prádanos, Laura Palacio, and Antonio Hernández Membrane integrity monitoring Vitaly Gitis and Gadi Rothenberg Membrane Characterization by Atomic Force Microscopy Daniel J. Johnson and Nidal Hilal Microanalysis of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes Orlando Coronell, Marc ter Horst, and Carrie Donley Design and Construction of Commercial Spiral Wound Modules Jon E. Johnson Dynamic crossflow filtration Michel Y. Jaffrin Part III. Membrane Processes Microfiltration Shankar Chellam Ultrafiltration James E. Kilduff Nanofiltration Bart Van der Bruggen Diafiltration Zoltan Kovacs and Peter Czermak Hybrid processes combining sorption and membrane filtration Nalan Kabay and Marek Bryjak Reverse osmosis Lianfa Song, Cui Liu, and Shuang Liang Forward Osmosis Jeffrey McCutcheon Pressure-retarded osmosis Amy Childress Electro-Membrane Processes Ajay K. Singh and Vinod K. Shahi Reverse electrodialysis Odne S. Burheim, Jon G. Pharoah, David Vermaas, B. B. Sales, K. Nijmeijer, and H. V. M. Hamelers Membrane electrolysis Pierre Millet Pervaporation Anne Jonquières CO2 capture Xuezhong He, Qiang Yu, May-Britt Hägg Metallic Membranes for High Temperature Hydrogen Separation Yi Hua Ma, Jacopo Catalano, and Federico Guazzone Natural gas purification Haiqing Lin, Lloyd S. White, Kaaeid Lokhandwala, and Richard W. Baker Oxygen-nitrogen separation Dipak Rana and Takeshi Matsuura Membrane contactors Alessandra Criscuoli Catalytic membrane reactors Sahar Soltani, Muhammad Sahimi, and Theodore Tsotsis Membrane Aerated Biofilm Reactors Eoin Syron and Eoin Casey Membrane reactors, Applications Angelo Basile, Simona Liguori, and Adolfo Iulianelli Part IV. Membrane Applications Seawater Desalination - Cost and Technology Trends Nikolay Voutchkov Membrane Bioreactors, Applications to Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Stefan Krause and Christoph Thiemig Membranes for Osmotic Power S.T.V. Sim, Rong Wang, M. Tian, and A.G. Fane Organic Solvent Nanofiltration György Székely, Patrizia Marchetti, Maria F. Jimenez-Solomon, and Andrew G. Livingston Gas separation, Applications A. Brunetti, G. Barbieri, and Enrico Drioli Analytical applications of membranes Merlin L. Bruening Conducting Polymer Membranes Krzysztof Maksymiuk and Agata Michalska Application of membranes in biotechnology Raja Ghosh Applications of supported liquid membranes and emulsion liquid membranes Raffaele Molinari and Pietro Argurio Applications of pertraction in biotechnology D.Cascaval, Anca-Irina Galaction, and D. Boldureanu Polymer Membranes for fuel cells R. Wycisk, J. Ballengee and Peter N. Pintauro Polymeric Membranes for Energy Applications Tai-Shung Chung Food Industry Applications Frank Lipnizki Membrane-based treatment of textile industry wastewaters Ismail Koyuncu Membrane-based techniques for nuclear waste processing Anil Kumar Pabby, J.V. Sonawane, and Ana M. Sastre Membrane-based treatment of pulp and paper industry wastewaters Mari Kallioinen, Mika Mänttäri, and Marianne Nystrom Enantioselective Membranes Masakazu Yoshikawa and Akon Higuchi Membranes for Microfluidic Applications Goran T. Vladisavljeviæ, Isao Kobayashi, and Mitsutoshi Nakajima Part V. Membrane Terminology, Societies, Conferences, and Periodicals Membrane Terminology Michael D. Guiver, Eric M.V. Hoek, Victor Nikonenko, Volodymyr V. Tarabara , and Andrew L. Zydney International Membrane Societies Christopher A. Crock and Pejman Ahmadiannamini Membrane Related Conferences, Seminars, Symposia and Workshops Emily N. Tummons and Miguel Herrera-Robledo Membrane Related Research Periodicals Emily N. Tummons and Miguel Herrera-Robledo
£835.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Onium Ions
Book SynopsisOnium ions play a very significant role in chemistry as they are often used as catalysts in reactions. This book covers the different roles of onium ions as catalysts in reactions, as reagents and electrophilic reagents in chemical synthesis, and how they can be prepared.Table of ContentsAzonium Ions. Oxonium Ions. Sulfonium, Selenonium, Telluronium Ions. Phosphonium and Arsonium Ions. Halonium Ions. Carboxonium, Carbosulfonium and Carbazonium Ions. Carbonium Ions. Siliconium Ions. Onium Dications. Index.
£198.86
John Wiley & Sons Inc Organosilicon Chemistry WileyInterscience
Book SynopsisA comprehensive, up-to-date reference to synthetic applications of organosilicon chemistry Organic, organometallic, and polymer chemistry as well as materials science all utilize silicon in various forms, yet there is little cross-fertilization of ideas and applications among the disciplines.Trade Review"...this book provides a good 'state-of-the-art' compilations and evaluation at the turn of the century. This work should be included in any chemistry reference collection." (Choice, Vol. 38, No. 8, April 2001) "This book was a pleasure to read. It is very well written in a relaxed chatty style that conveys the obvious deep interest and delight the author brings to the subject...the book can quite rightly claim to be the 'Eaborn' of the 2000s." (Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 123, No. 5, November 2000) In recent years there have been several books published that describe the various topical uses of silicon in organic synthesis. All of these books have been useful, but they did not present the broader picture of how the chemistry of the element silicon has had a major impact on many technologies. The author refers to some earlier "classical" books on silicon chemistry, particularly Eaborn's text of the 1960s, that set a very high and comprehensive standard by which to be judged. Without a doubt, Michael Brook has met this standard. This book was a pleasure to read. It is very well written in a relaxed and chatty style that conveys the obvious deep interest and delight the author brings to the subject. There are an impressive number of references to substantiate this scholarly text. One minor point that might (subjectively) make the book even better would be to place Chapter 14 (Electronic Effects of Silyl Group) earlier since it so germane to all of the book. The price is high, but not unreasonably so, and the book can quite rightly claim to be the "Eaborn" of the 2000s. (Phillip Magnus, University of Texas at Austin) "...Brook discusses selected topics regarding synthesis he considers of most use to graduate students and practicing chemists." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 24, No. 4, December 2000) "...this is a completely successful book..." (Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 3rd November 2000)Table of ContentsFUNDAMENTALS OF SILICON REACTIVITY: REACTIVE INTERMEDIATES AND REACTION MECHANISMS. Organosilanes: Where to Find Them, What to Call Them, How to Detect Them. Atomic and Molecular Properties of Silicon. Silicon-Based Reactive Intermediates. Extracoordination at Silicon. Reaction Mechanisms for Nucleophilic Substitution at Silicon. THE FORMATION AND CLEAVAGE OF NON-CARBON BONDS TO SILICON: APPLICATIONS IN ORGANIC AND POLYMER CHEMISTRY. Silicon and Transition Metal Chemistry. Hydrosilanes as Reducing Agents. Replacing H with Si: Silicon-Based Reagents. Silicones. Siloxanes Based on T and Q Units. Other Silicon-Containing Polymers. THE FORMATION AND CLEAVAGE OF SILICON-CARBON BONDS: APPLICATIONS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS. Formation of Si-C Bonds: The Synthesis of Functional Organosilanes. Silicon in a Biological Environment. Silicon in the Organic World: Electronic Effects of Silyl Groups. Rearrangements. Cleavage of Si-C Bonds. Indices of Functional Group Transformations. Subject Index.
£213.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc Homogeneous Catalysis
Book SynopsisContains a balanced discussion of homogeneous catalytic reactions that are used in industry, featuring every documented example employed in a current commercial process, or that have a broad application in the organic synthesis laboratory. Incorporates synthesis with chiral catalysts in chapters on hydrogenation, CO chemistry and olefin oxidation. New additions include Tennessee Eastman''s coal-based acetic anhydride plant and IFP''s Dimersol process for dimerizing propylene as well as major changes in the areas on pharmaceuticals, flavors, fragrances, agricultural and electronic chemicals.Table of ContentsTrends in Homogeneous Catalysis in Industry. Isomerization of Olefins. Reactions of Olefins and Dienes--Hydrogenation and HY Additions. Polymerization and Oligomerization of Olefins and Dienes. Reactions of Carbon Monoxide. Oxidation of Olefins and Dienes. Arene Reactions. Reactions of Acetylenes. Carbene Complexes in Olefin Metathesis and Ring-Forming Reactions. Oxidation of Hydrocarbons by Oxygen. Esterification, Polycondensation, and Related Processes. Homogeneous Catalysis in Halocarbon Chemistry. Appendix. Index.
£165.56
John Wiley & Sons Inc Organic Reactions Volume 40
Book SynopsisThe volumes of Organic Reactions are collections of chapters each devoted to a single reaction, or a definite phase of a reaction, of wide applicability. The material is treated from a preparative viewpoint, with emphasis on limitations, interfering influences, effects of structure, and the selection of experimental techniques. Numerous detailed procedures illustrate the significant modifications of each method. Includes tables that contain all possible examples of the reaction under consideration.Table of ContentsThe Pauson-Khand Cycloaddition Reaction for Synthesis ofCyclopentenones (N. Schore). Reduction with Diimide (D. Pasto & R. Taylor). The Pummerer Reaction of Sulfinyl Compounds (O. De Lucchi, etal.). The Catalyzed Nucleophilic Addition of Aldehydes to ElectrophilicDouble Bonds (H. Stetter & H. Kuhlmann). Author Index, Volumes 1-40. Chapters and Topic Index, Volumes 1-40.
£175.50
John Wiley & Sons Inc Organic Reactions Volume 41
Book SynopsisThe latest volume in this series for organic chemists in industry presents critical discussions of widely used organic reactions or particular phases of a reaction. The material is treated from a preparative viewpoint, with emphasis on limitations, interfering influences, effects of structure and the selection of experimental techniques. Numerous detailed procedures illustrate the significant modifications of each method. Includes tables that contain all possible examples of the reaction under consideration.Table of ContentsDivinylcylopropane--Cycloheptadiene Rearrangement (T. Hudlicky, etal.). Formation of Carbon-Carbon Bonds via Organocopper Reagents (BLipshutz & S. Sengupta). Indexes.
£175.50
John Wiley & Sons Inc Callahams RussianEnglish Dictionary of Science
Book SynopsisThis is a revised and expanded edition of a major reference work offering complete coverage of Russian chemical terms, along with their English translations.Table of ContentsNot Obtainable.
£258.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc Process Machinery Including RealWorld Case
Book SynopsisA highly practical troubleshooting tool for today's complex processing industry Evolving industrial technology-driven by the need to increase safety while reducing production losses-along with environmental factors and legal concerns has resulted in an increased emphasis on sound troubleshooting techniques and documentation.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 2. Strength of Materials. 2.1 Load Calculations. 2.2 Stress Calculations. 2.2.1 Axial. 2.2.2 Shear. 2.2.3 Bending. 2.2.4 Torsional. 2.2.5 Combined Stresses. 2.2.6 Thermal Stresses. 2.2.7 Transient Temperatures and Stresses. 2.2.8 High Temperature Creep. 2.2.9 Shell Stresses. 2.3 Piping Thermal Forces, Moments, Frequencies. 2.3.1 Piping Failures. 2.4 Allowable and Design Stresses. 2.5 Fatigue Due to Cyclic Loading. 2.6 Elongation and Deflection Calculations. 2.7 Factors of Safety. 2.8 Case History: Agitator Bearing Loading. 2.9 Case History: Shaft Failure. 2.10 Dynamic Loading. 2.10.1 Centrifugal Force. 2.10.2 Inertia's and WR2. 2.10.3 Energy Relationships. 2.11 Case History: Centrifuge Bearing Failures. 2.12 Case History: Bird Impact Force on a Windscreen. 2.13 Case History: Torsional Impact on a Propeller. 2.14 Case History: Start-up Torque on a Motor Coupling. 2.15 Case History: Frictional Clamping Due to Bolting. 2.16 Case History: Failure of a Connecting Rod in a Race Car. 2.17 Bolting. 2.17.1 Holding Capacity. 2.17.2 Limiting Torque. 2.17.3 Bolt Elongation and Relaxation. 2.17.4 Torquing Methods. 2.17.5 Fatigue of Bolts. 2.17.6 Stripping Strength of Threads. 2.17.7 Case History: A Power Head Gasket Leak. 2.18 Ball and Roller Bearing Life Estimates. 2.18.1 Case History: Bearing Life of a Shaft Support. 2.18.2 Coupling Offset and Bearing Life. 2.19 Hydrodynamic Bearings. 2.19.1 Shell and Pad Failures. 2.20 Gears. 2.20.1 Gear Acceptability Calculations. 2.20.2 Case History: Up-Rate Acceptability of a Gear Unit. 2.21 Interference Fits. 2.21.1 Keyless Hydraulically Fitted Hubs. 2.21.2 Case History: Taper Fit Holding Ability. 2.21.3 Case History: The Flying Hydraulically Fitted Hub. 2.22 Strength of Welds. 2.23 Fatigue of Welds. 2.24 Repair of Machinery. 2.24.1 Shafts. 2.24.2 Housing and Cases. 2.24.3 Gearboxes. 2.24.4 Sleeve bearings and Bushing Clearances. 2.24.5 Alignments. 2.24.6 Acceptable Coupling Offset and Angular Misalignment. 2.24.7 Vibration Measurements. 2.25 Interpreting Mechanical Failures. 2.25.1 Failures with Axial, Bending and Torsional Loading. 2.25.2 Gear Teeth Failures. 2.25.3 Spring Failures. 2.25.4 Bolt Failures. 2.25.5 Bearing Failures. 2.25.6 Reading a Bearing. 2.25.7 Large Gearbox Keyway / Shaft Failures. 2.26 Case History: Sizing a Bushing Running Clearance. 2.27 Case History: Galling of a Shaft In A Bushing. 2.28 Case History: Remaining Fatigue Life with Cyclic Stresses. 2.29 A Procedure for Evaluating Gasket Joints. 2.30 Gaskets In High Temperature Service. 2.31 "O" Ring Evaluation. 2.32 Case History: Gasket Won't Pass Hydrotest. 2.33 Case History: Heat Exchanger Leak Due to Temperature. 2.34 Wear of Equipment. 2.35 Case History: Excessive Wear of a Ball Valve. 3. Vibration Analysis. 3.1 Spring /Mass Systems and Resonance. 3.2 Case History: Critical Speed Problem on Steam Turbine. 3.3 Determining Vibration Amplitudes. 3.3.1 Allowable Levels for X or F at Resonance . 3.4 Case History: Vibratory Torque on Gear of a Ship System. 3.5 Torsional Vibration. 3.6 Case History: Torsional Vibration of Motor-Generator-Blower. 3.7 Vibration Diagnosis and Campbell Diagrams. 3.8 Case History: The Effect of a Suddenly Applied Torsional Load. 3.9 Flow Induced Vibrations. 3.10 Case History: Heat Exchanger Tube Vibration. 3.11 Case History: Piping Vibration Failures. 4. Fluid Flow. 4.1 Continuity Equations. 4.2 Bernoulli's Equations. 4.3 Pressure Drop. 4.4 Forces Due to Fluids. 4.5 Case History: A Piping Failure Due to Water Hammer. 4.6 Case History: A Centrifugal Pump System. 4.6.1 System Curves. 4.6.2 Pump Curves. 4.6.3 Net Positive Suction Head NPSH. 4.6.4 Pump Laws. 4.6.5 Series and Parallel Pump Operation. 4.6.6 Blocked In Pump Concern. 4.6.7 Cryogenic Service Concerns. 4.6.8 Pump Control. 4.7 Case History: Wreck of a Centrifugal Pump. 4.8 Case History: Airfoil Aerodynamic Loads. 4.9 Case History: Pressure Loss Through Slots. 4.10 Friction Losses in Piping Systems. 4.11 Case History: Pipe Friction. 5. Heat Transfer. 5.1 Conduction. 5.2 Convection. 5.3 Radiation. 5.4 Heat Sources. 5.5 Case History: Insulation Burn-Out of a Resistor Bank. 5.6 Case History: Embedded Bearing Temperature. 5.7 Types of Heat Exchangers. 5.8 Heat Exchanger Design. 5.9 Case History: Verifying the Size of an Oil Cooler. 5.10 Case History: Temperature Distribution Along a Flare Line. 5.11 Case History: Derivation of a Pipe Temperature Distribution. 6. Compressor Systems and Thermodynamics. 6.1 Ideal Gas Laws. 6.2 Case History: Non - Relieving Explosion Relief Valve. 6.3 The Energy Equation. 6.4 Case History: Air Conditioner Feasibility Study. 6.5 Centrifugal Compressor Operation. 6.6 Compressor Configurations. 6.7 Centrifugal Compressor Head, Flow and Horsepower. 6.8 Compressor Surge. 6.9 Fan Laws. 6.10 Flow - Head Curve Troubleshooting. 6.11 Reciprocating Gas Compressors. 6.12 Component Failures and Prevention. 6.13 Reciprocating Compressor Horsepower Calculations. 6.14 Troubleshooting Reciprocating Compressors Using Gas Calculations. 6.15 Mechanical Seals. 6.16 Flexible Gear, Diaphragm and Disc Pack Couplings. 7. Statistics. 7.1 Average, Range, Variance, Standard Deviation. 7.2 Histograms and Normal Distributions. 7.3 Case History: Power Cylinder Life Comparison. 7.4 Mean Time Between Failures. 7.5 Case History: MTBF for a Gas Engine Compressor. 7.6 Reliability. 7.7 Deterministic and Probabilistic Modeling. 8. Problem Solving and Decision Making. 8.1 The 80-20 Relationship. 8.2 Going Through the Data. 8.3 A Problem Solving Technique. 8.4 Case History: Loss of a Slurry Pump. 8.5 Case History: The Fatigued Motor Shaft. 8.6 Case History: Coupling Failure. 8.7 Case History: Motorcycle Won't Start. 8.8 Case History: Galled Die. 8.9 Seven Causes. 8.10 A Decision Making Technique. 8.11 Case History: Selection of a Barrel Lifter. 9. Materials of Construction. 9.1 Carbon Steel. 9.2 High Strength Low Alloy Steels. 9.3 Martensitic Stainless Steels. 9.4 Austenitic Stainless Steels. 9.5 Monel 400. 9.6 17-4 PH. 9.7 Incoloy 825. 9.8 Inconel 718. 9.9 Structural Steels. 9.10 All Steels Are Not The Same. 9.11 Useful Material Properties. 9.12 Heat Treatments. 9.13 Failure Modes of Shafts, Bolting, Structures and Vessels. 9.14 Fretting Corrosion. 10. Mechanical System Modeling with Case Histories. 10.1 Sizing Up the Problem. 10.2 Case Histories. 10.3 Failures Caused by Excessive Loads:. 10.3.1 Case History: An Agitator Bolt Failure. 10.3.2 Case History: Loosening of Counterweight Bolt. 10.3.3 Case History: Evaluating Internal Thread Strip - Out. 10.3.4 Case History: Analyzing a Spline Failure. 10.3.5 Case History: The Bending of Impeller Blades . 10.3.6 Case History: A Compressor Rod Failure. 10.3.7 Case History: Seal Failure Due to Misalignment of an Agitator Shaft. 10.3.8 Case History: Gear Tooth Pitting Failure. 10.3.9 Case History: Impact Load Effect on a Large Gearbox Bearing. 10.3.10 Case History: A Motor Shaft Failure . 10.3.11 Case History: An In-Flight Aircraft Crankshaft Failure. 10.3.12 Case History: A Pitting Failure Due to a Poorly Distributed Bearing Load. 10.3.13 Case History: Failure of a Pre-loaded Fan Bearings. 10.3.14 Case History: The Separating Loads in an Extruder. 10.3.15 Case History: Containment of an Impeller. 10.4 Failures Caused by Wear:. 10.4.1 Case History: Examining the Wear of Extruder Screws. 10.4.2 Case History: Wear of a Spline Clutch. 10.5 Failures Caused by Thermal Loads:. 10.5.1 Case History: Thermal Distortions Move a 50 Ton Gearbox. 10.5.2 Case History: The Thermally Bowed Shaft. 10.5.3 Case History: A Steam Turbine Diaphragm Failure. 10.5.4 Case History: Screw Compressor Rotor Rub . 10.5.5 Case History: The Hidden Load in a Three Bearing Machine. 10.6 Miscellaneous Failures. 10.6.1 Case History: Crack Growth in a Rotor. 10.6.2 Case History: Structural Failure Due to Misalignment. 10.6.3 Case History: Oil Film Thickness of a Diesel Engine Bearing. 10.6.4 Case History: The Leaking Flange Gasket. 11. Fitness For Service with Case Histories. 11.1 A Little About Corrosion. 11.2 Stress Corrosion Cracking. 11.3 Uniform Corrosion. 11.3.1 Case History: Local Corrosion of a Vessel Wall. 11.4 Pitting Corrosion. 11.4.1 Case History: Pitting Corrosion of a Vessel Wall. 11.5 Brittle Fracture Concerns. 11.5.1 Academic Example: Temperature Effect on a Steel Plate. 11.5.2 Case History: Crack Like Defect in a Vessel Wall. 11.6 Cold Service Evaluations. 11.6.1 Case History: Cold Service Vessel. 11.7 Crack Growth and Fatigue Life. 11.8 Finding Those Cracks. 11.9 Troubleshooting Isn't So Easy. References. Index.
£104.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Guidelines for Chemical Transportation Safety
Book SynopsisThis CCPS Guideline book outlines current transportation risk analysis software programs and demonstrates several available risk assessment programs for land transport by rail, truck, and pipeline for consequences that may affect the public or the environment. Provides introductory transport risk considerations for process engineers Gives guidance on route selection, equipment factors and materials Describes transportation security risk issues and industry practices to mitigate them Includes loading and unloading checklists for several transport modes Develops specific operating procedures and checklists to reduce human error Discusses considerations for transportation security, including threat and vulnerability assessments and potential countermeasures Summarizes key transportation security regulations, guidelines and industry initiatives. Note: CD-ROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not inTable of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Items on the CD. Glossary. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Key Shareholders in the Supply Chain and Risk Management Process. 1.2 Transportation Risk Management. 1.3 Using These Guidelines. 2. Primary Management Systems. 2.1Regulatory Compliance. 2.2 Essential Components of a Transportation Management System. 2.3 XYZ Chemical Example- Primary Management Systems. 3. Risk Assessment Fundamentals. 3.1 Safety Risk Assessment Concepts. 3.2 Risk Definitions. 3.3 Risk Analysis Protocol. 3.4 Identification and Prioritization Activities. 3.5 XYZ Chemical Example- Identification and Prioritization 4. Qualitative and Semi- Quantitative Risk Analysis. 4.1 Qualitative and Semi- Quantitative Risk Assessments. 4.2 Qualitative Risk Analysis. 4.3 Semi- Quantitative Risk Analysis. 5. Quantitative Risk Analysis. 5.1 Overview. 5.2 QRA Data Sources. 5.3 Presentation of Quantitative Results. 5.4 XYZ Chemical Example- Quantitative Risk Analysis. 6. Transportation Security Considerations. 6.1 Overview of Transportation Security. 6.2 Transportation Security Concepts. 6.3 Security Prioritization Process. 6.4 Transportation Security Vulnerability Assessment. 6.5 Practical Transportation Security Elements. 6.6 XYZ Chemical Example- Security Analysis. 7. Risk Reduction Strategies. 7.1 Risk Reduction Initiatives. 7.2 Factors Influencing Risk Reduction Options. 7.3 Selection of Risk Reduction Options. 7.4 XYZ Chemical Example- Risk Reduction Strategies. 8. Program Sustainability. 8.1 Ongoing Commitment to Risk Management. 8.2 Continuous Improvement. 8.3 Emerging Safety and Security Trends. 8.4 Evolving Transportation Risk Analysis Practices. 8.5 XYZ Chemical Example- Program Sustainability. Index.
£135.85
John Wiley & Sons Inc Organic Building Blocks of the Chemical Industry
Book SynopsisStudies based on the building block approach technique are used by the author to investigate fundamental questions relevant to the development and commercial production of industrial chemicals.Table of ContentsBACKROUND MATERIAL. Sources, Production Pathways, and Pricing of Industrial OrganicChemicals. ALIPHATIC BUILDING BLOCKS. C1 Building Blocks. C2 Building Blocks. C3 Building Blocks. C4 Building Blocks, Including Isoprene and Cyclopentadiene. C5 and Higher Acyclic Building Blocks. CYCLIC BUILDING BLOCKS. Nonaromatic Carbocyclic Compounds. Aromatic Carbocyclic Compounds. Heterocyclic Building Blocks. Index.
£276.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc Handbook of Separation Process Technology
Book SynopsisSeparation processes are basic to the petroleum, chemical, petrochemical, energy, food products and minerals industries.Table of ContentsGENERAL PRINCIPLES. Phase Equilibria. Mass Transfer Principles. Phase Segregation. General Processing Considerations. INDIVIDUAL SEPARATION PROCESSES. Distillation. Absorption and Stripping. Extraction--Organic Chemicals Processing. Extraction--Metals Processing. Leaching--Metals Applications. Leaching--Organic Materials. Crystallization Operations. Adsorption. Ion Exchange. Large-Scale Chromatography. Separation Processes Based on Reversible ChemicalComplexation. Bubble and Foam Separations--Ore Flotation. Bubble and Foam Separations--Waste Treatment. Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis. Recent Advances in Liquid Membrane Technology. Separation of Gaseous Mixtures Using Polymer Membranes. Membrane Processes--Dialysis and Electrodialysis. Selection of a Separation Process. Index.
£372.56
Johns Hopkins University Press From the American System to Mass Production
Book SynopsisTrade ReviewThe history of technology at its very best. It is also a volume which has a great deal to interest the business historian... A superb study replete with new insights and eqully valuable in its parts as in their sum... This is an exciting book which deserves the highest praise. Business History David Hounshell's history of the evolution of American production methods has few rivals: in execution of the theme it has none... Both the armchair historian and the specialist in the history of technology will find this a highly readable and most informative work. ScienceTable of ContentsFigures and TablesForewordAcknowledgementsIntroductionChapter 1. The American System of Manufacures in the Antebellum PeriodChapter 2. The Sewing Machine and the American System of ManufacturesChapter 3. Mass Production in American Woodworking Industries: A Case StudyChapter 4. The McCormick Reaper Works and American Manufacturing Technology in the Nineteenth CenturyChapter 5. From the American System toward Mass Production: The Bicycle Industry in the Nineteenth CenturyChapter 6. The Ford Motor Company and the Rise of Mass Production in AmericaChapter 7. Cul-de-sac: The Limits of Fordism and the Coming of "Flexible Mass Production"Chapter 8. The Ethos of Mass Production and Its CriticsAppendix 1. The Evolution of the Expression The American System of ManufacturesAppendix 2. Singer Sewing Machine Artificial AnalysisNotesBibliographyIndex
£38.56
John Wiley & Sons Inc Guidelines for Process Equipment Reliability Data
Book SynopsisThe book supplements "Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis" by providing the failure rate data needed to perform a chemical process quantitative risk analysis. It is presented in a hard cover format.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Glossary. Acronyms. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Background. 1.2 Guidelines Purpose, Scope and Organization. 1.3 Use of This Guidelines. 2. Equipment Failure Rate Data. 2.1 Sources and Types of Failure Rate Data. 2.2 Failure Model. 2.3 Taxonomy. 2.4 Confidence and Tolerance. 2.5 Sources of Variation in Failure Rates. 2.6 Time-Related and Demand-Related Failure Causes. 2.7 Using Failure Rate Data. References. 3. CCPS Taxonomy. 3.1 CCPS Taxonomy Structure. 3.2 CCPS Taxonomy Development. 3.3 The CCPS Taxonomy and Its Use. References. 4. Data Bases, Sources, and Studies. 4.1 Data Resource Selection. 4.2 Data Resource Presentation. 4.3 Process Equipment Data Bases. 4.4 Process Equipment Data Sources. 4.5 Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Assessments (CPQRAs). 4.6 Nonprocess Equipment Data Bases. 4.7 Nonprocess Equipment Data Sources. 4.8 Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRAs). 5. CCPS Generic Failure Rate Data Base. 5.1 Data Selection. 5.2 Data Treatment. 5.3 Data Table Presentation. 5.4 Use of the CCPS Generic Failure Rate Data Base. 5.5 CCPS Generic Data Tables. 6. Collection and Conversion of Plant-Specific Data. 6.1 Data Sources. 6.2 Data Collection. 6.3 Data Review and Qualification. 6.4 Data Conversion. 6.5 Statistical Treatment. References. 7. Failure Rate Data Transfer. 8. Supplemental References. Appendix A. CCPS Generic Failure Rate Data Base Taxonomy. Appendix B. Equipment Index. Appendix C. Matrix of Data Elements in Data Resources. Appendix D. Unreviewed Data Bases, Data Sources, and Studies.
£149.35
John Wiley & Sons Inc Guidelines for Postrelease Mitigation Technology
Book SynopsisPuts together information on the design of post-release mitigation systems. This book presents engineering methods for minimizing the consequences of the release of toxic vapors, or ignition of flammable vapors. It emphasizes on planning and a systems approach, shows limitations of the methods discussed, and provides references.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction to Postrelease Mitigation. 1.1. Introduction. 1.2. Scope of This Book. 1.3. Benefits of Postrelease mitigation Techniques. 1.4. How to Use This Guideline. 1.5. Guideline Organization and Content. 1.6. References. Chapter 2. Overview of release Scenarios and Post release. Mitigation. 2.1. Introduction. 2.2. Mitigation Categories. 2.3. Prerelease Mitigation Techniques. 2.3.1. Inherently Safer Design. 2.3.2. Physical Integrity of a Plant. 2.3.3. Process Integrity. 2.3.4. Emergency Relief Treatment Systems. 2.3.5. Emergency Process Abort Systems. 2.3.6. Emergency Isolation of Releases. 2.4. Release Scenarios and Consequences. 2.4.1. Types of Releases. 2.4.2. Liquid Releases. 2.4.3. Liquid Pool Formation. 2.4.4. Flashing, Mixed Liquid-Vapor Releases. 2.4.5. Behavior of Flashing, Mixed Liquid-Vapor Releases. 2.4.6. Gases/Vapors. 2.5. Consequences of a release. 2.5.1. Nature of Hazards. 2.5.2. Toxic and Flammable Dispersion. 2.5.3. Thermal Radiation. 2.5.4. Explosions. 2.5.5. Explosion Hazards. 2.6. Postrelease Mitigation Techniques. 2.6.1. Containment or Suppression to Limit Releases to the Air. 2.6.2. Countermeasures. 2.7. References. 3. Vaporization Reduction. 3.1. Introduction. 3.1.1. Why Reduce Vaporization Rates? 3.1.2. Methodology. 3.2. Refrigeration. 3.2.1. Effect of Refrigeration on Vaporization Rates. 3.2.2. System Issues. 3.2.3. Reactive Materials. 3.3. Covers. 3.3.1. Vapor Suppression Foams. 3.3.2. Dry Chemical Covers. 3.3.3. Other Covering Techniques. 3.4. Deliberate Ignition. 3.5. References. Chapter 4. Fluid Curtains. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Previous Work. 4.3. Absorption/Mass Transfer. 4.4. Air Dilution. 4.5. Defining Spray Requirements for Mitigation. 4.5.1. Water Curtain Design Example. 4.5.2. Spray Nozzles. 4.5.3. Water Supply Capacity, Pressurization, and Reliability. 4.5.4. Fixed Water-Spray Systems. 4.5.5. Monitor Nozzle and Hydrant Protection. 4.5.6. Environmental Considerations. 4.6. Vapor-Phase Dilution Systems. 4.6.1. Overview. 4.6.2. Steam Curtains. 4.6.3. Air Curtains. 4.6.4. Foam Scrubbing. 4.6.5. Dry Powder Curtains. 4.7. References. 5. Secondary Containment. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Diking. 5.2.1. Optimal Dike Geometry. 5.2.2. Materials for Dike Construction. 5.2.3. Provisions for Removal of Materials From a Dike. 5.2.4. Regulatory Requirements Regarding Diking. 5.2.5. Emergency Response Dikes. 5.3. Double-Wall Containment. 5.4. Enclosures. 5.5. Transfer Vessels. 5.6. Leak Plugging. 5.6.1. Patching. 5.6.2. Freezing. 5.7. Physical Vapor Barriers. 5.7.1. Overview. 5.7.2. Vapor Fences. 5.7.3. Vapor Boxes. 5.7.4. Applicability of Vapor Barrier Devices. 5.7.5. Effects of Process Equipment and Structures. 5.8. References. Chapter 6. Detection and Response. 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. Leak Detection. 6.2.1. Fixed-Point Detectors. 6.2.2. Sampling Systems. 6.2.3. Portable Detectors. 6.2.4. Detector System Response Times. 6.2.5. Detector Placement. 6.2.6. System Reliability. 6.3. Emergency Response. 6.3.1. Introduction. 6.3.2. Fundamentals of a Comprehensive Emergency Response Plan. 6.3.3. Emergency Response Training. 6.4. Community Relationships and Interactions. 6.5. Drills and Simulations. 6.5.1. Table-Top Exercises. 6.5.2. Plant-Wide Emergency Drills. 6.5.3. Full-Scale Emergency Simulations. 6.6. Temporary Havens. 6.6.1. Criteria for Use. 6.6.2. Design Criteria. 6.6.3. Capacity. 6.6.4. Communications and Other Equipment. 6.7. References. Chapter 7. Examples of Mitigation Effectiveness. 7.1. Introduction. 7.2. Consequence Modeling. 7.3. Basis for Examples. 7.4. Modeling Conditions. 7.5. Effect of Diking. 7.6. Use of Foam. 7.7. Mitigation by Refrigeration. 7.7.1. Pressure Storage of Ammonia. 7.7.2. Refrigerated/Ammonia Storage. 7.7.3. Refrigeration Combined with Diking. 7.8. Use of Water Sprays. 7.9. Mitigation System Selection. 7.10. References.
£105.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc Guidelines Safe Stor Handlng R
Book SynopsisOffers guidelines that can reduce the risk or mitigate the severity of accidents associated with storing and handling reactive materials. Necessary elements of a reliable system to prevent equipment or human failures that might lead to a reactive chemical incident are sound and responsible management policies.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Acronyms. Introduction. 1. Chemical Reactivity Hazards. 1.1 Framework for Understanding Reactivity Hazards. 1.1.1 Grouping of Reactivity Hazards into General Categories. 1.1.2 Key Parameters That Drive Reactions. 1.1.3 Types of Runaway Reactions. 1.1.4 How Reactive Chemical Storage and Handling Accidents Are Initiated. 1.2 Self-Reactive Polymerizing Chemicals. 1.2.1 Thermal Instability. 1.2.2 Induction Time. 1.2.3 Example. 1.3 Self-Reactive Decomposing Chemicals. 1.3.1 Peroxides. 1.3.2 Self-Accelerating Decomposition Temperature. 1.3.3 Predicting Instability Potential. 1.3.4 Deflagration and Detonation of Pure Material. 1.3.5 Slow Gas-Forming Reactions. 1.3.6 Heat of Compression. 1.3.7 Minimum Pressure for Vapor Decomposition. 1.3.8 Shock Sensitivity. 1.3.9 Examples of Shock Sensitivity. 1.4 Self-Reactive Rearranging Chemicals. 1.4.1 Isomerization. 1.4.2 Disproportionation. 1.5 Reactivity with Oxygen. 1.5.1 Spontaneous Ignition and Pyrophoricity. 1.5.2 Pyrophoricity versus Hypergolic Properties. 1.5.3 Accumulation and Explosion of Pyrophoric Materials. 1.5.4 Competition between Air and Atmosphere Moisture. 1.5.5 Peroxide Formation. 1.6 Reactivity with Water. 1.6.1 Water Reactivity: Fast and Slow Reactions. 1.6.2 Water-Reactive Structures. 1.7 Reactivity with Other Common Substances. 1.7.1 Reactions with Metals. 1.7.2 Surface Area Effects. 1.7.3 Catalyst Deactivation and Surface Passivation. 1.8 Reactive with Other Chemicals Incompatibility. 1.8.1 Oxidizing and Reducing Properties. 1.8.2 Acidic and basic Properties. 1.8.3 Formation of Unstable Materials. 1.8.4 Thermite-Type Reactions. 1.8.5 Incompatibility with Heat Transfer Fluids and Refrigerants. 1.8.6 Adsorbents. References. 2. Chemical Reactivity Classifications. 2.1 NFPA Reactivity Hazard Signal. 2.1.1 NFPA 704 Rating System for Overall Reactivity. 2.1.2 Definitions for Reactivity Signal Ratings. 2.1.3 Reactivity Hazards Not Identified by NFPA 704. 2.1.4 NFPA Reactivity Ratings for Specific Chemicals. 2.2 NPCA Hazardous Materials Identification System. 2.3 Classifications of Organic Peroxides. 2.3.1 SPI 19A Classification of Organic Peroxides. 2.3.2 NFPA 43B Classification of Organic Peroxides. 2.4 Classification of Materials That Form Peroxides. 2.5 Classification of Water-Reactive Materials. 2.5.1 Materials That React Violently with Water. 2.5.2 Materials That React Slowly with Water. References. 3. Materials Assessment. 3.1 Prior Experience Review. 3.1.1 Common Knowledge. 3.1.2 Analogy. 3.1.3 Safety Data and Literature. 3.2 Theoretical Evaluations. 3.2.1 Unstable Atomic Groups. 3.2.2 Oxygen Balance. 3.2.3 Thermodynamics: Heat of 3.2.4 Thermodynamics: Heats of Reaction and Self-Reaction. 3.2.5 Thermodynamics: Equilibrium Considerations. 3.2.6 CHETAH. 3.2.7 Example Evaluation. 3.3 Expert Determination. 3.3.1 Expert Committees. 3.3.2 Kinetics Determination Factors. 3.4 Reactivity Screening Tests. 3.4.1 Thermal Stability Screening Tests. 3.4.2 Shock Sensitivity Screening. 3.4.3 Pyrophoricity Screening. 3.4.4 Water Reactivity Screening. 3.4.5 Peroxide Formation Screening. 3.4.6 Compatibility Screening. References. 4. Consequence Analysis. 4.1 Identifying Potential Accident Scenarios. 4.1.1 Process Hazard Analysis. 4.1.2 Checklist of Potentially Hazardous Events. 4.1.3 Chemical Interaction Matrix. 4.1.4 Industry Experience. 4.1.5 Local Size Experience. 4.2 Severity Testing. 4.2.1 Calorimetric Testing for Consequence Analysis. 4.2.2 Self-Accelerating Decomposition Temperature. 4.2.3 Isoperibolic Calorimetry. 4.2.4 Assessment of Maximum Pressure and Temperature. 4.3 Where to Find Methods for Estimating Immediate Consequences. 4.3.1 Reactive Chemical Explosions. 4.3.2 Reactive Chemical Fires. 4.3.3 Toxic Releases. 4.4 Where to Find Methods for Estimating Immediate Impact. 4.4.1 Explosion Effect Models. 4.4.2 Thermal Effect Models. 4.4.3 Toxic Gas Effect Models. 4.4.4 Modeling Systems. 4.4.5 Caveats. 4.5 Applications of Consequence Analysis. 4.5.1 Selection of Size, Quantity, and Location of Facilities. 4.5.2 Selection of Dedicated Safeguard Systems. 4.5.3 Basis for Emergency Response Systems and Planning. 4.5.4 Better Understanding of the Hazard and the Consequences. 4.5.5 Significant Step toward a Well-Managed Operating Facility. References. 5. General Design Considerations. 5.1 Summary of General Design Strategies. 5.1.1 Reduce the Inherent Hazards. 5.1.2 Build Reliable Safety Layers. 5.1.3 Conduct In-Depth Reviews. 5.1.4 Use Previous Experience. 5.2 Compatibility. 5.2.1 Identifying Potential Incompatibility Problems. 5.2.2 Compatibility with Process Materials/Reagents. 5.2.3 Compatibility with Impurities. 5.2.4 Compatibility with Heat Transfer Fluids. 5.2.5 Compatibility with Materials of Construction and Corrosion Products. 5.2.6 Compatibility with Insulation. 5.2.7 Compatibility with Fire-Extinguishing Agents. 5.2.8 Compatibility with Other Materials. 5.2.9 Other Compatibility-Related Practices. 5.3 Storage Time and Shelf Life. 5.3.1 Storage Time Limitations. 5.3.2 Practices for Increasing Shelf Life. 5.3.3 Handling and Disposal of Too-Old Material. 5.4 Storage Quantity and Configuration. 5.4.1 Determining Maximum Inventory. 5.4.2 Storage Configurations. 5.4.3 Top versus Bottom Discharge. 5.4.4 Facility Siting. 5.4.5 Restrictions on Container Shape or Configuration. 5.4.6 Mixing and Recirculation. 5.5 Air and Moisture Exclusion. 5.5.1 Air Exclusion Practices. 5.5.2 Moisture Exclusion Practices. 5.6 Monitoring and Control. 5.6.1 Oxygen Concentration Monitoring. 5.6.2 Humidity/Moisture Content Monitoring. 5.6.3 Pressure Monitoring. 5.6.4 Temperature Monitoring. 5.6.5 Temperature Control. 5.7 Handling and Transfer. 5.7.2 Piping Specifications and Layout. 5.7.3 Fittings and Connections. 5.7.4 Pumps and Pump Seals. 5.7.5 Valves. 5.7.6 Drain Systems. 5.7.7 Cleaning Equipment. 5.7.8 Transfer Systems Operating and Maintenance Practices. 5.8 Last-Resort Safety Features. 5.8.1 Inhibitor Injection. 5.8.2 Quench System. 5.8.3 Dump System. 5.8.4 Depressuring System. 5.8.5 Emergency Relief Configuration. 5.8.6 Emergency Relief Sizing Basis. 5.8.7 Emergency Relief Headers. 5.8.8 Emergency Relief Treatment Systems. 5.8.9 Explosion Suppression. 5.9 Passive Mitigation. 5.9.1 Flow-Limiting Orifices. 5.9.2 Fire-Resistant/Explosion-Resistant Construction. 5.9.3 Weak Seams and Explosion Venting. 5.9.4 Bunkers, Blast Walls and Barricades. 5.9.5 Secondary Containment. 5.9.6 Separation Distances. 5.10 Detections, Warning and Isolation. 5.10.1 Release Detection. 5.10.2 Release Warning. 5.10.3 Release Isolation. 5.11 Fire Prevention and Protection. 5.11.1 Ignition Source Control. 5.11.2 Fireproofing and Insulation. 5.11.3 Extinguishing Systems. 5.12 Postrelease Mitigation. 5.12.1 Reactive Release Countermeasures. 5.12.2 Reactive Chemicals Personal Protective Equipment. 5.12.3 Reactive Chemicals Emergency Response. 5.13 Hazard Reviews. 5.13.1 Hazard Severity Categories. 5.13.2 Reactive Chemicals Hazard Reviews. 5.14 Codes and Standards. References. 6. Process Safety Management of Reactive Material Facilities. 6.1 Accountability: Objective and Goals. 6.2 Process Knowledge and Documentation. 6.3 Capital Project Review and Design Procedures. 6.4 Process Risk Management. 6.5 Management of Change. 6.6 Process and Equipment Integrity. 6.7 Human Factors. 6.8 Personnel Training and Performance. 6.9 Incident Investigation. 6.10 Standards, Codes, and Regulations. 6.11 Audits and Corrective Actions. 6.12 Enhancement of Process Safety Knowledge. 6.13 Other Elements Required by Regulatory Authorities. Bibliography. References. 7. Specific Design Considerations. 7.1 Polymerizable Materials: Acrylic Acid. 7.2 Polymerizable Materials: Styrene. 7.3 Organic Peroxides. 7.4 Organic Peroxides: Dibenzoyl Peroxide. 7.5 Organic Peroxides: MEK Peroxide. 7.6 Temperature-Sensitive Materials: Ethylene Oxide. 7.7 Pyrophoric Materials: Aluminum Alkyls. 7.8 Peroxide Formers: 1,3-Butadiene. 7.9 Water-Reactive Materials: Sodium. 7.10 Water-Reactive Materials: Chlorosulfonic Acid. References. Appendix A. Reactive Chemicals Literature Sources. Procedures for Hazard Evaluation and Testing. Accident and Loss Prevention. Data Sources and Compilations. Material Safety Data Sheets. Computerized On-line Databases. Educational and Training Materials. Appendix B. Industry Practice Survey Results. Glossary. Index.
£149.35
John Wiley & Sons Inc Guidelines for Safe Warehousing of Chemicals
Book SynopsisWritten by industry professionals for warehouse operators and designers, this book offers a performance-based approach to hazards such as health effects, environmental pollution, fire, and explosion. It also presents practical means to minimize the risk of these hazards to employees, the surrounding population, the environment, and property.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgment. Acronyms. Chapter 1. Introduction. 1.1. Background. 1.2. Scope. 1.3. Purpose. Chapter 2. Commodity Hazards. 2.1. Synopsis. 2.2. Identification of Chemicals. 2.3. Properties and Hazard Identification of Chemicals. 2.4. Systems for Commodity Classification. 2.4.1. Environmental Protection Agency. 2.4.2. National Fire Protection Association. 2.4.3. National Paint and Coating s Association's Hazardous Materials Identification System. 2.4.4. United nations (UN) and Department of Transportation (DOT) Hazardous Materials Classes. 2.5. Container and Packaging Systems. 2.6. Commodity Compatibility and Separation. References. Additional Reading. Chapter 3. Administrative Controls. 3.1. Synopsis. 3.2. Safety and Risk Management Policies. 3.3. Hazard and Risk Management. 3.4. Control of Ignition Sources. 3.5. Regulatory Compliance. 3.6. Risk Management Organization. 3.7. Employee Hiring, Training and Operations. 3.7.1. Employee Hiring. 3.7.2. Training. 3.7.3. Operations. 3.8. Housekeeping. 3.9. Inventory Management. 3.10. Management of Change. References. Additional Reading. Chapter 4. Employee Safety and Health. 4.1. Synopsis. 4.2. Policy. 4.3. Administrative and Engineering Controls. 4.3.1. Administrative Controls. 4.3.2. Engineering Controls. 4.4. Hazard Communication. 4.4.1. Labels. 4.4.2. Material Safety Data Sheets. 4.4.3. Employee Information and Training. 4.5. Personal Protective Equipment. 4.5.1. Implementing a PPE Program. 4.5.2. Selecting PPE Program. 4.5.3. Chemical Protective Clothing. 4.5.4. Foot Protection. 4.5.5. Head Protection. 4.5.6. Eye and Face Protection. 4.5.7. Hand Protection. 4.5.8. Respirators. 4.5.9. Respirator Selection. 4.5.10. Respirator Usage. 4.5.11. Training. 4.5.12. Maintenance and Inspection. 4.6. Safety Equipment. 4.7. Emergency Response Training. 4.7.1. Emergency Spill Response. 4.7.2. Manual Fire Fighting. 4.7.3. First Aid. References. Additional Reading. Chapter 5. Site Considerations. 5.1. Synopsis. 5.2. Health and Environmental Exposure. 5.2.1. Baseline Environmental Assessment. 5.2.2. Population Proximity, Density, and Sensitivity. 5.2.3. Warehouse Truck Traffic. 5.2.4. Highly Sensitive Environments. 5.2.5. Surface Water, Ground water, and Soil Permeability. 5.3. Natural Peril Exposures. 5.3.1. Earthquake. 5.3.2. Flood. 5.3.3. Hurricanes. 5.3.4. Tornadoes. 5.3.5. Lightning. 5.3.6. Arctic Freeze. 5.4. Exposures from Surrounding Activities. 5.4.1. Adjacent Facilities, Airports, Highways, and Railroads. 5.4.2. High Pressure Flammable Gas and Liquid Transmission Lines. 5.4.3. Riot and Civil Commotion. 5.5. Emergency Responders. 5.6. Adequacy and Reliability of Public Utilities. References. Additional Reading. Chapter 6. Design and Construction. 6.1. Synopsis. 6.2. Construction Documents-Approvals and Permits. 6.3. Means of Egress. 6.3.1. travel Distance. 6.4. Environmental Protection. 6.4.1. Containment and Drainage Capacity Considerations. 6.4.2. Warehouse Floor System. 6.4.3. Concrete Criteria. 6.4.4. Surface Preparation. 6.4.5. Coating and Sealers. 6.4.6. Maintenance and Repair of the Floor. 6.4.7. Airborne Effluent. 6.5. Fire Mitigation Construction Features. 6.5.1. Fire-Rated Separations. 6.5.2. Protection of Openings and Penetrations. 6.5.3. Through-Penetrations. 6.5.4. Heat and Smoke Venting. 6.5.5. Powered Ventilation Systems. 6.5.6. Emergency and Standby Power Systems. 6.6. Deflagration Prevention and Mitigation. 6.1.1. Temperature Control. 6.6.2. Gas and Vapor Control. 6.6.3. Sources of Ignition. 6.6.4. Spatial Separation. 6.6.5. Damage Limiting Construction. 6.7. Natural Peril Mitigation. 6.7.1. Earthquake. 6.7.2. Flood. 6.7.3. Lightning. 6.7.4. Windstorm, Hurricane, and Tornado. 6.8. Security Features. 6.9. Outdoor Storage. References. Additional Reading. Chapter 7. Fire Protection Systems. 7.1. Synopsis. 7.2. Storage Considerations. 7.3. Fire Control, Suppression, and Extinguishing Systems. 7.3.1. Fire Control. 7.3.2. Fire Suppression. 7.3.3. Fire Extinguishment. 7.3.4. Fire Extinguishers. 7.4. Fire Detection and Alarm Systems. References. Additional Reading. Chapter 8. Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance Programs. 8.1. Synopsis. 8.2. Inspection and Test Programs. 8.2.1. Program Objectives. 8.2.2. Critical Equi9pment and Construction Features. 8.2.3. Inspection and Test Program Elements. 8.2.5. Maintenance Procedures. References. Additional Reading. Chapter 9. Emergency Planning. 9.1. Synopsis. 9.2. Loss Scenarios. 9.3. Plan Objectives. 9.3.1. Employees. 9.3.2. Surrounding Population. 9.3.3. Environment. 9.3.4. Property Protection and Business Interruption. 9.4. Plan Development. 9.5. Plan Elements. 9.5.1. Policy Statement. 9.5.2. Scope and Objectives. 9.5.3. Pre-Incident Planning. 9.5.4. Incident Response. 9.6. Emergency Spill Response. 9.6.1. Planning. 9.6.2. Responding to a Hazardous Material Spill. 9.6.3. Cleanup. 9.6.4. Reporting. 9.6.5. Public Response. 9.7. Regulations and Resources. 9.7.1. U.S. Regulations. 9.7.2. CMA Responsible Care Program. References. Additional Reading. Chapter 10. Selected research and Discussion Topics. 10.1. Synopsis. 10.2. Commodity Hazards and Fire Protection Systems. 10.3. Design and Construction. Appendix A. Summary of NFPA 704 Marking System. Appendix B. Summary of HMIS. Appendix C. United Nations and U.S. Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Classes. Appendix D. Additional Resources. Glossary of Terms. Index.
£105.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc Evaluating Process Safety in the Chemical
Book SynopsisQuantitative Risk Analysis is a powerful tool used to help manage risk and improve safety. When used appropriately, it provides a rational basis for evaluating process safety and comparing alternative safety improvements. This guide, an update of an earlier American Chemistry Council (ACC) publication utilizing the hands-on experience of CPI risk assessment practitioners and safety professionals involved with the CCPS and ACC, explains how managers and users can make better-informed decisions about QRA, and how plant engineers and process designers can better understand, interpret and use the results of a QRA in their plant.Table of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. Acknowledgments. Executive Summary. Advice for the Reader. Acronyms. Glossary. Chapter 1. Introduction. 1.1. Background. 1.2. The Process of Risk Analysis. 1.3. Definition of QRA. 1.4. Misconceptions About QRA. Chapter 2. Deciding Whether to Use QRA. 2.1. Some Reasons for Considering QRA. 2.2. Types of Information Available From Risk Studies. 2.3. Criteria for Electing to Use QRA. Chapter 3. Management Use of QRA. 3.1. Chartering the Analysis. 3.1.1. Study Objective. 3.1.2. Scope. 3.1.3. Technical Approach. 3.1.4. Resources. 3.2. Selecting QRA Techniques. 3.2.1. Hazard Identification. 3.2.2. Consequence Analysis. 3.2.3. Frequency Analysis. 3.2.4. Risk Evaluation and Presentation. 3.3. Understanding the Assumptions and Limitations. 3.3.1. Completeness. 3.3.2. Model Validity. 3.3.3. Accuracy/Uncertainty. 3.3.4. Reproducibility. 3.3.5. Inscrutability. Chapter 4. Using QRA Results. 4.1. Comparative Methods for Establishing Perspective. 4.2. Factors Influencing Risk Perception. 4.2.1. Type of Hazard. 4.2.2. Voluntary versus Involuntary. 4.2.3. Societal versus Individual. 4.2.4. Public versus Employee. 4.2.5. High Consequence/Low Frequency versus Low Consequence/High Frequency 4.2.6. Acute versus Latent Effects. 4.2.7. Familiarity. 4.2.8. Controllability. 4.2.9. Age of Exposed Population. 4.2.10. Distribution of Risk and Benefit. 4.3. Communicating Risk. 4.3.1. Accept and Involve the Public as a Legitimate Partner. 4.3.2. Plan Carefully and Evaluate Your Efforts. 4.3.3. Listen to People's Specific Concerns. 4.3.4. Be Honest, Frank, and Open. 4.3.5. Coordinate and Collaborate with Other Credible Sources. 4.3.6. Meet the Needs of the Media. 4.3.7. Speak Clearly and with Compassion. 4.4. Pitfalls in Using QRA Results. Chapter 5. Conclusions. References. Suggested Additional Reading.
£80.96
Wiley Guidelines for Consequence Analysis of Chemical
Book Synopsis
£175.46
John Wiley & Sons Inc Avoiding Static Ignition Hazards in Chemical
Book SynopsisWritten by Laurence Britton, who has over 20 years'' experience in the fields of static ignition and process fire and explosion hazards research, this resource addresses an area not extensively covered in process safety standards or literature: understanding and reducing potential hazards associated with static electricity. The book covers the nature of static electricity, characteristics and effective energies of different static resources, techniques for evaluating static electricity hazards, general bonding, grounding, and other techniques used to control static or prevent ignition, gases and liquids, powders and hybrid mixtures.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Chapter 1. Introduction. 1.1. Purpose. 1.2. Exclusive. 1.3. Units. 1.4. Organization of the Book. Chapter 2. Fundamentals of Static Electricity. 2.1. What is Static Electricity. 2.1.1. Charge Separation. 2.1.2. Magnitude of Current and Potential. 2.1.3. Concentration of Charged Species. 2.1.4. Importance of Trace Contaminants. 2.1.5. Hazard Evaluation. 2.1.6. Statistics. 2.2. Charge Generation. 2.2.1. Induction Charging. 2.2.2. Ionic Charging. 2.3. Charge Dissipation. 2.3.1. Variability of Conductivity. 2.4. Charge Accumulation. 2.5. Ignition. 2.5.1. Effective Energy. 2.6. Static Discharges. 2.6.1. Corona Discharge. 2.6.2. Brush Discharge. 2.6.3. Bulking Brush Discharge. 2.6.4. Spark Discharge. 2.6.5. Propagating Brush Discharge (PBD). 2.6.6. Surface Streamer. 2.7. Personnel Spark and Shock Hazards. 2.7.1. Body Capacitance and Resistance. 2.7.2. Voltage (V) and Energy (W) Attained. 2.7.3. Human Shock Response. Chapter 3. Evaluating the Hazard of Static Electricity. 3.1. General. 3.2. Hazard Identification Methods. 3.2.1. Decision Trees. 3.3. Charge Accumulation. 3.3.1. Conductive Objects. 3.3.2. Nonconductive Objects. 3.4. Energy Estimates. 3.4.1. Charge Sharing. 3.5. Instrumentation. 3.5.1. Charge. 3.5.2. Electric Field. 3.5.3. Potential. 3.5.4. Ignition Energy. 3.5.5. Conductivity of Liquids. 3.5.6. Resistivity of Solids. 3.5.7. Resistance. 3.6. Direct Observation of Discharges. 3.7. Radio Frequency Detection of Discharges. 3.8. Measuring the Effective Energy of Nonspark Discharges. 3.8.1. Gas Composition. Chapter 4. Controlling Electrostatic Hazards. 4.1. Bonding and Grounding. 4.1.1. Definitions. 4.1.2. Purpose of Bonding and Grounding. 4.1.3. Resistance to Ground. 4.1.4. Bonding and Grounding Systems. 4.1.5. Ground Rods. 4.1.6. Grounding and Cathodic Protection. 4.2. Control of Charge Relaxation. 4.2.1. Increase of Conductivity. 4.2.2. Charge Neutralizers. 4.3. Control of Personnel Charging. 4.3.1. Personnel Grounding. 4.3.2. Clothing. 4.3.3. Gloves. 4.4. Control of Flammable Atmospheres. 4.4.1. Liquid Nitrogen/Liquid Air Hazards. Chapter 5. Flammable Liquids, Vapors, and Gases. 5.1. Ignition Hazards of Liquid Vapor and Mist. 5.1.1. Flammable Liquid. 5.1.2. Flammable Limits. 5.1.3. Liquid Mist. 5.1.4. Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE). 5.1.5. Explosion Prevention Systems. 5.2. Generation and Relaxation (Loss) of Charge in Liquid Systems. 5.2.1. Charge Generation. 5.2.2. Charge Density. 5.2.3. Factors Influencing Charge Generation. 5.2.4. Charge Relaxation. 5.2.5. Classification of Liquids based on Conductivity. 5.2.6. Antistatic Additives. 5.2.7. Bonding and Grounding. 5.3. Flow in Pipe, Hose, and Tubing. 5.3.1. Metallic Piping Systems. 5.3.2. Nonconductive Pipe and Linings. 5.3.3. Flexible Hoses. 5.3.4. Dip Pipes. 5.3.5. Filters and Relaxation Tanks. 5.3.6. Suspended Material. 5.3.7. Valves and Other Line Restrictions. 5.4. Filling Criteria for Tank Operations. 5.4.1. Storage Tanks. 5.4.2. Road Tankers. 5.4.3. Rail Cars. 5.4.4. Liquid Phase Mixers, Blenders, and Reactors. 5.4.5. Liquid-Solid Mixers, Blenders and Reactors. 5.4.6. Vacuum Trucks. 5.4.7. Plastic Tanks. 5.5. Sampling, Gauging, and Analysis. 5.5.1. Sample Container Cord. 5.5.2. Sampling. 5.5.3. Gauging. 5.5.4. Portable Flammable Gas Analyzers. 5.6. Tank Cleaning. 5.6.1. Water Washing. 5.6.2. Solvent Washing. 5.6.3. Steam Cleaning. 5.6.4. Acid Washing. 5.6.5. Grit Blasting. 5.7. Portable Tanks. 5.7.1. Metal Portable Tanks. 5.7.2. Plastic Portable Tanks. 5.8. Portable Containers Less Than 60 Gallons Capacity. 5.8.1. All-Steel Drums. 5.8.2. Plastic Lined Drums. 5.8.3. Plastic Drums. 5.8.4. Hand-Held Containers. 5.8.5. Wet-Dry Vacuum Cleaners. 5.9. Miscellaneous Flammable Atmospheres. 5.9.1. Clean Rooms. 5.9.2. Water and Steam Curtains. 5.9.3. Static Electrification in Gas Flow. 5.9.4. Ignition of Vented Gas. 5.9.5. Hazards of Plastic Sheet and Wrap. 5.9.6. Oxidant Enriched Atmospheres. 5.9.7. Elevated Temperature and Pressure. 5.9.8. Automotive and Marine. 5.9.9. Aerosol Spray Cans. 5.10. Cathode Ray Tube Video Display Screens. 5.10.1. Cleaning. 5.10.2. Screens in Hazardous Locations. 5.10.3. Static Dissipating Screen Overlays. Chapter 6. Powders and Solids. 6.1. Flammability of Dust Suspensions. 6.1.1. Flammable Limits. 6.1.2. Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE) of Dust Suspensions. 6.1.3. Hybrid Mixtures. 6.1.4. Unstable or Energetic Powders. 6.1.5. Effect of Temperature on Ignition Energy. 6.1.6. Effect of Moisture on Ignition Energy. 6.2. Charging Mechanisms. 6.2.1. Charge Density. 6.2.2. Classification of Powders Based on Conductivity. 6.3. Pneumatic Conveying. 6.3.1. Charging in Pipeline Flow. 6.3.2. Special Grounding Cases. 6.4. Types of Static Discharge in Powder Systems. 6.4.1. Sparks. 6.4.2. Bulking Brush Discharges. 6.4.3. Propagating Brush Discharge. 6.5. General Operations. 6.5.1. Vacuum Trucks. 6.5.2. Bag Houses. 6.6. Manual Transfers from Portable Containers. 6.7. Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers (FIBCs). 6.7.1. Powder Transfers in Air Atmospheres. 6.7.2. Powder Transfers from FIBCs to Flammable Liquids. 6.7.3. Conductive and Antistatic FIBCs. 6.7.4. Vacuum FIBC Transfers. Appendix A. Explanatory Material. Propagating Brush Discharge. Resistance to Ground. MIE of Liquid Mists. Hyperbolic Relaxation. Filtration. Filling Criteria for Tank Operations. Effect of Road Tires. Potentials During Water Washing of Tanks. Effect of Particle Size on Dust MIE. Ignition Energy of Hybrid Mixtures. Effect of Temperature on Powder MIE. Appendix B. Data Tables. Flammability Data for Gases and Vapors. Typical Conductivities, Dielectric Constants and Relaxation (or Dissipation) Times of Liquids. Typical Resistivities, Dielectric Constants, and Breakdown Strengths of Solid Dielectrics. Appendix C. Formulas and Mathematical Relationships (SI UNITS). C.1. Principal Relationships. C.2. Analysis: Grounded Sphere above Charged Nonconductive Disc. References. Glossary. Index.
£125.96
John Wiley & Sons Inc Guidelines for Safe Handling of Powders and Bulk
Book SynopsisPowders and bulk solids, handled widely in the chemical, pharmaceutical, agriculture, smelting, and other industries present unique fire, explosion, and toxicity hazards. Indeed, substances which are practically inert in consolidated form may become quite hazardous when converted to powders and granules.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments. 1. Introduction and Overview. 1.1 Purpose of Book. 1.2 Particulate Hazards. 1.2.1 Combustibility Hazards. 1.2.2 Instability Hazards. 1.2.3 Reactivity Hazards. 1.2.4 Toxicity Hazards. 1.3 Accident Data and Case Histories. 1.3.1 Dust Explosion Data and Case Histories. 1.3.2 Other Particulate Incident Databases. 1.3.3 Sample Case Histories for Particulate Instability, and Reactivity Incidents. 1.4 Particulate Handling and Storage Equipment Hazard Overview. 1.5 Historical and Regulatory Perspective. References. 2. Particulate Characteristics and Properties. 2.1 How Particulate Characteristics and Properties Affect Hazards. 2.2 Particulate Physical Characteristics. 2.2.1 Size Measurement Methods. 2.2.2 Particle Size Distribution. 2.2.3 Filter Characteristics. 2.2.4 Flake Characteristics. 2.2.5 Abrasiveness. 2.2.6 Hardness and Friability. 2.2.7 Agglomeration. 2.2.8 Particle Size Changes due to Friability and Agglomeration. 2.2.9 Bulk Density Measurements and Characterizations. 2.2.10 Dust Cloud Concentration Measurements. 2.2.11 Bulk Powder Moisture Measurements. 2.2.12 Fluidity and Dispersibility. 2.2.13 Electrical Resistivity. 2.3 Overview of Particulate Chemical Characteristics. 2.3.1 Flammability and Explosibility. 2.3.2 Thermal Degradation and Instability. 2.3.3 Chemical Reactivity: Incompatible Chemical Groups. 2.3.4 Corrosivity. 2.4 Overview of Particulate Toxicity. 2.4.1 Particulate Properties Pertinent to Respiratory Hazards. 2.4.2 Allergenic and Irritant Materials. 2.4.3 Systemic and Single Exposure Toxicity. 2.4.4 Carcinogenic Classifications. References. 3. Particulate Hazard Scenarios and Examples. 3.1 Thermal and Shock Instability Scenarios. 3.1.1 Exothermic Decomposition Explosions. 3.1.2 Shock/Friction Sensitive Instability Scenarios. 3.1.3 Self-Heating Hazard Scenarios. 3.2 Decision Trees for Assessing Thermal Instability Hazard Scenarios. 3.3 Chemical Incompatibility Hazard Scenarios. 3.3.1 Contamination Hazard Scenarios. 3.3.2 Water Entry Scenarios. 3.3.3 Container/Packaging Incompatibility Scenarios. 3.3.4 Air Access to Pyrophoric Particulates. 3.4 Chemical Compatibility Charts for Assessing Hazards. 3.5 Particulate Fire Scenarios. 3.5.1 Smoldering Fires in Storage Piles and Dust Collectors. 3.5.2 Dust Layer Fires. 3.5.3 Waterhouse Storage Fires. 3.5.4 Particulate Flash Fires. 3.6 Decision Trees for Assessing Particulate Fire Scenarios. 3.7 Dust Explosion Scenarios. 3.7.1 Primary Dust Explosions in Process Equipment. 3.7.2 Hybrid Explosion Scenarios. 3.7.3 Explosion Propagation to Connected Equipment. 3.7.4 Secondary Dust Explosions in Building. 3.8 Dust Explosion Decision Trees and Protection Flow Charts. 3.9 Toxic Material Exposure Scenarios. 3.9.1 Chronic Exposure Scenarios during Processing and Material Handling. 3.9.2 Acute Exposure Accident Scenarios. 3.9.3 Fire and Explosion Exposure Scenarios. 3.9.4 Incident Cleanup Exposure Scenarios. References. 4. Assessing Particulate Hazards. 4.1 Preliminary Assessment via Material Safety Data Sheets, Handbooks, Guidelines, Codes, and Standards. 4.1.1 Preliminary Assessment of Instability Hazards. 4.1.2 Preliminary Assessments of Reactivity Hazards. 4.1.3 Preliminary Assessments of Combustibility and Explosibility Hazards. 4.1.4 Preliminary Assessments of Toxicity. 4.1.5 Special Considerations and Cautions in Using MSDS and Generic Databases. 4.1.6 Publicly Available Computer Databases. 4.1.7 Company and Consortium Databases. 4.2 When Are More Detailed Particulate Hazard Data Needed? 4.3 Laboratory Test Methods for Detailed Assessments of Particulate Hazards. 4.3.1 Particulate Sampling and Conditioning for Testing. 4.3.2 Laboratory Testing for Instability Hazards. 4.3.3 Laboratory Test Methods for Chemical Incompatibility Hazards. 4.3.4 Self-Heating, Spontaneous Combustion, and Pyrophoric Solids Test Methods. 4.3.5 Dust Layer Combustibility Test Methods. 4.3.6 Electrostatic Charging and Discharge Testing for Particulates. 4.3.7 Dust Cloud Explosibility Test Methods. 4.3.8 Fire Exposure Tests. 4.3.9 Particulate Toxicity Testing. 4.3.10 UN Testing Scheme for Classification of Materials as Explosions. 4.4 Scaling Considerations in Applying Laboratory Test Data. 4.5 Larger-Scale Testing and Theoretical Modeling. References. 5. Equipment Hazards and Preventive/Protective Measures. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Safety Aspects of Batch versus Continuous Operation. 5.3 Particulate Solids Processing Equipment Hazards and Preventive and Protective Measures. 5.3.1 Bag Openers (Slitters). 5.3.2 Blenders/Mixers. 5.3.3 Drying Equipment. 5.3.4 Dust Collectors. 5.3.5 Extruders. 5.3.6 Feeders and Rotary Valves. 5.3.7 Hoses, Loading Spouts, and Flexible Boots and Socks. 5.3.8 Mechanical Conveyors and Bucket Elevators. 5.3.9 Pneumatic Conveyors. 5.3.10 Portable Containers. 5.3.11 Portable Container Emptying (Unloading) Equipment. 5.3.12 Portable Container Filling Systems. 5.3.13 Samplers and Sampling Systems. 5.3.14 Screens and Classifiers. 5.3.15 Silos and Hoppers. 5.3.16 Size Enlargement Equipment. 5.3.17 Size Reduction Equipment. 5.3.18 Solids Charging Systems. 5.3.19 Tableting Systems. 5.3.20 Values for Solids. 5.3.21 Weighing Systems. 5.4 Loading and Unloading of Railcars and Hopper Trucks. 5.4.1 Types of Railcars and Hopper Trucks. 5.4.2 Railcar and Hopper Truck Loading. 5.4.3 Railcar and Hopper Truck Unloading. 5.5 Instrumentation. 5.5.1 Flow Instruments. 5.5.2 Level Instruments. 5.5.3 Pressure Instruments. 5.5.4 Temperature Instruments. References. 6. Designing and Installing Systems to Prevent and Control Combustion, Explosions, Uncontrolled Reactions, and Release of Toxic Particulate Solids. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Causes of Fire and Deflagration. 6.2.1 The Fire Triangle. 6.2.2 Types of Ignition Sources. 6.3 Ignition Sources: Description, Control, and Removal. 6.3.1 Electrostatic Hazards and Their Control. 6.3.2 Spontaneous Combustion: Evaluation and Control. 6.3.3 Pyrophoric and Water-Reaction Solids. 6.3.4 Flames and Hot Gases. 6.3.5 Hot Work. 6.3.6 Hot Surfaces. 6.3.7 Hot Particles. 6.3.8 Friction and Impact. 6.3.9 Chemical Reactions. 6.3.10 Physical Sources. 6.3.11 Electrical Equipment. 6.3.12 Lightning. 6.3.13 Projectiles. 6.4 Electrical Equipment Hazards and Area Classifications. 6.4.1 Electrical Equipment Hazards. 6.4.2 Electrical Area Classification. 6.5 Deflagration Prevention Methods. 6.5.1 Prevention Minimization of Dust Clouds Formation. 6.5.2 Oxidant Concentration Reduction (Inverting). 6.5.3 Combustible Concentration Reduction (Air Dilution). 6.6 Deflagration Protection Methods. 6.6.1 Deflagration Venting. 6.6.2 Deflagration Suppression. 6.6.3 Deflagration Pressure Containment. 6.6.4 Deflagration Isolation Systems. 6.6.5 Spark Detection and Extinguishing Systems. 6.6.6 Prevention of Secondary Explosions. 6.7 Sitting of Equipment and Buildings to Minimize Damage from Fires and Explosions. 6.8 Blast Resistant (Damage-Limiting) Construction of Buildings. 6.9 Protection of Equipment and Buildings by Water Sprinkler/Deluge Systems. 6.10 Protection of Equipment and Buildings by Foam and Other Special Extinguishing Systems. 6.10.1 Foams. 6.10.2 Dry Chemical Systems. 6.10.3 Carbon Dioxide Systems. 6.10.4 Halon Replacement (Clean) Agents. 6.11 Containment for Control of Releases of Toxic Particulate Solids. 6.12 Identification of System-Wide Design, Protection, and Prevention Requirements. References. 7. Plant Operation and Maintenance. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Regulatory Requirements. 7.3 Management of Change. 7.4 Process Hazard Analyses. 7.5 Housekeeping Practices to Prevent or Minimize Dust Emissions and Accumulation. 7.6 Mechanical Integrity of Equipment. 7.6.1 Scheduled Inspections and Testing of Equipment. 7.6.2 Upgrading and Repairs of Equipment. 7.6.3 Documentation. 7.7 Corrosion, Erosion, and Materials of Construction. 7.7.1 Introduction. 7.7.2 Types of Corrosion. 7.7.3 Corrosion Detection and Measurement. 7.7.4 Corrosion Prevention and Minimization Methods. 7.7.5 Erosion and Its Effect on Equipment. 7.7.6 Materials of Construction. 7.8 Maintenance Practices. 7.8.1 Introduction. 7.8.2 Preventive Maintenance. 7.8.3 Predictive Maintenance. 7.8.4 Good Maintenance Practices for Particulate Solids Processes and Equipment. 7.9 Incident Investigations. References. 8. Occupational Health and Environmental Considerations. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Occupational Health and Environmental Concerns. 8.2.1 Protecting Employees and the Community. 8.2.2 Regulatory Requirements. 8.2.3 Product Stewardship. 8.3 Routine Operations Considerations. 8.3.1 Permitting Issues. 8.3.2 Monitoring Emissions from Equipment. 8.3.3 Employee Exposure Monitoring and Risk Assessment. 8.3.4 System Design to Eliminate or Minimize Employee Exposure. 8.3.5 Health Standards. 8.3.6 Employee Precautions When Handling Toxic Particulate Solids. 8.3.7 Selection, Storage, and Maintenance of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). 8.3.8 Normal (Routine) Venting. 8.3.9 Environmental Issues during Maintenance. 8.3.10 Housekeeping/Cleanup Health Hazards. 8.3.11 Hazards of Asphyxiation from Inerting/Safe Vessel Entry. 8.3.12 Design and Operations of Isolation Rooms. 8.3.13 Design and Operation of Cleanrooms. 8.4 Nonroutine Operations Considerations. 8.4.1 Emergency Venting. 8.4.2 Measuring the Impact of a Nonroutine Release. 8.4.3 Permitting and Reporting Issues for Emergency Vents. 8.4.4 Emergency Response for Accidents with Powder and Dusts. 8.4.5 Determining the Cause of a Protective System Activation. 8.4.6 Disabling of Protective Systems by an Explosion. Appendix A. Commercial Testing Facilities for Powder/Dust Hazard Assessments. Appendix B. Equipment Overview. Acronyms and Abbreviations. Glossary. Index.
£149.35
ASM International Nickel Colbalt and Their Alloys 8 ASM Specialty Handbook ASM Handbooks
£275.40
John Wiley & Sons Inc Modern Manufacturing Processes
Book SynopsisFocusing on mechanical-based advanced manufacturing process technologies for materials, Innovations in Manufacturing provides an in-depth understanding of fundamentals on a wide range of state-of-the-art materials manufacturing processes for upper undergraduates, graduate students, and researchers in materials and mechanical engineering.Table of ContentsForeword xvii List of Contributors xix Part I Advanced Forming Processes 1 1 Advances in Stamping 3 Ilyas Kacar and Fahrettin Ozturk 1.1 Introduction 3 References 13 2 Hydroforming 15 C Hartl 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Fundamentals 16 2.3 Process Development and Design 33 2.4 Hydroforming Systems 37 2.5 Concluding Remarks 39 References 40 3 Incremental Sheet Forming 47 Rogelio Perez‐Santiago, Isabel Bagudanch, and Maria Luisa Garcia‐Romeu 3.1 Incremental Sheet Forming: General Overview 47 3.2 ISF Variants 49 3.3 Process Cycle 51 3.4 Materials 52 3.5 Formability in ISF 52 3.6 ISF Process Parameters 55 3.7 Accuracy 55 3.8 Simulation 57 3.9 Future Trends in ISF 58 3.10 Case Study 59 3.11 Concluding Remarks 59 References 60 4 Powder Forming 65 Rahmi Unal 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Reasons for Using PM Route 67 4.3 Powder Production 69 4.4 Consolidation Techniques 73 4.5 Sintering 79 4.6 Powder Injection Molding (PIM) 82 4.7 Summary and Future Work 84 References 85 5 Injection Molding at Multiscales 89 Danyang Zhao, Minjie Wang, and Donggang Yao 5.1 Introduction 89 5.2 Overview of Injection Molding 91 5.3 Injection Molding of Precision Parts 105 5.4 Injection Molding of Thin Wall Parts 109 5.5 Injection Molding of Microstructured Parts 116 5.6 Injection Molding of Microparts 124 5.7 Simulation of Injection Molding 127 5.8 Summary and Outlook 131 References 132 6 Manufacturing Techniques of Bulk Metallic Glasses 137 Mustafa Bakkal, Umut Karaguzel, and Ali T. Kuzu 6.1 Introduction 137 6.2 Mechanical Properties and Usage of Bulk Metallic Glasses 139 6.3 Rapid Quenching Methods 140 6.4 Water‐Quenching Method 141 6.5 Arc Melting Drop/Suction Casting Method 142 6.6 High‐Pressure Die Casting Method 143 6.7 Copper Mold Casting Method 144 6.8 Cap Casting Method 144 6.9 Centrifugal Casting Method 145 6.10 Metal Foaming Method 146 6.11 Concluding Remarks 147 References 147 7 Micromanufacturing 149 Omer N. Cora and Muammer Koc 7.1 Introduction 149 7.2 Classification of Micromanufacturing Processes 150 7.3 Micromanufacturing Processes 154 References 179 Part II Thermal and Energy‐assisted Manufacturing Processes 185 8 Warm Stamping 187 Fahrettin Ozturk , Serkan Toros, and Ilyas Kacar 8.1 What is Stamping? 187 8.2 Benefits and Usage Areas of Warm Stamping 187 8.3 Warm Stamping and Recent Developments 188 8.4 Effects of Temperature on Strain Hardening for Warm Stamping 194 8.5 Interrelation of Temperature and Strain Rate 196 8.6 Effect of Temperature and Deformation on Elasticity Modulus 198 8.7 Effect of Temperature on Springback 201 8.8 Effect of Temperature on Forming Limit Diagrams (FLD) 204 8.9 Analyze Techniques on Formability at Warm Stamping 205 8.10 The Effects of Lubrication 215 8.11 Future Directions 215 References 216 9 Warm Hydroforming 219 Muammer Koc, Omer N. Cora, Huseyin S. Halkacı, and Mevlut Turkoz 9.1 Introduction 219 9.2 Warm Sheet Hydroforming 220 9.3 Warm Hydromechanical Deep Drawing 230 9.4 Warm Tube Hydroforming 231 References 237 10 Hot Stamping 239 Fahrettin Ozturk , Ilyas Kacar, and Muammer Koc 10.1 Introduction 239 10.2 Process Description and Motivation 240 10.3 Why Hot Stamping? 241 10.4 Automotive Parts by Hot Stamping and Potentials 241 10.5 Advantages and Disadvantages 243 10.6 Process Description and Methods 245 10.7 Cooling for Hot Stamping 254 10.8 Process Control 255 10.9 Modeling and Analysis 255 10.10 Design and Optimization in Hot Stamping 256 10.11 FEA in Hot Stamping 257 10.12 Research and Development Trends and Needs 258 References 262 11 High‐Speed Forming (Electromagnetic, Electrohydraulic, and Explosive Forming) 265 Brad Kinsey and Yannis Korkolis 11.1 Introduction 265 11.2 Electromagnetic Forming and Magnetic Pulsed Welding 267 11.3 Electrohydraulic Forming 274 11.4 Explosive Forming 279 11.5 Emerging Technologies 282 11.6 Metrology and Measurements 284 11.7 Material Characterization 286 11.8 Modeling of High‐Speed Forming Processes 288 11.9 Summary and Future Work 291 References 292 Part III Advanced Material Removal Processes 295 12 High‐Speed Machining 297 Elisa Vazquez and Guillem Quintana 12.1 High‐Speed Machining Overview 297 12.2 High‐Speed Machining Processes and Capabilities 298 12.3 Machine Tools for High‐Speed Machining 298 12.4 Tools for High‐Speed Machining 300 12.5 High‐Speed Machining Applications and Future Trends 305 References 306 13 Hard Machining 309 Durul Ulutan and Tuğrul Ozel 13.1 Introduction 309 13.2 Mechanics of Hard Machining 312 13.3 Cutting Tools 313 13.4 Surface Quality and Integrity 316 13.5 Summary and Conclusions 320 References 320 14 Advances in Material Modeling for Manufacturing Analysis and Simulation (Deformation and Cutting Processes) 323 Elisabetta Ceretti, Claudio Giardini, and Antonio Fiorentino 14.1 Introduction on Material Characterization and Modeling 323 14.2 Material Models and Applications 324 14.3 Failure Models 327 14.4 Modeling of Contact, Friction, and Wear 331 References 347 15 Advanced Grinding 351 Taghi Tawakoli and Amir Daneshi 15.1 Introduction 351 15.2 Grinding Wheels 351 15.3 Bond Materials 353 15.4 Grinding Wheel Conditioning 354 15.5 Grinding Force and Energy 363 15.6 Thermal Damages in Grinding 363 15.7 Environmentally Friendly Grinding 364 15.8 High‐efficiency Deep Grinding (HEDG) 367 15.9 Ultrasonic‐Assisted Grinding (UAG) 367 15.10 Ultrasonic‐Assisted Dressing 371 References 373 16 Electro‐Discharge Machining (EDM) 377 Muhammad P. Jahan 16.1 Introduction 377 16.2 Principle of the EDM Process 378 16.3 EDM System Components 379 16.4 Analysis of the Pulses Used in the EDM Process 383 16.5 Brief Overview of the EDM Parameters 384 16.6 EDM Variants: Working Principles and Application Examples 385 16.7 Examples of Research Advances in EDM and Micro‐EDM 393 16.8 Research Focus Toward Micro‐ and Nano‐EDM 402 16.9 Summary 403 References 404 17 MicroMilling Operations 411 Simon S. Park, Martin B.G. Jun, and Gerardo Garcia 17.1 Introduction 411 17.2 Machine Tools for Micromilling 413 17.3 Micromilling Forces 420 17.4 Tool Tip Dynamics 427 17.5 Summary 430 References 431 18 Laser Machining 427 Dani Teixidor, Ines Ferrer, Luis Criales, and Tuğrul Ozel 18.1 Introduction 435 18.2 Laser–Material Interaction 437 18.3 Laser Processing of Materials 438 18.4 Laser‐Processing Parameters 442 18.5 Laser Drilling 445 18.6 Laser Cutting 448 18.7 Laser Milling 450 18.8 Concluding Remarks 452 References 453 19 Laser‐assisted Machining Operations 459 Eneko Ukar, Ivan Tabernero, Silvia Martinez, Aitzol Lamikiz, and Asier Fernandez 19.1 Introduction 459 19.2 Heat‐assisted Processes 460 19.3 Analysis of LAM Processes 470 19.4 Laser‐assisted Applications 474 19.5 Conclusions 477 References 478 20 Selective Laser Sintering 481 Jordi Delgado, Lidia Sereno, Karla Monroy, and Joaquim Ciurana 20.1 General Overview 481 20.2 Mechanisms 483 20.3 Process Parameters 486 20.4 Materials 490 20.5 Capabilities and Limitations 494 References 496 Index 501
£143.06
John Wiley & Sons Inc Communication Practices in Engineering
Book SynopsisSafety continues to be a primary concern in the food, water, and pharmaceutical industries. Written by experts in food, drug, and water safety, this book examines some of the ways in which communication has affected safety issues in the recent past and encourages discussions about what improvements can be made.Table of ContentsA Note from the Series Editor ix Preface xi List of Contributors xiii Acknowledgments xv 1 Cowboys and Computers: Communicating National Animal Identification in the Beef Industry 1David Wright 1.1 Industries Collide 1 1.1.1 Resistance to Technology in the Beef Industry 3 1.1.2 Having a Cow over Mad Cow Disease 3 1.1.3 Change Is Slow in the Beef Industry 6 1.1.4 Communication Breakdowns and Coffee Shop Policymaking 7 1.1.5 Can We All Just Get Along? 9 1.1.6 USDA Strategies for Communication 10 1.2 A New Approach to Studying Complex Communication Issues 11 1.2.1 Ethnography and Diffusion in the Beef Supply Chain 13 1.2.2 Communication Theory Linguistics and Diffusion in the Beef Supply Chain 16 1.2.3 Linguistic Textual Analysis 19 1.2.4 Diffusing Innovations in the Real World 23 1.2.5 Diffusion and Communication Networks 24 1.3 Results of My Investigation 25 1.3.1 Alice at the Auction 26 1.3.2 Backstage at the Sale Barn 27 1.3.3 Buying the NAIS 29 1.3.4 Down on the Farm 30 1.3.5 Interviews with Members of the Beef Industry 32 1.3.6 Interviews with Livestock Market Owners 33 1.3.7 Rules from the Road 38 1.3.8 Communication Gaps and Communication Theory 40 1.3.9 Textual Analysis with Implicature and Pragmatics 48 1.4 Lessons of Beef and Bandwidth 49 1.4.1 No Pardon for Jargon 51 1.4.2 Alice Is Not in Wonderland 52 1.4.3 The Telephone Game Still Happens 53 1.4.4 It All Comes Down to Doin’ Business 54 1.4.5 What We Have Here Is a Failure to Communicate 56 1.4.6 Culture Is King 58 1.4.7 The Situation Now 59 References 60 2 Children Communicating Food Safety/Teaching Technical Communication to Children: Opportunities Gleaned from the FIRST® LEGO® League 2011 Food Factor Challenge 63Edward A. Malone and Havva Tezcan-Malone 2.1 Enhancing the Visibility and Recognition of Technical Communication 63 2.2 Literature Review: Teaching Technical Communication Engineering and Food Safety to Children 65 2.3 Background: The League the Challenge and the Team 67 2.3.1 First Lego League 67 2.3.2 The Food Factor Challenge 69 2.3.3 The Team: Global Dreamers 70 2.4 Examples of Technical Communication Activities in FLL Projects 71 2.4.1 Branding (Creating a Name and Logo) 72 2.4.2 Conducting Primary and Secondary Research 72 2.4.3 Giving Presentations and Demonstrations 74 2.4.4 Designing a Document 77 2.5 The Food Factor Challenge as a Model of Food-Safety Education 77 2.5.1 Fostering Food-Safety Habits in Children 78 2.5.2 Promoting Dialogue Rather Than Monologue 79 2.5.3 Generating Interest in Food-Safety Careers 79 2.6 Conclusion 80 Acknowledgments 81 References 81 3 The Role of Public (Mis)perceptions in the Acceptance of New Food Technologies: Implications for Food Nanotechnology Applications 89Mary L. Nucci and William K. Hallman 3.1 Accepting New Foods: Consumers Technology and Media 89 3.1.1 Food Technology Acceptance 90 3.1.2 The Role of the Media in Public Perceptions of Food Technologies 92 3.2 Nanotechnology: Unseen Unknown 95 3.2.1 Nanotechnology in the Media 96 3.2.2 Public Perceptions of Nanotechnology 96 3.2.3 Perceptions and Acceptance of Nanotechnology 97 3.3 Discussing New Food Technologies 101 Acknowledgments 103 References 103 4 The New Limeco Story: How One Produce Company Used Third-Party Food Safety Audit Scores to Improve Its Operation 119Roy E. Costa 4.1 Food Safety in Modern Food Supply Operations 119 4.2 Safety Audits Cause Some Level of Controversy 122 4.3 New Limeco’s Journey to Safety 122 4.3.1 Implementing Changes 124 4.3.2 Sanitation Issues 125 4.3.3 Gradual Safety Improvement 125 References 126 5 Communication Practices by Way of Permits and Policy: Do Environmental Regulations Promote Sustainability in the Real World? 129Becca Cammack 5.1 Communication in the Modern Environmental Movement 129 5.2 Background 130 5.2.1 Who Is on the Receiving End of Environmental Regulation? 131 5.2.2 What Are the Effects of Construction and Storm Water on the Environment? 131 5.3 Studying Groundwater Regulation 133 5.3.1 Textual Analysis 133 5.3.2 Case Study 134 5.4 Results of My Investigation 134 5.4.1 The CGP Fact Sheet Background Section 135 5.4.2 The CGP Rationale Section 136 5.4.3 Construction General Permit (CGP) 136 5.4.4 A Targeted Case Study of CGP 137 5.5 Discussion of Study Results 142 References 144 6 Influences of Technical Documentation and Its Translation on Efficiency and Customer Satisfaction 145Elena Sperandio 6.1 Considering Technical Documentation 145 6.1.1 The Problem with Integrating Systems 146 6.1.2 Enterprise Resource Planning Systems 147 6.1.3 Production Information Management Systems 148 6.1.4 Document Management Systems/Content Management Systems 148 6.1.5 Translation Memory Systems/Computer-Aided Translation 149 6.2 Data Management in Technical Communication 150 6.2.1 Development and Diffusion of Data Management Tools 150 6.3 Technical Communication in Small Companies 153 6.3.1 Workflow Advantages in Small Companies 153 6.3.2 Workflow Disadvantages in Small Companies 154 6.4 Technical Communication in Medium-Sized Companies 154 6.4.1 Workflow Advantages in Medium-Sized Companies 155 6.4.2 Workflow Disadvantages in Medium-Sized Companies 156 6.5 Technical Communication in Large Companies 156 6.5.1 Workflow Advantages in Large Companies 158 6.5.2 Workflow Disadvantages in Large Companies 159 6.6 Translation of Technical Information 159 6.6.1 Translations in Small Companies 160 6.6.2 Translations in Medium-Sized Companies 162 6.6.3 Translations in Large Companies 163 6.7 Consequences for Technical Communication 165 6.8 Assumptions About Technical Communication 166 6.9 Outlook 168 References 169 7 Communicating Food Through Muckraking: Ethics Food Engineering and Culinary Realism 171Kathryn C. Dolan 7.1 Muckraking and Promoting Food Safety 172 7.2 Culinary Realism and Food Safety 173 7.2.1 Tubercular Beef in The Jungle 174 7.3 High Fructose Corn Syrup in The Omnivore’s Dilemma and In Defense of Food 179 7.4 Literature as a Watchdog in Food Safety 184 7.5 The Effects of Literature on Everyday Practices 186 References 186 Index 189
£40.80
Wiley GL Managing Organizational Cha
Book SynopsisAn understanding of organizational change management (OCM) an often overlooked subject is essential for successful corporate decision making with little adverse effect on the health and safety of employees or the surrounding community.Table of ContentsList of Tables xi List of Figures xiii Files on the Web Accompanying This Book xv Acronyms and Abbreviations xvii Glossary xxi Acknowledgements xxiii Preface xxv Introduction and Scope 1 1.1 Case Study- Hickson and Welsh LTD, England (1994) 1 1.2 Introduction 3 1.3 The Need for Management of Organizational Change 5 1.4 Organization of the Book 6 1.5 A History of Organizational Change Management 11 1.6 Definitions Related to Management of Organizational Change 16 Corporate Standard for Organizational Change Management 21 2.1 Case Study – BP – Grangemouth, Scotland (2000) 21 2.2 OCM Background 24 2.3 Management Commitment 25 2.4 OCM Policy 26 2.5 OCM Workflow 27 2.6 OCM Procedure 28 2.7 Definition of Organizational Change 29 2.8 Roles and Responsibilities 32 2.9 Initiate an Organizational Change 32 2.10 Review the Change 34 2.11 OCM Risk Assessment 35 2.12 Action and Implementation/Transition Plans 55 2.13 Post-Implementation Monitoring 59 2.14 Closeout 61 2.15 Conclusion 61 Modification of Working Conditions 65 3.1 Case Study – Esso – Longford, Victoria, Australia (1998) 65 3.2 Modifying location, communication, or time allocation for people 68 3.3 Case Study – Changes in shift schedules and staffing during turnarounds 69 3.4 Changes to terms and conditions of employment (e.g. hours, shifts, allowable overtime) 72 3.5 Staffing during turnarounds, facility-wide emergencies, or extreme weather events 74 3.6 Impacts and Associated Risks 76 3.7 Special Training Requirements 79 3.8 Conclusion 80 Personnel Changes 83 4.1 Case Study – Union Carbide – Bhopal, India (1984) 83 4.2 Case Study – Bayer CropScience, LLC – Institute, West Virginia, USA (2008) 87 4.3 Changes in Plant Management, Such as Plant Manager or EHS Manager 91 4.4 Replacement of a Subject Matter Expert (SME) 92 4.5 Replacing the Incumbent in a Position that Directly Affects Process Safety 93 4.6 Strikes, work stoppages, slowdowns, and other workforce actions 93 4.7 Emergency Response Team Staffing 95 4.8 Impacts/Associated Risks 95 4.9 Organizational Change Procedures versus OCM for new hires, promotions, etc. 97 4.10 Conclusion 98 Task Allocation Changes 99 5.1 Downsizing Examples 99 5.2 Task Allocation Changes 101 5.3 Job Competency Change 102 5.4 Case Study – Bayer CropSscience LLC – Institute, West Virginia, USA (2008) 103 5.5 Assigning New Responsibilities 105 5.6 Temporary Backfilling 106 5.7 Vanishing Task Allocations 106 5.8 Case Study – BP – Whiting, Indiana, USA (1998 – 2006) 107 5.9 Impacts/Associated Risks 109 5.10 Conclusions 111 Organizational Hierarchy Changes 113 6.1 Centralization or Decentralization of Job Functions 114 6.2 Case Study – Esso – Longford, Victoria, Australia (1998) 115 6.3 Reorganizations and De-layering the Hierarchy 117 6.4 Impacts/Associated Risks 119 6.5 Changes to Span of Control 121 6.6 Impacts/Associated Risks 122 6.7 Linear vs. Matrix Organization 122 6.8 Case Study – BP, Texas City, Texas, USA (2005) 124 6.9 Impacts/Associated Risks 126 6.10 Acquisitions, Mergers, Divestitures, and Joint Ventures 127 6.11 Case Study – Anonymous, USA (1998) 127 6.12 Associated Risks 128 6.13 Case Study – Union Carbide, Bhopal, India (1984) 129 6.14 Changing Service Providers 132 6.15 Impacts/Associated Risks 132 6.16 Conclusion 133 Organizational Policy Changes 135 7.1 Case Study – Dupont, Delaware, USA (1818) 135 7.2 Changes to Mission and Vision Statements 136 7.3 New and Revised Corporate Process Safety Related Policies/Procedures 138 7.4 Major Changes to Policy of Budgets for Maintenance or Operations 139 7.5 Impacts/Associated Risks 140 7.6 In/Outsourcing of Key Departmental Functions Such as Engineering Design or Maintenance 142 7.7 Staffing Level Policy Changes (shutdowns, turnarounds, startups) 144 7.8 Special Training Requirements 146 7.9 Conclusion 146 Appendix A. Example Tools for Evaluating Organizational Changes 149 Appendix B. Example Procedures for Managing Organizational Changes 199 Index 236
£85.46
John Wiley & Sons Inc Multiphase Reactor Engineering for Clean and
Book SynopsisProvides a comprehensive review on the brand-new development of several multiphase reactor techniques applied in energy-related processes Explains the fundamentals of multiphase reactors as well as the sophisticated applicationsHelps the reader to understand the key problems and solutions of clean coal conversion techniquesDetails the emerging processes for novel refining technology, clean coal conversion techniques, low-cost hydrogen productions and CO2 capture and storageIntroduces current energy-related processes and links the basic principles of emerging processes to the features of multiphase reactors providing an overview of energy conversion in combination with multiphase reactor engineeringIncludes case studies of novel reactors to illustrate the special features of these reactorsTable of ContentsPreface xiii List of Contributors Xv 1 Novel Fluid Catalytic Cracking Processes 1Jinsen Gao, Chunming Xu, Chunxi Lu Chaohe Yang, Gang Wang, Xingying Lan and Yongmin Zhang 1.1 FCC Process Description 1 1.2 Reaction Process Regulation for the Heavy Oil FCC 3 1.2.1 Technology Background 3 1.2.2 Principle of the Technology 3 1.2.3 Key Fundamental Research 4 1.2.4 Industrial Validation 7 1.3 Advanced Riser Termination Devices for the FCC Processes 10 1.3.1 Introduction 10 1.3.2 General Idea of the Advanced RTD System 11 1.3.3 Development of the External‐Riser FCC RTD Systems 12 1.3.4 Development of the Internal‐Riser FCC RTDs 15 1.3.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 18 1.4 An MZCC FCC Process 19 1.4.1 Technology Background 19 1.4.2 Reaction Principle for MZCC 19 1.4.3 Design Principle of MZCC Reactor 20 1.4.4 Key Basic Study 23 1.4.5 The Industry Application of MZCC 23 1.4.6 Prospectives 26 1.5 Two‐Stage Riser Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process 28 1.5.1 Preface 28 1.5.2 Reaction Mechanism of Heavy Oil in the Riser Reactor 29 1.5.3 The Proposed TSR FCC Process 32 1.5.4 The Industrial Application of the TSR FCC Technology 33 1.5.5 The Development of the TSR FCC Process 33 1.6 FCC Gasoline Upgrading by Reducing Olefins Content Using SRFCC Process 36 1.6.1 Research Background 36 1.6.2 Reaction Principle of Gasoline Upgrading 37 1.6.3 Design and Optimization on the Subsidiary Riser 38 1.6.4 Key Fundamental Researches 38 1.6.5 Industrial Applications of the SRFCC Process 42 1.6.6 Outlook 43 1.7 FCC Process Perspectives 44 References 45 2 Coal Combustion 49Guangxi Yue, Junfu Lv and Hairui Yang 2.1 Fuel and Combustion Products 49 2.1.1 Composition and Properties of Fuel 49 2.1.2 Analysis of Compositions in the Fuel 50 2.1.3 Calorific Value of Fuel 50 2.1.4 Classifications of Coal 50 2.1.5 Combustion Products and Enthalpy of Flue Gas 51 2.2 Device and Combustion Theory of Gaseous Fuels 52 2.2.1 Ignition of the Gaseous Fuels 52 2.2.2 Diffusion Gas Burner 52 2.2.3 Fully Premixed‐Type Gas Burner 53 2.3 Combustion Theory of Solid Fuel 53 2.3.1 The Chemical Reaction Mechanism of Carbon Combustion 54 2.3.2 Carbon Combustion Reaction Process 54 2.4 Grate Firing of Coal 55 2.4.1 Coal Grate Firing Facilities 56 2.5 Coal Combustion in CFB Boiler 57 2.5.1 The Characteristic of Fluidized Bed 57 2.5.2 Combustion Characteristic of CFB Boiler 58 2.5.3 Development of Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion Technology 58 2.5.4 Comparison Between Bubbling Fluidized bed and Circulating Fluidized Bed 59 2.6 Pulverized Coal Combustion 60 2.6.1 Furnace Type of Pulverized Coal Combustion 61 2.6.2 Circulation Mode of Water Wall 62 2.6.3 Modern Large‐Scale Pulverized Coal Combustion Technology 62 2.6.4 The International Development of the Supercritical Pressure Boiler 62 References 63 3 Coal Gasification 65Qiang Li and Jiansheng Zhang 3.1 Coal Water Slurry 65 3.1.1 The Advantage of CWS 65 3.1.2 The Production of CWS 66 3.1.3 The Atomization of CWS 67 3.2 The Theory of Coal Gasification 70 3.2.1 Overview of Coal Gasification 70 3.2.2 The Main Reaction Processes of Coal Gasification 72 3.2.3 Kinetics of Coal Gasification Reaction 73 3.2.4 The Influencing Factors of Coal Gasification Reaction 77 3.3 Fixed Bed Gasification of Coal 79 3.3.1 The Principle of Fixed Bed Gasification 79 3.3.2 The Classification of Fixed Bed Gasification Technology 81 3.3.3 Typical Fixed Bed Gasification Technologies 81 3.3.4 The Key Equipment for Pressurized Fixed Bed Gasifier 85 3.3.5 The Application and Improvement of Pressurized Fixed Bed Gasifier in China 89 3.4 Fluid Bed Gasification of Coal 90 3.4.1 The Basic Principles of Fluidized Bed Gasification 90 3.4.2 Typical Technology and Structure of Fluidized Bed Gasification 91 3.5 Entrained Flow Gasification of Coal 98 3.5.1 The Principle of Entrained Flow Gasification Technology 98 3.5.2 Typical Entrained Gas Gasification Technologies 101 3.6 Introduction to the Numerical Simulation of Coal Gasification 112 3.6.1 The Numerical Simulation Method of Coal Gasification 112 3.6.2 Coal Gasification Numerical Simulation (CFD) Method 113 References 116 4 New Development in Coal Pyrolysis Reactor 119Guangwen Xu, Xi Zeng, Jiangze Han and Chuigang Fan 4.1 Introduction 119 4.2 Moving Bed with Internals 121 4.2.1 Laboratory Tests at Kilogram Scale 122 4.2.2 Verification Tests at 100‐kg Scale 125 4.2.3 Continuous Pilot Verification 127 4.3 Solid Carrier FB Pyrolysis 129 4.3.1 Fundamental Study 130 4.3.2 Pilot Verification with Air Gasification 136 4.4 Multistage Fluidized Bed Pyrolysis 139 4.4.1 Experimental Apparatus and Method 139 4.4.2 Results and Discussion 141 4.5 Solid Carrier Downer Pyrolysis 145 4.5.1 Experimental Apparatus and Method 146 4.5.2 Results and Discussion 147 4.6 Other Pyrolysis Reactors 149 4.6.1 Solid Heat Carrier Fixed Bed 149 4.6.2 A Few Other New Pyrolysis Reactors 150 4.7 Concluding Remarks 153 Acknowledgments 153 References 153 5 Coal Pyrolysis to Acetylene in Plasma Reactor 155Binhang Yan and Yi Cheng 5.1 Introduction 155 5.1.1 Background 155 5.1.2 Principles and Features of Thermal Plasma 156 5.1.3 Basic Principles of Coal Pyrolysis in Thermal Plasma 157 5.1.4 Development of Coal Pyrolysis to Acetylene Process 158 5.2 Experimental Study of Coal Pyrolysis to Acetylene 159 5.2.1 Experimental Setup 159 5.2.2 Typical Experimental Results 161 5.3 Thermodynamic Analysis of Coal Pyrolysis to Acetylene 164 5.3.1 Equilibrium Composition with/without Consideration of Solid Carbon 164 5.3.2 Validation of Thermodynamic Equilibrium Predictions 164 5.3.3 Effect of Additional Chemicals on Thermodynamic Equilibrium 165 5.3.4 Key Factors to Determine the Reactor Performance 166 5.3.5 Key Factors to Determine the Reactor Performance 168 5.4 Computational Fluid Dynamics‐Assisted Process Analysis and Reactor Design 171 5.4.1 Kinetic Models of Coal Devolatilization 171 5.4.2 Generalized Model of Heat Transfer and Volatiles Evolution Inside Particles 176 5.4.3 Cross‐Scale Modeling and Simulation of Coal Pyrolysis to Acetylene 180 5.5 Conclusion and Outlook 183 References 186 6 Multiphase Flow Reactors for Methanol and Dimethyl Ether Production 189Tiefeng Wang and Jinfu Wang 6.1 Introduction 189 6.1.1 Methanol 189 6.1.2 Dimethyl Ether 189 6.2 Process Description 191 6.2.1 Methanol Synthesis 191 6.2.2 DME Synthesis 192 6.2.3 Reaction Kinetics 195 6.3 Reactor Selection 197 6.3.1 Fixed Bed Reactor 197 6.3.2 Slurry Reactor 198 6.4 Industrial Design and Scale‐Up of Fixed Bed Reactor 200 6.4.1 Types of Fixed Bed Reactors 200 6.4.2 Design of Large‐Scale Fixed Bed Reactor 201 6.5 Industrial Design and Scale‐Up of Slurry Bed Reactor 202 6.5.1 Flow Regime of the Slurry Reactor 202 6.5.2 Hydrodynamics of Slurry Bed Reactor 203 6.5.3 Process Intensification with Internals 203 6.5.4 Scale‐Up of Slurry Reactor 206 6.6 Demonstration of Slurry Reactors 213 6.7 Conclusions and Remarks 214 References 215 7 Fischer–Tropsch Processes and Reactors 219Li Weng and Zhuowu Men 7.1 Introduction to Fischer–Tropsch Processes and Reactors 219 7.1.1 Introduction to Fischer–Tropsch Processes 219 7.1.2 Commercial FT Processes 219 7.1.3 FT Reactors 220 7.1.4 Historical Development of FT SBCR 221 7.1.5 Challenges for FT SBCR 222 7.2 SBCR Transport Phenomena 222 7.2.1 Hydrodynamics Characteristics 222 7.2.2 Mass Transfer 226 7.2.3 Heat Transfer 229 7.3 SBCR Experiment Setup and Results 231 7.3.1 Introduction to SBCR Experiments 231 7.3.2 Cold Mode and Instrumentation 234 7.3.3 Hot Model and Operation 247 7.4 Modeling of SBCR for FT Synthesis Process 249 7.4.1 Introduction 249 7.4.2 Model Discussion 250 7.4.3 Multiscale Analysis 256 7.4.4 Conclusion 258 7.5 Reactor Scale‐Up and Engineering Design 259 7.5.1 General Structures of SBCR 259 7.5.2 Internal Equipment 259 7.5.3 Design and Scale‐Up Strategies of SBCR 261 Nomenclature 262 References 263 8 Methanol to Lower Olefins and Methanol to Propylene 271Yao Wang and Fei Wei 8.1 Background 271 8.2 Catalysts 272 8.3 Catalytic Reaction Mechanism 273 8.3.1 HP Mechanism 274 8.3.2 Dual‐Cycle Mechanism 274 8.3.3 Complex Reactions 275 8.4 Features of the Catalytic Process 275 8.4.1 Autocatalytic Reactions 275 8.4.2 Deactivation and Regeneration 276 8.4.3 Exothermic Reactions 278 8.5 Multiphase Reactors 278 8.5.1 Fixed Bed Reactor 279 8.5.2 Moving Bed Reactor 280 8.5.3 Fluidized Bed Reactor 281 8.5.4 Parallel or Series Connection Reactors 284 8.6 Industrial Development 286 8.6.1 Commercialization of MTO 286 8.6.2 Commercialization of MTP 288 References 292 9 Rector Technology for Methanol to Aromatics 295Weizhong Qian and Fei Wei 9.1 Background and Development History 295 9.1.1 The Purpose of Developing Methanol to Aromatics Technology 295 9.1.2 Comparison of MTA with Other Technologies Using Methanol as Feedstock 297 9.2 Chemistry Bases of MTA 298 9.3 Effect of Operating Conditions 300 9.3.1 Effect of Temperature 300 9.3.2 Partial Pressure 302 9.3.3 Space Velocity of Methanol 302 9.3.4 Pressure 302 9.3.5 Deactivation of the Catalyst 303 9.4 Reactor Technology of MTA 304 9.4.1 Choice of MTA Reactor: Fixed Bed or Fluidized Bed 304 9.4.2 MTA in Lab‐Scale Fluidized Bed Reactor and the Comparison in Reactors with Different Stages 305 9.4.3 20 kt/a CFB Apparatus for MTA 306 9.4.4 Pilot Plant Test of 30 kt/a FMTA System 306 9.5 Comparison of MTA Reaction Technology with FCC and MTO System 310 References 311 10 Natural Gas Conversion 313Wisarn Yenjaichon, Farzam Fotovat and John R. Grace 10.1 Introduction 313 10.2 Reforming Reactions 313 10.3 Sulfur and Chloride Removal 314 10.4 Catalysts 314 10.5 Chemical Kinetics 315 10.6 Fixed Bed Reforming Reactors 316 10.7 Shift Conversion Reactors 317 10.7.1 High‐Temperature WGS 317 10.7.2 Low‐Temperature WGS 317 10.8 Pressure Swing Adsorption 317 10.9 Steam Reforming of Higher Hydrocarbons 318 10.10 Dry (Carbon Dioxide) Reforming 318 10.11 Partial Oxidation (POX) 320 10.11.1 Homogeneous POX 321 10.11.2 Catalytic Partial Oxidation 321 10.12 Autothermal Reforming (ATR) 321 10.13 Tri‐Reforming 321 10.14 Other Efforts to Improve SMR 322 10.14.1 Fluidized Beds 323 10.14.2 Permselective Membranes 323 10.14.3 Sorbent‐Enhanced Reforming 325 10.15 Conclusions 326 References 326 11 Multiphase Reactors for Biomass Processing and Thermochemical Conversions 331Xiaotao T. Bi and Mohammad S. Masnadi 11.1 Introduction 331 11.2 Biomass Feedstock Preparation 332 11.2.1 Biomass Drying 332 11.2.2 Biomass Torrefaction Treatment 333 11.3 Biomass Pyrolysis 336 11.3.1 Pyrolysis Principles and Reaction Kinetics 336 11.3.2 Multiphase Reactors for Slow and Fast Pyrolysis 338 11.3.3 Catalytic Pyrolysis of Biomass 342 11.3.4 Biomass‐to‐Liquid Via Fast Pyrolysis 342 11.4 Biomass Gasification 343 11.4.1 Principles of Biomass Gasification 343 11.4.2 Gasification Reactions Mechanisms and Models 344 11.4.3 Catalytic Gasification of Biomass 347 11.4.4 Multiphase Reactors for Gasification 349 11.4.5 Biomass Gasification Reactor Modeling 355 11.4.6 Downstream Gas Processing 356 11.4.7 Technology Roadmap and Recent Market Developments 357 11.5 Biomass Combustion 359 11.5.1 Principles of Biomass Combustion 359 11.5.2 Reaction Mechanisms and Kinetics 360 11.5.3 Multiphase Reactors for Combustion 361 11.5.4 Advanced Combustion Systems 363 11.5.5 Agglomeration, Fouling, and Corrosion 365 11.5.6 Future Technology Developments 365 11.6 Challenges of Multiphase Reactors for Biomass Processing 366 11.6.1 Fluidization of Irregular Biomass Particles 366 11.6.2 Feeding, Conveying of Biomass 366 11.6.3 Reactor Modeling, Simulation, and Scale‐Up 367 11.6.4 Economics of Commercial Biomass Conversion Systems 368 References 369 12 Chemical Looping Technology for Fossil Fuel Conversion with In Situ CO2 Control 377Liang‐Shih Fan, Andrew Tong and Liang Zeng 12.1 Introduction 377 12.1.1 Chemical Looping Concept 377 12.1.2 Historical Development 379 12.2 Oxygen Carrier Material 381 12.2.1 Primary Material Selection 381 12.2.2 Iron‐Based Oxygen Carrier Development 382 12.3 Chemical Looping Reactor System Design 384 12.3.1 Thermodynamic Analysis 385 12.3.2 Kinetic Analysis 388 12.3.3 Hydrodynamic Analysis 392 12.4 Chemical Looping Technology Platform 396 12.4.1 Syngas Chemical Looping Process 397 12.4.2 Coal Direct Chemical Looping Process 398 12.4.3 Shale Gas-to-Syngas Process 399 12.5 Conclusion 400 References 401 Index 405
£152.06
John Wiley & Sons Inc AIChE Equipment Testing Procedure Trayed and
Book SynopsisAIChE manual updates and consolidates procedures for testing performance of distillation columns From classic distillation operations to air stripping to other separations processes, selecting the correct column for appropriate efficient, safe, and environmentally-sound operations can be an important step. The newest updated volume in AIChE's long-running Equipment Testing Procedures series, Trayed and Packed Columns: A Guide to Performance Evaluation, Third Edition provides chemical engineers, plant managers, and other professionals with helpful advice to assess and measure performance of a variety of distillation columns, including those that utilize bubble cap, sieve, valve trays, or packing material. The new book combines and updates into one user-friendly volume the best available field knowledge from previous publications on both types of distillation columns. Designed not as a single set of compulsory steps, but as a compilation of techniques, it wTable of Contents100.0 PURPOSE & SCOPE 1 101.0 Purpose 1 102.0 Scope 1 200.0 DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF TERMS 2 201.0 Flow Quantities 2 202.0 Key Components 3 203.0 Mass Transfer Efficiency 4 203.1 Theoretical Trays or Plates or Stages 4 203.2 Overall Column Efficiency 4 203.3 Apparent Murphree Tray Efficiency 4 203.4 Ideal Murphree Tray Efficiency 4 203.5 Murphree Point Efficiency 4 203.6 HETP 4 203.7 HTU 4 203.8 NTU 4 204.0 Operating Lines 5 205.0 Pinch 5 206.0 Maximum Throughput 5 206.1 Maximum Hydraulic Throughput 5 206.2 Maximum Operational Capacity 5 206.3 Maximum Efficient Capacity 5 207.0 Minimum Operating Rate 5 208.0 Operating Section 5 209.0 Hardware 6 209.1 Components of a Trayed Column 6 209.2 Components of a Packed Column 7 300.0 TEST PLANNING 9 301.0 Preliminary Preparation 9 301.1 Safety 10 301.2 Environmental Considerations 10 301.3 Test Objectives 10 301.4 Organizational Resources 10 301.5 Schedule 10 301.6 Review of Historic Operating Data 10 302.0 Column Control and Instrumentation 11 303.0 Peripheral Equipment 11 304.0 Pre-test Calculations 11 304.1 Process Simulation 11 304.2 Dry Run 11 305.0 Types of Tests 12 305.1 Performance Tests 12 305.2 Acceptance Tests 12 306.0 Specific Areas of Interest 12 306.1 Packing Efficiencies 12 306.2 Tray Efficiencies 12 306.3 Overall Column Efficiency 13 306.4 Capacity Limitations 13 307.0 Energy Consumption 14 308.0 Pressure Drop Restrictions 15 309.0 Data Collection Requirements 15 309.1 Process Operating Data 15 309.2 Gamma Scan Data 15 310.0 Conditions of External Streams 18 310.1 Overall and Component Material Balances 18 310.2 Overall Enthalpy Balances 18 311.0 Internal Temperatures 18 311.1 Heat Balances 18 311.2 Internal Profiles 18 312.0 Internal Samples 20 312.1 Internal Samples for Efficiency Checks 20 312.2 Internal Samples for Overall Performance 20 313.0 Pressure Profiles 20 314.0 Data Requirements-Physical Properties 20 314.1 Test Mixtures 20 314.2 Essential Data 21 315.0 Auxiliary Data 21 316.0 Test Procedure Documentation 21 400.0 METHODS OF MEASUREMENT AND SAMPLING 22 401.0 System Controls and Operating Stability 22 402.0 Measurement of Temperatures 22 402.1 Accuracy 22 402.2 Errors 22 403.0 Measurement of Flow Rates 24 403.1 Orifice Meters 24 403.2 Rotameters 25 403.3 Vortex Flow Meters 25 403.4 Coriolis Flow Meters 25 403.5 Magnetic Flow Meters 25 403.6 Pitot Tube (or Annubar) 25 403.7 Direct Volume or Weight Measurement 26 404.0 Measurement of Column Pressure Drop 26 404.1 Instrument 26 404.2 Pressure Taps 26 404.3 Seal Pots 33 404.4 Leakage Check 33 404.5 Accuracy 33 405.0 Sampling Procedure 34 405.1 General 34 405.2 Selection of Sampling Points 34 405.3 Sample Connections 35 405.4 Containers 35 405.5 Sampling of High Boiling Materials 36 405.6 Sampling of Intermediate Boiling Materials 37 405.7 Sampling of Materials Having Boiling Points Below -50°F (-46°C) 40 405.8 Leakage Check 41 405.9 Labeling and Handling the Samples 41 500.0 TEST PROCEDURE 43 501.0 Preliminary 43 502.0 Test Procedure for Maximum Hydraulic Throughput 43 502.1 Flood Symptoms 44 502.2 Performing Capacity Tests 45 502.3 Optional Test Technique – Gamma Scanning 48 503.0 Considerations Affecting Efficiency Test Procedure 48 503.1 Rigorous Versus Shortcut Efficiency Tests 48 503.2 Strategy of Efficiency Testing 49 503.3 Early Preparation for Efficiency Tests 50 503.4 Last-minute Preparations for Efficiency Tests 53 503.5 Establishment of Steady State Conditions 55 503.6 The Test Day 56 503.7 Concluding Test 56 600.0 COMPUTATION OF RESULTS 601.0 Verification of Test Data and Simulation Models 58 602.0 Material Balance 59 602.1 End Effects 59 603.0 Enthalpy Balance 59 603.1 Overall Balance 59 603.2 Internal Flow Rates 60 604.0 Hydraulic Performance 60 604.1 Trayed Column 60 604.2 Packed Column 61 605.0 Efficiency Performance 61 605.1 Trayed Column 62 605.2 Packed Column 69 700.0 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS 76 701.0 Sources of Experimental Error 76 701.1 Material and Enthalpy Balances 77 702.0 Effects of Experimental Error 78 703.0 Design versus Performance 78 703.1 Mechanical/Tower Equipment 78 703.2 Process Conditions 78 704.0 Hydraulic Performance 79 704.1 Mechanical/Tower Equipment 79 704.2 Tray 79 704.3 Packing 80 704.4 Process Conditions 80 705.0 Mass Transfer Performance 81 705.1 Mechanical/Tower Equipment 81 705.2 Tray 81 705.3 Packing 82 705.4 Maldistribution 82 705.5 Process 84 706.0 Test Troubleshooting 85 706.1 Analysis Procedure 85 706.2 Sampling 85 706.3 Equilibrium Data 85 706.4 Temperature Measurements 85 706.5 Heat and Material Balances 86 706.6 Fluctuation of Process Conditions 86 706.7 Pressure Drop Measurements 86 706.8 Incorrect Prediction of Pressure Drop 86 706.9 Errors in Assumptions in Modeling Mass Transfer 86 706.10 Multicomponent Systems Deviate from Binary Data 87 706.11 High Purity Separation 87 706.12 Test and Design Conditions 87 800.0 APPENDIX 88 801.0 Notation 88 801.1 Greek Symbols 90 802.0 Sample Calculations 90 802.1 General Analysis of Test Data 90 802.2 Packed Column 91 802.3 Trayed Column 107 803.0 References 126
£44.60
John Wiley & Sons Inc Integrated Membrane Systems CL
Book SynopsisThe book examines the possibility of integrating different membrane unit operations (microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis and gas separation) in the same industrial cycle or in combination with conventional separation systems.Table of ContentsList of Contributors ix Preface xi 1 Ultrafiltration, Microfiltration, Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis in Integrated Membrane Processes 1Catherine Charcosset 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Membrane Processes 2 1.2.1 Ultrafiltration, Microfiltration and Nanofiltration 2 1.2.2 Reverse Osmosis 3 1.2.3 Membrane Distillation 3 1.2.4 Electrodialysis 4 1.2.5 Membrane Bioreactors 5 1.3 Combination of Various Membrane Processes 6 1.3.1 Pressure-Driven Separation Processes 6 1.3.2 Membrane Distillation and Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes 12 1.3.3 Electrodialysis and Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes 13 1.3.4 Membrane Bioreactors and Pressure-Driven Separation Processes 14 1.3.5 Other Processes and Pressure-Driven Separation Processes 15 1.4 Conclusion 17 List of Abbreviations 18 References 18 2 Bioseparations Using Integrated Membrane Processes 23Raja Ghosh 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Integrated Bioseparation Processes Involving Microfiltration 24 2.3 Integrated Bioseparation Processes Involving Ultrafiltration 28 2.4 Conclusion 31 References 32 3 Integrated Membrane Processes in the Food Industry 35Alfredo Cassano 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Fruit Juice Processing 36 3.2.1 Fruit Juice Clarification 36 3.2.2 Fruit Juice Concentration 38 3.2.3 Integrated Systems in Fruit Juice Processing 40 3.3 Milk and Whey Processing 48 3.3.1 Integrated Systems in Milk Processing 48 3.3.2 Integrated Systems in Cheesemaking 51 3.3.3 Integrated Systems in Whey Processing 52 3.4 Conclusions 54 List of Abbreviations 54 References 55 4 Continuous Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass via Integrated Membrane Processes 61Mohammadmahdi Malmali and S. Ranil Wickramasinghe 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 Continuous Enzymatic Hydrolysis 63 4.3 Integrated Submerged Membrane System 65 4.4 Sugar Concentration 66 4.5 Sugar Concentration and Hydrolysate Detoxification by Nanofiltration 68 4.6 Statistical Design of Experiments 69 4.7 Analysis of Variance using Response Surface Methodology 69 4.8 Future Challenges 74 4.9 Conclusion 75 Acknowledgements 75 List of Abbreviations 75 List of Symbols 75 References 76 5 Integrated Membrane Processes for the Preparation of Emulsions, Particles and Bubbles 79Goran T. Vladisavljevi´c 5.1 Introduction 79 5.1.1 Membrane Dispersion Processes 80 5.1.2 Membrane Treatment of Dispersions 81 5.1.3 Comparison of Membrane and Microfluidic Drop Generation Processes 82 5.1.4 Comparison of Membrane and Conventional Homogenisation Processes 83 5.2 Membranes for Preparation of Emulsions and Particles 84 5.2.1 SPG Membrane 84 5.2.2 Microengineered Membranes 90 5.3 Production of Emulsions Using SPG Membrane 92 5.4 Production of Emulsions Using Microengineered Membranes 96 5.5 Factors Affecting Droplet Size in DME 98 5.5.1 Effect of Transmembrane Pressure and Flux 99 5.5.2 Influence of Pore (Channel) Size and Shear Stress on the Membrane Surface 101 5.5.3 Influence of Surfactant 101 5.6 Factors Affecting Droplet Size in PME 103 5.7 Integration of ME with Solid/Semi-Solid Particle Fabrication 104 5.7.1 Integration of ME and Crosslinking of Gel-forming Polymers 104 5.7.2 Integration of ME and Melt Solidification 114 5.7.3 Integration of ME and Polymerisation 115 5.7.4 Integration of ME and Solvent Evaporation/Extraction 118 5.8 Integration of Membrane Permeation and Gas Dispersion 120 5.9 Integration of Membrane Micromixing and Nanoprecipitation 121 5.10 Conclusions 123 List of Acronyms 123 Symbols 124 Subscripts 126 References 126 6 Nanofiltration in Integrated Membrane Processes 141Bart Van der Bruggen 6.1 Introduction 141 6.2 Pretreatment for Nanofiltration 144 6.3 Nanofiltration as a Pretreatment Method 146 6.4 Processes in Series 148 6.5 Integrated Processes 150 6.6 Hybrid Processes 153 6.7 Nanofiltration Cascades 156 6.8 Conclusions 158 List of Abbreviations 159 References 159 7 Seawater, Brackish Waters, and Natural Waters Treatment with Hybrid Membrane Processes 165Maxime Ponti´e and Catherine Charcosset 7.1 Introduction 165 7.2 Desalination Market 166 7.2.1 Growth of Desalination Capacity Worldwide 166 7.2.2 Desalination Technologies 167 7.3 Seawater and Brackish Waters Composition 168 7.3.1 Seawater Composition 168 7.3.2 Brackish Water versus Seawater 168 7.3.3 Product Water Specification 170 7.4 Desalination with Integrated Membrane Processes 170 7.4.1 MF/UF–RO 170 7.4.2 NF versus RO 172 7.4.3 NF–RO 174 7.5 Natural Water Treatment Using Hybrid Membrane Processes 176 7.5.1 Natural Organic Matter 178 7.5.2 Arsenic 183 7.5.3 Other Species 186 7.6 Conclusion 190 List of Acronyms 191 References 192 8 Wastewater Treatment Using Integrated Membrane Processes 197Jinsong Zhang and Anthony G. Fane 8.1 Introduction 197 8.2 IMS Application for Wastewater Treatment: Current Status 198 8.2.1 IMS for Textile Industrial Wastewater: Target to Zero Discharge 198 8.2.2 Integrated Pressure-Driven Membrane Process for Municipal Wastewater Reclamation 200 8.2.3 Integrated Multiple Function Driven Membrane Process for Wastewater Reclamation 212 8.3 Strategic Co-location Concept for Integrated Process Involving RO, PRO, and Wastewater Treatment 219 8.4 Conclusions 221 Nomenclature 221 List of Greek letters 222 References 222 9 Membrane Reactor: An Integrated “Membrane + Reaction” System 231Angelo Basile, Adolfo Iulianelli and Simona Liguori 9.1 Introduction 231 9.2 Hydrogen Economy 232 9.2.1 Why Membrane Reactors? 232 9.3 Membrane Reactors 235 9.3.1 Membrane Reactors Utilization 236 9.4 Membranes for Membrane Reactors 236 9.4.1 Ceramic Membranes 237 9.4.2 Zeolite Membranes 237 9.4.3 Carbon Membranes 238 9.4.4 Metal Membranes 238 9.4.5 Composite Membranes 239 9.5 Mass Transport Mechanisms for Inorganic Membranes 239 9.6 Applications of Inorganic Membrane Reactors 241 9.6.1 Recent Advances on Hydrogen Production in MRs from Steam Reforming of Renewable Sources 241 9.7 Conclusions 244 List of Symbols 245 List of Abbreviations 245 References 246 10 Membranes for IGCC Power Plants 255Kamran Ghasemzadeh, Angelo Basile, and Seyyed Mohammad Sadati Tilebon 10.1 Introduction 255 10.2 IGCC Technology for Power Generation 256 10.3 Application of Membranes in an IGCC Power Plants 257 10.3.1 Hydrogen Selective Membranes 264 10.3.2 Oxygen Selective Membranes 272 10.3.3 CO2 Selective Membranes 275 10.4 Conclusion and Future Trends 280 Abbreviations 280 References 281 11 Integration of a Membrane Reactor with a Fuel Cell 285Viktor Hacker, Merit Bodner, and Alexander Schenk 11.1 Introduction 285 11.2 Fuel Cell Basics 286 11.2.1 Reaction Mechanisms 287 11.2.2 Electrochemical Basics of the Fuel Cell 289 11.3 Different Types of Fuel Cells 292 11.3.1 Methods of Classification 292 11.3.2 Fuel Cell Types 294 11.4 Contaminations of the PEFC 295 11.4.1 Anode Gas Stream 295 11.4.2 Cathode Gas Stream 297 11.4.3 Contaminations of Components 298 11.5 Methods to Avoid Poisoning 298 11.5.1 Increasing the Fuel Cell Tolerance towards Contaminations 299 11.5.2 Avoiding Contaminations 300 11.6 Conclusion 302 List of Abbreviations 302 List of Symbols 302 References 303 12 Solar Membrane Reactor 307Kamran Ghasemzadeh, Angelo Basile, and Abbas Aghaeinejad-Meybodi 12.1 Introduction 307 12.2 Configurations of Solar MR Systems 308 12.2.1 Solar MRs for Water and Wastewater Treatment 309 12.2.2 Solar MRs for Hydrogen Production 312 12.3 Solar MRs Application from a Modeling Point of View 319 12.3.1 Water Decomposition Literature 319 12.3.2 Steam Reforming Literature 320 12.4 Solar MRs Application from an Experimental Point of View 322 12.4.1 Water Decomposition Literature 322 12.4.2 Water Electrolysis Literature 329 12.4.3 Steam Reforming Literature 331 12.5 The Main Challenges 334 12.6 Conclusion and Future Trends 335 List of Abbreviations 335 References 336 13 Membrane-Adsorption Integrated Systems/Processes 343Sayed S. Madaeni and Ehsan Salehi 13.1 Introduction 343 13.2 Adsorption Pretreatment for Membranes 345 13.3 Integrated Membrane-Adsorption Systems 347 13.3.1 LPM-Adsorption Integration 348 13.3.2 Membrane-Adsorption Bioreactors 352 13.3.3 MABR Operating Conditions 354 13.3.4 MABR Applications 355 13.4 Membrane Adsorbents 356 13.4.1 Protein-Adsorbent Membranes 357 13.4.2 Metal-Adsorbent Membranes 358 13.4.3 Imprinted-Membrane Adsorbents 360 13.4.4 Thin Membrane Adsorbents 362 13.4.5 Modeling Aspects 362 13.4.6 Regeneration and Reuse 365 13.5 Adsorption Post-treatment for Membranes 366 References 367 Index 375
£113.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Gas Treating
Book SynopsisGas Treating: Absorption Theory and Practice provides an introduction to the treatment of natural gas, synthesis gas and flue gas, addressing why it is necessary and the challenges involved. The book concentrates in particular on the absorptiondesorption process and mass transfer coupled with chemical reaction. Following a general introduction to gas treatment, the chemistry of CO2, H2S and amine systems is described, and selected topics from physical chemistry with relevance to gas treating are presented. Thereafter the absorption process is discussed in detail, column hardware is explained and the traditional mass transfer model mechanisms are presented together with mass transfer correlations. This is followed by the central point of the text in which mass transfer is combined with chemical reaction, highlighting the associated possibilities and problems. Experimental techniques, data analysis and modelling are covered, and the book concludes with a discussion on vaTable of ContentsPreface xvii List of Abbreviations xxi Nomenclature List xxi 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Definitions 1 1.2 Gas Markets, Gas Applications and Feedstock 3 1.3 Sizes 3 1.4 Units 4 1.5 Ambient Conditions 7 1.6 Objective of This Book 7 1.7 Example Problems 7 1.7.1 Synthesis Gas Plant 8 1.7.2 Natural Gas Treatment 9 1.7.3 Natural Gas Treatment for LNG 9 1.7.4 Flue Gas CO2 Capture from a CCGT Power Plant 9 1.7.5 Flue Gas CO2 Capture from a Coal Based Power Plant 11 1.7.6 CO2 Removal from Biogas 11 1.7.7 CO2 Removal from Landfill Gas 12 1.7.8 Summarising Plant Sizes Just Considered 12 References 13 2. Gas Treating in General 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Process Categories 16 2.2.1 Absorption 16 2.2.2 Adsorption 17 2.2.3 Cryogenics 19 2.2.4 LNG Trains 30 2.2.5 Membranes 36 2.3 Sulfur Removal 37 2.3.1 Scavengers 38 2.3.2 Adsorption 39 2.3.3 Direct Oxidation–Liquid Redox Processes 39 2.3.4 Claus Plants 41 2.3.5 Novelties 43 2.4 Absorption Process 43 References 45 3. Rate of Mass Transfer 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 The Rate Equation 50 3.3 Co-absorption and/or Simultaneous Desorption 51 3.4 Convection and Diffusion 51 3.5 Heat Balance 51 3.6 Axially along the Column 52 3.7 Flowsheet Simulators 52 3.8 Rate versus Equilibrium Approaches 53 Further Reading 53 4. Chemistry in Acid Gas Treating 55 4.1 Introduction 55 4.2 ‘Chemistry’ 57 4.3 Acid Character of CO2 and H2S 63 4.4 The H2S Chemistry with any Alkanolamine 65 4.5 Chemistry of CO2 with Primary and Secondary Alkanolamines 65 4.5.1 Zwitterion Mechanism 66 4.5.2 Termolecular Mechanism of Crooks and Donnellan 67 4.5.3 Australian Approach 69 4.5.4 Older Representations 70 4.6 The Chemistry of Tertiary Amines 72 4.7 Chemistry of the Minor Sulfur Containing Gases 73 4.7.1 The COS Chemistry 74 4.7.2 Chemistry of CS2 76 4.7.3 Chemistry of Mercaptans (RSH) 77 4.8 Sterically Hindered Amines 78 4.9 Hot Carbonate Absorbent Systems 80 4.10 Simultaneous Absorption of H2S and CO2 82 4.11 Reaction Mechanisms and Activators–Final Words 82 4.12 Review Questions, Problems and Challenges 82 References 83 5. Physical Chemistry Topics 87 5.1 Introduction 87 5.2 Discussion of Solvents 87 5.3 Acid–Base Considerations 90 5.3.1 Arrhenius, Brønsted and Lewis 90 5.3.2 Weak and Strong Acids and Bases 91 5.3.3 pH 91 5.3.4 Strength of Acids and Bases 92 5.3.5 Titration 93 5.3.6 Buffer Action in the NaOH or KOH Based CO2 Absorbents 96 5.4 The Amine–CO2 Buffer System 98 5.5 Gas Solubilities, Henry’s and Raoult’s Laws 100 5.5.1 Henry’s Law 101 5.5.2 Gas Solubilities 103 5.5.3 Raoult’s Law 104 5.6 Solubilities of Solids 105 5.7 N2O Analogy 105 5.8 Partial Molar Properties and Representation 106 5.9 Hydration and Hydrolysis 107 5.10 Solvation 107 References 108 6. Diffusion 111 6.1 Dilute Mixtures 111 6.2 Concentrated Mixtures 114 6.3 Values of Diffusion Coefficients 116 6.3.1 Gas Phase Values 117 6.3.2 Liquid Phase Values 119 6.4 Interacting Species 121 6.5 Interaction with Surfaces 122 6.6 Multicomponent Situations 122 6.7 Examples 122 6.7.1 Gaseous CO2 –CH4 122 6.7.2 Gaseous H2O–CH4 123 6.7.3 Liquid Phase Diffusion of H2O in TEG 124 References 125 Further Reading 126 7. Absorption Column Mass Transfer Analysis 127 7.1 Introduction 127 7.2 The Column 128 7.3 The Flux Equations 128 7.4 The Overall Mass Transfer Coefficients and the Interface 129 7.4.1 Overall Gas Side Mass Transfer Coefficient 130 7.4.2 Overall Liquid Side Mass Transfer Coefficient 131 7.5 Control Volumes, Mass and Energy – Balances 132 7.5.1 The Relation between Gas and Liquid Concentrations 132 7.5.2 Height of Column Based on Gas Side Analysis 134 7.5.3 Height of Column Based on Liquid Side Analysis 134 7.6 Analytical Solution and Its Limitations 135 7.7 The NTU–HTU Concept 137 7.8 Operating and Equilibrium Lines – A Graphical Representation 138 7.9 Other Concentration Units 139 7.10 Concentrated Mixtures and Simultaneous Absorption 140 7.11 Liquid or Gas Side Control? A Few Pointers 143 7.12 The Equilibrium Stage Alternative Approach 144 7.13 Co-absorption in a Defined Column 145 7.14 Numerical Examples 146 7.14.1 Ammonia Train CO2 Removal with Sepasolv, NTUs 146 7.14.2 Ammonia Train CO2 Removal with Selexol, NTUs 148 7.14.3 Ammonia Train CO2 Removal with Selexol, NTUs by Numerical Integration 149 References 151 8. Column Hardware 153 8.1 Introduction 153 8.2 Packings 154 8.2.1 Types of Random Packings 155 8.2.2 Types of Structured Packings 157 8.2.3 Fluid Flow Design for Packings 157 8.2.4 Operational Considerations 162 8.3 Packing Auxiliaries 162 8.3.1 Liquid Distributors 162 8.3.2 Liquid Redistributors 163 8.3.3 Packing Support 164 8.3.4 Hold-Down Plate 165 8.4 Tray Columns and Trays 165 8.4.1 Types of Trays 167 8.4.2 Functional Parts of a Tray Column 167 8.4.3 Capacities and Limitations 168 8.4.4 Flow Regimes on Trays 169 8.4.5 Tray Column Efficiencies 170 8.5 Spray Columns 170 8.6 Demisters 170 8.6.1 Knitted Wire Mesh Pads 172 8.6.2 Vanes or Chevrons 172 8.7 Examples 173 8.7.1 The Sepasolv Example from Chapter 7 173 8.7.2 The Selexol Example from Chapter 7 174 8.7.3 Natural Gas Treating Example 175 8.7.4 Example, Flue Gas from CCGT 176 References 178 Further Reading 179 9. Rotating Packed Beds 181 9.1 Introduction 181 9.2 Flooding and Pressure Drop 183 9.3 Fluid Flow 184 9.4 Mass Transfer Correlations 184 9.5 Application to Gas Treating 187 9.5.1 Absorption 188 9.5.2 Desorption 188 9.6 Other Salient Points 189 9.7 Challenges Associated with Rotating Packed Beds 189 References 189 10. Mass Transfer Models 193 10.1 The Film Model 193 10.2 Penetration Theory 195 10.3 Surface Renewal Theory 197 10.4 Boundary Layer Theory 198 10.5 Eddy Diffusion, ‘Film-Penetration’ and More 198 References 199 11. Correlations for Mass Transfer Coefficients 201 11.1 Introduction 201 11.2 Packings: Generic Considerations 201 11.3 Random Packings 202 11.4 Structured Packings 206 11.5 Packed Column Correlations 206 11.6 Tray Columns 211 11.7 Examples 212 11.7.1 Treatment of Natural Gas for CO2 Content 212 11.7.2 Atmospheric Flue Gas CO2 Capture 213 11.7.3 Treatment of Natural Gas for H2 O Content 214 11.7.4 Comparison of Correlations 215 References 218 Further Reading 221 12. Chemistry and Mass Transfer 223 12.1 Background 223 12.2 Equilibrium or Kinetics 223 12.3 Diffusion with Chemical Reaction 225 12.4 Reaction Regimes Related to Mass Transfer 226 12.4.1 Absorption with Slow Reaction 226 12.4.2 Fast First Order Irreversible Reaction 227 12.4.3 Instantaneous Irreversible Reaction 230 12.4.4 Instantaneous Reversible Reaction 234 12.4.5 Second Order Irreversible Reaction 242 12.5 Enhancement Factors 243 12.5.1 Transition from Slow to Fast Reaction 245 12.6 Arbitrary, Reversible Reactions and/or Parallel Reactions 246 12.7 Software 247 12.8 Numerical Examples 248 12.8.1 Natural Gas Problem with MEA 248 12.8.2 Flue Gas Problem 250 12.8.3 Natural Gas Problem Revisited with MDEA 251 References 253 Further Reading 254 13. Selective Absorption of H2S 255 13.1 Background 255 13.2 Theoretical Discussion of Rate Based Selectivity 256 13.3 What Fundamental Information is Available in the Literature? 258 13.3.1 Equilibrium Data 258 13.3.2 Rate and Selectivity Research Data 259 13.4 Process Options and Industrial Practice 260 13.5 Key Design Points 262 13.6 Process Intensification 262 13.7 Numerical Example 262 References 264 14. Gas Dehydration 267 14.1 Background 267 14.2 Dehydration Options 268 14.3 Glycol Based Processes 269 14.4 Contaminants and Countermeasures 273 14.5 Operational Problems 274 14.6 TEG Equilibrium Data 274 14.7 Hydrate Inhibition in Pipelines 276 14.8 Determination of Water 276 14.9 Example Problems 277 14.9.1 Example 1: Check for Hydrate Potential 277 14.9.2 Example 2: TEG and Water Balance 277 14.9.3 Example 3: Tower Diameter 279 14.9.4 Example 4: Mass Transfer Resistances 279 References 280 15. Experimental Techniques 283 15.1 Introduction 283 15.2 Experimental Design 283 15.3 Laminar Jet 285 15.3.1 Background 285 15.3.2 Principle and Experimental Layout 286 15.3.3 Mathematics and Practicalities 287 15.3.4 Past Users 288 15.4 Wetted Wall 289 15.4.1 Background 289 15.4.2 Mathematics and Practicalities 290 15.4.3 Past Users 290 15.5 Single Sphere 291 15.5.1 Background 291 15.5.2 Principle and Experimental Layout 291 15.5.3 Mathematics and Practicalities 293 15.5.4 Past Users 293 15.6 Stirred Cell 293 15.6.1 Background 293 15.6.2 Principle and Experimental Layout 293 15.6.3 Mathematics and Practicalities 294 15.6.4 Past Users 295 15.7 Stopped Flow 295 15.7.1 Background 295 15.7.2 Principle and Experimental Layout 295 15.7.3 Mathematics and Practicalities 297 15.7.4 Past Users 297 15.8 Other Mass Transfer Methods Less Used 298 15.8.1 Rapid Mixing 298 15.8.2 Rotating Drum 298 15.8.3 Moving Band 298 15.8.4 Kinetic Measurement Techniques Summarised 298 15.9 Other Techniques in Gas–Liquid Mass Transfer 300 15.10 Equilibrium Measurements 300 15.10.1 Physical Solubilities 300 15.10.2 Chemical Solubilities 301 15.11 Data Interpretation and Sub-Models 303 References 303 16. Absorption Equilibria 307 16.1 Introduction 307 16.2 Fundamental Relations 308 16.3 Literature Data Reported 311 16.4 Danckwerts–McNeil 312 16.5 Kent–Eisenberg 313 16.6 Deshmukh–Mather 313 16.7 Electrolyte NRTL (Austgen–Bishnoi–Chen–Rochelle) 314 16.8 Li–Mather 314 16.9 Extended UNIQUAC 315 16.10 EoS – SAFT 315 16.11 Other Models 316 References 316 17. Desorption 319 17.1 Introduction 319 17.2 Chemistry of Desorption 322 17.2.1 Zwitterion Based Analysis 323 17.2.2 Crooks–Donnellan 323 17.2.3 Alternative Mechanisms 323 17.2.4 For Tertiary Amines 324 17.2.5 H2S Desorption 324 17.3 Kinetics of Reaction 324 17.4 Bubbling Desorption 325 17.5 Desorption Process Analysis and Modelling 327 17.6 Unconventional Approaches to Desorption 328 References 329 18. Heat Exchangers 333 18.1 Introduction 333 18.2 Reboiler 333 18.2.1 Introduction 333 18.2.2 Heat Media 333 18.2.3 Kettle Reboiler Design 334 18.2.4 Reboiler Specifics 336 18.2.5 Alternatives to Kettle Reboiler 336 18.3 Desorber Overhead Condenser 337 18.3.1 Introduction 337 18.3.2 The Reflux System 337 18.3.3 The Condenser Design 337 18.3.4 Alternatives 338 18.4 Economiser or Lean/Rich Heat Exchanger 338 18.4.1 Introduction 338 18.4.2 Design Considerations 339 18.5 Amine Cooler 341 18.6 Water Wash Circulation Cooler 341 18.7 Heat Exchanger Alternatives 341 References 342 Further Reading 343 19. Solution Management 345 19.1 Introduction 345 19.2 Contaminant Problem 346 19.3 Feed Gas Pretreatment 346 19.4 Rich Absorbent Flash 348 19.5 Filter 348 19.5.1 Active Carbon Filter 349 19.5.2 Mechanical Filter 350 19.6 Reclaiming 351 19.6.1 Traditional Reclaiming 351 19.6.2 Ion Exchange Reclaiming 352 19.6.3 Electrodialysis Reclaiming 353 19.7 Chemicals to Combat Foaming 353 19.8 Corrosion Inhibitors 355 19.9 Waste Handling 355 19.10 Solution Containment 355 19.11 Water Balance 355 19.12 Cleaning the Plant Equipment 356 19.13 Final Words on Solution Management 356 References 356 20. Absorption–Desorption Cycle 359 20.1 The Cycle and the Dimensioning Specifications 359 20.2 Alternative Cycle Variations 362 20.3 Other Limitations 364 20.4 Matching Process and Treating Demands 365 20.5 Solution Management 366 20.6 Flowsheet Variations to Save Desorption Energy 368 References 369 21. Degradation 371 21.1 Introduction to Degradation 371 21.2 Carbamate Polymerisation 372 21.3 Thermal Degradation 372 21.4 Oxidative Degradation 373 21.5 Corrosion and Degradation 373 21.6 The Effect of Heat Stable Salts (HSSs) 373 21.7 SOx and NOx in Feed Gas 373 21.8 Nitrosamines 374 21.9 Concluding Remarks 374 References 374 22. Materials, Corrosion, Inhibitors 375 22.1 Introduction 375 22.2 Corrosion Basics 376 22.3 Gas Phase 377 22.4 Protective Layers and What Makes Them Break Down (Chemistry) 378 22.5 Fluid Velocities and Corrosion 378 22.6 Stress Induced Corrosion 379 22.7 Effect of Heat Stable Salts (HSS) 379 22.8 Inhibitors 379 22.9 Problem Areas, Observations and Mitigation Actions 380 References 380 23. Technological Fronts 383 23.1 Historical Background 383 23.2 Fundamental Understanding and Absorbent Trends 384 23.3 Natural Gas Treating 385 23.4 Syngas Treating 385 23.5 Flue Gas Treating 386 23.6 Where Are We Heading? 386 References 387 24. Flue Gas Treating 389 24.1 Introduction 389 24.2 Pressure Drop and Size Issues 390 24.3 Absorbent Degradation 390 24.4 Treated Gas as Effluent 390 24.5 CO2 Export Specification 391 24.6 Energy Implications 391 24.7 Cost Issues 392 24.8 The Greenhouse Gas Problem 394 24.8.1 Global Warming and Increased Level of CO2 394 24.8.2 Geological Storage 395 24.8.3 Transport of CO2 395 24.8.4 Political Challenges 395 References 396 Web Sites 396 25. Natural Gas Treating (and Syngas) 397 25.1 Introduction 397 25.2 Gas Export Specification 398 25.3 Natural Gas Contaminants and Foaming 398 25.4 Hydrogen Sulfide 399 25.5 Regeneration by Flash 399 25.6 Choice of Absorbents 399 Further Reading 400 26. Treating in Various Situations 401 26.1 Introduction and Environmental Perspective 401 26.2 End of Pipe Solutions 401 26.3 Sulfur Dioxide 402 26.4 Nitrogen Oxides 402 26.5 Dusts and Aerosols 403 26.6 New Challenges 403 Index 405
£95.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Guide for Making Acute Risk Decisions
Book SynopsisThis book presents a guidance on a large range of decision aids for risk analysts and decision makers in industry so that vital decisions can be made in a more consistent, logical, and rigorous manner. It provide good industry practices on how risk decision making is conducted in the chemical industry from many risk information sources as well as all the elements that need to be addressed to ensure good decisions are being made. Topics Include: Identifying Risk Decisions, A Risk Decision Strategy for Process Safety, Case Studies in Risk Decision Making Failures, Guidance on Selecting Decision Aids, Templates for Decision Making in Risk-Based Process Safety, Understanding Process Hazards & Worst Possible Consequences, Management of Change as an Exercise in Risk Identification, Inherently Safer Design as an Exercise in Risk Tradeoff Analysis, Using LOPA and Risk Matrices in Risk Decisions, Using CPQRA and Safety Risk Criteria in Risk Decisions, Group Decision Making, Avoiding DecisionTable of ContentsContents v List of Tables xi List of Figures xiii Acronyms and Abbreviations xv Glossary xix Acknowledgements xxxi Preface xxxiii Introduction 35 1.1 History of Approaches to Process Safety Management 35 1.2 The Paradigm of Risk-Based Process Safety Management 36 1.2.1 Risk Based Process Safety (RBPS) Management 36 1.2.2 Risk Decisions Characteristics 39 1.3 A Risk Decision Making Method 40 1.4 Road Map and Relationship of this Book with Other Material 41 1.5 Risk Decisions during Process Life Cycle 43 1.6 Pros and cons 44 1.7 Summary 44 Key Concepts in Risk Management 47 2.1 Risk Management Process 47 2.2 Risk Identification – Risk Scenario 47 2.2.1 Risk Identification 49 2.3 Risk Analysis - Consequences and Frequency 49 2.3.1 Consequences and Impacts 50 2.3.2 Frequency 50 2.3.3 Risk Estimation 51 2.4 Risk Evaluation 56 2.4.1 Decision criteria 56 2.4.2 Qualitative, Semi-Quantitative and Quantitative Risk Criteria 59 2.4.3 Risk Reduction Factor 61 2.5 Summary 62 Understanding Process Hazards, Consequences and Risks 63 3.1 Process Hazards 63 3.1.1 Acute Toxicity 63 3.1.2 Flammability and Explosivity 67 3.1.3 Chemical Reactivity 70 3.1.4 Significant or Large Environmental Release Hazards 72 3.1.5 Other Process Hazards 72 3.2 Risk Identification 73 3.3 Consequences and Impacts 73 3.4 Frequency 74 3.5 Risk 76 Risk Decisions and Strategies 79 4.1 Objectives and attributes 79 4.1.1 Objectives 79 4.1.2 Attributes 79 4.2 Process Life Cycle and Alternatives 81 4.3 The Decision Process 82 4.3.1 Define the Problem 82 4.3.2 Evaluate the Baseline Risk 83 4.3.3 Identify the Alternatives 83 4.3.4 Screen the Alternatives 84 4.3.5 Make the Decision 84 4.4 Objectives and Outcomes 84 4.5 Tradeoffs 85 4.6 Uncertainty 87 4.7 Risk Tolerance 90 4.8 Linked Decisions 91 4.9 Decision trees 92 Decision Making 95 5.1 Defining the Decision Problem 95 5.1.1 Types of Decisions 95 5.2 Selecting a Decision Tool 97 5.2.1 Progression of Risk Analysis Tools 97 5.2.2 Factors in Decision Tool Selection 98 5.3 Assembling the Appropriate Assessment Resources 101 5.3.1 Team Members 101 5.3.2 Opening Meeting 104 5.3.2 Tools/Methods 104 5.3.3 Time 105 5.4 Define decision criteria 105 5.4.1 Process Safety Risk Criteria 105 5.4.2 Other Criteria 107 5.5 Making the decision 107 5.5.1 Characteristics of Decision Aids 107 5.5.2 Appling the Decision Tools, Aids, and Criteria 108 5.5.3 Recognizing and Dealing with Uncertainties 111 5.5.4 Recognizing the Need to Escalate the Decision 113 5.6 Finalizing decision and the approval process 114 5.7 Communicating, Documenting, and implementing the Decision 114 5.7 Summary 116 Potential Decision Traps 117 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 Anchoring Trap 117 6.2.1 Anchoring Trap Example, Titanic 118 6.2.2 Countering the Anchoring Trap 118 6.3 Status-Quo Trap 119 6.3.1 Status Quo Examples 119 6.3.2 Countering the Status-Quo Trap 120 6.4 Sunk-cost and escalation of commitment trap 120 6.4.1 Countering the Sunk-Cost Trap 121 6.5 Confirming-Evidence Trap 121 6.5.1 Countering the Confirming Evidence Trap 122 6.6 Framing Trap 122 6.6.1 Framing Example 123 6.6.2 Countering the Framing Trap 123 6.7 Estimating and Forecasting Trap 123 6.7.1 Overconfidence 123 6.7.2 Prudence 126 6.7.3 Recallability 127 6.7.4 Countering Estimating and Forecasting Traps 127 6.8 Groupthink Trap 128 6.8.1 Groupthink Example, Flixborough, UK Explosion 128 6.8.2 Countering the Groupthink Trap 128 6.9 Summary 129 Inherently Safer Design 131 7.1 Introduction to inherently safer design 131 7.2 Inherently Safer Design Strategies 131 7.3 Hierarchy of Risk Management Controls 132 7.4 ISD examples to illustrate decision Process 133 7.4.1 Example with minimization 135 7.4.2 Example with moderation 136 7.4.3 Example with simplification 137 7.4.3 Other tradeoffs 137 Make versus buy 138 Substitution 138 7.5 Summary 138 Management of Change 139 8.1 Introduction 139 8.2 Decision Approval level 143 8.3 Examples of Decision Process Applied to Changes 144 8.3.1 Equipment Change 144 8.3.2 Procedural Change 145 8.3.3 Process Parameter Change 146 8.3.4 Organizational Change 147 8.3.5 Raw Material Change 148 8.3.6 Vendor Change 149 8.4 Summary 150 Using LOPA and Risk Matrices in Risk Decisions 151 9.1 Introduction 151 9.2 Risk Matrices 151 9.2.1 Risk Matrix Format 152 9.3 Layer of Protection Analysis 155 9.3.1 Independent Protection Layers 158 9.3.2 LOPA Format 159 9.4 Phosgene Handling Process for Risk Decision Example 159 9.4.1 Description 159 9.4.2 Risk Matrix for Phosgene Handling Example 161 9.5 Phosgene Example Decision Process Using Risk Matrix 164 9.6 Decision Process for Phosgene Example Using LOPA 165 9.7 Summary 172 Using QRA and Safety Risk Criteria in Risk Decisions 173 10.1 Introduction to CPQRA 173 10.1.1 Calculate Frequencies 173 10.1.2 Calculate Consequences 178 10.1.3 Quantitative Risk Analysis (QRA) 179 10.2 Safety Risk Criteria 179 10.2.1 Scope of Risk Criteria 179 10.2.2 Individual and Societal Risk 180 10.2.3 Continual Improvement 184 10.3 High Consequence Low Probability (HCLP) Events 185 10.4 Examples 188 10.4.1 Comparing Design Options: Bromine Handling Facility 188 10.4.2 Compliance and Continual Improvement: Organic Acid Vent System 192 10.4.3 Special Case: The Domino Effect 193 10.5 Summary 195 Decision Implementation 197 11.1 Introduction 197 11.2 Implementation 197 11.3 Documentation 197 11.3.1 Importance of a decision document 197 11.3.2 Writing recommendations 197 11.3.3 Advice of legal counsel 198 11.3.4 Contents of the decision document 199 11.3.5 Retention of the decision document 199 11.4 Revalidation 200 11.4.1 Time based 200 11.4.2 Situation based 200 11.5 Summary 201 Summary and Lessons 203 12.1 Introduction 203 12.2 Case Studies in Risk: Decision Making Failures 203 12.2.1 Failure to Define the Problem 203 12.2.2 Failure to Establish Baseline Risk and Identify Alternatives 204 12.2.3 Make the Decision - Failure to consider tradeoffs 205 12.2.4 Make the Decision - Failure to understand uncertainty 206 12.2.5 Make the Decision – Failure to do risk identification and Failure to probe risk tolerance 206 12.2.6 Make the Decision - Failure to recognize linked decisions 207 12.3 Lessons and Summary 207 References 211 Index 219
£82.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Coupled CFDDEM Modeling
Book SynopsisDiscusses the CFD-DEM method of modeling which combines both the Discrete Element Method and Computational Fluid Dynamics to simulate fluid-particle interactions. Deals with both theoretical and practical concepts of CFD-DEM, its numerical implementation accompanied by a hands-on numerical code in FORTRAN Gives examples of industrial applications Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xi Preface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Multiphase Coupling 2 1.2 Modeling Approaches 2 1.3 Modeling with DEM 5 1.4 CFD‐DEM Modeling 7 1.5 Applications 10 1.6 Scope and Overall Plan 10 1.7 Online Content 12 References 12 Part I DEM 15 2 DEM Formulation 17 2.1 Hard‐Sphere 18 2.1.1 Equation of Motion 19 2.1.2 Collision Model 19 2.1.3 Interparticle Forces 22 2.2 Soft‐Sphere 24 2.2.1 Equations of Motion 25 2.3 Force‐Displacement Laws 27 2.3.1 Linear Viscoelastic Model 29 2.3.2 Nonlinear Viscoelastic Models 36 2.3.3 Comparison of Viscoelastic Force‐Displacement Models 45 2.3.4 Elastic Perfectly Plastic Models 49 2.4 Torque Expressions 56 2.4.1 Model A: Constant Torque Model 56 2.4.2 Model B: Viscous Model 57 2.4.3 Model C: Spring‐Dashpot Model 57 2.5 Boundary and Initial Conditions 58 2.5.1 Boundary Conditions 58 2.5.2 Initial Condition 60 Nomenclature 60 References 64 3 DEM Implementation 68 3.1 Computational View 68 3.2 Program Structure 71 3.3 Contact Search Algorithms 76 3.3.1 Definition of Problem 79 3.3.2 Cell‐Based Algorithms 80 3.3.3 Sort‐Based Algorithms 96 3.3.4 Tree‐Based Broad Search Algorithms 99 3.3.5 Fine Search for Spherical Particles 103 3.4 Integration Methods 103 3.4.1 Single‐Step Methods 106 3.4.2 Multi‐Step Algorithms 110 3.4.3 Predictor‐Corrector Methods 112 3.4.4 Evaluation of Integration Methods 114 3.5 Spring Stiffness 119 3.5.1 Maximum Overlap 122 3.5.2 Collision Time and Maximum Contact Force 123 3.6 Wall Implementation 123 3.6.1 Definition of Wall Elements 125 3.6.2 Contact Detection 128 3.6.3 Moving Wall 136 3.7 Parallelization 138 3.7.1 Distributed Memory Parallelization 138 3.7.2 Shared‐Memory Parallelization 141 Nomenclature 145 References 147 4 Non‐Spherical Particles 152 4.1 Shape Representation 153 4.2 Kinematics and Dynamics of a Rigid Body 156 4.2.1 Euler Angles and Transformation Matrix 157 4.2.2 Equations of Motion 159 4.2.3 Quaternions for Rigid Body Dynamics 163 4.3 Superellipsoids 164 4.3.1 Contact Forces 166 4.3.2 Effective Radius and Curvatures 169 4.3.3 Torque Calculations 173 4.3.4 Contact Detection 174 4.4 Multi‐Sphere Method 178 Nomenclature 184 References 186 5 DEM Applications to Granular Flows 189 5.1 Packing of Particles 189 5.1.1 Confined Packing 189 5.1.2 Pile Formation 192 5.1.3 Rigid and Flexible Fibers 194 5.2 Flow in Hoppers 196 5.2.1 Flow Patterns 197 5.2.2 Segregation 199 5.2.3 Discharge Rate 201 5.3 Solid Mixing 203 5.3.1 Mechanisms of Mixing and Segregation 203 5.3.2 Mixing Index 205 5.3.3 Rotating Drums 209 5.3.4 Tumbling Blenders 220 5.3.5 Shaft Batch Mixers 223 5.3.6 Continuous Mixers 229 5.4 Screw Conveying 234 5.4.1 Simulation of Screw Conveyor 237 5.4.2 Results of the Simulations 238 5.4.3 Literature 239 5.5 Film Coating 241 5.5.1 Phenomenological Models 243 5.5.2 Monte‐Carlo Method 244 Nomenclature 247 References 249 Part II CFD‐DEM 257 6 CFD‐DEM Formulation and Coupling 259 6.1 Multiphase Coupling 260 6.1.1 Coupling Strategies 260 6.1.2 Types of Coupling 262 6.1.3 Interphase Interactions 265 6.2 Momentum Coupling 267 6.2.1 Single Phase Flow of Fluids 267 6.2.2 Fluid Resolution in CFD‐DEM 274 6.2.3 Unresolved Surface CFD‐DEM 275 6.2.4 Surface Force Decomposition 287 6.3 Energy Coupling 303 6.3.1 Governing Equations 304 6.3.2 Rates of Heat Transfer for Particles 308 6.3.3 Rates of Heat Transfer for Fluid 316 6.3.4 Sequence of Calculations 317 6.4 Mass Coupling 319 6.4.1 Governing Equations 319 6.4.2 Rates of Mass Transfer for Particles 324 6.4.3 Rates of Change in Fluid 329 6.4.4 Sequence of Calculations 329 Nomenclature 329 References 335 7 CFD‐DEM Applications to Multiphase Flow 341 7.1 Fluidization 341 7.1.1 Macro‐Scale Phenomena 342 7.1.2 Meso‐Scale Phenomena 344 7.1.3 Micro‐Scale Phenomena 345 7.2 Spouting 347 7.3 Pneumatic Conveying 355 7.3.1 Dilute Phase and Dense Phase Conveying 356 7.3.2 Horizontal Conveying 357 7.3.3 Vertical Conveying 359 7.4 Non‐Isothermal Flows 359 7.5 Reactive Flows 362 7.6 Miscellaneous 364 Nomenclature 365 References 366 8 Interparticle Forces and External Fields 372 8.1 Governing Equations 373 8.1.1 Sequence of Calculations 375 8.2 Interparticle Forces 376 8.2.1 van der Waals Force 376 8.2.2 Liquid Bridge Force 379 8.2.3 Electrostatic Force 386 8.3 External Fields 390 8.3.1 Electric Field 390 8.3.2 Magnetic Field 393 8.3.3 Vibration Field 397 8.3.4 Acoustic Field 398 8.4 Applications 399 Nomenclature 404 References 407 Index 412
£113.36
