History of science Books

Book SynopsisThis book studies the Dutch mathematician Simon Stevin (1548-1620) as a new type of ‘man of knowledge’. Traditionally, Stevin is best known for his contributions to the ‘Archimedean turn’. This innovative volume moves beyond this conventional image by bringing many other aspects of his work into view, by analysing the connections between the multiple strands of his thinking and by situating him in a broader European context. Like other multi-talents (‘polymaths’) in his time (several of whom are discussed in this volume), Stevin made an important contribution to the transformation of the ideal of knowledge in early modern Europe. This book thus provides new insights into the phenomenon of ‘polymaths’ in general and in the case of Stevin in particular.Table of ContentsList of Figures Preface List of Contributors Introduction: Simon Stevin, Polymaths and Polymathy in the Early Modern Period Karel Davids, Fokko Jan Dijksterhuis, Rienk Vermij and Ida Stamhuis 1. The Engineer and the Philosopher. Reflections on the Culture and Economy of Mechanics in Court Society Pietro Daniel Omodeo 2. Vitruvian Universalism. On the Order of Mechanical Knowledge in Joseph Furttenbach the Elder (1591-1667) Jan Lazardzig 3. The Swedish Archimedes. The Formation of the Polymath Christopher Polhem David Dunér 4. Stevin’s Physical Geography: The World as a Chemical Furnace Rienk Vermij 5. The Art of Demonstration by Simon Stevin. Linguistic and Mathematical Innovation Marius Buning 6. Causality and the Reduction to Art in Simon Stevin's Mechanics Maarten Van Dyck 7. The Wise Origins of the Consten. Stevin and Sixteenth-century Debates on Arts, Mathematics, and Language Fokko Jan Dijksterhuis 8. Simon Stevin’s Age of the Sages. In Search of an Alternative Renaissance: Exploring Scientific Methods Based on Pre-Classical Authorities, Empirical Data and Pure Languages Charles van den Heuvel 9. Politics in the Vernacular. The Vita Politica. Het burgherlick leven (1590) as a Practical Handbook for Civic Life Catherine Secretan 10. Simon Stevin’s Music Theory Revisited: A Dialogue H. Floris Cohen and Julia Kursell Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisTeyler’s Foundation in Haarlem and its ‘Book and Art Room’ of 1779, edited by Ellinoor Bergvelt and Debora Meijers, examines for the first time this institution in the context of scientific, museological, political, artistic, religious and philosophical developments. The key moment was the decision in 1779 to give a free interpretation to the testament of its founder, the Mennonite entrepreneur Pieter Teyler van der Hulst (1702–1778): stimulated by the naturalist Martinus van Marum, the Foundation’s board decided to build an impressive museum room and to establish a natural science collection. The institution thus entered an era in which older scientific and collecting traditions engaged with new developments towards a research institution and a public museum of natural history, physics and art. Contributors: Ellinoor S. Bergvelt, Terry van Druten, Arnold Heumakers, Eric Jorink, Paul Knolle, Debora Meijers, Wijnand Mijnhardt, Bert Sliggers, Koenraad Vos, and Holger Zaunstöck.Table of ContentsPreface List of Illustrations Abbreviations Notes on Contributors PART 1 Introduction and Background 1 Purpose and Structure of the Book   Debora J. Meijers and Ellinoor S. Bergvelt 2 Teyler’s Foundation and the Two Societies: Emergence and Development up to c. 1800   Debora J. Meijers 3 A Museum within the Foundation, 1779–2020   Debora J. Meijers PART 2 Teyler’s as a Case in a Re-reading of the History of Science 4 ‘The World We Have Lost’: In Praise of a Comprehensive Ideal of Science and Scholarship   Wijnand W. Mijnhardt 5 The First Museum in the Netherlands? The Establishment of Teyler’s Oval Room in Historical Perspective (c. 1600–1800)   Eric Jorink 6 How to Collect Minerals, Rocks and Fossils for a Museum: The International Networks of Martinus van Marum (1750–1837)   Bert Sliggers PART 3 Teyler’s between the Natural Sciences and the Visual Arts 7 ‘Truth-to-Nature’ in the Museum? Wybrand Hendriks, Martinus van Marum and the ‘Reasoned Image’   Koenraad Vos 8 An Asset to Art. The Purchase of Italian Old Master Drawings from the Odescalchi Collection in Rome by Teyler’s Foundation in 1790: Motivation, Function, and the Context of Art Theory in the Netherlands   Paul Knolle 9 Collecting and Displaying Art in Teyler’s Museum, 1778–1885: The Usefulness of Drawings, Prints and Contemporary Paintings, and the Development of Public Access   Terry van Druten PART 4 Teyler’s in an International Perspective 10 Visiting Haarlem: August Hermann Niemeyer, the Cabinet of Artefacts and Natural Curiosities at the Halle Orphanage, and Teyler’s Museum   Holger Zaunstöck 11 The Rise of the Modern Romantic Concept of Art and the Art Museum   Arnold Heumakers Bibliography Photo Credits Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe Conclusive Argument of God is the master work of Shāh Walī Allāh of Delhi (1762), considered to be the most important Muslim thinker of pre-modern South Asia. This work, originally written in Arabic, represents a synthesis of the Islamic intellectual disciplines authoritative in the 18th century. In order to argue for the rational, ethical, and spiritual basis for the implementation of the hadith injunctions of the Prophet Muhammad, Shāh Walī Allāh develops a cohesive schema of the metaphysical, psychological, and social knowledge of his time. This work provides an extensive and detailed picture of Muslim theology and interpretive strategies on the eve of the modern period and is still evoked by numerous contemporary Islamic movements.Trade Review'With this translation, one of the most important texts for the study of Islamic intellectual life in the 18th century Indian subcontinent is made available in a carefully prepared and well annotated translation.' Sabine Schmidtke, MESA Bulletin, 1997. 'Professor Marcia Hermansen has presented both an illuminating contribution to eighteenth-century Indo Muslim ṣūfī studies and a thoroughgoing analysis of a major figure from the period. Given the stiltedly idiosyncratic, complexly recondite nature of Shāh Walī Allāh's Arabic prose style, the translator succeeded remarkably well in rendering the next into easily readable English.' Leonard Lewisohn, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 2000.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides the first comprehensive historical account of the evolution of scientific traditions in astronomy, astrophysics, and the space sciences within the Max Planck Society. Structured with in-depth archival research, interviews with protagonists, unpublished photographs, and an extensive bibliography, it follows a unique history: from the post-war relaunch of physical sciences in West Germany, to the spectacular developments and successes of cosmic sciences in the second half of the 20th century, up to the emergence of multi-messenger astronomy. It reveals how the Society acquired national and international acclaim in becoming one of the world’s most productive research organizations in these fields.Table of ContentsContents Foreword by Reinhard Genzel Foreword by Jürgen Renn Acknowledgments Oral History Interviews List of Illustrations and Figures Acronyms and Abbreviations Introduction 1 Nuclear Age (1945–1957): Reconstruction under Regional Fragmentation  1 Postwar Scientific Traditions in Göttingen  2 Postwar Research Traditions in Southwest Germany  3 The Orphan Scenario: Regener, Kiepenheuer, and Dieminger  4 Regional Alliances and Rivalries 2 Space Age (1957–1980s): A Unique Opportunity for Expansion  1 ‘Sputnik Shocks’  2 Reorientation of the Max Planck Society in the Early Space Age: Complementarity and Uncoordinated Competition 3 Astronomical Revolution in the MPG (1960s–1980s): Completing the Wavelength Spectrum  1 Ground-Based Astronomy  2 High-Energy Space-Based Astronomy  3 Reconfiguration of the Astrophysical Sciences and Institutes 4 Internationalization (1970s Onwards): Infrastructural Disappointments and the New International Division of Labor  1 From National Infrastructures to International Collaborations  2 Historical Change and Resilience in Times of Hardship at the End of the Century  3 Into the 21st Century: A New Role for the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics 5 Global Leadership in Emerging Fields: Toward Astro-Particle Physics, Relativistic Astrophysics, and Multi-Messenger Astronomy  1 Three Case Studies  2 The Solar Neutrino Puzzle: Heidelberg between Cosmochemistry and Astroparticle Physics  3 The Quest for Gravitational Waves  4 From Cosmic Rays to Ground-Based Gamma Ray Astronomy Appendix: The History of Cosmic Research in the Max Planck Society through Its Finances  1 A Complementary Analysis  2 Financial Periodization of the Cosmic Sciences in the Max Planck Society  3 Shifting Balances of ‘Nuclear,’ ‘Cosmic,’ and ‘Earth-System’ Research  4 Financial Lock-Ins and the Complementarity of Theoretical and Experimental Research  5 Astronomical Institutes, Their Infrastructures, and the End of an Era for the MPG Bibliography Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisWAN Zhaoyuan analyses how Chinese intellectuals conceived of the relationship between ‘science’ and ‘religion’ through in-depth examination of the writings of Kang Youwei, a prominent political reformer and radical Confucian thinker, often referred to by his disciples as the ‘Martin Luther of Confucianism’. Confronted with the rise of scientism and challenged by the Conflict Thesis during his life among adversarial Chinese New Culture intellectuals, Kang maintains a holistic yet evolving conception of a compatible and complementary relationship between scientific knowledge and ‘true religion’ exemplified by his Confucian religion (kongjiao). This close analysis of Kang’s ideas contributes to a richer understanding of the history of science and religion in China and in a more global context.Table of ContentsForeword Notes and Abbreviations Acknowledgements Introduction  1 Definition of Terms  2 Science and Religion  3 ‘Studies of Half Kang’  4 Implications  5 Chapter Organization 1 A New Sage  1 Religious Leanings   1.1 Classical and Folk Beliefs   1.2 Buddhist Inspiration   1.3 Knowledge of Christianity  2 Scientific Pursuits   2.1 The Window of Geography   2.2 Book Purchase at Shanghai   2.3 Gleaning from Translations  3 Enlightenment   3.1 Universal Laws   3.2 Unity of Shangdi (God) 2 The Confucian Luther  1 A Memorial to the Throne   1.1 Countering Christian Threats  2 An Unconventional Teacher   2.1 Western Sciences   2.2 Chinese Origins   2.3 Cosmic Evolution  3 Recasting Confucianism   3.1 Restoring the Religion of Confucius   3.2 Reform and a Confucian Church  4 Knowledge Is One   4.1 A Three-Tiered System   4.2 Harmonizing the Three Religions   4.3 A Monistic Philosophy 3 The Great Unity  1 Confucian Reinterpretation Completed   1.1 Confucius as a Divine Teacher   1.2 Scientific Notions Appropriated   1.3 In the Future World of Datong  2 Liang’s ‘Change of Heart’   2.1 Confucianism Not a Religion   2.2 Buddhism a Better Choice  3 Observations during World Travels   3.1 Reflections on Religions   3.2 Shendao and Rendao   3.3 On Material Reconstruction 4 A State Religion  1 A ‘Titular Monarchical Republic’  2 The Confucian Movement   2.1 Chen’s Presentation   2.2 The Confucian Religion Association   2.3 The State Religion Campaign  3 In the Name of Science   3.1 Religion and Superstition   3.2 Scientism versus Religion   3.3 Looking for Substitutes 5 A Celestial Wanderer  1 Science versus Metaphysics  2 A Lecture Tour to the North   2.1 The Confucian Way   2.2 The Power of Science  3 Celestial Peregrination   3.1 Lectures on the Heavens   3.2 A Treatise on God  4 The Fate of Kang’s Skull Conclusion Bibliography Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis volume puts two biblical miracles - the Sun reversing its course in II Kings 20:8-11/Isaiah 38:8 (Horologium Ahaz) and the Sun standing still in Joshua 10:12 -, in the early modern period centre stage. We pay special attention to the development of related imagery, their role as anti-Copernican arguments (in text and image), their reception, their treatment in the mathematical sciences, and their various cultural layers, with a focus on the history of art and the history of science in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The material discussed spreads from rather prosaic mathematical reflections to highly appealing visual representations of the two miracles.Table of ContentsList of Figures Notes on Contributors Introduction   Julia Ellinghaus and Volker Remmert Part 1 The Horologium Ahaz and Joshua Stopping the Sun in Early Modern Printed Material 1 The Prayer of Joshua and the Dial of Ahaz Paratactic Scriptural Illustration in the Lempereur, Vorsterman, and Van Liesveldt Bibles   Walter S. Melion 2 Mathematical Certainty and Biblical Inerrancy Pedro Nunes and the Retrogradation of Shadows at the Dial of Ahaz   Henrique Leitão 3 Appealing to Ahaz The Jesuits and the Sundial of Ahaz in the Era of Copernican Astronomy   Brent Purkaple Part 2 The Horologium Ahaz and Joshua Stopping the Sun on Early Modern Scientific Instruments 4 Turning Back the Sun Christoph Schissler’s ‘Horologium Ahaz’ as ‘Kunststück’   Andrew Morrall 5 Manipulating the Sun in Depictions on Early Modern Scientific Instruments An Iconographic Study   Julia Ellinghaus and Volker Remmert Part 3 The Horologium Ahaz and Joshua Stopping the Sun in Art and Architecture in Specific Locations 6 Stairway to Heaven The Marvellous Staircases of the Medici Villa at Pratolino   Denis Ribouillault 7 Joshua Stopping the Sun in the Gesù A Hypothesis   Evonne Levy Bibliography Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisMichael Maestlin (1550–1631), professor of mathematics at the University of Tübingen, was a leading protagonist of the astronomical and cosmological revolution that began with Copernicus. Famous for first introducing Copernicanism to Kepler, Maestlin also wrote important treatises on the supernova of 1572 and the comet of 1577 that mark significant steps in the elimination of celestial immutability and the reinforcement of the Copernican worldview. This first critical edition of Maestlin’s German manuscript treatise on the comet of 1618 is accompanied by an English translation and a thorough commentary. An extensive introduction situates Maestlin’s treatise in the broader context of the contemporary politico-religious conflict and cosmological discussion newly expanded to the debate on sunspots discovered with the telescope.Table of ContentsPreface List of Figures Symbols of Planets and Zodiacal Signs: Criteria of This Edition Introduction  Miguel Á. Granada  1 The impact of the Comet of 1618 in Europe and Württemberg  2 Maestlin’s Treatise on the Comet of 1618  3 The Comets of 1618–1619 and Maestlin’s Observations  4 The Treatises of 1578 and 1580: A Mathematical and Astronomical Approach  5 From 1578 to 1618  6 Bartholomaeus Keckermann and His Assault on Celestial Comets  7 Maestlin’s Reply to Keckermann and the Partial Preservation of Aristotle  8 Sunspots and the Telescope Appear on the Scene  9 Maestlin, Schickard and Habrecht on Faulhaber and the Rosicrucians Michael Maestlin, Astronomischer Discurs von dem Cometen, so in Anno 1618, im Nouembri zu erscheinen angefangen und bis inn Februar dis 1619 Jars am Himmel noch gesehen wirt  Critical edition by Miguel Á. Granada Michael Maestlin, Astronomical Discourse on the Comet that First Appeared in November 1618 and Can Still Be Seen in the Sky in February of this Year 1619  Translation by Patrick J. Boner, notes by Miguel Á. Granada and Patrick J. Boner  Chapter 1. More Than One Comet Appeared in the Previous Year 1618  Chapter 2. On the First Emergence and Appearance of This Comet  Chapter 3. On the Course of This Comet, and the Signs and Constellations through Which It Passed  Chapter 4. That the Philosophers Are Divided in Opinion over Whether Comets Are Elementary or Ethereal, That Is, Whether They Are Generated and Brought into Being Here Below in the Air or High above in the Heavens  Chapter 5. Whether and How We May Find a Solution for the Two Opposing Opinions  Chapter 6. Whether Our Present Comet Possessed Any Sensible Parallax or Not, and How Far Away It May Have Been from the Earth  Chapter 7. That before This Time Many Other Comets Appeared and Were Observed Not in the Air, but in the Upper Heaven  Chapter 8. What Aristotle and Other Philosophers Might Have Been Missing That Led Them to Think About Comets the Wrong Way  Chapter 9. Several Questions Concerning Comets in General, and What Follows from Them  Appendix 1. Can Comets Be Predicted?  Appendix 2. Draft of a Letter to Duke Johann Friedrich to Apologize for the Delay in Presenting the Requested Report Bibliography Index of Biblical Passages Index of Names

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book offers an entirely new perspective on the alleged incompatibility between Aristotelian philosophy and the mathematical methods and principles that form the basis of modern science. It surveys the tradition of the Oxford Calculators from its beginnings in the fourteenth century until Leibniz and the philosophy of the seventeenth century and explores how their various techniques of quantification expanded the conceptual and methodological limits of Aristotelianism.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements List of Figures Notes on Contributors Introduction  Daniel A. Di Liscia 1 Thomas Wylton on the Ceasing of an Instant of Time  Cecilia Trifogli 2 The New Interpretation of Aristotle: Richard Kilvington, Thomas Bradwardine, and the New Rule of Motion  Elżbieta Jung 3 The Opuscula de motu Ascribed to Richard Swineshead: The Testimony of the Ongoing Development of the Oxford Calculators’ Science of Motion  Robert Podkoński 4 Calculations in Thomas Bradwardine’s De causa dei, Book I  Edit Anna Lukács 5 The Calculators on the Insolubles: Bradwardine, Kilvington, Heytesbury, Swyneshed, and Dumbleton  Stephen Read 6 The Influence of the Oxford Calculatores on the Understanding of Local Motion: The Example of the Tractatus de sex inconvenientibus  Sabine Rommevaux-Tani 7 Wyclif, the Black Sheep of the Oxford Calculators  Mark Thakkar 8 On the Reception of English Logic at Universities of Central Europe: Helmoldus de Zoltwedel (Prague, Leipzig) on the Liar-Paradox  Harald Berger 9 Blasius of Parma on the Calculation of the Variation of Qualities and Aristotelian Physics  Joël Biard 10 The Calculators Tradition in Oresme’s De visione stellarum  Aníbal Szapiro 11 Perfections and Latitudes: The Development of the Calculators’ Tradition and the Geometrisation of Metaphysics and Theology  Daniel A. Di Liscia 12 Decline of the Calculators in Paris c. 1500: Humanism and Print  Richard Oosterhoff 13 Some Aspects of the ‘Rules’ of motus difformis in Angelo da Fossambruno’s Commentary on Heytesbury’s De tribus praedicamentis  Fabio Seller 14 Leibniz and the Calculators  Edith Dudley Sylla Manuscripts Bibliography Index Nominum

Read more less

Book SynopsisWhere did we do science in the Enlightenment and why? This volume brings together leading historians of Early Modern science to explore the places, spaces, and exchanges of Enlightenment knowledge production. Adding to our understanding of the “geographies of knowledge”, it examines the relationship between “space” and “place”, institutions, “objects”, and “ideas”, showing the ways in which the location of science really matters. Contributors are Robert Iliffe, Victor Boantza, Margaret Carlyle, Jasmine Kilburn-Toppin, Trevor H. Levere, Alice Marples, Gordon McOuat, Larry Stewart, Marie Thébaud-Sorger, and Simon Werrett.Table of ContentsList of Figures Notes on Contributors 1 Introduction  Gordon McOuat and Larry Stewart 2 Escape from Capnopolis: William Stukeley’s ‘True Academick Life’  Rob Iliffe 3 Something is in the Air: Experimental Spaces, Analogical Reasoning, and the Problem of Putrefaction in Enlightenment Europe  Margaret Carlyle and Victor D. Boantza 4 Instrument Makers, Shops, and Expertise in Eighteenth-Century London  Jasmine Kilburn-Toppin 5 ‘My Collection in All Its Branches’: The Imagined Space of Early Modern Scientific Correspondence  Alice Marples 6 The Dissemination of Chemical Theory and Chemical Instruments through Cabinets, Laboratories, Lecture Theatres and Museums during the Napoleonic Wars  Trevor H. Levere 7 The Public Space of Knowledge and the Public Sphere of Science  Marie Thébaud-Sorger 8 The Space Between: James Dinwiddie and the Transit of Science, 1760–1815  Larry Stewart 9 “Both by Sea and Land”: William Whiston, Longitude, and the Measurement of Space  Simon Werret Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe production of forgeries under the name of the Swiss physician Paracelsus (1493/94-1541) was an integral part of the diffusion of the Paracelsian movement in early modern Europe. Many of these texts were widely read and extremely influential. The inability of most readers of the time to distinguish the genuine from the fake amid the flood of publications contributed much to the emergence of Paracelsus’ legendary image as the patron of alchemy and occult philosophy. Innovative studies on largely overlooked aspects of Paracelsianism along with an extensive catalogue of Paracelsian forgeries make this volume an essential resource for future studies. Contributors are Tobias Bulang, Dane T. Daniel, Charles D. Gunnoe, Jr., Hiro Hirai, Didier Kahn, Julian Paulus, Lawrence M. Principe, and Martin Žemla. Originally published as Special Issue of the journal Early Science and Medicine, volume 24 (2019), no. 5-6 (published February 2020), with a revised Introduction and a new Appendix by Julian Paulus, entitled “A Catalogue Raisonné of Pseudo-Paracelsian Writings: Texts Attributed to Paracelsus and Paracelsian Writings of Doubtful Authenticity,” has been added.Table of ContentsNotes on Contributors List of Illustrations Introduction  Didier Kahn and Hiro Hirai The Authenticity of Paracelsus’ Astronomia Magna and Brief an die Wittenberger Theologen: Towards a Diagnostic Rubric Clarifying Authentic and Spurious Elements in Paracelsus’ Oeuvre on the Basis of Theological Motifs  Dane T. Daniel The Philosophia ad Athenienses in the Light of Genuine Paracelsian Cosmology  Didier Kahn Genealogy of Knowledge and Delegitimization of Universities: The Pseudo-Paracelsian Aurora Philosophorum  Tobias Bulang Into the Forger’s Library: The Genesis of De natura rerum in Publication History  Hiro Hirai Paracelsus, the Plague, and De Pestilitate  Charles D. Gunnoe, Jr. The Astronomia Olympi novi and the Theologia Cabalistica: Two Pseudo-Paracelsian Works of the Philosophia Mystica (1618)  Martin Žemla The Development of the Basil Valentine Corpus and Biography: Pseudepigraphic Corpora and Paracelsian Ideas  Lawrence M. Principe Appendix: A Catalogue raisonné of Pseudo-Paracelsian Writings: Texts Attributed to Paracelsus and Paracelsian Writings of Doubtful Authenticity  Julian Paulus Index Nominum Indices to the Appendix

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn a bid to claim ‘scientific objects’ as requiring a significant amount of conceptual labor, this book looks sequentially at instruments, habits, and museums. The goal is to uncover how, together, these material and immaterial activities, rules, and commitments form one meaningful and credible blueprint revealing the building blocks of knowledge production. They serve to conceptualize and examine the entire life of an instrument: from its ideation and craft to its use, reuse, circulation, recycling, and (if not obliterated) its final entry into a museum. It is such an epistemological triptych that guides this investigation.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments List of Illustrations Introduction  1 A Short Case Study: The Early Académie royale des sciences in Paris  2 Reading This Book Part 1: Organum Introduction 1 Quid organum erat? The Idea of Instrument in Early Modern Europe  1 Organum scientiae: Definitions and Examples  2 Organ-ization of Knowledge 2 Organ Making and Natural Philosophical Knowledge in Marin Mersenne’s Harmonie Universelle  1 Mersenne’s Seven Books on Instruments in the Harmonie universelle  2 The Organ and Mersenne’s Epistemology of Natural Philosophical Knowledge  3 Musical Instruments and the ‘parfait musicien’ Part 2: Habitus Introduction 3 Habitus in corpore, habitus in anima: Making and Thinking in Early Modern Europe  1 Defining habitus in Early Modern Europe  2 Habitus and Descartes’s Logic of Practice  3 Habitus and the Concept of Knowledge Production  4 Blaise Pascal, coutume, and the Arithmetical Machine 4 From idiotae to artistes: Artisans, Instruments, and the Nature of Craftsmanship in Early Modern Europe  1 Descartes, Artisans, and âmes réglées  2 Who Assists Whom: The Structural Dynamic of Artisan and Savant Interactions  3 From artiste to Toyware Manufacturing Part 3: Museum Introduction 5 Repair, Restoration, Exhibition: Instruments and the Epistemic Value of Brokenness  1 Restorer v. Conservator: How to ‘Repair’ Damaged Instruments?  2 Reconstruction and Restoration: Abbé Nollet’s Scientific Instruments  3 Identity, Integrity, Authenticity: Between the Unit of the Total and the Unit of the Whole  4 Reuse and Recycle: Exhibiting the DIY of Scientists and Craftsmen 6 Instrument Trajectories: Ways of Knowing the World  1 Collecting Instruments  2 Knowing Through Playing  3 Digitizing Collections Epilogue Bibliography Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe history of cosmology is often understood in terms of the development of modern science, but Asian cosmological thought and practice touched on many aspects of life, including mathematics, astronomy, politics, philosophy, religion, and art. Because of the deep pervasion of cosmology in culture, many opportunities arose for transmissions of cosmological ideas across borders and innovations of knowledge and application in new contexts. Taking a wider view, one finds that cosmological ideas traveled widely and intermingled freely, being frequently reinterpreted by scholars, ritualists, and artists and transforming as they overlapped with ideas and practices from other traditions. This book brings together ten diverse scholars to present their views on these overlapping cosmologies in Asia. They are Ryuji Hiraoka, Satomi Hiyama, Eric Huntington, Yoichi Isahaya, Catherine Jami, Bill M. Mak, D. Max Moerman, Adrian C. Pirtea, John Steele, and Dror Weil.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book aims at exploring how practical expertise, textual learning, and the gendered bodies intersected with the production of knowledge in early modern Europe. Gendered touch looks at both how representations of gendered bodies contributed to the production of knowledge, and at how practice itself was gendered. By exploring new archival material and by reading anew printed sources, the book inquiries about how knowledge was produced, translated, appropriated, and transmitted among different kinds of actors – both women and men – such as craftspeople, physicians, alchemists, apothecaries, music theorists, natural philosophers, and natural historians.Table of ContentsContents List of Figures Notes on Contributors Introduction: Gender, History, and Science in Early Modern Europe  Francesca Antonelli and Paolo Savoia Part 1: The Gendered Construction of Textual Traditions: The Case of Maria the Alchemist 1 Maria the Alchemist and Her Famous Heated Bath in the Arabo-Islamic Tradition  Lucia Raggetti 2 Maria’s Practica in Early Modern Alchemy  Matteo Martelli Part 2: Domestic and Apothecary Workshops: Food and Pharmacy in the Seventeenth Century 3 Cheese-Making and Knowledge-Making: Women’s Expertise and Men’s Explanation  Paolo Savoia 4 Making Marmalade and Conserving Fruit within the Architecture of Seventeenth-Century Courtly Entertainment  Juliet Claxton 5 Women in Secrets: Medical Inventions between Household, Guilds and Small Scale-Economy  Sabrina Minuzzi Part 3: Eighteenth-century Spaces of Gendered Knowledge 6 The “Anonymous Neapolitan”: Faustina Pignatelli and the Bologna Academy of Sciences  Paula Findlen 7 Note-taking and Self-promotion: Marie-Anne Paulze-Lavoisier as a Secrétaire (1772–1792)  Francesca Antonelli 8 Musical Bodies: Materiality, Gender, and Knowledge in Musical Performance in 18th-century France  Amparo Fontaine Postface On Hands, Feelings, and a Nose: Bodies Beyond Gender as Transdisciplinary Tools in Science  Paola Govoni Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisArtisans travelled all over Europe in the pre-modern period, and they were responsible for many technical innovations and new consumer products. This volume moves away from the model of knowledge ‘transfer’ and, drawing on new understandings of artisan work, considers the links between artisan creativity and mobility. Through case studies of different industries, it emphasizes traditions of migration, the experience of moving, and the stimulus provided by new economic and work environments. For both male and female artisans, the weight of these factors varied from one trade to another, and from place to place.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements List of Figures and Tables Notes on Contributors 1 Introduction  Artisan Mobility and Innovation in Pre-industrial Europe  David Garrioch 2 Shared Skills and Technologies of Community Formation  Artisanal Epistemologies, Secrecy and Governmentality in Long-term Context  Bert De Munck 3 Artisan Mobility and the Circulation of Knowledge in the Glass Industry in Early Modern Europe  Corine Maitte 4 Seducing Europe  Swiss Sugar-bakers on the Move  Margrit Schulte Beerbühl 5 Circulation of Artisans and Techniques in Construction Sites in Early Modern Europe  Nicoletta Rolla 6 Foreign Furniture-makers and Innovation in Eighteenth-Century Paris  David Garrioch 7 Making and Marketing Porcelain in Eighteenth-century London  Matthew Martin 8 The Eckhardt Family  Inventors on the Move in the Dutch Republic and England, c.1760–1820  Karel Davids 9 A Difficult Matching  Female Artisans, Technical Knowledge and Inventions in Early Modern Savoy-piedmont  Beatrice Zucca Micheletto 10 Made in France?  British Women Workers in the Eighteenth-century Paris Fashion Trades  Simon Macdonald 11 Innovation, Mobility and Knowledge Transfer in Madrid, 1680–1820  José Antolín Nieto Sánchez 12 Painters on the Move in Seventeenth-century Europe  Maarten Prak and Sander Karst Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisWhy write a book about science, technology, and medicine in Lisbon? No one questions the value of similar studies of European capital cities such as Paris or London, but they are not reflective of the norm. Alongside its unique characteristics, Lisbon more closely represents the rule and deserves attention as such. This book offers the first urban history of science, technology and medicine in Lisbon, 1840–1940. It addresses the hybrid character of a European port city, scientific capital and imperial metropolis. It discusses the role of science, technology, and medicine in the making of Lisbon, framed by the analysis of invisibilities, urban connections, and techno-scientific imaginaries. The book is accompanied by a virtual interactive map.Table of ContentsList of Illustrations Notes on Contributors Introduction  Ana Simões and Maria Paula Diogo Part 1. The Fabric of the City Introduction to Part 1  Maria Paula Diogo, Ana Simões 1. Paving the City and Urban Evolution: Science, Technology and Craftsmanship Under Our Feet  Lídia Fernandes 2. Trees, Nurseries, Tree-lined Streets and the Making of Modern Lisbon (1840-1886)  Ana Duarte Rodrigues 3. Working-class Neighborhoods in Lisbon: Republican Hygienist policies, and the Circulation of Workers and Capital  Maria Paula Diogo and Ana Simões 4. Crossing Urban and Transport Expertise to Pave Lisbon’s Future Urban Sprawl (1930s-1940s)  M. Luísa Sousa Part 2. Port City and Imperial Metropolis Introduction to Part 2   Maria Paula Diogo, Ana Simões 5. Hybrid Features at Lisbon’s New Lazaretto (1860-1908)  José Carlos Avelãs Nunes 6. The Customs Laboratory of Lisbon from the 1880s to the 1930s: Chemistry, Trade and Scientific Spaces  Ignacio Suay-Matallana 7. Lisbon After Quarantines: Urban Protection Against International Diseases  Celia Miralles-Buil 8. The Colonial Garden and the Colonial Agricultural Museum: Education, Research and “Tropical Illusion” in the Imperial Metropolis  Cláudia Castelo 9. Urbanising the History of “Discoveries:” The 1940 Portuguese World Exhibition and the Making of a New Imperial Capital  Antonio Sanchez and Carlos Godinho Part 3. The Daily Life in the City Introduction to Part 3  Maria Paula Diogo, Ana Simões 10. A Liberal Garden: The Estrela Garden and the Meaning of Being Public  Ana Duarte Rodrigues and Ana Simões 11. Allies or Enemies? Dogs in the Streets of Lisbon in the Second Half of the Nineteenth-Century  Inês Gomes 12. Intellectuals and the City: Private Matters in the Public Space  Daniel Gamito-Marques 13. Working Class Universities: Itinerant Spaces for Science, Technology and Medicine in Republican Lisbon  Ana Simões and Maria Paula Diogo 14. A Fascist Coney Island? Salazar's Dictatorship, Popular Culture and Technological Fun (1933-1943)  Jaume Valentines-Alvarez and Jaume Sastre-Juan Supplement. Historical Urban Cartography of Lisbon  João Machado Bibliographical References Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisScience and Society in the Sanskrit World contains seventeen essays that cover a kaleidoscopic array of classical Sanskrit scientific disciplines, such as the astral sciences, grammar, jurisprudence, theology, and hermeneutics. The volume foregrounds a unifying theme to Christopher Z. Minkowski’s intellectual oeuvre: that scholars’ scientific endeavors are inseparable from the social worlds that shaped those scholars’ lives. Contributors are: Anne Blackburn, Johannes Bronkhorst, Jonathan Duquette, Robert Goldman, Setsuro Ikeyama, Stephanie Jamison, Takanori Kusuba, John Lowe, Clemency Montelle, Valters Negribs, Rosalind O'Hanlon, Patrick Olivelle, Deven Patel, Kim Plofker, Frederick Smith, Barbora Sojkova, Thomas Trautmann, Elizabeth Tucker, Anand Venkatkrishnan, and Dominik Wujastyk.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe volume offers the first large-scale study of the teaching of Descartes’s philosophy in the early modern age. Its twenty chapters explore the clash between Descartes’s “new” philosophy and the established pedagogical practices and institutional concerns, as well as the various strategies employed by Descartes’s supporters in order to communicate his ideas to their students. The volume considers a vast array of topics, sources, and institutions, across the borders of countries and confessions, both within and without the university setting (public conferences, private tutorials, distance learning by letter) and enables us thereby to reconsider from a fresh perspective the history of early modern philosophy and education.Table of ContentsList of Figures and Tables Abbreviations Introduction  Davide Cellamare and Mattia Mantovani 1 Descartes and the Classroom  Theo Verbeek 2 The Philosophical Fulcrum of Seventeenth-Century Leiden: Pedagogical Innovation and Philosophical Novelty in Adriaan Heereboord  Howard Hotson 3 Teaching Cartesian Philosophy in Leiden: Adriaan Heereboord (1613–1661) and Johannes De Raey (1622–1702)  Antonella Del Prete 4 Reassessing Johannes De Raey’s Aristotelian-Cartesian Synthesis: The Copenhagen Manuscript Annotata in Principia philosophica (1658)  Domenico Collacciani 5 “Let Descartes Speak Dutch”: Spinoza’s Circle Teaching Cartesianism  Henri Krop 6 Patronage as a Means to End a University Controversy: The Conclusion of Two Cartesian Disputes at Frankfurt an der Oder (1656 and 1660)  Pietro Daniel Omodeo 7 Cartesian and Anti-Cartesian Disputations and Corollaries at Utrecht University, 1650–1670  Erik-Jan Bos 8 Between Descartes and Boyle: Burchard de Volder’s Experimental Lectures at Leiden, 1676–1678  Andrea Strazzoni 9 Medicine and the Mind in the Teaching of Theodoor Craanen (1633–1688)  Davide Cellamare 10 Cartesius Triumphatus: Gerard de Vries and Opposing Descartes at the University of Utrecht  Daniel Garber 11 Debating Cartesian Philosophy on Both Sides of the Channel: Johannes Schuler’s (1619–1674) Plea for libertas philosophandi  Igor Agostini 12 Descartes by Letter—Teaching Cartesianism in Mid-Seventeenth-Century Cambridge: Henry More, Thomas Clarke and Anne Conway  Sarah Hutton 13 Teaching Descartes’s Ethics in London and Cambridge  Roger Ariew 14 Teaching Magnetism in a Cartesian World, 1650–1700  Christoph Sander 15 The Anatomy of a Condemnation: Descartes’s Theory of Perception and the Louvain Affair, 1637–1671  Mattia Mantovani 16 Descartes’s Theory of Tides in the Louvain Classroom, 1670–1760  Carla Rita Palmerino 17 Traces of the Port-Royal Logic in the Louvain Logic Curricula  Steven Coesemans 18 Cartesianism and the Education of Women  Marie-Frédérique Pellegrin 19 Rohault’s Private Lessons on Cosmology  Mihnea Dobre 20 French Cartesianisms in the 1690s: The Textbooks of Regis and Pourchot  Tad M. Schmaltz Bibliography Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisʿAlī ibn Sahl Rabban aṭ-Ṭabarī's Indian Books, completed in the year 850 CE as an appendix to his medico-philosophical chef-d'œuvre "Paradise of Wisdom", belong to the most remarkable texts in Arabic scientific literature. The Indian Books offer a unique, interpretative summary of the main tenets of Ayurvedic medicine, as understood by Arabic-speaking scholars on the basis of now lost translations from Sanskrit. The present book centres around a critical edition and annotated translation of this crucial text, framed by a detailed introduction and extensive glossaries of terms. Ṭabarī's learned exposé of Ayurveda also throws a more nuanced light on the allegedly uncontested supremacy of Greek humoralism in 9th-century Arabic medicine.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book shows that a rigorous study of Aristotle’s Metaphysics is not simply an exercise in the history of astronomy, but constitutes a broad inquiry into our germinal ideas about speed, motion, and the spherical nature of celestial entities, as well as the relation between theology and gnoseology. Many have heard of Aristotle’s First Unmoved Mover, the one that moves all things without being moved. Very few, however, have managed to capture the ultimate meaning of that entity. One of the goals of this book is to explore why the existence of such a First Unmoved Mover is necessary, but the journey to this end allows us to understand why Aristotle maintained that there are a total of 55 Unmoved Movers, not just one. The key is Aristotelian astronomy, little studied so far in comparison with other aspects of his thought. In this solid piece of research and free philosophical speculation that Botteri & Casazza offer us, the authors’ gaze raised to the sky—by means of the naked-eye analysis of celestial movements—leads to the reconstruction of Aristotle’s astronomical system, key to understanding his cosmology, his physics, and even his metaphysics. This book is a revised English translation from the original Spanish publication El sistema astronómico de Aristoteles: Una interpretación, published by Ediciones Biblioteca Nacional, Buenos Aires, 2015.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements for this Translated Edition Acknowledgements to the Original Edition Abbreviations Prologue, by Horacio Gonzalez Introduction 1. The Spherical, Limited, and Hierarchical Cosmology of Aristotle 2. The Spherical Whole in Pre-Socratic Philosophy 3. The Platonic Mandate: Reducing Celestial Phenomena to Circular Motions 4. Eudoxus and Callippus: Planetary Models  4.1 The Heavens and the Compass  4.2 Planetary Trajectories 5. Aristotle’s Astronomical System  5.1 The Prime Mover and Unmoved Movers  5.2 Unmoved Movers and Celestial Spheres  5.3 Kinematics and Dynamics  5.4 The Integration of Planetary Spheres  5.5 The First Heaven and Wandering Stars  5.6 Two Celestial Systems 6. Metaphysics, , 8 and the Genetic Interpretation 7. Aristotle’s Meta-Astral Theology 8. The Animation of Celestial Bodies 9. Aristotle’s System in Perspective Appendices  Text Fragments  Eudoxus’s System: Additional Resources  The Grupo de Estudio del Cielo Sources Bibliography Subject index Author index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe Renaissance witnessed an upsurge in explanations of natural events in terms of invisibly small particles – atoms, corpuscles, minima, monads and particles. The reasons for this development are as varied as are the entities that were proposed. This volume covers the period from the earliest commentaries on Lucretius’ De rerum natura to the sources of Newton’s alchemical texts. Contributors examine key developments in Renaissance physiology, meteorology, metaphysics, theology, chymistry and historiography, all of which came to assign a greater explanatory weight to minute entities. These contributions show that there was no simple ‘revival of atomism’, but that the Renaissance confronts us with a diverse and conceptually messy process. Contributors are: Stephen Clucas, Christoph Lüthy, Craig Martin, Elisabeth Moreau, William R. Newman, Elena Nicoli, Sandra Plastina, Kuni Sakamoto, Jole Shackelford, and Leen Spruit.Table of ContentsContents List of Illustrations Notes on Contributors 1 Atoms, Corpuscles, and Minima in the Renaissance: An Overview  Christoph Lüthy and Elena Nicoli 2 Atomism in Sixteenth-Century Italian Commentaries on Lucretius  Elena Nicoli 3 Galenic Medicine and the Atomist Revival: Elements, Particles, and Minima in Late Renaissance Physiology  Elisabeth Moreau 4 Pores, Parts, and Powers in Sixteenth-Century Commentaries on Meteorologica IV  Craig Martin 5 Atoms, Corpuscles, and Minima in the Renaissance: The Case of Nicolaus Biesius (1516–1573)  Christoph Lüthy 6 Mechanical Arts and Biological Development on the Sixteenth-Century World Stage: The Paracelsian Mechanical Philosophy of Petrus Severinus  Jole Shackelford 7 Democritus in Francesco Patrizi and Giordano Bruno  Leen Spruit 8 Nicholas Hill, an English Atomist  Sandra Plastina 9 Finite God and Infinite Space: Conrad Vorstius and David Gorlaeus  Kuni Sakamoto 10 Atomism, Mechanism, and Chymistry in the Natural Philosophy of Walter Warner  Stephen Clucas 11 Isaac Newton’s Atomist Sources: The Case of Bernhard Varenius  William R. Newman Bibliography Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn this erudite book, Ian Adamson provides a comprehensive history of Gresham College in the seventeenth century, particularly its contribution to the intellectual, educational, and administrative life of London and England. He analyses its relationship with the Tudor and Stuart courts, the Corporation of London, the universities, and the Royal Society, and assesses the quality and effectiveness of all the professors elected during this period. Finally, he explains the presence in the College of Ben Jonson and Sir Kenelm Digby, why it is likely that Shakespeare was often in attendance, and the enduring impact of John Ward’s collective biography of the professors.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments List of Figures Introduction 1 Origins: The Influence of Sir Thomas and Lady Gresham, 1565–1596  1 Introduction  2 Fame: Sir Thomas Gresham and the Conception of Gresham College 1565–1579  3 Family: Lady Gresham and the Gestation of Gresham College  4 Conclusion 2 The Birth of Gresham College, Part 1: The Committee, the Property and the Income  1 The Committee  2 The Property  3 The Income  4 Conclusion 3 The Birth of Gresham College, Part 2: The Committee and the Professors 1597–1601  1 Introduction  2 Election: The Appointment of the Foundation Professors, 1597  3 Direction: The Academic and Administrative Regulation of the College, 1597–1601  4 Rejection: The Response of the Professors to the Regulation of the College, 1597–1601 4 A Fragile Truce: The Professors and the Trustees 1600–1640  1 Introduction  2 A Malleable Institution? 5 Patronage and Pluralism 1597–1660  1 Introduction  2 Royal and Aristocratic Patronage  3 University Patronage  4 The Gresham Committee 6 Gresham College 1640–1660: Disaster  1 Introduction  2 The Trustees and National Events  3 Gresham College 1640–1660: Appropriation  4 Gresham College 1640–1660: Elections  5 Gresham College 1640–1662: Criticism and Demands for Change 7 Gresham College 1660–1710: From the Restoration to the Departure of the Royal Society  1 Introduction  2 Part 1. Tragedy: The immediate Impact of the Great Fire on the Gresham Trusts  3 Part 2. Farce: The Trustees and the Professors 1660–1700 3.1 Part 2, 1: The Aftermath of the Great Fire, 1666–1680 3.2 Part 2, 2: Robert Hooke on Gresham College, 1672–1680 3.3 Part 2, 3: John Flamsteed on Gresham College 1680–1684 3.4 Part 2, 4: The Slide into Crisis 1684–1686  4 Part 3. Redemption? Gresham College and the Royal Society 1660–1699  5 Part 4. Failure: The College and Reform, 1699–1710  6 Conclusion 8 The Professors 1597–1710  1 Introduction  2 The Chair of Geometry 2.1 Henry Briggs (bap.1561–d.1631): Professor 1597–1620 2.2 Peter Turner (1586–1652): Professor 1620–1631 2.3 John Greaves (1602–1652): Professor 1631–1643 2.4 Ralph Button (1611/12–1680): Professor 1643–1648 2.5 Daniel Whistler (1618/19–1684): Professor 1648–1657 2.6 Lawrence Rooke (1619/20–1662): Professor 1657–1662 2.7 Isaac Barrow (1630–1677): Professor 1662–1664 2.8 Arthur Dacres (bap. 1624 – d. 1678): Professor 1664–1665 2.9 Robert Hooke (1635–1703): Professor 1665–1703 2.10 Andrew Tooke (bap.1673 – d.1732): Professor 1704–1729  3 The Chair of Astronomy 3.1 Edward Brerewood (1565–1613): Professor 1597–1613 3.2 Thomas Williams (c. 1582 – after 1620): Professor 1613–1620 3.3 Edmund Gunter (1581–1626): Professor 1620–1626 3.4 Henry Gellibrand (1597–1637): Professor 1626–1637 3.5 Samuel Foster (c. 1600–1652): Professor 1637 (March to November) and 1641–1652 3.6 Mungo Murray (1599–1670): Professor 1637–1641 3.7 Lawrence Rooke (1619/20–1662): Professor 1652–1657 3.8 Christopher Wren (1632–1723): Professor 1657–1661 3.9 Walter Pope (1628–1714): Professor 1661–1687 3.10 Daniel Man (c. 1665–1723): Professor 1687–1691 3.11 Alexander Torriano (1667–1716): Professor 1691–1713  4 The Chair of Physic 4.1 Matthew Gwinne. (1558–1627): Professor: 1597–1607 4.2 Peter Mounsell (c.1570–1615): Professor: 1607–1615 4.3 Thomas Winston (1575–1655): Professor: 1615–1642 and 1652–1655 4.4 Paul de Laune (1585–1655?): Professor 1643–1652 4.5 Jonathan Goddard (1617–1675): Professor 1655–1675 4.6 John Mapletoft (1631–1721): Professor 1675–1679 4.7 Henry Paman (1623–1695): Professor 1679–1689 4.8 Edward Stillingfleet (1661–1708): Professor 1689–1693 4.9 John Woodward (1665–1728): Professor 1693–1728  5 The Chair of Divinity 5.1 Anthony Wotton (1561–1626): Professor 1597–8 5.2 Hugh (Hugo) Gray (c.1559–1604): Professor 1598–1604 5.3 William Dakins (1568–1607): Professor 1604–1607 5.4 George Mountayne (1569–1628): Professor 1607–1610 5.5 William Osbolston (c.1578–1645): Professor 1610–1612 5.6 Samuel Brooke (1575–1631): Professor 1612–1629 5.7 Richard Holdsworth (1590–1649): Professor 1629–1641 5.8 Thomas Horton (c.1606–1673): Professor 1641–1661 5.9 George Gifford (c.1623–1686): Professor 1661–1686 5.10 Henry Wells (c.1660-?): Professor 1686–1691 5.11 Edward Lany (c. 1665–1728): Professor 1691–1728  6 The Chair of Law 6.1 Henry Mountlow (c.1554–1634): Professor 1597–1607 6.2 Clement Corbet (1576–1652): Professor 1607–1613 6.3 Thomas Eden (c. 1577–1645): Professor 1613–40 6.4 Benjamin Thorneton (1613–1667): Professor 1640–1644 and 1660–1667 6.5 Joshua Cross (1615–1676): Professor 1644–1649 6.6 Thomas Leonard (c. 1599–1659): Professor 1649–1650 6.7 John Bond (1612–1676): Professor 1650–1660 6.8 Richard Pearson (1630–1670): Professor 1667–1670 6.9 John Clarke (c.1625–1672): Professor 1670–1672 6.10 Roger Meredith (c.1637–1700): Professor 1673–1687 6.11 Robert Briggs (1660–1718): Professor 1687–1718  7 The Chair of Music 7.1 John Bull (1559x1563–1628): Professor 1597–1607 7.2 Thomas Clayton (1575–1647): Professor 1607–1610 7.3 John Taverner (1584–1638): Professor 1610–1638 7.4 Richard Knight (c.1610–c.1651): Professor 1638–1651 7.5 William Petty (1623–1687): Professor 1651–1661 7.6 Thomas Baines (c.1622–1681): Professor 1661–1681 7.7 William Perry (c. 1651–1696): Professor 1681–1696 7.8 John Newey (1664–1735): Professor 1696–1705 7.9 Robert Shippen (1675–1745): Professor 1705–1710  8 Chair of Rhetoric 8.1 Caleb Willis (c.1567–c.1598): Professor 1597–8 8.2 Richard Ball (c. 1550–?): Professor 1598–1614 8.3 Charles Croke (c. 1587–1657): Professor 1614–1619 8.4 Henry Croke (c. 1596–1642): Professor 1619–1627 8.5 Edward Wilkinson (1607–?): Professor 1627–1638 8.6 John Goodridge (c.1581–1654): Professor 1638–1654 8.7 Richard Hunt (c.1628–1690): Professor 1654–9 8.8 William Croone (1633–1684): Professor 1659–1670 8.9 Henry Jenkes (d. 1697): Professor 1670–1676 8.10 John King (??): Professor 1676–1686 8.11 Charles Gresham (c. 1663–1718): Professor 1686–1696 8.12 Edward Martyn (c. 1671–1720): Professor 1696–1720  9 Conclusion 9 Gresham College, Four Persons of Interest: Benjamin Jonson, William Shakespeare, Sir Kenelm Digby and Doctor John Ward  1 Introduction  2 Benjamin Jonson ‘of Gresham College’ 2.1 Introduction  3 William Shakespeare, Matthew Gwinne and Gresham College: Did Shakespeare Cross the Road? 3.1 Introduction  4 Aubrey’s Bearded Recluse: Sir Kenelm Digby and Gresham College, 1633 and After 4.1 Aubrey’s Brief Life of Digby: Provenance and Corroboration 4.2 Corroboration by Contemporary Letters or Other Documentation? 4.3 The Influence of Aubrey’s Story on Biographers and Historians 4.4 What Was Digby Doing between 1633 and 1635? 4.5 Aubrey’s Error: Digby, Hunneades and Gresham College after 1635 4.6 Conclusion  5 Dr John Ward. Gresham College: ‘So Noble a Design’ Conclusion Appendix Bibliography Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisOliver Kahl and Henrietta Sharp Cockrell present a facsimile edition of a newly discovered medieval medical text attributed to the famous physician Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakariyyāʾ al-Rāzī (Rhazes, d. 925 CE). This unique Arabic manuscript comprises a work in the health regimen genre titled “Book of the Crown” (Kitāb al-Iklīl). Copied in 1220 CE and bound parallel to the text (flip-bound), it is highly unusual, both in terms of physical appearance and topical choices. The edition is accompanied by an annotated English translation en regard, a detailed introduction including a codicological study, and bilingual indices.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements Introduction  1 Preliminary Notes  2 Rhazes  3 The Present Work  4 Authorship  5 Manuscript Format  6 Text Layout  7 Illuminated Heading  8 Measurements and Script  9 Paper  10 Binding  11 Conclusion Plates Facsimile Edition and Translation Bibliography Index of Substances and Products Index of Proper Names

Read more less

Book SynopsisConnections between the Society of Jesus and astrology used to appear as unexpected at best. Astrology was never viewed favourably by the Church, especially in early modern times, and since Jesuits were strong defenders of Catholic orthodoxy, most historians assumed that their religious fervour would be matched by an equally strong rejection of astrology. This groundbreaking and compelling study brings to light new Jesuit scientific texts revealing a much more positive, practical, and nuanced attitude. What emerges forcefully is a totally new perspective into early modern Jesuit culture, science, and education, highlighting the element that has been long overlooked: astrology.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements List of Figures List of Tables Abbreviations Transcription and Citation Notes Astrological Symbols Introduction Part 1: Astrology in the Early Modern Era Introduction to Part 1 1 Early Modern Astrology: An Overview  1 The Practice of Astrology  2 A Changing Knowledge  3 Astrology in Print  4 Pico’s Critique 2 The Church and Astrology  1 A Clash of Doctrines  2 An Art Divided  3 The Regulation of Astrology 3 The Mathematization of Astrology 4 The Marginalization of Astrology  1 Astrology as Science  2 A Changed Knowledge Part 2: Jesuits and Astrology Introduction to Part 2 5 Jesuits against Astrology  1 Benito Pereira (1590)  2 Martín Del Rio (1599–1600)  3 Alessandro De Angelis (1615)  4 The Bibliotheca selecta (1593)  5 Later Examples  6 The Anti-astrological Discourse 6 Jesuits Accepting Astrology  1 Francisco Suárez on Astrology  2 Further Examples  3 Standing in Ambiguity 7 Astrology in Jesuit Science  1 The Ratio Studiorum, Mathematics and Astrology  2 Clavius and Astrology  3 Astrology in Jesuit Printed Works  4 Between Print and Manuscript  5 Astrology among Jesuit Scholars 8 Astrology as Cultural Currency: Jesuits in the East  1 China: New Astrology for an Old Empire  2 Notes on Japan and India  3 European Astrology in the East 9 Brave New World: Jesuits and Astrology in the Americas  1 Different Skies, Different Influences  2 Jesuits and Astrology under Southern Skies  3 Catholic Constellations: Astrology in Religious Discourse  4 Under New Skies Part 3: Jesuits Teaching Astrology Introduction to Part 3 10 The Aula da Esfera of Santo Antão  1 The Astrological Manuscripts and Their Authors  2 Other Astrological Texts  3 The Students of the Aula da Esfera  4 Astrology at the Aula da Esfera: A Timeline  5 The Example of the Aula da Esfera 11 Teaching Astrology  1 A Jesuit Astrological Programme?  2 Defending Astrology  3 The Astrological Syllabus  4 Gonzaga’s Baroque Astrology  5 A Jesuit Astrology? Part 4: Jesuit Astrologers Introduction to Part 4 12 Practicing Astrology  1 Judgements on Comets  2 An Astrological Report to the Court  3 The Calendar of Trnava  4 Nativities  5 Other Applications  6 The Practice in Perspective Final Thoughts Appendix 1: Bull Coeli et Terrae Appendix 2: Teachers of the Aula da Esfera Appendix 3: Jesuit Astrological Manuscripts Appendix 4: Documents Bibliography Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisA new view for studying and understanding biological evolution emerges when the concepts of phylogenetic systematics and exaptation are combined. A new definition of macroevolution is created. Preadaptation is shown to be a null concept and its comparison with exaptation is shown to be inappropriate. This book criticizes the prevailing view, the adaptationist, microevolutionary outlook, which considers adaptation as being the exclusive or main evolutionary process responsible for vertebrates having occupied the terrestrial environment. The authors argue that the macroevolutionary processes are significantly more important to explain an improbable evolutionary event. Their research shows that macroevolutionary processes are the dominant factors involved in the origin of terrestriality.Table of ContentsPreface Acknowledgements List of Illustrations Notes for Reading This book 1 Phylogenetic Systematics or Cladistics, Introductory Information  1 From Darwin to Hennig  2 Which Animals Are We Dealing With?  3 The Skeleton 2 Adaptive Scenarios 3 Adaptationism, Microevolution, Macroevolution, and Exaptation 4 Monophyly and Geological Time as Counter-arguments to the Adaptationist View of the Origin of Terrestrial Vertebrates  1 Monophyly of Terrestrial Vertebrates  2 The Geologic Time Gap  3 The Extreme Diversity of the Actinopterygii  4 The Phyletic Nature of †Placoderms and †Acanthodians 5 Method Based on Cladistics: New Perspectives  1 Criticisms of Adaptationism  2 Characters  3 Life Styles  4 The Issue of Topology  5 The Origins of Limbs with Digits, Walking, and Terrestriality  6 Recent Phylogenies of Basal Tetrapoda Reveal an Additional Argument  7 Exaptation: Misunderstandings of the Concept  8 Complementary Considerations 6 Geological Time, Morphology, and Ecology  1 Characters  2 Abrupt Appearance of Several Characters  3 Evolutionary Space for Independent New Invasions of Land by Vertebrates after the Devonian 7 Absence of Correlation among Characters and Asynchrony in Their Origins as Additional Arguments 8 Synergy among Arguments and Summary Considerations of the Main Arguments 9 Exaptations, Not Preadaptations, at the Origin of Terrestriality in Vertebrates 10 Science and Its Limits  1 A Statement on Scientific Paradigms  2 A View on the Sociology of Science  3 Epilogue Glossary References Index

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis collection of essays explores how Enlightenment and post-Enlightenment developments in the earth sciences and related fields (paleontology, mining, archeology, seismology, oceanography, evolution, etc.) impacted on contemporary French culture. They reveal that geological ideas were a much more pervasive and influential cultural force than has hitherto been supposed. From the mid-eighteenth century, with the publication of Buffon’s seminal Théorie de la Terre (1749), until the early twentieth century, concepts and figures drawn from the earth sciences inspired some of the most important French philosophers, novelists, political theorists, historians and popularizers of science of the time. This book charts the original and influential ways in which French writers and thinkers, such as Buffon, d’Holbach, Balzac, Sand, Verne, Gide and Malraux, exploited the earth sciences for very different ends. This volume will be of interest to students, researchers and scholars of French literature in the modern period, cultural historians of modern France, scholars of European studies, of French political history, of the History of Ideas or the History of Science as well as researchers in landscape and physical geography.Table of ContentsList of Contributors Acknowledgements Louise LYLE and David MCCALLAM: Introduction Section 1: The Enlightenment Benoît DE BAERE: Natural Catastrophe in Buffon’s Histoire Naturelle: Earth Science, Aesthetics, Anthropology Grégory QUENET: When Geology Encounters a Real Catastrophe: From Theoretical Earthquakes to the Lisbon Disaster Rebecca FORD: Images of the Earth, Images of Man: The Mineralogical Plates of the Encyclopédie Ian D. ROTHERHAM and David MCCALLAM: Peat Bogs, Marshes and Fen as Disputed Landscapes in Late Eighteenth-Century France and England Section 2: Early to Mid-Nineteenth Century Greg KERR: “Nous avons enlacé le globe de nos réseaux…”: Spatial Structure in Saint-Simonian Poetics Ceri CROSSLEY: Pierre Leroux and the Circulus: Soil, Socialism and Salvation in Nineteenth-Century France Scott SPRENGER: Mind as Ruin: Balzac’s “Sarrasine” and the Archaeology of Self Claire LE GUILLOU: Archaeology – A Passion of George Sand Section 3: Late Nineteenth Century Tim UNWIN: Jules Verne and the Discovery of the Natural World Anca MITROI: Jules Verne’s Transylvania: Cartographic Omissions Kiera VACLAVIK: Undermining Body and Mind? The Impact of the Underground in Nineteenth-Century Children’s Literature Ben FISHER: Alfred Jarry’s Neo-Science: Liquidizing Paris and Debunking Verne Section 4: Early Twentieth Century Louise LYLE: Reading Environmental Apocalypse in J.-H. Rosny Aîné’s Terrestrial Texts David H. WALKER : André Gide, Eugène Rouart and le retour à la terre Martin HURCOMBE: Down to Earth: André Malraux’s Political Itinerary and the Natural World Index of Names

Read more less