Geomorphology Books

Book SynopsisIGNEOUS ROCKS AND PROCESSES A practical introduction to igneous petrology for students and practitioners The newly revised Second Edition of Igneous Rocks and Processes: A Practical Guide, delivers an authoritative introduction to igneous petrology and helps students to develop key skills and confidence in identifying igneous materials and in naming and interpreting unknown igneous rocks presented to them. It serves as both a conventional course text and a practical laboratory manual. The authors review igneous nomenclature and subsequently describe specific compositional categories of magmatic rocks. Each chapter covers definitions, mineralogy, eruption and emplacement processes, textures and crystallization processes, geotectonic distribution, geochemistry, and aspects of magma genesis. Additional chapters address phase equilibrium experiments and physical volcanology. This latest edition offers readers extensively updated chapters, as well as accesTable of ContentsPreface to the second Edition Preface to the first Edition Acknowledgements About the companion website Chapter 1 An introduction to magmas and magmatic rocks Chapter 2 Basalts and related rocks Chapter 3 Magma differentiation Chapter 4 Gabbroic rocks Chapter 5 Ultramafic rocks Chapter 6 Andesite, dacite and rhyolite Chapter 7 How magmas erupt – an introduction to pyroclastic processes and products Chapter 8 Granitic rocks Chapter 9 Alkali rocks Appendix A – Mineral identification using a polarizing microscope Appendix B - Petrographic calculations Appendix C - Symbols, units and constants used in this book Glossary Answers to exercises Bibliography Index Colour plate section between pp. X and X

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Book SynopsisAn expert review of recent progress in the study of turbulent flows with a focus on recently identified organized structures. This book reviews the recent progress in the study of the turbulent flows that sculpt the Earth's surface, focusingin particular on the organized structures that have been identified in recent years within turbulent flows. Thesecoherent flow structures can include eddies or vortices at the scale of individual grains, through structures thatscale with the flow depth in rivers or estuaries, to the large-scale structure of flows at the morphological orlandform scale. These flow structures are of wide interest to the scientific community because they play animportant role in fluid dynamics and influence the transport, erosion and deposition of sediment and pollutantsin a wide variety of fluid flow environments. Scientific knowledge of these structures has improved greatly over the past 20 years as computational fluid dynamicshas come toTable of ContentsList of Contributors, vii Preface, xi About the Companion Website, xiii 1 What is a Coherent Flow Structure in Geophysical Flow? 1Jeremy G. Venditti, Richard J. Hardy, Michael Church, & James L. Best 2 Structure of Turbulent Boundary Layers 17Ronald J. Adrian 3 Structural Attributes of Turbulent Flow over a Complex Topography 25Ricardo Mejia-Alvarez, Julio M. Barros, & Kenneth T. Christensen 4 Coherent Flow Structures in the Pore Spaces of Permeable Beds underlying a Unidirectional Turbulent Boundary Layer: A Review and some New Experimental Results 43Gianluca Blois, James L. Best, Kenneth T. Christensen, Richard J. Hardy, & Gregory H. Sambrook Smith 5 Instabilities in Stratified Shear Flow 63Gregory A. Lawrence, Edmund W. Tedford, & Jeffrey R. Carpenter 6 Scalar Turbulence within the Canopy Sublayer 73Gabriel G. Katul, Daniela Cava, Mario Siqueira, & Davide Poggi 7 On the Structure of Wall Turbulence in the Thermally Neutral Atmospheric Surface Layer 97Michele Guala, Jeff LeHew, Meredith Metzger, & Beverley J. McKeon 8 Critical Reflections on the Coherent Flow Structures Paradigm in Aeolian Geomorphology 111Bernard O. Bauer, Ian J. Walker, Andreas C.W. Baas, Derek W.T. Jackson, Cheryl McKenna Neuman, Giles F.S. Wiggs, & Patrick A. Hesp 9 Coherent Flow Structures in Vegetated Channels 135Heidi Nepf, Jeffrey Rominger, & Lijun Zong 10 Coherent Eddy Structures over Plant Canopies 149Roger H. Shaw, Edward G. Patton, & John J. Finnigan 11 SPIV Analysis of Coherent Structures in a Vegetation Canopy Model Flow 161Laurent Perret & Tony Ruiz

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Book SynopsisNatural disasters are occasional intense events that disturb Earth's surface, but their impact can be felt long after. Hazard events such as earthquakes, volcanos, drought, and storms can trigger a catastrophic reshaping of the landscape through the erosion, transport, and deposition of different kinds of materials. Geomorphology and Natural Hazards: Understanding Landscape Change for Disaster Mitigation is a graduate level textbook that explores the natural hazards resulting from landscape change and shows how an Earth science perspective can inform hazard mitigation and disaster impact reduction. Volume highlights include: Definitions of hazards, risks, and disastersImpact of different natural hazards on Earth surface processesGeomorphologic insights for hazard assessment and risk mitigationModels for predicting natural hazardsHow human activities have altered 'natural' hazardsComplementarity of geomorphology and engineering to manage threatsTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xv 1 Natural Disasters and Sustainable Development in Dynamic Landscapes 1 1.1 Breaking News 1 1.2 Dealing with Future Disasters: Potentials and Problems 5 1.3 The Sustainable Society 10 1.4 Benefits from Natural Disasters 12 1.5 Summary 16 References 16 2 Defining Natural Hazards, Risks, and Disasters 19 2.1 Hazard Is Tied To Assets 19 2.1.1 Frequency and Magnitude 20 2.1.2 Hazard Cascades 24 2.2 Defining and Measuring Disaster 25 2.3 Trends in Natural Disasters 26 2.4 Hazard is Part of Risk 27 2.4.1 Vulnerability 28 2.4.2 Elements at Risk 32 2.4.3 Risk Aversion 35 2.4.4 Risk is a Multidisciplinary Expectation of Loss 36 2.5 Risk Management and the Risk Cycle 37 2.6 Uncertainties and Reality Check 39 2.7 A Future of More Extreme Events? 41 2.8 Read More About Natural Hazards and Disasters 43 References 46 3 Natural Hazards and Disasters Through the Geomorphic Lens 49 3.1 Drivers of Earth Surface Processes 50 3.1.1 Gravity, Solids, and Fluids 50 3.1.2 Motion Mainly Driven by Gravity 52 3.1.3 Motion Mainly Driven by Water 54 3.1.4 Motion Mainly Driven by Ice 56 3.1.5 Motion Driven Mainly by Air 56 3.2 Natural Hazards and Geomorphic Concepts 57 3.2.1 Landscapes are Open, Nonlinear Systems 57 3.2.2 Landscapes Adjust to Maximize Sediment Transport 59 3.2.3 Tectonically Active Landscapes Approach a Dynamic Equilibrium 62 3.2.4 Landforms Develop Toward Asymptotes 65 3.2.5 Landforms Record Recent Most Effective Events 68 3.2.6 Disturbances Travel Through Landscapes 69 3.2.7 Scaling Relationships Inform Natural Hazards 71 References 73 4 Geomorphology Informs Natural Hazard Assessment 77 4.1 Geomorphology Can Reduce Impacts from Natural Disasters 77 4.2 Aims of Applied Geomorphology 80 4.3 The Geomorphic Footprints of Natural Disasters 81 4.4 Examples of Hazard Cascades 86 4.4.1 Megathrust Earthquakes, Cascadia Subduction Zone 86 4.4.2 Postseismic River Aggradation, Southwest New Zealand 90 4.4.3 Explosive Eruptions and their Geomorphic Aftermath, Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile 93 4.4.4 Hotter Droughts Promote Less Stable Landscapes, Western United States 93 References 94 5 Tools for Predicting Natural Hazards 97 5.1 The Art of Prediction 97 5.2 Types of Models for Prediction 100 5.3 Empirical Models 102 5.3.1 Linking Landforms and Processes 102 5.3.2 Regression Models 107 5.3.3 Classification Models 109 5.4 Probabilistic Models 111 5.4.1 Probability Expresses Uncertainty 111 5.4.2 Probability Is More than Frequency 115 5.4.3 Extreme-value Statistics 119 5.4.4 Stochastic Processes 121 5.4.5 Hazard Cascades, Event Trees, and Network Models 122 5.5 Prediction and Model Selection 124 5.6 Deterministic Models 126 5.6.1 Static Stability Models 126 5.6.2 Dynamic Models 127 References 137 6 Earthquake Hazards 145 6.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Earthquakes 145 6.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Earthquakes 148 6.2.1 The Seismic Hazard Cascade 148 6.2.2 Postseismic and Interseismic Impacts 152 6.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Past Earthquakes 154 6.3.1 Offset Landforms 155 6.3.2 Fault Trenching 158 6.3.3 Coseismic Deposits 161 6.3.4 Buildings and Trees 166 References 167 7 Volcanic Hazards 173 7.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Volcanic Eruptions 173 7.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions 177 7.2.1 The Volcanic Hazard Cascade 177 7.2.2 Geomorphic Impacts During Eruption 177 7.2.3 Impacts on the Atmosphere 180 7.2.4 Geomorphic Impacts Following an Eruption 181 7.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Past Volcanic Impacts 188 7.3.1 Effusive Eruptions 188 7.3.2 Explosive Eruptions 191 7.4 Climate-Driven Changes in Crustal Loads 195 References 197 8 Landslides and Slope Instability 203 8.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Landslides 203 8.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Landslides 210 8.2.1 Landslides in the Hazard Cascade 210 8.2.2 Landslides on Glaciers 212 8.2.3 Submarine Landslides 213 8.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Landslides 213 8.3.1 Landslide Inventories 213 8.3.2 Reconstructing Slope Failures 215 8.4 Other Forms of Slope Instability: Soil Erosion and Land Subsidence 218 8.5 Climate Change and Landslides 220 References 225 9 Tsunami Hazards 233 9.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Tsunamis 233 9.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Tsunamis 236 9.2.1 Tsunamis in the Hazard Cascade 236 9.2.2 The Role of Coastal Geomorphology 237 9.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Past Tsunamis 241 9.4 Future Tsunami Hazards 252 References 253 10 Storm Hazards 257 10.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Storms 257 10.1.1 Tropical Storms 257 10.1.2 Extratropical Storms 259 10.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Storms 261 10.2.1 The Coastal Storm-Hazards Cascade 261 10.2.2 The Inland Storm-Hazard Cascade 266 10.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Past Storms 269 10.3.1 Coastal Settings 270 10.3.2 Inland Settings 273 10.4 Naturally Oscillating Climate and Increasing Storminess 275 References 280 11 Flood Hazards 285 11.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Floods 286 11.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Floods 289 11.2.1 Floods in the Hazard Cascade 289 11.2.2 Natural Dam-break Floods 291 11.2.3 Channel Avulsion 297 11.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Past Floods 298 11.4 Lessons from Prehistoric Megafloods 306 11.5 Measures of Catchment Denudation 308 11.6 The Future of Flood Hazards 311 References 315 12 Drought Hazards 323 12.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Droughts 323 12.1.1 Defining Drought 324 12.1.2 Measuring Drought 325 12.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Droughts 326 12.2.1 Droughts in the Hazard Cascade 326 12.2.2 Soil Erosion, Dust Storms, and Dune Building 327 12.2.3 Surface Runoff and Rivers 332 12.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Past Drought Impacts 334 12.4 Towards More Megadroughts? 339 References 342 13 Wildfire Hazards 345 13.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Wildfires 345 13.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Wildfires 348 13.2.1 Wildfires in the Hazard Cascade 348 13.2.2 Direct Fire Impacts 348 13.2.3 Indirect and Postfire Impacts 350 13.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Past Wildfires 354 13.4 Towards More Megafires? 359 References 361 14 Snow and Ice Hazards 365 14.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Snow and Ice Hazards 365 14.2 Geomorphic Impact of Snow and Ice Hazards 367 14.2.1 Snow and Ice in the Hazard Cascade 367 14.2.2 Snow and Ice Avalanches 367 14.2.3 Jökulhlaups 374 14.2.4 Degrading Permafrost 375 14.2.5 Other Ice Hazards 379 14.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Past Snow and Ice Processes 380 14.4 Atmospheric Warming and Cryospheric Hazards 384 References 389 15 Sea-Level Change and Coastal Hazards 395 15.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Sea-Level Change 399 15.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Sea-Level Change 404 15.2.1 Sea Levels in the Hazard Cascade 404 15.2.2 Sedimentary Coasts 404 15.2.3 Rocky Coasts 407 15.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Past Sea Levels 408 15.4 A Future of Rising Sea Levels 411 References 414 16 How Natural are Natural Hazards? 419 16.1 Enter the Anthropocene 419 16.2 Agriculture, Geomorphology, and Natural Hazards 424 16.3 Engineered Rivers 430 16.4 Engineered Coasts 435 16.5 Anthropogenic Sediments 438 16.6 The Urban Turn 443 16.7 Infrastructure’s Impacts on Landscapes 445 16.8 Humans and Atmospheric Warming 446 16.9 How Natural Are Natural Hazards and Disasters? 448 References 450 17 Feedbacks with the Biosphere 457 17.1 The Carbon Footprint of Natural Disasters 457 17.1.1 Erosion and Intermittent Burial 460 17.1.2 Organic Carbon in River Catchments 466 17.1.3 Climatic Disturbances 469 17.2 Protective Functions 473 17.2.1 Forest Ecosystems 473 17.2.2 Coastal Ecosystems 478 References 485 18 The Scope of Geomorphology in Dealing with Natural Risks and Disasters 495 18.1 Motivation 496 18.2 The Geomorphologist’s Role 498 18.3 The Disaster Risk Management Process 499 18.3.1 Identify Stakeholders 500 18.3.2 Know and Share Responsibilities 501 18.3.3 Understand that Risk Changes 503 18.3.4 Analyse Risk 504 18.3.5 Communicate and Deal with Risk Aversion 505 18.3.6 Evaluate Risks 507 18.3.7 Share Decision Making 509 18.4 The Future – Beyond Risk? 511 18.4.1 Limitations of the Risk Approach 511 18.4.2 Local and Regional Disaster Impact Reduction 511 18.4.3 Relocation of Assets 513 18.4.4 A Way Forward? 514 References 516 19 Geomorphology as a Tool for Predicting and Reducing Impacts from Natural Disasters 519 19.1 Natural Disasters Have Immediate and Protracted Geomorphic Consequences 519 19.2 Natural Disasters Motivate Predictive Geomorphology 520 19.3 Natural Disasters Disturb Sediment Fluxes 521 19.4 Geomorphology of Anthropocenic Disasters 521 References 523 Glossary 525 Index 531

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Book SynopsisWeathering and Erosion Processes in the Natural Environment An indispensable introduction to the key environmental processes of weathering and erosion Natural and human-induced weathering processes can have a great impact on soil and groundwater quality. With climate change and other environmental challenges placing increased emphasis on these resources, it has never been more important for researchers and environmental professionals to attain detailed knowledge of weathering and erosion processes. Weathering and Erosion Processes in the Natural Environment meets this need with a rigorous, systematic overview. Beginning with a description of different forces and processes that contribute to weathering, it then discusses the different kinds of landforms that can be produced by weathering and erosion processes, as well as the potential impacts of hydrogeological processes on both surface water and groundwater. The result is a volume that balances qualitative and quantitative understandinTable of ContentsList of Contributors xvii Preface xxi 1 Heavy Metals in the Sediment of River Ganga: A Review 1Anupma Kumari, Mohammed A. Sulaiman, and Mohammad M. Zafar 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Source of Heavy Metals 3 1.3 Effects on Human Health 5 1.4 Status of Heavy Metal in the Sediment of River Ganga 7 1.5 Comparative Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Sediment 13 1.6 Mitigation Strategies 16 1.7 Conclusion 16 2 Synergistic Process of Weathering and Erosion: Techniques of Measurement and Their Significance 27Ashutosh Kumar and Pooja Rani 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Method of Measuring Rock Surface Change 28 2.3 Contact Methods 29 2.4 Noncontact Methods 29 2.5 Techniques of Measuring Subsurface Changes in Rock 33 2.6 Techniques Based on Microscope for Measuring Rate of Weathering 37 2.7 Techniques Based on Infrared Microscopic Techniques 38 2.8 Techniques Based on Electron Microscopic Techniques 38 2.9 Techniques Based on Force Microscopy 40 2.10 Technique Based on 3D X-Ray Microscopy Computed Tomography (CT) 40 2.11 Conclusion 40 3 Comparison of Major Hydrogeochemical Processes in Coastal Sedimentary and Hard Rock Aquifers of South India 51Amjad Al-Rashidi, Bedour Alsabti, Thilagavathi Rajendiran, Singaraja Chelladurai, and Chidambaram Sabarathinam 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Study Area 53 3.3 Material and Methods 56 3.4 Results and Discussion 56 3.5 Conclusion 77 4 Textural and Mineralogical Signatures of Fluvial Sediments in Mountain Streams of Contrasting Climates in the Southern Western Ghats (India) 83Jobin Thomas, Sabu Joseph, and Thrivikramji Kythavilakom Pillai 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 Study Area 85 4.3 Methodological Framework 88 4.4 Results and Discussion 88 4.5 Summary and Conclusion 98 5 Crucial Interplay of Microbial Communities in Controlling the Geogenic Processes 107Aseem Kerketta, Joystu Dutta, Shristy S. Swarnkar, Amrita K. Panda, and Ashish Kumar 5.1 Introduction 107 5.2 Mechanical/Physical Weathering 108 5.3 Chemical Weathering 109 5.4 Biological Weathering 110 5.5 Weathering by Plants 110 5.6 Weathering by Animals 111 5.7 Microbial Weathering 111 5.8 Mechanisms of Microbial Weathering 112 5.9 Conclusion 117 6 Evolution of Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Vulnerability of Western Himalayan Lake Sukhna, India 125Prabhat Semwal, Suhas Damodar Khobragade, and Neeraj Pant 6.1 Introduction 125 6.2 Study Area 126 6.3 Data Used and Methodology 127 6.4 Results and Discussion 131 6.5 Summary and Conclusions 141 7 Geochemical Characterization and Baseline Determination of Trace Elements in Stream Waters from a Part of the Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil 145Gessica da Silva, Leandro S. Quaresma, Prafulla K. Sahoo, Gabriel N. Salomão, and Roberto Dall’Agnol 7.1 Introduction 145 7.2 Materials and Methods 147 7.3 Results 155 7.4 Discussion 176 7.5 Conclusions 185 8 Identifying the Footprints of Meteorological, Tectonic, and Anthropogenic Parameters on Sediment Transport in the Indus River System: A Review 193Prem Kumar, Jaya Rai, and Chandra S. Dubey 8.1 Introduction 193 8.2 Study Area 194 8.3 Geological and Tectonic Settings 195 8.4 Hydrologic Regime of the IRB 198 8.5 Climate Settings of the IRB 198 8.6 Precipitation in the IRB 200 8.7 Evaluation of Projections of Hydrometeorological Trends of the IRB 201 8.8 Conclusion 205 9 An Implication of Enhanced Rock Weathering on the Groundwater Quality: A Case Study from Wardha Valley Coalfields, Central India 215Priyadarshan S. Ganvir and Rajeeva Guhey 9.1 Introduction 215 9.2 Study Area 216 9.3 Geology 217 9.4 Methodology 217 9.5 Characterization of the Groundwater 218 9.6 Spatial Source Approximation 226 9.7 Temporal Approximation 229 9.8 Conclusion 234 10 Soil Loss Rates in Trans-Himalayan Region: Case Study of Shyok Suture Zone, Ladakh, India 243Rohit Kumar, Rahul Devrani, Shailendra Pundir, Ihsan U. Lone, Vikas Adlakha, Kiran Sathunuri, Benidhar Deshmukh, and Anil Kumar 10.1 Introduction 243 10.2 Study Area 245 10.3 Data and Methodology 247 10.4 Result and Discussion 251 10.5 Conclusion 255 11 Microbial Weathering of Rocks in Natural Habitat: Genetic Basis and Omics-Based Exploration 265Mansi Podia, Prerna Yadav, Sunila Hooda, Prerna Diwan, and Rakesh K. Gupta 11.1 Introduction 265 11.2 Microbial Diversity of Extreme Habitats 267 11.3 Factors Affecting Bio-Weathering 275 11.4 Genes and Microbial Pathways 278 11.5 Microbial Interactions in Bio-Weathering 282 11.6 Importance of Bio-Weathering 284 11.7 Omics to Explore Microbial Weathering of Rocks 288 11.8 Conclusion and Future Directions 289 12 Occurrence of Arsenic (As) in the Aquatic Environment Due to Weathering and Erosion 303Shailesh K. Yadav, Alagappan Ramanathan, and Rakesh K. Ranjan 12.1 Introduction 303 12.2 History and Extent of Arsenic Poisoning in an Aquatic System 304 12.3 Chemistry of Arsenic (Inorganic and Organic) 308 12.4 Source, Occurrence, and Distribution of Arsenic 312 12.5 Geochemistry and Arsenic Mobilization 314 12.6 Variation in As with the Groundwater Depth 319 12.7 Role of Geomorphology and Geo-stratigraphy in As Mobilization 319 12.8 Role of Clay Minerals on As Mobilization 320 12.9 Conclusion 320 13 Atmospheric CO2 Consumption Associated With Chemical Weathering in the Riverine Ecosystem 331Sushil Kumar 13.1 Introduction 331 13.2 Weathering and Ecosystem 332 13.3 Drivers of Chemical Weathering in the Riverine Ecosystem 334 13.4 Human-Induced Drivers of Weathering Agents in the Riverine Environment 335 13.5 Atmospheric CO2, Carbonate, and Silicate Weathering 336 13.6 Chemical Weathering and Its Factor Affecting 337 13.7 Conclusion 338 14 Geoscientific Factors Affecting Weathering and Erosion of Surface Exposure and Rock Types 343Vamsi K. Kudapa, Uday Bhan, Nirlipta P. Nayak, Lalit Goswami, Somenath Ganguly, and Susheel Kumar 14.1 Introduction 343 14.2 Mechanical Weathering 344 14.3 Erosion 347 14.4 Case Study – A Mighty River, Kali Gandaki in Nepal 350 14.5 Erosion Rates Comparison Between Glaciated and Non-Glaciated Basins 351 14.6 Conclusion 354 15 Impacts of Climate Change on Weathering and Erosion of Rock Types Exposed on Earths Surface 359Nirlipta P. Nayak, Vamsi K. Kudapa, Uday Bhan, Lalit Goswami, Susheel Kumar, and Anamika Kushwaha 15.1 Introduction 359 15.2 Type of Weathering Mechanism 364 15.3 Impact of Climate on Weathering and Erosion 368 15.4 Impact of Weathering on Climate 369 15.5 Conclusion 369 References 370 Index 375

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Book SynopsisFilling a niche in the geomorphology teaching market, this introductory book is built around a 12 week course in fluvial geomorphology. Reading the landscape' entails making sense of what a riverscape looks like, how it works, how it has evolved over time, and how alterations to one part of a catchment may have secondary consequences elsewhere, over different timeframes. These place-based field analyses are framed within their topographic, climatic and environmental context. Issues and principles presented in the first part of this book provide foundational understandings that underpin the approach to reading the landscape that is presented in the second half of the book. In reading the landscape, detective-style investigations and interpretations are tied to theoretical and conceptual principles to generate catchment-specific analyses of river character, behaviour and evolution, including responses to human disturbance. This book has been constructed as an intrTrade Review“Recommended readings for each chapter complement the bibliography and enhance the book's overall value. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates, graduate students, and professionals/practitioners.” (Choice, 1 August 2013) Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xiv 1 Geomorphic analysis of river systems: an approach to reading the landscape 1 Introduction 1 How is geomorphology useful? 2 Geomorphic analysis of river systems: our approach to reading the landscape 3 Key messages from this chapter 7 2 Key concepts in river geomorphology 9 Introduction 9 Spatial considerations in reading the landscape 9 Catchment linkages and (dis)connectivity 14 Conceptualisation of time 17 Differentiating behaviour from change 21 Disturbance events 22 Magnitude–frequency relationships in river systems 23 River sensitivity and resilience 25 Catchment-specific analysis of river systems: combining spatial and temporal concepts 26 Conclusion 27 Key messages from this chapter 27 3 Catchment-scale controls on river geomorphology 29 Introduction: what is a catchment? 29 Process zones in catchments: sediment source, transfer and accumulation zones 29 Longitudinal profiles of rivers 31 Geomorphic transitions along river longitudinal profiles 32 Catchment morphometrics as controls on river character and behaviour 34 Geologic controls on drainage network form, and river character and behaviour 37 The influence of catchment configuration upon flow and sediment flux 41 Conclusion 42 Key messages from this chapter 42 4 Catchment hydrology 44 Introduction: what is hydrology? 44 The hydrological cycle 44 Operation of the hydrological cycle 45 Runoff generation 47 Groundwater flows 49 Catchment-scale runoff and discharge generation models 50 Channel initiation 51 Gully and channel formation 51 Flow regimes of perennial, intermittent and ephemeral rivers 53 Discharge and the magnitude/frequency of flow in river systems 54 Flood stages and hydrographs 56 Analysis of hydrograph shape 58 Discharge measurement 59 Flow frequency 60 Flow variability 61 Conclusion 62 Key messages from this chapter 62 5 Impelling and resisting forces in river systems 65 Introduction 65 Impelling and resisting forces and Lane’s balance of erosion and deposition in channels 65 Mechanics of fluid flow 67 Impelling forces in river channels 68 Resisting forces in channels 70 Vegetation and wood as resistance elements in river systems 72 Manning’s n as a unifying roughness parameter 75 The balance of impelling and resisting forces along longitudinal profiles 77 Conclusion 79 Key messages from this chapter 79 6 Sediment movement and deposition in river systems 81 Introduction 81 Grain size (sediment calibre) and definitions of bedload, mixed load and suspended load in rivers 81 Phases of sediment movement along rivers: the Hjulström diagram 84 Entrainment of sediment in river channels 85 Transport of sediment in river channels 88 Material properties that affect sediment movement in river systems 93 Deposition in river systems 102 Interpreting sediment sequences as a tool to read the landscape 104 Conclusion 114 Key messages from this chapter 114 7 Channel geometry 116 Introduction 116 Bed and bank processes that influence channel shape 117 Channel shape: putting the bed and banks together 124 Hydraulic geometry and adjustments to channel morphology 127 Conclusion 131 Key messages from this chapter 131 8 Instream geomorphic units 132 Introduction 132 Categories of geomorphic units and measures used to identify them in the field 133 Process–form associations of instream geomorphic units 134 Unit and compound instream geomorphic units 151 Forced instream geomorphic units 151 The continuum of instream geomorphic units and transformations in type 152 Conclusion 153 Key messages from this chapter 154 9 Floodplain forms and processes 155 Introduction 155 Floodplain formation processes 156 Floodplain reworking processes 159 Floodplain geomorphic units 164 The energy spectrum of floodplain types 171 Conclusion 172 Key messages from this chapter 173 10 River diversity 174 Introduction 174 Framing rivers as assemblages of cross-scalar features 176 Defining reach boundaries 176 The continuum of river form 177 The spectrum of river diversity 178 Discriminating among river types 192 The River Styles framework 199 Tips for reading the landscape to interpret river diversity 201 Conclusion 203 Key messages from this chapter 203 11 River behaviour 205 Introduction 205 River behaviour versus river change 206 Dimensions of river adjustment 207 Natural capacity for adjustment of differing river types 209 Controls on the natural capacity for adjustment of different river types 210 Interpreting the behavioural regime of different river types by reading the landscape 212 Examples of behavioural regimes for differing types of rivers 214 Analysis of river behaviour using the river evolution diagram 222 Predicting river responses to altered flux boundary conditions 229 Tips for reading the landscape to interpret river behaviour 231 Conclusion 233 Key messages from this chapter 233 12 River evolution 235 Introduction 235 Timescales of river adjustment 236 Pathways and rates of river evolution 237 Geologic controls upon river evolution 239 Climatic influences on river evolution 241 Landscape memory: imprint of past geologic and climatic conditions upon contemporary river processes, forms and evolutionary trajectory 244 River responses to altered boundary conditions 246 Linking river evolution to the natural capacity for adjustment: adding river change to the river evolution diagram 255 Reading the landscape to interpret river evolution 261 Tips for reading the landscape to interpret river evolution 265 Conclusion 267 Key messages from this chapter 267 13 Human impacts on river systems 269 Introduction 269 Historical overview of human impacts upon river systems 270 Direct and indirect forms of human disturbance to rivers 272 Conceptualising river responses to human disturbance: adding human disturbance to the river evolution diagram 282 Assessing geomorphic river condition and recovery potential 290 Tips for reading the landscape to interpret human impacts on river systems 293 Conclusion 295 Key messages from this chapter 295 14 Sediment flux at the catchment scale: source-to-sink relationships 297 Introduction 297 Conceptualising sediment flux through catchments 297 Techniques used to construct a sediment budget 298 Controls upon sediment flux 302 Analysis of sediment flux across various scales 309 Tips for reading the landscape to interpret catchment-scale sediment flux 315 Conclusion 318 Key messages from this chapter 318 15 The usefulness of river geomorphology: reading the landscape in practice 320 Introduction 320 Respect diversity 321 Understand system dynamics and evolution 321 Know your catchment 322 Closing comment: how the book should be used 323 References 324 Selected readings 328 Index 335

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Book SynopsisFilling a niche in the geomorphology teaching market, this introductory book is built around a 12 week course in fluvial geomorphology. Reading the landscape' entails making sense of what a riverscape looks like, how it works, how it has evolved over time, and how alterations to one part of a catchment may have secondary consequences elsewhere, over different timeframes. These place-based field analyses are framed within their topographic, climatic and environmental context. Issues and principles presented in the first part of this book provide foundational understandings that underpin the approach to reading the landscape that is presented in the second half of the book. In reading the landscape, detective-style investigations and interpretations are tied to theoretical and conceptual principles to generate catchment-specific analyses of river character, behaviour and evolution, including responses to human disturbance. This book has been constructed as an intrTrade Review“Recommended readings for each chapter complement the bibliography and enhance the book's overall value. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates, graduate students, and professionals/practitioners.” (Choice, 1 August 2013) Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xiv 1 Geomorphic analysis of river systems: an approach to reading the landscape 1 Introduction 1 How is geomorphology useful? 2 Geomorphic analysis of river systems: our approach to reading the landscape 3 Key messages from this chapter 7 2 Key concepts in river geomorphology 9 Introduction 9 Spatial considerations in reading the landscape 9 Catchment linkages and (dis)connectivity 14 Conceptualisation of time 17 Differentiating behaviour from change 21 Disturbance events 22 Magnitude–frequency relationships in river systems 23 River sensitivity and resilience 25 Catchment-specifi c analysis of river systems: combining spatial and temporal concepts 26 Conclusion 27 Key messages from this chapter 27 3 Catchment-scale controls on river geomorphology 29 Introduction: what is a catchment? 29 Process zones in catchments: sediment source, transfer and accumulation zones 29 Longitudinal profi les of rivers 31 Geomorphic transitions along river longitudinal profi les 32 Catchment morphometrics as controls on river character and behaviour 34 Geologic controls on drainage network form, and river character and behaviour 37 The infl uence of catchment confi guration upon fl ow and sediment fl ux 41 Conclusion 42 Key messages from this chapter 42 4 Catchment hydrology 44 Introduction: what is hydrology? 44 The hydrological cycle 44 Operation of the hydrological cycle 45 Runoff generation 47 Groundwater fl ows 49 Catchment-scale runoff and discharge generation models 50 Channel initiation 51 Gully and channel formation 51 Flow regimes of perennial, intermittent and ephemeral rivers 53 Discharge and the magnitude/frequency of fl ow in river systems 54 Flood stages and hydrographs 56 Analysis of hydrograph shape 58 Discharge measurement 59 Flow frequency 60 Flow variability 61 Conclusion 62 Key messages from this chapter 62 5 Impelling and resisting forces in river systems 65 Introduction 65 Impelling and resisting forces and Lane’s balance of erosion and deposition in channels 65 Mechanics of fl uid fl ow 67 Impelling forces in river channels 68 Resisting forces in channels 70 Vegetation and wood as resistance elements in river systems 72 Manning’s n as a unifying roughness parameter 75 The balance of impelling and resisting forces along longitudinal profi les 77 Conclusion 79 Key messages from this chapter 79 6 Sediment movement and deposition in river systems 81 Introduction 81 Grain size (sediment calibre) and defi nitions of bedload, mixed load and suspended load in rivers 81 Phases of sediment movement along rivers: the Hjulström diagram 84 Entrainment of sediment in river channels 85 Transport of sediment in river channels 88 Material properties that affect sediment movement in river systems 93 Deposition in river systems 102 Interpreting sediment sequences as a tool to read the landscape 104 Conclusion 114 Key messages from this chapter 114 7 Channel geometry 116 Introduction 116 Bed and bank processes that infl uence channel shape 117 Channel shape: putting the bed and banks together 124 Hydraulic geometry and adjustments to channel morphology 127 Conclusion 131 Key messages from this chapter 131 8 Instream geomorphic units 132 Introduction 132 Categories of geomorphic units and measures used to identify them in the fi eld 133 Process–form associations of instream geomorphic units 134 Unit and compound instream geomorphic units 151 Forced instream geomorphic units 151 The continuum of instream geomorphic units and transformations in type 152 Conclusion 153 Key messages from this chapter 154 9 Floodplain forms and processes 155 Introduction 155 Floodplain formation processes 156 Floodplain reworking processes 159 Floodplain geomorphic units 164 The energy spectrum of fl oodplain types 171 Conclusion 172 Key messages from this chapter 173 10 River diversity 174 Introduction 174 Framing rivers as assemblages of cross-scalar features 176 Defi ning reach boundaries 176 The continuum of river form 177 The spectrum of river diversity 178 Discriminating among river types 192 The River Styles framework 199 Tips for reading the landscape to interpret river diversity 201 Conclusion 203 Key messages from this chapter 203 11 River behaviour 205 Introduction 205 River behaviour versus river change 206 Dimensions of river adjustment 207 Natural capacity for adjustment of differing river types 209 Controls on the natural capacity for adjustment of different river types 210 Interpreting the behavioural regime of different river types by reading the landscape 212 Examples of behavioural regimes for differing types of rivers 214 Analysis of river behaviour using the river evolution diagram 222 Predicting river responses to altered fl ux boundary conditions 229 Tips for reading the landscape to interpret river behaviour 231 Conclusion 233 Key messages from this chapter 233 12 River evolution 235 Introduction 235 Timescales of river adjustment 236 Pathways and rates of river evolution 237 Geologic controls upon river evolution 239 Climatic infl uences on river evolution 241 Landscape memory: imprint of past geologic and climatic conditions upon contemporary river processes, forms and evolutionary trajectory 244 River responses to altered boundary conditions 246 Linking river evolution to the natural capacity for adjustment: adding river change to the river evolution diagram 255 Reading the landscape to interpret river evolution 261 Tips for reading the landscape to interpret river evolution 265 Conclusion 267 Key messages from this chapter 267 13 Human impacts on river systems 269 Introduction 269 Historical overview of human impacts upon river systems 270 Direct and indirect forms of human disturbance to rivers 272 Conceptualising river responses to human disturbance: adding human disturbance to the river evolution diagram 282 Assessing geomorphic river condition and recovery potential 290 Tips for reading the landscape to interpret human impacts on river systems 293 Conclusion 295 Key messages from this chapter 295 14 Sediment fl ux at the catchment scale: source-to-sink relationships 297 Introduction 297 Conceptualising sediment fl ux through catchments 297 Techniques used to construct a sediment budget 298 Controls upon sediment fl ux 302 Analysis of sediment fl ux across various scales 309 Tips for reading the landscape to interpret catchment-scale sediment fl ux 315 Conclusion 318 Key messages from this chapter 318 15 The usefulness of river geomorphology: reading the landscape in practice 320 Introduction 320 Respect diversity 321 Understand system dynamics and evolution 321 Know your catchment 322 Closing comment: how the book should be used 323 References 324 Selected readings 328 Index 335 The color plate section can be found between pages 194 and 195

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Book SynopsisTectonic geomorphology is the study of the interplay between tectonic and surface processes that shape the landscape in regions of active deformation and at time scales ranging from days to millions of years. Over the past decade, recent advances in the quantification of both rates and the physical basis of tectonic and surface processes have underpinned an explosion of new research in the field of tectonic geomorphology. Modern tectonic geomorphology is an exceptionally integrative field that utilizes techniques and data derived from studies of geomorphology, seismology, geochronology, structure, geodesy, stratigraphy, meteorology and Quaternary science. While integrating new insights and highlighting controversies from the ten years of research since the 1st edition, this 2nd edition of Tectonic Geomorphology reviews the fundamentals of the subject, including the nature of faulting and folding, the creation and use of geomorphic markers for tracing deformTrade Review“Finally, it is worth mentioning that, unusually, this book comes with an electronic supplement readily available on the web that includes all figures, plates, and tables to be used in lectures by anyone, making this book a must-have for anyone teaching tectonic geomorphology or interested in this topic. Kodama intelligently summarizes achievements in the field of sedimentary paleomagnetism, where he also plays an important role.” (Pure Appl. Geophys, 1 January 2015) “In summary, Tectonic Geomorphology is a nicely written, finely illustrated, rich and, above all, thought provoking textbook. I believe it will be extremely useful not only for graduate students, but also for those more mature scientists who left school before the onset of what I consider the most exciting advancement in the Earth Sciences after Plate Tectonics.” (J Seismol, 1 March 2013) “This is an excellent second edition of Tectonic Geomorphology and is highly recommended to geologists and geomorphologists with an interest in neotectonics and landscape evolution.” (Geological Journal, 29 January 2014) “In summary, Tectonic Geomorphology is a well-thought-out and well-executed text that well serves teaching of the subject at graduate and upper levels, and it provides a valuable reference for practicing geologists.” (Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, 2 May 2013) “This is definitely a book worth taking a look at by any member; and one worth trying hard to come to terms with if aspects of this important subject really interest you.” (Open University Geological Society Journal, 1 November 2012) “Notwithstanding this, I strongly recommend to have ’Tectonic Geomorphology’ on one’s bookshelf. It will be of particular value to the young generation of geoscientists, wondering which research direction to go. They will get first-class food-for-thought.” (Geologos, 2012) Table of ContentsPreface to First Edition viii Preface to Second Edition xii 1 Introduction to tectonic geomorphology 1 2 Geomorphic markers 17 3 Establishing timing in the landscape: dating methods 45 4 Stress, faults, and folds 71 5 Short-term deformation: geodesy 117 6 Paleoseismology: ruptures and slip rates 147 7 Rates of erosion and uplift 195 8 Holocene deformation and landscape responses 243 9 Deformation and geomorphology at intermediate time scales 274 10 Tectonic geomorphology at late Cenozoic time scales 316 11 Numerical modeling of landscape evolution 370 References 412 Index 444

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Book SynopsisTuzo is the never-before-told story of one of Canada's most influential scientists and the discovery of plate tectonics, a pivotal development that forever altered how we think of our planet.Trade Review"This book presents a long overdue appreciation of the geologist J. Tuzo Wilson and his profound contributions to the development of our understanding of plate tectonics…The book is very well written, delightful to read and superbly illustrated." -- Andrew Hynes, McGill University * Geoscience Canada *"In accessible language, Eyles provides an outstanding biography of John Tuzo Wilson, the geophysicist responsible for clarifying today's understanding of continent movement." -- L.T. Spencer, Plymouth State University * CHOICE *“In accessible language, Eyles provides an outstanding biography of John Tuzo Wilson, the geophysicist responsible for clarifying today's understanding of continent movement…Readers unfamiliar with the plate tectonics controversy will find this book extremely informative. Knowledgeable readers will enjoy the nuanced overview of Tuzo's contributions to the present knowledge of plate tectonics and continental drift.” -- L.T. Spencer, emeritus, Plymouth State University * CHOICE *“For me, it was a gripping page-turner and an unforgettable account of a scientific revolution occurring in my lifetime … A must‐read for geographers or indeed, for anyone interested in the history of earth science and paradigmatic change.” -- Ian MacLachlan, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School * Canadian Geographies *Table of ContentsPrologue: The Day the Earth Moved 1. In the Beginning 2. Continents Adrift? 3. Sources of Friction 4. Permanentist Foundations 5. Tuzo’s War 6. A Geologist in a Strange Land 7. Seismic Shift 8. The New World of Plate Tectonics 9. An Unlikely Revolutionary Appendix I: Medals and Awards Appendix II: Select Primary Sources Appendix III: The Geological Timescale Index

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Book SynopsisAntarctica is a magnificent display of interaction between air and the various phases of water in a pristine environment. This interaction has led to the formation of many unique features over the Antarctic continent. Antarctica is now emerging as an important key in the understanding of global and environmental concerns. Its unique features have provided scientists with special opportunities to investigate the origin of the continents, pollution at the global level, ozone hole healing and changes in the global climate. However, lack of scientific data remains a major problem for researchers in many areas of Antarctic science. This book fills the gaps in the process of understanding Antarctic science.

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Book SynopsisWith the state of global ice constantly in the news, one mountain journalist examines Canadian glaciers to uncover their secrets and their future.From a mother/daughter duo who spent five months skiing across icefields from Vancouver to Alaska, toscientists discovering biofilms deep inside glacier caverns, to protesters camping for weeks to protect their beloved local glacier, western Canada's glaciers are dynamic, enigmatic, exquisitely beautiful, sometimes dangerous environments where people play, work, run businesses, explore, and create art every single day.Author Lynn Martel is one of them. With gorgeous images by some of the country's best outdoor photographers, Stories of Ice shares the excitement, the mystery, and the wonder of Canada's glaciers and poses questions about their future.

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Book SynopsisThe island of Robert Graves, Joan Miro and Archduke Ludwig Salvador has become the most popular holiday destination in the Mediterranean with nearly 10 million visitors a year. Few, however, are aware of the 5000 year history of Mallorca and its resulting landscape featuring late Bronze Age navetes and talayots, Roman cities, and a major medieval trading port with one of Europe's largest cathedrals. Mallorca's landscape has been formed with a pattern of important country houses and enclosed fields, and the relics of major nineteenth century industries including textiles and shoe-making workshops. One hundred and twenty years of tourism, latterly on a massive scale, endangers much of what has gone before. Professor Buswell's pioneering work, based on more than ten years of local research, describes and analyses all these elements that together form the contemporary landscape. Written in an accessible style and well-illustrated with maps and photographs, this book will appeal to student and concerned reader alike and should be read by all who are inquisitive about what they see around them when they visit the island.Trade Review'Buswell's latest book has no peer in English....he draws on various epistemological perspectives to portray the landscape as a cultural artifact that is unique due to changing human settlement and exploitation, but also is a palimpsest bearing telltale signs of sequent occupancy never completely erased.' The AAG Review of Books'The chapters on the historical landscape changes are both enjoyable and informative. The reader is taken on a tour which begins with ‘Prehistoric Mallorca’ (ch. 4), runs through the Roman and Muslim occupations (ch. 5 and 6) through to Medieval and early modern Mallorca (ch. 7 and 8). Three final chapters in this block (ch. 9-11) cover the last two centuries, focusing on the development of manufacturing (principally textiles), demographic changes, the decline of the large estates that had dominated for centuries, and of course, tourism. There is a careful consideration throughout on rural-urban landscape interactions and the development of Palma, reflecting its size and importance. These historical chapters that form the ‘core’ of the book are highly readable and will have wide appeal to a non-academic audience. This is in part down to the inclusion of many fascinating factual ‘gems’ that make the narrative come alive. These range from descriptions of land tenants’ rents during the sixteenth century (paid in a mixture of cream cheeses, goats and cash), to changes in dietary preferences between the Muslim and Christian occupations. I particularly enjoyed the author’s many asides (harking back to themes covered elsewhere) and style of probing behind the facts, although not all his questions are answered in much depth, which might frustrate some readers. There is much to commend the structuring and presentation of the book. The chronological layout of the chapters makes them easy to dip in and out of, whilst helpful summaries reinforce key points. The illustrations are generous and useful, taking the form of coloured maps, photographs and tables. I found the historical maps and old photographs particularly welcome - I wish there had been more of these but space doesn’t seem to have permitted this. The reference list is impressive and an excellent resource in itself.' Island Studies‘The book is well illustrated and offers a panoply of archival photographs, contemporary images and sketch maps, but draws almost exclusively upon secondary research material. It is of direct interest to the teaching of Iberian geography at undergraduate level. This fascinating and informative book offers valuable insight into an island community that is little known beyond its Catalan and Castilian research roots.’ GeographyTable of ContentsList of Illustrations; Acknowledgements; Preface. 1. Introduction: Mallorca and landscape history; 2. Mallorca and the Mediterranean; 3. The physical basis of the landscape; Prehistoric Mallorca - early human imprint; 5. Roman and other empires in Mallorca: limited landscapes; 6. The landscape of the Muslims, 902-1229; 7. Medieval Mallorca, 1229-1519; 8. Early modern Mallorca, 1520-1820; 9. The long nineteenth century, 1820-1920: the beginnings of modernisation; 10. A beggar's mantle fringed with gold - Mallorca 1920-1955; 11. Mass tourism and the landscape - Mallorca 1955-2011; 12. Reflections on a theme of landscape change. Notes. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe diversity of Scotland's mountains is remarkable, encompassing the isolated summits of the far northwest, the serrated ridges of Skye, the tor-studded high plateau of the Cairngorms and the rolling hills of the Southern Uplands. Born on ancient continents and uplifted by tectonic forces, the mountains of Scotland have been sculpted by successive ice sheets, landslides, frost, wind and running water. This book explains the geological evolution of Scotland's mountains, and how this has produced an unparalleled variety of mountain forms. It outlines the effects of successive ice sheets on mountain scenery, and explains the dramatic changes in climate that terminated the Ice Age only 11,500 years ago. In non-technical terms it explains the effects of frost action in forming the rubble that mantles many mountain summits, and how such debris has slowly migrated downslope by freezing and thawing of the ground. The dramatic effects of deglaciation and earthquakes in triggering catastrophic landslides and downslope displacement of entire mountainsides are described, along with accounts of more recent events involving the rapid downslope flow of saturated debris. The book also outlines how Scottish mountains experience frequent gale-force winds, and their impact of wind in scouring plateaus and depositing expanses of windblown sand on lee slopes. The role of floods in eroding upland terrain and depositing floodplains, terraces and fans of sediment is described in the context of possible human influence on river regime through forest clearance.Written in clear, non-technical language and abundantly illustrated, this book is designed to provide an essential guide to landforms for all those who walk, climb, live and work in the mountains of Scotland.Trade Review'This is much, much more than a book about Scotland’s diverse mountains, it’s staggering range of rock types of differing ages and the many processes operating here through deep time, many millions of years ago, through ice ages to today’s weathering, erosion and deposition. The book as a whole tells a very coherent, detailed story of the development of the mountain landscapes we observe today and how these landscapes may look in the future. It is not a book of published scientific papers, equations and technical academic jargon, nor does the author shy away from all of those, but hits the middle ground, and the book is immensely readable and wonderfully illustrated… I found Colin Ballantyne’s book to be very accessible and, although I read it cover to cover, it is also one to easily dip into. I recommend this book to anyone with an interest in mountains, from the walker and budding geologist through to those who study the mountains of Scotland.' Proceedings of the OUGS'The book is well illustrated throughout with the explanatory figures clearly presented and hopefully understandable by most. The number of such figures sets it clearly apart from a coffee table book. There are copious and excellent photographs throughout which are for the most-part presented at the size more familiar to readers of academic texts, i.e. there are few full page photographs. I think this book will provide a welcome resource for many who venture into the Scottish mountains on foot, on bikes, in their cars, on coaches or on the train, as many mountain landscapes can be seen from the vantage points of road and rail. There is an index of locations, and one for the mountains and hills, and these are likely to become well-thumbed pages by readers in search of an explanation for some part of the landscape which they have just observed. Colin’s academic background is finally revealed by a short section which provides references to ‘Further reading’ for those who are interested in delving deeper. I stated that Colin had set himself a daunting challenge with his aim for this book and I think he has achieved this, in as far as it is possible to do so. It provides an accessible explanation to the relevant solid earth and surface processes, however, the more complex and nuanced explanations, may be more challenging for some. If you have experienced the Scottish mountains and found yourself, at some point, wondering “why does it look like that” or “what is that mound” or “what is that hollow”, then this book may well provide an answer for you. I found it a very enjoyable read and I am sure that so will very many others.' Scottish Geographical Journal'As a hillwalker who has tramped Scotland's mountain landscape regularly for over 30 years and spent countless days surrounded by and wandering through the diverse and contrasting upland areas of this country it has been a pleasure to sit down with this book and review these past adventures in a new light. Most of us who head to the hills frequently have to contrast our delight at being immersed in our favourite highland landscapes with very scant knowledge of how the individual characters of these mountain areas were formed. Typically, we will of course be aware to some extent of the volcanic origin of some of our favourite haunts, the impact of glaciers on the topography and the effect of erosion on our mountain ranges. Ballantyne s book though takes these grains of knowledge and expands them with a very thorough and exceptionally well researched record of the formation and evolution of the landscape which forms our playgrounds. This reader's previous efforts to explore Scotland s geological past have floundered on other authors overly scientific and dry presentation. Ballantyne's book contains plenty of science and technical information, but it is written in an easier to read style that is very palatable to the non-expert. The book contains fascinating insights into many mountain areas that have been frequently visited in the past, but which will be looked on with fresh eyes the next time round. There are plenty illustrations and photographs highlighting the descriptive text and putting the research into context. This book would make an excellent gift for anyone who enjoys walking the Scottish hills or who is simply fascinated by this rich landscape of ours.' Norrie Shand Secretary, The 45 Degrees Mountaineering Club'Scotland’s Mountain Landscapes: A Geomorphological Perspective provides a highly engaging and technically comprehensive guide to the development of Scotland’s upland terrain. The book is presented largely as a journey through time, starting with the formation and tectonic movement of the rocks that form the present-day Scottish landmass, to subsequent shaping of this terrain by weathering, glacial, periglacial, fluvial and slope processes. The book aims to find the middle ground between the academic literature, full of technical jargon, and more popular accounts that are often lacking in scientific detail. To enable the reader to navigate through the specialist terminology that is required to achieve any level of detailed explanation, each chapter begins by systematically outlining the key terms and concepts required to understand the richly detailed, Scotland-specific, remainder of the chapter. The overall result is an excellent account of the evolution of Scotland’s mountain landscapes. Colour diagrams and some impressive photographs throughout provide a powerful visual accompaniment to the detailed descriptions and process explanations, although in places I wish that features of interest within photographs had been directly labelled or highlighted. The book will be enjoyed by academics, students and non-specialists alike; anyone with an interest in the rich geomorphological history of the Scottish uplands… The major strength of the book lies in its ability to synthesise the vast body of literature associated with the evolution of Scotland’s landscapes into a manageable account, without scrimping on detail. This is no easy feat given the range of disciplines (geology, geochronology, glaciology, various strands of geomorphology, etc.) that the book draws upon, and the many complex debates on landform or geochronological interpretation within each subject area or locality. In general, the book manages to delicately navigate any contentious landform-process interpretations, and a range of potential explanations is often included. Non-specialists who just want to dip into the book may struggle as the text often relies on knowledge gained in a previous chapter. However, those who read the book from start to finish will be well rewarded with a comprehensive and fascinating account of the geological and geomorphological history of Scotland’s mountain landscapes. Overall, the book was a pleasure to read, providing a great overview with something for readers of all specialisms and backgrounds.' The HoloceneTable of ContentsAcknowledgements. 1:Introduction, The land of the mountain and the flood ; 2:The geological evolution of Scotland; 3: Rocks, relief and the preglacial landscape ; 4:The Ice Age in Scotland; 5: Glacial landforms; 5: Periglacial landforms; 6: Landslides and related features; 7: Aeolian landforms; 8: Fluvial landforms; 9: Key sites. Further reading. Index of locations in Scotland. Index of Scottish mountains and hills. General Index.

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Book SynopsisGeomorphology is the study of the earth’s landforms and the processes that made the landscape look the way it does today. What we see when we look at a scenic view is the result of the interplay of the forces that shape the earth’s surface. These operate on many different timescales and involve geological as well as climatic forces. Adrian Harvey introduces the varying geomorphological forces and differing timescales which thus combine: from the global, which shape continents and mountain ranges; through the regional, producing hills and river basins; to the local, forming beaches, glaciers and slopes; to those micro scale forces which weather rock faces and produce sediment. Finally, he considers the effect that humans have had on the world’s topography.Trade Review‘This attractive publication is indeed footnote-free and well-produced in colour. It is, though, definitely slimline rather than lightweight. Authoritative in tone and broad in scope, any undergraduate or ambitious A-level student will learn much from its pages.’ Geography 'Prof. Harvey’s book is readable and well worth its price.' Proceedings of the OUGSTable of Contents1. Introduction to geomorphology; 2. Global-scale geomorphology; 3. Regional-scale geomorphology; 4. Local-scale geomorphology: Process systems and landforms; 5. Timescales and landform evolution; 6. Geomorphology and interactions with society. Further reading. Glossary.

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Book SynopsisAs major actors in the unfolding drama of climate change, glaciers feature prominently in Earth’s past and its future. Wherever on the planet we live, glaciers affect each of us directly. They control the atmospheric and ocean circulations that drive the weather; they supply drinking and irrigation water to millions of people; and they protect us from catastrophic sea-level rise. The very existence of glaciers affects our view of the planet and of ourselves, but it is less than 200 years since we realised that ice ages come and go, and that glaciers once covered much more of the planet’s surface than they do now. An inspiration to artists, a challenge for engineers, glaciers mean different things to different people. Crossing the boundaries between art, environment, science, nature and culture, this book uniquely considers glaciers from a myriad perspectives, revealing their complexity, majesty and importance, but also their fragility.

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Book SynopsisThis new book is a substantially updated and expanded edition based upon the successful and acclaimed Basic Environmental and Engineering Geology by the late Professor Fred Bell. It incorporates the changes that have occurred since and also addresses some aspects of the discipline that have developed a much higher profile over the past few decades. The book is underpinned by two fundamental premises: that environmental and engineering geology represents a single coherent discipline that has a broad remit; and it is a vocational subject and not an academic pursuit, that aims to provide the societal means for safe, economic, and environmentally sustainable planning and development. The early chapters underpin the discipline and deal with: geology and geochemistry; geomorphology; engineering soils and rocks; pedological soils; hydrology and hydrogeology. A thorough appraisal of the various stages of site investigation is followed by nine chapters on the application of environmental and engineering geology. These chapters cover a broad range and draw on case studies taken both from the authors own files and those published elsewhere. In all examples the aim is to illustrate the way case studies have improved our knowledge and developed the science of environmental and engineering geology. The final chapter addresses some of the new issues that environmental and engineering geologists are now facing that were not considered in the first edition, including climate change, renewable energy, geoconservation, geoforensics, and modern military applications. In addition, the requirement for skills that are beyond subject knowledge required by practitioners are introduced, such as project management, health & safety, and seeking professional recognition. An extensive list of additional reading is provided for each of the chapters in the book, allowing readers to explore the rich literature that underpins this fascinating and important subject.Table of ContentsIntroduction to environmental and engineering geology; Geology and geochemistry; Geomorphology; Engineering soils and rocks; Pedological soils; Hydrology and hydrogeology; Site investigation: initial stage (desk studies, field mapping, remote sensing, GIS, ground models); Site investigation main stage (geophysics, exploratory holes, testing and reporting); Land-use planning, hazards and risk management; Land capability, agriculture and soil erosion; Catastrophic geohazards and disasters; Pernicious non-catastrophic geohazards; Mining and the environment; Waste, contamination and brownfield sites; Water resources; Geomaterials; Construction; Emerging issues and professionalism

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Book Synopsis"Geomorphology for Engineers" presents a worldwide view of geomorphology for engineers and other professionals on the near-surface engineering problems associated with the various landscapes. This new and completely revised edition has additional chapters with an improved format and is broadly divided into three parts. Although geomorphological landforms and processes exert a strong influence on surface engineering works, comparatively little systematic information on geomorphology is available to engineers - until now! The first part is concerned with the major factors which control the materials, form and processes on the Earth's surfaces. The second part deals with the geomorphological processes which help shape land surfaces and influence their engineering characteristics and the final part covers environments and landscapes, including some specialist chapters. Each chapter is written by leading authorities on the subject and is both self-contained and referenced with other chapters as appropriate to make a balanced whole.Trade Review'Both engineers and geologists have very important roles, and both need to be aware of the impact that geomorphology has on their subject area. This volume goes a long way to fulfilling this requirement. ... the editorial team provides both broad and comprehensive knowledge of the subject area presented in this book, witnessed by the high calibre of chapter authors who come from all parts of the geo-world. ... it may seem an expensive volume, but considering the depth, coverage and detail contained within the volume, this must be considered excellent value for money. It is a must for all professionals in the geo-world, and the editors should be applauded for the book's comprehensive nature and clarity of presentation. And it is a must-have for any libraries who are serious in supporting any geo-professional, be they in working companies or in research institutions.' to be published in Geology Today 'This book will find its place on the close-in bookshelf of many geologists, engineers and physical geographers. Not as a text, but as a ready first reference to the myriad of ideas, formulas, and challenges of the emerging discipline of engineering geomorphology.' GeomorphologyTable of ContentsIntroduction. Part 1 - Geomorphological Controls: Climate and weathering; Sedimentology; Tectonics; Stratigraphy; The Quaternary; Engineering soils; Part II - Geomorphological Processes: Landslips; Neotectonics; Rivers; Soil erosion; Subsidence; Part III - Environments and landscapes: Glacial environments; Periglacial environments; Temperate environments; Hot drylands; Savanna; Hot wetlands; Mountains and highlands; Estuarine environments; Coasts: environments and landforms; Continental shelves; Volcanic landscapes; Soluble rock landscapes; Loess landscape; Chalk landscape; Urban geomorphology. Glossary. Appendices.

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Book SynopsisThis significant new book by foremost experts in the field will be the first that truly covers the topic of engineering geomorphology as a distinct discipline and, as such, will be of paramount importance to both practitioners and students. Engineering geomorphology is concerned with the evaluation of landform changes, especially the effects of construction on the environment, notably on the operation of surface processes and the risks from surface processes, whether current processes or the legacies of past processes. Engineering geomorphology provides practical support for engineering decision-making (project planning, investigation, design and construction) and engineering geomorphologists form an integrate part of the engineering or environmental team. Engineering geomorphology has developed in the last few decades to support a number of distinct areas of engineering, including river engineering, coastal engineering, and geotechnical engineering, where engineering geomorphology has complemented engineering geology and has proven to be valuable, especially for rapid site reconnaissance and slope stability studies.Geomorphology provides a spatial context for developing site models and explaining the distribution and characteristics of particular ground-related problems (e. g. landslides, permafrost or the presence of aggressive soils) and resources (e.g. sand and gravel). Engineering geomorphology can also be applied to agricultural engineering, primarily in the investigation and management of soil erosion problems. This book includes basic concepts that underpin efforts to explain the causes, mechanisms and consequences of landform change. It then considers how the land surface works in the context of wetland, flatland, hills, mountains, rivers and coasts; and the techniques that are available to the engineering geomorphologist in the field, in the laboratory, in the office and in the various forms of remote sensing. Each succinct chapter is packed with vital information, well-illustrated with diagrams and tables and fully referenced so that the detail of subject matter can be followed up.Trade Review'This is the handy source that brings together a wealth of basic data from a huge range of published and unpublished sources... it comes at a sensible price and it is tailored down and then expanded laterally to provide the basic facts that the engineer needs at work. ...great to pull off the shelf for a snapshot of available data and status quo in the huge field of geomorphology. This book really does belong on the office shelf, where it will soon become very well thumbed.' to be published in the Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and HydrologyTable of ContentsIntroduction. BASIC CONCEPTS: Energy Inputs and Geomorphological Activity. The Basics of Change: Stress, Strain and Strength. Earth Surface Systems. The Behaviour of Earth Surface Systems. SYSTEM CONTROLS: Geology; Engineering Soils; Mobile Sediments; Climate Variation; Sea-Level Change. The Nature of Change: Rates and Events. The Implications of Change: Hazards and Risks. Construction Resources: Aggregates. Engineering and Change: Environmental Impacts. SLOPES: The Supply of Water and Sediment; The Role of Water; Soil Erosion by Water; Wind Erosion and Deposition; Landslides; Landslide Hazard and Risk; Karst Terrain. RIVERS: The Drainage Basin; Water and Sediment Loads; Channel Form; Channel Change; Flooding; Flood Hazard and Risk; THE COAST: Energy Inputs; Sediment Cells and Budgets; Hazard and Risk Assessment; Estuaries, Mudflats and Saltmarshes; Deltas; Fringing Beaches; Barrier Beaches; Dunes; Cliffs. COMMON TECHNIQUES: Methods of Investigation. Desk Study and Initial Terrain Models. Geographical Information Systems. Satellite Imagery and Aerial Photographs. Historical Research. Terrain Evaluation. Geomorphological Mapping. Measurement and Monitoring of Change. Dating Methods. Uncertainty and Expert Judgement. Further Reading

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis book introduces the reader to the unique geology of Greece. This country is a natural geology laboratory that can help us understand the present-day active geodynamic processes in the Hellenic orogenic arc, including earthquakes, volcanoes, coastline changes and other processes of uplift and subsidence, as well as the intense erosion, transport and deposition of sediments. Additionally, Greece offers a remarkable geological museum, reflecting the complex history of the area over the last 300 million years. By studying the rocks of Greece, one can discover old oceanic basins, e.g. in the Northern Pindos and Othrys mountains, crystalline rocks of Palaeozoic age, old granitic and volcanic rocks, as well as other sedimentary rocks including fossils from the shallow neritic facies to pelagic and abyssal facies. The younger sediments demonstrate the continuously changing palaeogeography of Greece, with areas of lakes, high plateaus and gulfs that are transformed into new forms of islands, peninsulas or high mountains, etc. All the above subjects are included in the book, which describes the tectonic structure of the geological strata, together with the evolutionary stages of the palaeogeography and geodynamics within the broader Mediterranean context. A special characteristic of the book is the development of the orogenic model of the Hellenides with the application of the tectono-stratigraphic terrane concept in the Tethyan system.Table of ContentsGreece within the alpine orogenic system.- Organization and development of the tethyan alpine system.- The mediterranean.- Orogenic model.- Post-alpine formations in greece.- Molassic formations in the hellenides.- Alpine and pre-alpine formations of the hellenic arc.- Description of tectonic units.- Pre-orogenic development of the hellenides – Palaeogeographic reconstruction.- Orogenic development of the hellenides.- Neotectonics and recent paleogeography.- General bibliography.

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Book SynopsisThis open access atlas is an up-to-date visual resource on the features and structures observed in soil thin sections, i.e. soil micromorphology. The book addresses the growing interest in soil micromorphology in the fields of soil science, earth science, archaeology and forensic science, and serves as a reference tool for researchers and students for fast learning and intuitive feature and structure recognition. The book is divided into six parts and contains hundreds of images and photomicrographs. Part one is devoted to the way to sample properly soils, the method of preparation of thin sections, the main tool of soil micromorphology (the microscope), and the approach of soil micromorphology as a scientific method. Part two focuses on the organisation of soil fragments and presents the concept of fabric. Part three addresses the basic components, e.g. rocks, minerals, organic compounds and anthropogenic features. Part four lists all the various types of pedogenic features observed in a soil, i.e. the imprint of pedogenesis. Part five gives interpretations of features associated with the main processes at work in soils and paleosols. Part six presents a view of what the future of soil micromorphology could be. Finally, the last part consists of the index and annexes, including the list of mineral formulas. This atlas will be of interest to researchers, academics, and students, who will find it a convenient tool for the self-teaching of soil micromorphology by using comparative photographs.Table of ContentsChapter 1. The multiscalar nature of soils.- Chapter 2. History of micromorphology.- Chapter 3. Observation and sampling of soils.- Chapter 4. How to make thin sections.- Chapter 5.The polarised light microscope.- Chapter 6. Other techniques of observation.- Chapter 7. Electron and energy imaging.- Chapter 8. Colours of minerals.- Chapter 9. The micromorphological approach.- Chapter 10. Concept of fabric.- Chapter 11. Multiscalar approach to fabric.- Chapter 12. Basic distribution patterns.- Chapter 13. c/f related distributions I.- Chapter 14. c/f related distributions II.- Chapter 15. Aggregates and aggregation.- Chapter 16. Degree of separation and accommodation of aggregates.- Chapter 17. The nature of voids.- Chapter 18. Morphology of voids I.- Chapter 19. The morphology of voids II.- Chapter 20. Microstructure I.- Chapter 21. Microstructure II.- Chapter 22. Mineral and organic constituents.- Chapter 23. Particle size and sorting.- Chapter 24. Shape of grains: equidimensionality.- Chapter 25. Shape of grains: roundness and sphericity.- Chapter 26. Basalt, granite, and gabbro.- Chapter 27. Schist, gneiss, and amphibolite.- Chapter 28. Quartzite and marble.- Chapter 29. Calcium-bearing sedimentary rocks.- Chapter 30. Sand and sandstone.- Chapter 31. Mineral grains in the soil I: quartz and chalcedony.- Chapter 32. Mineral grains in the soil II: feldspar and mica.- Chapter 33. Mineral grains in the soil III: inosilicates and nesosilicates.- Chapter 34. Mineral grains in the soil IV: carbonates.- Chapter 35. Mineral grains in the soil V: chlorides and sulfates.- Chapter 36. Biominerals I.- Chapter 37. Biominerals II.- Chapter 38. Biominerals III.- Chapter 39. Anthropogenic features I.- Chapter 40. Anthropogenic features II.- Chapter 41. Organic matter I.- Chapter 42. Organic matter II.- Chapter 43. Humus.- Chapter 44. Micromass.- Chapter 45. B-fabric I.- Chapter 46. B-fabric II.- Chapter 47. Imprints of pedogenesis.- Chapter 48. Iron- and manganese-bearing nodules.- Chapter 49. Carbonate nodules.- Chapter 50. Polygenetic nodules.- Chapter 51. Nodules: morphology and border shape.- Chapter 52. Nodules: orthic, anorthic, disorthic.- Chapter 53. Crystals and crystal intergrowths.- Chapter 54. Impregnations.- Chapter 55. Depletions.- Chapter 56. Coatings with clays I.- Chapter 57. Coatings with clays II.- Chapter 58. Micropans, coarse coatings, cappings, and crusts.- Chapter 59. Hypocoatings and quasicoatings: amorphous.- Chapter 60. Coatings and hypocoatings: crystalline.- Chapter 61. Mineral infillings.- Chapter 62. Mineral infillings of biological origin.- Chapter 63. Pedoturbations.- Chapter 64. Faecal pellets.- Chapter 65. Dung and vertebrate excrements.- Chapter 66. Composite pedogenic features.- Chapter 67. Uncommon features.- Chapter 68. Pedofeatures and soil processes.- Chapter 69. Clay dynamics I - Translocation.- Chapter 70. Clay dynamics II - Swelling.- Chapter 71. Water dynamics..- Chapter 72. Carbonate and gypsum dynamics.- Chapter 73. Processes involving iron oxyhydroxides.- Chapter 74. Biogeochemical processes I.- Chapter 75. Biogeochemical processes II.- Chapter 76. The future of soil micromorphology.- Chapter 77. Beyond the two dimensions.- Chapter 78. The prospect of chemical imaging

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Book SynopsisThis edited book is based on the papers accepted for presentation during the 2nd Springer Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-2), Tunisia, in 2019. Major subjects treated in the book include geomorphology, sedimentology, and geochemistry. The book presents an updated unique view in conjugating field studies and modeling to better quantify the process-product binomial unusual in geosciences. In the geomorphology section, 24 papers deal with topics related to fault slip and incision rates, soil science, landslides and debris flows, coastal processes, and geoarcheology, and geoheritage. Under the sedimentology section, 34 papers including stratigraphy, and environmental, tectonic, and diagenetic processes, together with evolutionary, biostratigraphic, and paleo-environmental significance of paleontology are presented. Additionally, this section also contains papers on marine geosciences, from molecular proxies related to climate to geophysical surveys. Last but not least, the third section on geochemistry is composed of 26 papers that are focused on sedimentary geochemistry and mineralogical characterization, magmatic and metamorphic processes and products, and the origin and exploration of mineral deposits. This book resumes the current situation related to the abovementioned topics mainly in the Mediterranean realm. The volume book is of interest to all researchers, practitioners, and students in the fields of geomorphology, sedimentology, and geochemistry, as well as those engaged in environmental geosciences, soil science, stratigraphy and paleontology, geoarcheology and geoheritage, marine geosciences, petrology, metallogenesis, and mineral deposits.Table of ContentsCosmogenic surface exposure dating applications from Turkey: moraines, alluvial fans, fluvial terraces, lava flows and incision rates.- Tectonic Geomorphology and Paleoseismology of the Muğla-Yatağan Fault (Southwest Turkey).- Slip rate estimation of the North Anatolian Fault using geomorphology and paleoclimate chronology: The Ganos Fault, Turkey.- Energy relief analysis of the northern Marche-Romagna region, northern Apennine, central Italy.- Evaluation of Electromagnetic Induction method to map soil salinity in semi-arid Tunisia.- Comparison of organic carbon stock of Regosols under two different climates in Tunisia.- Evolution of organic carbon stocks in a Vertisol after three years of no-tillage practice in northern Tunisia.- Spectral characteristics of soil types in northwestern Jordan: consideration of iron oxides effects and colors.- Wind-eroded sediment in southern Hungary, with special reference to the content of toxic elements.- Time-Scale Variations of organic carbon in Paddy Soils: Sanjiang Plain, China.

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Book SynopsisThe updated textbook is intended to serve as an advanced and detailed treatment of the evolution of the subject of stratigraphy from its disparate beginnings as separate studies of sedimentology, lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, etc., into a modern integrated discipline in which all components are necessary. There is a historical introduction, which now includes information about the timeline of the evolution of the components of modern stratigraphy. The elements of the various components (facies analysis, sequence stratigraphy, mapping methods, chronostratigraphic methods, etc.) are outlined, and a chapter discussing the modern synthesis is included near the end of the book, which closes with a discussion of future research trends in the study of time as preserved in the stratigraphic record.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThe updated textbook is intended to serve as an advanced and detailed treatment of the evolution of the subject of stratigraphy from its disparate beginnings as separate studies of sedimentology, lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, etc., into a modern integrated discipline in which all components are necessary. There is a historical introduction, which now includes information about the timeline of the evolution of the components of modern stratigraphy. The elements of the various components (facies analysis, sequence stratigraphy, mapping methods, chronostratigraphic methods, etc.) are outlined, and a chapter discussing the modern synthesis is included near the end of the book, which closes with a discussion of future research trends in the study of time as preserved in the stratigraphic record.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis textbook explains how mountains are formed and why there are old and young mountains. It provides a reconstruction of the Earths paleogeography and shows why the shapes of South America and Africa fit so well together. Furthermore, it explains why the Pacific is surrounded by a ring of volcanos and earthquake-prone areas while the edges of the Atlantic are relatively peaceful.This thoroughly revised textbook edition addresses all these questions and more through the presentation and explanation of the geodynamic processes upon which the theory of continental drift is based and which have led to the concept of plate tectonics. It is a source of information for students of geology, geophysics, geography, geosciences in general, general natural sciences, as well as professionals, and interested layman.Table of Contents1. Contractional theory, continental drift and plate tectonics2. Plate movements and their geometric relationships3. Continental graben structures4. Passive continental margins and abyssal plains 5. Mid-ocean ridges6. Hot spots7. Subduction zones, island arcs and active continental maragins8. Transform faults9. Terranes10. Early Precambrian plate tectonics11. Plate tectonics and mountain building12. Old orogens 13. Young orogens - the Earth's loftiest places

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Book SynopsisThis book is the only comprehensive summary of natural resources of Oregon and adds to World Soil Book Series state-level collection. Due to broad latitudinal and elevation differences, Oregon has an exceptionally diverse climate, which exerts a major influence on soil formation. The mean annual temperature in Oregon ranges from 0°C in the Wallowa and Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon to 13 °C in south-central Oregon. The mean annual precipitation ranges from 175 mm in southeastern Oregon to over 5,000 mm at higher elevations in the Coast Range. The dominant vegetation type in Oregon is temperate shrublands, followed by forests dominated by lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir, and mixed conifers, grasslands, subalpine forests, maritime Sitka spruce-western hemlock forests, and ponderosa pine-dominated forests. Oregon is divided into 17 Major Land Resource Areas, the largest of which include the Malheur High Plateau, the Cascade Mountains, the Blue Mountain Foothills, and Blue Mountains. The single most important geologic event in Oregon was the deposition of Mazama ash 7,700 years by the explosion of Mt. Mazama. Oregon has soil series representative of 10 orders, 40 suborders, 114 great groups, 389 subgroups, over 1,000 families, and over 1,700 soil series. Mollisols are the dominant order in Oregon, followed by Aridisols, Inceptisols, Andisols, Ultisols, and Alfisols. Soils in Oregon are used primarily for forest products, livestock grazing, agricultural crops, and wildlife management. Key land use issues in Oregon are climate change; wetland loss; flooding; landslides; volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis; coastal erosion; and wildfires.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- History of Soil Studies.- Soil-Forming Factor.- Elevation Gradients in the Oregon Mountain Ranges.- General Soil Regions of Oregon.- Diagnostic Horizons and Taxonomic Structure of Oregon Soils.- Taxonomic Soil Regions.- Mollisols.- Inceptisols.- Aridisols.- Andisols.- Ultisols.- Alfisols.- Entisols, Vertisols, Spodosols, and Histosols.- Soil-Forming Processes.- Benchmark, Endemic, Rare, and Endangered Soils.- Land Use in Oregon.- Yields, Soil Conservation, and Production System.- Summary.

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the application of geospatial technologies for resource planning and management for the key natural resources, e.g. water, agriculture and forest as well as the decision support system (DSS) for infrastructure development. We have seen in the past four decades that the growing complexities of sustainable management of natural resources management have been very challenging. The book has been written to leverage the current geospatial technologies that integrate the remotely sensed data available from various platforms, the precise locational data providing geospatial intelligence, and the advanced integration tools of Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Geospatial technologies have been used for water resources management employing geomorphological characteristics, analysis of river migration pattern, understanding the large-scale hydrological process, wet land classification and monitoring, analysis of glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF), assessment of environmental flow and soil erosion studies, water quality modelling and assessment and rejuvenation of paleochannels through groundwater recharge. Geospatial technologies have been applied for crop classification and mapping, soil moisture determination using RISAT-1 C-band and PALSAR-2 L-band sensors, inventory of horticulture plantations, management of citrus orchards, crop yield forecasting, rice yield estimation, estimation of evapotranspiration and its evaluation against lysimeter and satellite-based evapotranspiration product for India to address the various issues of the agricultural system management. Geospatial technologies have been used for generation of digital elevation model, urban dynamics assessment, mobile GIS application at grass root level planning, cadastral level developmental planning and e-governance applications, system dynamics for sustainable development, micro-level water resources planning, site suitability for sewage treatment plant, traffic density assessment, geographical indications of India, archaeological applications and disasters interventions to elaborate various issues of DSS for infrastructure development and management. Geospatial technologies have been employed for the generation and reconciliation of the notified forest land boundaries, and also the land cover changes analysis within notified forest areas, forest resource assessment, management and monitoring and wildlife conservation and management. This book aims to present high-quality technical case studies representing the recent developments in the “application of geospatial technologies for resource planning and management”. The editors hope that this book will serve as a valuable resource for scientists and researchers to plan and manage land and water resources sustainably.Table of ContentsGeospatial Technology for Geomorphology Mapping and its Applications.- Geospatial technology for estimation of geomorphological characteristics of an ungauged watershed.- Long Term Analysis of River Migration Pattern using Geospatial Techniques – A case study of upper part of the Ganga River, India.- Space borne Scatterometers for understanding the large-scale land hydrological processes.- Wetland Classification and Monitoring Using Time Series Earth Observation Data and Machine Learning Algorithm: A Case Study in Upper Ganga River Stretch.

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Book SynopsisThis open access book provides an overview of the progress in landslide research and technology and is part of a book series of the International Consortium on Landslides (ICL). The book provides a common platform for the publication of recent progress in landslide research and technology for practical applications and the benefit for the society contributing to the Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020, which is expected to continue up to 2030 and even beyond to globally promote the understanding and reduction of landslide disaster risk, as well as to address the 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development Goals.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Aim and Outline of the Book Series “Progress in Landslide Research and Technology (Kyoji Sassa).- Part I. International Consortium on Landslides and International Programme on Landslides.- Chapter 2. International Consortium on Landslides: from IDNDR, IGCP, UNITWIN, WCDRR 2 & 3 to Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020 (Kyoji Sassa).- Chapter 3. International Programme on Landslides – A Short Overview of its Historical Development (Matjaž Mikoš).- Part II. Original Articles.- Chapter 4. Understanding and Reducing the Disaster Risk of Landslide-induced Tsunamis: Outcome of the Panel Discussion and the World Tsunami Awareness Day Special Event of the Fifth World Landslide Forum (Shinji Sassa).- Chapter 5. Natural-hazard-related web observatory as a sustainable development tool (Matjaž Mikoš).- Chapter 6. Mapping post-fire monthly erosion rates at the catchment scale using empirical models implemented in GIS. A case study in Northern Italy (Damiano Vacha).- Chapter 7. Mechanisms of shallow rainfall-induced landslides from Australia: insights into field and laboratory investigations (Ivan Gratchev).- Chapter 8. Design protection barriers against flow-like landslides (Sabatino Cuomo).- Chapter 9. Landslide warning systems in low- and lower-middle-income countries: future challenges and societal impact (Irasema Alcántara-Ayala).- Chapter 10. The role of translational landslides in the evolution of cuesta topography (Shinro Abe).- Chapter 11. Application of spectral element method (SEM) in slope instability analysis (Ram Chandra Tiwari).- Chapter 12. Climate Change-Induced Regional Landslide Hazard and Exposure Assessment for Aiding Climate Resilient Road Infrastructure Planning: A Case Study in Bagmati and Madhesh Provinces, Nepal (I Putu Krishna Wijaya).- Chapter 13. Using Experimental Models to Calibrate Numerical Models for Slope Stability and Deformation Analysis (Binod Tiwari).- Chapter 14. Sustainability of Geosynthetics-Based Landslide Stabilization Solutions (Ivan P. Damians).- Part III. Review articles.- Chapter 15. Establishment of the Disaster Risk Reduction Unit in UNESCO and UNESCO’s contribution to Global Resilience (Lesly Mercedes Barriga Delgado).- Part IV. IPL Projects, World Centres of Excellence on Landslide Risk Reduction, and Kyoto Landslide Coommitment 2020.- Chapter 16. Early warning system against rainfall-induced landslide in Sri Lanka (Kazuo Konagai).- Chapter 17. Realtime high-resolution prediction of orographic rainfall for early warning of landslides (Ryo Onishi).- Chapter 18. IPL Project 202: Landslide monitoring best practices for climate-resilient railway transportation corridors in southwestern British Columbia, Canada (David Huntley).- Chapter 19. Advanced technologies for Landslides – ATLaS (WCoE 2020-2023) (Nicola Casagli).- Chapter 20. Strengthening the Resilience by Implementing A Standard for Landslide Early Warning System (Teuku Faisal Fathani).- Chapter 21. Central Asia Rockslides' Inventory: Compilation, Analysis and Training – Progress of the IPL WCoE (Alexander Strom).- Chapter 22. A global database of giant landslides on volcanic islands (Matt Rowberry).- Chapter 23. Landslide Disasters Caused by the 2018 Eastern Iburi Earthquake in Hokkaido Japan and the Countermeasures to Completely Prevent the Similar Disasters in the Future (Fawu Wang).- Chapter 24. Landslide travel distances in Colombia from national landslide database analysis (Steven Moncayo).- Chapter 25. Landform Geometry for Mountain Road Restoration and Landslide Hazard Resilience (A. Virajh Dias).- Part V. ICL Landslide Teaching Tools.- Chapter 26. LS-RAPID Manual with Video Tutorials (Beena Ajmera).- Part VI. Technical Notes and Case sturdies.- Chapter 27. Challenges in defining frequentist rainfall thresholds to be implemented in a landslide early warning system in India (Stefano Luigi Gariano)

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Book SynopsisThis open access book provides an overview of the progress in landslide research and technology and is part of a book series of the International Consortium on Landslides (ICL). It gives an overview of recent progress in landslide research and technology for practical applications and the benefit for the society contributing to understanding and reducing landslide disaster risk.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Editorial of the new open access book series “Progress in Landslide Research and Technology” (Kyoji Sassa).- Part I. Original Articles.- Chapter 2. Key Techniques of Prevention and Control for Reservoir Landslide Based on Evolutionary Process (Huiming Tang).- Chapter 3. Landslide research and technology in patent documents (Matjaž Mikoš).- Chapter 4. Scalable Platform for UAV Flight Operations, Data Capture, Cloud Processing and Image Rendering of Landslide Hazards and Surface Change Detection for Disaster-Risk Reduction (David Huntley).- Chapter 5. Ongoing persistent slope failures at the toe of a giant submarine slide in the Ryukyu Trench that generated the AD 1771 Meiwa tsunami (Kiichiro Kawamura).- Chapter 6. Experimental simulation of landslide creep in ring shear machine (Netra Prakash Bhandary).- Chapter 7. Assessment of the effects of rainfall frequency on landslide susceptibility mapping using AHP method: a case study for a mountainous region in central Vietnam (Chi Cong Nguyen).- Chapter 8. Suffosion landslides as a specific type of slope deformations in the European part of Russia (Oleg V. Zerkal).- Chapter 9. In situ triaxial creep test on gravelly slip zone soil of a giant landslide: innovative attempts and findings (Qinwen Tan).- Chapter 10. Challenges and lessons learned from heavy rainfall induced geo-disasters over the last decade in Kyushu Island, Japan (Noriyuki Yasufuku).- Chapter 11. Effect of landslide deformation on the stability of St. Andrew's Church (Kyiv, Ukraine): Applications of remote sensing and mathematical modeling (Oleksandr Trofymchuk).- Chapter 12. Application of Global Satellite Positioning and Automatic Monitoring in Slopeland Disaster Prevention (Thanh -Van Hoang).- Chapter 13. Landslide warning systems in upper middle-income countries: current insights and new perspectives (Irasema Alcántara-Ayala).- Chapter 14. 30 years of Cultural Heritage Landslides and block movements Risk assessment: Case studies from Egypt (Yasser Elshayeb).- Part II. Review articles.- Chapter 15. Review of the Founding Issue of P‐LRT: Progress in Landslide Research and Technology (Shinji Sassa).- Chapter 16. Landslide detection and spatial prediction: Application of data and information from landslide maps (Snježana Mihalić).- Chapter 17. Long-lasting Post-quake Deformation Buildups in the Grounds that Spread Laterally in Recent Earthquakes (Kazuo Konagai).- Chapter 18. 10th Anniversary of ICL Adriatic-Balkan Network and 5th Regional Symposium on Landslides (Željko Arbanas).- Chapter 19. Landslide detection and spatial prediction: Application of data and information from landslide maps (Željko Arbanas).- Chapter 20. Coseismic Stress Changes, Landslides in the 2004 Mid-Niigata Prefecture Earthquake, and their Impact on Post-quake Rehabilitations (Kazuo Konagai).

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Book SynopsisThis volume discusses geological, biological and sustainability aspects of coastal, estuary and lake environments. It offers a comprehensive understanding of biotic, physico-chemical, sedimentological and socio-environmental factors associated with the sustainable development of these environments in areas vulnerable to climate change and other anthropogenic activities. The book is divided into several main sections, covering the geological and biological processes and dynamics of these environments, water quality and hydrological modeling, sediment characteristics, bio-indicators and ecological analysis, climate change impacts, geospatial applications, and sustainable development practices and scenarios. The book aims to be a useful resource for academics, scientists, coastal and marine practitioners, meteorologists, environmental consultants and computing experts working in the areas of earth and ocean sciences.Table of ContentsPart1. Coastal, Estuarine and Lake (Brackish) Environments: Introduction, Definition, Processes and Dynamics.- Chapter1. Bibliometric analysis of the literature on coastal sediment pollution.- Chapter2. Coastal flooding in India – An Overview.- Part2. Water quality/ Hydrological Processes.- Chapter3. Appraisal of coastal water quality of two hot spots on Southwest coast of India: A case study of multi-year biogeochemical observations.- Chapter4. Assessment of water quality from the Gundlakamma estuary, Andhra coast, Southeast coast of India.- Chapter5. Evaluation ofPhysico-chemical Parameters of Coastal Water from Pennar River Estuary, East Coast of India: An integrated approach.- Chapter6. Climatic variability and anthropogenic forcing on marine ecosystems: Evidence from the Lakshadweep Archipelago.- Part3. Sediment Characteristics.- Chapter7. Geochemical characterization of suspended sediments in the Nethravati estuary, southwest coast of India: insights to redox processes, metal sorption and pollution aspect.- Chapter8. Geochemical Studies of Ilmenite from Bhimunipatnam to Konada Coastal Sands, North Andhra Pradesh, East Coast of India.- Chapter9. Study of beach sand from Harihareshwar, Shrivardhan and Diveagar beach of Raigad District, Maharashtra, India.- Chapter10. Impact of Seasonal Sediment Dynamics on Beach Morphology: A case study from the Govindampalli-Durgarajupatnam Coast, East Coast of India.- Chapter11. Heavy Minerals Studies of Coastal Sands from Bavanapadu to Kalingapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, East coast of India.- Chapter12. Mineral Chemistry of Ilmenites as a source indicator for coastal sediments between Vamsadhara and Nagavali river mouth, North Coastal, Andhra Pradesh.- Chapter13. Major and trace elements in the Sediments of the Gollumutta Paya Estuary of the Krishna River, East Coast of India.- Part4. Biodiversity/ Bio-indicators/ ecological studies.- Chapter14. Assessment of Trace Metal contamination in Saccostrea cucullata (Born, 1778) from the coast ff South Andaman Island, India.- Chapter15. Analytical approach of Haematology in variation to physical parameters of Indian Mackerel and Yellowfin Tuna from Indian waters.- Chapter16. Geochemistry of Mollusk Shells as proxies of Marine Pollution, East coast of India.- Chapter17. Sedimentary structures of tidal flats in Recent Chandipur East Coast of Orisha, India.- Part5. Climate Change and Anthropocene.- Chapter18. Coastal Erosion Vulnerability Index: A case study for Kuwaiti Coast.- Chapter19. Total suspended matter variability in response to tropical cyclone Titli along coastal waters of southeast India using satellite observations: Implications to Climate Change.- Chapter20. Climate Change and its Impact on Depletion of Oxygen Levels on Coastal Waters and Shallow Seas.- Chapter21. Nanoparticle based bioremediation for crude oil removal from marine environment.- Part6. Socio-economic scenarios related to Sustainable Development.- Chapter22. Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Coastal Tourism of Andaman Isles, India: Sustainable Development Scenario.- Chapter23. Spatial planning for sustainable resource use with a special reference to aquaculture development.- Chapter24. Sustainable Aquaculture and Economic Development in Coastal Areas: The Case of Andhra Pradesh, India.- Chapter25. Marine and Coastal ecosystem services for Sustainable Development.- Part7. Application of Geospatial tools.- Chapter26. Advanced remote sensing methods for high-resolution, cost-effective monitoring of the coastal morphology using Video Beach Monitoring System (VBMS), CoastSnap and CoastSat techniques.- Chapter27. Coastal morpho-dynamics and Environmental variables of Ennore Creek: An Integrated approach.- Chapter28. A study on dynamics of Krishna river mouth, East coast of India: A Geospatial approach.- Chapter29. Non monsoonal coastal erosion due to the tropical cyclone (OCKHI) and it’s impacts along Thiruvananthapuram coast, Southwest coast of India - A geospatial approach

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Book SynopsisThis book studies mountains with a global perspective, like a complex topographic and topoclimatic mosaic organized in altitudinal belts that are influenced by a huge variability in slopes, soils, lithology and insolation.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents varied geomorphological topics and planetary studies from different geomorphological regions analysed by young researchers from Latin America, from Costa Rica to southern Argentina, from the mountains to the oceans, and from the Caribbean to the Scotia tectonic plates.

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Book SynopsisPart I: The Major Themes.- Chapter 1: What Are Landscapes? The French Context.- Chapter 2: The Fundamental Geological Context For French Geomorphology.- Chapter 3: France In Its European Geological And Geomorphological Setting.- Chapter 4: Landforms And Geomorphic Processes (French Examples).- Chapter 5: French Cultural Landscapes - Relation To Geomorphology.- Part Ii: Geomorphic Regions Of France.- Chapter 6: Armorica (Brittany, Vendée, Cotentin).- Chapter 7: The Eastern Uplands From The Ardennes To The Vosges.- Chapter 8: The Massif Central (Limousin, Auvergne, Causses).- Chapter 9: The Paris Basin (Northern Chalk Plateaux, Eastern Scarplands, The Central Paris Basin - Île De France, The Middle Loire Valley).- Chapter 10: Aquitaine.- Chapter 11: The Pyrenees.- Chapter 12: The Jura Mountains And The Saône Basin.- Chapter 13: The Northern French Alps And The Middle Rhône.- Chapter 14: The Southern French Alps, Provence And The Mediterranean Coast.- Chapter 15: Corsica.- Chapter 16: Final Thoughts.

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Book SynopsisChapter 1 Introduction.- Chapter 2  Geological Settings .- Chapter 3 Climate and Its Variation.- Chapter 4  Glacier Geometry and Dynamic .- Chapter 5 Glacier Morphology and geomorphology of features .- Chapter 6 Palaeo-geographic Reconstruction.- Chapter 7 Impact of climate on Agriculture: Ladakh, Zanskar and Kinnaur.- Chapter 8  Cold Desert and Desertification of Zanskar valley (Kargil).- Chapter 9  Climate Change, Population characteristics, Human Habitation and Culture in High Himalaya.- Bibliography.

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Book SynopsisA complete and updated catalogue of impact craters and structures in South America from 2014 is presented here. Approximately eighty proven, suspected and disproven structures have been identified by several sources in this continent. All the impact sites of this large continent have been exhaustively reviewed: the proved ones, the possible ones and some very doubtful. Many sites remain without a clear geological "in situ" confirmation and some of them could be even rejected. Argentina and Brazil are leading the list containing almost everything detected. In Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Guyana, Paraguay, Perú, Uruguay and Venezuela only a few were observed. Only Ecuador is waiting for new discoveries. So far, the largest well stated impact site is still the Araguainha structure in Brazil with its 40 kilometers in diameter. However, two possible impact structures are larger than Araguainha: Malvinas, (with 250 kilometers in diameter) and Vichada in Colombia, (50 kilometers). This study also reports the existence of some Tertiary-Quaternary glassy impactite layers: the "escorias" and "tierras cocidas" of the pampas in Argentina.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Argentina.- Bolivia.- Brazil.- Chile.- Colombia.- Paraguay.- Perú.- Uruguay.- Venezuela.- The Guianas.- South Pacific Ocean.

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Book SynopsisThis revised edition describes the transformation of the environment and landscape of Western Sørkapp Land based on research data collected by Jagiellonian University scientific expeditions in the period 1980–1986 and in 2008. It also outlines potential directions of the transformation of Western Sørkapp Land.Western Sørkapp Land has been experiencing dramatic natural changes such as glacial recession, coastline retreat, emergence of new landforms and Quaternary deposits, as well as changes in the water drainage and network due to global warming. Western Sørkapp Land is a very remote and diverse region, which is representative of the European Arctic. The establishment of South Spitsbergen National Park has led to a regeneration of the local reindeer herd, which has caused overgrazing of the local tundra resulting in altered plant communities and soil erosion. They have also destroyed numerous bird nests. The transformation of Western Sørkapp Land is set to continue. Trade Review"This slim volume (92 pages) reports on approximately 25 years of landscape change in Sørkapp Land, the southern peninsula of Spitsbergen, the largest island of the Svalbard Archipelago. Field research was conducted by a team of Polish scientists from Jagiellonian University, the legacy of an initial visit to the region by physical geographer Zdzislaw Czeppe during the International Geophysical Year 1957–1958. His interest in the research potential of the area was piqued, which led to a series of interdisciplinary summer expeditions beginning in 1980. The emphasis was on mapping abiotic and biotic features at a large scale (1:25 000 – 1:50 000). This resulted in a baseline of spatially detailed data that another team was able to repeat in an effort to detect change after another quarter century had passed." (Bruce Forbes, Polar Record, Vol. 51, Issue 3, 2015)Table of Contents1 Introduction: Study Area and Its Environmental Recognition.- 2 Methods and materials.- 3 Components of natural environment.- 4 Environmental and landscape changes.- 5 Conclusions and prognosis for environmental change.

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Book SynopsisKarstified landscapes are among the most bizarre on our planet -- both above and below ground. This book takes you on a visual journey across sublime karst scenery and into the subterranean wilderness of New Zealand caves. Accompanied by popular scientific texts, stunning images lead you from the sculptured limestone pavements of the alpine marble karst to the grassland and jungle karst of the foothills, onwards into the twilight zone and deeper into the caves. It explores the diversity of peculiar features and creatures of the underground, ventures back into the light of cave ruins, and concludes with karst-related Māori rock art. Learn about the life cycle of the endemic glowworm and the critically endangered Nelson cave spider. Explore the majesty of cave minerals forming speleothems of all types. Discover the many roles water plays in shaping karst and understand the vulnerability of these geotopes and biotopes. New Zealand Karst reveals how you can appreciate karst as a phenomenon where geological, biological, and archaeological beauty all come together in harmony.

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Book SynopsisHydrogeomorphology is a scientific discipline that examines the geographical, geological, and hydrological features of water bodies, as well as the changes that occur in response to variations in flow and natural and human-caused events. The book delves into various facets of water resources, aquifer properties, structural and drainage patterns, including cutting-edge topics such as rainwater harvesting, watershed development, remote sensing, GIS, GPS, DSTM, MCE, and TIR. The book also discusses social, cultural, and administrative aspects of water resource management, along with the problems and solutions related to sustainable development. Readers will appreciate the clear and concise presentation of hydrogeology and geomorphology through images and tables, making the book suitable for both students and professionals in the fields of agricultural and civil engineering, environment, geology, geomorphology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and irrigation.

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThe contents of book have been arranged in an alphabetic manner to ease the process of the retrieval of relevant information. This is a comprehensive book of reason- able size and I hope that it will satisfy the readers.

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Book Synopsis

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