Historical and comparative linguistics Books

Book SynopsisContains selections from the German Bible and theologians such as Luther, Barth, Thielicke, and Riesner. The dictionary defines over 20,000 terms.Table of ContentsBook 1: Theological German ReaderPart 1: Selections from the Bible1. Matthäus 3,1-172. Lukas 18, 18-433. Johannes 1, 1-184. Apostelgeschichte 9, 1-255. Römer 5,1-216. 2 Korinther 4, 1-187. 1 Johannes 2, 1-298. 1 Mose 1, 1-319. 1 Mose 3, 1-2410. Psalm 90, 1-1711. Psalm 103, 1-2212. Jesaja 54, 1-1713. Jeremia 1, 4-1914. Hesekiel 37, 1-2815. Daniel 6, 15-29Part 2: Selections from Theologians16. Der Glaube allein--Martin Luther17. Johannes 1, 29--Adolf Schlatter18. Das Reich Gottes bei Hesekiel--Albert Schweitzer19. Das Liebe--Karl Barth20. Jesus--Karl Barth21. Unser Sinn ist in Jesus--Dietrich Bonhoeffer22. Der verlorene Sohn--Helmut Thielicke23. Sammlung und Durchbruch (Micha 2, 12.13)--Hans Walter Wolff24. Das Alte Testament und der Kanon--Peter Stuhlmacher, Helmut Claß25. Jahwe--Dietrich Mend26. Das Friedensreich der Endzeit--Theo Sorg27. Der Zweck der Schrift, die Heilsgeschichte und die Stellung des Christus--Gerhard Maier28. Die Frühzeit des Apostel Paulus--Rainer Riesner29. Jesus als Lehrer--Rainer RiesnerBook 2: Theological German Dictionary

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Book SynopsisA recognized expert in biblical languages offers a readable and linguistically savvy guide to navigating basic grammatical concepts.

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Book SynopsisJenny Jochens captures in fascinating detail the lives of women in pagan and early Christian Iceland and Norwaytheir work, sexual behavior, marriage customs, reproductive practices, familial relations, leisure activities, religious practices, and legal constraints and protections. Women in Old Norse Society places particular emphasis on changing sexual mores and the impact of Christianity as imposed by the clergy and Norwegian kings. It also demonstrates the vital role women played in economic production.Trade ReviewA thoroughly rewarding book.... The section on economics and production of wadmal and shaggy overcoats deserves close attention as the best treatment in English of an important topic hitherto neglected. * English Historical Review *Although a number of scholars have begun in recent years to approach Old Norse literature from a feminist perspective, Jenny Jochens has been the only historian in the United States to use gender analysis to study the society represented in that literature.... Jochens brings to bear on the Icelandic material a very broad range of knowledge: not only the Old Norse sources in all their complexity but also the body of scholarship in women's history and feminist theory.... This book can be read with profit by all medievalists and is essential reading for anyone interested in Old Norse society. * Speculum *Jenny Jochens has been one of the most prolific scholars working on the perennially interesting theme of the role played by women and scholars in Old Icelandic history and literature. Jochens presents a wealth of fascinating detail, never before collected to this extent... offering a full picture of the lives of medieval Icelandic women. * Saga-Book *Jochens's study is a model of interdisciplinary techniques and research; she carefully describes her sources—largely laws and sagas of various types—and their limitations, and then draws from them information, such as the etymology of key words ('wife,' 'husband'), possible only for a linguistic scholar of her caliber. * Choice *Table of ContentsPrefaceIntroductionChapter One. Gudny Bodvarsdottir and Gudrun Gjukadottir: Nordic-Germanic ContinuityChapter Two. MarriageThe Pagan-Christian ConflictPagan MarriageChristian MarriageTwo MarriagesDivorce and WidowhoodChapter Three. ReproductionConception: Theory and KnowledgeHeterosexual LovemakingSexual InitiativePregnancy and BirthPaternityInfanticideBaptismReproduction and Royal SuccessionChapter Four. LeisureWork before LeisureGenderIdleness and SleepSports and GamesStorytellingDrinking and Word GamesEmotional DistressPoliticsChapter Five. WorkGender Division of LaborOutdoor WorkIndoor WorkChapter Six. The Economics of HomespunGeneral UseCoatsCloth as Medium of ExchangeExport of Cloth and CoatsMeasurementsForeign ClothConclusionAppendix: SourcesSagas of IcelandersKings'SagasContemporary SagasLawsChristianity, Historicity, Oral Tradition, and Poststructural DoubtAbbreviationsNotesBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisNahuatl was the primary native language of central Mexico both before and after the Spanish conquest. It is the Latin of the indigenous languages of the New World. Its tradition of alphabetic writing goes back to the middle years of the sixteenth century and embraces not only grammars, dictionaries, collections of preconquest lore, and works of religious instruction, but also, above all, a great mass of mundane writing by the Nahuas themselves for their own purposes. Though the past quarter century has seen a flourishing of ethnohistorical, philological, and grammatical studies based on this corpus, those interested in the world of Nahuatl texts still find access to it difficult.James Lockhart, an eminent historian of early Latin America, is also perhaps the leading interpreter of this large body of work. He has translated and edited a wide range of texts, analyzed their cultural and linguistic implications, and over the years trained a large number of students, several of whTrade Review"A volume that can be understood by students working alone, as well as by those taking Nahuatl classes. Nahuatl as Written presumes no previous knowledge of the language. . . . [It] is being issued simultaneously with Lockhart's bilingual edition of Horacio Carochi's 1645 Grammar of the Mexican Language. . . . The two works are complementary." -- Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts"This book is clear and easy to use, providing all the essential elements one needs to undertake translation of Nahuatl documents. It transforms the effort of learning this fascinating but difficult language into an enjoyable and rewarding challenge. It is another notable achievement in Lockhart's impressive career." -- Caterina Pizzigoni * University of London *

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Book SynopsisFor all that we love and admire Shakespeare, he is not that easy to grasp. He may have written in Elizabethan English, but when we read him, we can''t help but understand his words, metaphors, and syntax in relation to our own. Until now, explaining the powers and pleasures of the Bard''s language has always meant returning it to its original linguistic and rhetorical contexts. Countless excellent studies situate his unusual gift for words in relation to the resources of the English of his day. They may mention the presumptions of modern readers, but their goal is to correct and invalidate any false impressions. Shakesplish is the first book devoted to our experience as modern readers of Early Modern English. Drawing on translation theory and linguistics, Paula Blank argues that for us, Shakespeare''s language is a hybrid English composed of errors in comprehensionand that such errors enable, rather than hinder, some of the pleasures we take in his language. Investigating howTrade Review"As Paula Blank argues, whether or not we are dipping into a 'No Fear' edition, we are always paraphrasing Shakespeare. Shamelessly fun to read, this original and timely book should have broad appeal." -- Julia Reinhard Lupton * University of California, Irvine *"In her worthy sequel to Broken English, Paula Blank meditates provocatively on the 'friction' induced by our distance from early modern English. Shakesplish confronts and celebrates that distance, giving voice to a past now revived for our era." -- Scott Newstok, Director, Pearce Shakespeare Endowment * Rhodes College *"This beautifully conceived book argues for a new and suggestive way of making Shakespeare our contemporary, at once familiar and exotic. Focusing on Shakespeare's language not as he might have intended it but as we understand it today, Paula Blank shows how what registers to a modern reader as the difficulty or strangeness of Shakespeare actually provokes singularly rich forms of cultural and personal self-discovery." -- Geoffrey Harpham, Kenan Institute for Ethics * Duke University *"We owe Paula Blank much thanks for bequeathing to us a book that I would not hesitate to describe as possessing the same traits she has analyzed for us—a book that is 'beautiful', 'funny', 'smart', and yes, even 'sexy': seductive, that is, in the elegant and articulate way in which it helps reveal to us our innermost desires about what Shakespeare's language should be." -- Iolanda Plescia * Memoria di Shakespeare *"Blank returns the reader to the act of luxuriating in the opulent richness of Shakespeare's language like no other scholar I have ever encountered. Shakesplish: How We Read Shakespeare's Language will be consulted for decades to come because of its indefatigable energy and exuberate erudition." -- William Reginald Rampone * Sixteenth Century Journal *Table of ContentsContents and Abstracts1"Shakespeare in Modern English" chapter abstractThis chapter lays the groundwork for approaching Shakespeare's English from the perspective of our own, drawing on translation theory, second-language acquisition theory, and performance studies. It destabilizes the argument over whether Shakespeare should or should not be translated into modern English by posing the theory that Shakespeare's English, in our reception of it, has become an "interlanguage," a uniquely modern hybrid. 2"Beautiful" chapter abstractThis chapter attempts to account for our continuing sense of Shakespeare's language as "beautiful" in an age in which the traditional aesthetic categories of "beautiful" and "sublime" have given way to new categories, such as "cute" or "interesting." Starting from the premise that, when it comes to Shakespeare, we are closer to eighteenth-century critics than twenty-first century ones, this chapter posits that our best chance of determining what it is that makes Shakespeare's language beautiful lies in considering what happens in the moment we make contact with his texts, the moment of our interlinguistic participation. Focusing on our experience of belatedness in relation to Shakespeare's Early Modern diction and syntax, this chapter examines various examples of Shakespeare's beautiful—and not so beautiful—language in order to determine the source of our aesthetic pleasure. 3"Sexy" chapter abstractThis chapter shows that Shakespeare's language is more openly sexual, when it is sexual, than our Modern English expectations have led us to believe. Early Modern English lacked "clinical" terms for male and female sexual organs and for the act of sexual intercourse itself. When Shakespeare uses terms like "sport" or "dally" for sex, he is speaking directly rather than euphemistically. This chapter argues that our interest in Shakespeare's sexual language actually reveals our ambivalence toward his original sexual frankness: We prefer sex in Shakespeare be hidden, so that we can find it out for ourselves. For us, Shakespeare's sexual language is, in itself, a metaphor for our idea of Shakespeare's text as coded, hiding some essential "truth." 4"Funny" chapter abstractThis chapter explores the "funny" and "unfunny" effects of Modern English on Shakespeare's comedy. Situating Shakespeare's jokes within the context of several dominant, enduring theories of humor in the Western tradition—including "superiority" theories, "arousal" or "release" theories, and "incongruity" theories—the chapter explains why and how it is that some of Shakespeare's comedy falls flat to contemporary ears while other instances have become more funny as a result of the gap between our English and Shakespeare's. 5"Smart" chapter abstractThis chapter examines Shakespeare's "intelligence effects," the ways in which his language gives us a sense of depth and acuity. Shakespeare did not use the word "intelligence" in the way that we do: in Early Modern English, the key terms were "wit" and "discourse of reason." Often, modern readers find Shakespeare's characters' "intelligent" because they demonstrate inwardness and self-consciousness; in the process, however, we miss their many failures of logic, which for Shakespeare's audience would have indicated a failure of reason. The chapter further argues that Shakespeare's poetic syntax makes him sound "smarter" to us. 6"Shakespeare as Modern English" chapter abstractThis chapter focuses on Modern English phrases that derive from Shakespeare's Early Modern English, but have been adapted to more recent forms of the vernacular, either in meaning or form. Modern English includes many idioms that originate in Shakespeare, such as "hoist with his own petard," "one fell swoop," and "primrose path." This chapter divides such idioms into three categories: those whose literal meaning is now obscure to us, those that we hear simply as Modern English, and those that sound antiquated and clichéd. Finally, the chapter returns to our modern obsession with identifying idioms as Shakespearean. Cited so often, in so many contexts, over so many centuries, these phrases have become their own particular suborder of language. They are far more ours than his, not Shakespeare but "Shakespeare."

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Book SynopsisTrade ReviewIn this timely, vital work, Ellen Cushman shares a parable of indigenous ingenuity and adaptability that affirms Cherokee literacy as a central pillar in the tribe's will to flourish as a people. She persuasively argues that Sequoyah's writing system performs a primary role in Cherokee language, religion, land, and sacred history. This powerful book will reshape Cherokee studies as we know them."" - Sean Kicummah Teuton, author of Red Land, Red Power: Grounding Knowledge in the American Indian Novel

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Book SynopsisBest known for his account of the Peloponnesian War, Thucydides (c. 454-c. 395 b.c.) was an Athenian general and historian. This valuable commentary addresses the most famous part of Thucydides's narrative: the Sicilian Expedition (books 6-8.1), which resulted in a major defeat for Athens.

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Book SynopsisSandra Muse Isaacs uses the concepts of Gadugi and Duyvkta to explore the Eastern Cherokee oral tradition, and to explain how storytelling in this tradition - as both an ancient and a contemporary literary form - is instrumental in the perpetuation of Cherokee identity and culture.Trade ReviewEastern Cherokee Stories is the most thoroughly contextualized book of Eastern Cherokee narratives to date, with rich Cherokee language information worked in wherever possible. It is a very welcome contribution to Cherokee studies and to the existing collections of Cherokee stories."" - Margaret Bender, author of Signs of Cherokee Culture: Sequoyah's Syllabary in Eastern Cherokee Life

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Book SynopsisUses the concepts of Gadugi and Duyvkta to explore the Eastern Cherokee oral tradition, and to explain how storytelling in this tradition-as both an ancient and a contemporary literary form-is instrumental in the perpetuation of Cherokee identity and culture.

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Book SynopsisAs an introduction to how the history of an African society can be reconstructed from largely nonliterate sources, and to the Swahili in particular, . . . a model work.International Journal of African Historical StudiesTrade Review"The authors, respectively a linguist specializing in Swahili and related Bantu languages and a historian specializing in the history of East Africa, have assembled an impressive array of evidence-linguistic, archaeological, documentary, and oral-traditional-in support of the argument that Swahili culture, often regarded as an Arabian transplant on the East African coast, is actually 'a dynamic synthesis of African and Arabian ideas within an African historical and cultural context.'" * American Anthropologist *"A fine achievement, mixing original material, fresh insights, generally excellent use of sources, conciseness, and a highly readable style. As an introduction to how the history of an African society can be reconstructed from largely nonliterate sources, and to the Swahili in particular, it is almost a model work." * International Journal of African Historical Studies *Table of ContentsMaps Figures Preface Acknowledgments 1 Swahili and Their History 2 The African Background of Swahili 3 The Emergence of the Swahili-Speaking Peoples 4 Early Swahili Society, 800-1100 5 Rise of the Swahili Town-States, 1100-1500 Appendices Abbreviations Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisOf all the cultural revolutions brought about by the development of printing technology during the sixteenth century, perhaps the most remarkable but least understood is the purported rise of European vernacular languages. It is generally accepted that the invention of printing constitutes an event in the history of language that has profoundly shaped modernity, and yet the exact nature of this transformation—the mechanics of the event—has remained curiously unexamined.In The Prosthetic Tongue, Katie Chenoweth explores the relationship between printing and the vernacular as it took shape in sixteenth-century France and charts the technological reinvention of French across a range of domains, from typography, orthography, and grammar to politics, pedagogy, and poetics. Under François I, the king known in his own time as the Father of Letters, both printing and vernacular language emerged as major cultural and political forces. Beginning in 1529,Trade Review"Much has been written about the role of print technologies in the early history of national languages in Europe. Benedict Anderson’s line of thinking about nation states as imaginary communities, both delimited and created by the rise of local vernacular languages made into preservable idioms by print, however, is probably the one that continues to generate the most engaging scholarship across the disciplines. Katie Chenoweth’s book is one example of such authoritative contributions. The Prosthetic Tongue is a beautifully written and engaging text." * Language In Society *"Smart and persuasive, The Prosthetic Tongue presents an authoritative contribution to our understanding of the relationship between the printing revolution and the emergence of national languages in the Renaissance. Its detailed and theoretically informed analysis deserves to be closely read, and its arguments engaged with seriously, by historians and literary scholars who deal with print and linguistics in this period." * Adrian Johns, University of Chicago *"Katie Chenoweth tells an ambitious and extremely compelling story of the birth of the modern French language from a wholly new perspective, namely by emphasizing print technology's role in the creation of a so-called mother tongue." * Phillip John Usher, New York University *Table of ContentsPrologue. Originary Prints Chapter 1. The Artificial Tongue: Beginnings Chapter 2. Hand of Brass: From Manuscript to Print Chapter 3. Teleprinting: Geoffroy Tory and the Gallic Hercules Chapter 4. Phonography: Accents, Orthography, Typography Chapter 5. Grammatization: Pedagogies of the Mother Tongue Chapter 6. Prosthetic Sovereignty: François I and the Ear of the People Chapter 7. Survival: Du Bellay and the Life of Language Epilogue Appendix. Technical Treatises on the French Language, 1500‒1600 Notes Index Acknowledgments

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Book SynopsisA highly entertaining history of the Hebrew language and its contributions to all languages. Very well written and charming.Trade ReviewThose with a passion for Hebrew, linguistics and religious history will probably find much to captivate them * Na'amat Woman *[I]t is written in an energetic style with a commitment to exploring the evolution of Hebrew from ancient times to the present in ways that a broad audience can comprehend. It will be fortunate, indeed, if future efforts can achieve the commendable promise embodied in this volume’s title with the clarity and enthusiasm that fill its pages. * Religious Studies Review *A fascinating account of the evolution of Hebrew as a language. Those interested in language are in for a delightful surprise. * Record-Review of Scarsdale, NY *Hoffman has a flair for explaining how languages work. * Times Literary Supplement *Hoffman does a good job of pointing out the different traditions of biblical Hebrew that existed in antiquity. * The Jerusalem Post *Table of ContentsList of TablesList of Figures Acknowledgments I Getting Started1 Introduction 2 Rules of the GameII Antiquity3 Writing 4 Magic Letters and the Name of God5 The Masoretes 6 Pronunciation III Moving On7 The Dead Sea Scrolls 8 Dialects in the Bible 9 Post-Biblical Hebrew IV Now10 Modern Hebrew11 Keep Your Voice from Weeping V AppendicesA More about the Rules of the Game B Further Reading Bibliography Index About the Author

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisYiddish arrived in America as the mother tongue of millions of Jewish immigrants from eastern Europe. Gradually it infiltrated the majority language and Jewish English was created, with words such as kosher and chutzpah. This work covers the history of the Yiddish language.Trade Review"A wonderfully readable book for both a general audience and immigrant historians." -CHOICE "This is a marvelous book....It is so enjoyable, so readable, so informative, so entertaining, and so well written that the reader is sorry when he comes to the last page." -Verbatim"

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Book SynopsisLearning to Become Turkmen examines the ways in which the iconography of everyday life—in dramatically different alphabets, multiple languages, and shifting education policies—reflects the evolution of Turkmen society in Central Asia over the past century.Trade ReviewLearning to Become Turkmen is unique in several respects. There are very few books in English on the history of Turkmens and Turkmenistan, and no other book-length treatment of its language and culture. Clement does an excellent job of broadening the analysis to make it relevant to scholars beyond the handful of 'Turkmenologists' in Western academia."" - Adrienne Lynn Edgar, University of California, Santa Barbara, author of Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan

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Book SynopsisLooks at the history and ideology behind the construction of kokugo (national language). This book discusses the contributions of Ueda Kazutoshi (1867-1937) and Hoshina Koichi (1872-1955) in the creation of kokugo and moves us one step closer to understanding how the ideology of kokugo cast a spell over linguistic identity in modern Japan.

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Book SynopsisOffers both an introduction to the language and the foundation for a wave of new research on Jeju Islandâs many unique features. Through its comprehensive approach, the book helps establish the importance of Jejueo to the cultural and linguistic heritage of not only Jeju Island, but the entire Korean peninsula.

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Book SynopsisJeju Island, located southwest of the Korean mainland, is famous for its natural beauty, dolhaleubang statues, haenyeo divers - and its language, which has only recently been recognized as distinct from Korean. This book offers both an introduction to the language and the foundation for a wave of new research on its many unique features.

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Book SynopsisArgues for and demonstrates the significance of ‘New Sinology’ by bringing language/philology back into the research and understanding of how modern China emerged, and presenting a host of concrete, in-depth, case studies, in which the use of ‘New Sinology’ sheds new light on Chinese history.Trade ReviewThis is a richly researched and intelligently argued collection of studies that highlight a key methodological and interpretive issue in China studies and provides a considerable empirical detail that makes their point. The volume delivers on the promise of the editors to bring language/philology back in—to argue for and demonstrate the significance of “New Sinology”: the careful attention to historical language and knowledge in texts both contemporary and earlier to illuminate the power of cultural habitus as well as conscious practice over time as expressed in the written version of Austin’s speech acts. These studies show that the tools of traditional Sinology, with a focus on linguistic and philological expertise, can and do contribute meaningfully to our understanding of the genesis and experience of modern China." —Timothy Cheek, The University of British Columbia

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Book SynopsisThe story of Ni'ihau has been told many times by many people, but this book adds new information to the island's history from a unique source: Hawaiian-language newspapers. John Clark has gathered and edited a large collection of invaluable articles that recorded daily life on Ni'ihau, events and topics of interest, and the island's place names.

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Book SynopsisThis work contains over 2,500 entries to guide students and scholars interested in the languages and literature of Vietnam. The books, monographs, and journal articles considered are those written in the Western languages (especially French and...Trade ReviewA handy reference tool that will be quite helpful not only to Vietnam specialists but to comparative linguists, folklorists, and cultural studies analysts as well. * Journal of Asian Studies *

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Book SynopsisVolume 1 is divided into seven parts and covers the geographical spread of the An languages and the history of each of the thirty-seven languages studied here.Trade Review"We have before us a study of unprecedented proportions. Presentation of Wolff's Proto-Austronesian phonology is continued by thirty-seven chapters detailing the evolution of the system—regularities and irregularities—into as many languages (Dempwolff's eleven, plus twenty-six 'new' languages, including nearly all the Austronesian languages currently spoken in Taiwan; several known to him from personal fieldwork); this is followed by a Glossary of c. 2000 reconstructed etyma (about half of thema ssigned to a level above Malayo-Polynesian), with full supporting evidence, notes and cross-references to relevant sections in the Proto-Austronesian phonology chapter. The book ends with all the indexes, registers, and finder lists the most exacting reader could wish for." -- Laurent Sagrat, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique

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Book SynopsisVolume 1 is divided into seven parts and covers the geographical spread of the An languages and the history of each of the thirty-seven languages studied here.Trade Review"We have before us a study of unprecedented proportions. Presentation of Wolff's Proto-Austronesian phonology is continued by thirty-seven chapters detailing the evolution of the system-regularities and irregularities-into as many languages (Dempwolff's eleven, plus twenty-six 'new' languages, including nearly all the Austronesian languages currently spoken in Taiwan; several known to him from personal fieldwork); this is followed by a Glossary of c. 2000 reconstructed etyma (about half of thema ssigned to a level above Malayo-Polynesian), with full supporting evidence, notes and cross-references to relevant sections in the Proto-Austronesian phonology chapter. The book ends with all the indexes, registers, and finder lists the most exacting reader could wish for."-Laurent Sagrat, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique

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Book SynopsisThis innovative introduction outlines the structure and distribution of the world s languages, charting their evolution over the past 200,000 years.Table of ContentsMap 0.1 World map with language families xi Figure 0.1 IPA consonants xii Figure 0.2 IPA vowels xii About the Website xiii List of Maps and Figures xv Preface xvii Part I Linguistic Preliminaries: Approach and Theory Introductory Note: On Language 1 1 All Languages Were Once Spanglish 3 The Mexican State of Coahuila y Tejas 3 What Is Language? 4 How Many Languages Are There? 6 How and When Did Language Get Started? 9 The Structure of Spanglish 13 Final Note: The Encounter of Spanish and English on Television in the United States 17 Exercises 18 Discussion Questions 20 Notes 20 References 21 Further Reading 21 2 The Language Loop 22 The Australian Walkabout 22 Introducing the Language Loop 23 Language and Cognition 26 Language, the World, and Culture 28 Language and Linguistic Structure 31 Language, Discourse, and Ideology 32 On Major and Minor Languages 33 Final Note: The Contingencies of Time, Place, and Biology 35 Exercises 37 Discussion Questions 37 Notes 38 References 38 Further Reading 39 3 Linguistics and Classification 40 The Role of Sanskrit in Philology 40 Of Linguistics, Philology, Linguists, and Grammarians 42 Genetic Classification 46 Areal Classification 48 Typological Classification 51 Functional Classification 55 Final Note: The Role of Sanskrit in India Today 57 Exercises 58 Discussion Questions 59 Notes 60 References 60 Further Reading 61 Part II Effects of Power Introductory Note: On Power 63 4 Effects of the Nation-State and the Possibility of Kurdistan 65 Lines Are Drawn in the Sand 65 The Status of Language on the Eve of the Nation-State 66 The Epistemology of the Nation-State 69 The French Revolution, German Romanticism, and Print Capitalism 71 Standardization and the Instilling of Vergonha 75 Language and Individual Identity 76 What’s Race Got to Do with It? 78 The Problematic Race–Nation–Language Triad 79 Final Note: The Kurds Today – Different Places, Different Outcomes 84 Language Profile: Kurdî / [Kurdish (Indo-European)] 85 Exercises 90 Discussion Questions 91 Notes 91 References 92 Further Reading 93 5 The Development of Writing in the Litmus of Religion and Politics 94 The Story of the Qur’¨¡n 94 Magico-Religious Interpretations of the Origins of Writing 95 Steps Toward the Representation of Speech 97 Types of Writing Systems 100 Religion and the Spread of Writing Systems 105 The Always Already Intervention of Politics 108 Orality and Literacy 111 Final Note: Azerbaijan Achieves Alphabetic Autonomy 114 Language Profile: [Arabic (Afro-Asiatic)] 114 Exercises 119 Discussion Questions 122 Notes 123 References 124 Further Reading 124 6 Language Planning and Language Law: Shaping the Right to Speak 125 Melting Snow and Protests at the Top of the World 125 Language Academies: The First Enforcers 127 Another Look at Prescriptivism 129 Making Language Official: A Tale of Three Patterns 131 Language Policy and Education: A Similar Tale of Three Patterns 139 Language Planners and Language Police 144 Final Note: Choosing Death or Life 146 Language Profile: [Tibetan (Sino-Tibetan)] 147 Exercises 152 Discussion Questions 153 Notes 154 References 155 Further Reading 156 Part III Effects of Movement Introductory Note: On Movement 159 7 A Mobile History: Mapping Language Stocks and Families 161 Austronesian Origin Stories 161 Population Genetics and Links to Language 162 A Possible Polynesian Reconstruction 166 Linguistic Reconstructions Revisited 168 Proto-Indo-European and Its Homeland 173 Other Language Stocks and Their Homelands 176 Models of Spread 183 Lost Tracks 186 Final Note: On Density and Diversity 187 Language Profile: 'Olelo Hawai'i [Hawaiian (Austronesian)] 187 Exercises 194 Discussion Questions 195 Notes 195 References 196 Further Reading 197 8 Colonial Consequences: Language Stocks and Families Remapped 198 Eiffel Towers in Vietnam 198 Time-Depths and Terminology 199 The Middle Kingdom: Government-Encouraged Migrations 201 Linguistic Geography: Residual Zones and Spread Zones 203 Spreading Eurasian Empires: The Persians, Mongols, Slavs, and Romans 206 Religions as First Nations and Missionaries as Colonizers 213 English as an Emergent Language Family 215 Final Note: Creoles and the Case of Kreyòl Ayisyen 218 Language Profile: Tiéng Việt [Vietnamese (Austro-Asiatic)] 219 Exercises 223 Discussion Questions 226 Notes 226 References 228 Further Reading 229 9 Postcolonial Complications: Violent Outcomes 230 Tamil Tigers Create New Terrorist Techniques 230 What’s in a Name? Burma/Myanmar 232 Modern Sudan: The Clash of Two Colonialisms 235 The Caucasian Quasi-States: Two Types of Conflict 238 Poland’s Shifting Borders 242 Terrorism on the Iberian Peninsula: Basque and the ETA 244 Québécois Consciousness and the Turbulent 1960s 245 The Zapatista Uprising and Indigenous Languages in Chiapas 247 Final Note: The Parsley Massacre in the Dominican Republic 249 Language Profile: Tamil (Dravidian) 250 Exercises 254 Discussion Questions 255 Notes 256 References 257 Further Reading 257 Part IV Effects of Time Introductory Note: On Time 259 10 The Remote Past: Language Becomes Embodied 261 Look There! 261 Seeking Linguistic Bedrock 262 The Primate Body and Human Adaptations to Language 263 Evolution in Four Dimensions 269 The Genetic Story 270 Grammatical Categories and Deep-Time Linguistics 275 Complexity and the Arrow of Time 279 Final Note: The Last Stone Age Man in North America 282 Language Profile: !Xóõ [Taa (Khoisan)] 283 Exercises 288 Discussion Questions 288 Notes 289 References 290 Further Reading 291 11 The Recorded Past: 'Catching Up to Conditions' Made Visible 292 Mongolian Horses 292 Chapter 3: The Invariable Word in English 294 Chapter 4: The Shift to Head-Marking in French 295 Chapter 5: Writing and e-Arabic 299 Chapter 6: Mongolian Cases 301 Chapter 7: Reformulating Hawaiian Identity 304 Chapter 8: Varieties of Chinese – Yesterday and Today 306 Chapter 9: Juba Arabic Pidgin, Nubi, and Other African Creoles 310 Final Note: Language Change in Progress 313 Language Profile: [Mongolian (Mongolic)] 315 Exercises 320 Discussion Questions 321 Notes 322 References 323 Further Reading 323 12 The Imagined Future: Globalization and the Fate of Endangered Languages 324 Gold in the Mayan Highlands 324 Beyond the Nation-State: The Globalized New Economy 325 Money Talks: What Language Does It Speak? 327 When the Language Loop Unravels 329 Language Hotspots 332 Rethinking Endangerment 334 Technology to the Rescue 336 Anishinaabemowin Revitalization in Wisconsin 339 What Is Choice? 341 Final Note: Our Advocacies 342 Language Profile: K'iche' [Quiché (Mayan)] 342 Exercises 347 Discussion Questions 349 Notes 350 References 350 Glossary 353 Subject Index 359 Language Index 373

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Book SynopsisBuilding Meaning in Context: A Dynamic Approach to Bantu Clause Structure uses the tools of the Dynamic Syntax framework to explore morphosyntactic phenomena in a number of Bantu languages. Examines word order alternations, inversion constructions and negation in Bantu, showing the incremental nature of the build-up of meaning in context Highlights cross-linguistic parallels, drawing on data from Japanese, Korean, Romance languages and varieties of Greek Offers a radical new perspective on the nature of human language, showing the centrality of the concepts of underspecification and update which lie at the heart of the DS structure building process An innovative analysis with a broad empirical coverage Table of Contents1. Introduction 1 1.1 Aims and objectives 1 1.2 Scope of the book 3 2. The Dynamic Syntax framework 5 2.1 Basic assumptions 5 2.2 Language of representation: the Logic of Finite Trees 5 2.3 How trees grow 8 2.4 Computational rules and tree growth 11 2.4.1 INTRODUCTION 11 2.4.2 PREDICTION 12 2.4.3 THINNING 13 2.4.4 COMPLETION 14 2.4.5 ANTICIPATION 15 2.4.6 ELIMINATION 16 2.4.7 MERGE 17 2.5 Structural underspecification 17 2.5.1 *ADJUNCTION 18 2.5.2 LOCAL *ADJUNCTION 19 2.5.3 LATE *ADJUNCTION 20 2.5.4 LINK ADJUNCTION 21 2.5.5 Semantic underspecification 22 2.6 Sample parse of a Swahili sentence 23 2.7 Summary 26 3. A dynamic perspective on Bantu clause structure 27 3.1 Modelling Bantu subject expressions 27 3.2 Modelling Bantu subject markers 29 3.3 Modelling Bantu tense-aspect information 33 3.4 Contribution of the verb stem: structure building and semantics 36 3.5 Modelling objects and object marking in Bantu languages 39 3.6 Sample parse of a Rangi sentence 43 3.7 Summary 46 4. Underspecification and update: Case studies from Bantu 474.1 The mechanisms of representation 48 4.1.1 Structural underspecification 48 4.1.2 Semantic underspecification 50 4.2 The rebuilding of structure 52 4.3 The underspecificed verb stem 53 4.4 Underspecified temporal distinctions 55 4.5 Underspecification and variant constituent order 60 4.5.1 Bantu inversion constructions 604.5.2 Bantu passive constructions 64 4.6 Summary 66 5. Modelling negation in Bantu: the dynamics of interpretation 68 5.1 Previous accounts of negation in DS 69 5.2 Negation in Bantu 73 5.3 Modelling negation in Swahili 75 5.3.1 Sentential negation in Swahili main clauses 75 5.3.2 Negation in Swahili non-main clause contexts 79 5.4 Modelling negation in Rangi 81 5.4.1 Rangi main clause negation 81 5.4.2 Rangi non-main clause negation 82 5.4.3 The Rangi negative copula 84 5.5 Capturing the historical development of Bantu negation markers 87 5.6 Summary 89 6. Modelling auxiliary placement in Rangi 91 6.1 Bantu auxiliary constructions 91 6.2 Modelling Rangi auxiliary constructions 93 6.2.1 Modelling the Rangi verb-auxiliary order 100 6.3 Modelling the Rangi auxiliary placement alternation 106 6.3.1 Content questions 107 6.3.2 Sentential negation 110 6.3.3 Relative clauses 113 6.3.4 Cleft constructions 115 6.3.5 Subordinate clauses 116 6.4 Summary 117 7. Cross-linguistic parallels: Parsing dynamics beyond Bantu 119 7.1 Constraining underspecification: the Unique Unfixed Node Constraint 119 7.1.1 Clitic placement in Medieval Spanish and Modern Greek 121 7.1.2 Cleft constructions and multiple foci in Japanese 123 7.1.3 Multiple object marking in Bantu 125 7.1.4 Word order variation in Japanese and Korean 127 7.2 Summary 133 8. Conclusion 135 8.1 Summary 136 8.2 Concluding remarks 136 Index

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Book SynopsisThis work is a comprehensive corpus-based description of the synchronic segmental phonology of Classical Latin. Provides a full description of the phonology of a dead language and also highlights how the patterns and processes described contribute to phonological theoryResearch results include novel analyses of segmental phenomena, phonotactics, phonological processes, inflectional morphology, and certain diachronic questionsInformed by specific hypotheses about how phonological representations are structured and how phonological rules work, and in turn how the findings corroborate these hypothesesTheoretically grounded and provides raw material for researchers of phonology, morphology and historical linguisticsTable of ContentsList of figures List of tables Abbreviations and symbols Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 1.1. Aims and scope 1 1.2. Previous research 1 1.3. The language, the data and the form of writing 2 1.4. The framework 7 1.5. The structure of the book 11 2. The segmental inventory 13 2.1. Introduction 13 2.2. Consonants 13 2.2.1. General distributional regularities in simplex forms 16 2.2.2. The question of the labiovelar(s) 20 2.2.2.1. The issue of frequency 22 2.2.2.2. Phonetic issues 22 2.2.2.3. Geminates 23 2.2.2.4. Positional restrictions and stop + glide sequences 24 2.2.2.5. The question of [sw] 25 2.2.2.6. Verb root structure 26 2.2.2.7. Voicing contrast in clusters 26 2.2.2.8. Alternations 27 2.2.2.9. Ad-assimilation 30 2.2.2.10. Diachronic considerations 30 2.2.2.11. Poetic licence 30 2.2.2.12. Further remarks on the voiced labiovelar 31 2.2.2.13. Summary of the labiovelar question 32 2.2.3. The placeless nasal 32 2.3. Vowels 34 2.3.1. The nasal vowels 35 2.3.2. The question of diphthongs 37 2.3.3. Hiatus 43 2.4. The phonological representations 44 2.5. Conclusion 46 3. The phonotactics of simplex forms and resyllabification 48 3.1. Introduction 48 3.1.1. Excursus on metrical evidence 50 3.2. The presentation of the consonant clusters 51 3.3. The analysis of the consonant clusters 51 3.4. Syllable contact and the interaction between place of articulation and sonority 67 3.5. Resyllabification and extrasyllabic [s] 70 3.6. A note on words written with initial〈gn〉74 3.7. Conclusion 81 4. Processes affecting consonants 82 4.1. Introduction 82 4.2. Contact voice assimilation 82 4.2.1. Excursus: loss of [s] before voiced consonants 84 4.3. Total assimilation of [t] to [s] 85 4.4. Rhotacism 86 4.5. Degemination 89 4.5.1. General degemination 89 4.5.2. Degemination of [s] 91 4.6. Nasal place loss before fricatives 92 4.7. Epenthesis after [m] 92 4.8. Place assimilation 94 4.9. Dark and clear [l] 96 4.10. Final stop deletion 99 4.11. Liquid dissimilation 100 4.12. Conclusion 103 5. Processes affecting vowels 104 5.1. Introduction 104 5.2. Alternations in vowel quality 104 5.2.1. The Old Latin weakening 104 5.2.2. Synchronic alternations between the short vowels 106 5.2.2.1. Alternation in closed vs. open syllables 106 5.2.2.2. Lowering before [r] 108 5.2.2.3. Word-final lowering 110 5.3. Vowel–zero alternations 111 5.3.1. Before stem-final [r] 111 5.3.2. Prevocalic deletion of back vowels 112 5.3.3. Vowel–zero alternation in suffixes 114 5.4. Length alternations 114 5.4.1. Shortenings 115 5.4.2. Lengthening before voiced stops 115 5.4.3. Coalescence with empty vowel 118 5.4.4. Coalescence with placeless nasal 119 5.4.5. The abies-pattern 121 5.5. Conclusion 123 6. The inflectional morphology of Classical Latin 124 6.1. Introduction 124 6.2. Allomorphy in the verbal inflection 126 6.2.1. The general structure of verbal inflection 126 6.2.2. Affixes immediately following the infectum stem 127 6.2.3. Affixes immediately following the perfectum stem 131 6.2.3.1. Classification of affixes 131 6.2.3.2. The general pattern of affix alternations 132 6.2.3.3. Vowel deletion after [s] 135 6.2.3.4. Hiatus and i-final perfectum stems 135 6.2.3.5. The non-alternating suffixes 137 6.2.4. Affixes following the extended stems 139 6.3. Allomorphy in the nominal inflection 141 6.3.1. Introductory remarks 141 6.3.2. Case endings and allomorphy: nominative and accusative singular 143 6.3.2.1. Phonological alternations in the nominative singular 144 6.3.2.2. Gender marking 145 6.3.3. Case endings and allomorphy: the remaining cases 146 6.4. Morphophonological analysis: inflectional allomorphy and the vocalic scale 149 6.5. The vocalic scale and sonority 150 6.6. Conclusion 152 7. The phonology of prefixed forms 153 7.1. Introduction 153 7.2. The prefixes of Latin 155 7.2.1. Vowel-final prefixes + prae 156 7.2.1.1. dē- 156 7.2.1.2. prō- 156 7.2.1.3. sē- 157 7.2.1.4. ne- 157 7.2.1.5. re- 157 7.2.1.6. ambi- 158 7.2.1.7. ante- 159 7.2.1.8. vē- 160 7.2.1.9. prae- 160 7.2.2. Prefixes ending in [r] 160 7.2.2.1. per- 160 7.2.2.2. super- 161 7.2.2.3. subter- 161 7.2.2.4. inter- 161 7.2.2.5. por- 161 7.2.3. Nasal-final prefixes 161 7.2.3.1. in- 161 7.2.3.2. con- 162 7.2.3.3. an- 165 7.2.3.4. circum- 165 7.2.4. Coronal obstruent-final prefixes 166 7.2.4.1. post- 166 7.2.4.2. ex- 166 7.2.4.3. dis- 168 7.2.4.4. trans- 169 7.2.4.5. ad- 170 7.2.5. Prefixes ending in [b] 172 7.2.5.1. ob- 172 7.2.5.2. ab- 173 7.2.5.3. sub- 175 7.3. Generalisations 176 7.3.1. Assimilations 176 7.3.1.1. Voice assimilation 176 7.3.1.2. Place assimilation 176 7.3.1.3. Total assimilation 177 7.3.2. Non-assimilatory allomorphy 179 7.3.2.1. [s]-allomorphy 179 7.3.2.2. Vowel-triggered allomorphy 179 7.3.2.3. [b]-allomorphy 180 7.3.3. On the nature of prefix-variation 180 7.4. Conclusion 183 8. Conclusion and conspectus of the phonological rules 184 Appendix 1: The textual frequency of consonants in Classical Latin Appendix 2: Authors and works mentioned in the text References Index of Latin words Subject index

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Book SynopsisA groundbreaking new work that sheds light on case studies of linguistic human rights around the world, raising much-needed awareness of the struggles of many peoples and communities The first book of its kind, the Handbook of Linguistic Human Rights presents a diverse range of theoretically grounded studies of linguistic human rights, exemplifying what linguistic justice is and how it might be achieved. Through explorations of ways in which linguistic human rights are understood in both national and international contexts, this innovative volume demonstrates how linguistic human rights are supported or violated on all continents, with a particular focus on the marginalized languages of minorities and Indigenous peoples, in industrialized countries and the Global South. Organized into five parts, this volume first presents approaches to linguistic human rights in international and national law, political theory, sociology, economics, history, education, and critical theory. SubsequeTrade Review“Compelling testament to the urgency of ensuring linguistic human rights worldwide and to Skutnabb-Kangas’ and Phillipson’s vision and tenacity in illuminating the field for half a century.” Nancy H. Hornberger, Professor Emerita, University of Pennsylvania “Our ability to communicate through language is central to our constitution, evolution, and identity as humans. It is therefore not surprising that this core characteristic of who we are has always been contested as social groups vie for advantage and superiority. The Handbook of Linguistic Human Rights brilliantly brings these realities into the 21st century, combining academic analysis, personal accounts, and evidence-based directions for change. The authors have created a repository of information and inspiration that will fuel language activism for many years to come.” Jim Cummins, Professor, The University of Toronto “This impressive and engaging edited Handbook is not only global in coverage and truly comprehensive in scope, it also introduces and formulates the concept linguistic human rights through state-of-the-art theoretical, legal and conceptual discussions. National and thematic examples of violations or good implementation are rounded out by evidence statements on some of humanity’s most discerning linguistic identity violations.” Tove H. Malloy, Professor of European Studies, Europa-Universität Flensburg “An extraordinarily multifaceted handbook, covering theory and implementation, opportunities and obstacles, global and local perspectives, voices of academics and practitioners. It demonstrates why paying due attention to the – still too often neglected – linguistic dimension of human rights is so crucial for a world in which no one will be left behind.” Goro Christoph Kimura, Professor, Sophia University, Tokyo "The handbook is exceptionally valuable for understanding and appreciating the concept of linguistic human rights and their significance for social and linguistic justice. It is well organised, illuminating and highly interesting in its entirety. It can therefore be warmly recommended not only to lawyers and students of law, but to all those interested in the protection of linguistic rights of all people and some form of linguistic justice." Marijana Javornik Čubrić, Professor, Zagreb UniversityTable of ContentsAcknowledgements ix Abbreviations xi Notes on Contributors xv 1 Introduction: Establishing Linguistic Human Rights 1Tove Skutnabb-Kangas and Robert Phillipson Part I Approaches to Linguistic Human Rights 23 2 Linguistic Human Rights in International Law 25Robert Dunbar 3 Sociolinguistic and Political Theory Perspectives on Language Rights 39Stephen May 4 Linguistic and Epistemic Erasure in Africa: Coloniality, Linguistic Human Rights and Decoloniality 55Kathleen Heugh 5 Struggling to Access Health Information in the Midst of a Pandemic: Linguistic Human Rights in Indonesia 71Hywel Coleman and David Fero 6 Economic and Policy Issues in the Promotion of Linguistic Human Rights 95François Grin 7 Preventing the Implementation of Linguistic Human Rights in Education 109Tove Skutnabb-Kangas 8 Debating Linguistic Human Rights in Militarised Myanmar: Political Agitation and Policy Deliberation 127Joseph Lo Bianco 9 Language Policy Implications of ‘Global’ English for Linguistic Human Rights 143Robert Phillipson 10 From Neoliberal to Decolonial Language Rights and Reparative Linguistic Justice 159Ahmed Kabel Part II International Standards for Linguistic Human Rights 175 11 Some Shortcomings of Linguistic Rights 177Gudmundur Alfredsson 12 Linguistic Human Rights Challenges in the Work of the UN Special Rapporteur on Minority Issues 183Fernand de Varennes 13 Time, Politics, and Linguistic Human Rights: Bringing Words to our Songs 195Elsa Stamatopoulou 14 Linguistic Human Rights Challenges in the Work of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues 211Ole Henrik Magga 15 Linguistic Human Rights in Relation to the Administration of Justice: A European Perspective 227Kristin Henrard 16 Using the UN Human Rights Treaty System to Defend LHRs 235Andrea Bear Nicholas, Lorena Fontaine, Amos Key, Jr and Karihwakéron Tim Thompson 17 The Bangkok Statement on Language and Inclusion: A Rose by Any Other Name? 251Kirk R. Person 18 Linguistic Human Rights in the Work of the World Federation of the Deaf 267Victoria Manning, Joseph J. Murray and Alexandre Bloxs Part III Case Studies: Linguistic Human Rights Violated 281 19 Resistance to the Violations of Linguistic Human Rights in Nunavut, Canada 283Aluki Kotierk 20 Linguicide and Historicide 295Andrea Bear Nicholas 21 Linguistic Human Rights for Indigenous Peoples in the USA 303Jon Reyhner 22 Linguistic Human Rights of Minorities in China 319Minglang Zhou 23 Linguistic Human Rights in Tibet: Advocacy and Denial 327Gerald Roche 24 Linguistic, Cultural, and Ethnic Genocide of the Uyghurs in Xinjiang, China 341Abduweli Ayup, Shungqar Tékin and Erkin Sidick 25 Linguistic Human Rights in Kurdistan 357Jaffer Sheyholislami 26 The Linguistic Human Rights Plight of Hungarians in Ukraine 373István Csernicskó and Miklós Kontra 27 A Tale of Two Springs and an Impending Winter: Linguistic Human Rights and the Politics of Dignity in North Africa 383Ahmed Kabel 28 English Linguistic Imperialism and Mother Tongue Medium Education in Ethiopia 393Yirga G. Woldeyes 29 Judicial Interpretations of the Law to Safeguard Linguistic Minorities in India 405E. Annamalai 30 Linguistic Human Rights and Higher Education: Reflections from India 413Shivani Nag 31 Language Matters for Development, Peace, and Reconciliation: The Case for Change in Haiti 427Dominique Dupuy 32 Romani Emancipation and Linguistic Human Rights 431Dieter W. Halwachs Part IV Case Studies: Implementing Linguistic Human Rights 443 33 Finnish and Swedish as National Languages of Finland: A Linguistic Human Rights Success Story – Why and How? 445Markku Suksi 34 When Implementation of Linguistic Human Rights Does Not Match Legislation – The Case of Sweden 453Jarmo Lainio 35 Court Challenges and Linguistic Human Rights: The Canadian Case 469Pierre Foucher 36 Linguistic Human Rights of Indigenous Sámi in the Finnish Education System 477Ulla Aikio-Puoskari / Gáppe Piera Jovnna Ulla 37 A Time of Promise in Latin America: Linguistic Human Rights from within Language Communities 493Gabriela Pérez Báez and Yásnaya Elena Aguilar Gil 38 Pueblo Revitalisation in Education in Southwest USA 507 Christine Sims 39 Language Endangerment and Linguistic Human Rights of a Cross-Border Minority: Karelian in Russia and Finland 517Anneli Sarhimaa 40 Linguistic Human Rights in Russia 533Janne Saarikivi 41 Challenges in the Acknowledgement and Implementation of Linguistic Human Rights in Nepal 551Lava Deo Awasthi, Mark Turin, and Yogendra Prasad Yadava 42 Linguistic Human Rights in Education in India: Odisha’s Partial Success Story 561Ajit Mohanty 43 Language Rights as Human Rights in Aotearoa New Zealand 577Richard Benton 44 The History of Linguistic Human Rights at Gallaudet University 587Tawny Holmes Hlibok and Laurene E. Simms Part V Cross-cutting Issues in Linguistic Human Rights 595 45 The Role of Interpreting and Translation in Promoting Linguistic Human Rights 597Gabriel González Núñez 46 Language Testing/Assessment and Linguistic Human Rights 605Elana Shohamy 47 Promoting Linguistic Human Rights Through Language Documentation 613M. Paul Lewis 48 Linguistic Human Rights, Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages, and the Rise of the Multilingual Internet 623Gregory D.S. Anderson and Anna L. Daigneault 49 Disaster Linguicism as Deprivation of the Victims’ Linguistic Human Rights 639Shinya Uekusa and Steve Matthewman 50 Linguistic Human Rights and the Imperative to Remember in the Philippines 649Ruanni Tupas 51 Existential Evidence: A Compilation 657Tove Skutnabb-Kangas and Robert Phillipson 52 Afterword: Pursuing Linguistic Human Rights 679Robert Phillipson and Tove Skutnabb-Kangas Index 689

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsList of figures List of tables Abbreviations and symbols Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 1.1. Foreword 1.2. Structure 2. The statistics of space in historical linguistics 2.1. Introduction 2.1.1. Visualising time and space: problems and solutions 2.2. Kernel smoothing 2.2.1. Kernel smoothing for spatial variation 2.2.2. Time 2.3. Parameter setting 2.3.1. Setting bandwidths based on real-world priors 2.3.2. Setting bandwidths based on predictive accuracy 2.3.3. Setting bandwidths based on power analysis 2.3.4. Conclusions 3. Language in medieval Norway and sources of data 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Norway and Norwegian in the late medieval period 3.2.1. Sociolinguistic statuses of the languages 3.2.2. Contact 3.2.3. A note on Jamtland 3.3. The Diplomatarium Norvegicum and the DN online 3.3.1. The Diplomatarium Norvegicum 3.3.2. Annotation 4. Variable definitions and datasets 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Phonological variables 4.2.1. Rise of svarabhakti vowels 4.2.2. Loss of voiceless dental fricatives 4.2.3. Loss of voiced dental fricatives 4.3. Morphological variables 4.3.1. Changes in agreement of verbs with 1sg. subjects 4.3.2. Changes in the form of 1pl and 1du. subject pronouns 4.3.3. Changes in agreement of verbs with 1pl and 1du. subjects 4.4. Syntactic variables 4.4.1. Loss of lexical genitives 5. Individual changes 5.1. Introduction 5.2. The loss of the dental fricatives 5.2.1. Timing 5.2.2. Spatial distribution 5.3. The loss of 1pl active -um 5.3.1. Timing 5.3.2. Spatial distribution 5.4. The Constant Rate Effect 5.5. Conclusions 6. The Trudgill conjecture 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Theoretical background 6.2.1. Trudgill, Dahl and McWhorter 6.2.2. Other proposals regarding relationships between complexity and social factors 6.2.3. The case of Nordic 6.3. Predictions 6.4. Variables 6.5. Spatial distributions 6.5.1. Loss of 1sg agreement in the present active 6.5.2. Loss of the voiced dental fricative 6.5.3. The rise of svarabhakti vowels 6.5.4. Loss of the voiceless dental fricative 6.5.5. Merger of 1du. pronoun into 1pl pronoun 6.5.6. Merger of 1pl pronoun into 1du. pronoun 6.5.7. Replacement of the 1pl pronoun by borrowed vi 6.5.8. Replacement of the 1du. pronoun by borrowed vi 6.5.9. Loss of 1pl middle agreement 6.5.10. Loss of genitive objects of millum 6.5.11. Loss of 1pl agreement in verb-subject order 6.5.12. Loss of 1pl agreement in subject-verb order 6.5.13. Loss of number agreement on present tense verbs 6.6. Conclusions 7. Spatial models of diffusion 7.1. Background 7.2. Methods 7.2.1. Approach 7.2.2. Hierarchicality measure 7.3. Variables 7.3.1. Replacement of 1pl v´er by reanalysed m´er 7.3.2. Replacement of 1du. vit by reanalysed mit 7.4. Results 7.5. Discussion 8. Conclusions 9. Annex: A step-by-step guide to kernel smoothing for historical dialectology 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Software and dependencies 9.3. Preparing your data 9.4. Preliminary exploration 9.5. Determining bandwidths 9.6. Temporal kernel smoothing 9.7. Spatial-temporal kernel smoothing 9.8. Spatial visualisation 10. Appendix

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Book SynopsisIntroduction.- Chapter 1: Minority Languages and Communities in a Changing World; Gabrielle Hogan-Brun and Bernadette O'Rourke.- Part I: Minority Language Rights, Protection, Governance.- Chapter 2: Minority Language Rights and Standards: Definitions and Applications at the Supra-national Level; Fernand de Varennes and Elzbieta Kuzborska.- Chapter 3: Minority Language Rights in the Russian Federation: The End of a Long Tradition?; Bill Bowring.- Chapter 4: Minority Languages, Governance  and Regulation; Colin Williams and John Walsh.- Part II: Recognition, Self-determination, Autonomy.- Chapter 5: The Recognition of Ethnic and Language Diversity in Nation-States and Consociations; Christian Giordan.- Chapter 6: Linguistic Recognition in Deeply Divided Societies: Antagonism or Reconciliation?; Máiréad Nic Craith and Philip McDermott.- Chapter 7: National Cultural Autonomy and Linguistic Rights in Central and Eastern Europe; David Smith, Federica Prina and Judit Molnar Sansum.- ChapTrade Review“This is a serious collection that makes a very substantial and welcome contribution to the large literature on minority languages. I would imagine that it is more likely to find a place on the shelves of libraries than those of individual readers …” (Gibson Ferguson, Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, June 23, 2019)Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Chapter 1: Minority Languages and Communities in a Changing World; Gabrielle Hogan-Brun and Bernadette O’Rourke.- Part I: Minority Language Rights, Protection, Governance.- Chapter 2: Minority Language Rights and Standards: Definitions and Applications at the Supra-national Level; Fernand de Varennes and Elzbieta Kuzborska.- Chapter 3: Minority Language Rights in the Russian Federation: The End of a Long Tradition?; Bill Bowring.- Chapter 4: Minority Languages, Governance and Regulation; Colin Williams and John Walsh.- Part II: Recognition, Self-determination, Autonomy.- Chapter 5: The Recognition of Ethnic and Language Diversity in Nation-States and Consociations; Christian Giordan.- Chapter 6: Linguistic Recognition in Deeply Divided Societies: Antagonism or Reconciliation?; Máiréad Nic Craith and Philip McDermott.- Chapter 7: National Cultural Autonomy and Linguistic Rights in Central and Eastern Europe; David Smith, Federica Prina and Judit Molnar Sansum.- Chapter 8: Sign Language Communities; Maartje De Meulder, Verena Krausneker, Graham Turner and John Bosco Gonama.- Part III: Migration, Settlement, Mobility.- Chapter 9: Changing Perspectives on Language Maintenance and Shift in Transnational Settings: From Settlement to Mobility; Anne Pauwels .- Chapter 10: Arctic Languages in Canada in the Age of Globalisation; Donna Patrick.- Part IV: Economics, Markets, Commodification.- Chapter 11: Minority Languages and Markets; Sari Pietikäinen, Helen Kelly-Holmes and Maria Rieder.- Chapter 12: Language Economics and Issues of Planning for Minority Languages in Africa; Nkonko M. Kamwangamalu.- Chapter 13: Language Minorities in a Globalized Economy: The Case of Professional Translation in Canada; Matthieu LeBlanc.- Part V: Education, Literacy, Access.- Chapter 14: Indigenous Children’s Language Practices in Australia; Samantha Disbray and Gillian Wigglesworth.- Chapter 15: Minorities, Languages, Education and Assimilation in Southeast Asia; Peter Sercombe.- Chapter 16: Literacy in My Language? Principles, Practices, Prospects; Clinton Robinson.- Part VI: Media, Public Usage, Visibility.- Chapter 17: Minority Language Media: Issues of Power, Finance and Organization; Tom Moring.- Chapter 18: Minority Languages and Social Media; Daniel Cunliffe.- Chapter 19: Linguistic Landscapes and Minority Languages; Durk Gorter, Heiko Marten and Luk Van Mensel.- Part VII: Endangerment, Ecosystems, Resilience.- Chapter 20: Resilience for Minority Languages; David Bradley.- Chapter 21: Minority Contact Languages, Small Islands and Linguistic Ecology; Joshua Nash.- Chapter 22: The Yiddish Conundrum: A Cautionary Tale for Language Revivalism; Dovid Katz.

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Book SynopsisENGLISH AND KOREAN IN CONTRAST English and Korean in Contrast: A Linguistic Introduction is the first book of its kind to present a comprehensive yet student-friendly comparative review of the grammars of English and Korean. Author Jong-Bok Kim, an internationally-recognized expert, offers rigorous contrastive analyses of all major aspects of English and Korean while addressing common usage errors made by learners of each language. Designed for both English- and Korean-language classrooms, this unique textbook describes and contrasts the two languages at every level from sound, word, and grammar to figurative language and metaphors. Throughout the text, the author uses an accessible, descriptive-based approach that covers both core and peripheral phenomena of English and Korean. Offering invaluable insights into the major sources of difficulty or ease in learning the two languages, English and Korean in Contrast: A Linguistic Introduction iTable of ContentsPreface xiii Abbreviations xv 1 Linguistic Differences: Where Do They Come From? 1 1.1 Linguistic Differences 1 1.2 Cultural Differences 3 1.3 Why Contrastive Analyses? 5 1.4 What This Book Is About 6 Exercises 7 2 Sounds and Writing Systems: How to Speak and Write 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 English Sound Systems 10 2.2.1 English Consonants 10 2.2.2 English Vowels 12 2.3 Korean Hangul Alphabet and Romanization 13 2.4 Korean Sound Systems 15 2.4.1 Korean Consonants 15 2.4.2 Korean Vowels 17 2.5 Syllable Structures 18 2.5.1 English Syllable Structures 18 2.5.2 Korean Syllable Structures 20 2.6 Suprasegmental Features 21 2.6.1 English Suprasegmental Features 21 2.6.2 Korean Suprasegmental Features 22 2.7 Contrastive Notes 23 2.7.1 Consonants 23 2.7.2 Different Vowel Sets 24 2.7.3 Syllable and Consonant Clusters 24 2.7.4 Stress vs. Nonstress 25 2.8 Conclusion 25 Exercises 26 3 Words: Where Every Sentence Begins 29 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 English Parts of Speech 29 3.2.1 Nouns 30 3.2.2 Verbs: Main and Auxiliary 30 3.2.3 Adjectives 32 3.2.4 Adverbs 32 3.2.5 Determiners 33 3.2.6 Prepositions 33 3.2.7 Particles 34 3.2.8 Conjunctions 35 3.2.9 Complementizers 36 3.3 Korean Parts of Speech 37 3.3.1 Nominals 37 3.3.2 Adnominals 41 3.3.3 Verbals: Adjective and Verb Together 42 3.3.4 Adverbials 46 3.4 Expanding Verbals and Nominals 47 3.4.1 Verbal and Nominal Derivations and Inflections in English 47 3.4.2 Verbal Inflections in Korean 48 3.4.3 Nominal Expansion in Korean 52 3.5 Contrastive Notes 53 3.5.1 Different Sets of Lexical Categories 53 3.5.2 Simple vs. Rich Verbal Inflection Systems 55 3.5.3 Simple vs. Rich Nominal Inflections 56 3.6 Conclusion 56 Exercises 57 4 Phrases: Combining Words and Building Larger Expressions 61 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 Main Phrases in English 62 4.2.1 Noun Phrases 62 4.2.2 Verb Phrases 64 4.2.3 Adjective Phrases 65 4.2.4 Adverbial Phrases 66 4.2.5 Prepositional Phrases 67 4.2.6 Complementizer Phrases and Subordinating S (Conj-S) 68 4.3 Phrases in Korean 69 4.3.1 Nominal Phrases 69 4.3.2 Verbal Phrases: Stative and Nonstative VPs 74 4.3.3 Adverbial Phrases 78 4.4 Complex Phrases: Expanding the Size of Phrases 79 4.5 Contrastive Notes 80 4.5.1 Noun Phrases vs. Nominal Phrases 80 4.5.2 Verb Phrases and Verbal Phrases 81 4.5.3 Adnominal Phrases 82 4.5.4 Prepositions and Case Marking 82 4.6 Conclusion 83 Exercises 83 5 Grammar Rules: Constructing Sentences 87 5.1 Form and Function 87 5.2 Grammatical Functions 88 5.3 Mapping between Grammatical Function and Form 92 5.4 English Grammar Rules 93 5.4.1 Forming English Sentences 93 5.4.2 Simple English Sentences 97 5.5 Korean Grammar Rules 101 5.5.1 Forming Korean Sentences 101 5.5.2 Simple Korean Sentences 105 5.5.3 Grammar Rule for Auxiliary Constructions 106 5.6 Contrastive Notes 108 5.6.1 SVO vs. SOV 108 5.6.2 Head-Initial vs. Head-Final 108 5.6.3 Fixed vs. Free Word Order 109 5.6.4 Pro-Drop Languages 110 5.6.5 Complement Omission 111 5.7 Conclusion 111 Exercises 112 6 Tense and Aspect: Describing When and How a Situation Happens 115 6.1 Ways to Describe an Event 115 6.2 How to Describe an Event in English 118 6.2.1 Tense and Verb Inflection Form 118 6.2.2 Aspects: Ongoing and Completion 121 6.2.3 Situation Types 123 6.2.4 Sentence Types and Mood 125 6.3 How to Describe an Event in Korean 126 6.3.1 Tense in Korean 126 6.3.2 Aspect in Korean 131 6.3.3 Situation Types in Korean 134 6.3.4 Sentence Types and Mood in Korean 136 6.4 Contrastive Notes 137 6.4.1 Tense 137 6.4.2 Aspect 138 6.4.3 Sentence Types and Mood 138 6.5 Conclusion 139 Exercises 139 7 Auxiliary Systems: Helping Main Verbs 143 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 English Auxiliary System 144 7.2.1 Modals 145 7.2.2 Aspectual Verbs: Be and Have 147 7.2.3 Periphrastic Do 149 7.2.4 Infinitival Clause Marker To 149 7.2.5 Auxiliary and Negation 150 7.3 Korean Auxiliary System 152 7.3.1 Types of Auxiliary Verbs and 152 7.3.2 Three Possible Structures 154 7.3.3 Complex Predicate Formation 156 7.3.4 Auxiliaries and Negation 161 7.4 Contrastive Notes 162 7.4.1 Syntactic Similarities and Differences 163 7.4.2 Number of Auxiliary Verbs 164 7.4.3 Types of Auxiliary Verbs, and Expressing Modality 164 7.5 Conclusion 165 Exercises 166 8 Passive: Performing an Action or Being Acted Upon 169 8.1 Introduction 169 8.2 English Passive Constructions 170 8.2.1 Canonical Passive 170 8.2.2 Prepositional Passive 173 8.2.3 Semantic and Pragmatic Constraints 175 8.2.4 Adjectivals and Get-Passive 176 8.3 Korean Passive Constructions 178 8.3.1 Lexical and Syntactic Passives 178 8.3.2 Typical Syntactic Passives 181 8.3.3 Light-Verb Pseudo-Syntactic Passive 184 8.3.4 Inchoative and Stative Pseudo-Syntactic Passive 188 8.4 Contrastive Notes 190 8.4.1 Similarities 190 8.4.2 Structural Differences 191 8.4.3 Non-Canonical Passives 191 8.5 Conclusion 192 Exercises 192 9 Interrogative Constructions: Asking a Question 195 9.1 Clausal Types and Interrogatives 195 9.2 English Interrogatives 196 9.2.1 Yes-No Questions and Answering System 196 9.2.2 Tag Questions 199 9.2.3 Alternative Questions 200 9.2.4 Direct Wh-Questions and Syntactic Structures 201 9.2.5 Indirect Wh-Questions 205 9.2.6 Infinitival Wh-Questions 207 9.2.7 Multiple Wh-Questions 208 9.3 Korean Interrogatives 208 9.3.1 Yes-No Question and Response Particles 208 9.3.2 Wh-Questions 210 9.3.3 Indirect Questions 215 9.3.4 Multiple Wh-Questions 218 9.3.5 Questions with Different Illocutionary Force 219 9.4 Contrastive Notes 220 9.4.1 Polar Questions and Response Particles 220 9.4.2 Wh-Questions: In Situ or Not 221 9.4.3 Interpreting Wh-Expressions 221 9.5 Conclusion 222 Exercises 223 10 Relative Clauses: Building Bigger Nominal Expressions 227 10.1 Modifying an NP in the Postnominal Position 227 10.2 Relative Clauses in English 228 10.2.1 Wh-Relative Clauses 228 10.2.2 Wh- vs. That-Relative Clauses 234 10.2.3 Reduced Relative Clauses 234 10.2.4 Finite vs. Infinitival Relative Clauses 235 10.2.5 Restrictive vs. Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses 236 10.3 Relative Clauses in Korean 238 10.3.1 Complex NPs 238 10.3.2 Canonical Relative Clauses 240 10.3.3 Internally Headed Relative Clauses 243 10.3.4 Pseudo-Relative Clauses 246 10.4 Contrastive Notes 249 10.4.1 Relative Pronoun or Not 249 10.4.2 Types of Relative Clauses 249 10.4.3 Context-Sensitive Relative Clauses 251 10.5 Conclusion 251 Exercises 252 11 Topic and Focus: Specifying Given and New Information 255 11.1 Introduction 255 11.2 Topic Constructions in English 256 11.3 Topic Constructions in Korean 259 11.3.1 General Properties 259 11.3.2 Semantic/Pragmatic Classifications: Aboutness, Contrastive, and Scene-Setting 261 11.3.3 Syntactic Classifications and Structures 263 11.4 Focus Constructions in English 268 11.4.1 General Properties 268 11.4.2 Cleft Constructions in English and Their Syntactic Structures 269 11.5 Focus Constructions in Korean 274 11.5.1 General Properties 274 11.5.2 Cleft Constructions in Korean 276 11.5.3 Multiple-Nominative Focus Constructions 281 11.6 Contrastive Notes 283 11.6.1 Subject-Prominent vs. Topic-Prominent 283 11.6.2 Types of Topics 284 11.6.3 Focus Constructions: Clefts and Multiple Nominatives 285 11.7 Conclusion 286 Exercises 286 12 Comparative Constructions: Comparing Two Things or Situations 289 12.1 Introduction 289 12.2 English Comparatives 290 12.2.1 Clausal and Phrasal Comparatives 290 12.2.2 Coordination vs. Subordination Properties 291 12.2.3 Comparative Deletion and Ellipsis 292 12.3 Korean Comparatives 294 12.3.1 General Properties 294 12.3.2 Structure of Phrasal Comparatives 298 12.3.3 Structure of Clausal Comparatives 301 12.3.4 Context-Dependent Comparatives 304 12.4 Contrastive Notes 305 12.4.1 Types of Comparatives 305 12.4.2 Comparative Morphemes and Standard Markers 306 12.4.3 Comparative Deletion and Comparative Ellipsis 306 12.4.4 Context Dependency 306 12.5 Conclusion 307 Exercises 307 13 Agreement: Harmonizing Together 311 13.1 Introduction 311 13.2 Agreement in English 312 13.2.1 Agreement Features in English 312 13.2.2 Determiner-Head Agreement 313 13.2.3 Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement 313 13.2.4 Subject-Verb Agreement as Morphosyntactic Agreement 314 13.2.5 Subject-Verb Agreement as Index Agreement 314 13.3 Agreement in Korean 316 13.3.1 Subject-Verb Agreement as Honorific Agreement 316 13.3.2 Addressee Agreement 317 13.3.3 Multiple Honorification 318 13.3.4 Agreement in Auxiliary Constructions 319 13.4 Contrastive Notes 321 13.4.1 Subject-Verb Agreement 321 13.4.2 Other Types of Agreement 321 13.5 Conclusion 322 Exercises 322 14 Figurative Languages and Metaphors: Those We Live By 325 14.1 Literal vs. Figurative Uses in English 325 14.2 Metaphors in English 327 14.2.1 Conceptual Metaphors in English 327 14.2.2 Structural, Ontological, and Orientational Metaphors in English 329 14.3 Figurative Speech in Korean 330 14.4 Metaphors in Korean 332 14.4.1 Conceptual Metaphors in Korean 332 14.4.2 Structural, Ontological, and Orientational Metaphors in Korean 332 14.5 Contrastive Notes 336 14.6 Conclusion 338 Exercises 338 Bibliography 343 Index 353

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Book SynopsisThis is the first comprehensive linguistic study for 50 years of the stones from western Britain and Brittany, inscribed in the Roman and Irish Ogam alphabets. First comprehensive study for 50 years of the stones from western Britain and Brittany, inscribed in the Roman and Irish Ogam alphabets. Provides a linguistic analysis of the 370 Brittonic and Irish inscriptions. Presents new phonological evidence for the dating of the inscriptions. Trade Review"[Sims-Williams's] concern is to give due weight to all the possibilities rather than to rush into one attractive interpretation. This will make the book extremely valuable as a restraining influence on the rasher tendencies of other scholars. The Celtic Inscriptions of Britain is a major achievement in Celtic historical linguistics and will be an indispensible work of reference for many years to come." Antiquity "(Celtic Inscriptions of Britain) represents an invaluable contribution to its field." Cumbrian Medieval Celtic StudiesTable of ContentsList of Tables and Figures ix Preface xi 1 Introduction 1 2 Brittonic Phonology (1-98) 21 3 Brittonic Chronology 238 4 Irish Phonology (1-43) 296 5 Irish Chronology 322 6 Conclusion and List of Proposed Dates 351 Appendices Abbreviations and Bibliography 396 Index of Forms Discussed 421 Index of Other Forms Mentioned 439

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Book SynopsisPresents an account of the numerous issues that characterize the work in historical linguistics, the area of linguistics directly concerned with language change and language states. This title contains an introduction that places the study of historical linguistics in its proper context within linguistics and the historical sciences in general.Trade Review"The Handbook of Historical Linguistics proves an atypical handbook in several positive senses, beginning with the introduction's bold tackling of foundational issues. While many chapters offer the expected compact overviews of familiar topics, others are, we hope, destined to become influential as needed lucid statements on particular issues... and thought-provoking, original contributions... The value of The Handbook of Historical Linguistics is multifaceted; its influence will be far-reaching and long-lasting." Journal of Linguistics “The editors have assembled a remarkable array of contributors who can introduce readers to the professional standards of scholarship and scientific reasoning that characterize the field.” William Labov, University of Pennsylvania “An authoritative collection, by a stellar group of contributors, that presents historical linguistics as it really is – a multifaceted study that is both a branch of general linguistics and a field in its own right. No other survey covers the territory half so well.” Jay Jasanoff, Harvard UniversityTable of ContentsList of Contributors ix Preface xi Part I Introduction 1 On Language, Change, and Language Change – Or, Of History, Linguistics, and Historical Linguistics 3 Richard D. Janda and Brian D. Joseph Part II Methods for Studying Language Change 181 1 The Comparative Method 183 Robert L. Rankin 2 On the Limits of the Comparative Method 213 S. P. Harrison 3 Internal Reconstruction 244 Don Ringe 4 How to Show Languages are Related: Methods for Distant Genetic Relationship 262 Lyle Campbell 5 Diversity and Stability in Language 283 Johanna Nichols Part III Phonological Change 311 6 The Phonological Basis of Sound Change 313 Paul Kiparsky 7 Neogrammarian Sound Change 343 Mark Hale 8 Variationist Approaches to Phonological Change 369 Gregory R. Guy 9 “Phonologization” as the Start of Dephoneticization – Or, On Sound Change and its Aftermath: Of Extension, Generalization, Lexicalization, and Morphologization 401 Richard D. Janda Part IV Morphological and Lexical Change 423 10 Analogy: The Warp and Woof of Cognition 425 Raimo Anttila 11 Analogical Change 441 Hans Henrich Hock 12 Naturalness and Morphological Change 461 Wolfgang U. Dressler 13 Morphologization from Syntax 472 Brian D. Joseph Part V Syntactic Change 493 14 Grammatical Approaches to Syntactic Change 495 David Lightfoot 15 Variationist Approaches to Syntactic Change 509 Susan Pintzuk 16 Cross-Linguistic Perspectives on Syntactic Change 529 Alice C. Harris 17 Functional Perspectives on Syntactic Change 552 Marianne Mithun Part Vi Pragmatico-semantic Change 573 18 Grammaticalization 575 Bernd Heine 19 Mechanisms of Change in Grammaticization: The Role of Frequency 602 Joan Bybee 20 Constructions in Grammaticalization 624 Elizabeth Closs Traugott 21 An Approach to Semantic Change 648 Benjamin W. Fortson iv Part VII Explaining Linguistic Change 667 22 Phonetics and Historical Phonology 669 John J. Ohala 23 Contact as a Source of Language Change 687 Sarah Grey Thomason 24 Dialectology and Linguistic Diffusion 713 Walt Wolfram and Natalie Schilling-Estes 25 Psycholinguistic Perspectives on Language Change 736 Jean Aitchison Bibliography 744 Subject Index 843 Name Index 856 Language Index 879

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Book SynopsisGreek: A History of the Language and its Speakers, Second Edition reveals the trajectory of the Greek language from the Mycenaean period of the second millennium BC to the current day. Offers a complete linguistic treatment of the history of the Greek language Updated second edition features increased coverage of the ancient evidence, as well as the roots and development of diglossia Includes maps that clearly illustrate the distribution of ancient dialects and the geographical spread of Greek in the early Middle Ages Trade Review"Highly recommended. Lower-division undergraduates through faculty; general readers." (Choice, 1 February 2011) "The text is likewise to be recommended to individuals interested in the effects of politics, military history, and culture on the history of language. In fact, perhaps one of Horrocks' greatest achievements is the skill with which he demonstrates the special value of the history of Greek, thinking about the Greek language in terms of breadth and depth that are unusual among linguists working on Greek." (Bryn Mawr Classical Review, 9 May 2011) This second takes account of reviews of the first and of the 2006 Greek translation." (Book News Inc, November 2010)Table of ContentsPreface to the First Edition xii Preface to the Second Edition xv IPA Chart xvii The Greek Alphabet xviii Introduction: The Scope and Purpose of This Book 1 PART I Ancient Greek: From Mycenae to the Roman Empire 7 1 The Ancient Greek Dialects 9 2 Classical Greek: Official and Literary ‘Standards’ 43 3 The Rise of Attic 67 4 Greek in the Hellenistic World 79 5 Greek in the Roman Empire 124 6 Spoken Koine in the Roman Period 160 PART II Byzantium: From Constantine I to Mehmet the Conqueror 189 7 Historical Prelude 191 8 Greek in the Byzantine Empire: The Major Issues 207 9 Byzantine Belles Lettres 231 10 The Written Koine in Byzantium 244 11 Spoken Greek in the Byzantine Empire: The Principal Developments 273 12 Texts in the ‘Vernacular’ 325 PART III Modern Greek: From the Ottoman Empire to the European Union 371 13 Ottoman Rule and the War of Independence 373 14 Spoken Greek in the Ottoman Period 379 15 Written Greek in the Turkish Period 413 16 The History of the Modern Greek State 428 17 The ‘Language Question’ and its Resolution 438 Bibliography 471 Index 493

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Book SynopsisA Brief History of Ancient Greek presents the history of this ancient language from its Indo-European beginnings to the present day, and explains key relationships between the language and literature of the Classical period (500 - 300 BC).Table of ContentsList of Figures vi Preface and Acknowledgments vii 1 The Indo-European Beginnings 1 2 An Aegean Co-Production 17 3 Mycenean Greek 32 4 The Dark Ages 51 5 The Alphabet 68 6 The Greek Dialects 89 7 Homer and the Epic Tradition 113 8 The Language of Greek Poetry 134 9 Bare Words: The Start of a Common Language 156 10 Greek to Romaic and Back 178 Appendix: The Greek Alphabet and Pronunciation 200 Abbreviations and Symbols 202 Glossary 204 References 207 Index 211

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Book SynopsisThe Blackwell History of the Latin Language charts the development of Latin from its prehistoric origins in the Indo-European language family, through the earliest texts, to the creation of the Classical Language of Cicero and Vergil, and examines the impact of the spread of spoken Latin through the Roman Empire.Trade Review“The stated goal of this welcome new survey is to overcome some of the shortcomings of L. R. Palmer's classic handbook The Latin Language, unrevised since its publication in 1954. The goal is worthy, and the execution is in many ways a success.” (Bryn Mawr Classical Review, March 2009) “Clackson and Horrocks have produced a wide-ranging, theoretically sophisticated, and still thoroughly manageable book that will not easily be superseded.” (New England Classical Journal, February 2009) "James Clackson and Geoffrey Horrocks have … Succeeded admirably in their aim, presenting a mass of data within persuasive narrative." (Times Literary Supplement, December 2008) “The…hefty Blackwell History of the Latin Language…The authors focus on the evolution of the sounds, vocabulary, word and sentence structure…over the centuries.” (Chicago Tribune) “[The authors] set the tone … with an honesty that is … appreciated … .Marvelous treatment of … understudied languages … .Carefully, admirably, proofread … .Recommended.” (Choice)Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Latin and Indo-European. 2 The Languages of Italy. 3 The Background to Standardization. 4 'Old' Latin and its Varieties in the Period c.400--150 BC. 5 The Road to Standardization: Roman Latin of the Third and Second Centuries BC. 6 Elite Latin in the Late Republic and Early Empire. 7 Sub-Elite Latin in the Empire. 8 Latin in Late Antiquity and Beyond. Glossary. Appendix: The International Phonetic Alphabet. Bibliography of Reference and Other Works. Index

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Book Synopsis* Includes a wealth of information and data on English spelling not available anywhere else * Features a complementary website with additional material at www. historyofenglishspelling.Trade Review“Summing Up: Highly recommended. All readers.” (Choice, 1 October 2012)Table of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. Abbreviations and Symbols. Language Periods Referred to in the Text. 1. Introduction and Overview. 2. England and English from the Romans to the Vikings. 3. The Old English Roots of Modern English Spelling. 4. The Decline and Revival of English in the Middle English Period. 5. The Franco-Latin Element. 6. Some Sound and Spelling Developments in Middle and Modern English. 7. The Greek Contribution. 8. The Exotic Input. 9. Reformers, Lexicographers and the Parting of the Ways. Glossary of Technical Terms. Bibliography. Language Index. Word Index Subject and Author Index.

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Book SynopsisTemporality surveys the ways in which languages of different types refer to past, present, and future events, through an in-depth examination of four major language types: tense-based English, tense-aspect-based Polish, aspect-based Chinese, and mood-based Kalaallisut. Cutting-edge research on directly compositional dynamic semantics of languages with and without grammatical tense New in-depth analysis of temporal, aspectual, modal, as well as nominal discourse reference Presents a novel logical language for representing linguistic meaning (Update with Centering) Develops a unified theory of tense, aspect, mood, and person as different types of grammatical centering systems' Table of ContentsList of Figures ix Acknowledgments xiii Glosses xv Introduction 1 Part I Semantic Universals 13 1 Direct Semantic Composition 15 1.1 Simple Type Logic (TL0) 16 1.2 A CG.TL0 Fragment of English 17 1.3 Dynamic Type Logic (DL0) 23 1.4 A CG.DL0 Fragment of English 27 1.5 Centering: A Blind Spot of English-Based Logics 34 2 Nominal Reference with Centering 41 2.1 Center v. Periphery: Anaphora to Structured Lists 42 2.2 Kalaallisut Third Person Inflections as Top-Level Anaphora 48 2.3 Mandarin Third Person Features as Top-Level Anaphora 53 2.4 English Third Person Pronouns as Shallow Anaphora 57 2.5 Simple Update with Centering (UC0) 61 3 Tense as Temporal Centering 67 3.1 Polish Third Person Inflections as Top-Level Anaphora 68 3.2 Polish Tenses as Top-Level Temporal Reference 69 3.3 English Tenses as Temporal (In)definites 73 3.4 English Tenses as Top-Level Temporal Reference 78 3.5 UC0 with Temporal Centering (UCτ) 85 4 Aspect as Eventuality Centering 93 4.1 Polish Aspect Features v. Inflections 94 4.2 Mandarin Aspect Features v. Particles 101 4.3 English Aspectual Auxiliaries 108 4.4 UCτ with Mereology (UCτ+) 112 5 Quantification as Reference to Sets 118 5.1 Nominal Quantification and Anaphora 119 5.2 Nominal Quantification and Temporal Reference 127 5.3 Temporal Quantification and Anaphora 130 5.4 UCτ+ with Discourse Referents for Sets (UCτ?a) 134 6 Mood as Illocutionary Centering 142 6.1 Illocutionary Moods with(out) Reportative Recentering 143 6.2 (Not-)at-Issue Content as Modal Discourse Reference 146 6.3 (Not-)at-Issue with Start-Up Illocutionary Referents 150 6.4 Dependent Moods as Perspectival (Re)centering 157 6.5 UCδ?a with Illocutionary Referents (UCε!?a) 160 7 (In)direct Speech and Attitude Reports 166 7.1 Mood with(out) Reportative Recentering Revisited 167 7.2 At-Issue Reports with Finite Complements 174 7.3 At-Issue Reports with Non-Finite Complements 179 7.4 UC: Combining UCτ?a and UCε!?a 185 Part II Temporal Variation 191 8 Tense-Based Temporality in English 193 8.1 Indexical Past with(out) Recentering Aspect 194 8.2 Indexical Non-Past with(out) Recentering Aspect 200 8.3 Reports: Speaker’s View of Subject’s (Non-)Past 203 8.4 Quantification: Tenses in Distributive Contexts 206 8.5 A CG.UC Fragment of English 209 9 Tense-Aspect-Based Temporality in Polish 219 9.1 Relative Past (Im)perfective 220 9.2 Relative Non-Past (Im)perfective 226 9.3 Reports: Subject’s (Non-)Past 230 9.4 Quantification: Distributed (Im)perfectives 233 9.5 A CG.UC Fragment of Polish 237 10 Aspect-Based Temporality in Mandarin 246 10.1 Non-Future: Verifiable Topic State 247 10.2 Future: Prospective Topic State or Comment 253 10.3 Reports: Attitudinal Topic State or Comment 257 10.4 Quantification: Topical Habit or Distributive Comment 260 10.5 A CG.UC Fragment of Mandarin 262 11 Mood-Based Temporality in Kalaallisut 272 11.1 Non-Future: Verifiable Eventualities 273 11.2 Future: Verifiable Eventualities with Future c-Points 278 11.3 Reports: Verifiability from Agent's Perspective 282 11.4 Quantification: Verifiable Habits 287 11.5 A CG.UC Fragment of Kalaallisut 290 Conclusion 298 Bibliography 308 Author Index 319 Subject Index 323

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Book SynopsisThe Handbook of Historical Sociolinguistics features 35 newly-written essays that explore how sociolinguistic theoretical models, methods, findings, and expertise can be applied to the process of reconstruction of a language's past in order to account for diachronic linguistic changes and developments.Trade Review“Taken as a whole, The Handbook of Historical Sociolinguistics offers the reader an incomparable source of state-of-the-art papers in the field, most of which were written exclusively for the present edition. I am sure it will become a required text for those delving into the discipline.” (Journal of Sociolinguistics, 1 October 2014) “In this respect, the Handbook represents both an excellent summary of the state of the art in historical sociolinguistics and a good starting point for further research.” (Linguistlist, 1 April 2013)Table of ContentsPlates x Figures x Maps xii Tables xiii Notes on Contributors xv Preface xxviiTeresa Fanego Introduction 1J. Camilo Conde-Silvestre & Juan M. Hernández-Campoy Part I Origins and Theoretical Assumptions 9 1 Diachrony vs Synchrony: the Complementary Evolution of Two (Ir)reconcilable Dimensions 11Jean Aitchison 2 Historical Sociolinguistics: Origins, Motivations, and Paradigms 22Terttu Nevalainen and Helena Raumolin-Brunberg 3 Social History and the Sociology of Language 41Robert McColl Millar Part II Methods for the Sociolinguistic Study of the History of Languages 61 4 The Application of the Quantitative Paradigm to Historical Sociolinguistics: Problems with the Generalizability Principle 63Juan M. Hernández-Campoy and Natalie Schilling 5 The Uniformitarian Principle and the Risk of Anachronisms in Language and Social History 80Alexander Bergs 6 The Use of Linguistic Corpora for the Study of Linguistic Variation and Change: Types and Computational Applications 99Pascual Cantos 7 Editing the Medieval Manuscript in its Social Context 123Nila Vázquez and Teresa Marqués-Aguado 8 Medical, Official, and Monastic Documents in Sociolinguistic Research 140Laura Esteban-Segura 9 The Use of Private Letters and Diaries in Sociolinguistic Investigation 156Stephan Elspass 10 The Use of Literary Sources in Historical Sociolinguistic Research 170K. Anipa 11 Early Advertising and Newspapers as Sources of Sociolinguistic Investigation 191Carol Percy Part III Linguistic and Socio-demographic Variables 211 12 Orthographic Variables 213Hanna Rutkowska and Paul Rössler 13 Phonological Variables 237Anna Hebda 14 Grammatical Variables 253Anita Auer and Anja Voeste 15 Lexical-Semantic Variables 271Joachim Grzega 16 Pragmatic Variables 293Andreas H. Jucker and Irma Taavitsainen 17 Class, Age, and Gender-based Patterns 307Agnieszka Kiełkiewicz-Janowiak 18 The Role of Social Networks and Mobility in Diachronic Sociolinguistics 332Juan Camilo Conde-Silvestre 19 Race, Ethnicity, Religion, and Castes 353Rajend Mesthrie Part IV Historical Dialectology, Language Contact, Change, and Diffusion 367 20 The Teleology of Change: Functional and Non-Functional Explanations for Language Variation and Change 369Paul T. Roberge 21 Internally- and Externally-Motivated Language Change 387Raymond Hickey 22 Lexical Diffusion and the Regular Transmission of Language Change in its Sociohistorical Context 408Brian D. Joseph 23 The Timing of Language Change 427Mieko Ogura 24 Innovation Diffusion in Sociohistorical Linguistics 451David Britain 25 Historical Dialectology: Space as a Variable in the Reconstruction of Regional Dialects 465Anneli Meurman-Solin 26 Linguistic Atlases: Empirical Evidence for Dialect Change in the History of Languages 480Roland Kehrein 27 Historical Sociolinguistic Reconstruction Beyond Europe: Case Studies from South Asia and Fiji 501Matthew Toulmin 28 Multilingualism, Code-switching, and Language Contact in Historical Sociolinguistics 520Herbert Schendl 29 The Impact of Migratory Movements on Linguistic Systems: Transplanted Speech Communities and Varieties from a Historical Sociolinguistic Perspective 534Daniel Schreier 30 Convergence and Divergence in World Languages 552Roger Wright Part V Attitudes to Language 569 31 Sociolinguistics and Ideologies in Language History 571James Milroy 32 Language Myths 585Richard J. Watts 33 Linguistic Purism 607Nils Langer and Agnete Nesse 34 The Reconstruction of Prestige Patterns in Language History 626Anni Sairio and Minna Palander-Collin 35 Written Vernaculars in Medieval and Renaissance Times 639Catharina Peersman Index 655

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Book SynopsisAn interdisciplinary exploration of how writers have conveyed sound through text. Edited by Christopher Cannon and Steven Justice, The Sound of Writing explores the devices and techniques that writers have used to represent sound and how they have changed over time. Contributors consider how writing has channeled sounds as varied as the human voice and the buzzing of bees using not only alphabets but also the resources of the visual and musical arts. Cannon and Justice have assembled a constellation of classicists, medievalists, modernists, literary historians, and musicologists to trace the sound of writing from the beginning of the Western record to poetry written in the last century. This rich series of essays considers the writings of Sappho, Simonides, Aldhem, Marcabru, Dante Alighieri, William Langland, Charles Butler, Tennyson, Gertrude Stein, and T. S. Eliot as well as poems and songs in Ancient Greek, Old and Middle English, Italian, Old French, Occitan, and modern English. Table of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroductionChristopher Cannon and Steven Justice1. The Sounds and Matter of Women in Ancient Greek EpigramsSarah Nooter2. Reading Impressions: The Sound of the Sight of Occitan VerseSarah Kay3. Voices and Bees: The Evolution of Charles Butler's Acoustic BookJennifer Richards4. Prosodic Protocols and Interruptions of Them in Piers PlowmanIan Cornelius5. Latin Verse in Old English AccentsEmily V. Thornbury6. The Writing of SoundMeredith Martin7. Music Writing and Music History in a Thirteenth-Century SongSean Curran8. "Where the Sì Sounds": Dante's Dissonant Vernaculars and Their Sensual SignsAlison Cornish9. The Phenomenology of -eChristopher Cannon10. Writing Reading RhythmChristopher HastyContributorsIndex

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Book SynopsisThis is the fourth volume in Professor Dobson's pioneering researches into the nature and development of Classical Chinese. The first volume, Late Archaic Chinese, appeared in 1959 and laid the foundations for a systematic and scientific study of the grammar of Classical Chinese. It described specifically the language of the 4th-3rd centuries B.C. The second volume, Early Archaic Chinese, published in 1962, described the language of the 11th and 10th centuries B.C. through the decipherment of a corpus of bronze inscriptions hitherto imperfectly understood. Late Han Chinese, the third volume, appeared in 1964. In this volume the inquiry was carried into the 1st and 2nd centuries A.D. and the shift from Archaic to Classical Chinese was studied. In this, the fourth volume, the language of the Book of Songs, a classic anthology of verse, is analysed and described. The Book of Songs uniquely provides data from the 9th and 8th centuries

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Book SynopsisThis book continues and carries a stage further Professor Dobson's pioneering researches into the nature and development of Classical Chinese. He has here compared a Late Archaic text with a paraphrase of that text written in Late Han Chinese. From that comparison he describes in systematic detail the changes that occur in Classical Chinese in the intervening five hundred years. These changes, unlike the changes that take place between Early and Middle and Middle and Late Archaic Chinese, which are formal only, show a fundamental shift. The "empty words" of Classical Chinese which, in Archaic Chinese, are crucial as grammatical indicators, in Late Han become, as later philogists have traditionally described them, "full words." Many Archaic particles become obsolete in Late Han. The "full words" in Late Han, by contrast, perform a more predictable grammatical function. Periphrastic forms replace "participles" for negation, mood, voice, and the like. "Full words" tend towards compound

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Book SynopsisRobert de Clari (died c. 1220), a member of the Lesser Picard nobility from the vicinity of Amiens, left a chronicle of the Fourth Crusade in which he took part. This is an important work in the study of the development of the French language, because it is one of the first original prose texts in French, neither translated from Latin nor resulting from "prosification" of verse-compositions.Professor Dembrowski's study is a close analysis of language and style, revealing Robert de Clari's ability in the narration of short anecdotes and in the reproduction of dialogue. University of Toronto Romance Series, Number 6.

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