Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering Books

Book SynopsisBiobased products offer substantial economic and environmental benefits, but understanding how to commercialize this requires a comprehensive look at the process, including feedstocks, technologies, product slate, supply chain, policy, financing, and environmental impact. Covering biobased products in a broad context, this book examines the environmental and economic impacts, compares US and EU policies, explores the factors affecting financing, and considers biological conversion, catalytic conversion, and separations. By examining the process from several critical perspectives in the supply chain, this book provides chemical engineers with a better understanding of challenges, opportunities, risks, and benefits of commercialization.Table of ContentsAn Introduction to Commercializing Biobased Products: Opportunities, Challenges, Benefits, and Risks; The Changing Landscape: The History and Evolution of Bio-Based Products; Bioenergy Crops: Delivering More Than Energy; Butanol Production by Fermentation: Efficient Bioreactors; Catalysis's Role in Bioproducts Update; Separation Technologies for Biobased Product Formation - Opportunities and Challenges; Lignin as Feedstock for Fibers and Chemicals; Update on Research and Development of Microbial Oils; Bioprocessing of Cost-competitive Biobased Organic Acids; Carbon Dioxide Covenrsion to Chemicals with Emphasis on using Renewable Energy/Resources to Drive the Conversion; Methodological Considerations, Drivers and Trends in the Life Cycle Analysis of Bioproducts; Design and Planning of Sustainable Supply Chains for Biobased Products; US Government Bioproducts Policy "Watch What We Do, Not What We Say"; Study on Investment Climate in Biobased Industries in the Netherlands; A Monte Carlo-Based Methodology for Valuing Refineries Producing Aviation Biofuel; A Path Forward: Investment Cooperation between the United States and China in a Bioeconomy

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Book SynopsisIn recent years, a significant amount of progress has been made using green chemistry in the synthesis of synthetically useful compounds and molecules by replacing hazardous chemicals with greener alternatives. However, there is still room for improvement, especially in the pharmaceutical sector where new drugs are being formulated. This book examines green approaches to overcoming hazardous organic transformations. Summarizing recent developments, the book features a detailed description of some of the high impact active pharmaceutical ingredients that have been developed considering green chemistry approaches. It explores the design, engineering and process development and the calculations to account for waste. The book includes strategies to further advance green approaches in the development of generic pharmaceutical industries and features novel, innovative approaches that promote waste-free organic synthesis. This book is of interest to industrialists working in pharmaceuticals and researchers working in green chemistry.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Hazardous Reagent Substitution in the Pharmaceutical Industry; Recyclability of Reagents; Recoverable Polymer-supported DMAP Derivatives; Synthesis of Atorvastatin; Synthesis of Raloxifene; Synthesis of Montelukast; Development of a Safe, Scalable, Azide-free Synthesis of 1-Aryl-1H-tetrazoles Using Diformylhydrazine; New Directions from Academia

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Book SynopsisIn the past decade a new era in asymmetric catalysis has been realised by the discovery of L-proline induced chiral enamines from carbonyls. Inspired by this, researchers have developed many other primary catalytic species in situ, more recently secondary catalytic species such as aminals have been identified for use in asymmetric synthesis. High-yielding asymmetric synthesis of bioactive and natural products through mild catalysis is an efficient approach in reaction engineering. In the early days, synthetic chemists mainly focused on the synthesis of complex molecules, with less attention on the reaction efficiency and eco-friendly conditions. Recent investigations have been directed towards the development of atom economy, eco-friendly and enantioselective synthesis for more targeted and efficient synthesis. Building on the momentum of this rapidly expanding research area, Dienamine Catalysis for Organic Synthesis will provide a comprehensive introduction, from the preformed species, in situ generation and onto their applications in the synthesis of bioactive molecules and natural products.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Dienamine Chemistry; Synthesis and Applications of Preformed Dienamines; Barbas Dienamines (2-Aminobuta-1,3-dienes): Scope and Applications; Ramachary’s Dienamines (Push-Pull Dienamines): In Situ Generation and Applications; Serebryakov-Jorgensen Dienamines (1-Aminobuta-1,3-dienes): Different In Situ Generation Methods and Applications in [4+2]-Cycloadditions; Serebryakov-Jorgensen Dienamines (1-Aminobuta-1,3-dienes): Different In Situ Generation Methods and Applications in [2+2]-, [3+2]- and a Few Other Cycloadditions; Asymmetric-Selective and Remote -Selective Functionalization of Enals and Enones through Serebryakov-Jorgensen Dienamines (1-Aminobuta-1,3-dienes); Applications of Serebryakov-Jorgensen Dienamines (1-Aminobuta-1,3-dienes) in Domino or Cascade Reactions; Aminoenyne (2-Aminobuta-1,3-enyne) Catalysis: In Situ Generation and Synthetic Applications in Organic Reactions; Trienamine catalyzed stereoselective cycloadditions and other remote functionalizations of polyconjugated enals/enones; Tetraenamine catalyzed stereoselective cycloadditions of polyunsaturated carbonyl compounds

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Book SynopsisBiomass-derived sugars provide a rich, renewable feedstock for a diverse range of chemicals, making them a promising and feasible source for the sustainable manufacture of a variety of valuable products. Exploring green sugar-based technologies beyond their applications in fuels, this book provides an overview of sugar-based technologies, describing their challenges and opportunities. It covers transformations of sugars into green chemicals in pharmaceuticals, biodegradable polymers and surfactants. A special chapter is dedicated to the conversion of biomass into sugars, which is a crucial step in the sustainable utilization of sugars. The book is a valuable resource for chemists and chemical engineers working to develop greener synthetic routes to chemicals and pharmaceuticals.Table of ContentsConversion of Biomass into Sugars; Aqueous-phase Reforming of Sugar Derivatives: Challenges and Opportunities; Catalytic Hydrogenation of Sugars; Advances in Sugar-based Polymers: Xylan and its Derivatives for Surface Modification of Pulp Fibres; Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Sugar-based Surfactants; Oligosaccharides for Pharmaceutical Applications; Non-fuel Applications of Sugars in Brazil.

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Book SynopsisThe use of alternative energy forms and transfer mechanisms is one of the key approaches of process intensification. In recent years, significant amounts of research have been carried out in developing chemical processing technologies enhanced by plasma, electric and magnetic fields, electromagnetic and ultra-sound waves and high gravity fields. Discussing the broad impact of alternative energy transfer technologies on reactions, separations and materials synthesis, this book reports on recent breakthrough results in various application areas. It provides a comprehensive overview of the current developments in the field. The book enables industrialists, academics and postgraduates in alternative-energy based processing to see the potential of alternative energies for green chemistry and sustainability of chemical manufacturing.Table of ContentsMicrowave-Assisted Green Organic Synthesis; Microwave-Assisted Plant Extraction Processes; Low-Temperature Microwave Pyrolysis and Large Scale Microwave Applications; Microwave Reactor Concepts: From Resonant Cavities to Traveling Fields; Greener Processing Routes for Reactions and Separations Based on Use of Ultrasound and Hydrodynamic Cavitation; Magnetically Assisted Separations in Chemical Industry and Biotechnology: Basic Principles and Applications; Prospects of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Magnetic Field-Assisted Mixing of Fluids with Relevance to Chemical Engineering; Photocatalysis: Past Acheivements and Future Trends; Photocatalytic Reactors in Environmental Applications; Plasma-Assisted Nitrogen Fixation Reactions; Higee Technologies and Their Applications to Green Intensified Processing; High-Gravity Operation in Vortex Chambers for the Generation of High-Efficiency Fluidized Beds

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Book SynopsisIt is well-established that organic synthetic processes have been at the core of the chemical industry for hundreds of years, in the production of organic compounds with a wide range of applications. However, we are becoming increasingly aware of the hazardous substances used and generated by these chemical processes. The field of organic synthesis has undergone profound changes to switch to equally efficient, but more sustainable processes that avoid the extensive use of toxic and hazardous reagents and solvents, harsh reaction conditions and expensive and sophisticated catalysts. Explaining methods for carrying out chemical syntheses without the use of catalysts, this book shows how avoiding catalysts during synthesis can mean less use of toxic chemicals, environmentally damaging chemicals or endangered elements and lower costs. It is an important reference for chemists involved in organic synthesis, as well as for green chemists.Trade ReviewThis book provides a broad overview over state-of-the-art catalyst-free reactions in organic synthesis. It is strongly recommended to chemical researchers as well as interested teachers and students. -- Can Jin; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China. * Green Processing and Synthesis (De Gruyter) *Since the early 1990s, the concepts of "green" and "sustainable" have gradually entered people's minds and have now gained popular support. They have made notable progress and significant contributions to chemical science and technology. As a significant composition of green chemistry, catalyst-free organic synthesis has been rapidly developed and widely used as it is a straightforward, low cost, convenient process for easy separation and purification. Normally, considerable catalysts are not only expensive but also difficult to recycle and thus can cause a waste of money and environmental pollution. Therefore, the development and application of catalyst-free organic reactions is of great significance and will surely focus the attention of researchers, meanwhile, it must be benefit to the chemical industry and all of us. The book Catalyst-free Organic Synthesis, by Goutam Brahmachari, is divided into 6 Chapters, in which the authors address catalyst-free topics under conditions such as: room temperature, conventional heating, microwave irradiation, ultrasound irradiation and ball milling. It is very comprehensive, and has exhibited the state-of-the-art technology in Green Chemistry. Chapter 1 is an introduction, here the reader can find an overview of the contents of the book. In Chapter 2 the author details lots of catalyst-free organic reactions at room temperature; they are presented well-organized. The reactions in this Chapter belong to the most straightforward, energy-efficient, and environmentally-friendly methods we can imagine and what we need most. Such reactions will certainly become the favorable choice of researchers. In Chapter 3, the author describes the catalyst-free organic reactions under conventional heating conditions. Although needing extra energy, it is still a popular method for chemists as simply heating or refluxing is easy to operate, and can give many synthetically and pharmaceutically useful chemicals. In Chapters 4 and 5, the author summarizes a series of microwave- and ultrasound-assisted catalyst-free organic reactions. They give chemists the ability to succeed in what cannot be achieved under the traditional thermal conditions in very short time, sometimes only a few minutes, so they are more energy efficient. In Chapter 6, the author presents readers with a new branch of research in modern synthetical methods named mechanochemistry together with catalyst-free condition. By input mechanical energy via ball-milling it can greatly promote chemical transformation in solid state. Therefore, it is both catalyst- and solvent-free meaning complete elimination of catalyst and organic solvent during the reaction. As we known the use of large amount of volatile organic solvents in the chemical industry inevitably results in environmental pollution, thus catalyst- and solvent-free reactions are of great interest and should be strongly promoted. All entries include general reaction schemes, representative examples, experimental procedures, product characterization and critical views. Type of reaction, reaction conditions, synthetic strategies and keywords are summarized in each case, so it gives readers impressed information. Furthermore, in complicated examples the reaction mechanism was provided concisely, which makes the readers easier to understand. In conclusion, this book is a great piece of technical literature and unique about “Catalyst-free” because there are many books on “catalyst-based organic synthesis”. In terms of completeness one could recommend to consider in the second edition a broader scenario of reaction classes, e.g. to include “photo-catalyst-free” references. The book provides a broad overview over state-of-the-art catalyst-free reactions in organic synthesis. It is strongly recommended to chemical researchers as well as interested teachers and students, naturally even to those being much involved in catalysis. -- Can Jin; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China. * Green Processing and Synthesis (De Gruyter) *Table of ContentsCatalyst-free Organic Synthesis: An Introduction; Catalyst-free Organic Reactions with Room Temperature Conditions; Catalyst-free Organic Reactions with Conventional Heating; Catalyst-free Organic Reactions with Microwave Irradiation; Catalyst-free Organic Reactions with Ultrasound Irradiation; Catalyst-free Organic Reactions with Ball-Milling

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Book SynopsisIn recent years carbon dioxide has played an increasingly important role in biomass processing. This book presents the state-of-the-art of a range of diverse approaches for the use of carbon dioxide in biomass valorisation. The book explores cutting-edge research and important advances in green high-pressure technologies. It gives an overview of the most relevant and promising applications of high-pressure CO2-based technologies in biomass processing from the perspective of the biorefinery concept. Demonstrating the interdisciplinary aspects of high-pressure technologies from biology, chemistry and biochemical engineering areas, this book brings researchers and industrialists up to date with the latest advances in this field, including novel technologies for energy; biochemicals and materials production; and green chemical engineering processes.Table of ContentsSupercritical Fluids in Natural Product and Biomass Processing - An Introduction; Introduction to High Pressure CO2 and H2O Technologies in Sustainable Biomass Processing; Pre-treatment of Biomass Using CO2-based Methods; Enzyme-based Biomass Catalyzed Reactions in Supercritical CO2; Direct Hydrolysis of Biomass Polymers using High-pressure CO2 and CO2-H2O Mixtures; Processing of Lignocellulosic Biomass Derived Monomers using High-pressure CO2 and CO2-H2O Mixtures; Efficient Transformation of Biomass-derived Compounds into Different Valuable Products: A "Green" Approach; Anti-solvent Effect of High-pressure CO2 in Natural Polymers; Perspectives of the Development of High-pressure Technologies in Biomass Process

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Book SynopsisLignin, an aromatic biopolymer found in plant cell walls, is a key component of lignocellulosic biomass and generally utilized for heat and power. However, lignin’s chemical composition makes it an attractive source for biological and catalytic conversion to fuels and chemicals. Bringing together experts from biology, catalysis, engineering, analytical chemistry, and techno-economic/life-cycle analysis, Lignin Valorization presents a comprehensive, interdisciplinary picture of how lignocellulosic biorefineries could potentially employ lignin valorization technologies. Chapters will specifically focus on the production of fuels and chemicals from lignin and topics covered include (i) methods for isolating lignin in the context of the lignocellulosic biorefinery, (ii) thermal, chemo-catalytic, and biological methods for lignin depolymerization, (iii) chemo-catalytic and biological methods for upgrading lignin, (iv) characterization of lignin, and (v) techno-economic and life-cycle analysis of integrated processes to utilize lignin in an integrated biorefinery. The book provides the latest breakthroughs and challenges in upgrading lignin to fuels and chemicals for graduate students and researchers in academia, governmental laboratories, and industry interested in biomass conversion.Table of ContentsA Brief Introduction to Lignin Structure; Lignin Isolation Methodology for Biorefining, Pretreatment and Analysis; Lessons Learned from 150 Years of Pulping Wood; Thermal and Solvolytic Depolymerization Approaches for Lignin Depolymerization and Upgrading; Early-stage Conversion of Lignin over Hydrogenation Catalysts; Oxidative Valorization of Lignin; Catalytic Conversion of Ligninderived Aromatic Compounds into Chemicals; Biological Lignin Degradation; Bacterial Enzymes for the Cleavage of Lignin b-Aryl Ether Bonds: Properties and Applications; Using Aerobic Pathways for Aromatic Compound Degradation to Engineer Lignin Metabolism; Biological Funneling as a Means of Transforming Lignin-derived Aromatic Compounds into Value-added Chemicals; Systems Biology Analyses of Lignin Conversion; Anaerobic Pathways for the Catabolism of Aromatic Compounds; Biogas Production from Lignin via Anaerobic Digestion; Lignin Analytics; Lignin Visualization: Advanced Microscopy Techniques for Lignin Characterization; Adding Value to the Biorefinery with Lignin: An Engineer’s Perspective

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Book SynopsisImplementing biocatalytic strategies in an industrial setting at a commercial scale is a challenging task, necessitating a balance between industrial need against economic viability. With invited contributions from small and large-scale chemical and pharmaceutical companies, this book bridges the gap between academia and industry. Contributors discuss current processes, types of biocatalysts and improvements, industrial motivation and key aspects to economically succeed. With its focus on industry related issues, this book will be a useful tool for future research by both practitioners and academics.Table of ContentsAn Appreciation of Biocatalysis in the Swiss Manufacturing Environment; Biocatalysis - A greener alternative in synthetic chemistry; Biocatalysis synthesis of small molecules – Past, present and future; EntreChem: Building a sustainable business case in biotechnology: from biocatalysis to synthetic biology; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Preparation of chiral intermediates for the development of drugs and API's; Johnson Matthey: A technology provider perspective to biocatalysis in the fine chemicals industry; EnzymeWorks: Recent advance in enzyme engineering for chemical synthesis; Almac: Scalable reduction and oxidation catalysis using ene-reductase enzymes; GSK: Biocatalyst discovery and optimization; PETROBRAS: Efforts on biocatalysis for fuels and chemicals production; Metgen: Value from Wood – Enzymatic Solutions; LentiKat’s: Industrial Biotechnology, Experiences and Visions; EnginZyme: Universal Enzyme Immobilization; Cross-linked Enzyme Aggregates (CLEAs): from Concept to Industrial Biocatalyst; SynBiocat: Protein purification, immobilization and continuous-flow processes; Microvi: MicroNiche EngineeringTM for Biocatalysis in the Water and Chemical Industries; Nofima: Peptide recovery and commercialization by enzymatic hydrolysis of marine biomass; CO2 Solutions: A biomimetic approach to mitigate CO2 Emissions – The use of Carbonic Anhydrase in an "Industrial Lung"

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Book SynopsisAerogels have been in use for over 80 years and have been utilised in a wide variety of applications, in particular, there has been growing use of insulating nanoporous materials in the aerospace industry. Recent awareness of the environmental implications of materials has driven researchers to develop new green materials, with aerogels being developed using biobased constituents, such as polysaccharides and proteins. Recently, biobased components, such as cellulose nanocrystals, have replaced synthetic counterparts in the production of nanoporous materials. Biobased Aerogels is the first book to cover aerogel research from a green perspective, using commentary and analysis from leading researchers working in the field. Aerogels based on polysaccharides and proteins, their preparation and characterisation will be covered in detail, with further discussion highlighting properties such as surface morphology, shape recovery, mechanical properties and adsorption capacity. This insightful and timely publication will provide essential reading for those researchers and industrialists working within the green chemistry field.Table of ContentsPolysaccharide and Protein Based Aerogels: An Introductory Outlook; Chitin/Chitosan Based Aerogels: Processing and Morphology; Cellulose Based Aerogels: Processing and Morphology; Starch Based Aerogels: Processing and Morphology; Alginate and Carrageenan Based Aerogels: Processing and Morphology; Protein-based Aerogels: Processing and Morphology; Hybrid Green Aerogels: Processing and Morphology; Modelling and Simulations of Polysaccharide and Protein Based Aerogels; Biodegradation of Polysaccharide and Protein Based Aerogels; Thermal, Electrical, Insulation and Fire Resistance Properties of Polysaccharide and Protein-based Aerogels; Mechanical, Rheological and Viscoelastic Properties of Polysaccharide and Protein Based Aerogels; Tuning Microscopic and Mechanical Properties of Bio-based Aerogels; Applications of Aerogels in Aerospace and Packaging; Cellulose and Protein Aerogels for Oil Spill Cleaning, Life Science and Food Engineering Applications; Applications of Polysaccharide and Protein Based Aerogels in Thermal Insulation; Biomedical Applications of Polysaccharide and Protein Based Aerogels

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Book SynopsisCovering the breadth of zeolite chemistry and catalysis, this book provides the reader with a complete introduction to field, covering synthesis, structure, characterisation and applications. Beginning with the history of natural and synthetic zeolites, the reader will learn how zeolite structures are formed, synthetic routes, and experimental and theoretical structure determination techniques. Their industrial applications are covered in-depth, from their use in the petrochemical industry, through to fine chemicals and more specialised clinical applications. Novel zeolite materials are covered, including hierarchical zeolites and two-dimensional zeolites, showcasing modern developments in the field. This book is ideal for newcomers who need to get up to speed with zeolite chemistry, and also experienced researchers who will find this a modern, up-to-date guide.Table of ContentsZeolite Science and Perspectives; Zeolite Structures; Synthesis of Zeolites; Hierarchical Zeolites; Two-dimensional Zeolites; Structure Determination; Spectroscopy of Zeolites; Microscopy of Zeolites; Modelling of Zeolites; Adsorption and Separation on Zeolites; Zeolites in Industrial Catalysis; Petrochemistry on Zeolites; Synthesis of Fine Chemicals over Zeolites; Transformation of Biomass over Zeolite Catalysts; Special Applications of Zeolites; Zeolite Membranes and Diffusion in Zeolites.

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Book SynopsisIn recent years bioprocessing has increased in popularity and importance, however, bioprocessing still poses various important techno-economic and environmental challenges, such as product yields, excessive energy consumption for separations in highly watery systems, batch operation or the downstream processing bottlenecks in the production of biopharmaceutical products. Many of those challenges can be addressed by application of different process intensification technologies discussed in the present book. The first book dedicated entirely to this area, Intensification of Biobased Processes provides a comprehensive overview of modern process intensification technologies used in bioprocessing. The book focusses on four different categories of biobased products: bio-fuels and platform chemicals; cosmeceuticals; food products; and polymers and advanced materials. It will cover various intensification aspects of the processes concerned, including (bio)reactor intensification; intensification of separation, recovery and formulation operations; and process integration. This is an invaluable source of information for researchers and industrialists working in chemical engineering, biotechnology and process engineering.Table of ContentsIntensified Fermentation Processes and Equipment; Rotating Bioreactors: Concept, Designs and Applications; Intensified downstream processing in biofuels production; Improving fermentation by product removal; Liquid-Liquid extraction in processing of bioproducts; Organic Solvent Nanofiltration for an Intensified Processing of Renewable Raw Materials; Green Fuels and Fuel Additives Production in Simulated Moving Bed Reactors; Intensification of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose Using High-Frequency Ultrasound; Process Intensification for Hydroprocessing of Vegetable Oil; Enzymatic reactive absorption (ERA) and distillation (ERD); Process Intensification of Immobilised Enzyme Reactors; Process Intensification of Enzymatic Biotransformation Processes; Microalgae: From biobased curiosity towards a bulk feedstock; Process Intensification in Glutamic Acid Production; Intensified production of recombinant proteins; Intensification of Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction for Protein Purification; Intensification of Functional Foods Production; Microwave-enhanced extraction; Intensified food processing through membrane operations; Intensified brewing systems; Novel processing concepts for making fibrous food products; The usefulness of direct digital manufacturing for biomedical applications; Alternative energy forms in manufacturing, processing and applications of biopolymers and biomaterials

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Book SynopsisThe long-term future for coal looks bleak. The recent UN climate change conference in Paris called for an end to the use of fossil fuels. However, coal remains one of the world’s most important sources of energy, fuelling more than 40% of electricity generation worldwide, with many developing nations relying almost wholly on coal-fuelled electricity. Coal has been the fastest growing energy source in recent years and is essential for many industrial activities, but the coal industry is hugely damaging for the environment. A major driver in climate change and causing around 40% of the world’s carbon dioxide emissions, coal fuel comes at a high environmental price. Furthermore, mining and air pollution kill thousands each year. A timely addition to the series, this book critically reviews the role of coal in the 21st century, examining energy needs, usage and health implications. With case studies and an examination of future developments and economics, this text provides an essential update on an environmental topic the world cannot ignore.Trade ReviewFrom reports of extreme weather events to America’s withdrawal from the Paris agreement, climate change has rarely been out of the news in the last year. As much of the historical rise in carbon dioxide levels has been attributed to the burning of coal, particularly in Europe and the USA, and a large proportion of future emissions, particularly in China and India, are expected to come from coal fired power stations, Coal in the 21st Century is a timely publication. Covering a wide variety of topics it is a combination of papers from various authors based in the US and UK edited by R. E. Hester and R. M Harrison. The opening chapter by Liam McHugh from the World Coal Association discusses the likely future of coal within the wider context of power generation. Included is an overview of improvements in efficiency and emissions with newer coal fired power stations that incorporate Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology. The role of coal in lifting developing countries out of poverty is emphasised, although the author’s optimism about the likelihood of emissions reductions even with coal in the mix is not repeated in the following chapters. The next two chapters discuss the process of mining and the technologies in coal fired power stations in more detail. Chapter two describes the different types of mine, the equipment used for extraction and transportation and the associated environmental impacts. A short section about novel methods of extraction was interesting, but overall this chapter would have benefitted from some better editing and more details about the economic and environmental impacts of coal production around the world. The third chapter focused on power station equipment and included some illuminating examples of the trade-offs required with newer, more efficient technologies. For example, India’s supercritical and ultra-supercritical coal fired power stations are unable to consume its domestic coal, and will therefore have to increase its import of coal despite an increasing domestic supply. According to the authors of this chapter, in order meet the requirements of the Paris agreement and limit warming to 2 °C over the course of the 21st century, both existing and new build coal fired power stations will become stranded assets before the end of their expected operational lifetimes. The chapters on health and regulation are mainly drawn from examples from the US, but do contain a lot of information. The health impacts from all aspects of the process including the mining (black lung disease), processing, transportation and burning are all considered. Of particular note was the longevity of some of the pollution and the size of the issue. Waste from mining and coal fired power stations are the two largest US industrial wastes; the elemental nature of toxins from coal waste means that they persist in the environment for decades. Both these facets combine to cause a large health problem where there is an economic reliance on coal. The Clean Power Plan, SO2 cap and trade and mercury regulation are discussed in chapter five. Disappointingly, given the amount of coal being burned in India and China, there was only a short section on regulation in these two countries; cap and trade in China and taxes in India are in place, but there was no follow up in the chapter as to whether these are successful and sustainable. The final two chapters of the book cover more technical aspects of coal use, including direct and indirect liquefaction and the holy grail of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). The impact of catalysts, solvent and the structure of coal itself on the efficiency of the liquefaction processes are discussed. The use of coal to provide feedstocks and fuels is currently commercialised using gasification and the Fischer Tropsch process, but only in a couple of countries. As the authors note, it is only security of supply that will drive investment in these processes whilst the oil prices remain low. The chapter on CCS is surprisingly short considering the high value placed on its role in reducing emissions by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The three basic strategies for CCS are discussed, with the emphasis on capture rather than utilisation of the captured CO2. The chapter also briefly covers biomass with CO2 combustion and Bio-CCS technology along with direct air removal of CO2, CO2 utilisation and enhanced oil recovery. The opportunities and problems for scale-up are considered but the technologies are currently lacking credible demonstration plants at scale, whilst governments have generally been pulling support from any investment research in these areas. This book is a timely addition to the Issues in Environmental Science and Technology series, particularly with the changes in the administration in the US. It includes chapters on all the main themes - mining, burning, health, regulation and carbon capture and storage. However, whilst some chapters are excellent and comprehensive without being dull, others would stand some severe editing as they are poorly written. There is also, in my opinion, too much emphasis on the US, with most of the focus of health, regulation and mining predominantly written with a US bias. With the increasing use of coal in India and China, a more balanced, global review would have been more fitting to the title. ‘Coal in the 21st Century’ is a slightly misleading title, as it is as much about coal in the 20th as 21st century. A recommended read though for anyone wanting a primer of coal as a source of energy, particularly those reviewing the potential of sustainable energies and IPCC emissions scenarios. Whilst coal is expected to be a part of the 21st Century energy supply mix, it would appear that the majority of the authors in the book think that this path comes with a high environmental price that is unlikely to be mitigated. -- Clare Topping * Environmental Chemistry Group July Bulletin *Table of ContentsWorld Energy Needs; Coal Mining; Coal-fired Power Stations; The Life Cycle of Coal and Associated Health Impacts; The State of Coal Regulation Around the World; Liquid Fuels and Chemical Feedstocks; Carbon Capture, Use and Storage.

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Book SynopsisElaborating on recent and future developments in the field of membrane engineering, Volume 1 focuses on new membrane materials which have recently emerged in gas separation. Covering graphene/graphene oxide based membranes, PIMs, thermally rearranged membranes, and new mixed matrix membranes, alongside membrane pilot plant trials of gas separation, such as CO2 from flue gas and biogas, as well as a cost analysis of competitive membrane and hybrid systems, this book provides a comprehensive account. Together with Volume 2, these books form an innovative reference work on membrane engineering and technology in the field of gas separation and gaseous phase membrane reactors.Table of ContentsModelling of Gas Separation in Thermally Rearranged Polymeric Membranes; Materials by Design: Multiscale Molecular Modelling for the Design of Nanostructured Membranes; Thermally Rearranged Polymers: The Ultimate Solution for Membrane Gas Separation; Analysis of Gas and Vapor Sorption in Polymer Membranes of Interest for Gas Separation (Including Ionic Liquids); Highly Permeable Polymers for the Treatment of Gases (PIMs); Graphene-based Membranes for Gas Separation; Mass Transport in Zeolite Membranes for Gas Treatment: A New Insight; Cost Competitive Membrane Processes for Carbon Capture; Polymeric Membrane-based Plants for Biogas Upgrading; Membrane Absorption

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Book SynopsisExploring the range and utility of high-pressure solvent systems across a variety of different chemical applications, this book brings together recent advances in supercritical technology and other pressurised-solvent systems. It provides an in-depth overview of the latest advances and developments and discusses the limitations and drawbacks that need to be addressed. Wherever possible, the greenness and economic viability of the different solvent systems is highlighted. This book is ideal for researchers and industrialists working in environmental science, green chemistry and biorefineries.Table of ContentsIntroduction to High-pressure Solvent Systems; Understanding Entrainer Effects in Supercritical CO2; Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Lipophilic Molecules; Subcritical Water: Current Status, Advances, and Applications for Extractions, Reactions and Separations; Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC); Heterogeneous Catalysis in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide; Biocatalysis in Supercritical and Liquid Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Dioxide-expanded Liquids; Selective Hydrogenation in Carbon Dioxide-dissolved Expanded Liquid Phases; Electrochemistry in Supercritical Fluids; Materials Processing and Recycling with Near- and Supercritical CO2-based Solvents; Solubility and Synthesis of Polymers Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide; Incorporation of Drugs and Metals into Aerogels Using Supercritical Fluids; Mathematical Modelling and Computation for Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions; The Engineering of Continuous Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Synthesis of Nanomaterials; The Chemistry of Continuous Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Synthesis of Nanomaterials; Supercritical Water Oxidation: The Next Generation for Abatement of Unrecyclable Waste of Hazardous Nature and Complex Composition; Gas Expanded-liquids; Use of Water and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in Novel Methodologies for Biomass Processing; Hydrothermal Events Occurring During Gasification in Supercritical Water; Sub- and Supercritical Water Hydrolysis Applied to Agri-food Residues; Applications of Fluids at Supercritical Pressure in the Area of Power Generation – Movements Towards Economically-viable Clean Energy

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Book SynopsisMany important industrial chemical processes rely heavily on catalysis and so researchers are always on the lookout for alternative catalytic materials that may improve existing processes or lead to new ones. Families of alternative catalytic materials currently being investigated include the carbides, nitrides and phosphides as well as amorphous boron catalysts. The addition of carbon, nitrogen or phosphorous to transition metals and the creation of boron-transition metal alloys leads to catalytic materials that have interesting properties, with applications in a range of different reactions, including electrocatalysis. This book provides a comprehensive account of the preparation, characterisation and application of these catalytic materials. It is an important reference for researchers and industrialists working in heterogeneous catalysis and materials chemistry.Table of ContentsIntroduction to the Application of Nitrides, Carbides, Phosphides and Amorphous Boron Alloys in Catalysis; Preparation Methods for Nitride and Carbide Catalysts; Metal Phosphides and Their Applications in Catalysis; Metal Carbide Catalysts; Metal Nitride Catalysts; Amorphous Boron Alloys and Their Catalytic Behaviour; Alternative Materials for Chemical Looping Applications; Applications of Transition Metal Nitrides as Electrocatalysts; Electrocatalysis with Metal Phosphides; Concluding Remarks

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Book SynopsisVehicle exhaust emissions, particularly from diesel cars, are considered to be a significant problem for the environment and human health. Lean NOx Trap (LNT) or NOx Storage/Reduction (NSR) technology is one of the current techniques used in the abatement of NOx from lean exhausts. Researchers are constantly searching for new inexpensive catalysts with high efficiency at low temperatures and negligible fuel penalties, to meet the challenges of this field. This book will be the first to comprehensively present the current research on this important area. Covering the technology used, from its development in the early 1990s up to the current state-of-the-art technologies and new legislation. Beginning with the fundamental aspects of the process, the discussion will cover the real application standard through to the detailed modelling of full scale catalysts. Scientists, academic and industrial researchers, engineers working in the automotive sector and technicians working on emission control will find this book an invaluable resource.Table of ContentsReview of deNOx Technology for Mobile Applications; NSR Technology; NSR Catalytic Materials; Lean NOx Trap Performance Degradation - Reversible Sulfur Poisoning and Irreversible Thermally-induced Sintering; Mechanism and Kinetics of NOx Storage; Active Sites for NOx Uptake, and the Nature of Stored NOx Species; Mechanistic Aspects of the Reduction of the Stored NOx by H2 Investigated by Isotopic Labelling Experiments and FTIR Spectroscopy; NOx Storage and Reduction: Effects of Pt Dispersion, Reductant Type, and Cycle Timing; Reduction of Stored NOx with CO/H2 and Hydrocarbons: A Spatial Resolution Analysis; Global Kinetic Modelling of the NSR Catalysts; Combined LNT-SCR Catalysts for NOx Reduction from Lean Exhaust Gas; LNT Catalysts for the Simultaneous Removal of NOx and Soot: The DPNR Concept; Non-thermal Plasma NOx Storage-reduction; New deNOx Concept by Fast Reductants Injection Pulse Upstream NSR; Development of Combined NSR DeNOx and DeSOx Model and Application for Control Strategy Pre-calibration of a Modern Diesel Engine; LNT Catalysis at Ford Motor Company - A Case History

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Book SynopsisThere is great interest in the novel mass-transport properties of graphene-based membrane materials, especially for environmental applications such as wastewater treatment and reuse, gas separation and water desalination. Graphene-based Membranes for Mass Transport Applications is a comprehensive overview of the research in this area. Starting with current state-of-the-art membrane-based filtration and separation technologies, the book then explores the structure, composition and general properties of graphene-based membranes including nanoporous graphene and graphene oxide followed by the selective mass transport properties of the membranes. The final chapters look at their specific use in barrier applications, purification and separation applications and water desalination. Edited by leading researchers, the book provides an introduction and reference to physicists, chemists, material scientists, chemical engineers and students who are entering or already working in the field of graphene-based membrane materials.Table of ContentsCurrent State-of-the-art Membrane Based Filtration and Separation Technologies; Graphene-based Membranes; Mass Transport Across Atomically Thin Membranes; Selective Mass Transport Properties of Graphene Oxide Lamellar Membranes; Mechanisms of Selective Mass Transport through Graphene Oxide Membranes; Mass Transport Properties of Composite Membranes Containing Graphene Oxide Nanosheets; Graphene-based Membranes for Barrier Applications; Graphene-based Membranes for Purification and Separation Applications; Graphene-based Membranes for Water Desalination Applications; Graphene and 2D Materials Based Membranes for Water Treatment

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Book SynopsisThere is a rapid growth of interest in the use of renewable resources, and in particular bio-resources for the manufacture of future, sustainable chemicals and materials. This movement is encouraged by end-user concerns over security of supply, legislation forcing substitution of many common chemicals, new standards for bio-based products and consumer pressure. With increasing pressure around the world to move towards bio-based chemicals, it is essential that the bio-economy is underpinned with sound science and technology. This Faraday Discussion addresses some of the critical issues in this field by bringing together experts in different but complementary areas in the chemical sciences. The book explores topics such as how green chemistry can complement biotechnology in the production of chemicals and materials; catalytic technologies best suited for the biomass challenge; biomass conversion technologies; and whether existing bio-based chemicals and materials should be used or new molecules and processes created to deal with new components.Table of ContentsBio-bases Materials; Bio-based Chemicals; Conversion Technologies; Feedstocks and Analysis.

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Book SynopsisBiorefineries are becoming increasingly important in providing sustainable routes for chemical industry processes. The establishment of bio-economic models, based on biorefineries for the creation of innovative products with high added value, such as biochemicals and bioplastics, allows the development of “green chemistry” methods in synergy with traditional chemistry. This reduces the heavy dependence on imports and assists the development of economically and environmentally sustainable production processes, that accommodate the huge investments, research and innovation efforts. This book explores the most effective or promising catalytic processes for the conversion of biobased components into high added value products, as platform chemicals and intermediates. With a focus on heterogeneous catalysis, this book is ideal for researchers working in catalysis and in green chemistry.Table of ContentsCatalysts for Co-processing Biomass in Oil Refining Industry; Catalytic Processes and Catalyst Development in Biorefining; Catalysts for Depolymerization of Biomass; Advances in Catalytic Processes of Microalgae Conversion into Biofuels and Chemicals; Catalysts for Biofuels Production; Catalytic Upgrading of Bio-oils; Noble Metal Based Bimetallic Catalysts for the Catalytic Hydrotreatment of Phenolic Model Components for (Pyrolytic) Lignins; Microwaves in the Catalytic Valorisation of Biomass Derivatives; Biohydrogen and Biomethane Production; Biochar Production, Activation and Application as a Promising Catalyst

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Book SynopsisProviding a detailed survey of renewable raw materials for paints, inks and glues, this book is ideal for researchers and practitioners working in the areas of green chemistry, industrial chemistry and sustainability. Beginning with a brief history of coatings and adhesives, this book walks the reader through the chemistry, properties, sourcing and processing of a number of renewable raw materials, including lipids, natural resins, proteins, and carbohydrates. Their use in a range of recent developments and concepts from material protection, to decorative paints and coatings, adhesives and sealants is highlighted, providing the reader with a complete and modern foundation to the field.Table of ContentsRenewable Raw Materials, Fossil Feedstocks, and the Circular Economy – An Introduction;Terms, Definitions and Classification of Renewable Raw Materials;Historical Review of the Development of Coating, Printing, and Bonding Technologies;Nucleic Acids, Amino Acid Building Blocks, Proteins;Lipids;Oleochemical Intermediates and Building Blocks;The Fatty Acid Value Chain;Green Surfactants, Wetting Agents, Dispersants, and Defoamers;Glycerine and Glycerol;Rosin and Other Natural Resins and Gums;Natural Rubber and Other Natural Polyisoprenes Occurring from Lattices;Carbohydrates;Pigments, Dyes and Colourants;Renewable Resources for Bio-plastics

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Book SynopsisMany modern surface coatings and adhesives are derived from fossil feedstocks. With fossil fuels becoming more polluting and expensive to extract as supplies dwindle, industry is turning increasingly to nature, mimicking natural solutions using renewable raw materials and employing new technologies. Highlighting sustainable technologies and applications of renewable raw materials within the framework of green and sustainable chemistry, circular economy and resource efficiency, this book provides a cradle-to-cradle perspective. From potential feedstocks to recycling/reuse opportunities and the de-manufacture of adhesives and solvents, green chemistry principles are applied to all aspects of surface coating, printing, adhesive and sealant manufacture. This book is ideal for students, researchers and industrialists working in green sustainable chemistry, industrial coatings, adhesives, inks and printing technologies.Table of ContentsGreen Chemistry Principles and Global Drivers for Sustainability – An Introduction; Green Solubility for Coatings and Adhesives; Diversified Biological Adhesives and Their Differences with Synthetic Polymers; Bioinspired Attachment Systems for Adhesive Tapes in Green Tribology Applications; Lotus Effect-based Superhydrophobic Surfaces: Candle Soot as a Promising Class of Nanoparticles for Self-cleaning and Oil–Water Separation Applications; Adhesives for Medical Applications; White Biotechnology for Polymer Building Blocks: Strategies for Enhanced Production of Bio-based 1,3-Propanediol and Its Applications; Biosilicate Binders; Adhesives Derived From Biomass Waste Streams; Soy Protein Based Bio-adhesives; Natural Oil Polyols; Bio-based Switchable Adhesives for Carpet Tiles; Debondable Adhesive Systems; Printing Inks From Renewable Resources; Green Chemistry for Automotive Coatings: Sustainable Applications; Dry Powder Coating of Pharmaceutical Solid Dosages

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Book SynopsisThe aim of the book is to provide an understanding of the current science underpinning Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) and to provide students and interested researchers with sufficient background on the basics of Chemical Engineering, Material Science, and Geology that they can understand the current state of the art of the research in the field of CCS. In addition, the book provides a comprehensive discussion of the impact of CCS on the energy landscape, society, and climate as these topics govern the success of the science being done in this field.The book is aimed at undergraduate students, graduate students, scientists, and professionals who would like to gain a broad multidisciplinary view of the research that is being carried out to solve one of greatest challenges of our generation.Table of ContentsEnergy and Electricity; The Atmosphere and Climate Modeling; The Carbon Cycle; Introduction to Carbon Capture; Absorption; Membranes; Introduction to Geological Sequestration; Geological Sequestration: The Long Length Scale; Geological Sequestration: The Pore Scale; Land use and Geo-Engineering.

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Book SynopsisThis book covers all the basic and applied aspects of crystallization processes based on membrane technology. Synthesis and processing of membrane materials are discussed and reviewed, while mass/heat transport and control are treated in view of the non-reversible thermodynamic principles and statistical thermodynamics. Engineering process design and crystalline materials products properties, and also the relation to other traditional crystallization formats, are analyzed. Advantages, limitations, and future developments are also included in the content, with special emphasis on new fields of applications like microfluidic configurations, controlled proteins (also membrane proteins) crystallization, organic semiconductors single crystals production, and optical materials.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Introduction to Membrane Science and Technology; Fundamentals of Crystallization Processes; Membrane-Assisted Crystallization Operations; Mass & Heat Transport Phenomena in Membrane-Based Crystallization Operations; Crystallization of Biomacromolecules; Polymorphism Control of Molecular Crystals and Co-Crystallization; Enantioselective Crystallization; Product Recovery from Brines and Waste Streams; Conclusions.

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Book SynopsisThis unique volume presents the latest developments in the field of advanced woven and braided textile composites, with particular emphasis on computational approaches (finite elements, meshfree). Advanced textile composites such as woven, braided, knitted and stitched fabrics are increasingly being used as structural materials in industrial applications due to their efficiency at reinforcing more directions within a single layer and their ability to conform to surfaces with complex curvatures. Furthermore, textile composites provide improved impact resistance, exceptional thermal, fatigue and corrosion resistance, as well as being easier and cheaper to handle and fabricate compared to UD composites.Topics covered in this book include: 2D and 3D plain, twill, satin woven and braided composites, micro-level and macro-level modelling, failure mechanisms, theoretical studies on cryogenic crack behaviour and the specific deformation modes of textile reinforcements, which include the kinematic and hypoelastic models.This book will be particularly relevant to professional engineers, graduate students and researchers interested in composite materials.

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Book SynopsisThe structural complexity and the synthetic challenges facing glycans have historically hampered efforts to study their multifaceted roles and the application of carbohydrates in drug development. However, in very recent years, new synthetic techniques flanked by the growing knowledge about carbohydrate involvement in physiological and pathological states has spurred renewed interest in the chemistry, biology and therapeutic potentialities of carbohydrates. This book offers an overview of key aspects of carbohydrate biology and chemistry that are fundamental for the design of novel therapeutics. The four-part structure of this book introduces these essential components to life, starting from their structure and biological roles and covering analytical methods and synthesis which pave the way for the development of a wide range of therapeutic applications.Leading experts from around the world are brought together to offer their recent research with the ultimate aim of enlightening the reader on the complex yet exciting field of carbohydrate chemistry. Academic and industrial researchers in structural biology, drug discovery and carbohydrate chemistry will find this book an essential guide to the latest research and future potential of medicinal chemistry.

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Book SynopsisIndustrial Catalysis: Chemistry and Mechanism is an essential textbook for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students with an interest in the underlying concepts of catalysis, industrial organic chemistry and the mechanism of catalysis. For undergraduates it provides an introduction to the basic catalytic principles and industrial processes. Graduate students will find that the book gives an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of catalytic surface intermediates and the practice of modern catalysis research. For the post graduate and industrial chemist involved in catalysis research, it is a valuable reference text as a compendium of mechanisms by which major industrial catalytic processes operate.This unique book fills the gap between basic organic chemistry and fundamental chemical principles of catalysis, and is a must read for students and researchers in the field.

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Book SynopsisIndustrial Catalysis: Chemistry and Mechanism is an essential textbook for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students with an interest in the underlying concepts of catalysis, industrial organic chemistry and the mechanism of catalysis. For undergraduates it provides an introduction to the basic catalytic principles and industrial processes. Graduate students will find that the book gives an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of catalytic surface intermediates and the practice of modern catalysis research. For the post graduate and industrial chemist involved in catalysis research, it is a valuable reference text as a compendium of mechanisms by which major industrial catalytic processes operate.This unique book fills the gap between basic organic chemistry and fundamental chemical principles of catalysis, and is a must read for students and researchers in the field.

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Book SynopsisIn this Completely Revised and Extended Edition with a significantly enhanced content, all Chapters have been updated considering relevant literature and recent developments until 2016 together with application oriented examples with a focus on Industrial Biocatalysis. Newly treated topics comprise among others systems metabolic engineering approaches, metagenome screening, new tools for pathway engineering, and de-novo computational design as actual research areas in biocatalysis. Information about different aspects of RNA technologies, and completely new Chapters on 'Fluorescent Proteins' and 'Biocatalysis and Nanotechnology' are also included.

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Book SynopsisIn this Completely Revised and Extended Edition with a significantly enhanced content, all Chapters have been updated considering relevant literature and recent developments until 2016 together with application oriented examples with a focus on Industrial Biocatalysis. Newly treated topics comprise among others systems metabolic engineering approaches, metagenome screening, new tools for pathway engineering, and de-novo computational design as actual research areas in biocatalysis. Information about different aspects of RNA technologies, and completely new Chapters on 'Fluorescent Proteins' and 'Biocatalysis and Nanotechnology' are also included.

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