History of medicine Books

Book SynopsisIn the first half of the sixteenth century, the Low Countries saw the rise of a lively market for practical and instructive books that targeted non-specialist readers. This study shows how woodcuts in vernacular books on medicine and astrology fulfilled important rhetorical functions in knowledge communication. These images guided readers’ perceptions of the organisation, visualisation, and reliability of knowledge. Andrea van Leerdam uncovers the assumptions and intentions of book producers to which images testify, and shows how actual readers engaged with these illustrated books. Drawing on insights from the field of information design studies, she scrutinises the books’ material characteristics, including their lay-outs and traces of use, to shed light on the habits and interests of early modern readers. She situates these works in a culture where medicine and astrology were closely interwoven in daily life and where both book producers and readers were exploring the potential of images.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements Note to the reader Abbreviations Codes used for examined editions and copies Introduction Chapter 1. Bodies of Knowledge: Dutch Medical-Astrological Books between 1500-1550 Chapter 2. Organising Knowledge: Conceptualisations and Visual Strategies Chapter 3. Knowledge Tools: The Perceived Epistemic Significance of Images Chapter 4. Reliable Knowledge: Invoking Trust through Authority and Playfulness Chapter 5. Customising Knowledge: Readers’ Engagement with Illustrated Books Conclusion Appendices Bibliography List of figures List of tables Index of names and works

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Book SynopsisThe Eye in History is a comprehensive manual describing the structure and function of the eye, ocular disorders and their treatment. Beginning with an introduction to anatomy and discussion on different disorders, the authors also review eye diseases of famous historical people and perception differences between men and women. The final sections discuss eye surgery and future technologies including the bionic eye, nanotechnology and gene therapy. Edited by Frank Joseph Goes of the Goes Eye Centre in Belgium, this multi-authored book has contributions from specialists throughout Europe, as well as the USA. 830 full colour images and illustrations assist comprehension. Key points Comprehensive guide to structure and function of the eye, ocular disorders and treatment Includes sections on eye diseases of famous historical people, the art of painting and perception Discusses future technologies including bionic eye, nanotechnology and gene therapy Edited by Frank Joseph Goes of Goes Eye Centre, Belgium, with contributions from authors across Europe and the USA Features 830 full colour images and illustrationsTable of ContentsSection 1: Descriptive Famous Ophthalmologists Anatomy of the Human Eye Accommodation Daltonism Color Blindness How We See? Animal Eyes: The Evolution of the Eye Section 2: The History Nature of Light Anatomy and Function of the Eye Anatomy of the Central Visual System The Collyria Eye Drops Ophthalmoviscosurgical Devices: From Simple Liquids to Surgical Instruments Invention of Spectacles Visual Aids—From Reading Stones, Glasses, Contact Lenses, Intraocular Lenses, and Ophthalmic Lasers Contact Lenses Glass-spectacles—Spectacle Optics Section 3: Biometry of the Eye Growth of the Eye Refractive Errors Section 4: Varied Eyes Do Women See Differently from Men? Beauty is in the Eye of the Beholder Windows on the World: The Powerful Symbolism of Light Section 5: Blindness Blindness—The Problem in Ancient and Modern Times Section 6: The Art of Painting and the Eye The Artist and the Eye The Influence of Eye Diseases on the Works of Painters Ametropia and Painting Accommodation and Painting William Turner Claude Monet Section 7: Eye Diseases Famous Historical Persons Bach: When the Angels Play for God, They Play Bach Gustav Adolf Saint Odilia Saint Lucia and Other Patron Saints of the Blind The Eye of the Sovereign Arthur Conan Doyle Myopia of the Rulers of Nations Section 8: Major Important Steps by a Single Person in the Improvement of the Function of the Eye Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham: Madman or Brilliant Physicist? Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Louis Braille John Dalton Otto Wichterle Gerhard Meyer Schwickerath and His Story of the “Trapped Sun” S Section 9: Eye Surgery Cataract Corneal Surgery Refractive Surgery Posterior Eye Segment Surgery Vitreous Retinal Surgery Section 10: The Future The Bionic Eye, Where are the Limits? The Future of Nanotechnology in Ophthalmology Gene Therapy in Ophthalmology Future Trends of Anterior Eye Segment Surgery Future Trends of Posterior Eye Segment Surgery

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Book SynopsisAfter the discovery of the ergotism epidemics (poisoning caused by ingesting the fungal toxin of rye) and its etiology, eighteenth-century physicians interpreted medieval chronicles in their medical texts in order to recognize the occurrences of ergotic diseases through retrospective diagnosis. They assumed that St. Anthony's fire and ignis sacer ("sacred fire") recorded in medieval texts represented the same disease, ergotism. This interpretative method, lacking a textual basis in the sources, has been incorrectly followed by historians till now. This book examines this historical prejudice through textual analysis, comparing diverse medieval and early modern sources. A striking semantic complexity emerges that changes the concept of St. Anthony's fire and modifies our understanding of diseases in general. This research illuminates aspects of the history of medicine, society, and hospitals.Trade Review"Statt immer wieder zu fragen, welches heutige Syndrom denn nun „eigentlich“ hinter der angeblich defizitären Anamnese eines mittelalterlichen Chronisten stecke, sollten wir die kulturell wirksamen Krankheitskonzepte der Zeitgenossen ernst nehmen und in all ihrer Widersprüchlichkeit und Vielschichtigkeit nachzuzeichnen versuchen. Alessandra Foscati tut dies quellenkritisch und begriffsgeschichtlich mit großer Präzision."- Gregor Rohmann, Frankfurt am Main, Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung 47 3 (2020) "I enjoyed reading this book, which brings a scholarly approach to a topic that has often been misunderstood and oversimplified in general medical history texts of past decades. For this reason, it will be a welcome addition to the shelves of academic libraries. While the relationship between the terms sacred fire, Saint Anthony’s fire, and ergotism was a fluid one that varied over the centuries, here we find a good understanding of where their meanings overlap, and where they do not."- Piers D. Mitchell, Speculum Vol. 97, No. 2 (April 2022) In short, Saint Anthony's Fire from Antiquity to the Eighteenth Century can be considered a milestone in the study of the ignis sacer and its relationship with the Fire of Saint Anthony and ergotism. The abundant selection of works and authors of a very diverse nature (medical, legal, hagiographic) over such a wide span of time - from Antiquity to the nineteenth century - makes this book a work of great scientific rigour and a model for future research on the lexicon of pathology.Table of ContentsPreface AGOSTINO PARAVICINI BAGLIANI Acknowledgements List of abbreviations Introduction 1 Interpreting Medical Texts: the Polysemantic Nature of the Lexicon 2 Disease in Non-Medical Texts: Symbol and Literary Topos 3 Studying Saint Anthony's Fire Part I: The Burning Disease. Different Names for the Same Disease or Different Diseases with the Same Name? 1 Ignis Sacer ('Holy Fire') in the Ancient World 2 Ignis Sacer in the Late Antique World 3 Outbreaks of the Burning Disease: Epidemics of Ergotism? 3.1 The Historiae of Rodulfus Glaber 3.2 The Chronicon and Sermons of Ademar of Chabannes 4 Outbreaks of Ignis Sacer 5 The Meaning(s) of Ignis Sacer in Medieval Medical Sources 6 The Thaumaturgical Privilege of Healing the Burning Disease 6.1 The Greatest Thaumaturge: the Virgin Mary 6.2 The Burning Disease in Arras: the Miracle of the Sainte Chandelle 7 The Emergence of Saint Anthony's Fire 8 Saint Anthony's Fire and Ignis Sacer: Was It the Same Disease? 9 Saint Anthony's Fire in Medieval chronicles and Hagiographical Texts 10 Many Different Names for the Same Disease: the 'Wolf', Saint Fiacre's Diseases and Saint Eligius's Disease 11 Saint Anthony's Fire and Ergotism in the Early Modern Period Part II: St Anthony the Abbot, Thaumaturge of the Burning Disease, and the Order of the Hospital Brothers of St Anthony 1 A Brief Preface on the Antonine Order 2 The Legends of the Translation of the Body (or Bodies) of St Anthony the Abbot and the Birth of the Order of the Hospital Brothers of St Anthony 3 The Remains of St. Anthony in Lézat and Their Thaumaturgical Powers 4 The Emergence of the Antonine Order and St Anthony's Holy Remains as Treatment 5 The Hospital of Saint-Antoine-en-Viennois and Its Patients 5.1 The Hospital of Saint-Antoine-en-Viennois and the Hôtels-Dieu: the Thirteenth-Century Antonine Statutes 5.2 The Fifteenth-Century Antonine Statutes 6 Saint Anthony's Fire Sufferers at the Hospital of Saint-Antoine-en-Viennois: the Early Modern Period 7 Beggars, Impostors and Simulators: Feigning Saint Anthony's Fire PART III: The Discovery of Ergotism (Saint Anthony's Fire?) 1 Medieval Epidemics of the Burning Disease as Told by Historians in the 16th and 17th Century 2 The Discovery of Ergotism between the 17th and 18th Century 3 Saint Anthony's Fire as Ergotism? Contradictions in Eighteenth-Century Medical Texts 4 Ergotism in Nineteenth-Century Historiography 5 Ergotism and Convulsive Epidemics: Saint Anthony's Fire? 6 A Final Observation on Ergotism Conclusion Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisHow did men cope with sexual health issues in early modern England? This vivid history investigates how sexual, reproductive, and genitourinary conditions were understood between 1580 and 1740. Drawing on medical sources and personal testimonies, it reveals how men responded to bouts of ill health and their relationships with the medical practitioners tasked with curing them. In doing so, this study restores men’s health to medical histories of reproduction, demonstrating how men’s sexual self-identity was tied to their health. Charting genitourinary conditions across the life cycle, the book illustrates how fertility and potency were key to medical understandings of men’s health. Men utilized networks of care to help them with ostensibly embarrassing and shameful conditions like hernias, venereal disease, bladder stones, and testicular injuries. The book thus offers a historical voice to modern calls for men to be alert to, and open about, their own bodily health.Table of ContentsList of Illustrations Acknowledgements Introduction Part One: Sexual Health and the Life Cycle 1. Disrupting Manly Development: Issues in Infancy and Childhood 2. A Moment of Crisis: Flagging Phalluses and Failing Fertility 3. Old Lechers: Ageing Bodies and Manhood in Decline Part Two: Patients and Practitioners 4. Embarrassment and Reticence 5. In ‘soe much payne he coud not indure it’ 6. Family Matters 7. Unruly Patients

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Book SynopsisWhat can anthropological and folkloristic approaches to food, gender, and medicine tell us about these topics in the Middle Ages beyond the textual evidence itself? Women, Food, and Diet in the Middle Ages: Balancing the Humours uses these approaches to look at the textual traditions of dietary recommendations for women’s health, placed within the context of the larger cultural concerns of gender roles and Church teachings about women. Women are expected to be nurturers, healers, and the primary locus of food provisioning for families, especially women of the lower social classes, typically overlooked in the written record. This work illuminates what we can know about women, food, medicine, and diet in the Middle Ages, and examines how the written medical tradition interacts with folk medicine and other cultural factors in both understanding women’s bodies and their roles as healers and food providers.Trade Review"By exploring intersections of medicine, food and gender, Vaughan makes a valuable contribution to research about women in the medieval period. [...] This volume’s examination of Greco-Roman medical theory combined with analysis of medieval medical and religious texts helps to situate it as an important advancement in understanding medieval women and women’s bodies." - Judith Lanzendorfer, Digest, Vol. 9, No. 1 "[...] a welcome and much needed study of the space where gender, eating, and wellness all came together in premodern Europe. [...] Vaughan’s wide lens and fluid approach permit her to present a fuller portrait of the relationship between premodern women and food than is typical." - Danielle Callegari, Early Modern Women, Vol. 17, No. 1 "Vaughan does several things very well in this book. The scope is sweeping and interesting. Clearly written and accessible, it should teach well to undergraduates new to the study of gender in the Middle Ages; each chapter can stand on its own." - Belle S. Tuten, Journal of British Studies, Vol. 61, No. 3Table of ContentsAcknowledgements Introduction Chapter One: Women as Healers, Women as Food Producers Chapter Two: Medieval Theories of Nutrition and Health Chapter Three: The Special Problems of Nutrition and Women's Health Chapter Four: Medicine vs. Practical Medicine Chapter Five: The Trotula and the Works of Hildegard of Bingen Chapter Six: The Legacy of the Trotula Chapter Seven: Women's Diets and Standards of Beauty Chapter Eight: Religious Conflict and Religious Accommodation Chapter Nine: Evolving Advice for Women's Health Through Diet Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThis book examines the environment and society of North Africa during the late Roman period (fourth and fifth centuries CE) through the writings of Helvius Vindicianus, Theodorus Priscianus, Caelius Aurelianus, and Cassius Felix. These four medical writers, whose translation into Latin of precious Greek texts has been hailed as ‘the achievement of the millennium’ by one modern scholar, provide a unique opportunity to understand North Africa, the most prosperous region of the Roman World during Late Antiquity. Although focusing on medical knowledge and hygiene, their writings provide fresh insights on the environment, economy, population, language, and health facilities of the region. Roman North Africa: Environment, Society and Medical Contribution includes the first full discussion of the exceptional career of the physician Helvius Vindicianus, as well as a valuable reassessment of other writers whose works were read throughout the Middle Ages. It will therefore prove invaluable not only for scholars of Late Antiquity and North Africa, but also for those working on later periods.Trade Review"This volume offers a wealth of material about medical practice in the late antique world. The focus is on four authors of the fourth and fifth centuries who translated Greek medical texts into Latin: Helvius Vindicianus, Theodorus Priscianus, Caelius Aurelianus, and Cassius Felix. These are not names familiar even to North African specialists and so this book is a welcome contribution to the expansion of knowledge of this important region of the Roman empire in late antiquity. Particularly fascinating for me was the discovery of so many women who not only practised medicine but also wrote about it."- Geoffrey D. Dunn, Journal of the Australian Early Medieval Association, Volume 16, 2020Table of ContentsPreface Chapter 1: History, environment, population and cultural life Chapter 2: Health facilities in the cities of Roman North Africa Chapter 3: Greek, Roman and Christian views on the causes of infectious epidemic diseases Chapter 4: The knowledge and competence of physicians in the 4th/5th centuries Chapter 5: Vindicianus: physician, proconsul, mentor Chapter 6: Theodorus Priscianus on drugs and therapies Chapter 7: More Latinizers: Cassius Felix, Caelius Aurelianus and Muscio Chapter 8: Augustine on the medical scene in Roman North Africa in the late 4th and early 5th centuries CE Chapter 9: Reciprocal influences: Greco-Roman and Christian views of healing Chapter 10: The role of Roman North Africa in the preservation and transmission of medical knowledge

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Book SynopsisLeeuwenhoek’s Legatees and Beijerinck’s Beneficiaries: A History of Medical Virology in The Netherlands offers a tour of the history of Dutch medical virology. Beginning with the discovery of the first virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898, the authors investigate the reception and redefinition of his concept in medical circles and its implications for medical practice. The relatively slow progress of these areas in the first half of the twentieth century and their explosive growth in the wake of molecular techniques are examined. The surveillance and control of virus diseases in the field of public health is treated in depth, as are tumour virus research and the important Dutch contributions to technical developments instrumental in advancing virology worldwide. Particular attention is paid to oft forgotten virus research in the former Dutch colonies in the East and West Indies and Africa.Trade Review"The use of references from scientists, articles, journals, books, historical records, conference proceedings, seminars, workshops and many resources during the twentieth century made this book an interesting and engaging read. This book will be a valuable addition to any library and to any bioscience student who is interested in the history of microbiology, basic research, infectious diseases, epidemiology, antiviral drugs and vaccination."- Arindam Mitra, Adamas University, India, Microbiology Today (2021) "This unique chronicle of Dutch medical virology is recommended literature for all. It describes scientific highlights of a discipline that allowed a dramatic reduction of morbidity and mortality in the past century."- Ab Osterhaus and Roel Coutinho "The discoveries of the Dutch scientists Van Leeuwenhoek and Beijerinck profoundly influenced the development of microbiology and virology. This book describes the evolution of Dutch medical virology against the context of international developments in the field of virus research."- Harald zur HausenTable of ContentsAcknowledgements Illustrations Abbreviations Preface Chapter 1 Origins in the dark: Virus diseases in the Netherlands before the discovery of viruses Chapter 2 Redefining viruses: the development and reception of the virus concept in the Netherlands Chapter 3 On the fringes: The Dutch work on viruses, 1900-1950 Chapter 4 From cell culture to the molecular revolution: the rise of medical virology and its organization Chapter 5 Medical virology in the Netherlands after 1950. Laboratorries and institutes. Chapter 6 Techniques and instruments: their introduction in The Netherlands and Dutch main contributions Chapter 7 Dutch virology in the tropics: From colonial to international virology Chapter 8 From cancer mice in the roaring twenties to oncogenes and signalling molecules in the booming nineties Chapter 9 Virus vaccines and immunisation programmes Chapter 10 Conclusions List of institutes and laboratories References Index of Names Index of subjects

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Book SynopsisFrom the mid-twelfth century onwards, the development of European hospitals was shaped by their claim to the legal status of religious institutions, with its attendant privileges and responsibilities. The questions of whom hospitals should serve and why they should do so have recurred — and been invested with moral weight — in successive centuries, though similarities between medieval and modern debates on the subject have often been overlooked. Hospitals’ legal status as religious institutions could be tendentious and therefore had to be vigorously defended in order to protect hospitals’ resources. This status could also, however, be invoked to impose limits on who could serve in and be served by hospitals. As recent scholarship demonstrates, disputes over whom hospitals should serve, and how, find parallels in other periods of history and current debates.Table of ContentsTable of Contents Acknowledgements Introduction Houses of God Civic Hospitals in the City and Archdiocese of Mainz Mainz’s Hospital Sisters and the Rights of Religious Women Leprosaria and the Leprous: Legal Status and Social Ties “For all miserable persons”: Small and Extra-Urban Hospitals Hospitals and their Networks: Recreating Relationships Conclusion Bibliography

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Book SynopsisDrawing on a rich array of textual and visual primary sources, including medicine, satires, play scripts, dictionaries, natural philosophy, and texts on collecting wonders, this book provides a fresh perspective on monstrosity in early modern European culture. The essays explore how exceptional bodies challenged social, religious, sexual and natural structures and hierarchies in the sixteenth, seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries and contributed to its knowledge, moral and emotional repertoire. Prodigious births, maternal imagination, hermaphrodites, collections of extraordinary things, powerful women, disabilities, controversial exercise, shapeshifting phenomena and hybrids are examined in a period before all varieties and differences became normalized to a homogenous standard. The historicizing of exceptional bodies is central in the volume since it expands our understanding of early modern culture and deepens our knowledge of its specific ways of conceptualizing singularities, rare examples, paradoxes, rules and conventions in nature and society.Table of ContentsIntroduction (Maja Bondestam) Chapter 1 - The Moresca Dance in Counter-Reformation Rome: Court Medicine and the Moderation of Exceptional Bodies (Maria Kavvadia) Chapter 2 - Monsters and the Maternal Imagination: The 'First Vision' from Johann Remmelin's 1619 Catoptrum microcosmicum Triptych (Rosemary Moore) Chapter 3 - The Optics of Bodily Deviance: Juan Ruiz de Alarcón's Path to Public Office (Pablo García Piñar) Chapter 4 - 'The Most Deformed Woman in France': Marguerite de Valois's Monstrous Sexuality in the Divorce Satyrique (Cécile Tresfels) Chapter 5 - Curious, Useful, and Important: Bayle's Hermaphrodites as Figures of Theological Inquiry (Parker Cotton) Chapter 6 - An Education: Johannes Schefferus and the Prodigious Son of a Fisherman (Maja Bondestam) Chapter 7 - Ambiguous and Transitional Bodies: Stillbirth in Stockholm 1691-1724 (Tove Paulsson Holmberg) Afterword (Kathleen Long) Works Cited Index

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Book SynopsisUsing feminist and ecocritical approaches alongside recent historical work on early modern trade and commerce, this volume focuses on early modern manuscripts whose travels can be traced from one location to another. It illustrates how recipes came to blend newly encountered ingredients and practices with long-established healthcare methods. In the process, it offers attention to both the English countryside and the American colonies to expand what is often a London-centered view of English healthcare. Tracing the circulation of women''s domestic knowledge and considering the availability of ingredients, this work shows how mobility brought new methods and materials to home healthcare, which in turn influenced how women and their families envisioned their relationships to their environment, their bodies, and their nation.

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Book SynopsisConsilia played an important role in not only medieval but also early modern professional health literature. A literary ‘consilium’ consisted of a written statement of one particular case, including the patient's condition and disease as well as advice concerning medical treatment. In the sixteenth century, consilia literature was a common component of the practices of many eminent physicians. This is illustrated through an analysis of consilia from twenty-two different collections and anthologies by fifteen selected authors, who represent university professors, personal physicians, and urban physicians from early modern Italy, France, and German-speaking Central Europe. A closer look at nearly 7,000 consilia shows how important a link they were within the medical community. A detailed view of consilia intended for patients suffering from the ‘French disease’ reveals details about, for instance, the most common treatments for syphilis – mercury and guaiacum – alongside many other interesting and important details.Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. Consilia Literature from the Beginning 2.1 Definition of the Genre and the Paradigm of an Ideal Consilium 2.2 Related Genres 2.3 Collections and the Genesis of Consilia Literature 2.4 The Initial Stages of Development and Representatives 2.5 Consilium and Consultation Literature in Subsequent Centuries – Bibliography 2.6 Selected Representatives of Consilia Literature of the 16th Century 2.7 Representatives of Consilia Literature in 16th Century Italy 2.8 Representatives of Consilia Literature in German-Speaking Countries 2.9 Representatives of French Consilia Literature of the 16th Century 2.10 The 16th Century Consilia-Literature – Summary 2.11 An Outline of the Development of Consilia-Literature in the 17th and 18th Centuries 3. Consilium, the Patient, Physician and Res Publica Litteraria in Early Modern Consilia Literature 3.1 Creation of Consilium 3.1.1 Selection of Counsellors – Faculty of Medicine or Renowned Physician? 3.1.2Payment for Consilia – Money or a Gift? 3.2 Real Consilia Versus Related Genres 3.3 Collections and Anthologies 3.3.1 Numbers of Consilia in Collections and Anthologies 3.3.2 How Consilia Were Collected for Publication 3.3.3 Editors, their Work and Dedications 3.3.4 Antologies, Advertising and Book Printers 3.4 Patients 3.5 A Physician’s Career and his Consilia 3.6 Paralipomena and Summary 4. Consilia on the French Disease 4.1 An Excursion into Early Modern Physiology and Pathology 4.2 History of the French Disease 4.3 The French Disease in Consilia Literature of the 16th Century 4.4 Advice for Syphilis Patients from Selected Authors 4.5 Summary 5. Conclusion 6. An Example Case Study from the 16th Century Victor Trincavellius, Consilium CXV. ‘A Dermal Rash’

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Book SynopsisUnani Medicine in the Making examines the institutions and practices of Unani medicine, the Graeco-Islamic healing practice based on the humoral theory attributed to Hippocrates and officially recognized as a system of medicine in India. Drawing on diverse materials, including Urdu sources, interviews with practitioners, and observations in clinics, the book explores what Unani medicine is today by attending to its multiplicity, scrutinizing apparent tensions between the understanding of Unani as a system of medicine and its multiple enactments as Islamic medicine, medical science, or alternative medicine. Ethnographic details provide vivid descriptions of the current practice of Unani in India, and invite readers to rethink the idea that humoral medicine is incommensurable with modern medicine and science, and that the modernization of Asian medicines invariably leads to their biomedicalization. Ultimately, the book also discusses the relationship of Unani with Muslim communities, examining the growing practice of Prophetic Medicine in Urban India and increasing representations of Unani as Islamic Medicine.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION MULTIPLICITY, PRACTICE ONTOLOGY, AND LOOPING EFFECTS UNANI AND TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN SOUTH ASIA FROM THE TOPIC TO FIELDWORK CHAPTER 1 - A SYSTEM OF MEDICINE? OFFICIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF UNANI MEDICINE UNANI PRACTITIONERS TEXTUAL SOURCES OF AUTHORITY SYSTEMATIZATION AND LOOPING EFFECTS CHAPTER 2 - AUTHORITY, ORIGINALITY, AND THE LIMITS OF STANDARDIZATION CREATION AND TRANSMISSION OF MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE DEGREES AND (UN-)OFFICIAL PRACTICE DEFYING STANDARDS CHAPTER 3 - BEYOND HUMORALISM FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF UNANI MEDICINE FINDING THE ROOT CAUSE OF DISEASE THERAPEUTIC PRACTICES HUMORALISM AND LOOPING EFFECTS CHAPTER 4 - THE APPROPRIATION OF MODERN SCIENTIFIC ADVANCES AND CONCEPTS A CASE OF BIOMEDICALIZATION? USING MODERN DIAGNOSTIC METHODS CHAPTER 5 - SCIENCE AND THE QUEST FOR ACCEPTANCE AND RECOGNITION SCIENCE AS MEANS FOR RECOGNITION VALIDATING UNANI THROUGH MODERN SCIENCE CHAPTER 6 - UNANI MEDICINE AND MUSLIMS IN INDIA UNANI MEDICINE AND MUSLIM CULTURE ISLAMIC MEDICINE? SECULAR OR ISLAMIC? UNANI AND PROPHETIC MEDICINE CONCLUSIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX

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Book SynopsisThis path-breaking collection offers an integrative model for understanding health and healing in Europe and the Mediterranean from 1250 to 1550. By foregrounding gender as an organizing principle of healthcare, the contributors challenge traditional binaries that ahistorically separate care from cure, medicine from religion, and domestic healing from fee-for-service medical exchanges. The essays collected here illuminate previously hidden and undervalued forms of healthcare and varieties of body knowledge produced and transmitted outside the traditional settings of university, guild, and academy. They draw on non-traditional sources -- vernacular regimens, oral communications, religious and legal sources, images and objects -- to reveal additional locations for producing body knowledge in households, religious communities, hospices, and public markets. Emphasizing cross-confessional and multilinguistic exchange, the essays also reveal the multiple pathways for knowledge transfer in these centuries. Gender, Health, and Healing, 1250-1550 provides a synoptic view of how gender and cross-cultural exchange shaped medical theory and practice in later medieval and Renaissance societies.Trade ReviewCo-winner of the 2020 Collaborative Project Award by the Society for the Study of Early Modern Women and Gender (SSEMWG)! The awards committee states that Gender, Health and Healing 1250-1550 is exciting in conception and breadth, using "an integrative, hybrid model of analysis" that ranges far beyond "the narrow terrain of academic, text-based medicine" using new types of evidence about women's "acts of caring and curing." "This well-structured volume offers many original elements and makes an important contribution to research on health and healing in the period under consideration, especially concerning the role of women in everyday household care. Its notable features are the broad range of sources examined and the translation of relevant passages from (often unpublished) medieval and early modern works. The internal coherence of the volume and its overall clarity make it also suitable for a non-specialist readership."- Alessandra Foscati, KU Leuven, Leuven, Early Science and Medicine 26 (2021) "Taking us beyond the story of theoretical medicine, this volume significantly expands the source base to present a full portrait of what counted as medicine at this time. The eleven essays in this collection demonstrate clear and vivid links between women’s health care knowledge and healing practices and the lived experiences of pre-modern people, emphasizing both continuity and innovation in the centuries spanning the late medieval and Renaissance eras."- Lori Woods, Saint Francis University, Renaissance and Reformation 44.1 (Winter 2021) "This outstanding volume of essays presents exciting new research on gender and health care in the late Middle Ages and Renaissance. [...] As stated in their introduction, Strocchia and Ritchey particularly aim to bring new sources and new methodologies to light, in order to demonstrate ‘the sheer complexity of everyday caregiving and health maintenance’ (p. 16). The book is resoundingly successful in these goals, and it is particularly effective at illuminating the continual intersections and interplay between intellectual, social, and cultural spheres of health and healing."- Alisha Rankin, Tufts University, USA, Social History of Medicine, 2021 "The chapters raise a broader methodological question for historians, literary scholars, art historians, and scholars of religious studies: After excavating such stories, how can we alter our histories of women’s health and healing to make them the central subjects and characters that they clearly were? [...] In that vein, a number of the contributions in this volume contain transcriptions, translations, and reproductions of primary sources that will serve as important resources in our classrooms, where we must teach histories that are more inclusive and representative."- Hannah Marcus, Harvard University, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Volume 52, Number 1, Summer 2021 "The volume as a whole significantly advances our awareness of the variety, persistence, and pervasiveness of women’s contributions to the maintenance and restoration of health, as well as how their medical and caring roles were understood and represented."- Sandra Cavallo, Reviews in History, March 2021Table of ContentsIntroduction Gendering Medieval Health and Healing: New Sources, New Perspectives Sara Ritchey and Sharon Strocchia PART 1: Sources of Religious Healing Caring by the Hours: The Psalter as a Gendered Healthcare Technology Sara Ritchey Female Saints as Agents of Female Healing: Gendered Practices and Patronage in the Cult of St. Cunigunde Iliana Kandzha PART 2: Producing and Transmitting Medical Knowledge Blood, Milk and Breastbleeding: The Humoral Economy of Women's Bodies in Late Medieval Medicine Montserrat Cabré and Fernando Salmón Care of the Breast in the Late Middle Ages: The Tractatus de Passionibus Mamillarum Belle S. Tuten Household Medicine for a Renaissance Court: Caterina Sforza's Ricettario Reconsidered Sheila Barker and Sharon Strocchia Understanding/Controlling the Female Body in Ten Recipes: Print and the Dissemination of Medical Knowledge about Women in the Early Sixteenth Century Julia Gruman Martins PART 3: Infirmity and Care Ubi non est mulier, ingemiscit egens? Gendered Perceptions of Care from the Thirteenth to Sixteenth Centuries Eva-Maria Cersovsky Domestic Care in the Sixteenth Century: Expectations, Experiences, and Practices from a Gendered Perspective Cordula Nolte Bathtubs as a Healing Approach in Fifteenth-Century Ottoman Medicine Ayman Yasin Atat PART 4: (In)fertility and Reproduction Gender, Old Age, and the Infertile Body in Medieval Medicine Catherine Rider Gender Segregation and the Possibility of Arabo-Galenic Gynecological Practice in the Medieval Islamic World Sara Verskin Afterword: Healing Women and Women Healers Naama Cohen-Hanegbi Index

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Book SynopsisThis monograph discusses Portuguese eugenics within a strong international historiographical comparative framework and situates it within different regional, scientific and ideological types of eugenics in the same period. The author argues about three factors that curtailed the development of eugenics in Portugal: the low level of institutionalization, Catholic opposition and the conservative nature of the Salazar regime. The eugenic science and movement was confined to three principal expressions: individualized studies on mental health, often from a 'biotypological' perspective; a particular stance on racial miscegenation within the context of the existence of large colonies under Portuguese rule; and a diffuse model of social hygiene, maternity care and puericulture. This book not only brings to light an unstudied eugenics movement; it also invites the reader to re-think the relations between northern and southern forms of eugenics, the role of religion, the dynamic nature of eugenics in finding a home for its theories and the nature of colonialism.Table of ContentsPreface Chapter One Introduction Chapter Two The Birth of Eugenics in Portugal: Early Debates and the Social and Scientific Context, 1900-1933 Chapter Three Between Consolidation and Institutionalisation: Eugenics, Catholic Opposition and the Salazar Regime, 1926-1933 Chapter Four Apogee and Decline: From the Establishment of the Eugenics Society to Dissolution into the Centre for Demographic Studies, 1934-1960 Chapter Five 'Race', Eugenics and Miscegenation in the Portuguese Metropoleand 'Overseas Territories' Chapter Six Conclusion

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Book SynopsisThe ever-growing library on the history of eugenics and fascism focuses largely on nation-states, while Georgescu asks why an ethnic minority, the German-speaking Transylvanian Saxons, turned to eugenics as a means of self-empowerment in inter-war Romania. The Eugenic Fortress examines the eugenic movement that emerged in the early twentieth century, and focuses on its conceptual and methodological evolution during this turbulent period. Further on, the book analyzes the gradual process of radicalising and politicization by a second generation of Saxon eugenicists in conjunction with the rise of an equally indigenous fascist movement. The Saxon case-study offers valuable insights into why an ethnic minority would seek to re-entrench itself behind the race-hygienic walls of a 'eugenic fortress', as well as the influence that home nations had upon its design. Georgescu's work is ground-breaking in the sense that the history of this uprooted community is usually handled with extreme sensitivity and serious (and critical) research into Transylvanian Saxon involvement with Nazism has been scant, until now.Table of ContentsContents Illustrations and Tables Acknowledgments German and Romanian Settlement Names Abbreviations Introduction i. Imagining a "Eugenic Fortress": Fascist Who and Eugenic What? ii. Exclusions iii. Unpacking the Past Chapter I Locating and Defining the Transylvanian Saxon Eugenic Discourse i. Heinrich Siegmund and the Origins of Saxon Eugenics ii. Saxon Racial Anthropology between Berlin and Vienna iii. The "Child Enthusiast" Alfred Csallner iv. Fritz Fabritius's Self-Help, from "Building Society" to Rebuilding Society v. Wilhelm Schunn's National Neighborhoods and Honorary Gifts Chapter II Assessing the Dysgenic Crisis: Key Concepts and Theses in Alfred Csallner's Definition of Saxon Degeneration i. The Lost Children: Family Planning and the Demographic Collapse ii. The Quality Question: The Nation's Hereditarily "Best" under Threat of Extinction iii. Emigration: The Loss of Saxon Hereditary Substance iv. Mixed Marriages: The End of Racial Distinctiveness v. Lebensraum: Of "Foreign Invaders," Saxon Employers, and Society's Scourges, Alcohol and Tobacco Chapter III Alfred Csallner in Search of Eugenic Solutions and Institutional Means i. Eugenic Missionaries: Visions of Priests Old and New ii. Csallner's Population Policy Proposals and the Church iii. Going It Alone: The Society of Child Enthusiasts, 1927-30 iv. The Self-Help Race Office, 1932-35 v. The Reinvention of the Race Office as National Department for Statistics, Population Policy, and Genealogy, 1935-38 vi. The National Office for Statistics and Genealogy and Its Six Departments, 1938-41 Chapter IV Fascist Visions of a Eugenic Fortress: The Self-Help's Origins and Rise to Power, 1922-33 i. Fritz Fabritius and the Origins of Saxon Fascism ii. Early Development, 1922-29 iii. Expansion and Radicalization, 1929-32 iv. The NSDR Victorious, 1932-33 Chapter V Saxon Fascism in Power, 1933-40 i. The Self-Help's Various Forms and Formats, 1933-34 ii. War and Peace: The National Community of Germans in Romania, 1935-40 iii. The Mighty Pen: The 1935 National Program of Germans in Romania iv. Building a Bristling Eugenic Fortress, One Neighborhood at a Time: Wilhelm's Schunn's National Neighborhoods, 1933-40 Chapter VI 1940 and Everything After Conclusions Glossary of German and Romanian Settlement Names Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisAs the first step toward a comprehensive reinterpretation of the role of evolutionary science and biomedicine in pre-1945 Japan, this book addresses the early writings of that era’s most influential exponent of shinkaron (evolutionism), the German-educated research zoologist and popularizer of biomedicine, Oka Asajirō (1868–1944). Concentrating on essays that Oka published in the years during and after the Russo-Japanese War (1904–5), the author describes the process by which Oka came to articulate a programmatic modernist vision of national regeneration that would prove integral to the ideological climate in Japan during the first half of the twentieth century. In contrast to other scholars who insist that Oka was merely a rationalist enlightener bent on undermining state Shinto orthodoxy, Gregory Sullivan maintains that Oka used notions from evolutionary biology of organic individuality—especially that of the nation as a super-organism—to underwrite the social and geopolitical aims of the Meiji state. The author suggests that this generative scientism gained wide currency among early twentieth-century political and intellectual elites, including Emperor Hirohito himself, who had personal connections to Oka. The wartime ideology may represent an unfinished attempt to synthesize Shinto fundamentalism and the eugenically-oriented modernism that Oka was among the first to articulate.Table of ContentsList of Figures Preface and Acknowledgements Introduction: Moss Animal Nation Part I: Organicism Chapter 1: The Organic State: The Imperative of Ethical Life Chapter 2: Palingenetic Polypersons: Evolutionary Morphology and the Question of Organic Individuality Chapter 3: Generative Scientism: Organicism beyond Reform Part II: Metapolitics Chapter 4: World War Zero Chapter 5: The Human-Way: Nomic Instincts and the Transformation of Humanity Part III: Regeneration Chapter 6: Nomic Crisis Chapter 7: Decadence and Destiny Epilogue: Evolution and the National Body: An Unfinished Synthesis Bibliography

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a historical narrative about Romania’s modernization. It focuses on one group of the country’s elites in the late nineteenth century, health professionals, and on the vision of a modern Romania that they constructed as they interacted with peasants and rural life. Doctors ventured out from the cities and became a familiar sight on the dusty country roads of Moldavia and Wallachia, for new health legislation required general practitioners (medicilor de plasă) to visit the villages in their districts twice every month. Some of them were motivated by charity, and others by patriotism, as the rural world became ever more prominent in Romania's national ideology. Based on original research, including doctors’ public health reports and memoirs, the book describes the rural conditions in Romania between 1860 and 1910 and the doctors' efforts to improve the peasants’ way of life. The author illuminates a variety of aspects of social life based on the doctors' reports on the peasant and the rural world, including general hygiene, clothing, dwellings, nutrition, drinking habits and healing. He places official measures, laws, regulations, and modern norms about public health in the context of a broader modernizing process.Trade Review"Il libro di Bărbulescu è una lettura obbligata per una migliore comprensione dell’evoluzione della Romania nel tardo Ottocento. L’auspicio è che una traduzione italiana possa presto rendere disponibile questo lavoro anche in Italia, cosa che consentirebbe ad un più largo pubblico di studiosi di Storia della medicina e, in generale, del mondo contadino, di allargare lo spettro delle conoscenze ed includere nuove prospettive." -- Eugenia Tognotti * Anuac *Table of ContentsTABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements Introduction PART ONE Romania Through the Eyes of Doctors 1. “Minister, I submit this report…” The Earliest Public Health Reports The Reports of District Health Practitioners The Reports of County Medical Officers The Reports of the Higher Medical Council The Reports of Public Health Inspectors The Reports of the Metropolitan Health and Sanitary Services The Reports of Doctors from Rural Hospitals The Reports of Regimental Medical Personnel 2. Doctors Remember “Having reached the twilight of life, I am haunted by memories” “Doctor, scratch me” PART TWO Medical Discourse on the Peasant and the Village 1. “Thick layers of filth cover their skin”: On the Hygiene of Bodies and Clothes The Peasant, A Being Wretched in His Body … … And Wretched in His Clothes 2. “The majority live in worse conditions than the Zulus”: Domestic Space and Health The Underground Hovel: The Scourge of the Rural Habitat Overground Homes: Clay, Dung, and Straw The “Hygienic Ills” of Rural Dwellings 3. “The peasant’s only food is mămăliga”: Food and Health The Peasant at the Table Mămăligă … and Again Mămăligă The Peasant: A Reluctant Vegetarian Mămăliga, Sloth, Illness and Death The Good Times of Yesteryear Our Daily Water 4. “Is the Romanian an alcoholic?”: Alcohol and Health The Peasant and His Bottle “Alcoholism: From Birth till Death” The “Hazards of Alcoholism” Against Drunkenness 5. “Pellagra, the tragedy of our peasant”: An Illness is Born The Illness and Its Representations An Illness of the Poor A Sarabande of Statistics “Pellagra: An Illness caused by Rotten Corn” Against Pellagra 6. The “degeneration of the race and the decline of the nation”: Demography and Its Anxieties The Beginning of The End Degeneration, Depopulation, Antisemitism Racial Degeneration and the Statistics of Conscription Infant Mortality at the End of the Century PART THREE Medical Culture vs. Peasant Culture 1. The Power of Medical Culture: New Laws for People Locked in the Past For the Sake of the People’s Health: Laws, Regulations, Norms … … And the Impossibility of Enforcing Them 2. Two Mid-Nineteenth-Century Case Studies: Marin Vărzaru and Stoian Buruiană Empirics, Charlatans, and Ignorance The New Order of Carol Davila The Empirics and Their Remedies Conclusions Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisAncient Egyptian medicine employed advanced surgical practices, while the prevention and treatment of diseases relied mostly on natural remedies and magical incantations. In the first of two volumes, The Medicine of the Ancient Egyptians explores these two different aspects, using textual sources and physical evidence to cast light on the state of ancient medical knowledge and practice and the hardships of everyday life experienced by the inhabitants of the land on the Nile. The first part of the book focuses on ancient Egyptian surgery, drawing mainly on cases described in the Edwin Smith papyrus, which details a number of injuries listed by type and severity. These demonstrate the rational approach employed by ancient physicians in the treatment of injured patients. Additional surgical cases are drawn from the Ebers papyrus. The chapters that follow cover gynecology, obstetrics, and pediatric cases, with translations from the Kahun gynecological papyrus and other medical texts, illustrating a wide range of ailments that women and young children suffered in antiquity, and how they were treated. Illustrated with more than sixty photographs and line drawings, The Medicine of the Ancient Egyptians is highly recommended reading for scholars of ancient Egyptian medicine and magic, as well as for paleopathologists, medical historians, and physical anthropologists.

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Book SynopsisThis is a full-text English translation of the TCM classic on pediatrics written by QIAN Yi (1032-1113 CE). It covers syndrome identification and treatment of diseases in infants and young children. The book consists of three parts: Part I is about diagnosis of children's diseases and their recommended treatments. There are 81 articles covering a wide range of clinical patterns. Part II reports 23 case studies and provides an invaluable record of the clinical practices at that time. Part III contains over one hundred medicinal formulas for use in various treatment plans.

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Book Synopsis'Rapoport has written a remarkable family memoir about growing up in the loftiest of Soviet Kremlin medical circles, where her father (Yakov Rapoport) was a distinguished pathologist, a man of scientific brilliance, technical expertise, great humor, and even greater courage during the rule of Joseph Stalin, around whom many suffered violent and mysterious deaths. The author's tone is lively, direct, humorous, and bluntly honest about her family and the rarified scientific and political circles in which they lived and worked. She reveals the heights of greatness that brilliant Jews could attain under the Soviet system, and also the discriminatory prejudice and harms, including threats and likelihood of arrest, torture, and death, that they experienced under Stalin and his successors … This marvelous book is an accessible work of important historical memory and warm scholarly and personal analysis. Summing Up: Highly recommended. All readers.'CHOICEThis manuscript offers a behind-the-scenes glimpse into some extraordinary moments of 20th century Russia. In a series of entrancing stories, the book demonstrates the disastrous consequences of a totalitarian regime's intervention in medicine and medical science. The narration is based on first-hand accounts the author gathered in conversations with her father, a world-renowned pathologist, and family friends, members of the Soviet intellectual elite.As one of the leading pathologists in the country, the author's father participated in many dramatic events that were hidden from the general public. The author describes Stalin's revenge on his doctors and the fabrication of the 'Doctors' Plot'; the thrilling story of the Moscow Brain Institute; the mysterious circumstances of the death of Stalin's second wife, Nadezhda Alliluyeva; the outbreak of plague in the center of Moscow and the NKVD's approach to curbing an epidemic; the fraught drama associated with the death and autopsy of the 'father' of the H-bomb, Andrey Sakharov; and the world's first attempt at cancer biotherapy.In the Afterward entitled A Different Globe the author depicts the difficult and sometimes hilarious process of her family's adjustment to their new life in America.A number of TV programs, documentaries, and movies were shot in the author's Moscow apartment by Russian, European, and American media and movie companies.

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Book SynopsisFor author Don C Reed, father of a paralyzed son, the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) is the greatest medical advance since penicillin.REVOLUTIONARY THERAPIES is Reed's third book about the $3 billion stem cell program.Voted into law in November 2004, CIRM is now running out of money.Should its funding be renewed? Thereby hangs a tale, or rather several dozen of them, for each of the book's 71 short chapters is framed by a yarn or vignette.The factual background is accurate, vetted by the scientists, but Reed's goal is clearly both entertainment and education.A favorite example is a little girl named Evie, imprisoned in a plastic bubble: her body's immune system did not work, and she would die outside. She joined a CIRM clinical trial ... Imagine how Evie's parents felt — when she got well.Some stories are comical, like 'How Stem Cell Research Saved My Car'; others surprising, like the comparison between politics and the giant crocodile Gustave; others are tragic or inspiring: but all point to this: More than 100 million Americans suffer chronic disease, causing mountains of medical debt — and the only way to reduce that expense ($3 trillion last year) — is cure.Related Link(s)

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Book SynopsisGenes, Germs and Medicine explores the development of modern biomedical science in the United States through the life of one of the Twentieth Century's most influential scientists. Joshua Lederberg was a scientific renaissance man. He and his collaborators founded the field of bacterial genetics, and he was awarded the Nobel Prize at the age of 33 (the second youngest in history). He helped to lay the foundations for genetic engineering, made fundamental revisions to immunological and evolutionary theory, and developed medical genetics. He initiated the search for extraterrestrial microbial life, developed artificial intelligence, and was a visionary of the Digital Age. Lederberg coined some of the central terms of modern biology: plasmid, transduction, exobiology, euphenics and microbiome. A complex humanist who spoke out for social justice, Lederberg confronted racism, and denied a gene-centered view of humans. Pondering our social evolution outside of nature, he forewarned of the complex ethical issues arising from bioengineering. He sounded the alarm about coming pandemics at a time when few would listen, and warned of the peril of biowarfare and strove to prevent it. Lederberg was a man with a deep sense of social and intellectual responsibility, a trusted advisor to eight presidential administrations.Table of ContentsThe Polymath; Heretic; In Navy Uniform; Lucky; The Road Not Taken; Personality Matters; A Field of Their Own; Sex Controversy; The Extended Genotype; Down Under Immunity; The Andromeda Man; Berkeley Debacle; How the West was Won; Nobel Politics; The New World; Molecular Medicine; Breakup; Teaching a Computer to Think; The Crisis in Human Evolution; The Communicator; The Advocate; Scooped; Prometheus Unbound?; Unexpected Turnabout; The Rockefeller; Advice to Presidents; Soviet Secrets; The Top Predator; Restless Farewell; An Extraordinary Life;

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Book SynopsisGenes, Germs and Medicine explores the development of modern biomedical science in the United States through the life of one of the Twentieth Century's most influential scientists. Joshua Lederberg was a scientific renaissance man. He and his collaborators founded the field of bacterial genetics, and he was awarded the Nobel Prize at the age of 33 (the second youngest in history). He helped to lay the foundations for genetic engineering, made fundamental revisions to immunological and evolutionary theory, and developed medical genetics. He initiated the search for extraterrestrial microbial life, developed artificial intelligence, and was a visionary of the Digital Age. Lederberg coined some of the central terms of modern biology: plasmid, transduction, exobiology, euphenics and microbiome. A complex humanist who spoke out for social justice, Lederberg confronted racism, and denied a gene-centered view of humans. Pondering our social evolution outside of nature, he forewarned of the complex ethical issues arising from bioengineering. He sounded the alarm about coming pandemics at a time when few would listen, and warned of the peril of biowarfare and strove to prevent it. Lederberg was a man with a deep sense of social and intellectual responsibility, a trusted advisor to eight presidential administrations.Table of ContentsThe Polymath; Heretic; In Navy Uniform; Lucky; The Road Not Taken; Personality Matters; A Field of Their Own; Sex Controversy; The Extended Genotype; Down Under Immunity; The Andromeda Man; Berkeley Debacle; How the West was Won; Nobel Politics; The New World; Molecular Medicine; Breakup; Teaching a Computer to Think; The Crisis in Human Evolution; The Communicator; The Advocate; Scooped; Prometheus Unbound?; Unexpected Turnabout; The Rockefeller; Advice to Presidents; Soviet Secrets; The Top Predator; Restless Farewell; An Extraordinary Life;

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis volume provides a historical account of the recipients of the Wolf Prize in Medicine and includes their curriculum vitae and examples of their most significant publications. Altogether, 25 Wolf Prize recipients are included.A unique, important book for professionals, science historians and the general public, this book gives ready access to materials which have been important in the recognition of its recipients. Many recipients have extensive publication lists; it is valuable to have a concise account of their curriculum vitae as well as list of publications, and especially a reprint of the most significant publications that have resulted in them being awarded the Wolf Prize.Apart from this valuable volume and the Nobel Prize in Medicine/Physiology volumes, there appears to be no equivalent volume in which the achievements of pre-eminent contributors to the field of medicine has been assembled.Table of ContentsAlexander Levitzki (2005); Alexander Varshavsky (2001); Anthony R Hunter (2005); Arvid Carlsson (1979); Donald F Steiner (1984/5); Howard Cedar (2008); Jean-Pierre Changeux (1982); John Gurdon (1989); Jon J van Rood (1978); Leo Sachs (1980); Mario R Capecchi (2002/3); Mary Frances Lyon (1996/7); Michael J Berridge (1994/5); Osamu Hayaishi (1986); Ralph L Brinster (2002/3); Ruth Arnon (1998); James L Gowans (1980); Solomon H Snyder (1982); Stanley B Prusiner (1995/6); Stanley N Cohen (1981); Aharon Razin (2008); Anthony J Pawson (2005); Elizabeth F Neufeld (1988); Eric R Kandel (1999); Michael Sela (1998); Pedro Cuatrecasas (1987).

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Book SynopsisMany surgical revolutions distinguish the history and evolution of surgery. Some are small, others more dominant, but each revolution improves the art and science of surgery. Surgical revolutionaries are indispensable in the conception and completion of any surgical revolution, initiating scientific and technological advances that propel surgical practice forward. Surgical revolutionaries can come in the guises of Lister (antisepsis), Halsted (surgical residency and safe surgery), Cushing (safe brain surgery), Wangensteen (gastrointestinal physiological surgery), Blalock (relief of cyanotic heart disease), Lillehei (open heart surgery), and many others. With the hindsight of history, we can recognize patterns of progress, evaluate means of advancing new ideas, and solidify details of innovative behavior that could lead to new surgical revolutions.This volume examines the following vital questions in detail: What is a surgical revolution and how do we recognize one? Are surgical revolutionaries different? Is there a way to educate new surgical revolutionaries? Can history provide enduring examples of surgical revolutions? Are there different kinds of surgical revolutions? What characterizes a surgical revolution in the context of science and technology? What surgical revolutions are on the horizon?Table of ContentsIntroduction; Surgical Revolutions; De Humani Corporis Fabrica Surgical Revolution; Exercitatio Anatomica De Motus Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus Surgical Revolution; The Strange Little Animals of Antony van Leeuwenhoek Surgical Revolution; Anesthesia Surgical Revolution; Introduction A L'Etude de la Medicine Experimentale Surgical Revolution, Part I; Introduction A L'Etude de la Medicine Experimentale, Surgical Revolution, Part II; Antiseptic Surgical Revolution (Lister); Birth of Scientific Surgery; American Surgical Research; William Roentgen Surgical Revolution; Arpad Gerster and Max Thorek Contributions to American Surgery; Michael E DeBakey; Christiaan Barnard; Heart Transplantation; Art, Surgery and Transplantation; Believing in Yourself; Mentoring; Gentlemen Surgeons; Concluding Remarks.

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Book SynopsisTo know where we are going, we must also know where we came from.This book gives an account of Hong Kong’s medical and health development from the Second World War to the present day, investigates how medical and health services grew and adapted as Hong Kong’s political and the socio-economic landscape—and the world beyond it—changed, and continued changing. The author is a clinician-scientist rather than a social scientist, her writing is therefore based on her first-hand knowledge of the changes in the Hong Kong medical and healthcare scene during the period 1942–2015, and the book has also been enriched by her meticulous research via the archives of available government publications, other literature, and media reports.This book is a sequel to A Medical History of Hong Kong: 1842–1941.Trade Review“This book presents an unbiased and scientific analysis of events which prompted the authorities and the public to consider, evaluate, and ultimately implement policies that resulted in the gradual improvement of the healthcare system in Hong Kong.” — Rosie T. T. Young, The University of Hong Kong

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Book SynopsisIntoxicating Manchuria reveals how the powerful alcohol and opium industries in Northeast China were altered by warlord rule, Japanese occupation, political conflict, and a vigorous anti-intoxicant movement. Through the lens of the Chinese media’s depictions of alcohol and opium, Norman Smith examines how intoxicants and addiction were understood in this society, the role the Japanese occupation of Manchuria played in the portrayal of intoxicants, and the efforts made to reduce opium and alcohol consumption. This is the first English-language book-length study to focus on alcohol use in modern China and the first dealing with intoxicant restrictions in the region.

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Book SynopsisIn Collected Studies (Volume 4): Jews in the Medical Profession, Joseph Shatzmiller, the prominent scholar of Provence Jewry, presents a fascinating glimpse into the world of Jewish doctors and medicine in medieval Western Europe. Drawing on a wealth of archival sources and intellectual history, Shatzmiller delves into the lives and experiences of Jewish physicians who played a crucial role in the medical profession during the Middle Ages. From their scientific collaborations with Christian colleagues to their role as leaders within the Jewish community, this book provides a rich portrait of the complex and dynamic world of medieval medicine. The book covers topics such as the Jewish students in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Montpellier, Jewish women in medicine, doctors’ salaries, pharmacology, and medical books. With its insightful analysis and meticulous research, Jews in the Medical Profession is a valuable contribution to the history of medicine and Jewish studies.“The collection of studies that these four volumes offer is the result of more than sixty years of commitment to scholarship. Like many colleagues, I relied in the beginning on printed material in books that dealt with law, religion, and secular literature. Then, as a disciple of George Duby, I discovered the world of archives and hand-written Latin manuscripts. The present collection relies, to a great extent, on previously unknown information discovered during years of search in the archives of Southern France, mostly on those of the county of Provence. They are situated in the cities of Marseille and Aix-en-Provence as well as the town of Digne. The legal registers of the High Middle Ages (1250-1350) as well as those produced by the counties’ administration introduce us to the ordinary people of the region, to their daily life and to their preoccupations; their names are spelled out, the dates are recorded and the localities in which they were active are designated. At times these documents encourage us to endorse information found in contemporary literary sources and to overcome our hesitation and excessive caution concerning their value as historical evidence.”— Joseph ShatzmillerTrade Review“Joseph Shatzmiller, the foremost expert on Provençal Judaism, has throughout the course of his career provided a rich and powerful mosaic of Jewish society in Provence. Known for his insightful analysis of historical documents and primary sources, Shatzmiller’s research consistently illuminates the significance of Provence Jewry within the larger framework of Jewish communities in the Mediterranean and western Europe during the Middle Ages. Drawing on a wealth of archival sources and intellectual history, his work is essential reading for anyone interested in the history of Jewish communities in medieval Europe.”— Ram Ben-Shalom, Professor of the History of the Jewish People, Hebrew University of Jerusalem; author of The Jews of Provence and LanguedocTable of ContentsI The Making of Jewish Doctors1 On Becoming a Jewish Doctor in The High Middle Ages* 2 Apprenticeship or Academic Education: The Making of Jewish Doctors3 Livres médicaux et éducation médicale : à propos d’un contrat de Marseille en 1316 II Attending the Medieval University 1 Un cercle de savants de Montpellier vers 1300 : Contacts et Échanges entre erudits juifs et chretiens2 Étudiants juifs à la faculté de médecine de Montpellier, dernier quart du XIVe siècle 3 La faculté de médecine de Montpellier et son influence en Provence: Témoignages en hébreu, en latin et en langue vulgaireIII Activity North and South 1 Notes sur les médecins juifs en Provence au Moyen ge2 Médecins municipaux en Provence, Catalogne et autres régions de l’Europe méridionale (1350–1400)3 Jewish Physicians in Sicily 4 Doctors and Medical Practice in Germany around the Year 1200: The Evidence of Sefer Hasidim5 Doctors and Medical Practices in Germany around the Year 1200: The Evidence of Sefer AsaphIV The Medicalization of Society1 Femmes médecins au Moyen ge: Témoignages sur leurs pratiques (1250–1350)2 Doctors’ Fees and Their Medical Responsibility: Evidence from Notarial and Court Records*3 Médecins et expertise médicale dans la ville médiévale: Manosque 1280–13484 The Jurisprudence of the Dead Body: Medical Practitioners at the Service of Civic and Legal AuthoritiesV The Range of Medical Services 1 Médecine et gynécologie au Moyen- ge : un exemple provençal 2 Soigner le corps souffrant : Pratiques médicales au tournant du XIVe siècle3 Soins de beauté, image et image de soi : le cas des juifs du Moyen ge4 Herbes et drogues dans la médecine provençale du Moyen ge5 Roger Bacon’s Critique of the Pharmaceutics of His Day

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Book SynopsisCardiac Cowboys is the dramatic story of five deeply flawed geniuses who together—and in competition with each other—invented open-heart surgery against all conventional medical wisdom and saved millions of lives.A decade after World War II, there was still no such thing as open-heart surgery, and yet half a million Americans were dying from heart disease every year. One in a hundred children would suffer and die from congenital heart disease as well, and doctors did little other than predict their deaths. After the first daring operation in 1954 and through the next three decades, five heroic surgeons braved the scorn of their peers, withstood fierce desperation, and faced possible death in order to devise procedures that would save overwhelming numbers of those doomed children and provide hope for a new life to all manner of heart-failing individuals. Devising and mastering heart transplants and bypass surgery, they invented artificial heart valves, the lifesaving pacemaker, and worked toward the holy grail of an artificial heart as their private and professional lives imploded. The story of the Cardiac Cowboys, their outsized personalities, and often self-destructive behavior is a saga more thrilling and exhilarating than fiction.

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