History of science Books

Book SynopsisLocations of Knowledge in Dutch Contexts brings together scholars who shed light on the ways locations gave shape to scientific knowledge practices in the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of the Netherlands. This interdisciplinary volume uses four hundred years of Dutch history as a laboratory to investigate spatialized understandings of the history of knowledge. By conceptualizing locations of knowing as time-specific configurations of actors, artefacts, and activities, contributors to this volume not only examine cities as specific kind of locations, but also analyze the regionally and globally networked and transformative character of locations. Many of the locations which are studied in this volume are still visible until the present day. Contributors are Azadeh Achbari, Fokko Jan Dijksterhuis, Alette Fleischer, Floor Haalboom, Marijn Hollestelle, Dirk van Miert, Ilja Nieuwland, Abel Streefland, Andreas Weber, Martin Weiss, Gerhard Wiesenfeldt, and Huib Zuidervaart.Table of ContentsList of Figures and Tables Notes on Contributors 1 The Netherlands as a Laboratory of Knowing: Introduction to Locations of Knowledge in Dutch Contexts  Fokko Jan Dijksterhuis and Andreas Weber Part 1: Cities 2 Science in the Theatre of Towns  Fokko Jan Dijksterhuis 3 The ‘Duytsche Mathematique’ and Leiden Family Networks, 1600–1620  Gerhard Wiesenfeldt 4 The Middelburg Theatrum Anatomicum: A Location of Knowledge and Culture in an Early Urban Context  Huib J. Zuidervaart Part 2: Connections 5 Breyne’s Botany: (Re-)locating Nature and Knowledge in Danzig (circa 1660–1730)  Alette Fleischer 6 An Amphibious Science: Where Storms Took Shape  Azadeh Achbari 7 Science to Bring the Nation Together: The Formation of Nomadic Congresses in the Netherlands and Flanders  Ilja Nieuwland 8 Between Openness and Classification: Early Dutch Ultracentrifuge Development in International Context  Abel Streefland Part 3: Transformations 9 The Disputation Hall in the Seventeenth-Century Dutch Republic: An Urban Location of Knowledge  Dirk Van Miert 10 The Lorentz Transformation of a Museum  Martin P.M. Weiss 11 Scientists in Cowsheds: Disputes Over Hygienic Milk Production in the Netherlands, 1918–1928  Floor Haalboom 12 Blending Research: Linking Dutch Industrial and Academic Polymer Laboratories, 1940–1980  Marijn J. Hollestelle Index

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Book SynopsisThe first of its kind, this collection of critical essays opens up new venues in the comparative study of science and culture by focusing on the formative decades of modern China in the late nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century. It provides a wide-ranging examination of the cultural and intellectual history of science and technology in modern China.From anti-imperialism to the technology of Chinese writing, the commodification of novelties to the rise of the modern professional scientist, new lexica and appropriations of the past, the contributors map out a transregional and global circuitry of modern knowledge and practical know-how, nationalism and the amalgamation of new social practices. Contributors include: Iwo Amelung, Fa-ti Fan, Shen Guowei, Danian Hu, Joachim Kurtz, Eugenia Lean, Thomas S. Mullaney, Hugh Shapiro, Grace Shen, and Jing Tsu.

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Book SynopsisDuring the later Middle Ages (twelfth to fifteenth centuries), the study of chronology, astronomy, and scriptural exegesis among Christian scholars gave rise to Latin treatises that dealt specifically with the Jewish calendar and its adaptation to Christian purposes. In Medieval Latin Christian Texts on the Jewish Calendar C. Philipp E. Nothaft offers the first assessment of this phenomenon in the form of critical editions, English translations, and in-depth studies of five key texts, which together shed fascinating new light on the avenues of intellectual exchange between medieval Jews and Christians.Table of ContentsTable of Contents PREFACE LIST OF PLATES ABBREVIATIONS SIGNS USED IN THE CRITICAL APPARATUS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE: CONTEXTS AND PRETEXTS 1. The Jewish calendar: history and structure 2. The Easter computus and the challenge of calendar reform 3. The Christian encounter with the Jewish calendar: antiquity to twelfth century CHAPTER TWO: THE ANONYMOUS LIBER ERARUM 1. Structure and contents 2. Origin and date 3. The manuscripts 4. The edition LIBER ERARUM THE BOOK OF ERAS CHAPTER THREE: ROBERT OF LEICESTER’S TREATISE ON THE HEBREW CALENDAR (1294) 1. Franciscan Hebraism and the challenge of biblical chronology 2. Manuscripts, date, and authorship 3. Structure and contents 4. The edition ROBERTUS DE LEYCESTRIA: TRACTATUS DE COMPOTO HEBREORUM APTATO AD KALENDARIUM ROBERT OF LEICESTER: TREATISE ON THE COMPUTUS OF THE HEBREWS AND ITS ADAPTATION TO OUR CALENDAR CHAPTER FOUR: NICHOLAS TREVET’S COMPOTUS HEBREORUM (1310) 1. Introduction 2. Context, contents, and sources 3. The edition NICOLAUS TREVET: COMPOTUS HEBREORUM NICHOLAS TREVET: ON THE COMPUTUS OF THE HEBREWS CHAPTER FIVE: THE COMPUTUS IUDAICUS OF 1342 1. Introduction 2. The manuscripts 3. Structure and contents 4. Context and transmission 5. Transliteration of Hebrew terms 6. The tables 7. Major textual changes 8. The commentaries 9. Authorship and date 10. The users 11. The edition COMPUTUS JUDAICUS ON THE JEWISH COMPUTUS COMMENTARIUS IN COMPUTUM JUDAICUM COMMENTARY ON THE ‘JEWISH COMPUTUS’ CHAPTER SIX: HERMANN ZOEST’S CALENDARIUM HEBRAICUM NOVUM (1436) 1. The Jewish calendar in the work of Hermann Zoest 2. Calendarium Hebraicum novum: structure and contents 3. The manuscripts 4. The edition HERMANNUS ZOESTIUS: CALENDARIUM HEBRAICUM NOVUM HERMANN ZOEST: A NEW HEBREW CALENDAR 5. Chronological commentary on Hermann’s Calendarium APPENDIX I: JOHN OF PULCHRO RIVO ON THE JEWISH CALENDAR APPENDIX II: NOTES ON FURTHER TEXTS AND MANUSCRIPTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Book SynopsisThe volume articles examine exemplarily how some of the Copernicus myths came about and if they could hold their ground. They investigate methodological, institutional, textual and visual transformations of the Copernican doctrine and the topical, rhetorical and literary transformations of the historical person of Copernicus respectively.Trade Review“Recommended. Researchers/faculty and professionals.“ Mary Kay Hemenway, University of Texas at Austin. In: CHOICE, Vol. 52, No. 11 (July 2015). “excellent essays.” André Goddu, Stonehill College. In: Renaissance Quarterly, Vol. 69, No. 1 (Spring 2016), pp. 264-266.Table of ContentsNotes on the Editors Notes on the Contributors List of Illustrations Introduction: The Making of Copernicus WOLFGANG NEUBER, THOMAS RAHN, CLAUS ZITTEL PART ONE THE COPERNICAN TURN: METHODOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATIONS AND REJECTIONS The Decline of Medieval Disputation Culture and the ‘Wittenberg Interpretation of the Copernican Theory’ STEFAN KIRSCHNER, ANDREAS KÜHNE The Silence of the Wolves, Or, Why it Took the Holy Inquisition Seventy-Three Years to Ban Copernicanism GEREON WOLTERS A Natural History of the Heavens: Francis Bacon’s Anti-Copernicanism DANA JALOBEANU Hume’s Copernican Turn TAMÁS DEMETER PART TWO NEW ASTRONOMY: TEXTUAL AND GRAPHIC TRANSFORMATIONS Arguing for One’s World. Copernicus’s Theories and Their Reception in Jean Bodins Theatrum JONATHAN SCHÜZ Writing after Copernicus. Epistemology and Poetics in Giordano Bruno’s Ash Wednesday Supper STEFFEN SCHNEIDER Die Erde als Mond. Kopernikanische Wenden in Raumreiserzählungen des 17. Jahrhunderts (Kepler, Godwin, Cyrano de Bergerac) THOMAS RAHN Decentralisation of the Sun as Beginning of Modernity. The Transition from Copernicanism to the Plurality of Worlds in French Engravings LUCÍA AYALA PART THREE NEW ASTRONOMERS: BIOGRAPHICAL TRANSFORMATIONS Timid Mathematicians vs. Daring Explorers of the Infinite Cosmos: Giordano Bruno, Literary Self-Fashioning and De revolutionibus orbium coelestium. SERGIUS KODERA ‘Copernicus Found a Treasure the True Value of Which He Did Not Know at All’. The Life of Copernicus by Pierre Gassendi CLAUS ZITTEL Hero of the Bourgeois World. Copernicus and His Afterlife in German Literature WOLFGANG NEUBER Max Brod: Tycho Brahes Weg zu Gott JÖRG JUNGMAYR Index Nominum

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Book SynopsisIn Making the New World Their Own, Qiong Zhang offers a systematic study of how Chinese scholars in the late Ming and early Qing came to understand that the earth is shaped as a globe. This notion arose from their encounters with Matteo Ricci, Giulio Aleni and other Jesuits. These encounters formed a fascinating chapter in the early modern global integration of space. It unfolded as a series of mutually constitutive and competing scholarly discourses that reverberated in fields from cosmology, cartography and world geography to classical studies. Zhang demonstrates how scholars such as Xiong Mingyu, Fang Yizhi, Jie Xuan, Gu Yanwu, and Hu Wei appropriated Jesuit ideas to rediscover China’s place in the world and reconstitute their classical tradition. Winner of the Chinese Historians in the United States (CHUS) "2015 Academic Excellence Award"Trade Review"The title of this fine study of the relationship between Jesuit missionaries and Chinese scholars shows that the author is determined to explore the Chinese side of that relationship far more than other recent studies of the Jesuits in China. Rather than a Eurocentric view of a “New World,” which focusses on the Americas, Zhang relates how encounters with Europeans and, more important, encounters with Jesuits enabled late Ming- and early Qing-dynasty China to adopt a new picture of the world." – Sheila J. Rabin, in: Journal of Jesuit Studies 3/3 (2016), pp. 518-519 [Full review]Table of ContentsList of Illustrations Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations 1 Introduction: Globalization, Localization, and Cultural Resilience 2 Mapping a Contact Zone 3 Divergent Discourses on the Physical Earth in Premodern China 4 The Introduction and Refashioning of the Terraqueous Globe 5 Translating the Four Seas across Space and Time 6 Taking in a New World 7 Conclusion: Jesuit Science and the Shape of Early Chinese Modernity Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThe Flowering of Ecology presents an English translation of Maria Sibylla Merian’s 1679 ‘caterpillar’ book, Der Raupen wunderbare Verwandelung und sonderbare Blumen–Nahrung. Her processes in making the book and an analysis of its scientific content are presented in a historical context. Merian raised insects for five decades, recording the food plants, behavior and ecology of roughly 300 species. Her most influential invention was an 'ecological' composition in which the metamorphic cycles of insects (usually moths and butterflies) were arrayed around plants that served as food for the caterpillars. Kay Etheridge analyzes the 1679 caterpillar book from the viewpoint of a biologist, arguing that Merian’s study of insect interactions with plants, the first of its kind, was a formative contribution to natural history. Read Kay Etheridge’s blogpost on “Art Herstory”. See inside the book.Trade ReviewIt is hard to choose between superlatives with which to characterize this modestly sized but highly significant volume. Focusing on one of best-known names in the history of natural history at the turn of the eighteenth century, Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717), it demonstrates that even the esteem in which she has been held fails to recognize the extent of her originality. Arthur MacGregor, Archives of Natural History 49.1 (2022): 224 "Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates. Graduate students and faculty. General readers." --A. L. Jacobsen (California State University, Bakersfield ), June 2022 issue of CHOICE "[...] after years of distortion, in the past few decades, her real contributions to entomology have started to come into view. The Flowering of Ecology: Maria Sibylla Merian’s Caterpillar Book by Kay Etheridge, with translations by Michael Ritterson, is a significant contribution to this effort." --Kim Todd (University of Minnesota), EMW Vol. 16 No. 2 • Spring 2022, 351-353Table of ContentsForeword  Brian Ogilvie Preface Acknowledgments List of Illustrations part 1: The Flowering of Ecology 1 Before the Transformation  Introduction  Art and Science Intertwined  Drawings/Manuscripts  Still Life Painting  Finding God in Nature  Natural History of Insects in Printed Works  Publishing Illustrated Natural History Books  Studies of Metamorphosis 2 A Life Investigated  Growing up in Frankfurt am Main  Early Fascination with Insects  Marriage and the Move to Nuremberg  The Flower Books  Beginnings of the Raupen Books  Merian’s Motivations 3 Described and Painted from Life  Fieldwork: The Basis of Merian’s Empirical Studies  Laboratory Work  Merian’s Study Journal  Merian’s Other Sources of Information  Illustrating the Raupen Book  Composing the Images  Making the Plates  Merian’s Counterproofs  Composing the Text of Her Book  Financing, Printing and Marketing the Raupen Book 4 For the Benefit of Naturalists  The Rupsen Books  The Last Caterpillar Book  Later Editions and Their Lasting Effects  Recognition and Reception by Near Contemporaries  Merian’s Influence on Natural History  Merian’s Reputation as a Naturalist part 2: Plates, Translation and Commentary Maria Sibylla Merian’s Caterpillar Book Appendix: Translation of Selected Entries from Maria Sibylla Merian’s Study Journal Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisWhen, why and how was it first believed that the corpse could reveal ‘signs’ useful for understanding the causes of death and eventually identifying those responsible for it? The Body of Evidence. Corpses and Proofs in Early Modern European Medicine, edited by Francesco Paolo de Ceglia, shows how in the late Middle Ages the dead body, which had previously rarely been questioned, became a specific object of investigation by doctors, philosophers, theologians and jurists. The volume sheds new light on the elements of continuity, but also on the effort made to liberate the semantization of the corpse from what were, broadly speaking, necromantic practices, which would eventually merge into forensic medicine.Table of ContentsList of Figures Contributing Authors Introduction: Corpses, Evidence and Medical Knowledge in the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age Francesco Paolo de Ceglia SECTION 1. FROM DIVINATION TO AUTOPSY 1. Saving the Phenomenon: Why Corpses Bled in the Presence of their Murderer in Early Modern Science Francesco Paolo de Ceglia 2. Unfamiliar Faces: The Identification of Corpses In Late Medieval Valencia Carmel Ferragud 3. Reading the Corpse (Bologna, Mid 13th-Early 16thth Century) Tommaso Duranti SECTION 2. THE UNCERTAINTIES OF THE ANATOMICAL GAZE 4. Dissection Techniques, Forensics and Anatomy in the Sixteenth Century Allen Shotwell 5. Monstrous Exegesis: Opening Up Double Monsters in Early Modern Europe Alan W.H. Bates 6. Corpses, Contagion and Courage: Fear and the Inspection of Bodies in Seventeenth-Century London Kevin Siena 7. Knowledge from and on Bodies and Resistance to Anatomical Discourse (Padua, 16th-18th Centuries) Massimo Galtarossa SECTION 3: CORPSES AND EVIDENCES 8. Reading Deeds, Lifestyles and Bodies: The Classification of Suicide in Early Modern Europe Alexander Kästner 9. Corpses and Confessions: Forensic Investigation and Infanticide in Early Modern Germany Margaret Brannan Lewis 10. Visum et Repertum: Medical Doctrine and Criminal Procedures in France and Naples (17th-18th Centuries) Diego Carnevale 11. Frightening Whirlpools: Drowning in France in the Eighteenth Century Lucia De Frenza and Caterina Tisci Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisFrancis Willughby together with John Ray revolutionized the study of natural history. They were motivated by the new philosophy of the mid 1600s and transformed natural history in to a rigorous area of study. Because Ray lived longer and more of his writings have survived, his reputation subsequently eclipsed that of Willughby. Now, with access to previously unexplored archives and new discoveries we are able to provide a comprehensive evaluation of Francis Willughby’s life and works. What emerges is a polymath, a true virtuoso, who made original and imaginative contributions to mathematics, chemistry, linguistics as well as natural history. We use Willughby’s short life as a lens through which to view the entire process of seventeenth-century scientific endeavor. Contributors are Tim Birkhead, Isabelle Charmantier, David Cram, Meghan Doherty, Mark Greengrass, Daisy Hildyard, Dorothy Johnston, Sachiko Kusukawa, Brian Ogilvie, William Poole, Chris Preston, Anna Marie Roos, Richard Serjeantson, Paul J. Smith and Benjamin Wardhaugh.Trade Review[this] ]volume [...] provides us with an exemplary view of a figure [of Francis Willughby] whose wide-ranging significance is at last becoming clear. - Michael Hunter, Birkbeck, University of London, EHR, CXXXIII. 564, October. 2018, 1314-1316, doi:10.1093/ehr/cey215 It [the work] is a very worthy validation of a neglected and misunderstood scientist. - William Noblett, Archives of Natural History 45.1 (2018): pp. 184-185 (DOI: 10.3366/anh.2018.0503)Table of ContentsForeword by Michael Willoughby, Lord Middleton xi Preface xii Acknowledgements xvi List of Figures and Maps xix List of Abbreviations xxiii List of Contributors xxiv 1. The Life and Domestic Context of Francis Willughby 1 Dorothy Johnston 2. The Education of Francis Willughby 44 Richard Serjeantson 3. The Chymistry of Francis Willughby (1635–72): The Trinity College, Cambridge Community 99 Anna Marie Roos 4. Willughby’s Mathematics 122 Benjamin Wardhaugh 5 Science on the Move: Francis Willughby’s Expeditions 142 Mark Greengrass, Daisy Hildyard, Christopher D. Preston, and Paul J. Smith 6 The Willughby Library in the Time of Francis the Naturalist 227 William Poole 7. Francis Willughby and John Ray on Words and Things 244 David Cram 8. Willughby’s Ornithology 268 Tim R. Birkhead, Paul J. Smith, Meghan Doherty, and Isabelle Charmantier 9. Historia Piscium (1686) and Its Sources 305 Sachiko Kusukawa 10. Willughby on Insects 335 Brian W. Ogilvie 11. The Legacies of Francis Willughby 360 Isabelle Charmantier, Dorothy Johnston, and Paul J. Smith Bibliography 387 Index 419

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Book SynopsisScientific experimentation with humans has a long history. Combining elements of history of science with history of medicine, The Uses of Humans in Experiment illustrates how humans have grappled with issues of consent, and how scientists have balanced experience with empiricism to achieve insights for scientific as well as clinical progress. The modern incarnation of ethics has often been considered a product of the second half of the twentieth century, as enshrined in international laws and codes, but these authors remind us that this territory has long been debated, considered, and revisited as a fundamental part of the scientific enterprise that privileges humans as ideal subjects for advancing research.Trade Review"The Uses of Human Experiment is a collection of what individually are very interesting and useful essays that cover little-studied episodes in the history of human subject research." Piers J. Hale (University of Oklahoma), in Metascience (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11016-019-00398-x. '[...] from colorful tales on exploring the bodies of 18th-century hermaphrodites and the follies of self-experimentation by people of the stature of Alexander von Humboldt to well-intentioned nutritional experiments with prisoners, the risks and promises of radium, race and eugenics, and the horrors of the Nazis' coerced research. The essays keep readers interested and intrigued and provoke reflection on the status of humans as subjects for experimentation. This volume will be useful to scholars who have worked or are currently working on the history and ethics of research on humans and need to further illustrate or enhance their work with the addition of historical facts or colorful notes.' - P. Rodriguez del Pozo (Weill Cornell Medical College), in: CHOICE, November 2016 Vol. 54 No. 3Table of Contents1 The Hermphrodite of Charing Cross 2 Galvanic Humans Rob Iliffe 3 The Subject as Instrument: Galvanic Experiments, Organic Apparatus and Problems of Calibration Joan Steigerwald 4 Shocking Subjects: Human Experiments and the Material Culture of Medical Electricity in Eighteenth-Century England Paola Bertucci 5 Pneumatic Chemistry, Self-Experimentation and the Burden of Revolution, 1780–1805 Larry Stewart 6 Food Fights: Human Experiments in Late Nineteenth-Century Nutrition Physiology Elizabeth Neswald 7 Experimenting with Radium Therapy: In the Laboratory & the Clinic Katherine Zwicker 8 Anthropometry, Race, and Eugenic Research: “Measurements of Growing Negro Children” Paul A. Lombardo 9 Nazi Human Experiments: The Victims’ Perspective and the Post-Second World War Discourse Paul Weindling 10 A Eugenics Experiment: Sterilization, Hyperactivity and Degeneration Erika Dyck

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Book SynopsisThe Understanding, Prevention and Control of Human Cancer is an account of how a married couple opened understanding of environmental carcinogenesis. Elizabeth Cavert and James A. Miller showed that enzymes of the human body activate and enable otherwise benign organic chemicals to combine with DNA in such a manner that cancer results. Their work is of particular note because cancer causes more loss of life-years than the sum of all other causes of death—and, as the President’s (USA) Cancer Panel warned, environmental carcinogenesis is a form of cancer that has been previously “grossly underestimated”. The Millers’ cancer research led to tests that identify dangerous chemicals which in turn permits prevention and thus the control of human cancer.Trade Review"A seminal paper authored in 1947 by Elizabeth C. Miller (1920–87) and James A. Miller (1915–2000) provided the first clue to an underlying common mechanism for the biological activities of chemical carcinogens. […] Robert G. McKinnell has recently published an excellent biography of James and Elizabeth Miller, motivated in part by his desire ‘that the Millers should be recognized by the myriads of ordinary people whose lives have been impacted for the better.’" - Norman Drinkwater, University of Wisconsin-Madison, in: Medical History 61.1 (January 2017)Table of ContentsAcknowledgements xi Also by Robert G. McKinnell xiv In Appreciation xv List of Figures xvi 1. Cancer is the Most Important Disease of the 21st Century: A Reality Most Fail to Comprehend 1 That Reality is Why I Wrote This Book 1 Person Years of Life Lost 1 New Cases and Deaths 3 Chemical Carcinogenesis 3 Elizabeth C. and James A. Miller 5 A Lack of Recognition 7 Who Does Cancer Research? 9 Glazed Eyes Not Permitted 10 2. Cancer for Novices: An Introduction 12 Cancer Defined Sans Torture 12 The Antiquity of Malignancy 14 Metastasis 17 Chemotherapy 19 Radiation, Viruses, Bacteria, Heredity and/or Possibly “Bad Luck” 20 Factors that Give Rise to Cancer: Environment 23 Animal Experimentation 31 Chemical Structure of Carcinogens 35 Carcinogenesis is a Multistep Process 37 Concluding Remarks 39 3. The Millers and Chemical Carcinogenesis 41 Carcinogens and Metabolism 41 Occam’s (Ockham) Sharp Razor 46 Cancer-Causing Dyes 48 Can Chemical Structure Predict Carcinogenicity? 55 Metabolic Studies of Other Chemicals 56 A Synopsis of Metabolic Activation 59 The Essential Material of Chemical Carcinogenesis 60 Metabolic Activation Requires Enzymes—What Enzymes? 61 The Paradox of Cancer-Causing Enzymes in Normal Humans 64 Direct Acting Chemical Carcinogens 67 Proto-Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes 68 The Significance of the Millers’ Research 69 The Quest Continues 70 4. Serendipity: How the Millers Unintentionally Revolutionized Biology 71 A Note about Basic Research 71 Test Systems for Mutagens and Carcinogens 73 Person to Person Differences in Sensitivity to Environmental Carcinogens 78 Molecular Epidemiology: Formation of Macromolecular Adducts as Indicators of Cancer Risk 81 Laws Regulating Carcinogens 82 Teratogenesis and Drug Metabolism are Related to Metabolic Activation 83 5. The Family Origins of Elizabeth Cavert Miller: New York, Ireland and Scotland 85 Charlton, New York 86 An Early Cavert 87 Elizabeth’s Heritage Includes a Castle in Scotland 89 Elizabeth Cavert’s Father 91 Elizabeth Cavert’s Mother 97 6 More about Elizabeth 99 Elizabeth as a Child Lived in Saint Paul, Minnesota 99 Elizabeth’s Siblings 100 Early Years 104 Anoka, Minnesota 105 Summers at Fort Plain, New York 109 Winters in Anoka, Minnesota 110 Springfield, South Dakota 111 Elizabeth Cavert’s Father Taught His Children about Agriculture 112 Return to Saint Paul and the University of Minnesota 113 Two of Elizabeth’s Professors 115 Elizabeth as an Undergraduate in 1937 117 Graduate School, Biochemistry and Home Economics 119 7. James Alexander Miller—How He Became the Other Strand of the Miller Double Helix 123 James’ Birth and Growing Up 124 University of Pittsburgh 128 James A. Miller at the University of Wisconsin-Madison 130 Carl August Baumann: Chemist, Hero and Major Professor 132 James Meets Elizabeth 135 The Wedding 137 They Became Like the Two Strands of DNA 137 James’ Ph.D. Research 139 Elizabeth’s Ph.D. Research 140 James and Elizabeth at the McArdle 143 8. Elizabeth and James, Beyond the Lab 146 Like the Two Strands of DNA—But with Differences 146 “They Seemed Normal to Us” 146 Elizabeth and James’ Daughters 148 Elizabeth Cavert Miller as “Mom” 149 The Millers at Home 150 The Millers Away from Home 155 Was Elizabeth a Feminist? 157 James A. Miller from His Daughters’ View 159 Family Gatherings in Madison 161 Trips to Minnesota 161 Trips to Other Places 163 Higher Education for Linda and Helen 166 An Observant Grandmother 167 Elizabeth’s Terminal Illness 167 Barbara Butler Miller 168 Jim’s Last Illnesses 172 Appendices: 1. Awards, Honors and Professional Activities: Elizabeth Cavert Miller (ECM) and James Alexander Miller (JAM), Individually or Jointly 175 2. Scientific Publications of Elizabeth Cavert Miller and James Alexander Miller 179 3. A Gallery of Cancer Research Covers 180 4. Substances Listed in the Thirteenth Report on Carcinogens 186 Index 193

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Book SynopsisIlluminating Leonardo opens the new series Leonardo Studies with a tribute to Professor Carlo Pedretti, the most important Leonardo scholar of our time, with a wide-ranging overview of current Leonardo scholarship from the most renowned Leonardo scholars and young researchers. Though no single book could provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of Leonardo studies, after reading this collection of short essays cover-to-cover, the reader will come away knowing a great deal about the current state of the field in many areas of research. To begin the series, editors Constance Moffatt and Sara Taglialagamba present an impressive group of essays that offer fresh ideas as a departure point for future studies. Contributors include Andrea Bernardoni, Pascal Broist, Alfredo Buccaro, Francesco Paolo di Teodoro, Claire Farago, Francesca Fiorani, Fabio Frosini, Sabine Frommel, Leslie Geddes, Damiano Iacobone, Martin Kemp, Matthew Landrus, Domenico Laurenza, Pietro C. Marani, Max Marmor, Constance Moffatt, Romano Nanni, Annalisa Perissa-Torrini, Paola Salvi, Richard Schofield, Sara Taglialagamba, Carlo Vecce, Alessandro Vezzosi, Marino Viganò, and Joanna Woods-Marsden.Table of ContentsPrefaces List of Figures Introduction Constance Moffatt and Sara Taglialagamba Part 1 Books and Influence 1 One for the Books: A Bibliographical ‘Gleaning’ for CP Max Marmor 2 The Codex Corazza and Zaccolini’s Treatises in the Project of Cassiano dal Pozzo for the Spreading of Leonardo’s Works Alfredo Buccaro 3 A Copy of Sacrobosco’s Sphaera in Mirror Script Attributed to Matteo Zaccolini Domenico Laurenza Part 2 Dissemination of Knowledge 4 A Short Note on Artisanal Epistemology in Leonardo’s Treatise on Painting Claire Farago 5 Leonardo’s Cartonetti for Luca Pacioli’s Platonic Bodies Pietro Marani Part 3 Architecture 6 Giuliano da Sangallo and Leonardo da Vinci: Cross-Pollination or Parallels? Sabine Frommel 7 Evidence of Leonardo’s Systematic Design Process for Palaces and Canals in Romorantin Matthew Landrus 8 Vitruvius in the Trattato dell’Architettura by Luca Pacioli Francesco Di Teodoro 9 Notes on Leonardo and Vitruvius Richard Schofield Part 4 Painting and Drawing 10 Why Did Leonardo Not Finish the Adoration of the Magi? Francesca Fiorani 11 “Here’s Looking at You” The Cartoon for the So-called ‘Nude Mona Lisa’ Martin Kemp 12 Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa: A Portrait without a Commissioner? Joanna Woods-Marsden 13 Leonardo’s Followers in Lombardy: Girolamo and Giovan Ambrogio Figino Annalisa Perissa Torrini Part 5 Machines 14 A Machine to Build Artilleries Andrea Bernardoni 15 Bombards and Noisy Bullets: Pietro Monte and Leonardo da Vinci’s Collaboration Pascal Brioist 16 Leonardo and the Artes Mechanicae Romano Nanni Part 6 Sculpture 17 “The Sculptor Says” Leonardo and Gian Cristoforo Romano Carlo Vecce 18 Leonardo and the Trivulzio Monument: Some Questions and Evidence (1507–1518) Marino Viganò Part 7 Science and Nature: The Body, the Body of the Earth 19 The Midpoint of the Human Body in Leonardo’s Drawings and in the Codex Huygens Paola Salvi 20 Drawing Bridges: Leonardo da Vinci on Mastering Nature Leslie Geddes 21 Leonardo da Vinci’s Hydraulic Systems and Fountains for His French Patrons Louis XII, Charles D’Amboise and Francis I: Models, Influences, and Reprises Featured in the Art of Garden Design Sara Taglialagamba 22 Pyramids, Rays and “Spiritual Powers”: Leonardo’s Research during the Last Decade of the Fifteenth Century Fabio Frosini 23 A Hydraulic System Drawing by Leonardo: Some Evaluations Damiano Iacobone 24 Leonardo’s Maps Constance Moffatt 25 Sightings, Mistakes and Discoveries al verso Alessandro Vezzosi Essential Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisHeld in Florence in 1929, the First National Exhibition of History of Science was a pivotal event in the shaping of Italian cultural panorama. With more than 8000 items on display coming from public and private lenders, it showed the general public how rich the Italian scientific heritage was and how it could be regarded as part of a general nation-claiming narrative, thus laying the foundation for today’s protection policy and scholarly research. Moreover, it is also a telling case-study that offers precious insights into the complex relationships between cultural enterprises and political power during the fascist era, helping us understand how today’s geography of Italian cultural institutions have been shaped and reshaped through time.Table of ContentsPreface XI AcknowledgementsIX List of IllustrationsX List of ChartsII AbbreviationsII part 1: The Exhibition in Context 1 To Protect and to Promote  1 The Italian Scientific Heritage at the Turn of the Century  2 Universities, Museums, and the History of Science  3 Bringing History of Science to the People: Exhibitions and Commemorations 2 From Local to National  1 The Rise of Fascism  2 The National Scientific Heritage Protection Group  3 The Galilean Tradition and the Florentine Primacy  4 The Institute of the History of Science in Florence  5 Aldo Mieli and the National Institute of History of Science in Rome 3 Setting up the Exhibition  1 From a Tuscan Exposition to the National Exhibition  2 Funding and Financing  3 Location  4 Exhibition Criteria and Local Committees 4 The Exhibition in Context  1 History of Science and Propaganda: The Italian Genius and the National Scientific Primacy  2 History of Science and Ideology: The Italian Scientific Contributions throughout History  3 History of Science and the Public: Visitors at the Exhibition  4 History of Science and Entertainment: Music, Cinema, and Spectacles at the Exhibition 5 The National Museum of History of Science  1 From the Exhibition to the National Museum  2 Administration and Financing  3 Location and Collections  4 Visitors 6 Indexing the Italian Scientific Heritage  1 A Definitive Inventory  2 The Original Plan  3 The Revised Plan  4 Editorial Troubles  5 The End of the Project and the Catalogue of 1952 part 2: Plates The Exhibition in Detail 7 The Exhibition in Detail  1 Ground Floor I  2 Ground Floor II  3 Ground Floor III  4 Ground Floor IV  5 Basement  6 Pavilions Conclusion  Bibliography  Name Index

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Book SynopsisIf any scientific object has over the course of human history aroused the fascination of both scientists and artists worldwide, it is beyond doubt the moon. The moon is also by far the most interesting celestial body when it comes to reflecting on the dualistic nature of photography as applied to the study of the universe. Against this background, Selene’s Two Faces sets out to look at the scientific purpose, aesthetic expression, and influence of early lunar drawings, maps and photographs, including spacecraft imaging. In its approach, Selene’s Two Faces is intermedial, intercultural and interdisciplinary. It brings together not only various media (photography, maps, engravings, lithographs, globes, texts), and cultures (from Europe, America and Asia), but also theoretical perspectives. See inside the book.Trade Review"Setting aside the specific subject of the Moon and its pictures, González’s collection provides an excellent example of how astronomical imaging can overstep the boundaries of traditionally understood history of science." Jarosław Włodarczyk, Institute for the History of Science of Polish Academy of Sciences, Journal for the History of Astronomy 50(4): 493-495Table of ContentsAcknowledgments List of Figures and Tables Notes on Contributors Introduction: On the Visible, the Invisible, Presences and Absences in Lunar Portraiture  Carmen Pérez González 1 One World is not Enough: Remarks on the History of Selenography  Pedro M.P. Raposo 2 Mapping Time Rather than Mapping Space: The Moon in Persian Astronomy during the Naseri Period (1848-1896)  Carmen Pérez González 3 Japanese Lunar Drawings, Maps and Photographs before the 1870s  Tsuko Nakamura 4 Of Blurs, Maps and Portraits: Photography and the Moon  Charlotte Bigg 5 James Nasmyth on the Moon: Or on Becoming a Lunar Being, without the Lunacy  Omar W. Nasim 6 Karl Friedrich Küstner’s Moon Photographic Plates at Bonn Observatory  Michael Geffert 7 The Digital Sky of Hamburg Observatory: Bringing Astro-photographic Plates from the 20th into the 21st Century  Detlef Groote 8 From Astronomer-photographers to Astronaut-photographers: Close-up Detailed Observations Performed by Spacecraft and Manned Exploration of the Moon  Pedro Ré and Carmen Pérez González Chronology  Pedro Ré and Carmen Pérez González Index

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Book SynopsisDrawing in particular on physicians’ casebooks, Medical Practices, 1600-1900 studies the changing nature of ordinary medical practice in early modern Europe. Combining case studies on individual German, Austrian and Swiss practitioners with a comparative analysis across the centuries, it offers the first comprehensive and systematic overview of the major aspects of premodern practitioners daily work and business – from diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and the kinds of patients treated to financial issues, record keeping and their place in contemporary society.Trade ReviewIn dem vorzustellenden Sammelband werden acht Projekte zu städtischen und ländlichen Arztpraxen (mit Forschenden aus Berlin, Bern, Ingolstadt, Innsbruck/Bozen, Stuttgart,Würzburg und Zürich) im Zeitraum vom Dreißigjährigen Krieg bis zum Fin de Siècle von 20 Autorinnen und Autoren vorgestellt. Dazu haben die Herausgeber eine sehr gelungene Zweiteilung gewählt. - Christina Vanja, Kassel, Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung 44 (2017) 3, 571-573Table of ContentsIntroduction Martin Dinges and Michael Stolberg PART 1 1. Cornucopia Officinae Medicae: Medical Practice Records and Their Origin Volker Hess and Sabine Schlegelmilch 2. Doctors and Their Patients in the Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries Marion Baschin, Elisabeth Dietrich-Daum and Iris Ritzmann 3. Daily Business: The Organization and Finances of Doctors’ Practices Philipp Klaas, Hubert Steinke and Alois Unterkircher 4. Medicine in Practice: Knowledge, Diagnosis and Therapy Annemarie Kinzelbach, Stephanie Neuner and Karen Nolte 5. Medical Practice in Context: Religion, Family, Politics and Scientific Networks Ruth Schilling and Kay Peter Jankrift PART 2 6. ‘What a Magnificent Work a Good Physician is’: The Medical Practice of Johannes Magirus (1615–1697) Sabine Schlegelmilch 7. Observationes et Curationes Nurimbergenses: The Medical Practice of Johann Christoph Götz (1688–1733) Annemarie Kinzelbach, Susanne Grosser, Kay Peter Jankrift and Marion Ruisinger 8. Social Mobility and Medical Practice: Johann Friedrich Glaser (1707–1789) Ruth Schilling 9. Medical Bedside Training and Healthcare for the Poor in the Würzburg and Göttingen Policlinics in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century Stephanie Neuner and Karen Nolte 10. Unlicensed Practice: A Lay Healer in Rural Switzerland Alois Unterkircher and Iris Ritzmann 11. Administrative and Epistemic Aspects of Medical Practice: Caesar Adolf Bloesch (1804–1863) Lina Gafner 12. Franz von Ottenthal: Local Integration of an Alpine Doctor’s Private Practice (1847–1899) Elisabeth Dietrich-Daum, Marina Hilber and Eberhard Wolff 13. A Special Kind of Practice? The Homeopath Friedrich von Bönninghausen (1828–1910) Marion Baschin

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Book SynopsisIn Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Master of the Minuscule, the Father of Microbiology is presented in the context of his time, relationships and the Dutch Golden Age. Although he lacked an academic education, he dedicated his life to investigating the microscopic world using handmade, single-lensed microscopes and magnifiers. An expert observer, he planned experiments and designed equipment to test his theories. His pioneering discoveries included blood cells, protozoa, bacteria and spermatozoa, and resulted in an international reputation among the scientific and upper classes of 17th and 18th century Europe, aided by his Fellowship of the Royal Society of London. This lavishly illustrated biography sets his legacy of scientific achievements against the ideas and reactions of his fellow scientists and other contemporaries.Trade Review"Antoni van Leeuwenhoek: Master of the Minuscule presents an engaging and copiously illustrated biography in a format which should suit a wide audience and age range. It's the English edition of the biography first published in Dutch by Veen Media in 2014 entitled Van Leeuwenhoek, groots in het kleine. [...] The authors have found a good balance for the level of depth presented without becoming a dry read. [...] The style chosen doesn't use either in-text numbered references or footnotes and presents a more inviting read than the sometimes dense appearance of a heavily annotated monograph. [...] The reproduction of the illustrations is to a high standard, presented on bright white paper and incorporated into the body of the text rather than as separate plates. Together with an attractive hardback cover it is a book that is inviting to read. [...] The authors successfully present imagery (including darkfield) which provides an insight into the sort of views Van Leeuwenhoek may have seen, rather than use modern microscopes and techniques. [...] I thoroughly enjoyed reading the book and deserves a wide audience for those wishing to learn more of Van Leeuwenhoek's life and work." – David Walker in the June 2016 edition of Micscape (the online monthly magazine of the Microscopy UK web site at http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk). The full review can be read here.Table of Contents1 The Early Years 2 Return to Delft 3 Antoni’s First Brush with Science 4 Van Leeuwenhoek’s Microscopes 5 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek and His Microorganisms 6 The Discovery of the “Semine genitali Animalculis” or Spermatozoa 7 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek and the Question of Generation 8 The Circulation of Blood 9 Secrets of Nature 10 The Famous Van Leeuwenhoek 11 The End of a Long Life 12 The Scientific Legacy of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Timeline

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Book SynopsisThis collective volume in the history of early-modern science and medicine investigates the transfer of knowledge between Germany and Scotland focusing on the Scottish mathematician and physician Duncan Liddel of Aberdeen. It offers a contextualized study of his life and work in the cultural and institutional frame of the northern European Renaissance, as well as a reconstruction of his scholarly networks and of the scientific debates in the time of post-Copernican astronomy, Melanchthonian humanism and Paracelsian controversies. Contributors are: Sabine Bertram, Duncan Cockburn, Laura Di Giammatteo, Mordechai Feingold, Karin Friedrich, Elizabeth Harding, John Henry, Richard Kirwan, Jane Pirie, Jonathan Regier.Trade Review“This is a rich and very valuable book. It is also an exemplary volume that throws light not only on a rather unknown figure in the history of science but also on sixteenth-century scholarly life in general.” Rienk Vermij, University of Oklahoma. In: Journal for the History of Astronomy, Vol. 48, No. 4 (2017), pp. 482-483.Table of ContentsPART 1 Liddel’s World 1 Science and Medicine in the Humanistic Networks of the Northern European Renaissance Pietro Daniel Omodeo 2 Confabulatory Life Mordechai Feingold 3 The European Career of a Scottish Mathematician and Physician Pietro Daniel Omodeo PART 2 Mathematics, Medicine and Epistemology 4 A Pragmatic Aspect of Polymathy: The Alliance of Mathematics and Medicine in Liddel’s Time John Henry 5 Logic, Mathematics and Natural Light: Liddel on the Foundations of Knowledge Jonathan Regier 6 Liddel’s Ars Medica (1607): The Effective Method as Foundation of Medical Knowledge and of Ethics Laura Di Giammatteo PART 3 Academic Life and Higher Education 7 It’s Who You Know: Scholarly Networks in Liddel’s Helmstedt Richard Kirwan 8 Home-Styling Matters: Symbolic Dimensions of the Professorial Household at Liddel’s Helmstedt Elizabeth Harding 9 Liddel and the University of Aberdeen Duncan Cockburn PART 4 New Sources 10 Liddel on the Geo-Heliocentric Controversy: His Letter to Brahe from 1600 Pietro Daniel Omodeo and Jonathan Regier 11 Liddel’s Oratio de praestantia mathematicarum Pietro Daniel Omodeo PART 5 Bibliographical Reconstructions 12 Reconstructing Liddel’s Library at Aberdeen Jane Pirie 13 Liddel’s Published and Unpublished Works Sabine Bertram

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Book SynopsisAstronomical and astrological knowledge circulated in many ways in the ancient world: in the form of written texts and through oral communication; by the conscious assimilation of sought-after knowledge and the unconscious absorption of ideas to which scholars were exposed. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World explores the ways in which astronomical knowledge circulated between different communities of scholars over time and space, and what was done with that knowledge when it was received. Examples are discussed from Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Greco-Roman world, India, and China.Table of ContentsList of Figures and Tables Introduction 1 The Brown School of the History of Science: Historiography and the Astral Sciences Francesca Rochberg 2 Astral Knowledge in an International Age: Transmission of the Cuneiform Tradition, ca. 1500–1000b.c. Matthew T. Rutz 3 Traditions of Mesopotamian Celestial-Divinatory Schemes and the 4th Tablet of Šumma Sin ina Tāmartišu Zackary Wainer 4 The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge between Babylon and Uruk John M. Steele 5 The Micro-Zodiac in Babylon and Uruk: Seleucid Zodiacal Astrology M. Willis Monroe 6 Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology John Z. Wee 7 On the Concomitancy of the Seemingly Incommensurable, or Why Egyptian Astral Tradition Needs to be Analyzed within Its Cultural Context Joachim Friedrich Quack 8 Some Astrologers and Their Handbooks in Demotic Egyptian Andreas Winkler 9 The Anaphoricus of Hypsicles of Alexandria Clemency Montelle 10 Interpolated Observations and Historical Observational Records in Ptolemy’s Astronomy Alexander Jones 11 Mesopotamian Lunar Omens in Justinian’s Constantinople Zoë Misiewicz 12 A Parallel Universe: The Transmission of Astronomical Terminology in Early Chinese Almanacs Ethan Harkness 13 Mercury and the Case for Plural Planetary Traditions in Early Imperial China Daniel Patrick Morgan 14 Calendrical Systems in Early Imperial China: Reform, Evaluation and Tradition Yuzhen Guan 15 The Twelve Signs of the Zodiac during the Tang and Song Dynasties: A Set of Signs Which Lost Their Meanings within Chinese Horoscopic Astrology Shenmi Song 16 On the Dunhuang Manuscript p.4071: A Case Study on the Sinicization of Western Horoscope in Late 10th Century China Weixing Niu 17 Were Planetary Models of Ancient India Strongly Influenced by Greek Astronomy? Dennis Duke Index of Modern Authors Index of Subjects Index of Sources

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Book SynopsisJanello Torriani, known in the Spanish-speaking world as Juanelo Turriano (Cremona, Italy ca. 1500 – Toledo, Spain 1585), is the greatest among Renaissance inventors and constructors of machines. Contemporary literates and mathematicians celebrated Janello Torriani and his creations in their writings. It is striking how such fame turned into nearly complete oblivion, leaving only a few clues of a blurred and distorted memory dispersed here and there. This book wishes to show the central role that artisans formed in the Vitruvian tradition played in demonstrating through practical mathematics an increasing and positive control over Nature, a step rooted in humanist culture and foundational for the understanding of those historical processes known as the Scientific and the Industrial Revolutions.Trade Review"Das gründlich recherchierte Buch kann jedem, der sich für die Wissenschafts- und Technikgeschichte der Frühen Neuzeit interessiert, wärmstens empfohlen werden." ["The thoroughly researched book can be warmly recommended to anyone interested in early modern science and technology."] Günther Oestmann, Acta Historica Astronomiae (2019) 66: 210-211 "Today that our knowledge of Torriani’s life and work has vastly increased, the need was felt for a book illustrating the life of the great technician from Cremona. Zanetti’s volume fully meets this need and brilliantly makes use of the many sources available today, providing a detailed historical reconstruction of the different milieus frequented byTorriani at various stages in his life. Elio Nenci (Università degli Studi di Milano), Nuncius 34 (2019): 192-194 "I wholeheartedly recommend Zanetti's work, which chronicles the career of Janiello Torriani, "the prince among the architects of clocks", a master technician in the cutting of gears and a skilled hydrological engineer." Donald J. Kagay (University of Dallas), Sixteenth Century Journal XLIX/4 (2018): 1179-1181 "Thanks to deep delving in Italian and Spanish archives and wide reading in the latest secondary sources, Zanetti throws new light on Torriano [a.k.a. Torriani] and the social structures within which he worked. No one interested in the technology of this period can afford to ignore this book." Anthony Turner, Antiquarian Horology, March 2018, pp. 115-116Table of ContentsIllustrations Acknowledgements Abbreviations Introduction PART 1. A CENTRE OF EDUCATION FOR THE VITRUVIAN ARTISAN AT THE PERIPHERY OF THE EMPIRE 1. Janello Torriani's First Education Cremona, the Italian Wars and the Desire for a Better Life Fashioning the Aura of the Genius Family, Social Status, Education Humanist Pedagogy in Cremona 2. The Theoretical Clock The Science of the Stars Renaissance Scientific Instruments A Physician as a Mentor: Giorgio Fondulo (Cremona 1473-1545) 3. The practical Clock The Guild Janello Torriani the Blacksmith Between Public Clock and Private Workshop PART 2. THE EMPEROR’S CLOCKMAKER (1540-1558) 4. The Artisan Courtier The Grand Tour in Reverse A Broth of Clocks for the Emperor Climbing The Social Ladder 5. Networks and Technology in Habsburg Europe From Commoner to Courtier The Artisan’s Apotheosis The Ambassadors from Mantua and their Brokerage of Janello’s Inventions Janello Entrepreneur 6. The Microcosm The First Machine-Tool to Cut Gears Anatomy of the Microcosm PART 3. HYDRAULIC METAMORPHOSIS OF A CLOCKMAKER AT THE COURT OF THE NEVER-SETTING SUN 7. Mechanics: From Micro to Macro Automata, Watches And Great Machines Models and the Problems of Scale From Clockmaking to Hydraulic Engineering 8. Janello in Spain as a Royal Hydraulic Engineer (1563-1585) Hydraulic Engineering in the Habsburg Empire Toledo: a Paradigmatic Stage for Renaissance Water-Technology 9. The First Global Empire Produces the First Giant Water-Machine Qui Bono? Janello caught between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea Invention and the Practice of Secrecy Conclusions Bibliography Manuscript Sources Printed Sources Index

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Book SynopsisArchival Afterlives explores the posthumous fortunes of scientific and medical archives in early modern Britain. If early modern natural philosophers claimed all knowledge as their province, theirs was a paper empire. But how and why did naturalists engage with archives, and in particular, with the papers of their dead predecessors? This volume makes a firm case for expanding what counts as scientific labour, integrating scribes, archivist, library keepers, editors, and friends and family of deceased naturalists into the history of science. It shows how early modern natural philosophers pursued new natural knowledge in dialogue with their recent material past. Finally, it demonstrates the sustaining importance of archival institutions in the growth and development of the “New Sciences.” Contributors are: Arnold Hunt, Michael Hunter, Vera Keller, Carol Pal, Anna Marie Roos, Richard Serjeantson, Victoria Sloyan, Alison Walker, and Elizabeth Yale.Table of ContentsList of Figures and Table Notes on Contributors Introduction Vera Keller, Anna Marie Roos and Elizabeth Yale 1 The Division of a Paper Kingdom: The Tragic Afterlives of Francis Bacon’s Manuscripts Richard Serjeantson 2 Scarlet Letters: Sir Theodore de Mayerne and the Early Stuart Color World in the Royal Society Vera Keller 3 Accidental Archive: Samuel Hartlib and the Afterlife of Female Scholars Carol Pal 4 Fossilized Remains: The Martin Lister and Edward Lhuyd Ephemera Anna Marie Roos 5 Playing Archival Politics with Hans Sloane, Edward Lhuyd, and John Woodward Elizabeth Yale 6 Under Sloane’s Shadow: the Archive of James Petiver Arnold Hunt 7 Collecting Knowledge: Annotated Material in the Library of Sir Hans Sloane Alison Walker 8 Collecting Genomics: Documenting Modern, Collaborative Science Victoria Sloyan Afterword Michael Hunter

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Book SynopsisThis collection of essays discusses the marketing of scientific and medical instruments from the eighteenth century to the First World War. The evidence presented here is derived from sources as diverse as contemporary trade literature, through newspaper advertisements, to rarely-surviving inventories, and from the instruments themselves. The picture may not yet be complete, but it has been acknowledged that it is more complex than sketched out twenty-five or even fifty years ago. Here is a collection of case-studies from the United Kingdom, the Americas and Europe showing instruments moving from maker to market-place, and, to some extent, what happened next. Contributors are: Alexi Baker, Paolo Brenni, Laura Cházaro, Gloria Clifton, Peggy Aldrich Kidwell, Richard L. Kremer, A.D. Morrison-Low, Joshua Nall, Sara J. Schechner, and Liba Taub.Trade Review"this is a volume that helps to broaden our understanding of the complex nature and status of what for convenience we call scientific instruments and to think about them as consumed commodities." Richard Dunn (Royal Museums Greenwich), British Journal for the History of Science 50:1: 149-150. "Recommended. Faculty and professionals only" - N. Sadanand (Central Connecticut State University), Choice, 1 May 2017.Table of ContentsPreface vii A. D. Morrison-Low, Sara J. Schechner and Paolo Brenni List of Illustrations ix Notes on Contributors xvi Colour Plates xix 1 Symbiosis and Style: The Production, Sale and Purchase of Instruments in the Luxury Markets of Eighteenth-century London 1 Alexi Baker 2 Selling by the Book: British Scientific Trade Literature after 1800 21 Joshua Nall and Liba Taub 3 The Gentle Art of Persuasion: Advertising Instruments during Britain’s Industrial Revolution 43 A. D. Morrison-Low 4 Some Considerations about the Prices of Physics Instruments in the Nineteenth Century 57 Paolo Brenni 5 Mathematical Instruments Changing Hands at World’s Fairs, 1851–1904 88 Peggy Aldrich Kidwell 6 Connections between the Instrument-making Trades in Great Britain and Ireland and the North American Continent 104 Gloria Clifton 7 European Pocket Sundials for Colonial Use in American Territories 119 Sara J. Schechner 8 Selling Mathematical Instruments in America before the Printed Trade Catalogue 171 Richard L. Kremer 9 Trade in Medical Instruments and Colonialist Policies between Mexico and Europe in the Nineteenth Century 212 Laura Cházaro General Index 227

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Book SynopsisCompound Histories: Materials, Governance and Production, 1760-1840 offers a new view of the period during which Europe took on its modern character and globally dominant position. By exploring the intertwined realms of production, governance and materials, it places chemists and chemistry at the center of processes most closely identified with the construction of the modern world. This includes the interactive intensification of material and knowledge production; the growth and management of consumption; environmental changes, regulation of materials, markets, landscapes and societies; and practices embodied in political economy. Rather than emphasize revolutionary breaks and the primacy of innovation-driven change, the volume highlights the continuities and accumulation of incremental changes that framed historical development. Contributors are: Robert G.W. Anderson, Bernadette Bensaude Vincent, José Ramón Bertomeu Sánchez, John R.R. Christie, Joppe van Driel, Frank A.J.L. James, Christine Lehman, Lissa L. Roberts, Thomas le Roux, Elena Serrano, Anna Simmons, Marie Thébaud-Sorger, Sacha Tomic, Andreas Weber, Simon Werrett.Trade Review"In this collection, Lissa L. Roberts and Simon Werrett propose an ambitious new agenda for examining relations between science and early industrial production, in which the centrality of chemistry is reasserted. [...] With fourteen chapters in total, the editors faced an obvious challenge of organisation, which they have met with a good measure of success. Each chapter has a well-developed introduction and conclusion, engaging with the common agenda for the volume. By articulating this agenda at length, the editors have also given a significant impulse to future research, and their comprehensive bibliography of secondary sources provides a handy resource for those investigations. - Jan Golinski (University of New Hampshire), Ambix|, 2018, 1–2, DOI 10.1080/00026980.2018.1488125. Mobilized by the environmental crisis, these historians of science are tackling a political and economic history of nitrogen, aluminum, cobalt or uranium unveiling the social, economic networks and complex policies in connection with agriculture, industry or even the consumption, and revealing geographies unpublished: in the case of aluminum, Europe in the Antilles in the nineteenth century and then to Postcolonial Ghana.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments List of Illustrations Notes on Contributors Introduction: “A More Intimate Acquaintance”  Lissa Roberts and Simon Werrett Part 1: Materials and Material Objects 1 Household Oeconomy and Chemical Inquiry  Simon Werrett 2 The Case of Coal  Lissa Roberts and Joppe van Driel 3 Capturing the Invisible: Heat, Steam and Gases in France and Great Britain, 1750-1800  Marie Thébaud-Sorger 4 Spreading the Revolution: Guyton’s Fumigating Machine in Spain. Politics, Technology, and Material Culture (1796-1808)  Elena Serrano 5 Arsenic in France. The Cultures of Poison During the First Half of the Nineteenth Century  José Ramón Bertomeu Sánchez Part 2: Chemical Governance and the Governance of Chemistry 6 Relations between the State and the Chemical Industry in France, 1760-1800: The Case of Ceruse  Christine Lehman 7 Between Industry and the Environment: Chemical Governance in France, 1770-1830  Thomas Le Roux 8 Renegotiating Debt: Chemical Governance and Money in the Early Nineteenth-Century Dutch Empire  Andreas Weber 9 How to Govern Chemical Courses. The Case of the Paris École de pharmacie During Vauquelin’s Direction, 1803-1829  Sacha Tomic Part 3: Revisiting the History of Production 10 Teaching Chemistry in the French Revolution: Pedagogy, Materials and Politics  Bernadette Bensaude Vincent 11 The Subversive Humphry Davy: Aristocracy and Establishing Chemical Research Laboratories in Late Eighteenth- and Early Nineteenth-Century England  Frank A.J.L. James 12 Wholesale Pharmaceutical Manufacturing in London, c.1760 – c.1840: Sites, Production and Networks  Anna Simmons 13 Chemical Glasgow and its Entrepreneurs, 1760-1860  John R.R. Christie 14 Relations between Industry and Academe in Scotland, and the Case of Dyeing: 1760 to 1840  Robert G.W. Anderson Bibliography of Secondary Sources

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Book SynopsisTramelli considers three main areas of Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo’s studies: color, perspective and anatomy, investigating the types of theoretical and practical knowledge on these subjects conveyed in the Trattato dell’Arte della Pittura and how the context of Milan at the end of the sixteenth century shaped the material gathered in Lomazzo’s books.Trade Review"Barbara Tramelli’s Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo’s Trattato dell’Arte della Pittura: Color, Perspective and Anatomy successfully – and perhaps exhaustively – shows how much Lomazzo’s thinking about art is indebted to the scientific and literary cultures of sixteenth-century Milan. - Joost Keizer (University of Groningen), History of Humanities (Spring 2018), 3:1: 223-224. "One of the most important values of Tramelli’s book is that it makes Lomazzo’s broad and prolific writings available to non-Italian scholars, particularly the Trattato, the most widely read of his books, which Schlosser has recognized as the “Bible of Mannerism”. [...] Tramelli succeeds in making Lomazzo’s writing lighter and more intelligible, while articulating the topics in shorter paragraphs and highlighting and discussing the contradictions in the text." Mauro Pavesi (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore), Renaissance Quarterly, Vol. LXXI , No. 1, pp. 237-239 "[the work] demonstrates intellectual honesty in providing an essential and consistent line of interpretation. It is a book that I have read with pleasure, as, in short, it is never discouraging the reader and making him feel inadequate: the difficulties of the reader are the same as those of the author, and she exposes her doubts with the utmost sincerity." - Giovanni Mazzaferro, Letteratura artistica: Cross-cultural Studies in Art History SourcesTable of ContentsAcknowledgements vii Editorial Principles ix List of Illustrations x Introduction: Aims, Sources and Methodology 1 Part 1 Lomazzo and Milan 1 The Artist and the Traveller 17 2 Spaces and Institutions 37 3 Art and Grotesque 63 Part 2 Color, Perspective and Anatomy The Treatise: A Short Introduction 77 4 Lomazzo’s Colors 85 5 Acutissima è La Prospettiva 128 6 The Study of the Body 174 General Conclusions 211 APPENDICES 1 Contract between Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo and Giulio Claro, Reggente in Milan, dated 1561 221 2 L’interogaçiglion ch’o s’han da fa dar gran Scanscieré pos ra gneregada a col ch’o vùr intrò in dra Vall de Bregn 223 3 Difinicione della tavola sopra detta 224 4 Straducc dra vall de Bregn 226 5 Inventory 24th January 1604, doc. B, notary Benedetto Coerezio, f. 20578 227 6 Inventory, 11th November 1611, Fondo Litta, carte 32 229 7 Libro III Del Colore (1584) 230 8 a. Paduan Manuscript (Merrifield, pp. 648–717), Ricette per fare ogni sorte di colori (Chap. I– De colori in generale, e di quali materie si componghino) 231 8 b. Lomazzo, IV chapter of III book of the Trattato, Quali siano le materie nelle quali si trovino i colori 231 Bibliography 233 Index of Names 250

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Book SynopsisReading Newton in Early Modern Europe investigates how Sir Isaac Newton’s Principia was read, interpreted and remodelled for a variety of readerships in eighteenth-century Europe. The editors, Mordechai Feingold and Elizabethanne Boran, have brought together papers which explore how, when, where and why the Principia was appropriated by readers in Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, England and Ireland. Particular focus is laid on the methods of transmission of Newtonian ideas via university textbooks and popular works written for educated laymen and women. At the same time, challenges to the Newtonian consensus are explored by writers such as Marius Stan and Catherine Abou-Nemeh who examine Cartesian and Leibnizian responses to the Principia. Eighteenth-century attempts to remodel Newton as a heretic are explored by Feingold, while William R. Newman draws attention to vital new sources highlighting the importance of alchemy to Newton. Contributors are: Catherine Abou-Nemeh, Claudia Addabbo, Elizabethanne Boran, Steffen Ducheyne, Moredechai Feingold, Sarah Hutton, Juan Navarro-Loidi, William R. Newman, Luc Peterschmitt, Anna Marie Roos, Marius Stan, and Gerhard Wiesenfeldt.Trade Review“This is a well-balanced collection that will be of great value to Newtonian scholars. Summing up: Recommended. Graduate students, researchers, and faculty.” M. Dickinson, Maine Maritime Academy. In: Choice Connect, Vol. 55, No. 5 (January 2018). “This is a collection that includes a number of important papers, and it should not be overlooked by anyone with a serious interest in Newton or in eighteenth-century Newtonianism.” John Henry, University of Edinburgh (emeritus). In: Isis, Vol. 110, No. 1 (March 2019), pp. 168–169. “The volume Reading Newton in Early Modern Europe is an exemplary treatment of how revolutionary science becomes de rigeur, through its introduction, opposition to, and eventual overtaking of the preexisting paradig, in this brilliant composite study of how Newton’s mathematical and physical theories changed the nature of science, as taught and understood in early modern Europe.” Cheryl Kayahara-Bass, Oshawa, ON. In: Sixteenth Century Journal, Vol. 50, No. 2 (Summer 2019), pp. 557–560.Table of ContentsList of Contributors 1 Introduction  Elizabethanne Boran Part 1: Introducing Newton 2 The Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica in Naples  Claudia Addabbo 3 Newton and the Spanish Artillerymen  Juan Navarro Loidi 4 The Practical Tradition of Dutch Newtonianism  Gerhard Wiesenfeldt 5 Science for Ladies? Elizabeth Carter’s Translation of Algarotti and “popular” Newtonianism in the Eighteenth Century  Sarah Hutton 6 Irish Newtonian Physicians and Their Arguments: The Case of Bryan Robinson  A.M. Roos, Ph.D., F.L.S., F.S.A. Part 2: Challenging Newton 7 Controversies over Comets: Isaac Newton, Nicolas Hartsoeker, and Early Modern World-making  Catherine Abou-Nemeh 8 ’s Gravesande’s and Van Musschenbroek’s Appropriation of Newton’s Methodological Ideas  Steffen Ducheyne 9 Newton’s Concepts of Force among the Leibnizians  Marius Stan 10 How Did Berkeley Read Newton?  Luc Peterschmitt Part 3: Remodelling Newton 11 Newton’s Reputation as an Alchemist and the Tradition of Chymiatria  William R. Newman 12 Isaac Newton, Heretic? Some Eighteenth-Century Perceptions  Mordechai Feingold Index

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Book SynopsisSet in the context of Counter-Reformation Rome, this book focuses on the twenty-year long relationship (1611-1630) between Galileo Galilei and Federico Cesi, the founder of the Academy of the Lynx-eyed. Contrary to the historiographical tradition, it demonstrates that the visions of Galileo and Cesi were not at all convergent. In the course of the events that led to the adoption of the anti-Copernican decree of 1616, Galileo realized that the Lynceans were not prepared to support his battle for freedom of thought. In addition to identifying the author of the anonymous denunciation of Galileo’s Assayer, Paolo Galluzzi offers an original reconstruction of the dynamics which culminated in the Church’s condemnation of the famous Tuscan scientist in 1633. This book was originally published in Italian as Libertà di filosofare in naturalibus: I mondi paralleli di Cesi e Galileo (Storia dell’Accademia dei Lincei, Studi 4). Rome: Scienze e Lettere, Editore Commerciale, 2014.Trade Review“Many of the details presented by Galluzzi will certainly be new to the uninitiated reader, as is the perspective of his narrative. Whereas Galileo’s scientific achievements in general and his conflict with the Church hierarchy are all well known and have been documented many times over, his relationship with the Accademia dei Lincei and the influence exerted in both directions present a new and interesting view on the episode in question. All this makes valuable reading for anyone who works in the field or is interested in these developments at the threshold of the scientific age.” Wolfgang Osterhage, in: Isis, Vol. 110, No. 2 (June 2019), pp. 403-404. “This book is an important revision to our understanding of the Lincean Academy, one of the earliest scientific societies.” Sheila J. Rabin, Saint Peter’s University, emerita. In: Renaissance Quarterly, Vol. 72, No. 3 (Fall 2019), pp. 1045-1046. Praise for the Italian edition: “Paolo Galluzzi’s most recent publication is a deep immersion into the first quarter of the seventeenth century, with a narrative that switches back and forth between Florence and Rome and between Federico Cesi, founder and soul of the Accademia dei Lincei, and Galileo Galilei, member of the same academy.” Matteo Valleriani, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science. In: Isis, Vol. 106, No. 4 (December 2015), pp. 919-920. “In his latest big book, Paolo Galluzzi presents all the known material on the relations between Galileo and Cesi and evaluates it in his usual exact and judicious manner. As a bonus, he describes Cesi’s complicated publications on natural history with immense patience and admirable clarity.” John L. Heilbron, University of California Berkeley. In: Quaderni storici, Vol. 150. No. 3 (December 2015), pp. 873-882. “By resorting to an impressive amount of primary sources and by tackling Cesi’s often obscure Latin writings, Galluzzi provides historians with a meticulous investigation of Cesi’s works and sheds new light on a key topic in Galileo’s career.” Antonio Clericuzio, Università di Roma Tre. In: Nuncius, Vol. 30, No. 3 (2015), pp. 709-714.Table of ContentsList of Figures Preface Abbreviations Note to the Reader 1 “The Secret of the Eyeglass”  A ‘Piece of Nonsense’?  Winning Over the Minds at the Collegio Romano  Second Class Telescopes 2 Parallel Convergences?  The Encounter  Mutant Lynxes in the Academy’s Menagerie  Initiation Ceremonies 3 Fluid Heavens  Wavering Certainties  Tycho or Telesio?  The Revival of Martianus Capella  Coup de théâtre  Storm Clouds Gather 4 Building a Friendship  New Spectacles in the Heavens  Books, Frontispieces, Theatres, Mirrors and Ladders  Embarrassing Omissions  The ‘Lincean Telescope’ 5 The Copernican System versus Holy Scripture  The Spectre of Giordano Bruno  Celestial Animals  Questions of Character?  The League of Pigeons Launches the Attack 6 Images of Nature: Book or Theatre?  Prohibition ‘Is Also Done in Case of Doubt’  The Natural Desire for Knowledge  Simulated versus True Religion  Miraculous Rains 7 Confronting the New Scenario  Cesi-Bellarmine: Attempts at Dialogue  ‘The Time Has Come to Grant Greater Freedom of Thought’  Kepler Enters the Scene 8 Relaunching Copernicanism  Ariosto versus Tasso  The Copernican System Overthrown?  A Delicate Balance  The Ebb and Flow of Fortune  Tommaso Caccini Back on Stage? 9 Metamorphosis of a Conjuncture: from ‘Marvellous’ to ‘Unfavourable’  Boating on the Lake  An Ambiguous Funeral  A Copernican Carriage  Calamitous Novelties  The Turncoat  Elephants and Mites 10 From the Heavens to the Bowels of the Earth  The Merging of the Two Projects  Up and Down the Ladder of Nature  Flowing Natures  Mother Earth  Botany for Metaphysicians?  The Fate of Cesi’s Fossil Wood Researches 11 The Immaculate Conception of the Barberini Bees  Honey as a Gift from the Heavens and the Earth  ‘This Work Has Been Done for the Sole Purpose of Pleasing Patrons’ 12 Plants as Compendium of Nature  Laying Out the Pages of the Book of Nature  Syntax, Painting, Theatre, Garden  A Galilean Syntaxis?  The Multiple Gaze of the Botanist  The Elusive Geometry of Plants  Glimmerings of Consciousness and Sexual Drives  The Bologna Stone Again  The Garden of Flavours  Food for the Mind  A Preformistic Conception?  Nature Was Not Created Once and for All  Names as Shadows of Things Epilogue  ‘It Has Been Impossible to Persuade Him to Make a Will’ Bibliography Index of Names

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Book SynopsisIn Silver by Fire, Silver by Mercury: A Chemical History of Silver Refining in New Spain and Mexico, 16th to 19th Centuries, Saul Guerrero combines historical research with geology and chemistry to refute the current prevailing narrative of a primitive effort dominated by mercury and its copious emissions to the air. Based on quantitative historical data, visual records and geochemical fundamentals, Guerrero analyses the chemical and economic reasons why two refining processes had to share production, creating along the way major innovations in the chemical recipes, milling equipment, mercury recycling practice, and industrial architecture and operations. Their main environmental impact was lead fume and the depletion of woodlands from smelting, and the transformation of mercury into calomel during the patio process.Table of ContentsGeneral Series Editor’s Preface Acknowledgements List of Illustrations Guide to the text Introduction 1 The genesis and nature of silver ores  Why Spain?  To have and have not  Old World silver ores  New World silver ores  A red herring  The other chemical keys  The immoveable object and the unstoppable force  The table is set 2 The dry refining process: smelting of silver ores  Deceitful mercury  Smelting of silver ores: the human context  The chemistry of smelting and the nature of the ore  The architecture of smelting in New Spain  The infrastructure of smelting in New Spain  Plata de fuego (silver by fire) 3 The dry refining process: its impact on the environment  Lead: the nature of its consumption  Lead: the directionality of its loss  Lead: its source  Charcoal and the scale of depletion of woodland  The local environmental impact of smelting  A straightforward decision 4 The wet refining process: the chemistry of the patio process  Plus ça change  The alchemy of Mercury  The gold connection  The complex mechanism of a mercury-based refining process  The correspondencia: the key to the fate of mercury  The loss of calomel  The stages in the use of mercury to refine gold and silver ores  The twists in the trail  Mercury-based refining of silver ores: the human factor  Plata de azogue (silver by mercury) 5 The physical infrastructure of the patio process  The patio process  The architecture of the patio process  The environmental impact vectors of the patio process  A unique industrial effort 6 The Hacienda Santa María de Regla  The nineteenth century  The Adventurers in the Mines of Real del Monte  The Hacienda de Regla  Main process areas  The mass balance of the silver refining processes at Regla, 1872 to 1888 7 The patio process and smelting at Regla  The keys to an efficient patio process at Regla  The challenges of the smelting process at Regla  The efficiency of extracting silver at Regla  The labour force at Regla  The mass balance for the patio process at Regla  The mass balance for smelting at Regla  The environmental loss vectors in the period 1872 to 1888  A snapshot of a refining hacienda 8 The economies of refining silver  Roads to riches  Refining costs in New Spain, as reported  The refining costs at Regla  The false positives of the patio process  Silver in the context of other commodity trades  The bottom line 9 The environmental impact of silver refining: a shift of paradigm  The base line  An estimate of the breakdown of silver production by refining process by Caja  Aggregate totals for New Spain  Aggregate totals for Mexico, 1820 to 1900  Environmental impact vectors, sixteenth to nineteenth century  What did they know and when did they know it?  Was mercury the indispensable key to silver in the New World? Epilogue Appendix A: The accounting books of Regla Appendix B: Sensitivity matrix for refining costs Appendix C: Estimates of silver production by Caja and refining process, including balance of mercury consumption and physical losses Glossary of technical terms in Spanish Archival sources Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisBased on extensive archival research in Peru, Spain, and Italy, Making Medicines in Early Colonial Lima, Peru examines how apothecaries in Lima were trained, ran their businesses, traded medicinal products, prepared medicines, and found their place in society. In the book, Newson argues that apothecaries had the potential to be innovators in science, especially in the New World where they encountered new environments and diverse healing traditions. However, it shows that despite experimental tendencies among some apothecaries, they generally adhered to traditional humoral practices and imported materia medica from Spain rather than adopt native plants or exploit the region’s rich mineral resources. This adherence was not due to state regulation, but reflected the entrenchment of humoral beliefs in popular thought and their promotion by the Church and Inquisition.Trade Review"Thanks to Making Medicines, scholars can now approach such issues with far greater clarity and specificity than they could have otherwise. The book will be a key point of reference for future studies not only on the Viceroyalty of Peru but in colonial Latin America." - Hugh Cagle, in: Journal of Latin American Studies 51:1 (2019): 233-235 "This rich social history promises to make Spanish colonial pharmacies both comprehensible and engaging. Students of history, science, technology, and medicine will appreciate its premodern perspective and the complex layers connecting religion, society, and medical practice. This book is not only at the forefront of histories investigating medicine and society in colonial Latin America, but it is also a model in the balance of archival work, analysis, and accessible prose." - Kathleen Kole de Peralta, in: The Americas, 76:1 (2019): 171-173 "[E]n mi opinión, Making Medicines in Early Colonial Lima es una contribución indispensable que nos permite profundizar sobre la relación entre el poder y el saber; entre dominio de larga distancia y poderes locales. Una contribución que nos convoca a emprender nuevos estudios comparativos entre Perú y la Nueva España que nos ayuden a revelar por qué, a pesar de que ambos territorios se rigieron por la misma cultura jurídica española, construyeron culturas médicas distintas, pero, sobre todo, reconocer que en los espacios coloniales se verificaron diversas culturas médicas que mantuvieron intercambios permanentes, aunque esta diversidad no siempre resulte obvia o visible a través de la documentación." - Angélica Morales Sarabia, in: Dynamis, 39:1 (2019): 235-266Table of ContentsAcknowledgments List of Illustrations Abbreviations 1 Medicines: Empire, Science and Society  Medicine and Empire  Practices of Medicine  Medicine and Science  Practitioners of Medicine  Prospectus 2 Learning to Make Medicines  Makers of Medicines  Education and Practical Training  Apothecaries from Spain  University Medical Education  Preparatory Schooling  Educational Opportunities for Non-Elites  On the Job Training  Examinations and Licences  Female Medical Learning  Conclusion 3 The Medicines Business  Acquiring a Botica  The Premises  Employing Pharmacy Workers   Indian Forced Labourers   Black Pharmacy Workers  Running a Pharmacy  Conclusion 4 Trading Medicines and Materia Medica  Organisation of the Transatlantic Trade  Apothecaries, Pepperers and Spicers  The Transatlantic Trade in Materia Medica  The Intercolonial Trade in Materia Medica  Acquiring Materia Medica Locally  Conclusion 5 Selecting Materia Medica  Humoralism  Scholarly Scientific Explorations  Paracelsianism  Maintaining Medical Orthodoxy  The Regulation of Pharmacies  The Impact of the Counter Reformation and Inquisition   The Circulation of Medical Texts  Conclusion 6 Making Medicines  Types of Medicines  Preparing Medicines  Pharmacy Methods and Equipment  Categories of Medicines   Using Purgatives and Emetics  Using Native Plants  A Few Experiments  Explaining the Failure to Adopt Native Botanical Materia Medica  A Medical Marketplace?  Using Minerals and Chemicals  Conclusion 7 The Social World of Apothecaries  The Status of the Medical Profession  The Middling Professional Status of the Apothecary  Criticisms of the Medical Profession  The Christian Calling of an Apothecary  Projecting Professionalism  Conclusion 8 Persistent Practices  Accounting for the Prevalence of Humoral Medicine  Accounting for the Slow Adoption of Experimental Methods Part 2: Appendices  Appendix A Books Shipped from Spain by the Apothecary Juan Sánchez in 1591  Appendix B List of Materia Medica Found in Pharmacies in Spain and Lima  Appendix C Books Shipped from Spain to Doctor Melchor de Amusco in Nombre de Dios, 1584 Glossary Bibliography

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Book SynopsisThis volume is devoted to the natural philosopher Bernardino Telesio (1509-1588) and his place in the scientific debates of the Renaissance. Telesio’s thought is emblematic of Renaissance culture in its aspiration towards universality; the volume deals with the roots and reception of his vistas from an interdisciplinary perspective ranging from the history of philosophy to that of physics, astronomy, meteorology, medicine, and psychology. The editor, Pietro Daniel Omodeo and leading specialists of intellectual history introduce Telesio’s conceptions to English-speaking historians of science through a series of studies, which aim to foster our understanding of a crucial early modern author, his world, achievement, networks, and influence. Contributors are Roberto Bondì, Arianna Borrelli, Rodolfo Garau, Giulia Giannini, Miguel Ángel Granada, Hiro Hirai, Martin Mulsow, Elio Nenci, Pietro Daniel Omodeo, Nuccio Ordine, Alessandro Ottaviani, Jürgen Renn, Riccarda Suitner, and Oreste Trabucco.Table of ContentsForeword Note on Contributors Introduction  Pietro Daniel Omodeo 1 The First of the Moderns: Telesio between Bacon and Galileo  Roberto Bondí 2 “Spiritus” and “anima a Deo immissa” in Telesio  Miguel Ángel Granada 3 Telesio, Aristotle, and Hippocrates on Cosmic Heat  Hiro Hirai 4 Heat and Moving Spirits in Telesio’s and Della Porta’s Meteorological Treatises  Arianna Borrelli 5 Telesian Controversies on the Winds and Meteorology  Oreste Trabucco 6 Telesio and the Renaissance Debates on Sea Tides  Pietro Daniel Omodeo 7 In Search of the True Nature of the Rainbow: Renewal of the Aristotelian Tradition in the Renaissance and the De Iride  Elio Nenci 8 A Conversation by Telesio: Sensualism, Criticism of Aristotle, and the Theory of Light in the Late Renaissance  Martin Mulsow 9 ‘Haereticorum more leges refellendi suas proponit’. At the Beginning of Telesian Censorship: an Annotated Copy of the 1565 Roman Edition  Alessandro Ottaviani 10 Reformation, Naturalism, and Telesianism: the Case of Agostino Doni  Riccarda Suitner 202 11 Between Myth and Reality: the Accademia Telesiana  Giulia Giannini 12 The Transformation of Final Causation: Telesio’s Theories of Self-Preservation and Motion  Rodolfo Garau Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisLost Knowledge: The Concept of Vanished Technologies and Other Human Histories examines the idea of lost knowledge, reaching back to a period between myth and history. It investigates a peculiar idea found in a number of early texts: that there were civilizations with knowledge of sophisticated technologies, and that this knowledge was obscured or destroyed over time along with the civilization that had created it. This book presents critical studies of a series of early Chinese, South Asian, and other texts that look at the idea of specific “lost” technologies, such as mechanical flight and the transmission of images. There is also an examination of why concepts of a vanished “golden age” were prevalent in so many cultures. Offering an engaging and investigative look at the propagation of history and myth in technology and culture, this book is sure to interest historians and readers from many backgrounds.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgements xiii List of Figures xiv 1 Speculations and Fantasies 1 1 Lost Knowledge, Technology, and the Patterns of History 1 2 The Nature of Ancient Knowledge 5 3 A New Approach 11 4 The Sources 14 5 Technology in the Remote Past: the Case of Frederick Soddy 19 6 Speculations and Methods 35 2 Ancient Tales of Flying Machines 40 1 Two Types of Tales 40 2 Chinese Stories of Flying Machines 45 3 Korean Accounts of Flying Machines 56 4 South Asian Tales of Flying Vehicles 75 5 Ainu Stories of Flying Machines 89 6 Hopi Lore about Flying Vehicles 96 7 Tales from Oceania about Flying Vehicles 99 8 A Synthesis of Traditions in the “Flying Horse” Tales 101 9 Terms and Types 110 3 Magic Mirrors and Early Televisions 114 1 Mirrors in History 114 2 Two Chinese Diagnostic Mirrors 123 3 A Mirror to Locate Illness and a Mirror to “Illuminate the Bones” 126 4 Looking into Chinese Mirrors 131 5 Mirrors, Meaning, and Context 134 6 Another Diagnostic Device 136 7 Mirrors and Medicine 138 8 Jīvaka’s Diagnostic Device 140 9 A Magic Mirror Trick? 142 10 Traditions of Transmitted Images in Central American and Persian Cultures 149 11 Prester John and Western Traditions of Long-Distance Mirrors 158 12 Remote Communication in the Works of Paracelsus and Francis Bacon 163 13 Traditions Concerning Special Mirrors and Telescopes 166 14 Chinese Tales of Image Transmission 171 15 Technology in Context 175 4 The Missing Land of Atlantis 177 1 A Question of Identity 177 2 Atlantis in Plato’s Timaeus 182 3 Plato and the Idea of History 190 4 The Geography of Atlantis 202 5 Fiction, Myth, and History 209 6 Transmission, Memory, and Text 214 7 Atlantis in Plato’s Critias 218 8 Atlas, Atlantis, and a Question of Interpretation 236 9 Ancient Views of the Remote Past 238 10 Numbers and Technical Detail in the Story of Atlantis 245 11 Atlantis: in Search of an Interpretation 255 5 Rings and Dangerous Powers 271 1 The Nature of a Folktale 271 2 The Tale of Gyges in Plato’s Republic 273 3 The Background and Setting of the Tale of Gyges 277 4 The Elements of the Tale: the Cave 280 5 The Elements of the Tale: the Horse 282 6 The Elements of the Tale: the Body 284 7 The Elements of the Tale: the Ring 292 8 Conclusions: Technology and the Fate of a Civilization 297 6 The Nature, Encoding, and Transmission of Knowledge 308 1 Storing Knowledge 308 2 Transmission through Time 310 3 The Concept of “Encoding” 318 4 Knowledge and Loss 325 5 Knowledge and Myth, Knowledge in Myth 338 6 Changing Knowledge, Changing History 346 7 Conclusions — What Did They Mean? 353 1 Technology and the Concept of the “Golden Age” 353 2 More on the “City of Brass” 360 3 Knowledge Transmission and Cyclical History 363 4 How Far Back? 368 5 The Methods for the Transmission of Knowledge 375 6 The Idea of “Lost Knowledge” and the Nature of Myth 378 7 Looking at the Texts 383 8 Reading Texts 388 9 Towards the Future 391 Bibliography 395 Index 452

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Book SynopsisThe Viennese Jesuit court astronomer Maximilian Hell was a key figure in the eighteenth-century circulation of knowledge. He was already famous by the time of his celebrated 1769 expedition for the observation of the transit of Venus in northern Scandinavia. However, the 1773 suppression of his order forced Hell to develop ingenious strategies of accommodation to changing international and domestic circumstances. Through a study of his career in local, regional, imperial, and global contexts, this book sheds new light on the complex relationship between the Enlightenment, Catholicism, administrative and academic reform in the Habsburg monarchy, and the practices and ends of cultivating science in the Republic of Letters around the end of the first era of the Society of Jesus.Trade Review“This book is a careful and valuable source for historians of science interested in ways in which the Enlightenment affected the practice of science in the more remote lands of the Habsburg empire.” J. L. Heilbron, University of California–Berkeley. In: Church History, Vol. 89, No. 4 (December 2020), pp. 953–955. “Maximilian Hell (1720–92) and the Ends of Jesuit Science in Enlightenment Europe is a valuable contribution that provides an impressive account of the neglected aspects of the East Central European Enlightenment.” Tibor Bodnár-Király, Eötvös Loránd University. In: Austrian History Yearbook, Vol. 52 (2021), pp. 15–16. “This monograph is essential for any study of the history of European astronomy and of Jesuit science.” Agustín Udías, Universidad Complutense. In: Journal of Jesuit Studies, Vol. 8, No. 1 (December 2020), pp. 111–113. “Hell’s vitriolic responses to public criticism, the familiar stereotype of the dissembling Jesuit, and the implosion and suppression of the Order in 1773 [...] undermined his reputation. While not formulated as a rehabilitation, Maximilian Hell (1720–92) and the Ends of Jesuit Science in Enlightenment Europe undoes much of that damage, showing the attractive aspects of this figure — as, for instance, his collaboration with the gifted painter Caspar Franz Sambach — and the considerable constraints under which Hell worked. Of particular value is the sustained and enlightening comparison of the Jesuits and their curious double, the Freemasons.” Eileen Reeves, Princeton. In: Isis, Vol. 12, No. 3 (September 2021), pp. 607–609.Table of Contents Acknowledgments  List of Illustrations  Bibliographic Abbreviations  Introduction  1 Enlightenment(s)  2 Catholic Enlightenment—Enlightenment Catholicism  3 The Society of Jesus and Jesuit Science  4 What’s in a Life? 1 Shafts and Stars, Crafts and Sciences: The Making of a Jesuit Astronomer in the Habsburg Provinces  1 A Regional Life World  2 Turbulent Times and an Immigrant Family around the Mines  3 Apprenticeship  4 Professor on the Frontier 2 Metropolitan Lures: Enlightened and Jesuit Networks, and a New Node of Science  1 An Agenda for Astronomic Advance  2 Science in the City and in the World: Hell and the respublica astronomica 3 A New Node of Science in Action: The 1761 Transit of Venus and Hell’s Transition to Fame  1 A Golden Opportunity  2 An Imperial Astronomer’s Network Displayed  3 Lessons Learned  4 “Quonam autem fructu?” Taking Stock 4 The North Beckons: “A desperate voyage by desperate persons”  1 Scandinavian Self-Assertions  2 The Invitation from Copenhagen: Providence and Rhetoric  3 From Vienna to Vardø 5 He Came, He Saw, He Conquered? The Expeditio litteraria ad Polum Arcticum  1 A Journey Finished and Yet Unfinished  2 Enigmas of the Northern Sky and Earth  3 On Hungarians and Laplanders  4 Authority Crumbling 6 “Tahiti and Vardø will be the two columns […]”: Observing Venus and Debating the Parallax  1 Mission Accomplished  2 Accomplishment Contested  3 A Peculiar Nachleben 7 Disruption of Old Structures  1 Habsburg Centralization and the De-centering of Hell  2 Critical Publics: Vienna, Hungary  3 Ex-Jesuit Astronomy: Institutions and Trajectories 8 Coping with Enlightenments  1 Viennese Struggles  2 Redefining the Center  Conclusion: Borders and Crossings  Appendix 1Map of the Austrian Province of the Society of Jesus, with Glossary of Geographic Names  Appendix 2Instruction for the Imperial and Royal Astronomer Maximilian Hell, S.J.  Bibliography  Index

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Book SynopsisHistorically, the idea that the stars and planets influence the Earth and its inhabitants has proved powerful in almost every culture, offering an important context for the use of mathematical and astronomical instruments. In the past, however, historians of astronomy have paid relatively little attention to astrology and other “non-scientific” topics, while historians of astrology have tended to concentrate on the analysis of texts rather than surviving artefacts, scientific instruments in particular. Heaven and Earth United is an attempt to redress the balance through an exploration of the astrological contexts in which instruments once found a place. Contributors are Silke Ackermann, Marisa Addomine, Jim Bennett, Marvin Bolt, Louise E. Devoy, Richard Dunn, Seb Falk, Stephen Johnston, Richard L. Kremer, Günther Oestmann, Josefina Rodríguez-Arribas, Petra G. Schmidl, Giorgio Strano, and Sylvia Sumira.Table of ContentsList ofFigures and Tables Contributors Introduction 1 Using Astrolabes for Astrological Purposes: The Earliest Evidence Revisited  Petra G. Schmidl 2 What’s on the Back of an Astrolabe? Astrolabes as Supports for Planetary Calculators  Seb Falk 3 Medical and Astrological Plates: Their Roles in Medieval and Renaissance Knowledge  Josefina Rodríguez-Arribas 4 “Preciseness and Pleasure”: The Astrological Diptychs of Thomas Hood  Stephen Johnston 5 Displaying Astrological Knowledge through Tabulation: Some Notes Pertaining to Particular Arrangement on Instruments  Günther Oestmann 6 Astrological Aspectaria on Early Modern Instruments  Louise E. Devoy 7 Italian Astronomical Clocks as Public Astrological Machines  Marisa Addomine 8 Astrological Time in Public Space: The Görlitz Arachne (1550) and Planetary Hours  Richard L. Kremer 9 The Heavens at the Medici Court: Antonio Santucci’s Cosmological Models  Giorgio Strano 10 Were Globes Used in the Practice of Early Modern Astrology?  Jim Bennett and Sylvia Sumira 11 Instruments and the Astrologer’s Image  Richard Dunn* 12 Defining Scientific Instruments in Astrological Practice: A Response  Marvin Bolt Glossary 263  Richard Dunn General Index 277

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Book SynopsisThe Kitāb Taḥrīm dafn al-aḥyāʾ, the Book on the Prohibition to Bury the Living, written by the Nestorian physician ʿUbaidallāh Ibn Buḫtīšūʿ (d. c. 1060 CE), deals with the causes, signs and treatments of apparent death. Based on a short pseudo-Galenic treatise, whose Greek original is lost, ʿUbaidallāh’s Arabic commentary is a comprehensive and in many ways unique piece of scientific writing that moreover promotes a psychological understanding of physical illness. Oliver Kahl’s present book offers a critical Arabic edition with annotated English translation of ʿUbaidallāh’s work on apparent death, framed by a detailed introductory study and extensive glossaries covering all relevant terms; for comparative purposes, the Arabic and Hebrew recensions of the lost Greek prototype are presented in an appendix.Trade Review"K. hat mit seiner philologisch soliden Edition, die durch ausführliche Indizes bereichert ist, ein frühes und wertvolles Zeugnis der gräko-arabischen Komponente der arabisch-islamischen Kultur zugänglich gemacht...Darüber hinaus enthält der Kommentar des ʿUbaidallāh eine Fülle interessanter Einzelheiten zu Zeitgenossen und weitere persönliche Reminiszenzen, auch zur eigenen ärztlichen Praxis." Gotthard Strohmaier, in Orientalistische Literaturzeitung 114/4–5 (2019): 351–381Table of ContentsPreface Acknowledgements Introduction  1 ʿUbaidallāh Ibn Buḫtīšūʿ  2 The Book on Apparent Death  Plates Text and Translation Bibliography Indices Introduction to the Indices Index of Medicine and Pharmacy Index of People and Places Index of Work Titles Index of Miscellaneous Terms Index of Botanical Names Appendix: The Pseudo-Galenic Treatise  1 The Arabic Recension  2 The Hebrew Recension (by Gerrit Bos)

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Book SynopsisJesuits and the Book of Nature: Science and Education in Modern Portugal offers an account of the Jesuits’ contributions to science and education after the restoration of the Society of Jesus in Portugal in 1858. As well as promoting an education grounded on an “alliance between religion and science,” the Portuguese Jesuits founded a scientific journal that played a significant role in the consolidation of taxonomy, plant breeding, biochemistry, and molecular genetics. In this book, Francisco Malta Romeiras argues that the priority the Jesuits placed on the teaching and practice of science was not only a way of continuing a centennial tradition but should also be seen as response to the adverse anticlerical milieu in which the restoration of the Society of Jesus took place.Trade Review"Francisco Malta Romeiras offers a worthy contribution to the vast and still growing body of scholarship on Jesuit science from a rather original standpoint: modern Portugal [...] The book is a very informative, if rather descriptive, contribution to the history of Catholic science in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries [...] Jesuits and the Book of Nature thus offers an engaging collective portrait of four generations of men of science and faith, shedding light on a myriad of better- and lesser-known figures and facts and bringing them to the attention of a wide international scholarly audience; it is certainly a very welcome contribution to a thriving field of investigation." Maria Pia Donato, CNRS Paris, in Isis, 112.2 (2021) (full review: https://doi.org/10.1086/714670)Table of ContentsAcknowledgments List of Abbreviations List of Figures and Tables Introduction 1 Jesuit Science and Education: A Brief History 2 The Pombaline Expulsion and the Building of Anti-Jesuitism 3 Carlos Rademaker and the Restoration of the Society of Jesus in Portugal 4 For the Greater Credibility: Science and Education in Modern Portugal 5 The Republican Exile and the Confiscation of the Natural History Collections 6 The Journal Brotéria, the Book of Nature, and the Greater Glory of God 7 The Journal Brotéria: Vulgarização científica and the Popularization of Science, Technology, and Medicine 8 Taxonomy, Cytogenetics, and Plant Breeding in the Early Years of Estado Novo 9 New Lenses to Read the Book of Nature: Biochemistry, Molecular Genetics, and Bioethics Conclusion Appendix Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisScience and Confucian Statecraft in East Asia explores science and technology as practiced in the governments of premodern China and Korea. Contrary to the stereotypical image of East Asian bureaucracy as a generally negative force having hindered free enquiries and scientific progress, this volume offers a more nuanced picture of how science and technology was deployed in the service of state governance in East Asia. Presenting richly documented cases of the major state-sponsored sciences, astronomy, medicine, gunpowder production, and hydraulics, this book illustrates how rulers’ and scholar-officials’ concern for efficient and legitimate governance shaped production, circulation, and application of natural knowledge and useful techniques. Contributors include: Francesca Bray, Christopher Cullen, Asaf Goldschmidt, Cho-ying Li, Jongtae Lim, Peter Lorge, Joong-Yang Moon, Kwon soo Park, Dongwon Shin, Pierre-Étienne WillTable of ContentsContents Figures and Tables Notes on Contributors  1 Introduction: Science and Confucian Statecraft in East Asia   Francesca Bray Part 1: Making State Sciences Work  2 Confucian Statecraft and the Production of Saltpeter and Sulfur in Song Dynasty China   Peter Lorge  3 Song Government and Medicine – the Case of the Imperial Pharmacy   Asaf Goldschmidt  4 Forensic Science and the Late Imperial Chinese State   Pierre-Étienne Will  5 Calendar Publishing and Local Science in Chosŏn Korea   Park Kwon Soo Part 2: State, Science, and Legitimacy  6 “As a Sage-king Reemerges, All Water Returns to Its Proper Path”: Xia Yuanji’s Water Management and the Legitimisation of the Yongle Reign   Cho-ying Li  7 Measuring the Rainfall in an East Asian State Bureaucracy: the Use of Rain-Measuring Utensils in Late Eighteenth-Century Korea   Lim Jongtae林宗台  8 Measures against Epidemics in Late Eighteenth-Century Korea: Reformation or Restoration?   Shin Dongwon  9 Delivering Whose Seasons? Non-state Knowledge of the Heavens in Early Imperial China, and Its Official Appropriation   Christopher Cullen  10 From Local Calendar (hyangnyŏk) to Eastern Calendar (tongnyŏk): the Aspiration for an Independent Calendar of the Kingdom in Late Chosŏn Korea   Moon Joong-Yang Index

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Book SynopsisAfter their restoration of 1814, the Jesuits made significant contributions to the natural sciences, especially in the fields of astronomy, meteorology, seismology, terrestrial magnetism, mathematics, and biology. This narrative provides a history of the Jesuit institutions in which these discoveries were made, many of which were established in countries that previously had no scientific institutions whatsoever, thus generating a scientific and educational legacy that endures to this day. The article also focuses on the teaching and research that took place at Jesuit universities and secondary schools, as well as the order’s creation of a worldwide network of seventy-four astronomical and geophysical observatories where particularly important contributions were made to the fields of terrestrial magnetism, microseisms, tropical hurricanes, and botany.Trade Review“By establishing the who’s who and what’s what of modern Jesuit science, Udías is effectively clearing the ground for other scholars, much in the spirit of the series in which it appeared […]. For those who are venturing for the first time on the territory of modern Jesuit science, I recommend this work as a mine of research topics.” - Jean-Olivier Richard, University of Toronto, in: Journal of Jesuit Studies, Vol. 7, No. 4 (2020), pp. 694-697Table of ContentsJesuits and the Natural Sciences in Modern Times, 1814–2014  Agustín Udías  Abstract  Keywords  1 Introduction  2 A New Beginning  3 Science in the Training of Jesuits and the Tension between Scholastic Philosophy and Modern Science  4 Science in Jesuit Universities, Colleges, and Secondary Schools  5 The New Observatories  6 The Earth’s Magnetism  7 Jesuit Meteorological Stations  8 Tropical Hurricanes  9 Earthquakes and Seismology  10 The Tradition in Mathematics  11 The New Naturalists and Biologists  12 Jesuit Scientists in Non-Jesuit Institutions  13 Recent Developments  14 Jesuit Scientists and Ignatian Spirituality  15 Conclusion  Bibliography

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Book SynopsisThe book analyses from a comparative perspective the exploration of territories, the histories of their inhabitants, and local natural environments during the long eighteenth century. The eleven chapters look at European science at home and abroad as well as at global scientific practices and the involvement of a great variety of local actors in the processes of mapping and recording. Dealing with landlocked territories with no colonies (like Switzerland) and places embedded in colonial networks, the book reveals multifarious entanglements connecting these territories. Contributors are: Sarah Baumgartner, Simona Boscani Leoni, Stefanie Gänger, Meike Knittel, Francesco Luzzini, Jon Mathieu, Barbara Orland, Irina Podgorny, Chetan Singh, and Martin Stuber.Table of ContentsContents List of Figures and Tables List of Contributors 1 Introduction: From Switzerland to the Indies  Simona Boscani Leoni, Sarah Baumgartner and Meike Knittel part 1: Naturalists’ Methods 2 Between the Americas and Europe: Mapping Territories through Questionnaires, 16th–18th Centuries  Simona Boscani Leoni 3 (Re-)Shaping a Method: Field Research and Experimental Legacy in Vallisneri’s Primi Itineris Specimen (1705)  Francesco Luzzini 4 Flora Near and Far: Accumulating Knowledge on Plants in Eighteenth-Century Zurich  Meike Knittel 5 The Secrets of Indians: Native Knowers in Enlightenment Natural Histories of the Southern Americas  Stefanie Gänger part 2: Authorities’ and Societies’ Strategies 6 Change and Continuity: The Bureaucracy of Knowledge in South America  Irina Podgorny 7 Questionnaires, Parish Registers and Prize Competitions: The Zurich Physical Society’s Sources and Methods for Surveying the Territory  Sarah Baumgartner 8 Social Anthropology avant la lettre: The Economic Enlightenment Perspective on Traditional Uses of Wetlands  Martin Stuber part 3: Defining Territories 9 Divergent Perception: Deserts and Mountains in Transition to Modernity, seen through Alexander von Humboldt’s Views of Nature  Jon Mathieu 10 Alpine Landscapes of Health: The Swiss Whey Cure and Therapeutic Tourism between 1750 and 1870  Barbara Orland 11 Creation of “Scientific” Knowledge: The Asiatick Society and Exploration of the Himalaya, 1784–1850  Chetan Singh Index

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Book SynopsisScientific Instruments between East and West is a collection of essays on aspects of the transmission of knowledge about scientific instruments and the trade in such instruments between the Eastern and Western worlds, particularly from Europe to the Ottoman Empire. The contributors, from a variety of countries, draw on original Arabic and Ottoman Turkish manuscripts and other archival sources and publications dating from the fifteenth to the twentieth centuries not previously studied for their relevance to the history of scientific instruments. This little-studied topic in the history of science was the subject of the 35th Scientific Instrument Symposium held in Istanbul in September 2016, where the original versions of these essays were delivered. Contributors are Mahdi Abdeljaouad, Pierre Ageron, Hamid Bohloul, Patrice Bret, Gaye Danışan, Feza Günergun, Meltem Kocaman, Richard L. Kremer, Janet Laidla, Panagiotis Lazos, David Pantalony, Atilla Polat, Bernd Scholze, Konstantinos Skordoulis, Seyyed Hadi Tabatabaei, Anthony Turner, Hasan Umut, and George Vlahakis. See inside the book ​​​​​​​here.​Trade Review"[...] by presenting lesser known case studies of knowledge transfer and of interdependencies between West and East, the volume offers worthwhile reading for those interested in the history of early modern and modern times, especially of the Ottoman empire." Petra G. Schmidl (University of Erlangen–Nuremberg), Journal for the History of Astronomy 51(4):497-499.Table of ContentsPreface List of Figures and Tables Contributors 1 A Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Compendium of Astronomical Instruments  Seydi Ali’s Mirʾat-ı Kâinat  Gaye Danışan 2 Eastern and Western Instruments in Osman Efendi’s Hadiyyat al-Muhtadī (The Gift of the Convert), 1779  Mahdi Abdeljaouad and Pierre Ageron 3 Treatises on Pergar-ı Nisbe (the Sector) in Manuscript Collections in Turkey  Atilla Polat 4 Measuring Altitudes with an Alla Franca Instrument  The Ottoman Engineer Feyzi’s Treatise on the Portable Sextant  Feza Günergun, Gaye Danışan and Atilla Polat 5 How Did the Turketum (or Torquetum) Get Its Name?  Richard L. Kremer 6 A Mingling of Traditions  Aspects of Dialling in Islam  Anthony Turner 7 Kāshānī’s Equatorium  Employing Different Plates for Determining Planetary Longitudes  Hamid Bohloul 8 The Introduction of the Telescope into Iran before the Nineteenth Century  Seyyed Hadi Tabatabaei 9 Hugo Masing’s Golitsyn-Vilip Seismographs  From Tartu to Five Continents  Janet Laidla 10 Instruments and Laboratories in the Schools of the Greek Community of Istanbul, 1850–1960  Panagiotis Lazos, George Vlahakis and Constantine Skordoulis 11 From the Ottoman Empire to Canada  George Petrovic’s Metrological Instruments in the Canada Science and Technology Museum  Hasan Umut and David Pantalony 12 Instruments of Knowledge and Power in a Colonial Context  Scientific Instruments during the French Occupation of Egypt, 1798–1801  Patrice Bret 13 The Magic Lantern as an Ambassador between Cultures and Religions  Imrich Emanuel Roth and the First Dissolving View Shows in the Ottoman Empire, 1845–1846  Bernd Scholze 14 Scientific Instrument Retailers in Istanbul in the Nineteenth Century, and Verdoux’s Optical Shop  Meltem Kocaman Index

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Book SynopsisThis volume aims to furnish a broader framework for analyzing the scientific and institutional context that gave rise to scientific academies in Europe—including the Accademia del Cimento in Florence; the Royal Society in London; the Académie Royale des Sciences in Paris; and the Academia naturae curiosorum in Schweinfurt. The essays detail the multiple backgrounds that prompted seventeenth-century savants—from Italy to England, and from Poland to Portugal—to establish new forms of scientific organizations, in which to institutionalize collaborative research as well as modes of communication with like-minded individuals and associations.Table of ContentsPreface Giulia Giannini I Research in Institutional Setting 1 Between Teaching and Research: The Place of Science in Early Modern English Universities Mordechai Feingold 2 The Academisation of Parisian Science (1660-1789): Review Essay on a Spatial Turn Stéphane Van Damme 3 Asymmetries of Symbolic Capital in Seventeenth-Century Scientific Transactions: Placentinus’s Cometary Correspondence with Hevelius and Lubieniecki Pietro D. Omodeo II Founding and Shaping Scientific Institutions 4 An indirect convergence between the Accademia del Cimento and the Montmor Academy: the “Saturn dispute” Giulia Giannini 5 The Edifying Science. Academies, Courtly Culture and the Patronage of Science in early modern Portugal (1647-1720) Luis Miguel Carolino 6 The Paris Observatory in the Early modern Ecosystem of Knowledge (1669-1712) Dalia Deias 7 The Early History of the Paris and London Academies: Two Paths towards the Institutionalization of Science Aurellien Ruellet, François Mallet III Making and Reporting Experiments: Scientific Styles and Publishing Policies 8 Professionalizing Doubt: Johann Daniel Major’s Observation ‘On the Horn of the Bezoardic Goat,’ the Curiosity Market, and the Institutionalization of Natural History Vera Keller 9 Experiments on collections at the Royal Society of London and the Paris Academy of Sciences, 1660-1740 Michael Bycroft 10 “I am very much troubled that there is so great an expectation raised of that pamphlet”: Publishing strategy and the early Royal Society Noah Moxham Summarizing Commentaries—Institutions and Knowledge Systems: Theoretical Perspectives Jürgen Renn, Florian Schmaltz

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Book SynopsisIn Kao Gong Ji: The World’s Oldest Encyclopaedia of Technologies, Guan Zengjian and Konrad Herrmann offer an English translation and commentary of the first technological encyclopaedia in China. This work came into being around the 5th century C.E. and contains descriptions of thirty technologies used at the time. Most prominent are bronze casting, the manufacture of carriages and weapons, a metrological standard, the making of musical instruments, and the planning of cities. The technologies, including the manufacturing process and quality assurance, are based on standardization and modularization. In several commentaries, the editors show to which degree the descriptions of Kao Gong Ji correspond to archaeological findings. Revised and updated translation from the Chinese edition:《考工记: 翻译与评注》(ISBN: 978-7-313-12133-2) by Guan Zengjian, © Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press 2014. Published by Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press.Table of ContentsContents Abbreviations and Conventions List of Illustrations List of Tables Preface Foreword Introduction  1 On Historical Editions and Commenting of “Kao Gong Ji”  2 Historical Background of “Kao Gong Ji”  3 Location and Period of Origin of “Kao Gong Ji” Part 1: The Text 卷上 (Part One)  Part 1: Introduction  Manufacture of Chariots  1 The Wheelmaker  2 The Carriage Carpenter  3 The Pole Carpenter  4 The Bronze Caster  5 Bronze Weapons  6 Bronze Bells  7 Measuring Standards  8 Agricultural Tools (Missing)  9 Leather  10 The Tanner  11 The Drum Maker  12 Tailor of Mourning Garments (Missing)  13 Furrier (Missing)  14 Paints  15 Dyer of Feathers  16 Dyer of Clothes and Silks (Missing)  17 Dyer of Silk 卷下 (Part Two)  18 Part 2: The Jade Polisher  19 Comb Maker (Missing)  20 Bone Carver (Missing)  21 The Manufacturer of Chimes  22 The Arrow Tip Manufacturer  23 The Potter  24 The Carpenter Ziren  25 The Weapon Carpenter  26 Construction Workers  27 The Carriage Manufacturer  28 The Bow Manufacturer Part 2: Analysis – Commentaries Commentary to 卷上  1 Manufacture of Carriages  2 Astronomy  3 Bronze Technology  4 Bronze Objects – Vessels, Weapons, Mirrors  5 Metrology  6 Musical Instruments Commentary to 卷下  7 Jade  8 Ceramics and Porcelain  9 Civil Engineering  10 Manufacture of Bows Bibliography Index of Personal and Geographical Names Index of Subjects

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Book SynopsisCoenraad Jacob Temminck and the Emergence of Systematics (1800–1850) is the first study to examine in detail the life and work of Coenraad Jacob Temminck (1778–1858), the Dutch naturalist who was the first director of ’s Rijks Museum van Natuurlijke Historie (National Museum of Natural History) in Leiden, The Netherlands. This study situates Temminck’s activities in the context of European natural history during the early to the mid-nineteenth century. Three issues which defined the era are discussed in more detail: the growing European colonial territories, the rise of scientific meritocracy, and the emergence of systematics as a discipline. Temminck’s biography elucidates how and why systematics developed, and why its status within the natural sciences has been a matter of discussion for more than a century.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments List of Illustrations Abbreviations Note on Quotations and Translations Introduction  1 Portraits of Coenraad Jacob Temminck  2 On Dutch Natural History  3 Summary of the Chapters  4 A Word of Caution: On Definitions part 1: Birds, Cabinets, and Museums 1 From Catalogs to Monographs  1 Exotic Birds on Cupboards and Plates  2 François Levaillant and Bernhard Meyer  3 From Listing to Classifying  4 Temminck’s Earliest Monographs 2 From Collector to Director  1 Appointments and Politics  2 The Direction of ’s Lands Kabinet  3 Collections for the Universities  4 Building Up a Network  5 The Concept of a National Museum 3 National Museum, National Expeditions  1 The Birth of ’s Rijks Museum van Natuurlijke Historie  2 Temminck’s Directorate  3 Colonial Nature  4 A Worldwide Web of Collectors 4 A Place for Systematics  1 The Museum’s Scientific Output  2 Temminck’s Podium  3 The Geography of Systematics Part 2: Zoological Classification: 1800–1850 5 Patterns, Laws, and Types  1 Geographical Patterns and the “Type” Concept  2 Temminck’s Law versus Buffon’s Law  3 On the Origin and Immutability of Species  4 After Temminck’s Law 6 Systematics Wars  1 Temminck’s Debates  2 Nomenclatural Chaos  3 Establishing Genera  4 The Search for a Natural Classification System  5 The ‘Parliamentary Practice’ 7 Systematics and Natural History: 1800–1850  1 Defining ‘Natural History’  2 The Issue of Philosophical Arguments  3 The Status of Anatomy and Physiology  4 Systematics within Natural History Conclusion: The Emergence of Systematics Appendix Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisTraces of Ink. Experiences of Philology and Replication is a collection of original papers exploring the textual and material aspects of inks and ink-making in a number of premodern cultures (Babylonia, the Graeco-Roman world, the Syriac milieu and the Arabo-Islamic tradition). The volume proposes a fresh and interdisciplinary approach to the study of technical traditions, in which new results can be achieved thanks to the close collaboration between philologists and scientists. Replication represents a crucial meeting point between these two parties: a properly edited text informs the experts in the laboratory who, in turn, may shed light on many aspects of the text by recreating the material reality behind it. Contributors are: Miriam Blanco Cesteros, Michele Cammarosano, Claudia Colini, Vincenzo Damiani, Sara Fani, Matteo Martelli, Ira Rabin, Lucia Raggetti, and Katja Weirauch.Trade Review"[...] one of the merits of the book probably lies in addressing the complexity of a subfield of book studies that was traditionally overlooked.[...] The second merit of this work is the attempt to propose an interdisciplinary approach to face these challenges and do justice to the complexity that is emerging." - Luca Berardi, Università di Napoli "L'Orientale", in: EURASIAN Studies 19 (2021) 303–306Table of ContentsAcknowledgements List of Figures Notes on Contributors Introduction  Lucia Raggetti 1 WoW! Writing on Wax in Ancient Mesopotamia and Today: Questions and Results from an Interdisciplinary Project  Katja Weirauch and Michele Cammarosano 2 Written in Blood? Decoding Some Red Inks of the Greek Magical Papyri  Miriam Blanco Cesteros 3 Ink in Herculaneum: A Survey of Recent Perspectives  Vincenzo Damiani 4 Material Studies of Historic Inks: Transition from Carbon to Iron-Gall Inks  Ira Rabin 5 ‘Alchemical’ Inks in the Syriac Tradition  Matteo Martelli 6 The Literary Dimension and Life of Arabic Treatises on Ink Making  Sara Fani 7 “I tried it and it is really good” Replicating Recipes of Arabic Black Inks  Claudia Colini 8 Ordinary Inks and Incredible Tricks in al-ʿIrāqī’s ʿUyūn al-ḥaqāʾiq  Lucia Raggetti Index of Manuscripts Index of Authors Index of Sources Index of Technical Terms

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Book SynopsisThe essays in Powerful Arguments reconstruct the standards of validity underlying argumentative practices in a wide array of late imperial Chinese discourses, from the Song through the Qing dynasties. The fourteen case studies analyze concrete arguments defended or contested in areas ranging from historiography, philosophy, law, and religion to natural studies, literature, and the civil examination system. By examining uses of evidence, habits of inference, and the criteria by which some arguments were judged to be more persuasive than others, the contributions recreate distinct cultures of reasoning. Together, they lay the foundations for a history of argumentative practice in one of the richest scholarly traditions outside of Europe and add a chapter to the as yet elusive global history of rationality.Table of ContentsContents Acknowledgements List of Figures Notes on Contributors Introduction: Toward a History of Argumentative Practice in Late Imperial China  Martin Hofmann, Joachim Kurtz, and Ari Daniel Levine Part 1: Comparison, Collation, Validation  1 Historical and Political Arguments: Debates on the Veritable Records in the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644)   Peter Ditmanson  2 A Performance of Transparency: Discourses of Veracity and Practices of Verification in Li Tao’s Long Draft   Ari Daniel Levine  3 Learning with Metal and Stone: On the Discursive Formation of Song Epigraphy   Jeffrey Moser Part 2: Visualization, Demonstration, Calculation  4 The Persuasive Power of Tu: A Case Study on Commentaries to the Book of Documents   Martin Hofmann  5 Inductive Arguments in the Midst of Smoke: “Proving” Rhetorically and Visually That Algorithms Work   Andrea Bréard  6 Keeping Your Ear to the Cosmos: Coherence as the Standard of Good Music in the Northern Song   Ya Zuo  7 The Textual Nature of Nature: Astronomical Debates in Eighteenth-Century China   Ori Sela Part 3: Verification, Evaluation, Authentication  8 Identity Verification as a Standard of Validity in Late Imperial Civil Service Examinations   John Williams  9 Standards of Validity and Essay Grading in Early Qing Civil Service Examinations   Li Yu虞莉  10 Some Problems with Corpses: Standards of Validity in Qing Homicide Cases   Matthew H. Sommer  11 Value and Validity: Seeing through Silver in Late Imperial China   Bruce Rusk Part 4: Corroboration, Refutation, Presentation  12 Philological Arguments as Religious Suasion: Liu Ning and His Study of Chinese Characters   Pingyi Chu  13 A Moral Verdict of Reasonable Doubts: Ouyi Zhixu’s Argumentative Strategies in the Collection of Refutations against Vicious Doctrines   Manuel Sassmann  14 Reasoning in Style: The Formation of “Logical Writing” in Late Qing China   Joachim Kurtz Index

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Book SynopsisStrasbourg Cathedral’s astronomical clock is one of the most famous monuments to Time in the world. No other clock has been described and appreciated so often and in such a myriad of ways. There were three clocks built consecutively within the cathedral: the earlier fourteenth century clock has left little trace; a second clock was realized in 1570-1574; while the nineteenth century clock began as a proposal for repairs, but was intended by its maker as a replacement clock. This book gives a detailed outline of the artistic and technical components of the second clock, much of which survives, and it describes the astronomical indications and its underlying conceptual framework. The author has discovered a hitherto disregarded contemporary statement that the clock displays four ways of determining the ascendant as described by Ptolemy. He also shows that the Strasbourg clock is the result of a highly original reception of the architectural theory of Vitruvius and other mathematical and mechanical texts of Late Antiquity. Revised and updated translation from the German edition Die Straßburger Münsteruhr: Funktion und Bedeutung eines Kosmos-Modells des 16. Jahrhunderts. Published by GNT-Verlag in 1993. See inside this book.Trade Review“A volume that should find readers among scholars interested in the history of science and technology, early modern studies, the Reformation, urban studies, and the relationship between engineering, art, and design.” E. R. Truitt, University of Pennsylvania. In: Renaissance Quarterly, Vol. 74, No. 3 (Fall 2021), pp. 963–964. “This penetrative account is technically and historically fascinating, richly referenced, amply illustrated and indispensible to the many who fall under Strasbourg’s spell.” Sebastian Whitestone, in: Antiquarian Horology, Vol. 41, No. 3 (September 2020), pp. 411–413.Table of Contents Preface  List of Illustrations  List of Abbreviations Introduction Part 1: The First Clock in the Strasbourg Cathedral and the Project for a New Clock in the Sixteenth Century 1 The First Clock in the Strasbourg Cathedral  1.1 The Automata of the First Cathedral Clock 2 The Clock on the Tower Platform 3 The Project for Building a New Clock in the First Half of the Sixteenth Century 4 Completion of the Second Clock in 1571–1574  4.1 Conrad Dasypodius  4.2 Isaac and Josias Habrecht  4.3 Tobias Stimmer  4.4 The Commission of 1571 and the Completion of the Second Cathedral Clock Part 2: The Artistic Embellishments of the Second Clock 5 The Artistic Decoration of the Clock Housing  5.1 Pictorial Representations of the Clock  5.2 General Description of the Clock Housing  5.3 The Lowest Tier  5.4 The Central Clock Tower  5.5 The Tower for the Weights 6 The Portrait of Copernicus: Did Conrad Dasypodius Adhere to Heliocentrism? Part 3: The Technical Components of the Clock 7 Gear Trains and Layout  7.1 Principal Arrangement  7.2 The Clockwork  7.3 Gear Train for the Mechanical Cock and Carillon  7.4 Transmissions 8 The Celestial Globe  8.1 The Sphere of Archimedes  8.2 Gear Train of the Celestial Globe 9 The Astrolabe Dial  9.1 Layout of the Tympanum  9.2 Ecliptic Ring and Hands for Planets  9.3 Gear Train for the Astrolabe 10 Calendar Disk and Sundials  10.1 The Calendar Disk  10.2 The Sundials on the Gable of the Cathedral’s Southern Transept Part 4: Programmatic Meanings 11 Clock Construction and Architectural Theory  11.1 Dasypodius’s Reception of Vitruvius  11.2 The Emblematic Painting on the Weight Drive Tower  11.3 The ‘Late Gothic’ Architecture of the Clock Housing 12 Influences of Alexandrine Technology 13 The ‘Inventio Prima’ of Dasypodius  13.1 Claudius Ptolemy’s Tetrabiblos  13.2 Dasypodius’s Commentary to Ptolemy’s Tetrabiblos Conclusion Appendices  Appendix 1: Dasypodius’s Commentary on Chapter 2 of Book III of Ptolemy’s Tetrabiblos  Appendix 2: The Lost Astronomical Clock of 1583  Appendix 3: Excerpt from the Protheoria mathematica by Conrad Dasypodius, 1593  Appendix 4: Excerpt from a Letter by Paul Virdung to Kepler, 1604  Appendix 5: The Divisions of Mathematics according to Geminos Sources and Bibliography  A. Manuscripts  B. Printed Sources and Secondary Literature Index

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Book SynopsisIn Crocologia – A Detailed Study of Saffron, the King of Plants, Sally Francis and Maria Teresa Ramandi present the first translation into English of Johann Ferdinand Hertodt’s seminal 1671 work Crocologia, a book uniquely devoted to the medical uses of saffron. Hertodt discusses saffron’s origin, related species, cultivation, selection, properties and lists all its pharmaceutical preparations. Hertodt then journeys through diseases of the human body, presenting saffron-containing formulae for their treatment. The two authors complement the translation with a biography of Hertodt, and detail saffron’s botany, current production, uses, its changing reputation as a drug, and review findings from new medical research. There is a full Glossary, and translation of a contemporary animadversion of Crocologia by Hertodt’s rival, Wenzel Maximilian Ardensbach.Trade Review"This scholarly edition is likely to interest botanists, pharmacologists, and historians of natural history, medicine and pharmacognosy." E. Charles Nelson, Society for the History of Natural History, in Archives of Natural History 2021. (https://doi.org/10.3366/anh.2021.0703)Table of ContentsAcknowledgments List of Figures Introduction  1 Crocologia and Its Author  2 Saffron  3 Saffron in Orthodox European Medicine after Crocologia  4 Conclusion Notes on Our Translation Methods Translated Text Frontispiece, Title Page, Dedications, and Cabalistichon I Etymology and Description of the Saffron Crocus. (Where Do Names Come From? Origin of the Name Crocus. What Is Saffron?) II Attributes, and Species, of Saffron. (This Chapter Describes Saffron, Autumnal & Vernal Wild Crocus Species, plus also Safflower) III Native Place, and Time When Saffron Emerges and Flowers IV Cultivation of Saffron. (Preferred Soil, How Planted and When, Means of Destroying Mice & Moles, Mouse-Traps, Recipe for “Multiplicative Solution”) V Selection of Saffron. (Methods of Adulteration & How to Spot Them, Places That the Best Saffron Comes From) VI Properties of Saffron. (Virtues of Saffron, Effects of Overdosing, Death of Pack-Horses Carrying Lots of Saffron) VII Uses of Preparations of Saffron. (Exhaustive Descriptions of Recipes: Two Culinary Recipes; The Rest Are for Specific Medicinal Preparations of Saffron Ranging from Spirit of Saffron to Elaeosaccharum of Saffron. Notes with the Recipes of Which Diseases the Different Preparations Can Be Used For. Interesting Uses for Whole Saffron-Flowers and for Corms) IIX Diseases of the Brain. (Sections Describing Symptoms & Causes, Associated Folklore, plus Suitable Recipes [Including Saffron] for Treating: Cephalgia or Headache, Paralysis, Vertigo, Epilepsy, Lethargy, Amnesia, Incubus, Catarrh, Agrypnia or Wakefulness, Phrenitis, Mania) IX Diseases of the Eyes. (Same Format as Above: Ophthalmia, Cataract or Opacity of the Cornea, Phlyctens, Ungula, Aegilops, Procidentia of the Eye, Swelling of the Eyelids) X Diseases of the Ears. (Same Format: Deafness, Tinnitus, Earache, Parotitis, Ear Discharges, Ulcer of the Ear) XII [No Chapter XI in Original] Diseases of the Teeth and the Tongue. (Same Format: Odontalgia, Prunella, Paralysis of the Tongue) XIII Diseases of the Chest. (Same Format: Angina, Asthma, Coughs, Phthisis, Pleurisy, Pneumonia, Empyema) XIV Diseases of the Heart. (Same Format: Syncope, Heart Palpitations) XV Diseases of the Stomach. (Same Format: Heartburn, Anorexia or Inappetence, Hiccups, Nausea) XVI Diseases of the Intestines. (Same Format: Hernia, Worms, Blind Haemorrhoids, Bleeding Haemorrhoids, Dysentery, Tenesmus, Diarrhoea, Colic) XVII Diseases of the Liver. (Same Format: Inflammation of the Liver, Hepatitis, Dropsy, Jaundice, Obstruction of the Liver, Distemper of the Liver) XVIII Diseases of the Spleen. (Same Format: Obstruction of the Spleen, Hypochondria, Scurvy) XIX Diseases of the Kidney and Bladder. (Same Format: The Stone, Urinary Retention, Impotence in Sexual Intercourse) XX Diseases of Women. (Same Format: Sterility, Chlorosis, Menstrual Retention, Uterine Haemorrhoids, Hysteric Passion, Distokia or Difficult Birth, Pain after Childbirth, Mola, Retained Secundines, Retained Lochia) XXI Fevers. (Same Format: Fevers, Plague) XXII Diseases of the External Parts. (Same Format: Erysipelas, Arthritis, Tumour, Scrofula, Breast Inflammation, Burns, Gangrene, Ecchymosis, Wounds, Ulcers, Synovia) XXIII The Mechanical Uses of Saffron. (Hair Dyes, Inks, Coloured Sugar) Questions Concerning Saffron (I. Is Saffron a Remedy against Monkshood? II. Does Saffron Prevent Intoxication or, Rather, Cause It? III. Does Saffron Induce Sleep or Wakefulness? IV. Does Saffron Tinge a Foetus in the Womb?) Illustration of Different Kinds of Crocuses, and Explicative Table Appendix 1: Hertodt’s References Appendix 2: Animadversion on Hertodt’s Crocologia by Wenzel Maximilian Ardensbach (1671) Appendix 3: Glossary Crocologia, Our References Index

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Book SynopsisIn The Merchant Ship in the British Atlantic, 1600—1800, Phillip Reid refutes the long-held assumption that merchant ship technology in the British Atlantic during the two centuries of its development was static for all intents and purposes, and that whatever incremental changes took place in it were inconsequential to the development of the British Empire and its offshoots. Drawing on a unique combination of evidence from both traditional and unconventional sources, Phillip Reid shows how merchants, shipwrights, and mariners used both proven principles and adaptive innovations in hulls, rigs, and steering systems to manage high physical and financial risks. Listen also to the podcast where the author is interviewed about the book for New Books Network and the podcast with Liz Covart for Ben Franklin’s World by clicking here.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements List of Figures and Tables Introduction 1 A Ship’s Atlantic 2 The Ship: a Primer and Field Guide 3 From the Stocks to the Ways: Building a Ship from Contract to Launch 4 The Mysterious Art of the Shipwright: Deciphering Merchant Ship Design 5 Merchant Venturers and Merchant Ships 6 Sailing and Surviving: People and Labor Aboard 7 Working the Ship: the Technology of Operation Conclusion: The Merchant Ship in the British Atlantic, 1600–1800 Epilogue: Ann & Hope in Canton—Beyond the British Atlantic Glossary of Terms Appendix 1: Basic Sails on a Square-Rigged Ship, a Sloop, and a Schooner Appendix 2: Full Transcription of Winne & Hawksworth Letter to William Jones, 17 January 1733 Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisSince the second half of the eighteenth century, generations of scientists persisted in studying the relationships between the volume, weight or shape of the human brain and the degree of ‘intelligence’. In Pogliano’s book, the thread of time drives the narrative up to the mid-twentieth century. It investigates the duration and changes of a game that was intrinsically political, although having to do with bones and nervous matter. Races made its main object, during a long period when Western culture believed the human species to be naturally partitioned into a number of discrete types, with their innate and hereditary traits. Never leading to irrefutable achievements, the polycentric (as well as visual) enterprise herein described is full of growing tensions, doubts, and disillusionment.Table of ContentsContents List of Illustrations Introduction 1 Eighteenth-century Onset  1 Darker Skin and Brain  2 Qualitative and Quantitative Differences  3 Speculations and Objections 2 Rising Tide  1 The “Phrenological Wedge”  2 Shrunken Brains  3 Materialism and the Recapitulation Theory  4 Weighing Empty, Filled Spaces  5 The Will to Differentiate  6 Early Doubts 3 Climax  1 Uncertain Certainty: Paris on Stage  2 An Intense Decade  3 An Urgent Desideratum for Science  4 Antinomies and Paradoxes  5 Orphans of Broca  6 “A Literature By Itself” 4 Twentieth-century Epilogue  1 Resilience Despite Everything  2 Further Views in Conflict  3 Innovating Techniques, Popular Science, and Deconstructing Myths Summary Bibliography Index of Names

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Book SynopsisIn The Orce Man: Controversy, Media and Politics in Human Origins Research, Miquel Carandell presents a thrilling story of a controversy on an Spanish “First European” that involved scientists, politicians and newspapers. In the early 1980s, with Spanish democracy in its beginnings, the Orce bone was transformed from a famous human ancestor to an apparently ridiculous donkey remain. With a chronological narrative, this book is not centered on whether the bone was human or not, but on the circumstances that made a certain claim credible or not, from both the scientific community and the general public. Carandell’s analysis draws on the thin line that separates success from failure and the role of media and politics in the controversy.Table of ContentsList of Illustrations Acknowledgements A Rough Guide to the Orce Man 0. Introduction - The Orce Man 1. Discovery (1976-1982) 1.1. Setting the scientific and political scene 1.2. ‘Look what we’ve found!’ The Orce Man among politicians, experts and the public 1.3. The ‘Spanish Olduvai’ and the discoverers’ reward 1.4. A great post-Franco discovery and a small but troubling crest 2. Controversy (1984-1987) 2.1. A painful trip to Paris: From man to donkey 2.2. A country’s ‘obsession’: ‘Is the Orce Man our ancestor?’ 2.3. Science in a ‘different dimension’ 3. Conference (1987-1996) 3.1. Gibert's research team and the conference preparation 3.2. An international conference as a ‘tool’ to convince 3.3. A triple victory (science, media and politics) 3.4. Scientific conferences: much more than debates among colleagues 4. End (1996-2007) 4.1. An unexpected attack 4.2. Control of the remains means control of the research 4.3. The process of isolation 4.4. The hominids that came from the south: Gibert's popular science book 4.5. The end of a long controversy 5. A ‘First’ American to compare with: The Pedra Furada controversy 6. Coda: The ‘Orce Boy’ 7. The Orce Man: controversy, failure, media and politics Appendices Annex I: Anatomical features of the Orce Man Annex II: News from 1983 to 1999 Annex III: The travelling bone Bibliography I. Interviews II: Archives III: Secondary Literature IV: The Press Index

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Book SynopsisThe supernova of 1604 marks a major turning point in the cosmological crisis of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Capturing the eyes and imagination of Europe, it ignited an explosion of ideas that forever changed the face of science. Variously interpreted as a comet or star, the new luminary brought together a broad network of scholars who debated the nature of the novelty and its origins in the universe. At the heart of the interdisciplinary discourse was Johannes Kepler, whose book On the New Star (1606) assessed the many disputes of the day. Beginning with several studies about Kepler’s book, the authors of the present volume explore the place of Kepler and the ‘new star’ in early modern culture and religion, and how contemporary debate shaped the course of science down to the present day. Contributors are: (1) Dario Tessicini, (2) Christopher M. Graney, (3) Javier Luna, (4) Patrick J. Boner, (5) Jonathan Regier, (6) Aviva Rothman, (7) Miguel Á. Granada, (8) Pietro Daniel Omodeo, (9) Matteo Cosci, and (10) William P. Blair.Table of ContentsList of Figures List of Abbreviations Notes on Contributors Introduction 1 Straight Paths and Evanescent Bodies: The Physics and Dynamics of Celestial Novelties in Kepler’s De stella nova  Dario Tessicini 2 Of Mites and Men (and Stars): Kepler on the Question of Star Sizes in De Stella Nova  Christopher M. Graney 3 The Measure of the Universe in De stella nova  Javier Luna 4 Celestial Novelty and the Science of the Stars: Kepler vs. Krabbe on Accuracy and Authority in Early Modern Germany  Patrick J. Boner 5 Stars, Crystals and Courts: Johannes Kepler and Anselmus Boëtius de Boodt  Jonathan Regier 6 Kepler’s Astrological Play  Aviva Rothman 7 The Nova of 1600 in Cygnus and the Christianization of the Constellations  Miguel Á. Granada 8 Epicurean Astronomy? Atomistic and Corpuscular Stars in Kepler’s Century  Pietro Daniel Omodeo 9 The Correspondence of Clavius, Dal Monte, Magini and Other Italian Astronomers on The Nova of 1604  Matteo Cosci 10 The Scientific Legacy of Kepler’s ‘Stella Nova’  William P. Blair Bibliography Index

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